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-123588800530889595 | Luke Zimmerman | Luke Zimmerman - wikipedia Luke Zimmerman Jump to : navigation , search Luke Zimmerman ( born September 11 , 1980 in Evanston , Illinois , United States ) is an American actor , who is best known for his role as Tom Bowman on ABC Family 's The Secret Life of the American Teenager . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 External links Early Life ( edit ) Zimmerman was born with Down syndrome . He played Romeo in the play Romeo and Juliet and performed in the 1990 television movie drama Daughter of the Streets , as Andrew , alongside Roxana Zal , Harris Yulin , and John Stamos . In 2007 , Zimmerman tried out for the role of Tom Bowman , Grace Bowman 's adopted older brother on The Secret Life of the American Teenager , which began airing in July 2008 . He also appeared on Glee in November 2013 . Personal Life ( edit ) Zimmerman was a student at Performing Arts Studio West . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Daughter of the Streets Andrew 2011 Faculty Student Television Year Title Role Notes 2008 - 2013 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Tom Bowman 2013 Glee Student Episode : `` Movin ' Out '' External links ( edit ) http://abcfamily.go.com/abcfamily/path/section_Shows+Secret-Life-Of-The-American-Teenager/page_Luke-Zimmerman http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0956751/ http://www.backstage.com/bso/news-and-features-news/rising-to-the-challenge-1003985122.story Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke_Zimmerman&oldid=788158398 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people Actors with disabilities American male television actors People with Down syndrome Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 June 2017 , at 20 : 05 . About Wikipedia | who plays tom on the secret life of american teenager | [
"Luke Zimmerman (born September 11, 1980 in Evanston, Illinois, United States) is an American actor, who is best known for his role as Tom Bowman on ABC Family's The Secret Life of the American Teenager."
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"Luke Zimmerman"
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648394780537924502 | Rita Repulsa | Rita Repulsa - wikipedia Rita Repulsa Jump to : navigation , search Rita Repulsa Power Rangers character First appearance `` Day of the Dumpster '' ( Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ) ( as Rita Repulsa ) Last appearance `` Mystic Fate '' ( Power Rangers Mystic Force ) ( as Mystic Mother ) Portrayed by Barbara Goodson ( voice , 1993 -- 98 ) Machiko Soga ( visual , 1993 -- 94 , 2006 ) Carla Perez ( visual , 1994 -- 98 ) Julia Cortez ( visual , 1995 movie ) Susan Brady ( voice , 2006 ) Elizabeth Banks ( 2017 reboot ) Information Homeworld M51 Galaxy Status Mystic Mother Rita Repulsa is a fictional character from the television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , and the principal nemesis and archenemy of the main superheroes in the show 's first season . She is portrayed in the first season by Machiko Soga and by Carla Perez in the remaining seasons , while voiced by Barbara Goodson in the series . Soga reprised her role as Rita , now the Mystic Mother , while Susan Brady provided her voice in TV series Power Rangers Mystic Force . In the films , she is portrayed by Julia Cortez in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie , and by Elizabeth Banks in the 2017 reboot film . Rita Repulsa is based on the Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger villain Witch Bandora . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character attributes 1.1 Origins 1.2 Appearance and personality 1.3 Powers 1.4 Portrayals 2 Synopsis 2.1 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers 2.1. 1 Season 1 2.1. 2 Season 2 2.1. 3 Season 3 2.2 Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers 2.3 Power Rangers : Zeo 2.3. 1 Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie 2.4 Power Rangers Turbo 2.5 Power Rangers In Space 2.6 Power Rangers Mystic Force 2.7 Power Rangers : Operation Overdrive 3 In other media 3.1 Films 3.1. 1 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie 3.1. 2 Power Rangers ( 2017 film ) 4 See also 5 References Character attributes ( edit ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Origins ( edit ) Rita Repulsa is an evil humanoid alien witch bent on galactic domination . Being a powerful sorceress , Rita has conquered many worlds throughout the Universe . Rita amassed a large army of monsters and Putty Patrollers to serve her . During her reign of terror , she led a group of minions to conquer Earth , a planet populated by humans . Imprisoned in a space dumpster by the sage named Zordon , Rita was cast into space where she would float for ten thousand years before arcing back to the moon in 1993 . Once freed , she and her minions reclaimed their headquarters and started a second campaign on Earth to defeat Zordon and take the planet for Lord Zedd . She is the first major villain of the Power Rangers franchise . Appearance and personality ( edit ) Most discernible by her two pointed hair cones , one may also recognize her by her screeching voice , Madonna - like cone bra , and obnoxious attitude . She is sarcastic and power hungry , her character would usually become humorous whenever the Power Rangers defeated her ; this would usually end with the catchphrase `` I 've got such a headache ! '' As Rita then married Lord Zedd later on in the series , her humorous personality was increased ( usually arguing with Zedd or her father , Master Vile ) . Rita was sometimes seen arguing with her younger brother , Rito , whose skeletal appearance was humorously revealed on her account . He knew she was picky in gifts being given to her . Rita wanted a nice little planet to take over and Rito offended her by giving her a fire - breathing dragon instead . She used the dragon to attack him and burn their parents house to prove her point . Years after several defeats across the Universe , Rita was turned away from evil thanks to Zordon 's Good energy wave . Rita then adopted a new title , Mystic Mother , and began to practice good magic . While confronted by evil , Mystic Mother proved stronger and was able to aid the Power Rangers Mystic Force in eradicating dark magic . Powers ( edit ) Being a powerful witch , Rita possessed many magical abilities . By far the most common demonstration of her power was her use of her `` wand '' ( actually an ornate staff ) to make her monsters and minions grow to enormous sizes . Rita has also used magical rituals to control humans to do her bidding and even turn them evil , at least temporarily ( Tommy Oliver and Katherine Hillard being the most prominent examples ) . She can also trap people in other dimensions and , like most villains from the `` Zordon era '' , can teleport at will , though only at relatively short range ( i.e. , from the moon to Earth and back , but not from Earth to another planet ) . Rita was also able to create her own Power Ranger , but she accomplished this by simply giving a Power Coin to an individual she had brainwashed to be evil , rather than facilitate a connection to the Morphing Grid herself . In the 2006 series Power Rangers Mystic Force she is the ruler of all good magic and can use that magic to defend herself if and when she needs to . She is also capable of facilitating a connection to the Universal Morphing Grid to create a full team of Power Rangers if necessary , hence the Mystic Force . As the Mystic Mother , Rita takes a behind - the - scenes role , ensuring the flow of good magic throughout the world rather than using it herself , unless she has no other choice . Portrayals ( edit ) The character of Rita Repulsa was portrayed by multiple actresses . Since the character was created from footage of the Witch Bandora from the original Japanese series Zyuranger , she was portrayed by Machiko Soga and dubbed in English by Barbara Goodson . Goodson continued to voice the role until Power Rangers in Space in 1998 . Carla Perez took over the visual portrayal from Soga when the character was reintroduced midway through Mighty Morphin 's second season in 1994 , portraying her from 1994 until Power Rangers in Space in 1998 , and Julia Cortez portrayed the character in the 1995 film Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie . In 2006 , the character was reintroduced as Mystic Mother in Power Rangers Mystic Force , again portrayed by Soga , this time with Susan Brady providing her voice . Elizabeth Banks portrayed a re-imagined Rita in the 2017 reboot film . Synopsis ( edit ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( edit ) In Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , Rita was born to Master Vile and an unknown woman and had a younger brother named Rito Repulso . At one point her parents got her a fire breathing dragon when she wanted a `` cute little planet '' instead . Rita then used the dragon to burn down their house . At some point , Rita began working for Lord Zedd in his attempts at conquering the universe . She served as his regent while he was elsewhere . However , Zordon and his army opposed her . Rita managed to steal and corrupt the Dragon Coin . However , Zordon eventually managed to seal Rita and her minions in a space dumpster , though Rita manages to trap Zordon in a time warp . Season 1 ( edit ) At the beginning of season 1 , Rita Repulsa had been imprisoned for over ten thousand years in the space dumpster . She , along with the other season 1 villains , were released by a pair of Earth astronauts . She exited the dumpster along with her minions Goldar , Baboo & Squatt and Finster . Rita claimed she would conquer the first planet she saw after being freed , which unsurprisingly happened to be Earth . Over the course of the show , Rita Repulsa battled the Power Rangers using everything from phobia spells , super Putty patrollers , binding magic spells , and on occasions , she would even allow the likes of Goldar and Squatt and Baboo to be `` in charge '' of destroying the Power Rangers . Nothing worked , and Rita would normally take her frustrations out on her henchmen by bashing them on the head with her magic wand or screaming into their faces . One of Rita 's most memorable traits was that following each loss , she would either swear vengeance , or complain that she had a headache ( the latter becoming one of her trademarks ) Season 2 ( edit ) Carla Perez played Rita in season 2 and continued to play her for the rest of the original series . In season 2 , Eventually Rita 's reign of terror came to an end when Lord Zedd returned to assume control . Then it is revealed Rita was not the true empress , but actually the regent of Zedd 's empire while he was off in other places . Zedd was furious that Rita had failed to defeat `` children '' and conquer the Earth , even when Rita warned him about Zordon . Despite Rita 's begging and pleading , Lord Zedd vaporized Rita 's magic wand and shrank her down to the size of a toy before again exiling her into space in a space dumpster . Locked within a space dumpster , Rita came within inches of freedom when her dumpster came to Earth , and Bulk and Skull succeeded in opening the dumpster . But the Power Rangers were successful in sending Rita back into space . Eventually her dumpster crashed into the moon , and she escaped . Down but not out , after regaining her freedom , Rita sought assistance from Finster , her still loyal henchman , to concoct a love potion that would generate libidic feelings for use on Lord Zedd . She also used a beauty cream made by Finster over her face to become younger ( serving to transition the actress from Soga to Perez ) . The love potion worked , and the two were then married . Once married to Lord Zedd , Rita eventually gave up her magic practices and worked alongside Lord Zedd as a partner in crime . With Zedd by Rita 's side , they are more powerful together and attempted to defeat the Rangers . Though they each failed , the Rangers did not claim victory so easily as the result of how efficacious their enemies have become . Season 3 ( edit ) In season 3 , Shortly after the wedding , Rita 's brother , Rito Revolto , arrived to join his sister and brother - in - law on their quest to destroy the Power Rangers . Also , following this , monsters were now made to grow by Rita and Zedd 's crossing their staves and using lightning to make monsters grow . Nevertheless , they continued to fail , even with help from Rita 's spy , Katherine Hillard , who , after breaking free from Rita 's control , joined the forces of the Power Rangers as the second Pink Ranger when Kimberly Hart departed for Florida . Additionally , Goldar found out about the love potion that Rita used on Lord Zedd , and had a concoction created to reverse the effects . The anti-love potion brought Zedd back to normal , however , he had apparently developed a real love for Rita of his own accord . Later still , her father , Master Vile , made his entrance , aiding the villains greatly by leaving the Rangers as powerless children . Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers ( edit ) In Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers , After her father turned back time using the Orb of Doom , the Alien Rangers were summoned from Aquitar , working to protect Earth from Rita and Zedd 's forces until the de-aged Rangers could acquire the Zeo Crystal and use it to turn time back to normal . During this story arc , the villains were successful in destroying the power coins and planting an explosive device within the catacombs of the Command Center and once the Zeo sub crystals were all reassembled set off the device believing that they had finally destroyed Zordon , Alpha and the Power Rangers . The however lost contact with Rito and Goldar whom they believed escaped the destruction of the Command Center with the Zeo Crystal . Power Rangers : Zeo ( edit ) In Power Rangers : Zeo , despite their apparent victory , Rita and Zedd were forced to flee to live in refuge with Master Vile following the arrival of the Machine Empire . However , the couple , along with the other villains , returned to the moon in a campervan and throughout the latter part of Zeo . Rita and Zedd attempted to thwart the Machine Empire 's plots and even aided the Rangers to prevent the Machine Empire from claiming Earth . In `` Rangers of Two Worlds , Part 1 '' , Finster made a new staff for Rita , which was used to create a monster that was far stronger than anything Rita had ever created , even against the Zeo Ultrazord . After King Mondo and his family are defeated by the Power Rangers , Zedd and Rita gave Prince Sprocket a present , claimed as a peace offering , which was actually a bomb , which blows the Royal House of Gadgetry to pieces . Zedd and Rita are seen driving away victoriously in their motorhome , while King Mondo swears revenge on the two . Turbo : a Power Rangers Movie ( edit ) Rita and Zedd made a small cameo appearance in Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie . Divatox calls them in the middle of the night to ask them how to destroy the Rangers . In a comical scene , Rita held the phone to a snoring Zedd , saying that if she knew how to stop the Rangers she would n't be listening to that , and then told Divatox her advice was to run . Power Rangers Turbo ( edit ) In the Power Rangers Turbo episode `` The Millennium Message '' , the Blue Senturion plays a video message from the future foretelling of Dark Specter 's alliance and their attack on the galaxy . Shown working together and causing destruction are Rita , Zedd , Mondo , Machina and Divatox . Power Rangers in space ( edit ) In Power Rangers In Space , Rita and Zedd joined the alliance of villains led by Dark Specter , and assisted with Dark Specter 's scheme to vanquish all good in the universe . In the first episode , it is Rita who notices the spy in their midst , later revealed to be Andros , the Red Space Ranger . During Dark Specter 's final assault , Zedd and Rita were assigned to confront the Gold Ranger and conquer Triforia . During the final confrontation in `` Countdown to Destruction , Part 2 '' , when Zordon sacrificed his own life , Rita was transformed into a normal human , who swiftly expressed delight that Lord Zedd had also been transformed . They were seen dancing happily , while the bemused Gold Ranger watches on with relief . Power Rangers Mystic Force ( edit ) Machiko Soga as Rita the Mystic Mother in Power Rangers Mystic Force . In Power Rangers Mystic Force , Rita is revealed to have become the Mystic Mother , Empress of Good Magic and leader of the Mystic Ones . She is the one who apparently gave the Power Rangers Mystic Force their link to the Morphing Grid . When she learns that the Master is about to assault the Mystic Mother 's fortress , Udonna mentions that she was `` known as Rita in the dark days '' . It is the Mystic Mother who gives Clare the powers of a full sorceress and helps the Mystic Rangers to defeat the Master of Darkness -- in typical Rita fashion , she accuses the Master of giving her a headache . Note that the characters were unrelated in the original Japanese Super Sentai series , even though they were both played by Machiko Soga ( she was one of many actors in the original franchise who played unrelated characters in different seasons ) . The writers decided to connect the characters both as an easter egg for long - time fans and as a tribute to Soga herself , who died while Mystic Force was in production . Power Rangers : Operation Overdrive ( edit ) In the Power Rangers : Operation Overdrive 15th anniversary special episode , Once A Ranger , Zedd and Rita 's previously unknown son , Thrax , confronted the Overdrive Rangers . Thrax united the current team 's various enemies and severed their connection to the Morphing Grid . In response , the Sentinel Knight assembles a team of veteran Rangers to defeat Thrax . Adam , the new team 's leader , mentions his previous battles with Zedd and Rita and observes that Thrax will be difficult to defeat . When he later mentions Rita 's change of allegiance , Thrax mocks his mother 's decision to embrace good . In other Media ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : the Movie ( edit ) Julia Cortez as Rita in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie In Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie , Rita , Zedd , Goldar , and Mordant arrive on earth at the constructive site and crack open a giant egg releasing Ivan Ooze after 6,000 years , a morphological being who ruled earth with an iron fist before he was overthrown by Zordon and a group of young warriors . Ivan usurps Rita and Zedd , trapping them in a snow globe . In a mid-credits scene , Goldar briefly lounges in Zedd 's throne being served by Mordant only to panic when Zedd and Rita appear having been released after Ivan was destroyed . Power Rangers ( 2017 film ) ( edit ) Elizabeth Banks as Rita Repulsa in the 2017 film Power Rangers . On February 2 , 2016 , it was announced that Elizabeth Banks would portray Rita Repulsa in the reboot . Rita is the former Green Ranger , with her character now seeking to harness the Ranger 's power source . People released a promotional photo of the actress in character on April 19 , 2016 . An apparent former member of Zordon 's Ranger team , Rita betrayed them to acquire the power of the Zeo Crystal , the source of all life on Earth , killing the rest of the team until Zordon buried the Power Coins and had Alpha hide his location with a meteor that blasted Rita into the ocean and seriously damaged her armor . She is brought up in the present day by a fishing boat captained by Sam Scott , Jason 's father , and soon sets about gathering gold to replenish her power with the goal of unleashing Goldar , a massive monster who will allow her to acquire the Crystal . After the Rangers are forced to confront her directly despite not having mastered their powers , she kills Billy after she forces him to reveal the location of the Crystal , which is underneath the Krispy Kreme doughnut shop , but Zordon and the other Rangers are able to revive him , at the cost of sacrificing Zordon 's chance to come back to life himself . The Rangers subsequently face Goldar in battle with the Zords , but only gain the upper hand when they form the Megazord . Despite Rita merging with Goldar to take charge of the fight , the Rangers are finally able to defeat her and destroy Goldar . They offer her the chance to surrender and hand over the green Power Coin , but she instead tries to attack them again , only to be ' slapped ' into the sky by Jason . She is last shown drifting in space towards the moon , smiling in satisfaction as her body freezes . See also ( edit ) 1990s portal Witch Bandora References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anne Haas Dyson . `` Writing Superheroes : Contemporary Childhood , Popular Culture , and Classroom ... '' Books.google.co.uk . p. 204 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Surprising Things You Never Knew About The Mighty Morphin ' Power Rangers '' . Etonline.com. 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Dan Fleming . `` Powerplay : Toys as Popular Culture '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Marsha Kinder . `` Kids ' Media Culture '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 193 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sally Sugarman . `` If Kids Could Vote : Children , Democracy , and the Media '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kent A. Ono . `` Contemporary Media Culture and the Remnants of a Colonial Past '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 85 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Whatever Happened to the Original Cast of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ' ? '' . Thefw.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Derschowitz , Jessica ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks cast as Rita Repulsa in Power Rangers movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elizabeth Banks to Play Villain in Power Rangers Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Power Rangers : ' What We Know So Far ( Photos ) '' . The Wrap . Jump up ^ Guglielmi , Jodi ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` First Look : Elizabeth Banks Morphs into Mighty Power Rangers Villain Rita Repulsa for Big - Screen Reboot '' . People . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ( hide ) Power Rangers characters Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Jason Lee Scott Trini Kwan Billy Cranston Kimberly Hart Zack Taylor Tommy Oliver Adam Park Zordon Bulk and Skull Rita Repulsa Villains Zeo , Turbo and Space Machine Empire King Mondo Villains in Turbo Space Villains Other seasons Lost Galaxy Lightspeed Rescue Time Force Wild Force Ninja Storm Dino Thunder S.P.D. Mystic Force Operation Overdrive Jungle Fury RPM Samurai Megaforce Dino Charge Ninja Steel Portals Access related topics 1990s portal Fictional characters portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rita_Repulsa&oldid=832621471 '' Categories : Power Rangers characters Television supervillains Extraterrestrial supervillains Female supervillains Fictional emperors and empresses Fictional characters who use magic Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Fictional kidnappers Fictional Asian people Fictional witches Witchcraft in television Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 02 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays rita in the new power rangers movie | [
"Rita Repulsa is a fictional character from the television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, and the principal nemesis and archenemy of the main superheroes in the show's first season.[1] She is portrayed in the first season by Machiko Soga and by Carla Perez in the remaining seasons, while voiced by Barbara Goodson in the series. Soga reprised her role as Rita, now the Mystic Mother, while Susan Brady provided her voice in TV series Power Rangers Mystic Force. In the films, she is portrayed by Julia Cortez in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, and by Elizabeth Banks in the 2017 reboot film. Rita Repulsa is based on the Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger villain Witch Bandora.[2][3][4]"
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"Elizabeth Banks"
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8300479352401660416 | Soviet Armed Forces | Soviet Armed Forces - wikipedia Soviet Armed Forces Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Вооружённые Силы Союза Советских Социалистических Республик Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik Founded 15 January 1918 Current form 23 February 1946 Disbanded 25 December 1991 Service branches Soviet Army Soviet Air Forces Soviet Navy Soviet Air Defence Forces Strategic Missile Troops Headquarters Moscow , Russian SFSR Leadership Supreme Commander Joseph Stalin ( 1941 -- 1953 ) Mikhail Gorbachev ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Minister of Defence Joseph Stalin ( 1946 -- 1947 ) Yevgeny Shaposhnikov ( 1991 ) Chief of the General Staff Aleksandr Vasilevsky ( 1946 -- 1948 ) Vladimir Lobov ( 1991 ) Manpower Military age 18 -- 27 Conscription 18 Available for military service 92,345,764 ( 1991 ) , age 18 -- 27 Active personnel 4,230,920 ( 1991 ) Expenditures Budget $300 billion ( 1990 ) Percent of GDP 15 - 17 % ( 1989 ) Related articles History Military history of the Soviet Union Ranks Military ranks of the Soviet Union Soviet Armed Forces Components General Staff Strategic Rocket Forces Red Army Soviet Army Air Defence Forces Air Forces Navy Ranks of the Soviet Military Military ranks of the Soviet Union History of the Soviet Military Military history of the Soviet Union History of Russian military ranks Soviet Union This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Soviet Union Leadership ( show ) Leaders President ( list Vice President ) Collective leadership State Council Presidential Council Communist Party ( show ) Congress Central Committee History General Secretary Politburo Secretariat Orgburo Legislature ( show ) Congress of Soviets ( Central Executive Committee ) Supreme Soviet Soviet of the Union Soviet of Nationalities Presidium Congress of People 's Deputies Speaker 1989 Legislative election Governance ( show ) Constitution Official names 1924 1936 1977 Government Ministries State Committees Executive Officer Premiership Cabinets Council of People 's Commissars Council of Ministers Cabinet of Ministers Judiciary ( show ) Law Supreme Court People 's Court Procurator General Ideology ( show ) Soviet democracy Marxism -- Leninism Leninism Stalinism Khrushchevism De-Stalinization Society ( show ) Economy Agriculture Consumer goods Five - Year Plan Kosygin reform New Economic Policy Science and technology Era of Stagnation Material balance planning Transport Culture Demographics Education Family Phraseology Religion Repression Censorship Censorship of images Great Purge Gulag system Collectivization Human rights Ideological repression Suppressed research Political abuse of psychiatry Political repression Population transfer Propaganda Red Terror Other countries Atlas The Soviet Armed Forces , also called the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Armed Forces of the Soviet Union ( Russian : Вооружённые Силы Союза Советских Социалистических Республик Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik , Вооружённые Силы Советского Союза ) refers to the armed forces of the Russian SFSR ( 1917 -- 1922 ) , and Soviet Union ( 1922 -- 1991 ) from their beginnings in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War to its dissolution in December 1991 . According to the all - union military service law of September 1925 , the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of three components : the Ground Forces , the Air Forces , the Navy , the State Political Directorate ( OGPU ) , and the convoy guards . The OGPU was later made independent and amalgamated with the NKVD in 1934 , and thus its Internal Troops were under the joint management of the Defense and Interior Commisariats . After World War II , the Strategic Missile Troops ( 1959 ) , Air Defence Forces ( 1948 ) and troops of the All - Union National Civil Defence Forces ( 1970 ) were added , standing first , third and sixth in the official Soviet reckoning of comparative importance ( with the Ground Forces being second , the Air Forces fourth , and the Navy fifth ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Civil War 1.3 Polish - Soviet War 1.4 Far East 1.5 Second World War 1.5. 1 The Polish Campaign 1.5. 2 The Finnish campaigns 1.5. 3 Barbarossa , 1941 -- 1945 ( Great Patriotic War ) 1.5. 4 The Manchurian Campaign 1.6 The Cold War 1.6. 1 Military doctrine 1.6. 2 The limited contingent in Afghanistan 1.7 The end of the Soviet Union 2 Structure and Leadership 3 Personnel 3.1 Ranks and Titles 3.2 General Staff 3.3 Military education 3.4 Manpower and enlisted men 3.5 Purge 4 Party control of the Armed Forces 5 Weapons and equipment 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the Soviet Union Origins ( edit ) A parade Corps of the Red Army in Moscow the year 1922 The Council of People 's Commissars set up the Red Army by decree on January 15 , 1918 ( Old Style ) ( January 28 , 1918 ) , basing it on the already - existing Red Guard . The official Red Army Day of February 23 , 1918 marked the day of the first mass draft of the Red Army in Petrograd and Moscow , and of the first combat action against the rapidly advancing Imperial German Army . February 23 became an important national holiday in the Soviet Union , later celebrated as `` Soviet Army Day '' , and it continues as a day of celebration in present - day Russia as Defenders of the Motherland Day . Credit as the founder of the Red Army generally goes to Leon Trotsky , the People 's Commissar for War from 1918 to 1924 . At the beginning of its existence , the Red Army functioned as a voluntary formation , without ranks or insignia . Democratic elections selected the officers . However , a decree of May 29 , 1918 imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to 40 . To service the massive draft , the Bolsheviks formed regional military commissariats ( военный комиссариат , военкомат ( voenkomat ) ) , which as of 2005 still exist in Russia in this function and under this name . ( Note : do not confuse military commissariats with the institution of military political commissars . ) Democratic election of officers was also abolished by decree , while separate quarters for officers , special forms of address , saluting , and higher pay were all reinstated . After General Aleksei Brusilov offered the Bolsheviks his professional services in 1920 , they decided to permit the conscription of former officers of the Imperial Russian Army . The Bolshevik authorities set up a special commission under the chair of Lev Glezarov ( Лев Маркович Глезаров ) , and by August 1920 had drafted about 315,000 ex-officers . Most often they held the position of military advisor ( voyenspets : `` военспец '' an abbreviation of `` военный специалист '' , i.e. , `` military specialist '' ) . A number of prominent Soviet Army commanders had previously served as Imperial Russian generals . In fact , a number of former Imperial military men , notably a member of the Supreme Military Council , Mikhail Bonch - Bruevich , had joined the Bolsheviks earlier . The Bolshevik authorities assigned to every unit of the Red Army a political commissar , or politruk , who had the authority to override unit commanders ' decisions if they ran counter to the principles of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Although this sometimes resulted in inefficient command , the Party leadership considered political control over the military necessary , as the Army relied more and more on experienced officers from the pre-revolutionary Tsarist period . Civil War ( edit ) Main article : Russian Civil War Polish - Soviet War ( edit ) Main article : Polish - Soviet War The Polish - Soviet War represented the first foreign campaign of the Red Army . The Soviet counter-offensive following the 1920 Polish invasion of Ukraine at first met with success , but Polish forces halted it at the disastrous ( for the Soviets ) Battle of Warsaw ( 1920 ) . Far East ( edit ) This article appears to contradict the article Battle of Khalkhin Gol . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Battle of Khalkhin Gol In 1934 , Mongolia and the USSR , recognising the threat from the mounting Japanese military presence in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia , agreed to co-operate in the field of defence . On March 12 , 1936 , the co-operation increased with the ten - year Mongolian - Soviet Treaty of Friendship , which included a mutual defence protocol . In May 1939 , a Mongolian cavalry unit clashed with Manchukuoan cavalry in the disputed territory east of the Halha River ( also known in Russian as Халхин - Гол , Halhin Gol ) . There followed a clash with a Japanese detachment , which drove the Mongolians over the river . The Soviet troops quartered there in accordance with the mutual defence protocol intervened and obliterated the detachment . Escalation of the conflict appeared imminent , and both sides spent June amassing forces . On July 1 the Japanese force numbered 38,000 troops . The combined Soviet - Mongol force had 12,500 troops . The Japanese crossed the river , but after a three - day battle their opponents threw them back over the river . The Japanese kept probing the Soviet defences throughout July , without success . On August 20 Georgy Zhukov opened a major offensive with heavy air attack and three hours of artillery bombardment , after which three infantry divisions and five armoured brigades , supported by a fighter regiment and masses of artillery ( 57 thousand troops in total ) , stormed the 75,000 Japanese force deeply entrenched in the area . On August 23 the entire Japanese force found itself encircled , and on August 31 largely destroyed . Artillery and air attacks wiped out those Japanese who refused to surrender . Japan requested a cease - fire , and the conflict concluded with an agreement between the USSR , Mongolia and Japan signed on September 15 in Moscow . In the conflict , the Red Army losses were 9,703 killed in action ( KIA ) and missing in action ( MIA ) and 15,952 wounded . The Japanese lost 25,000 KIA ; the grand total was 61,000 killed , missing , wounded and taken prisoner . Shortly after the cease - fire , the Japanese negotiated access to the battlefields to collect their dead . Finding thousands upon thousands of dead bodies came as a further shock to the already shaken morale of the Japanese soldiers . The scale of the defeat probably became a major factor in discouraging a Japanese attack on the USSR during World War II , which allowed the Red Army to switch a large number of its Far Eastern troops into the European Theatre in the desperate autumn of 1941 . Second World War ( edit ) Play media Victory parade The Polish campaign ( edit ) Main article : Soviet invasion of Poland On September 17 , 1939 the Red Army marched its troops into the eastern territories of Poland ( now part of Belarus and Ukraine ) , using the official pretext of coming to the aid of the Ukrainians and the Belarusians threatened by Germany , which had attacked Poland on September 1 , 1939 . The Soviet invasion opened a second front for the Poles and forced them to abandon plans for defence in the Romanian bridgehead area , thus hastening the Polish defeat . The Soviet and German advance halted roughly at the Curzon Line . The Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , which had included a secret protocol delimiting the `` spheres of interest '' of each party , set the scene for the remarkably smooth partition of Poland between Germany and the USSR . The defined Soviet sphere of interest matched the territory subsequently captured in the campaign . The territory became part of the Ukrainian and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republics . Even though water barriers separated most of the spheres of interest , the Soviet and German troops met each other on a number of occasions . The most remarkable event of this kind happened in Brest - Litovsk on 22 September 1939 . The German 19th Panzer Corps under the command of Heinz Guderian had occupied Brest - Litovsk , which lay within the Soviet sphere of interest . When the Soviet 29th Tank Brigade under the command of S.M. Krivoshein approached Brest - Litovsk , the commanders negotiated that the German troops would withdraw and the Soviet troops enter the city saluting each other . Just three days earlier , however , the parties had a more damaging encounter near Lviv , when the German 137th Gebirgsjägerregimenter ( mountain infantry regiment ) attacked a reconnaissance detachment of the Soviet 24th Tank Brigade ; after a few casualties on both sides , the parties turned to negotiations , as a result of which the German troops left the area , and the Red Army troops entered L'viv on 22 September . According to Soviet casualties and combat losses in the twentieth century edited by Colonel - General Krivosheev , the Red Army force in Poland numbered 466,516 . Polish sources give a number of over 800,000 The Red Army troops faced little resistance , mainly due to the entanglement of the majority of the Polish forces in fighting Germans along the Western border , but partly due to an official order by the Polish Supreme Command not to engage in combat with the Soviet troops , and also partly because many Polish citizens in the Kresy region - Ukrainians and Belarusians - viewed the advancing troops as liberators . Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists rose against the Poles , and communist partisans organised local revolts , e.g. in Skidel , robbing and murdering Poles . Nonetheless the Red Army sustained losses of 1,475 killed and missing and 2,383 wounded . The losses of the opposing Polish troops are estimated at 6,000 - 7,000 ; the Red Army reported that it had `` disarmed '' 452,536 men ( Ibid . ) but this figure probably included a large number not enrolled as regular Polish Army servicemen . The Polish PWN encyclopaedia gives the number of approximately 240,000 prisoners taken by the Red Army . The Finnish campaigns ( edit ) Main articles : Winter War and Continuation War The Winter War ( Finnish : talvisota , Russian : Зимняя война , Swedish : vinterkriget ) or the Soviet - Finnish War ( Russian : Советско - финская война ) began when the Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939 , three months after the invasion of Poland by Germany that started World War II . Because the attack was judged as illegal , the Soviet Union was expelled from the League of Nations on 14 December . The Continuation War ( Finnish : jatkosota , Swedish : fortsättningskriget , Russian : Советско - финская война ) ( 25 June 1941 -- 19 September 1944 ) was the second of two wars fought between Finland and the Soviet Union during World War II . At the time Finns used the name to make clear its perceived relationship to the preceding Winter War of 30 November 1939 to 13 March 1940 , the first of two wars fought between Finland and the Soviet Union during World War II . The Soviet Union , however , perceived the war merely as one of the fronts of the German - Soviet War against Nazi Germany and its allies . Similarly , Germany saw its own operations in the region as a part of its overall war efforts of World War II . Finland was a co-belligerent with Germany against the Soviet Union rather than an ally for the duration of the Continuation War . Barbarossa , 1941 -- 1945 ( Great Patriotic War ) ( edit ) Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War II ) and Great Patriotic War ( term ) A Soviet junior political officer ( Politruk ) urges Soviet troops forward against German positions ( 12 July 1942 ) By the autumn of 1940 a new world order had emerged . Nazi Germany and its allies dominated most of the European continent . Only the United Kingdom ( in the West ) was actively challenging national socialist and fascist hegemony . Nazi Germany and Britain had no common land border , but a state of war existed between them ; the Germans had an extensive land border with the Soviet Union , but the latter remained neutral , adhering to a non-aggression pact and by numerous trade agreements . For Adolf Hitler , no dilemma ever existed in this situation . Drang nach Osten ( German for `` Drive towards the East '' ) remained the order of the day . This culminated , on December 18 , in the issuing of ' Directive No. 21 -- Case Barbarossa ' , which opened by saying `` the German Armed Forces must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in a quick campaign before the end of the war against England '' . Even before the issuing of the directive , the German General Staff had developed detailed plans for a Soviet campaign . On February 3 , 1941 , the final plan of Operation Barbarossa gained approval , and the attack was scheduled for the middle of May , 1941 . However , the events in Greece and Yugoslavia necessitated a delay -- to the second half of June . At the time of the Nazi assault on the Soviet Union in June 1941 , the Red Army had 303 divisions and 22 brigades ( 4.8 million troops ) , including 166 divisions and 9 brigades ( 2.9 million troops ) stationed in the western military districts . Their Axis opponents deployed on the Eastern Front 181 divisions and 18 brigades ( 3.8 million troops ) . The first weeks of the war saw the annihilation of virtually the entire Soviet Air Force on the ground , the loss of major equipment , tanks , artillery , and major Soviet defeats as German forces trapped hundreds of thousands of Red Army soldiers in vast pockets . Soviet forces suffered heavy damage in the field as a result of poor levels of preparedness , which was primarily caused by a reluctant , half - hearted and ultimately belated decision by the Soviet Government and High Command to mobilize the army . Equally important was a general tactical superiority of the German army , which was conducting the kind of warfare that it had been combat - testing and fine - tuning for two years . The hasty pre-war growth and over-promotion of the Red Army cadres as well as the removal of experienced officers caused by the Purges offset the balance even more favourably for the Germans . Finally , the sheer numeric superiority of the Axis can not be underestimated . A generation of brilliant Soviet commanders ( most notably Georgy Zhukov ) learned from the defeats , and Soviet victories in the Battle of Moscow , at Stalingrad , Kursk and later in Operation Bagration proved decisive in what became known to the Soviets as the Great Patriotic War . The Soviet government adopted a number of measures to improve the state and morale of the retreating Red Army in 1941 . Soviet propaganda turned away from political notions of class struggle , and instead invoked the deeper - rooted patriotic feelings of the population , embracing Tsarist Russian history . Propagandists proclaimed the War against the German aggressors as the `` Great Patriotic War '' , in allusion to the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon . References to ancient Russian military heroes such as Alexander Nevski and Mikhail Kutuzov appeared . Repressions against the Russian Orthodox Church stopped , and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle . The Communist Party abolished the institution of political commissars -- although it soon restored them . The Red Army re-introduced military ranks and adopted many additional individual distinctions such as medals and orders . The concept of a Guard re-appeared : units which had shown exceptional heroism in combat gained the names of `` Guards Regiment '' , `` Guards Army '' , etc . During the German - Soviet War , the Red Army drafted a staggering 29,574,900 in addition to the 4,826,907 in service at the beginning of the war . Of these it lost 6,329,600 KIA , 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 MIA ( most captured ) . Of these 11,444,100 , however , 939,700 re-joined the ranks in the subsequently re-took Soviet territory , and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity . Thus the grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400 . The majority of the losses comprised ethnic Russians ( 5,756,000 ) , followed by ethnic Ukrainians ( 1,377,400 ) . The German losses on the Eastern Front comprised an estimated 3,604,800 KIA / MIA ( most killed ) and 3,576,300 captured ( total 7,181,100 ) ; the losses of the German Axis allies on the Eastern Front approximated 668,163 KIA / MIA and 799,982 captured ( total 1,468,145 ) . Of these 8,649,300 , the Soviets released 3,572,600 from captivity after the war , thus the grand total of the Axis losses came to an estimated 5,076,700 . A comparison of the losses demonstrates the cruel treatment of the Soviet POWs by the Nazis . The majority of Sov POWs taken prisoner by the Axis died in captivity . Out of 5.7 million Soviet POW taken by the German 3.6 million died in captivity . Of 3.3 million German POW taken by the Soviets , 374,000 died . US Government poster showing a friendly Russian soldier as portrayed by the Allies during World War II . In the first part of the war , the Red Army fielded weaponry of mixed quality . It had excellent artillery , but it did not have enough trucks to manoeuvre and supply it ; as a result the Wehrmacht ( which rated it highly ) captured much of it . Red Army T - 34 tanks outclassed any other tanks the Germans had when they appeared in 1941 , yet most of the Soviet armoured units were less advanced models ; likewise , the same supply problem handicapped even the formations equipped with the most modern tanks . The Soviet Air Force initially performed poorly against the Germans . The quick advance of the Germans into the Soviet territory made reinforcement difficult , if not impossible , since much of the Soviet Union 's military industry lay in the west of the country . The manchurian campaign ( edit ) Main article : Soviet invasion of Manchuria ( 1945 ) After the end of the war in Europe , the Red Army attacked Japan and Manchukuo ( Japan 's puppet state in Manchuria ) on 9 August 1945 , and in combination with Mongolian and Chinese Communist forces rapidly overwhelmed the outnumbered Kwantung Army . Soviet forces also attacked in Sakhalin , in the Kuril Islands and in northern Korea . Japan surrendered unconditionally on 2 September 1945 . The Cold War ( edit ) Main article : Cold War See also : Warsaw Pact The Soviet Union only had Ground Forces , Air Forces , and the Navy in 1945 . The two Narkomats , one supervising the Ground Forces and Air Forces , and the other directing the Navy , were combined into the Ministry of the Armed Forces in March 1946 . A fourth service , the Troops of National Air Defence , was formed in 1948 . The Ministry was briefly divided into two again from 1950 to 1953 , but then was amalgamated again as the Ministry of Defence . Six years later the Strategic Rocket Forces were formed . The VDV , the Airborne Forces , were also active by this time as a Reserve of the Supreme High Command . Also falling within the Soviet Armed Forces were the Tyl , or Rear Services , of the Armed Forces , the Troops of Civil Defence , and the Border and Internal Troops , neither of which came under command of the Ministry of Defence . Men within the Soviet Army dropped from around 13 million to approximately 2.8 million in 1948 . In order to control this demobilisation process , the number of military districts was temporarily increased to thirty - three , dropping to twenty - one in 1946 . The size of the Army throughout most time of the Cold War remained between 4 million and 5 million , according to Western estimates . Soviet law required all able - bodied males of age to serve a minimum of 2 years . As a result , the Soviet Army remained the largest active army in the world from 1945 to 1991 . Soviet Army units which had taken over the countries of Eastern Europe from German rule remained in some of them to secure the régimes in what became satellite states of the Soviet Union and to deter and to fend off pro-independence resistance and later NATO forces . The greatest Soviet military presence was in East Germany , in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany , but there were also smaller forces elsewhere , including the Northern Group of Forces in Poland , the Central Group of Forces in Czechoslovakia , and the Southern Group of Forces in Hungary . In the Soviet Union itself , forces were divided by the 1950s among fifteen military districts , including the Moscow , Leningrad , and Baltic Military Districts . The trauma of the devastating German invasion of 1941 influenced the Soviet Cold War military doctrine of fighting enemies on their own territory , or in a buffer zone under Soviet hegemony , but in any case preventing any war from reaching Soviet soil . In order to secure Soviet interests in Eastern Europe , the Soviet Army moved in to quell anti-Soviet uprisings in the German Democratic Republic ( 1953 ) , Hungary ( 1956 ) and Czechoslovakia ( 1968 ) . As a result of the Sino - Soviet border conflict , a sixteenth military district was created in 1969 , the Central Asian Military District , with headquarters at Alma - Ata . To improve capabilities for war at a theatre level , in the late 1970s and early 1980s four high commands were established , grouping the military districts , groups of forces , and fleets . The Far Eastern High Command was established first , followed by the Western and South - Western High Commands towards Europe , and the Southern High Command at Baku , oriented toward the Middle East . Confrontation with the US and NATO during the Cold War mainly took the form of threatened mutual deterrence with nuclear weapons . The Soviet Union invested heavily in the Army 's nuclear capacity , especially in the production of ballistic missiles and of nuclear submarines to deliver them . Open hostilities took the form of wars by proxy , with the Soviet Union and the US supporting loyal client régimes or rebel movements in Third World countries . Military doctrine ( edit ) The Soviet meaning of military doctrine was much different from U.S. military usage of the term . Soviet Minister of Defence Marshal Grechko defined it in 1975 as ' a system of views on the nature of war and methods of waging it , and on the preparation of the country and army for war , officially adopted in a given state and its armed forces . ' Soviet theorists emphasised both the political and ' military - technical ' sides of military doctrine , while from the Soviet point of view , Westerners ignored the political side . According to Harriet F Scott and William Scott , the political side of Soviet military doctrine , best explained the international moves that the Soviet Union undertook during the cold war . The limited contingent in Afghanistan ( edit ) Main article : Soviet war in Afghanistan Soviet soldier in Afghanistan , 1988 In 1979 , however , the Soviet Army intervened in a civil war raging in Afghanistan . The Soviet Army came to back a Soviet - friendly communist government threatened by a multinational , mainly afghan , insurgent groups called the mujahideen . The insurgents received military training in neighboring Pakistan , China , and billions of dollars from the United States , Saudi Arabia , and other countries . Technically superior , the Soviets did not have enough troops to establish control over the countryside and to secure the border . This resulted from hesitancy in the Politburo , which allowed only a `` limited contingent '' , averaging between 80,000 and 100,000 troops . Consequently , local insurgents could effectively employ hit - and - run tactics , using easy escape - routes and good supply - channels . This made the Soviet situation hopeless from the military point of view ( short of using `` scorched earth '' tactics , which the Soviets did not practise except in World War II in their own territory ) . The understanding of this made the war highly unpopular within the Army . With the coming of glasnost , Soviet media started to report heavy losses , which made the war very unpopular in the USSR in general , even though actual losses remained modest , averaging 1670 per year . The war also became a sensitive issue internationally , which finally led General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to withdraw the Soviet forces from Afghanistan . The `` Afghan Syndrome '' suffered by the Army parallels the American Vietnam Syndrome trauma over their own unsuccessful war in Vietnam . Tactically , both sides concentrated on attacking supply lines , but Afghan mujahideen were well dug - in with tunnels and defensive positions , holding out against artillery and air attacks . The decade long war resulted in millions of Afghans fleeing their country , mostly to Pakistan and Iran . At least half a million Afghan civilians were killed in addition to the rebels in the war . The end of the Soviet Union ( edit ) This section includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Monument to the Red Army in Berlin From around 1985 to 1991 , the new leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to reduce the strain the Army placed on economic demands . His government slowly reduced the size of the army . By 1989 Soviet troops had completely left their Warsaw Pact neighbors to fend for themselves . That same year Soviet forces left Afghanistan . By the end of 1990 , the entire Eastern Bloc had collapsed in the wake of democratic revolutions . As a result , Soviet citizens quickly began to turn against the Communist government as well . As the Soviet Union moved towards disintegration , the reduced military was rendered feeble and ineffective and could no longer prop up the ailing Soviet government . The military got involved in trying to suppress conflicts and unrest in the Caucasus and central Asia , but it often proved incapable of restoring peace and order . On April 9 , 1989 , the army , together with MVD units , massacred about 190 demonstrators in Tbilisi in Georgia . The next major crisis occurred in Azerbaijan , when the Soviet army forcibly entered Baku on January 19 -- 20 , 1990 , removing the rebellious republic government and allegedly killing hundreds of civilians in the process . On January 13 , 1991 Soviet forces stormed the State Radio and Television Building and the television retranslation tower in Vilnius , Lithuania , both under opposition control , killing 14 people and injuring 700 . This action was perceived by many as heavy - handed and achieved little . By mid-1991 , the Soviet Union had reached a state of emergency . According to the official commission ( the Soviet Academy of Sciences ) appointed by the Supreme Soviet ( the higher chamber of the Russian parliament ) immediately after the events of August 1991 , the Army did not play a significant role in what some describe as coup d'état of old - guard communists . Commanders sent tanks into the streets of Moscow , but ( according to all the commanders and soldiers ) only with orders to ensure the safety of the people . It remains unclear why exactly the military forces entered the city , but they clearly did not have the goal of overthrowing Gorbachev ( absent on the Black Sea coast at the time ) or the government . The coup failed primarily because the participants did not take any decisive action , and after several days of their inaction the coup simply stopped . Only one confrontation took place between civilians and the tank crews during the coup , which led to the deaths of three civilians . Although the victims became proclaimed heroes , the authorities acquitted the tank crew of all charges . Nobody issued orders to shoot at anyone . Following the coup attempt of August 1991 , the leadership of the Soviet Union retained practically no authority over the component republics . Nearly every Soviet Republic declared its intention to secede and began passing laws defying the Supreme Soviet . On December 8 , 1991 , the Presidents of Russia , Belarus , and Ukraine declared the Soviet Union dissolved and signed the document setting up the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) . Gorbachev finally resigned on December 25 , 1991 , and the following day the Supreme Soviet , the highest governmental body , dissolved itself , officially ending the Soviet Union 's existence . For the next year and a half various attempts to keep its unity and transform it into the military of the CIS failed . Steadily , the units stationed in Ukraine and some other breakaway republics swore loyalty to their new national governments , while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military 's assets . Following dissolution of the Soviet Union , the Soviet Army dissolved and the USSR 's successor states shared out its assets among themselves . The share out mostly occurred on a regional basis , with Soviet soldiers from Russia becoming part of the new Russian Army , while Soviet soldiers originating from Kazakhstan became part of the new Kazakh Army . In mid-March 1992 , Yeltsin appointed himself as the new Russian Minister of Defence , marking a crucial step in the creation of the new Armed Forces of the Russian Federation , comprising the bulk of what was still left of the military . The last vestiges of the old Soviet command structure were finally dissolved in June 1993 . In the next few years , the former Soviet forces withdrew from central and Eastern Europe ( including the Baltic states ) , as well as from the newly independent post-Soviet republics of Azerbaijan , Armenia , Georgia ( partially ) , Uzbekistan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan . Now - Russian forces remained in Tajikistan , and at isolated outposts including the Gabala space tracking station in Azerbaijan , the Baikonur Cosmodrome and other space facilities in Kazakhstan , and a naval test centre at Issyk - Kul in Kyrgyzstan . While in many places the withdrawal and division took place without any problems , the Russian Navy 's Black Sea Fleet remained in the Crimea , Ukraine , with the fleet division and a Russian leasehold for fleet facilities in Crimea finally achieved in 1997 . A Russian military presence also remained in Transnistria and Georgia . The Baltic states ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) became successful members of NATO since 2004 . Georgia and Ukraine maintain cooperation with NATO as well . Structure and leadership ( edit ) See also : Formations of the Soviet Army The Soviet Armed Forces were controlled by the Ministry of Defense . At its head was the Minister of Defense , generally a full member of the Politburo and from 1934 onwards , a Marshal of the Soviet Union . Both civilians and professional served as Minister of Defense . Between 1934 - 1946 and 1950 - 53 a separate Ministry of the Navy existed and the Ministry of Defense was responsible only for land and air forces . In practice the Navy Minister was a far more junior official and the Defense Ministry continued to dominate policymaking . Beneath the Minister of Defense were two First Deputy Ministers of Defense ; the Chief of the General Staff , who was responsible for operations and planning , and the First Deputy Minister of Defense for General Affairs , who was responsible for administration . From 1955 the Supreme Commander of the Warsaw Pact also held the title of First Deputy Minister of Defense . By the 1980s there were another eleven Deputy Minister of Defense ; including the commanders - in - chief of the five service branches . Personnel ( edit ) Vladimir Lenin , Leon Trotsky and soldiers of the Red Army in Petrograd Ranks and titles ( edit ) See also : Military ranks of the Soviet Union and History of Russian military ranks The early Red Army abandoned the institution of a professional officer corps as a `` heritage of tsarism '' in the course of the Revolution . In particular , the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word `` officer '' and used the word `` commander '' instead . The Red Army abandoned epaulettes and ranks , using purely functional titles such as `` Division Commander '' , `` Corps Commander '' , and similar titles . In 1924 it supplemented this system with `` service categories '' , from K - 1 ( lowest ) to K - 14 ( highest ) . The service categories essentially operated as ranks in disguise : they indicated the experience and qualifications of a commander . The insignia now denoted the category , not the position of a commander . However , one still had to use functional titles to address commanders , which could become as awkward as `` comrade deputy head - of - staff of corps '' . If one did not know a commander 's position , one used one of the possible positions - for example : `` Regiment Commander '' for K - 9 . On September 22 , 1935 the Red Army abandoned service categories and introduced personal ranks . These ranks , however , used a unique mix of functional titles and traditional ranks . For example , the ranks included `` Lieutenant '' and `` Komdiv '' ( Комдив , Division Commander ) . Further complications ensued from the functional and categorical ranks for political officers ( e.g. , `` Brigade Commissar '' , `` Army Commissar 2nd Rank '' ) , for technical corps ( e.g. , `` Engineer 3rd Rank '' , `` Division Engineer '' ) , for administrative , medical and other non-combatant branches . The year before ( 1934 ) , the revival of personal ranks began with the Marshal of the Soviet Union rank bestowed upon 5 Army Commanders . There were further modifications to the system . 1937 saw the Junior Lieutenant and Junior Military Technician ranks being added . On May 7 , 1940 , the ranks of `` General '' or `` Admiral '' replaced the senior functional ranks of Kombrig , Komdiv , Komkor , Komandarm ; the other senior functional ranks ( `` Division Commissar '' , `` Division Engineer '' , etc . ) remained unaffected . On November 2 , 1940 , the system underwent further modification with the abolition of functional ranks for non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) and the introduction of the Podpolkovnik ( Lieutenant Colonel ) rank . In early 1942 all the functional ranks in technical and administrative corps became regularised ranks ( e.g. , `` Engineer Major '' , `` Engineer Colonel '' , `` Captain of the Intendant Service '' , etc . ) . On October 9 , 1942 the authorities abolished the system of military commissars , together with the commissar ranks . The functional ranks remained only in medical , veterinary and legislative corps . By then the Naval rank of Midshipman was revived in the Soviet Navy as an NCO rank , a role lasting until the 1970s . In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks . The word `` officer '' became officially endorsed , together with the epaulettes that superseded the previous rank insignia . The ranks and insignia of 1943 did not change much until the last days of the USSR ; the contemporary Russian Army uses largely the same system . The old functional ranks of Kombat ( Battalion or Battery Commander ) , Kombrig ( Brigade Commander ) and Komdiv ( Division Commander ) continue in informal use . By the end of the Second World War , the Admiral of the Fleet rank ( which , from 1945 was already equivalent to Marshal ) was later renamed Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union in 1955 . In the 1960s however , it became a rank of its own when new regulations revived the Fleet Admiral rank in the Soviet Navy , thus becoming the naval equivalent to General of the Army . By 1972 , the final transformation of military ranks began as the rank of Praporshchik ( Warrant officer ) ranks being added in the Army and Air Force for contract NCOs since the rank of Starshina ( Sergeant Major ) was from now on for conscripts . But in the Soviet Navy , it meant that the Naval rank of Midshipman became a rank for Naval warrant officers since the Navy created the new rank of Ship Chief Sergeant Major for its NCOs in naval service . The year of 1974 saw the rank insignia changed for Army Generals and Navy Fleet Admirals in their parade dress and working and combat dress uniforms . General Staff ( edit ) On September 22 , 1935 , the authorities renamed the RKKA Staff as the General Staff , which essentially reincarnated the General Staff of the Russian Empire . Many of the former RKKA Staff officers had served as General Staff officers in the Russian Empire and became General Staff officers in the USSR . General Staff officers typically had extensive combat experience and solid academic training . Military education ( edit ) During the Civil War the commander cadres received training at the General Staff Academy of the RKKA ( Академия Генерального штаба РККА ) , an alias of the Nicholas General Staff Academy ( Николаевская академия Генерального штаба ) of the Russian Empire . On August 5 , 1921 the Academy became the Military Academy of the RKKA ( Военная академия РККА ) , and in 1925 the Frunze ( М. В . Фрунзе ) Military Academy of the RKKA . The senior and supreme commanders received training at the Higher Military Academic Courses ( Высшие военно - академические курсы ) , renamed in 1925 as the Advanced Courses for Supreme Command ( Курсы усовершенствования высшего начальствующего состава ) ; in 1931 , the establishment of an Operations Faculty at the Frunze Military Academy supplemented these courses . On April 2 , 1936 , the General Staff Academy was re-instated ; it became a principal school for the senior and supreme commanders of the Red Army and a centre for advanced military studies . One should note that Red Army ( and later Soviet Army ) educational facilities called `` academies '' do not correspond to the military academies in Western countries . Those Soviet Academies were the post-graduate schools , mandatory for officers applying for senior ranks ( e.g. , the rank of Colonel since the 1950s ) . While a basic officer education in the Red Army was provided by the facilities named военная школа or военное училище - which may be generally translated as `` school '' and compared to Western `` academies '' like West Point or Sandhurst . Manpower and enlisted men ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) The Soviet Armed Forces were manned through conscription , which had been reduced in 1967 from three to two years ( with remaining 3 years service in naval forces ) . This system was administered through the thousands of military commissariats ( военный комиссариат , военкомат ( voyenkomat ) ) located throughout the Soviet Union . Between January and May of every year , every young Soviet male citizen was required to report to the local voyenkomat for assessment for military service , following a summons based on lists from every school and employer in the area . The voyenkomat worked to quotas sent out by a department of the General Staff , listing how young men are required by each service and branch of the Armed Forces . The new conscripts were then picked up by an officer from their future unit and usually sent by train across the country . On arrival , they would begin the Young Soldiers ' course , and become part of the system of hazing and domination by an older class of draftees , known as dedovshchina , literally `` rule by the grandfathers . '' There were only a very small number of professional non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) , as most NCOs were conscripts sent on short courses to prepare them for section commanders ' and platoon sergeants ' positions . These conscript NCOs were supplemented by praporshchik warrant officers , positions created in the 1960s to support the increased variety of skills required for modern weapons . According to a 1980 Time magazine article citing an analyst from the RAND Corporation , Soviet non-Slavs were generally barred from joining elite or strategic positions ( like the Strategic Rocket Forces , Soviet Air Force and the Soviet Navy ) of the late - Cold War military because of suspicions of loyalty of ethnic minorities to the Kremlin . Purge ( edit ) The late 1930s saw the `` Purges of the Red Army cadres '' , occurring against the historical background of the Great Purge . The Purges had the objective of cleansing the Red Army of `` politically unreliable elements '' , mainly among the higher - ranking officers . This inevitably provided a convenient pretext for settling personal vendettas and eventually resulted in a witch - hunt . In 1937 , the Red Army numbered around 1.3 million , and it grew to almost three times that number by June 1941 . This necessitated quick promotion of junior officers , often despite their lack of experience or training , with obvious grave implications for the effectiveness of the Army in the coming war against Germany . In the highest echelons of the Red Army the Purges removed 3 of the 5 marshals , 13 of 15 generals of the army , 8 of 9 admirals , 50 of 57 army corps generals , 154 out of 186 division generals , 16 of 16 army commissars , and 25 of 28 army corps commissars . Party control of the Armed Forces ( edit ) Military ticket conscript military service of the Soviet army USSR . Item No 3 Member of the Communist party of the Soviet Union , Item No 4 of the member of the Komsomol . The Communist Party had a number of mechanisms of control over the country 's armed forces . First , starting from a certain rank , only a Party member could be a military commander , and was thus subject to Party discipline . Second , the top military leaders had been systematically integrated into the highest echelons of the party . Third , the party placed a network of political officers throughout the armed forces to influence the activities of the military . A political commander ( zampolit ) served as a political commissar of the armed forces . A zampolit supervised party organizations and conducted party political work within a military unit . He lectured troops on Marxism -- Leninism , the Soviet view of international affairs , and the party 's tasks for the armed forces . During World War II the zampolit lost veto authority over the commander 's decisions but retained the power to report to the next highest political officer or organization on the political attitudes and performance of the unit 's commander . In 1989 over 20 % of all armed forces personnel were party members or Komsomol members . Over 90 % of all officers in the armed forces were party or Komsomol members . Weapons and equipment ( edit ) The Soviet Union established an indigenous arms industry as part of Stalin 's industrialization program in the 1920s and 1930s . The five - round , stripper clip - fed , bolt - action Mosin -- Nagant rifle remained the primary shoulder firearm of the Red Army through World War II . Over 17 million model 91 / 30 Mosin -- Nagant rifles were manufactured from 1930 to 1945 by various Soviet arsenals . In 1943 design started on the M44 , designed to replace the M91 / 30 . Full production began in 1944 , and remained in production until 1948 , when it was replaced by the SKS semiautomatic rifle . The Red Army suffered from a shortage of adequate machine guns and semiautomatic firearms throughout World War II . The semiautomatic Tokarev SVT Model 38 and Model 40 were chambered for the same 7.62 × 54mmR cartridge used by the Mosin -- Nagants . The rifle , though of sound design , was never manufactured in the same numbers as the Mosin -- Nagants and did not replace them . Soviet experimentation with small - arms began during the Second World War . In 1945 the Red Army adopted the Simonov SKS , a semi-automatic 7.62 × 39mm carbine . In 1949 production of the 7.62 × 39mm Kalashnikov AK - 47 assault rifle began : planners envisaged troops using it in conjunction with the SKS , but it soon replaced the SKS completely . In 1978 the 5.45 × 39mm AK - 74 assault rifle replaced the AK - 47 : it utilized no less than 51 % of the AK - 47 's parts . Designers put together the new weapon as a counterpart to the American 5.56 × 45mm cartridge used in the M - 16 assault rifle , and the Russian army continues to use it today . See also ( edit ) Soviet Union portal War portal World War II portal Cold War portal Comparative military ranks of World War II List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS Marshal of the Soviet Union Mikhail Tukhachevsky Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the CIA , the Soviet Union spends roughly 15 -- 17 % , or $300 billion , of its GDP on defense , while others place the figure as high as 20 -- 25 % . Jump up ^ The Ministry was renamed a number of times . From 1917 - 1934 it was the People 's Commissariat for War and Naval Affairs , from 1934 - 1946 it was the People 's Commissariat for Defense , in 1946 the People 's Commissariat for the Armed Forces , from 1946 - 1950 the Ministry for the Armed Forces , from 1950 - 1953 the Ministry for War , and from 1953 - 1991 the Ministry of Defense . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/31/world/soviet-military-budget-128-billion-bombshell.html ^ Jump up to : `` Soviets to trim military production by 1990 '' . Defense Daily . 24 July 1989 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Soviet military spending put at 20 - 25 % of GNP '' . Defense Daily . 24 April 1990 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Soviets have not hardened position on SLCM - Akhromeyev '' . Defense Daily . 9 May 1990 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Scott and Scott , The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union , Westview Press , 1979 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Telegram from the German Ambassador in the Soviet Union , ( Schulenburg ) to the German Foreign Office , 10 September 1939 , at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project : Nazi - Soviet Relations 1939 - 1941 . Jump up ^ Кривошеин С. М . Междубурье . Воспоминания . Воронеж , 1964 . ( Krivoshein S.M. Between the Storms . Memoirs . Voronezh , 1964 . in Russian ) ; Guderian H. Erinnerungen eines Soldaten Heidelberg , 1951 ( in German -- Memoirs of a Soldier in English ) Jump up ^ Krivosheev , Soviet casualties and combat losses in the twentieth century , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20060509003357/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/33490_1.html KAMPANIA WRZEŚNIOWA 1939 ) from PWN Encyklopedia . Please note that the above link is the Internet Archive version , , mid-2006 . The new PWN article is significantly shorter . Jump up ^ Piotrowski , Tadeusz ( 1988 ) . `` Ukrainian Collaborators '' . Poland 's Holocaust : Ethnic Strife , Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic , 1918 - 1947 . McFarland . pp. 177 -- 259 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0371 - 3 . How are we ... to explain the phenomenom of Ukrainians rejoicing and collaborating with the Soviets ? Who were these Ukrainians ? That they were Ukrainians is certain , but were they communists , Nationalists , unattached peasants ? The answer is `` yes '' - they were all three . Jump up ^ For example , see events as described in : ( in Polish ) Bronisław Konieczny , Mój wrzesień 1939 . Pamiętnik z kampanii wrześniowej spisany w obozie jenieckim , KSIĘGARNIA AKADEMICKA SP . Z O.O. / Biblioteka Centrum Dokumentacji Czynu Niepodległościowego , ISBN 978 - 83 - 7188 - 328 - 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) and Moje życie w mundurze . Czasy narodzin i upadku II RP , KSIĘGARNIA AKADEMICKA SP . Z O.O. , 2005 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7188 - 693 - 5 ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Ibid . Jump up ^ ( in Polish ) Edukacja Humanistyczna w wojsku. 1 / 2005 . Dom wydawniczy Wojska Polskiego . ISSN 1734 - 6584 . ( Official publication of the Polish Army ) . Last accessed on 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) В. Н . Барышников . От прохладного мира к Зимней войне . Восточная политика Финляндии в 1930 - е годы . Санкт - Петербург , 1997. ; В. Н . Барышников , Э . Саломаа . Вовлечение Финляндии во Вторую Мировую войну . In : Крестовый поход на Россию . М. , 2005. ; О. Д . Дудорова . Неизвестные страницы Зимней войны . In : Военно - исторический журнал. 1991 . No 9. ; Зимняя война 1939 - 1940 . Книга первая . Политическая история . М. , 1998 . -- ISBN 5 - 02 - 009749 - 7 ; Эрик Ковалев . Зимняя война балтийских подводных лодок ( 1939 -- 1940 гг . ) . In : Короли подплава в море червонных валетов . М. , 2006. ; М . Коломиец . Танки в Зимней войне 1939 - 1940 . In : `` Фронтовая иллюстрация '' , 2001 ; Александр Широкорад . Северные войны России . М. , 2001. ; Владимир Холодковский . Эта Зимняя война . In : Ленинская правда. 1990 . 4 янв. , c. 3 . Jump up ^ Resolution of Council of League of Nations Jump up ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia , Finland , Moscow , 1974 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 880010 - 9 Jump up ^ See Г . Ф . Кривошеев , Россия и СССР в войнах XX века : потери вооруженных сил . Статистическое исследование ( G.F. Krivosheev , Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century : losses of the Armed Forces . A Statistical Study , in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : Richard Overy , The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany , Stalin 's Russia ISBN 0 - 393 - 02030 - 4 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott , 1979 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott , The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union , Westview Press , Boulder , CO. , 1979 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott , 1979 , p. 176 Jump up ^ William E Odom , The Collapse of the Soviet Military , Yale University Press , New Haven and London , 1998 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott , 1979 , p. 37 , 59 Jump up ^ Warner , Edward ; Bonan , Packman ( April 1984 ) . `` Key Personnel and Organizations of the Soviet Military High Command '' ( PDF ) . RAND Corporation : 8 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Carey Schofield , Inside the Soviet Army , Headline , London , 1991 , p. 67 - 70 Jump up ^ Viktor Suvorov , Inside the Soviet Army , Hamish Hamilton , London , 1982 , gives the figure of six months with a training division Jump up ^ William E Odom , The Collapse of the Soviet Military , Yale University Press , New Haven and London , 1998 , p. 43 Jump up ^ The U.S.S.R. : Moscow 's Military Machine The U.S.S.R. : Moscow 's Military Machine `` . Time ( magazine ) , June 23 , 1980 Jump up ^ Terence W. Lapin , The Mosin - Nagant Rifle ( 3rd Ed. , North Cape 2003 ) Further reading ( edit ) Lehrke , Jesse Paul . `` The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics , 1988 - 2005 . '' Oxfordshire , UK : Routledge ( 2013 ) . See especially Chapters 1 - 4 ( see : http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415688369/ ) Lester W. Grau and Ali Ajmad Jalali , `` The Campaign for the Caves : The Battles for Ahawar in the Soviet - Afghan War '' Foreign Military Studies Office , Ft . Leavenworth , KS , reprinted from Journal of Slavic Military Studies , Vol. 14 , September 2001 , Number 3 . Lewis , William J. , The Warsaw Pact : Arms , Doctrine and Strategy , Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis ; 1982 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 031746 - 1 . This book presents an overview of all the Warsaw Pact armed forces as well as a section on Soviet strategy , a model land campaign which the Soviet Union could have conducted against NATO , a section on vehicles , weapons and aircraft , and a full - color section on the uniforms , nations badges and rank - insignia of all the nations of the Warsaw Pact . Michael MccGwire , 1987 . Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy . Washington DC : Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 978 - 0815755524 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army of the Soviet Union . About The Soviet Armed Forces Losses Suffered by USSR Armed Forces in Wars , Combat Operations , and Military Conflicts Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War ( World War II ) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism -- Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets ( 1922 -- 1936 ) Supreme Soviet ( 1938 -- 1991 ) Congress of People 's Deputies ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five - Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble ( currency ) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All - Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Book Commons Portal WikiProject Soviet occupations Europe Austria Baltic states Estonia Latvia Lithuania Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Bornholm Czechoslovakia Finland Germany East Prussia Hungary Poland Western Ukraine Romania Ukraine Asia Afghanistan Northern Iran Manchuria North Korea Italics indicate countries occupied while Soviet Union was a member of the Allies of World War II . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Armed_Forces&oldid=800657815 '' Categories : Military of the Soviet Union 1918 establishments in Russia 1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with Polish - language external links Articles with Russian - language external links Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 Articles contradicting other articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 22 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many soldiers did the soviet union have | [
"\n\nArmed Forces of the\nUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics\n\n\nВооружённые Силы Союза Советских Социалистических Республик\nVooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFounded\n15 January 1918\n\n\nCurrent form\n23 February 1946\n\n\nDisbanded\n25 December 1991\n\n\nService branches\n Soviet Army\n Soviet Air Forces\n Soviet Navy\nSoviet Air Defence Forces\nStrategic Missile Troops\n\n\nHeadquarters\nMoscow, Russian SFSR\n\n\nLeadership\n\n\nSupreme Commander\nJoseph Stalin (1941–1953)\nMikhail Gorbachev (1990–1991)\n\n\nMinister of Defence\nJoseph Stalin (1946–1947)\nYevgeny Shaposhnikov (1991)\n\n\nChief of the General Staff\nAleksandr Vasilevsky (1946–1948)\nVladimir Lobov (1991)\n\n\nManpower\n\n\nMilitary age\n18–27\n\n\nConscription\n18\n\n\nAvailable for\nmilitary service\n92,345,764 (1991), age 18–27\n\n\nActive personnel\n4,230,920 (1991)\n\n\nExpenditures\n\n\nBudget\n$300 billion (1990)[1][2][a]\n\n\nPercent of GDP\n15-17% (1989)[2]\n\n\nRelated articles\n\n\nHistory\nMilitary history of the Soviet Union\n\n\nRanks\nMilitary ranks of the Soviet Union\n\n"
] | [
"4,230,920"
] |
8100047683821676376 | List of FIFA World Cup winners | List of FIFA World Cup winners - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup winners This is a list of all teams , players and coaches who have won the FIFA World Cup tournament since its inception in 1930 . Contents 1 By team 2 By year 3 By player 4 By coach 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links By team ( edit ) The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different nations . Brazil has won the most titles , five . The current champion is France , who won the title in 2018 . Map of FIFA World Cup winners Nations that won the World Cup Titles Team Year ( s ) 5 Brazil 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 Italy 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 Germany 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 Uruguay 1930 , 1950 Argentina 1978 , 1986 France 1998 , 2018 England 1966 Spain By year ( edit ) Participating teams have to register squads for the World Cup , which consisted of 22 players until 1998 and of 23 players from 2002 onwards . Since 1978 , winners ' medals are given to all members of the winning squads . Prior to that , only players who were on the pitch during the final matches received medals . FIFA decided in 2007 to retroactively award winners ' medals to all members of the winning squads between 1930 and 1974 . Squads of teams that won the World Cup Year Team Squad Coach Ref 1930 Uruguay ( detailed squad ) MF J. Andrade FW P. Anselmo GK E. Ballestrero FW J. Calvo GK M. Capuccini FW H. Castro FW P. Cea FW P. Dorado DF L. Fernández MF Á . Gestido FW S. Iriarte DF E. Mascheroni MF Á . Melogno DF J. Nasazzi FW P. Petrone MF C. Píriz DF E. Recoba MF C. Riolfo FW Z . Saldombide FW H. Scarone DF D. Tejera FW S. Urdinarán A. Suppici 1934 Italy ( detailed squad ) DF L. Allemandi FW P. Arcari MF L. Bertolini FW F. Borel DF U. Caligaris MF A. Castellazzi GK G. Cavanna GK G. Combi FW A. Demaría FW G. Ferrari MF A. Ferraris FW E. Guaita FW A. Guarisi GK G. Masetti FW G. Meazza MF L. Monti DF E. Monzeglio FW R. Orsi MF M. Pizziolo DF V. Rosetta FW A. Schiavio MF M. Varglien V. Pozzo 1938 Italy ( detailed squad ) MF M. Andreolo FW S. Bertoni FW A. Biavati GK C. Ceresoli MF B. Chizzo FW G. Colaussi MF A. Donati FW G. Ferrari FW P. Ferraris DF A. Foni MF M. Genta MF U. Locatelli GK G. Masetti FW G. Meazza DF E. Monzeglio GK A. Olivieri MF R. Olmi FW P. Pasinati MF M. Perazzolo FW S. Piola DF P. Rava MF P. Serantoni V. Pozzo 1950 Uruguay ( detailed squad ) FW J. Britos FW J. Burgueño DF S. Gambetta FW A. Ghiggia DF J. González DF M. González DF W. Martínez GK R. Máspoli FW Ó . Míguez FW R. Morán MF W. Ortuño GK A. Paz FW J. Pérez MF R. Pini FW L. Rijo MF V. Rodríguez Andrade FW C. Romero FW J. Schiaffino DF E. Tejera MF O. Varela FW E. Vidal DF H. Vilches J. López 1954 West Germany ( detailed squad ) 1 T. Turek 2 F. Laband 3 W. Kohlmeyer 4 H. Bauer 5 H. Erhardt 6 H. Eckel 7 J. Posipal 8 K. Mai 9 P. Mebus 10 W. Liebrich 11 K. - H. Metzner 12 H. Rahn 13 M. Morlock 14 B. Klodt 15 O. Walter 16 F. Walter 17 R. Herrmann 18 U. Biesinger 19 A. Pfaff 20 H. Schäfer 21 H. Kubsch 22 H. Kwiatkowski S. Herberger 1958 Brazil ( detailed squad ) 1 Castilho 2 Bellini 3 Gilmar 4 Djalma Santos 5 Dino Sani 6 Didi 7 M. Zagallo 8 Oreco 9 Zózimo 10 Pelé 11 Garrincha 12 Nílton Santos 13 Moacir 14 De Sordi 15 Orlando 16 Mauro 17 Joel 18 J. Altafini 19 Zito 20 Vavá 21 Dida 22 Pepe V. Feola 1962 Brazil ( detailed squad ) 1 Gilmar 2 Djalma Santos 3 Mauro 4 Zito 5 Zózimo 6 Nílton Santos 7 Garrincha 8 Didi 9 Coutinho 10 Pelé 11 Pepe 12 Jair Marinho 13 Bellini 14 Jurandir 15 Altair 16 Zequinha 17 Mengálvio 18 Jair 19 Vavá 20 Amarildo 21 M. Zagallo 22 Castilho A. Moreira 1966 England ( detailed squad ) 1 G. Banks 2 G. Cohen 3 R. Wilson 4 N. Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 B. Moore 7 A. Ball 8 J. Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 G. Hurst 11 J. Connelly 12 R. Springett 13 P. Bonetti 14 J. Armfield 15 G. Byrne 16 M. Peters 17 R. Flowers 18 N. Hunter 19 T. Paine 20 I. Callaghan 21 R. Hunt 22 G. Eastham A. Ramsey 1970 Brazil ( detailed squad ) 1 Félix 2 Brito 3 Piazza 4 Carlos Alberto 5 Clodoaldo 6 Marco Antônio 7 Jairzinho 8 Gérson 9 Tostão 10 Pelé 11 Rivellino 12 Ado 13 Roberto 14 Baldocchi 15 Fontana 16 Everaldo 17 Joel 18 Paulo Cézar Caju 19 Edu 20 Dario 21 Zé Maria 22 Leão M. Zagallo West Germany ( detailed squad ) 1 S. Maier 2 B. Vogts 3 P. Breitner 4 H. - G. Schwarzenbeck 5 F. Beckenbauer 6 H. - D. Höttges 7 H. Wimmer 8 B. Cullmann 9 J. Grabowski 10 G. Netzer 11 J. Heynckes 12 W. Overath 13 G. Müller 14 U. Hoeneß 15 H. Flohe 16 R. Bonhof 17 B. Hölzenbein 18 D. Herzog 19 J. Kapellmann 20 H. Kremers 21 N. Nigbur 22 W. Kleff H. Schön 1978 Argentina ( detailed squad ) 1 N. Alonso 2 O. Ardiles 3 H. Baley 4 D. Bertoni 5 U. Fillol 6 A. Gallego 7 L. Galván 8 R. Galván 9 R. Houseman 10 M. Kempes 11 D. Killer 12 O. Larrosa 13 R. La Volpe 14 L. Luque 15 J. Olguín 16 O. Ortiz 17 M. Oviedo 18 R. Pagnanini 19 D. Passarella 20 A. Tarantini 21 J. Valencia 22 R. Villa C. Menotti 1982 Italy ( detailed squad ) 1 D. Zoff 2 F. Baresi 3 G. Bergomi 4 A. Cabrini 5 F. Collovati 6 C. Gentile 7 G. Scirea 8 P. Vierchowod 9 G. Antognoni 10 G. Dossena 11 G. Marini 12 I. Bordon 13 G. Oriali 14 M. Tardelli 15 F. Causio 16 B. Conti 17 D. Massaro 18 A. Altobelli 19 F. Graziani 20 P. Rossi 21 F. Selvaggi 22 G. Galli E. Bearzot 1986 Argentina ( detailed squad ) 1 S. Almirón 2 S. Batista 3 R. Bochini 4 C. Borghi 5 J. Brown 6 D. Passarella 7 J. Burruchaga 8 N. Clausen 9 J. Cuciuffo 10 D. Maradona 11 J. Valdano 12 H. Enrique 13 O. Garré 14 R. Giusti 15 L. Islas 16 J. Olarticoechea 17 P. Pasculli 18 N. Pumpido 19 O. Ruggeri 20 C. Tapia 21 M. Trobbiani 22 H. Zelada C. Bilardo 1990 West Germany ( detailed squad ) 1 B. Illgner 2 S. Reuter 3 A. Brehme 4 J. Kohler 5 K. Augenthaler 6 G. Buchwald 7 P. Littbarski 8 T. Häßler 9 R. Völler 10 L. Matthäus 11 F. Mill 12 R. Aumann 13 K. - H. Riedle 14 T. Berthold 15 U. Bein 16 P. Steiner 17 A. Möller 18 J. Klinsmann 19 H. Pflügler 20 O. Thon 21 G. Hermann 22 A. Köpke F. Beckenbauer 1994 Brazil ( detailed squad ) 1 Taffarel 2 Jorginho 3 Ricardo Rocha 4 Ronaldão 5 Mauro Silva 6 Branco 7 Bebeto 8 Dunga 9 Zinho 10 Raí 11 Romário 12 Zetti 13 Aldair 14 Cafu 15 Márcio Santos 16 Leonardo 17 Mazinho 18 Paulo Sérgio 19 Müller 20 Ronaldo 21 Viola 22 Gilmar C. Parreira 1998 France ( detailed squad ) 1 B. Lama 2 V. Candela 3 B. Lizarazu 4 P. Vieira 5 L. Blanc 6 Y . Djorkaeff 7 D. Deschamps 8 M. Desailly 9 S. Guivarc'h 10 Z . Zidane 11 R. Pires 12 T. Henry 13 B. Diomède 14 A. Boghossian 15 L. Thuram 16 F. Barthez 17 E. Petit 18 F. Leboeuf 19 C. Karembeu 20 D. Trezeguet 21 C. Dugarry 22 L. Charbonnier A. Jacquet 2002 Brazil ( detailed squad ) 1 Marcos 2 Cafu 3 Lúcio 4 Roque Júnior 5 Edmílson 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Ricardinho 8 Gilberto Silva 9 Ronaldo 10 Rivaldo 11 Ronaldinho 12 Dida 13 Belletti 14 Ânderson Polga 15 Kléberson 16 Júnior 17 Denílson 18 Vampeta 19 Juninho Paulista 20 Edílson 21 Luizão 22 Rogério Ceni 23 Kaká L. Scolari 2006 Italy ( detailed squad ) 1 G. Buffon 2 C. Zaccardo 3 F. Grosso 4 D. De Rossi 5 F. Cannavaro 6 A. Barzagli 7 A. Del Piero 8 G. Gattuso 9 L. Toni 10 F. Totti 11 A. Gilardino 12 A. Peruzzi 13 A. Nesta 14 M. Amelia 15 V. Iaquinta 16 M. Camoranesi 17 S. Barone 18 F. Inzaghi 19 G. Zambrotta 20 S. Perrotta 21 A. Pirlo 22 M. Oddo 23 M. Materazzi M. Lippi Spain ( detailed squad ) 1 I. Casillas 2 R. Albiol 3 G. Piqué 4 C. Marchena 5 C. Puyol 6 A. Iniesta 7 D. Villa 8 Xavi 9 F. Torres 10 C. Fàbregas 11 J. Capdevila 12 V. Valdés 13 J. Mata 14 X . Alonso 15 S. Ramos 16 S. Busquets 17 Á . Arbeloa 18 Pedro 19 F. Llorente 20 J. Martínez 21 D. Silva 22 J. Navas 23 P. Reina V. del Bosque 2014 Germany ( detailed squad ) 1 M. Neuer 2 K. Großkreutz 3 M. Ginter 4 B. Höwedes 5 M. Hummels 6 S. Khedira 7 B. Schweinsteiger 8 M. Özil 9 A. Schürrle 10 L. Podolski 11 M. Klose 12 R. - R. Zieler 13 T. Müller 14 J. Draxler 15 E. Durm 16 P. Lahm 17 P. Mertesacker 18 T. Kroos 19 M. Götze 20 J. Boateng 21 S. Mustafi 22 R. Weidenfeller 23 C. Kramer J. Löw 2018 France ( detailed squad ) 1 H. Lloris 2 B. Pavard 3 P. Kimpembe 4 R. Varane 5 S. Umtiti 6 P. Pogba 7 A. Griezmann 8 T. Lemar 9 O. Giroud 10 K. Mbappé 11 O. Dembélé 12 C. Tolisso 13 N. Kanté 14 B. Matuidi 15 S. Nzonzi 16 S. Mandanda 17 A. Rami 18 N. Fekir 19 D. Sidibé 20 F. Thauvin 21 L. Hernández 22 B. Mendy 23 A. Areola D. Deschamps By player ( edit ) A total of 445 players have been in the winning team in the World Cup . Brazil 's Pelé is the only one to have won three times , while another 20 have won twice . No player has won two World Cups both as captain . Italy 's Giuseppe Meazza ( 1938 ) , Brazil 's Hilderaldo Bellini ( 1958 ) , Mauro ( 1962 ) and Cafu ( 2002 ) , and Argentina 's Daniel Passarella ( 1978 ) lifted the trophy once as captain , but were not captain for the other tournament they won . Argentina 's Diego Maradona ( 1986 , 1990 ) and Brazil 's Dunga ( 1994 , 1998 ) captained their sides in two final matches , but only won on their first occasions , while West Germany 's Karl - Heinz Rummenigge ( 1982 , 1986 ) lost both final matches as captain . Brazil 's Pelé and Vavá are the only two players to score in two final matches for winning teams . West Germany 's Paul Breitner ( 1974 , 1982 ) and France 's Zinedine Zidane ( 1998 , 2006 ) also scored in two final matches , but only won on their first occasions . Cafu is the only player to play in three final matches , 1994 ( as a substitute ) , 1998 and 2002 . Luis Monti is the only player to play in two final matches for different national teams . He appeared in the 1930 final for Argentina , who lost , and the 1934 final for Italy , who won . Attilio Demaría was also in Argentina 's 1930 squad and Italy 's 1934 squad , but appeared in neither final . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo , having won in 1958 and 1962 as player , went on to win in 1970 as the head coach , becoming the first to win both as player and coach . West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer is the second , winning as both captain ( 1974 ) and coach ( 1990 ) . Didier Deschamps is the third . He led the France team to win in 1998 as captain , and in 2018 as coach . Germany 's Miroslav Klose is the only player to have won four World Cup medals : 2002 ( silver ) , 2006 , 2010 ( both bronze ) and 2014 ( gold ) . Players who have won the World Cup Player Team Year ( s ) won Other appearances Profile As player As coach Pelé Brazil 1958 , 1962 , 1970 1966 Hilderaldo Bellini Brazil 1958 , 1962 1966 Cafu Brazil 1994 , 2002 1998 , 2006 Castilho Brazil 1958 , 1962 1950 , 1954 Didi Brazil 1958 , 1962 1954 1970 PER Djalma Santos Brazil 1958 , 1962 1954 , 1966 Giovanni Ferrari Italy 1934 , 1938 1962 ITA Garrincha Brazil 1958 , 1962 1966 Gilmar Brazil 1958 , 1962 1966 Guido Masetti Italy 1934 , 1938 Mauro Brazil 1958 , 1962 1954 Giuseppe Meazza Italy 1934 , 1938 Eraldo Monzeglio Italy 1934 , 1938 Nílton Santos Brazil 1958 , 1962 1950 , 1954 Daniel Passarella Argentina 1978 , 1986 1982 1998 ARG Pepe Brazil 1958 , 1962 Ronaldo Brazil 1994 , 2002 1998 , 2006 Vavá Brazil 1958 , 1962 Mário Zagallo Brazil 1958 , 1962 1970 BRA , 1974 BRA , 1998 BRA Zito Brazil 1958 , 1962 1966 Zózimo Brazil 1958 , 1962 Ado Brazil 1970 Raúl Albiol Spain 2014 Aldair Brazil 1994 1990 , 1998 Luigi Allemandi Italy 1934 Sergio Almirón Argentina 1986 Norberto Alonso Argentina 1978 Xabi Alonso Spain 2006 , 2014 José Altafini Brazil 1958 1962 ITA Altair Brazil 1962 1966 Alessandro Altobelli Italy 1982 1986 Amarildo Brazil 1962 Marco Amelia Italy 2006 Ânderson Polga Brazil 2002 José Andrade Uruguay 1930 Michele Andreolo Italy 1938 Peregrino Anselmo Uruguay 1930 Giancarlo Antognoni Italy 1982 1978 Álvaro Arbeloa Spain Pietro Arcari Italy 1934 Osvaldo Ardiles Argentina 1978 1982 Alphonse Areola France 2018 Jimmy Armfield England 1966 1962 Klaus Augenthaler West Germany 1990 1986 Raimond Aumann West Germany 1990 Baldocchi Brazil 1970 Héctor Baley Argentina 1978 1982 Alan Ball England 1966 1970 Enrique Ballestrero Uruguay 1930 Gordon Banks England 1966 1970 Franco Baresi Italy 1982 1990 , 1994 Simone Barone Italy 2006 Fabien Barthez France 1998 2002 , 2006 Andrea Barzagli Italy 2006 2014 Sergio Batista Argentina 1986 1990 Hans Bauer West Germany 1954 Bebeto Brazil 1994 1990 , 1998 Franz Beckenbauer West Germany 1966 , 1970 1986 FRG , 1990 FRG Uwe Bein West Germany 1990 Juliano Belletti Brazil 2002 Giuseppe Bergomi Italy 1982 1986 , 1990 , 1998 Thomas Berthold West Germany 1990 1986 , 1994 Luigi Bertolini Italy 1934 Daniel Bertoni Argentina 1978 1982 Sergio Bertoni Italy 1938 Amedeo Biavati Italy 1938 Ulrich Biesinger West Germany 1954 Laurent Blanc France 1998 Jérôme Boateng Germany 2014 2010 , 2018 Ricardo Bochini Argentina 1986 Alain Boghossian France 1998 2002 Peter Bonetti England 1966 1970 Rainer Bonhof West Germany 1978 Ivano Bordon Italy 1982 1978 Felice Borel Italy 1934 Claudio Borghi Argentina 1986 Branco Brazil 1994 1986 , 1990 Andreas Brehme West Germany 1990 1986 , 1994 Paul Breitner West Germany 1982 Brito Brazil 1970 1966 Julio César Britos Uruguay 1950 José Luis Brown Argentina 1986 Guido Buchwald West Germany 1990 1994 Gianluigi Buffon Italy 2006 1998 , 2002 , 2010 , 2014 Juan Burgueño Uruguay 1950 Jorge Burruchaga Argentina 1986 1990 Sergio Busquets Spain 2014 , 2018 Gerry Byrne England 1966 Antonio Cabrini Italy 1982 1978 , 1986 Umberto Caligaris Italy 1934 Ian Callaghan England 1966 Juan Carlos Calvo Uruguay 1930 Mauro Camoranesi Italy 2006 Vincent Candela France 1998 2002 Fabio Cannavaro Italy 2006 1998 , 2002 , 2010 Joan Capdevila Spain Miguel Capuccini Uruguay 1930 Carlos Alberto Brazil 1970 Iker Casillas Spain 2002 , 2006 , 2014 Armando Castellazzi Italy 1934 Héctor Castro Uruguay 1930 Franco Causio Italy 1982 1974 , 1978 Giuseppe Cavanna Italy 1934 Pedro Cea Uruguay 1930 Carlo Ceresoli Italy 1938 Lionel Charbonnier France 1998 Bobby Charlton England 1966 1958 , 1962 , 1970 Jack Charlton England 1966 1970 1990 IRL , 1994 IRL Bruno Chizzo Italy 1938 Néstor Clausen Argentina 1986 Clodoaldo Brazil 1970 George Cohen England 1966 Gino Colaussi Italy 1938 Fulvio Collovati Italy 1982 1986 Gianpiero Combi Italy 1934 John Connelly England 1966 1962 Bruno Conti Italy 1982 1986 Coutinho Brazil 1962 José Luis Cuciuffo Argentina 1986 Bernhard Cullmann West Germany 1978 Dario Brazil 1970 Daniele De Rossi Italy 2006 2010 , 2014 De Sordi Brazil 1958 Alessandro Del Piero Italy 2006 1998 , 2002 Attilio Demaría Italy 1934 1930 ARG Ousmane Dembélé France 2018 Denílson Brazil 2002 1998 Marcel Desailly France 1998 2002 Didier Deschamps France 1998 2014 FRA , 2018 FRA Dida Brazil 1958 Dida Brazil 2002 1998 , 2006 Dino Sani Brazil 1958 Bernard Diomède France 1998 Youri Djorkaeff France 1998 2002 Aldo Donati Italy 1938 Pablo Dorado Uruguay 1930 Giuseppe Dossena Italy 1982 Julian Draxler Germany 2014 2018 Christophe Dugarry France 1998 2002 Dunga Brazil 1994 1990 , 1998 2010 BRA Erik Durm Germany 2014 George Eastham England 1966 1962 Horst Eckel West Germany 1954 1958 Edílson Brazil 2002 Edmílson Brazil 2002 Edu Brazil 1970 1966 , 1974 Héctor Enrique Argentina 1986 Herbert Erhardt West Germany 1954 1958 , 1962 Everaldo Brazil 1970 Cesc Fàbregas Spain 2006 , 2014 Nabil Fekir France 2018 Félix Brazil 1970 Lorenzo Fernández Uruguay 1930 Attilio Ferraris Italy 1934 Pietro Ferraris Italy 1938 Ubaldo Fillol Argentina 1978 1974 , 1982 Heinz Flohe West Germany 1978 Ron Flowers England 1966 1962 Alfredo Foni Italy 1938 1966 SUI Fontana Brazil 1970 Américo Gallego Argentina 1978 1982 Giovanni Galli Italy 1982 1986 Luis Galván Argentina 1978 1982 Rubén Galván Argentina 1978 Schubert Gambetta Uruguay 1950 Oscar Garré Argentina 1986 Gennaro Gattuso Italy 2006 2002 , 2010 Mario Genta Italy 1938 Claudio Gentile Italy 1982 1978 Gérson Brazil 1970 1966 Álvaro Gestido Uruguay 1930 Alcides Ghiggia Uruguay 1950 Alberto Gilardino Italy 2006 Gilberto Silva Brazil 2002 2006 , 2010 Gilmar Rinaldi Brazil 1994 Matthias Ginter Germany 2014 2018 Olivier Giroud France 2018 2014 Ricardo Giusti Argentina 1986 1990 Juan Carlos González Uruguay 1950 Matías González Uruguay 1950 Mario Götze Germany 2014 Jürgen Grabowski West Germany 1966 , 1970 Francesco Graziani Italy 1982 1978 Jimmy Greaves England 1966 1962 Antoine Griezmann France 2018 2014 Kevin Großkreutz Germany 2014 Fabio Grosso Italy 2006 Enrique Guaita Italy 1934 Anfilogino Guarisi Italy 1934 Stéphane Guivarc'h France 1998 Thomas Häßler West Germany 1990 1994 , 1998 Thierry Henry France 1998 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Günter Hermann West Germany 1990 Lucas Hernández France 2018 Richard Herrmann West Germany 1954 Dieter Herzog West Germany Jupp Heynckes West Germany Uli Hoeneß West Germany Bernd Hölzenbein West Germany 1978 Horst - Dieter Höttges West Germany 1966 , 1970 René Houseman Argentina 1978 Benedikt Höwedes Germany 2014 Mats Hummels Germany 2014 2018 Roger Hunt England 1966 1962 Norman Hunter England 1966 1970 Geoff Hurst England 1966 1970 Vincenzo Iaquinta Italy 2006 Bodo Illgner West Germany 1990 1994 Andrés Iniesta Spain 2006 , 2014 , 2018 Filippo Inzaghi Italy 2006 1998 , 2002 Santos Iriarte Uruguay 1930 Luis Islas Argentina 1986 1994 Jair Brazil 1962 Jair Marinho Brazil 1962 Jairzinho Brazil 1970 1966 , 1974 Joel Brazil 1958 Joel Camargo Brazil 1970 Jorginho Brazil 1994 1990 Juninho Paulista Brazil 2002 Júnior Brazil 2002 Jurandir Brazil 1962 Kaká Brazil 2002 2006 , 2010 N'Golo Kanté France 2018 Jupp Kapellmann West Germany Christian Karembeu France 1998 Mario Kempes Argentina 1978 1974 , 1982 Sami Khedira Germany 2014 2010 , 2018 Daniel Killer Argentina 1978 Presnel Kimpembe France 2018 Kléberson Brazil 2002 Wolfgang Kleff West Germany Jürgen Klinsmann West Germany 1990 1994 , 1998 2006 GER , 2014 USA Bernhard Klodt West Germany 1954 1958 Miroslav Klose Germany 2014 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Jürgen Kohler West Germany 1990 1994 , 1998 Werner Kohlmeyer West Germany 1954 Andreas Köpke West Germany 1990 1994 , 1998 Christoph Kramer Germany 2014 Helmut Kremers West Germany Toni Kroos Germany 2014 2010 , 2018 Heinz Kubsch West Germany 1954 Heinz Kwiatkowski West Germany 1954 1958 Ricardo La Volpe Argentina 1978 2006 MEX Fritz Laband West Germany 1954 Philipp Lahm Germany 2014 2006 , 2010 Bernard Lama France 1998 Omar Larrosa Argentina 1978 Leão Brazil 1970 1974 , 1978 , 1986 Frank Leboeuf France 1998 2002 Thomas Lemar France 2018 Leonardo Brazil 1994 1998 Werner Liebrich West Germany 1954 Pierre Littbarski West Germany 1990 1982 , 1986 Bixente Lizarazu France 1998 2002 Fernando Llorente Spain Hugo Lloris France 2018 2010 , 2014 Ugo Locatelli Italy 1938 Lúcio Brazil 2002 2006 , 2010 Luizão Brazil 2002 Leopoldo Luque Argentina 1978 Karl Mai West Germany 1954 Sepp Maier West Germany 1966 , 1970 , 1978 Steve Mandanda France 2018 Diego Maradona Argentina 1986 1982 , 1990 , 1994 2010 ARG Carlos Marchena Spain 2006 Márcio Santos Brazil 1994 Marco Antônio Brazil 1970 Marcos Brazil 2002 Gianpiero Marini Italy 1982 Javi Martínez Spain 2014 William Martínez Uruguay 1950 1954 , 1962 Ernesto Mascheroni Uruguay 1930 Roque Máspoli Uruguay 1950 1954 Daniele Massaro Italy 1982 1994 Juan Mata Spain 2014 Marco Materazzi Italy 2006 2002 Lothar Matthäus West Germany 1990 1982 , 1986 , 1994 , 1998 Blaise Matuidi France 2018 2014 Mauro Silva Brazil 1994 Mazinho Brazil 1994 1990 Kylian Mbappé France 2018 Paul Mebus West Germany 1954 Ángel Melogno Uruguay 1930 Benjamin Mendy France 2018 Mengálvio Brazil 1962 Per Mertesacker Germany 2014 2006 , 2010 Karl - Heinz Metzner West Germany 1954 Óscar Míguez Uruguay 1950 1954 Frank Mill West Germany 1990 Moacir Brazil 1958 Andreas Möller West Germany 1990 1994 , 1998 Luis Monti Italy 1934 1930 ARG Bobby Moore England 1966 1962 , 1970 Rubén Morán Uruguay 1950 Max Morlock West Germany 1954 Müller Brazil 1994 1986 , 1990 Gerd Müller West Germany 1970 Thomas Müller Germany 2014 2010 , 2018 Shkodran Mustafi Germany 2014 José Nasazzi Uruguay 1930 Jesús Navas Spain Alessandro Nesta Italy 2006 1998 , 2002 Günter Netzer West Germany Manuel Neuer Germany 2014 2010 , 2018 Norbert Nigbur West Germany Steven Nzonzi France 2018 Massimo Oddo Italy 2006 Julio Olarticoechea Argentina 1986 1982 , 1990 Jorge Olguín Argentina 1978 1982 Aldo Olivieri Italy 1938 Renato Olmi Italy 1938 Oreco Brazil 1958 Gabriele Oriali Italy 1982 Orlando Brazil 1958 1966 Raimundo Orsi Italy 1934 Oscar Ortiz Argentina 1978 Washington Ortuño Uruguay 1950 Wolfgang Overath West Germany 1966 , 1970 Miguel Oviedo Argentina 1978 Mesut Özil Germany 2014 2010 , 2018 Rubén Pagnanini Argentina 1978 Terry Paine England 1966 Pedro Pasculli Argentina 1986 Pietro Pasinati Italy 1938 Paulo Cézar Caju Brazil 1970 Paulo Sérgio Brazil 1994 Benjamin Pavard France 2018 Aníbal Paz Uruguay 1950 Pedro Spain 2014 Mario Perazzolo Italy 1938 Julio Pérez Uruguay 1950 1954 Simone Perrotta Italy 2006 Angelo Peruzzi Italy 2006 Martin Peters England 1966 1970 Emmanuel Petit France 1998 2002 Pedro Petrone Uruguay 1930 Alfred Pfaff West Germany 1954 Hans Pflügler West Germany 1990 Rodolfo Pini Uruguay 1950 Silvio Piola Italy 1938 Gerard Piqué Spain 2014 , 2018 Robert Pires France 1998 Conduelo Píriz Uruguay 1930 Andrea Pirlo Italy 2006 2010 , 2014 Mario Pizziolo Italy 1934 Lukas Podolski Germany 2014 2006 , 2010 Paul Pogba France 2018 2014 Josef Posipal West Germany 1954 Nery Pumpido Argentina 1986 1982 , 1990 Carles Puyol Spain 2002 , 2006 Helmut Rahn West Germany 1954 1958 Raí Brazil 1994 Adil Rami France 2018 Sergio Ramos Spain 2006 , 2014 , 2018 Pietro Rava Italy 1938 Emilio Recoba Uruguay 1930 Pepe Reina Spain 2006 , 2014 , 2018 Stefan Reuter West Germany 1990 1998 Ricardinho Brazil 2002 2006 Ricardo Rocha Brazil 1994 1990 Karl - Heinz Riedle West Germany 1990 1994 Luis Rijo Uruguay 1950 Carlos Riolfo Uruguay 1930 Rivaldo Brazil 2002 1998 Rivellino Brazil 1970 1974 , 1978 Roberto Brazil 1970 Roberto Carlos Brazil 2002 1998 , 2006 Víctor Rodríguez Andrade Uruguay 1950 1954 Rogério Ceni Brazil 2002 2006 Romário Brazil 1994 1990 Carlos Romero Uruguay 1950 Ronaldão Brazil 1994 Ronaldinho Brazil 2002 2006 Roque Júnior Brazil 2002 Virginio Rosetta Italy 1934 Paolo Rossi Italy 1982 1978 , 1986 Oscar Ruggeri Argentina 1986 1990 , 1994 Zoilo Saldombide Uruguay 1930 Héctor Scarone Uruguay 1930 Hans Schäfer West Germany 1954 1958 , 1962 Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 1950 1954 Angelo Schiavio Italy 1934 André Schürrle Germany 2014 Hans - Georg Schwarzenbeck West Germany 1978 Bastian Schweinsteiger Germany 2014 2006 , 2010 Gaetano Scirea Italy 1982 1978 , 1986 Franco Selvaggi Italy 1982 Pietro Serantoni Italy 1938 Djibril Sidibé France 2018 David Silva Spain 2014 , 2018 Ron Springett England 1966 1962 Paul Steiner West Germany 1990 Nobby Stiles England 1966 1970 Cláudio Taffarel Brazil 1994 1990 , 1998 Carlos Tapia Argentina 1986 Alberto Tarantini Argentina 1978 1982 Marco Tardelli Italy 1982 1978 , 1986 Domingo Tejera Uruguay 1930 Eusebio Tejera Uruguay 1950 1954 Florian Thauvin France 2018 Olaf Thon West Germany 1990 1986 , 1998 Lilian Thuram France 1998 2002 , 2006 Corentin Tolisso France 2018 Luca Toni Italy 2006 Fernando Torres Spain 2006 , 2014 Tostão Brazil 1970 1966 Francesco Totti Italy 2006 2002 David Trezeguet France 1998 2002 , 2006 Marcelo Trobbiani Argentina 1986 Toni Turek West Germany 1954 Samuel Umtiti France 2018 Santos Urdinarán Uruguay 1930 Jorge Valdano Argentina 1986 1982 Víctor Valdés Spain José Daniel Valencia Argentina 1978 1982 Vampeta Brazil 2002 Raphaël Varane France 2018 2014 Obdulio Varela Uruguay 1950 1954 Mario Varglien Italy 1934 Ernesto Vidal Uruguay 1950 Patrick Vieira France 1998 2002 , 2006 Pietro Vierchowod Italy 1982 1986 , 1990 Héctor Vilches Uruguay 1950 David Villa Spain 2006 , 2014 Ricardo Villa Argentina 1978 Viola Brazil 1994 Berti Vogts West Germany 1970 , 1978 1994 GER , 1998 GER Rudi Völler West Germany 1990 1986 , 1994 2002 GER Fritz Walter West Germany 1954 1958 Ottmar Walter West Germany 1954 Roman Weidenfeller Germany 2014 Wilson Piazza Brazil 1970 Ray Wilson England 1966 1962 Herbert Wimmer West Germany Xavi Spain 2002 , 2006 , 2014 Cristian Zaccardo Italy 2006 Gianluca Zambrotta Italy 2006 2002 , 2010 Zé Maria Brazil 1970 Héctor Zelada Argentina 1986 Zequinha Brazil 1962 Zetti Brazil 1994 Zinedine Zidane France 1998 2002 , 2006 Ron - Robert Zieler Germany 2014 Zinho Brazil 1994 Dino Zoff Italy 1982 1970 , 1974 , 1978 By coach ( edit ) 20 different coaches have won the World Cup , Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo being the only one to win twice . Four other coaches finished as winners once and runners - up once : West Germany 's Helmut Schön ( winner in 1974 , runner - up in 1966 ) and Franz Beckenbauer ( winner in 1990 , runner - up in 1986 ) , Argentina 's Carlos Bilardo ( winner in 1986 , runner - up in 1990 ) , and Brazil 's Mário Zagallo ( winner in 1970 , runner - up in 1998 ) . Zagallo ( twice ) , Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps also won the title as players . Every edition of the tournament has been won by a coach leading the team of his own country . Coaches who have won the World Cup Coach Country Year ( s ) won Other appearances As coach As player Vittorio Pozzo Italy 1934 ITA , 1938 ITA Enzo Bearzot Italy 1982 ITA 1978 ITA , 1986 ITA Franz Beckenbauer West Germany 1990 FRG 1986 FRG 1966 , 1970 , 1974 Carlos Bilardo Argentina 1986 ARG 1990 ARG Vicente del Bosque Spain 2010 ESP 2014 ESP Didier Deschamps France 2018 FRA 2014 FRA 1998 Vicente Feola Brazil 1958 BRA 1966 BRA Sepp Herberger West Germany 1954 FRG 1938 GER , 1958 FRG , 1962 FRG Aimé Jacquet France 1998 FRA Marcello Lippi Italy 2006 ITA 2010 ITA Juan López Uruguay 1950 URU 1954 URU Joachim Löw Germany 2014 GER 2010 GER , 2018 GER César Luis Menotti Argentina 1978 ARG 1982 ARG Aymoré Moreira Brazil 1962 BRA Carlos Alberto Parreira Brazil 1994 BRA 1982 KUW , 1990 UAE , 1998 KSA , 2006 BRA , 2010 RSA Alf Ramsey England 1966 ENG 1970 ENG 1950 Helmut Schön West Germany 1974 FRG 1966 FRG , 1970 FRG , 1978 FRG Luiz Felipe Scolari Brazil 2002 BRA 2006 POR , 2014 BRA Alberto Suppici Uruguay 1930 URU Mário Zagallo Brazil 1970 BRA 1974 BRA , 1998 BRA 1958 , 1962 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Germany is considered the inheritor of the records of the former West Germany team , which won the 1954 , 1974 and 1990 titles . Jump up ^ Players in bold appeared in the tournament 's final match ( or , in the case of 1950 , in the decisive match of the final stage ) , while players in italics did not play in the tournament . Jump up ^ Years in bold indicate that the player appeared in the final match , while years in italics indicate that the player did not play in the tournament . Jump up ^ Years in italics indicate that the player did not play in the tournament . ^ Jump up to : A golden background indicates that the player won the tournament . ^ Jump up to : Attilio Demaría and Luis Monti were in the title - winning Italian squad in 1934 and also in the Argentinian one in 1930 , while José Altafini was in the title - winning Brazilian squad in 1958 and also in the Italian one in 1962 . They are among the few players to have represented different nations in the World Cup . Jump up ^ FIFA 's website indicates that Banks also was part of the 1962 English squad , while another source states that he was not part of the squad , having been omitted from it after initially being meant to be a stay - at - home reserve . See also ( edit ) Category : FIFA World Cup - winning players Category : FIFA World Cup - winning captains Category : FIFA World Cup - winning managers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England in the World Cup -- 1962 Final Squad '' . England Football Online . 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Squad lists Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- Teams -- Uruguay '' . Jump up ^ `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy -- Teams -- Italy '' . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France -- Teams -- Italy '' . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Teams -- Uruguay '' . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland -- Teams -- Germany FR '' . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden -- Teams -- Brazil '' . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile -- Teams -- Brazil '' . Jump up ^ `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England -- Teams -- England '' . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico -- Teams -- Brazil '' . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany -- Teams -- Germany FR '' . Jump up ^ `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina -- Teams -- Argentina '' . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain -- Teams -- Italy '' . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico -- Teams -- Argentina '' . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy -- Teams -- Germany FR '' . Jump up ^ `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA -- Teams -- Brazil '' . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France -- Teams -- France '' . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan -- Teams -- Brazil '' . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany -- Teams -- Italy '' . Jump up ^ `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa -- Teams -- Spain '' . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Teams -- Germany '' . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup -- Teams -- France '' . Player profiles Jump up ^ PELÉ ( Edson Arantes do Nascimento ) -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ BELLINI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ CAFU -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ CASTILHO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ DIDI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ DJALMA SANTOS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Giovanni FERRARI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ GARRINCHA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ GILMAR ( Gilmar Dos Santos Neves ) -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Guido MASETTI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ MAURO RAMOS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Giuseppe MEAZZA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Eraldo MONZEGLIO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ NILTON SANTOS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Daniel PASSARELLA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ PEPE -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ RONALDO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ VAVA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Mario ZAGALLO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ ZITO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ ZOZIMO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ ADO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Raul ALBIOL -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ ALDAIR -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Luigi ALLEMANDI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Sergio ALMIRON -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Norberto ALONSO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Xabi Alonso -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Jose ALTAFINI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ ALTAIR -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Alessandro ALTOBELLI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ AMARILDO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Marco AMELIA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ ANDERSON POLGA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Jose ANDRADE -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Michele ANDREOLO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Juan ANSELMO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Giancarlo ANTOGNONI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Álvaro Arbeloa -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Pietro ARCARI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Osvaldo ARDILES -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Alphonse AREOLA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Jimmy ARMFIELD -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Klaus AUGENTHALER -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Raimond AUMANN -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ BALDOCHI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Hector BALEY -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Alan BALL -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Enrique BALLESTRERO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Gordon BANKS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Franco BARESI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Simone BARONE -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Fabien BARTHEZ -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Andrea BARZAGLI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Sergio BATISTA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Hans BAUER -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ BEBETO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Franz BECKENBAUER -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Uwe BEIN -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ BELLETTI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Giuseppe BERGOMI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Thomas BERTHOLD -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Luigi BERTOLINI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Daniel BERTONI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Sergio BERTONI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Amedeo BIAVATI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Uli BIESINGER -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Laurent BLANC -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Jerome BOATENG -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Ricardo BOCHINI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Alain BOGHOSSIAN -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Peter BONETTI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Rainer BONHOF -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Ivano BORDON -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Felice BOREL -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Claudio BORGHI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ BRANCO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Andreas BREHME -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Paul BREITNER -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ BRITO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Julio Cesar BRITOS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Jose BROWN -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Guido BUCHWALD -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Gianluigi BUFFON -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Juan BURGUENO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Jorge BURRUCHAGA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Sergio BUSQUETS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Gerry BYRNE -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Antonio CABRINI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Umberto CALIGARIS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Ian CALLAGHAN -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Juan Carlos CALVO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Mauro CAMORANESI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Vincent CANDELA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Fabio CANNAVARO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Joan CAPDEVILA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Miguel CAPPUCCINI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ CARLOS ALBERTO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Iker CASILLAS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Armando CASTELLAZZI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Hector CASTRO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Franco CAUSIO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Giuseppe CAVANNA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Pedro CEA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Carlo CERESOLI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Lionel CHARBONNIER -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Bobby CHARLTON -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Jack CHARLTON -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Bruno CHIZZO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Nestor CLAUSEN -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ CLODOALDO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ George COHEN -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Gino COLAUSSI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Fulvio COLLOVATI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Giampiero COMBI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ John CONNELLY -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Bruno CONTI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ COUTINHO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Jose CUCIUFFO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Bernd CULLMANN -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ DARIO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Daniele DE ROSSI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ DE SORDI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Alessandro DEL PIERO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Atilio DEMARIA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Ousmane DEMBELE -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ DENILSON -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Marcel DESAILLY -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Didier DESCHAMPS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ DIDA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ DIDA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ DINO SANI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Bernard DIOMEDE -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Youri DJORKAEFF -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Aldo DONATI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Pablo DORADO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Giuseppe DOSSENA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Julian DRAXLER -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Christophe DUGARRY -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ DUNGA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Erik DURM -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ George EASTHAM -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Horst ECKEL -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ EDILSON -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ EDMILSON -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ EDU -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Hector ENRIQUE -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Herbert ERHARDT -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ EVERALDO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Cesc FABREGAS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Nabil FEKIR -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ FELIX -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Lorenzo FERNANDEZ -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Attilio FERRARIS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Pietro FERRARIS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Ubaldo FILLOL -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Heinz FLOHE -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Ron FLOWERS -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Alfredo FONI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ FONTANA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Americo GALLEGO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Giovanni GALLI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Luis GALVAN -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Ruben GALVAN -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Schubert GAMBETTA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Oscar GARRE -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Gennaro GATTUSO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Mario GENTA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Claudio GENTILE -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ GERSON -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Alvaro GESTIDO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Alcides GHIGGIA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Alberto GILARDINO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ GILBERTO SILVA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ GILMAR RINALDI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Matthias GINTER -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Olivier GIROUD -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Ricardo GIUSTI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Juan Carlos GONZALEZ -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Matias GONZALEZ -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Mario GOETZE -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Juergen GRABOWSKI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Francesco GRAZIANI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Jimmy GREAVES -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Antoine GRIEZMANN -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Kevin GROßKREUTZ -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Fabio GROSSO -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Enrique GUAITA -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Anfilogino GUARISI -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Stephane GUIVARCH -- FIFA competition record ( archive ) Jump up ^ Thomas HAESSLER -- 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-341542021390920551 | I Am Number Four (film) | I Am Number Four ( film ) - wikipedia I Am Number Four ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search I Am Number Four Theatrical release poster Directed by D.J. Caruso Produced by Michael Bay Screenplay by Alfred Gough Miles Millar Marti Noxon Based on I Am Number Four by Pittacus Lore Starring Alex Pettyfer Timothy Olyphant Teresa Palmer Dianna Agron Callan McAuliffe Kevin Durand Music by Trevor Rabin Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Vince Filippone Jim Page Production company DreamWorks Pictures Reliance Entertainment Bay Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $150 million I Am Number Four is a 2011 American teen science fiction action thriller film directed by D.J. Caruso and starring Alex Pettyfer , Timothy Olyphant , Teresa Palmer , Dianna Agron , and Callan McAuliffe . The screenplay , by Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , and Marti Noxon , is based on novel of the same name , one of the Lorien Legacies young adult science fiction novels . Produced by Michael Bay , I Am Number Four was the first film production from DreamWorks Pictures to be released by Touchstone Pictures , as part of the studio 's 2009 distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The Hollywood Reporter estimated the budget to be between $50 million and $60 million . The film was released in both conventional and IMAX theatres on February 18 , 2011 , received generally negative reviews , and grossed $150 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box Office 6 Soundtrack 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( Edit ) John Smith is an alien from the planet Lorien . He was sent to Earth as a child with eight others to escape the invading Mogadorians , who destroyed Lorien . Here , John is protected by a Guardian , Henri , and has developed powers , including enhanced strength , speed and agility , telekinesis and the power to transmit plasma light through his hands . The Mogadorians , led by the Commander , learn about the nine children and come to Earth to find them . The Lorien can only be killed in sequence ; Number One through Number Nine . Three of them are already dead , with John being Number Four . Knowing this , he and Henri move from a beachside bungalow in Florida to an old farm in Paradise , Ohio , where John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and a dog which he names after Bernie Kosar . He also falls for an amateur photographer , Sarah Hart . Her ex-boyfriend , football player Mark James is a bully who torments both John and Sam . During the Halloween Festival , Mark and his friends chase Sarah and John into the woods , where they try to beat John up . However , he uses his powers to fend them off and rescue Sarah . Sam witnesses this , which forces John to reveal his true origins . The next day , Mark 's father , the local sheriff , interrogates Henri on John 's whereabouts when his son and his friends were attacked . Henri tells John that too many people are suspicious of them so they have to leave . John refuses because of Sarah . Meanwhile , the Mogadorians continue searching for John , while being trailed by another Garde , Number Six , who is also trying to locate Number Four . Number Six 's guardian was killed , and she realizes that the remaining six of the Garde will have to team up and fight against the Mogadorians . She knows Number Three is dead and that Number Four is being hunted . The Mogadorians eventually locate John and manipulate two conspiracy theorists into capturing Henri . When John and Sam go to rescue him , they are attacked but manage to fend the Mogadorians off . However , Henri dies after John and Sam escape with some Lorien artefacts , including a blue rock that acts as a tracking device for other Garde . Sam 's father , a conspiracy theorist who disappeared while hunting aliens in Mexico , had another of the rocks . While Sam searches for it , John tries to say goodbye to Sarah at a party , only to discover that the Mogadorians have framed him and Henri for the murders of the conspiracy theorists . Mark sees John and calls his father , who corners John and Sarah . John saves Sarah from a fall , revealing his powers in the process , and they escape to their high school . Meanwhile , The Commander arrives in Paradise , in a convoy of trucks . He is confronted by Mark and his father , and after injuring the sheriff , he forces Mark to show him where John is hiding . Mark takes him to the school , which he knows is Sarah 's hideout . There , John , Sarah , and Sam are attacked by the Mogadorians , who brought two Piken to hunt the trio . They are saved by Number Six and Bernie , who is actually a shapeshifting Chimera sent by John 's biological parents to protect him . John and Number Six , who can turn invisible and can block energy attacks , continue to fight the Mogadorians . They eventually defeat them all , including the Commander . The following day , John and Number Six unite their blue rocks and discover the location of the other four surviving Garde . John decides to let Sam come with them in hopes of finding Sam 's father . They set off to find the others so they can all protect Earth from the Mogadorians , leaving Sarah and a repentant Mark , who lies to his father about John 's whereabouts and returns a box left to John by his Dad that was in police evidence . John leaves after promising to return to Paradise and to Sarah . Cast ( edit ) Alex Pettyfer as Daniel Jones / John Smith / Number Four Timothy Olyphant as Henri Teresa Palmer as Number Six Dianna Agron as Sarah Hart Callan McAuliffe as Sam Goode Kevin Durand as Mogadorian Commander Jake Abel as Mark James Jeff Hochendoner as Sheriff James Patrick Sebes as Kevin Greg Townley as Number Three Reuben Langdon as Number Three 's Guardian Emily Wickersham as Nicole Brian Howe as Frank Andy Owen as Bret Charles Carroll as Sam 's stepfather Garrett M. Brown as Mr. Simms Cooper Thornton as Mr. Hart Judith Hoag as Mrs. Hart Beau Mirchoff as Drew Tucker Albrizzi ( uncredited ) as Tuck Production ( Edit ) Development ( Edit ) The film was produced by DreamWorks and Reliance Entertainment . Film producer and director Michael Bay brought the manuscript of the young adult novel I Am Number Four to Stacey Snider and Steven Spielberg at DreamWorks . A bidding war developed for the film rights between DreamWorks and J.J. Abrams , with DreamWorks winning the rights in June 2009 , with the intention of having Bay produce and possibly direct the project . The rights were purchased with the hope of attracting teenage fans of The Twilight Saga films , and the potential of establishing a film franchise , with at least six more installments planned by the book 's publisher . Al Gough and Miles Millar , the creators of the television series Smallville , were hired to write the screenplay in August 2009 . Marti Noxon , writer and producer for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , also contributed to the screenplay . D.J. Caruso was brought on to direct in early 2010 , after Bay opted to focus on directing the third film of the Transformers series . Caruso had been selected by Spielberg to direct Disturbia and Eagle Eye for DreamWorks , and had success with both films . Caruso had less than a year to prepare , shoot and edit the film , due to a worldwide release date set for Presidents Day weekend . Chris Bender , J.C. Spink , and David Valdes executive produced the film . Steven Spielberg contributed to the film 's characters , but did not take a credit on the film . It was the first DreamWorks film to be released by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures label , as part of the 30 - picture distribution deal between DreamWorks and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film was also the first release for DreamWorks after the studio 's financial restructuring in 2008 . Casting ( Edit ) In March 2010 , Alex Pettyfer was in talks to play the title character in the film , Number Four . It was later confirmed that the 21 - year - old British actor would play the lead . Sharlto Copley was going to star as Henri , Number Four 's guardian and mentor , but had to drop out due to press obligations with his film The A-Team . Copley was replaced by Timothy Olyphant . Kevin Durand plays the villain of the film , Commander , the Mogadorian who leads the hunt for the Loriens on Earth . DreamWorks went through multiple rounds of tests to find the right actress for the female romantic lead . Dianna Agron , a star in the Fox television series Glee , won the role . She plays Sarah Hart , a girl who used to date a high school football player , but falls for Number Four and keeps his secret . Jake Abel plays the football player , Mark James , an antagonist in the film . Teresa Palmer plays the other Loric , Number Six , and 16 - year - old Australian actor Callan McAuliffe plays Sam Goode , Number Four 's best friend . Filming ( Edit ) Principal photography began on May 17 , 2010 , using 20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area . DreamWorks selected the area primarily due to tax incentives from the Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit . The film studio also had a positive experience shooting She 's Out of My League in Pittsburgh in 2008 . The production was scheduled to last 12 to 13 weeks . Cinematographer Guillermo Navarro shot the film on 35 mm , using a format known as Super 1 : 85 . Beaver , the former Conley Inn in Homewood , and nearby Buttermilk Falls were used as locations in the film ; interior and exterior scenes were shot near a boat launch in Monaca . A spring fair scene was filmed in Deer Lakes Park in West Deer ; Port Vue , North Park , New Kensington and Hyde Park were also used as locations . The setting of the film 's fictional town of Paradise , Ohio is Vandergrift , Pennsylvania , where filming took place from June to July 2010 . Producers chose Vandergrift as the `` hero town '' of the film because of its unique look and curved streets , laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted , the designer of New York City 's Central Park . Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville was chosen over 50 other schools in the area , due to its proximity to nearby woods , a part of the film 's plot , and its surrounding hills . The school was also selected for its one floor layout , wide hallways , and its football stadium in front . Teachers and recent graduates appear in the film , and a set that replicates the school was built in a studio in Monroeville for filming explosion scenes . In the last few weeks of production , scenes were filmed at the 200 - year - old St. John 's Lutheran Stone Church in Lancaster Township . Additional filming took place in the Florida Keys in the beginning of the film in Big Pine Key , Florida as well as the spanning of the drive over the bridge showcases the keys 7 mile bridge . Post-production ( Edit ) I Am Number Four was edited by Jim Page , with Industrial Light & Magic developing the visual effects for the alien Pikens . The film was scored by former Yes guitarist Trevor Rabin . Release ( Edit ) A teaser trailer for the film was issued in late September 2010 , and a full - length trailer premiered on December 8 . Advertisements ran in Seventeen and Teen Vogue magazines , Disney released a promotional iPhone app in January 2011 . Disney also developed a lot of Internet content to target a teen audience with their marketing campaign . A cast tour , in association with American retailer Hot Topic , and cast media appearances were scheduled to lead up to the release of the film . I Am Number Four premiered at the Village Theatre in Los Angeles on February 9 , 2011 . The film was released in theaters on February 18 , 2011 , and was also released in the IMAX format . Home media ( Edit ) The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , DVD , and digital download on May 24 , 2011 . The release was produced in three different packages : a three - disc Blu - ray , DVD , and `` Digital Copy '' combo pack , a single - disc Blu - ray , and a single - disc DVD . The `` Digital Copy '' included with the 3 - disc version is a stand - alone disc that allows users to play the film from any location via iTunes or Windows Media Player . All releases include bloopers and the `` Becoming Number 6 '' featurette , while the single - disc Blu - ray and three - disc Blu - ray , DVD , and `` Digital Copy '' combo pack versions additionally include six deleted scenes with an introduction from the director . In its first three weeks of release , 316,081 Blu - ray units were sold in the US , bringing in $7,693,808 . As of October 2 , 2011 , the standard DVD of ' I am Number Four ' has sold 767,692 copies in the United States , generating $12,571,326 , and thus bringing the total gross to $166,247,931 . Reception ( Edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 33 % approval rating and an average rating of 4.8 / 10 based on 158 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It 's positioned as the start of a franchise , but I Am Number Four 's familiar plot and unconvincing performances add up to one noisy , derivative , and ultimately forgettable sci - fi thriller . '' Metacritic gives the film an average score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Empire Magazine gave the film three out of a possible five stars and said , `` If you can make it through the bland schmaltz of the first half you 'll be rewarded with a spectacular blast of sustained action and the promise of even better to come . This could be the start of something great . '' Box Office ( Edit ) I Am Number Four grossed $55,100,437 at the North American box office and $90,778,000 overseas , for a worldwide total of $149,878,437 . It topped the worldwide box office on its second weekend ( February 25 -- 27 , 2011 ) with $28,086,805 . The film opened at number two in the United States and Canada with a gross of $19,449,893 . In its second weekend , it dropped 43.4 % , earning $11,016,126 . The only other market where it has grossed over $10 million is China . It began in third place with $3.4 million , but had an increase of 91 % in its second week , topping the box office with $6.4 million . In its third week , it decreased by 21 % to $5.0 million . As of March 27 , 2011 , it has grossed $17,328,244 . Soundtrack ( Edit ) `` Radioactive '' - Kings of Leon `` Tighten Up '' - The Black Keys `` Rolling in the Deep '' - Adele `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' - Rockwell `` Shelter '' - The xx `` Soldier On '' - The Temper Trap `` Invented '' - Jimmy Eat World `` Curfew '' - Beck `` As She 's Walking Away '' - Zac Brown Band ( ft . Alan Jackson ) `` Letters from the Sky '' - Civil Twilight Source : Sequel ( edit ) In 2011 , screenwriter Noxon told Collider.com that plans for an imminent sequel were shelved due to the disappointing performance of the first installment at the box office . In 2013 , director Caruso was asked if there are any possibilities that The Power of Six will get a movie adaption , he replied : `` There 's been some talk in the past couple of months about trying to do something because there is this audience appetite out there ( ... ) . Most of the people on Twitter that contact me from all over the world ask , `` Where 's the next movie ? '' I think DreamWorks is getting those too so it 'll be interesting . I do n't know if I 'd be involved , but I know they 're talking about it . '' In a 2015 interview , James Frey , the co-author of the series , said that he hoped more movies would be made . See also ( edit ) Cyborg 009 References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' I Am Number Four ' Likely to Rank No. 1 at Box Office This Weekend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Number Four '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I AM NUMBER FOUR ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ; Kaufman , Amy ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' I Am Number Four ' to be No. 1 at holiday weekend box office ( Updated ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schooley , Tim ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` DreamWorks production of `` I Am Number Four '' to shoot in Pittsburgh `` . Pittsburgh Business Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Cieply ; Brooks Barnes ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` A Slimmer DreamWorks Gets a New Financing Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay A. Fernandez ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Four ' deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sellers , John A. ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Alert : ' I Am Number Four ' '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Is ' I Am No. 4 ' the Next ' Twilight ' ? '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` The alien next door : D.J. Caruso makes sci - fi debut with ' I Am Number Four ' '' . Film Journal International . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` ' Smallville ' duo to write Bay 's ' Number Four ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cieply , Michael ; Barnes , Brooke ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` Spielberg and DreamWorks Energize the Magic Machine Anew '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Laurie ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` An alien ticket to Paradise : Movie crew invades Franklin Regional '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Variety : Disney signs deal with DreamWorks Company will handle distribution for films , Variety , February 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ; McClintock , Pamela ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Alex Pettyfer circles DreamWorks ' ' Number Four ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Pettyfer Says I Am Number Four '' . EmpireOnline.com. April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bartyze , Monika ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` Sharlto Copley Ditches ' I Am Number Four ' Over Lack of Alien Costume ? '' . Cinematical.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` '' Lost '' Baddie Kevin Durand Books Two Sci - Fi Movies `` . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' star Dianna Agron to join sci - fi movie ' I Am Number Four ' '' . Heat Vision Blog. April 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards Red Carpet Interviews with Jake Abel ( I AM NUMBER FOUR ) and Nicola Peltz ( THE LAST AIRBENDER ) '' . Collider.com . June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Callan McAuliffe cast in U.S. action flick '' . UPI.com . May 21 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The East at a glance '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Yerace , Tom ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Vandergrift 's architecture lures big - budget film '' . Valley News Dispatch . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barabara ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` DreamWorks film , `` I Am Number Four , '' begins shooting here next month `` . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` D.J. Caruso Interview I Am Number Four Plus Edit Bay Visit Recap '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tady , Scott ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Movie magic almost as exciting as catfish '' . Beaver County Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barkousky , Len ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Allegheny County Council OKs movie filming in two parks '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Skena , Rossilynne ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Vandergrift locations part of week 's ' Number Four ' film shoot '' . Valley News Dispatch . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Am Number Four ' Movie To Shoot In Murrysville '' . WTAE - TV . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rittmeyer , Brian C. ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' I Am Number Four ' offers many Western Pennsylvania locations '' . Valley News Dispatch . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keener , Craig ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Stone Church site of sci - fi film '' . Butler Eagle . Jump up ^ Fay , Francis X. , Jr . ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` NHSAA Wall of Honor Hollywood director was All - State tennis player '' . The Hour . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( February 21 , 2011 ) . `` Lumen - escent : the VFX of I Am Number Four '' . fxguide.com . Creating killer machines -- the Pikens . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Edit Bay Visit : I Am Number Four with D.J. Caruso '' . movieweb.com . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' I Am Number Four ' trailer : Glowing hands and flipping cars '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` DJ Caruso Talks I Am Number Four '' . Empire . December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` I Am Number Four on DVD , BD '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four Aims for Number One on DVD and Blu - ray This May '' . Movies.com. 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Release : I Am Number Four DVD and Blu - ray pre-order '' . Disc Dish. 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` I Am Number Four Blu - ray and DVD Hit on May 24th '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Jason ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` I Am Number Four Hits DVD and Blu - ray Combo Pack In May '' . SciFi Mafia . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ I am Number Four - DVD Sales Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four Review '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` China Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.what-song.com/Movies/Soundtrack/778/I-Am-Number-Four Jump up ^ `` Marti Noxon - I Am Number Four Sequel ' Shelved ' '' . contactmusic.com. 16 February 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Recently Cancelled Sequels : Not Coming Soon ! '' . contactmusic.com. 2 December 2012 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Jamie ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` IAR EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : DIRECTOR D.J. CARUSO TALKS ' STANDING UP , ' ' PREACHER , ' ' INVERTIGO ' AND A POSSIBLE ' I AM NUMBER FOUR ' SEQUEL '' . iamrogue.com . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . External links ( Edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to I Am Number Four ( film ) . I Am Number Four on IMDb I Am Number Four at Box Office Mojo I Am Number Four at Rotten Tomatoes I Am Number Four at Metacritic Lorien Legacies James Frey Main series I Am Number Four The Power of Six The Rise of Nine The Fall of Five The Revenge of Seven The Fate of Ten United As One Film I Am Number Four ( film ) About the series List of Lorien Legacies characters Films directed by D.J. Caruso The Salton Sea ( 2002 ) Taking Lives ( 2004 ) Two for the Money ( 2005 ) Disturbia ( 2007 ) Eagle Eye ( 2008 ) I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) Inside ( 2011 ) Standing Up ( 2013 ) The Disappointments Room ( 2016 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Number_Four_(film)&oldid=832349870 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s science fiction films American films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American superhero films Films based on science fiction novels Films set in Ohio Films shot in California Films shot in Florida Films shot in Pennsylvania IMAX films Reliance Entertainment films Films scored by Trevor Rabin Films directed by D.J. Caruso Films produced by Michael Bay Films based on young adult literature Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : missing author or editor Use mdy dates from January 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 13 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why is there no i am number four sequel | [
"In 2011, screenwriter Noxon told Collider.com that plans for an imminent sequel were shelved due to the disappointing performance of the first installment at the box office.[51][52]"
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"due to the disappointing performance of the first installment at the box office"
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-8927740677120343614 | Taserface | Taserface - wikipedia Taserface This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Taserface Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Guardians of the Galaxy # 1 ( June 1990 ) Created by Aaron Valentino In - story information Species Stark Notable aliases Overkill , Nameless One Abilities Energy absorption , vast array of weapons Taserface is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Chris Sullivan appears as Taserface in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 3 Powers and abilities 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 5 References 6 External links Publication history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) The character , created by Aaron Valentino ( Jim Valentino 's son ) , first appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy # 1 ( June 1990 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Taserface is an advance scout for the Stark and came from a planet inhabited by primitive beings . One day , a cache of armor and technology created by Tony Stark wound up on their planet . The inhabitants quickly adapted themselves to the new technology , calling themselves the Stark after their idol , and proceeded to misuse their new found gift to conquer other planets . He was deployed to the planet Courg to keep an eye on it and ended up fighting the Guardians of the Galaxy . After his defeat he was tortured by his species and had his name taken from him . Now going by the name Nameless One his hatred for the Guardians grew . He pleads mercy to the High Sister for redemption and is given upgrades . He returns with the name Overkill after being transformed into a cyborg . He fights Hollywood , an alternate version of Wonder Man , and is easily defeated . He attempts to detonate himself in a last minute revenge scheme , but Hollywood absorbs the blast , killing only Overkill . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Taserface possesses some degree of invulnerability due to being a cyborg . He also has a vast array of weapons at his disposal including repulsor rays , sensors and tasers . He also has the ability to absorb energy and redirect it . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Taserface appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat , voiced by Travis Willingham . He accompanies Yondu and the other Ravagers into stealing the Build Stone from Ronan the Accuser . Film ( edit ) Chris Sullivan as Taserface in the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Chris Sullivan appears as Taserface in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . He is the lieutenant of Yondu 's faction of the Ravagers . After officially being assigned to direct Guardians of the Galaxy and considering Taserface to be `` the dumbest character of all time , '' Gunn jokingly posted a photo of him on his social media . He later clarified that he would never feature the character in a film . Gunn later changed his mind , and when crafting this character , felt that Taserface had named himself . Hence he described him as `` a real dumbass , '' yet also `` a very powerful guy . '' Taserface is depicted as being proud of his name as he believes it strikes fear into the hearts of his enemies . However Rocket , and the rest of the Ravagers , scoff at the ridiculousness of his name . Feeling that Yondu is `` going soft '' , he leads a mutiny against him which involves tossing those who are still loyal to him out the airlock . After Kraglin aids Yondu , Rocket , and Groot in escaping from their prison cells , Yondu kills off all of his former Ravager comrades that sided with Taserface and blows up the main engine severely burning Taserface . The heroes eject from the main ship , leaving Taserface to die . Before the ship explodes , Taserface contacts the female Sovereign representative to give the coordinates of Yondu 's escape ship . In return , Taserface wishes to be known as the one who caused Yondu 's defeat . Taserface then dies in the ship 's explosion while the Sovereign representative laughs at his name . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buttery , Jarrod ( July 2013 ) . `` Explore the Marvel Universe of the 31st Century with ... the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 65 ) : 30 . Jump up ^ Valentino , Jim ( w ) , Valentino , Jim ( p ) , Montano , Steve ( i ) . `` But Are They Ready for ... Taserface ! '' Guardians of the Galaxy 1 ( June 1990 ) Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy # 2 Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy # 10 Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy # 48 Jump up ^ End credits for Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star - Lord 's Father Revealed ... James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals Why Taserface Is In Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Taserface at Marvel Wiki hide Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Ronan the Accuser Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( roller coaster ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taserface&oldid=844409548 '' Categories : Marvel Comics characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Comics infobox without image Character pop Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 18 : 50 . About Wikipedia | who plays taserface in guardians of the galaxy | [
"Chris Sullivan appears as Taserface in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2."
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"Chris Sullivan"
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1687147696101608209 | Chronicle of a Death Foretold | Chronicle of a death Foretold - wikipedia Chronicle of a death Foretold Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For other uses , see Chronicle of a Death Foretold ( disambiguation ) . Chronicle of a Death Foretold First edition ( Colombia ) Author Gabriel García Márquez Country Colombia Publisher La Oveja Negra Publication date 1981 Published in English Media type Print Pages 122 ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 015754 - 3 OCLC 43223288 Chronicle of a Death Foretold ( Spanish : Crónica de una muerte anunciada ) is a novella by Gabriel García Márquez , published in 1981 . It tells , in the form of a pseudo-journalistic reconstruction , the story of the murder of Santiago Nasar by the two Vicario brothers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Inspiration 3 Key themes 4 Adaptations 4.1 Editions 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The non-linear story , told by an anonymous narrator , begins with the morning of Santiago Nasar 's death . The reader learns that Santiago lives with his mother , Placida Linero ; the cook , Victoria Guzman ; and the cook 's daughter , Divina Flor . Santiago took over the successful family ranch after the death of his father Ibrahim , who was of Arabic origin . He returns home in the early morning hours from an all night celebration of a wedding between a recent newcomer , Bayardo San Roman , and a long - term resident , Angela Vicario . Two hours after the wedding , Angela was dragged back to her mother 's home by Bayardo because she was not a virgin . After a beating from her mother , Angela is forced to reveal the name of the man who has defiled her purity and honor . In a somewhat spurious manner , she reveals the man to be Santiago . Her two twin brothers , Pablo and Pedro Vicario , decide to kill Santiago in order to avenge the insult to their family honor with two knives previously used to slaughter pigs . They proceed to the meat market in the pre-dawn hours to sharpen their knives , and announce to the owner and other butchers that they plan to kill Santiago . No one believes the threat because the brothers are such `` good people '' , or they interpret the threat as `` drunkards ' baloney '' . Faustino Santos , a butcher friend , becomes suspicious and reports the threat to the policeman , Leandro Pornoy . The brothers proceed to Cotilde Armenta 's milk shop where they tell her about the plan to kill Santiago , and she notices the knives wrapped in rags . Meanwhile , Officer Leandro talks with Colonel Aponte who , after leisurely dressing and enjoying his breakfast , proceeds to the milk shop and takes away their knives and sends them off to sleep though he considers them `` a pair of big bluffers '' . Clotilde wants `` to spare those poor boys from the horrible duty '' and tries to convince Colonel Aponte to investigate further so they can be stopped . He does nothing more . Since the brothers had announced their plans to kill Santiago at the meat market and the milk store , the news spreads through town , but no one directly warns Santiago . Clotilde asks everyone she sees to warn Santiago , but people do not warn him for several reasons : they assume he must have been warned already , believe that someone else should warn him , ca n't find him easily , do n't believe it will happen , are too excited about the Bishop 's arrival , want him secretly dead , or believe the killing to be justified . The brothers show up again to the milk shop with two new knives , and this time Pedro has hesitations about killing because he feels they had fulfilled their duty `` when the mayor disarmed them '' . Nevertheless , they yell their plans to kill Santiago . Even the priest later confesses , `` I did n't know what to do ... it was n't any business of mine but something for the civil authorities . '' He decides to mention it to Santiago 's mother , but because he was excited about the bishop coming , he forgets about Santiago . Santiago wakes up after an hour 's sleep to get dressed and greet the bishop , who is expected by the townsfolk to stop in their town on his way elsewhere . He misses the note on the floor that someone has left with a warning and details about the Vicario plan . The bishop 's boat passes by the town without stopping even though people have been waiting for him with various gifts . Santiago then proceeds to his fiancee , who yells , `` ... I hope they kill you ! '' because she is upset about his involvement with Angela Vicario and decides not to warn him . The murder occurs . After the murder , the Vicario family leaves town due to the scandal and disgrace surrounding the events of Angela 's wedding and Santiago 's murder . Bayardo San Roman leaves town as well ; his family comes by boat and picks him up . The Vicario twins spend three years in prison awaiting trial , but are acquitted in court , after which Pablo marries his lover and Pedro leaves for the armed forces . Only after Bayardo returned her did Angela fall in love with him . After she moves away from the town with her family , Angela writes him a letter each day for seventeen years . At the end of seventeen years , San Roman returns to her , carrying all of her letters in bundles , all unopened . The murder of Santiago Nasar is described . His friend Cristo Bedoya had frantically looked for Santiago on the morning of the murder to warn him of the plan , but Cristo Bedoya failed to find Santiago , who was actually at his fiancée Flora Miguel 's house . When Flora Miguel 's father finds out , he warns Santiago minutes before the twins reach Santiago . Santiago becomes disoriented from the news and starts to run home . His mother , who is finally told , believes he is inside the house and , therefore , bars the front door to which Santiago is running while being chased by the Vicario brothers . He is repeatedly stabbed as he attempts to enter his home , over twenty times total with seven fatal wounds , as they discovered in an ill - performed autopsy performed by the priest . The murder is brutal as Santiago carries his own entrails and enters the back door of his home . He collapses in his kitchen and dies . Inspiration ( edit ) The novella was based on real - life events that occurred to a family that García Márquez knew . García Márquez heard the story of a young couple that got married in Sucre and , on the day following their wedding , the groom rejected the bride due to her lack of virginity . The bride was determined to have had relations with her former boyfriend , who was consequently pursued and murdered by the bride 's two brothers in order to avenge the family 's honor . Though many publications speculated that García Márquez had witnessed the murder firsthand , the writer was in fact not present during the events , which took place in Sucre in 1951 . There are a few key differences in the action of the story and what took place in reality . For one , in the novella , Santiago Nasar did not have a prior relationship with Ángela Vicario before her wedding , whereas in real life , the bride was deflowered by her former boyfriend . Additionally , García Márquez chose to make the two assassins in the novella twins , Pablo and Pedro Vicario . In real life , they were simply brothers . Lastly , in the book , there is a reconciliation between Ángela and the groom who rejects her , Bayardo San Roman . In real life , there was no such reconciliation . Key themes ( edit ) The central question at the core of the novella is how the death of Santiago Nasar was foreseen , yet no one tried to stop it . The narrator explores the circumstances surrounding his death by meticulously collecting the testimonials of the villagers who were present during his murder and exploring the seeming contradiction of a murder that was predicted in advance . The book explores the morality of the village 's collective responsibility in the murder of Santiago Nasar . Unlike the traditional detective novel , Chronicle of a Death Foretold does n't investigate the murder , which is made clear from the first sentence . Instead , the true mystery is the violation of Ángela Vicario . The book delves into issues of gender and chastity as well . Another key motif is the use of omens and premonitions ( keeping in the theme of `` foretelling '' ) . The weather , dreams , and nature all provide evidence of what is to come in the novella . Adaptations ( edit ) It was translated into English by Gregory Rabassa and by Edith Grossman . The book was adapted for the big screen in the Spanish language film : Chronicle of a Death Foretold ( 1987 ) , an Italian - French - Colombian co-production , directed by Francesco Rosi , starring Ornella Muti , Rupert Everett and Anthony Delon . In 1995 , Graciela Daniele adapted it into the Tony Award - nominated Broadway musical of the same name , which she also directed and choreographed . A Romanian short film was made in 2007 . Editions ( edit ) ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3471 - X ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 103246 - 7 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hart , Stephen ( 1994 ) . Gabriel García Márquez : Crónica de una muerte anunciada . Grant & Cutler . External links ( edit ) Analysis and quizzes for Chronicle of a Death Foretold by GradeSaver Chronicle of a Death Foretold at SparkNotes Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel García Márquez , reviewed by Ted Gioia ( Postmodern Mystery ) ( hide ) Works by Gabriel García Márquez Novels In Evil Hour One Hundred Years of Solitude The Autumn of the Patriarch Chronicle of a Death Foretold Love in the Time of Cholera The General in His Labyrinth Of Love and Other Demons Memories of My Melancholy Whores Short stories Leaf Storm No One Writes to the Colonel Big Mama 's Funeral Innocent Eréndira Strange Pilgrims The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Non-fiction The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor Clandestine in Chile News of a Kidnapping Living to Tell the Tale Speech The Solitude of Latin America BNF : cb13616335r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronicle_of_a_Death_Foretold&oldid=810265666 '' Categories : 1981 novels Crime novels Colombian novels adapted into films Colombian novels adapted into plays Novels by Gabriel García Márquez Colombian novellas Colombian magic realism novels Alfred A. Knopf books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית ქართული Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 06 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does chronicles of a death foretold take place | [
"The novella was based on real-life events that occurred to a family that García Márquez knew. García Márquez heard the story of a young couple that got married in Sucre and, on the day following their wedding, the groom rejected the bride due to her lack of virginity. The bride was determined to have had relations with her former boyfriend, who was consequently pursued and murdered by the bride's two brothers in order to avenge the family's honor. Though many publications speculated that García Márquez had witnessed the murder firsthand, the writer was in fact not present during the events, which took place in Sucre in 1951.[1]"
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"Sucre"
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7065267821572014032 | List of highest-grossing films | List of highest - grossing films - Wikipedia List of highest - grossing films Jump to : navigation , search Gone with the Wind held the record of highest - grossing film for twenty - five years and , adjusted for inflation , has earned more than any other film . Films generate income from several revenue streams , including theatrical exhibition , home video , television broadcast rights and merchandising . However , theatrical box office earnings are the primary metric for trade publications in assessing the success of a film , mostly because of the availability of the data compared to sales figures for home video and broadcast rights , but also because of historical practice . Included on the list are charts of the top box office earners ( ranked by both the nominal and real value of their revenue ) , a chart of high - grossing films by calendar year , a timeline showing the transition of the highest - grossing film record , and a chart of the highest - grossing film franchises and series . All charts are ranked by international theatrical box office performance where possible , excluding income derived from home video , broadcasting rights and merchandise . Traditionally , war films , musicals and historical dramas have been the most popular genres , but franchise films have been among the best performers in the 21st century . Six Harry Potter films and five films from Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth series are included in the nominal earnings chart , while the Star Wars and Pirates of the Caribbean franchises feature prominently . There is also continued interest in the superhero genre : Batman and Superman from DC Comics and films based on the Marvel Comics brand , such as Spider - Man , X-Men and films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , have generally done well . Although the nominal earnings chart is dominated by films adapted from pre-existing properties and sequels , it is headed by Avatar and Titanic ( both directed by James Cameron ) , which are original works . Animated family films have performed consistently well , with Disney films enjoying lucrative re-releases prior to the home - video era . Disney also enjoyed later success with films such as Frozen ( the highest - grossing animated film ) , Zootopia and The Lion King , as well as with its Pixar brand , of which the Toy Story and Finding Nemo films have been the best performers . Beyond Disney and Pixar animation , the Shrek , Ice Age and Despicable Me series have met with the most success . While inflation has eroded away the achievements of most films from the 1960s and 1970s , there are franchises originating from that period that are still active . Besides the Star Wars and Superman franchises , James Bond and Star Trek films are still being released periodically ; all four are among the highest - grossing franchises . Some of the older films that held the record of highest - grossing film still have respectable grosses by today 's standards , but no longer compete numerically against today 's top - earners in an era of much higher individual ticket prices . When properly adjusted for inflation , however , on that comparative scale Gone with the Wind -- which was the highest - grossing film outright for twenty - five years -- is still the highest - grossing film of all time . All grosses on the list are expressed in U.S. dollars at their nominal value , except where stated otherwise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest - grossing films 2 Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation 3 High - grossing films by year 4 Timeline of highest - grossing films 5 Highest - grossing franchises and film series 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Box office sources 7.2 Franchise and series sources 7.3 Bibliography 8 External links Highest - grossing films The two highest - grossing films have both been directed and written by James Cameron . With a worldwide box - office gross of over $2.7 billion , Avatar is often proclaimed to be the `` highest - grossing '' film , but such claims usually refer to theatrical revenues only and do not take into account home video and television income , which can form a significant portion of a film 's earnings . Once revenue from home entertainment is factored in it is not immediately clear which film is the most successful . Titanic earned $1.2 billion from video and DVD sales and rentals , in addition to the $2.2 billion it grossed in theaters . While complete sales data are not available for Avatar , it earned $345 million from the sale of sixteen million DVD and Blu - ray units in North America , and ultimately sold a total of thirty million DVD and Blu - ray units worldwide . After home video income is accounted for , both films have earned over $3 billion . Television broadcast rights will also substantially add to a film 's earnings , with a film often earning as much as 20 -- 25 % of its theatrical box - office for a couple of television runs on top of pay - per - view revenues ; Titanic earned a further $55 million from the NBC and HBO broadcast rights , equating to about 9 % of its North American gross . When a film is highly exploitable as a commercial property , its ancillary revenues can dwarf its income from direct film sales . The Lion King earned over $2 billion in box - office and home video sales , but this pales in comparison to the $6 billion earned at box offices around the world by the stage adaptation . Merchandising can be extremely lucrative too : The Lion King also sold $3 billion of merchandise , while Pixar 's Cars -- which earned $462 million in theatrical revenues and was only a modest hit by comparison to other Pixar films -- generated global merchandise sales of over $8 billion in the five years after its 2006 release . Pixar also had another huge hit with Toy Story 3 , which generated almost $10 billion in merchandise retail sales in addition to the $1 billion it earned at the box office . On this chart , films are ranked by the revenues from theatrical exhibition at their nominal value , along with the highest positions they attained . Thirty - three films in total have grossed in excess of $1 billion worldwide , of which three have grossed over $2 billion , with Avatar ranked in the top position . All of the films have had a theatrical run ( including re-releases ) in the 21st century , and films that have not played during this period do not appear on the chart because of ticket - price inflation , population size and ticket purchasing trends not being considered . Background shading indicates films playing in the week commencing 20 April 2018 in theaters around the world . Highest - grossing films Rank Peak Title Worldwide gross Year Reference ( s ) Avatar $2,787,965,087 2009 Titanic $2,187,463,944 1997 Star Wars : The Force Awakens $2,068,223,624 2015 Jurassic World $1,671,713,208 2015 5 The Avengers $1,518,812,988 2012 6 Furious 7 $1,516,045,911 2015 7 5 Avengers : Age of Ultron $1,405,403,694 2015 8 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 $1,341,511,219 2011 9 9 Star Wars : The Last Jedi $1,332,757,449 2017 10 10 Black Panther $1,324,656,634 2018 11 5 Frozen $1,290,000,000 2013 12 10 Beauty and the Beast $1,263,521,126 2017 13 11 The Fate of the Furious $1,238,764,765 2017 14 5 Iron Man 3 $1,214,811,252 2013 15 10 Minions $1,159,398,397 2015 16 12 Captain America : Civil War $1,153,304,495 2016 17 Transformers : Dark of the Moon $1,123,794,079 2011 18 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King $1,120,237,002 2003 19 7 Skyfall $1,108,561,013 2012 20 10 Transformers : Age of Extinction $1,104,054,072 2014 21 7 The Dark Knight Rises $1,084,939,099 2012 22 Toy Story 3 $1,066,969,703 23 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest $1,066,179,725 2006 24 20 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story $1,056,057,273 2016 25 6 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides $1,045,713,802 2011 26 24 Despicable Me 3 $1,034,799,409 2017 27 Jurassic Park $1,029,939,903 1993 28 22 Finding Dory $1,028,570,889 2016 29 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace $1,027,044,677 1999 30 5 Alice in Wonderland $1,025,467,110 31 24 Zootopia $1,023,784,195 2016 32 14 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey $1,021,103,568 2012 33 The Dark Knight $1,004,558,444 2008 34 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone $974,755,371 2001 35 19 Despicable Me 2 $970,761,885 2013 36 The Lion King $968,483,777 1994 37 30 The Jungle Book $966,550,600 2016 38 5 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End $963,420,425 2007 39 10 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 $960,283,305 40 24 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug $958,366,855 2013 41 41 Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle $956,618,644 2017 42 26 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies $956,019,788 2014 43 8 Finding Nemo $940,335,536 2003 44 6 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix $939,885,929 2007 45 8 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince $934,416,487 2009 46 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers $926,349,708 2002 47 6 Shrek 2 $919,838,758 48 8 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire $896,911,078 2005 49 10 Spider - Man 3 $890,871,626 2007 50 15 Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs $886,686,817 2009 Box Office Mojo stopped updating its main total for Frozen in August 2014 , while it was still in release . The total listed here incorporates subsequent earnings in Japan , Nigeria , Spain , the United Kingdom and Germany up to the end of 2015 but omits earnings in Turkey , Iceland , Brazil , and Australia ( 2016 ) which amount to a few hundred thousand dollars . It was re-released in the United Kingdom in December 2017 with Olaf 's Frozen Adventure earning an additional $1,655,398 . The total is rounded to $1 million to compensate for the numerical inaccuracy . In the case of The Fate of the Furious the gross is sourced from BoxOffice rather than the chart 's regular source , Box Office Mojo , after irregularities were discovered in the latter 's figure . Ongoing weekly drops in the totals for several countries -- Argentina being the worst affected -- led to a drop in the overall worldwide total . In view of what appears to be an aberration in the source an alternative figure is provided . The gross for Toy Story 3 has been corrected to $1,066,969,703 , meaning that it finished one place higher at the end of its release . Disney issued an erratum to the gross for The Lion King , correcting its gross from $987.5 million to $968.5 million . This means that Despicable Me 2 finished its run ahead of it and would have ranked one place higher at the end of its release . Finding Nemo finished one place higher at the end of its original release , after taking corrections into account . Its total now stands at $940.3 million , which would put the first run at $871.0 million after deducting the 3D reissue gross of $69.3 million . Meanwhile , the total gross for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring has been corrected to $871.5 million , which would rank below Finding Nemo 's first run once its 2011 reissue gross is deducted . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2018 ) Inflation rates around the world vary , complicating inflation adjustment . Because of the long - term effects of inflation , notably the significant increase of movie theater ticket prices , the list unadjusted for inflation gives far more weight to later films . The unadjusted list , while commonly found in the press , is therefore largely meaningless for comparing films widely separated in time , as many films from earlier eras will never appear on a modern unadjusted list , despite achieving higher commercial success when adjusted for price increases . To compensate for the devaluation of the currency , some charts make adjustments for inflation , but not even this practice fully addresses the issue since ticket prices and inflation do not necessarily parallel one another . For example , in 1970 , tickets cost $1.55 or about $6.68 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars ; by 1980 , prices had risen to about $2.69 , a drop to $5.50 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars . Ticket prices have also risen at different rates of inflation around the world , further complicating the process of adjusting worldwide grosses . Another complication is release in multiple formats for which different ticket prices are charged . One notable example of this phenomenon is Avatar , which was also released in 3D and IMAX : almost two - thirds of tickets for that film were for 3D showings with an average price of $10 , and about one - sixth were for IMAX showings with an average price over $14.50 , compared to a 2010 average price of $7.61 for 2D films . Social and economic factors such as population change and the growth of international markets also impact on the number of people purchasing theater tickets , along with audience demographics where some films sell a much higher proportion of discounted children 's tickets , or perform better in big cities where tickets cost more . The measuring system for gauging a film 's success is based on unadjusted grosses , mainly because historically this is the way it has always been done because of the practices of the film industry : the box office receipts are compiled by theaters and relayed to the distributor , which in turn releases them to the media . Converting to a more representative system that counts ticket sales rather than gross is also fraught with problems because the only data available for older films are the sale totals . As the motion picture industry is highly oriented towards marketing currently released films , unadjusted figures are always used in marketing campaigns so that new blockbuster films can much more easily achieve a high sales ranking , and thus be promoted as a `` top film of all time '' , so there is little incentive to switch to a more robust analysis from a marketing or even newsworthy point of view . Despite the inherent difficulties in accounting for inflation , several attempts have been made . Estimates depend on the price index used to adjust the grosses , and the exchange rates used to convert between currencies can also impact upon the calculations , both of which can have an effect on the ultimate rankings of an inflation adjusted list . Gone with the Wind -- first released in 1939 -- is generally considered to be the most successful film , with Guinness World Records in 2014 estimating its adjusted global gross at $3.4 billion . Estimates for Gone with the Wind 's adjusted gross have varied substantially : its owner , Turner Entertainment , estimated its adjusted earnings at $3.3 billion in 2007 , a few years earlier than the Guinness estimate ; other estimates fall either side of this amount , with one putting its gross just under $3 billion in 2010 , while another provided an alternative figure of $3.8 billion in 2006 . Which film is Gone with the Wind 's nearest rival depends on the set of figures used : Guinness had Avatar in second place with $3 billion , while other estimates saw Titanic in the runner - up spot with first - run worldwide earnings of almost $2.9 billion at 2010 prices . The only other film that all sources agreed grossed in excess of $2 billion at recent prices is Star Wars ; according to Guinness it has earned $2.8 billion at 2014 price levels , while other sources from 2010 / 2011 put its adjusted earnings at $2.2 -- 2.6 billion . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation as of 2014 Rank Title Worldwide gross ( 2014 $ ) Year Gone with the Wind $3,440,000,000 1939 Avatar $3,020,000,000 2009 Star Wars $2,825,000,000 1977 Titanic $2,516,000,000 $2,516,000,000 1997 5 The Sound of Music $2,366,000,000 1965 6 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $2,310,000,000 1982 7 The Ten Commandments $2,187,000,000 1956 8 Doctor Zhivago $2,073,000,000 1965 9 Jaws $2,027,000,000 10 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs $1,819,000,000 $1,819,000,000 1937 Even though the nominal gross for Star Wars : The Force Awakens surpasses the inflation - adjusted gross for both Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Jaws , inflation has occurred in the interim so it is not possible to rank it until Guinness World Records provide an updated chart of adjusted grosses . The figure for Titanic is most likely based on the gross from its 1997 theatrical release , and does not incorporate earnings from the 2012 reissue . According to the 2012 edition of Guinness World Records , the adjusted total for Titanic as of 2011 stood at $2,413,800,000 , and a re-release in 2012 added a further $343,550,770 to the total . However , the 2015 edition put the adjusted total at $2,516,000,000 -- an increase of just $102,000,000 ; this is a rise of 4.2 % since 2011 , an increase shared by the other adjusted totals in the chart . The 2015 edition of Guinness World Records does not provide an explicit figure for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . However , it does state that it is one of only two pre-1955 films -- the other being Gone with the Wind -- that are among the adjusted top ten . It placed tenth in the 2012 edition , and the eleventh highest - grossing film according to the 2015 edition is The Exorcist , which has grossed $1.794 billion adjusted to 2014 prices . The adjusted grosses for the other films on the chart increased by 4.2 percent between 2011 and 2014 according to Guinness , and using this apparent rate of inflation would take the adjusted gross for Snow White from $1.746 billion at 2011 prices to $1.819 billion at 2014 prices . High - grossing films by year Glossary : Distributor rentals Box - office figures are reported in the form of gross or distributor rentals , the latter being especially true of older films . Commonly mistaken for home video revenue , the rentals are the distributor 's share of the film 's theatrical revenue i.e. the box office gross less the exhibitor 's cut . Historically , the rental price averaged at 30 -- 40 % when the distributors owned the theater chains , equating to just over a third of the gross being paid to the distributor of the film . In the modern marketplace , rental fees can vary greatly -- depending on a number of factors -- although the films from the major studios average out at 43 % . Audience tastes were fairly eclectic during the 20th century , but several trends did emerge . During the silent era , films with war themes were popular with audiences , with The Birth of a Nation ( American Civil War ) , The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , The Big Parade and Wings ( all World War I ) becoming the most successful films in their respective years of release , with the trend coming to an end with All Quiet on the Western Front in 1930 . With the advent of sound in 1927 , the musical -- the genre best placed to showcase the new technology -- took over as the most popular type of film with audiences , with 1928 and 1929 both being topped by musical films . The genre continued to perform strongly in the 1930s , but the outbreak of World War II saw war themed films dominate again during this period , starting with Gone with the Wind ( American Civil War ) in 1939 , and finishing with The Best Years of Our Lives ( World War II ) in 1946 . Samson and Delilah ( 1949 ) saw the beginning of a trend of increasingly expensive historical dramas set during Ancient Rome / biblical times throughout the 1950s as cinema competed with television for audiences , with Quo Vadis , The Robe , The Ten Commandments , Ben - Hur and Spartacus all becoming the highest - grossing film of the year during initial release , before the genre started to wane after several high - profile failures . The success of White Christmas and South Pacific in the 1950s foreshadowed the comeback of the musical in the 1960s with West Side Story , Mary Poppins , My Fair Lady , The Sound of Music and Funny Girl all among the top films of the decade . The 1970s saw a shift in audience tastes to high concept films , with six such films made by either George Lucas or Steven Spielberg topping the chart during the 1980s . The 21st century has seen an increasing dependence on franchises and adaptations , with the box office dominance of films based on pre-existing intellectual property at record levels . Films directed by Steven Spielberg have been the highest - grossing film of the year on six occasions , and on three occasions have been the highest - grossing film of all time . Steven Spielberg is the most represented director on the chart with six films to his credit , occupying the top spot in 1975 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1989 and 1993 . Cecil B. DeMille ( 1932 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 and 1956 ) and William Wyler ( 1942 , 1946 , 1959 and 1968 ) are in second and third place with five and four films respectively , while D.W. Griffith ( 1915 , 1916 and 1920 ) , George Roy Hill ( 1966 , 1969 and 1973 ) and James Cameron ( 1991 , 1997 and 2009 ) all feature heavily with three films apiece . George Lucas directed two chart - toppers in 1977 and 1999 , but also served in a strong creative capacity as a producer and writer in 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 and 1989 as well . The following directors have also all directed two films on the chart : Frank Lloyd , King Vidor , Frank Capra , Michael Curtiz , Leo McCarey , Alfred Hitchcock , David Lean , Stanley Kubrick , Guy Hamilton , Mike Nichols , William Friedkin , Peter Jackson , Gore Verbinski and Michael Bay ; Mervyn LeRoy , Ken Annakin and Robert Wise are each represented by one solo credit and one shared credit , and John Ford co-directed two films . Disney films are usually co-directed and some directors have served on several winning teams : Wilfred Jackson , Hamilton Luske , Clyde Geronimi , David Hand , Ben Sharpsteen , Wolfgang Reitherman and Bill Roberts have all co-directed at least two films on the list . Only five directors have topped the chart in consecutive years : McCarey ( 1944 and 1945 ) , Nichols ( 1966 and 1967 ) , Spielberg ( 1981 and 1982 ) , Jackson ( 2002 and 2003 ) and Verbinski ( 2006 and 2007 ) . Because of release schedules -- especially in the case of films released towards the end of the year -- and different release patterns across the world , many films can do business in two or more calendar years ; therefore the grosses documented here are not confined to just the year of release . Grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs either , with many older films often being re-released periodically so the figures represent all the business a film has done since its original release ; a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Because of incomplete data it can not be known for sure how much money some films have made and when they made it , but generally the chart chronicles the films from each year that went on to earn the most . In the cases where estimates conflict both films are recorded , and in cases where a film has moved into first place because of being re-released the previous record - holder is also retained . At least one film every year has generated $100 million in gross revenue at the box office since 1967 , and from 2008 each year has succeeded in producing a billion dollar grossing film . indicates films still playing in theaters around the world in the week commencing 20 April 2018 . High - grossing films by year of release Year Title Worldwide gross Budget Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 + ( 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 ) 7005110000000000000 ♠ $110,000 1916 Intolerance 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005489653000000000 ♠ $489,653 1917 Cleopatra 7005500000000000000 ♠ $500,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ $300,000 1918 Mickey 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 1919 The Miracle Man 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005120000000000000 ♠ $120,000 1920 Way Down East 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1921 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 -- 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 1922 Robin Hood 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 7005930042780000000 ♠ $930,042.78 1923 The Covered Wagon 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1924 The Sea Hawk 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005700000000000000 ♠ $700,000 1925 The Big Parade 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 ( 7006613100000000000 ♠ $6,131,000 ) 7005382000000000000 ♠ $382,000 Ben - Hur 7007107380000000000 ♠ $10,738,000 ( 7006938600000000000 ♠ $9,386,000 ) 7006396700000000000 ♠ $3,967,000 1926 For Heaven 's Sake 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 7005150000000000000 ♠ $150,000 1927 Wings 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1928 The Singing Fool 7006590000000000000 ♠ $5,900,000 7005388000000000000 ♠ $388,000 1929 The Broadway Melody 7006440000000000000 ♠ $4,400,000 -- 7006480000000000000 ♠ 4,800,000 7005379000000000000 ♠ $379,000 Sunny Side Up 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 1930 All Quiet on the Western Front 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7006125000000000000 ♠ $1,250,000 1931 Frankenstein 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ( 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 City Lights 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006160735100000000 ♠ $1,607,351 1932 The Sign of the Cross 7006273899300000000 ♠ $2,738,993 7005694065000000000 ♠ $694,065 1933 King Kong 7006534700000000000 ♠ $5,347,000 ( 7006185600000000000 ♠ $1,856,000 ) 7005672255750000000 ♠ $672,255.75 I 'm No Angel 7006325000000000000 ♠ $3,250,000 + 7005200000000000000 ♠ $200,000 Cavalcade 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 7006111600000000000 ♠ $1,116,000 She Done Him Wrong 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 + 7005274076000000000 ♠ $274,076 1934 The Merry Widow 7006260800000000000 ♠ $2,608,000 7006160500000000000 ♠ $1,605,000 It Happened One Night 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005325000000000000 ♠ $325,000 1935 Mutiny on the Bounty 7006446000000000000 ♠ $4,460,000 7006190500000000000 ♠ $1,905,000 1936 San Francisco 7006604400000000000 ♠ $6,044,000 + ( 7006527300000000000 ♠ $5,273,000 ) 7006130000000000000 ♠ $1,300,000 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 7008418000000000000 ♠ $418,000,000 + ( 7006850000000000000 ♠ $8,500,000 ) 7006148842300000000 ♠ $1,488,423 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006120000000000000 ♠ $1,200,000 1939 Gone with the Wind 7008390525192000000 ♠ $390,525,192 -- 7008401776459000000 ♠ 401,776,459 ( 7007320000000000000 ♠ $32,000,000 ) 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006425000000000000 ♠ 4,250,000 1940 Pinocchio 7007870008620000000 ♠ $87,000,862 ( 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 ) 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Boom Town 7006460000000000000 ♠ $4,600,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 1941 Sergeant York 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1942 Bambi 7008267997843000000 ♠ $267,997,843 ( 7006344935300000000 ♠ $3,449,353 ) 7006170000000000000 ♠ $1,700,000 -- 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 Mrs. Miniver 7006887800000000000 ♠ $8,878,000 7006134400000000000 ♠ $1,344,000 1943 For Whom the Bell Tolls 7007110000000000000 ♠ $11,000,000 7006268129800000000 ♠ $2,681,298 This Is the Army 7006955558644000000 ♠ $9,555,586.44 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 1944 Going My Way 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 1945 Mom and Dad 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 / 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 7004650000000000000 ♠ $65,000 The Bells of St. Mary 's 7007112000000000000 ♠ $11,200,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1946 Song of the South 7007650000000000000 ♠ $65,000,000 ( 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 ) 7006212500000000000 ♠ $2,125,000 The Best Years of Our Lives 7007147500000000000 ♠ $14,750,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 Duel in the Sun 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 7006525500000000000 ♠ $5,255,000 1947 Forever Amber 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7006637500000000000 ♠ $6,375,000 Unconquered 7006750000000000000 ♠ $7,500,000 7006420000000000000 ♠ $4,200,000 1948 Easter Parade 7006591813400000000 ♠ $5,918,134 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 The Red Shoes 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 7005505581000000000 ♠ £ 505,581 ( 7006200000000000000 ♠ ~ $2,000,000 ) The Snake Pit 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 1949 Samson and Delilah 7007142092500000000 ♠ $14,209,250 7006309756300000000 ♠ $3,097,563 1950 Cinderella 7008263591415000000 ♠ $263,591,415 ( 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 / 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 ) 7006220000000000000 ♠ $2,200,000 King Solomon 's Mines 7007100500000000000 ♠ $10,050,000 7006225800000000000 ♠ $2,258,000 1951 Quo Vadis 7007210370000000000 ♠ $21,037,000 -- 7007267000000000000 ♠ 26,700,000 7006762300000000000 ♠ $7,623,000 1952 This Is Cinerama 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 The Greatest Show on Earth 7007183500000000000 ♠ $18,350,000 7006387394600000000 ♠ $3,873,946 1953 Peter Pan 7008145000000000000 ♠ $145,000,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Robe 7007250000000000000 ♠ $25,000,000 -- 7007261000000000000 ♠ 26,100,000 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 1954 Rear Window 7007245000000000000 ♠ $24,500,000 ( 7006530000000000000 ♠ $5,300,000 ) 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 White Christmas 7007260000500000000 ♠ $26,000,050 ( 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ) 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 7007250001340000000 ♠ $25,000,134 ( 7006680000000000000 ♠ $6,800,000 -- 7006800000000000000 ♠ 8,000,000 ) 7006450000000000000 ♠ $4,500,000 -- 7006900000000000000 ♠ 9,000,000 1955 Lady and the Tramp 7008187000000000000 ♠ $187,000,000 ( 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 ) 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Cinerama Holiday 7007210000000000000 ♠ $21,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 Mister Roberts 7006990000000000000 ♠ $9,900,000 7006240000000000000 ♠ $2,400,000 1956 The Ten Commandments 7007900662300000000 ♠ $90,066,230 ( 7008122700000000000 ♠ $122,700,000 / 7007552000000000000 ♠ $55,200,000 ) 7007132700000000000 ♠ $13,270,000 1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai 7007306000000000000 ♠ $30,600,000 7006284000000000000 ♠ $2,840,000 1958 South Pacific 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006561000000000000 ♠ $5,610,000 1959 Ben - Hur 7007900000000000000 ♠ $90,000,000 ( 7008146900000000000 ♠ $146,900,000 / 7007661000000000000 ♠ $66,100,000 ) 7007159000000000000 ♠ $15,900,000 1960 Swiss Family Robinson 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Spartacus 7007600000000000000 ♠ $60,000,000 ( 7007221052250000000 ♠ $22,105,225 ) 7007102840140000000 ♠ $10,284,014 Psycho 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 + ( 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1961 One Hundred and One Dalmatians 7008215880212000000 ♠ $215,880,212 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 West Side Story 7008105000000000000 ♠ $105,000,000 ( 7007318000000000000 ♠ $31,800,000 ) 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1962 Lawrence of Arabia 7007773248520000000 ♠ $77,324,852 ( 7007699953850000000 ♠ $69,995,385 ) 7007138000000000000 ♠ $13,800,000 How the West Was Won 7007350000000000000 ♠ $35,000,000 7007144830000000000 ♠ $14,483,000 The Longest Day 7007332000000000000 ♠ $33,200,000 7006860000000000000 ♠ $8,600,000 1963 Cleopatra 7007403000000000000 ♠ $40,300,000 7007311150000000000 ♠ $31,115,000 From Russia with Love 7007789000000000000 ♠ $78,900,000 / 7007294000000000000 ♠ $29,400,000 ( 7007125000000000000 ♠ $12,500,000 ) 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1964 My Fair Lady 7007550000000000000 ♠ $55,000,000 7007170000000000000 ♠ $17,000,000 Goldfinger 7008124900000000000 ♠ $124,900,000 ( 7007460000000000000 ♠ $46,000,000 ) 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 Mary Poppins 7007440000000000000 ♠ $44,000,000 -- 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 1965 The Sound of Music 7008286214076000000 ♠ $286,214,076 ( 7008114600000000000 ♠ $114,600,000 ) 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 1966 The Bible : In the Beginning 7007253000000000000 ♠ $25,300,000 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 Hawaii 7007345622220000000 ♠ $34,562,222 ( 7007156000000000000 ♠ $15,600,000 ) 7007150000000000000 ♠ $15,000,000 Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 ( 7007145000000000000 ♠ $14,500,000 ) 7006761300000000000 ♠ $7,613,000 1967 The Jungle Book 7008378000000000000 ♠ $378,000,000 ( 7007238000000000000 ♠ $23,800,000 ) 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Graduate 7007850000000000000 ♠ $85,000,000 7006310000000000000 ♠ $3,100,000 1968 2001 : A Space Odyssey 7008138000000000000 ♠ $138,000,000 -- 7008190000000000000 ♠ 190,000,000 ( 7007219000000000000 ♠ $21,900,000 ) 7007103000000000000 ♠ $10,300,000 Funny Girl 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7006880000000000000 ♠ $8,800,000 1969 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 7008152308525000000 ♠ $152,308,525 ( 7007371000000000000 ♠ $37,100,000 ) 7006660000000000000 ♠ $6,600,000 1970 Love Story 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 7006226000000000000 ♠ $2,260,000 Airport 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 1971 The French Connection 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 Fiddler on the Roof 7007494000000000000 ♠ $49,400,000 ( 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 / 7007451000000000000 ♠ $45,100,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 Diamonds Are Forever 7008116000000000000 ♠ $116,000,000 ( 7007457000000000000 ♠ $45,700,000 ) 7006720000000000000 ♠ $7,200,000 1972 The Godfather 7008245066044000000 ♠ $245,066,044 -- 7008286000000000000 ♠ 286,000,000 ( 7008127600000000000 ♠ $127,600,000 -- 7008142000000000000 ♠ 142,000,000 ) 7006620000000000000 ♠ $6,200,000 1973 The Exorcist 7008413071948000000 ♠ $413,071,948 ( 7008110000000000000 ♠ $110,000,000 ) 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 The Sting 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 7006550000000000000 ♠ $5,500,000 The Towering Inferno 7007918380000000000 ♠ $91,838,000 7007143000000000000 ♠ $14,300,000 Blazing Saddles 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 + 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Jaws 7008470653591000000 ♠ $470,653,591 ( 7008193700000000000 ♠ $193,700,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 1976 Rocky 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 ( 7007771000000000000 ♠ $77,100,000 ) 7006107500000000000 ♠ $1,075,000 1977 Star Wars 7008775398007000000 ♠ $775,398,007 ( 7008530000000000000 ♠ $530,000,000 / 7008268500000000000 ♠ $268,500,000 ) 7007112931510000000 ♠ $11,293,151 1978 Grease 7008394954752000000 ♠ $394,954,752 ( 7008341000000000000 ♠ $341,000,000 ) 7006600000000000000 ♠ $6,000,000 1979 Moonraker 7008210300000000000 ♠ $210,300,000 7007310000000000000 ♠ $31,000,000 Rocky II 7008200182289000000 ♠ $200,182,289 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1980 The Empire Strikes Back 7008547969004000000 ♠ $547,969,004 ( 7008413562607000000 ♠ $413,562,607 ) 7007230000000000000 ♠ $23,000,000 -- 7007320000000000000 ♠ 32,000,000 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 7008389925971000000 ♠ $389,925,971 ( 7008321866000000000 ♠ $321,866,000 -- 7008353988025000000 ♠ 353,988,025 ) 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007228000000000000 ♠ 22,800,000 1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 7008792910554000000 ♠ $792,910,554 ( 7008619000000000000 ♠ $619,000,000 -- 7008664000000000000 ♠ 664,000,000 ) 7007105000000000000 ♠ $10,500,000 -- 7007122000000000000 ♠ 12,200,000 Return of the Jedi 7008475106177000000 ♠ $475,106,177 ( 7008385845197000000 ♠ $385,845,197 ) 7007325000000000000 ♠ $32,500,000 -- 7007427000000000000 ♠ 42,700,000 1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 7008333107271000000 ♠ $333,107,271 7007270000000000000 ♠ $27,000,000 -- 7007282000000000000 ♠ 28,200,000 1985 Back to the Future 7008389053797000000 ♠ $389,053,797 ( 7008381109762000000 ♠ $381,109,762 ) 7007190000000000000 ♠ $19,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 1986 Top Gun 7008356830601000000 ♠ $356,830,601 ( 7008345000000000000 ♠ $345,000,000 ) 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 -- 7007190000000000000 ♠ 19,000,000 Fatal Attraction 7008320145905000000 ♠ $320,145,905 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 1988 Rain Man 7008354825476000000 ♠ $354,825,476 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 7008474171806000000 ♠ $474,171,806 -- 7008494000000000000 ♠ 494,000,000 7007360000000000000 ♠ $36,000,000 -- 7007554000000000000 ♠ 55,400,000 1990 Ghost 7008505702423000000 ♠ $505,702,423 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 1991 Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 7008523774456000000 ♠ $523,774,456 ( $519,843,345 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 1992 Aladdin 7008504050045000000 ♠ $504,050,045 7007280000000000000 ♠ $28,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park 7009102993990300000 ♠ $1,029,939,903 ( 7008914691118000000 ♠ $914,691,118 ) 7007630000000000000 ♠ $63,000,000 -- 7007700000000000000 ♠ 70,000,000 1994 The Lion King 7008968483777000000 ♠ $968,483,777 ( 7008763455561000000 ♠ $763,455,561 ) 7007450000000000000 ♠ $45,000,000 -- 7007793000000000000 ♠ 79,300,000 1995 Toy Story 7008373554033000000 ♠ $373,554,033 ( 7008364873776000000 ♠ $364,873,776 ) 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 Die Hard with a Vengeance 7008366101666000000 ♠ $366,101,666 7007700000000000000 ♠ $70,000,000 Independence Day 7008817400891000000 ♠ $817,400,891 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 1997 Titanic 7009218746394400000 ♠ $2,187,463,944 ( 7009184320126800000 ♠ $1,843,201,268 ) 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 1998 Armageddon 7008553709626000000 ♠ $553,709,626 7008140000000000000 ♠ $140,000,000 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 7009102704467700000 ♠ $1,027,044,677 ( 7008924317558000000 ♠ $924,317,558 ) 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 -- 7008127500000000000 ♠ 127,500,000 2000 Mission : Impossible 2 7008546388105000000 ♠ $546,388,105 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 -- 7008125000000000000 ♠ 125,000,000 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 7008974755371000000 ♠ $974,755,371 7008125000000000000 ♠ $125,000,000 2002 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers 7008926349708000000 ♠ $926,349,708 ( 7008921780457000000 ♠ $921,780,457 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 7009112023700200000 ♠ $1,120,237,002 ( 7009111911094100000 ♠ $1,119,110,941 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 Shrek 2 7008919838758000000 ♠ $919,838,758 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 7008896911078000000 ♠ $896,911,078 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 7009106617972500000 ♠ $1,066,179,725 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 7008963420425000000 ♠ $963,420,425 7008300000000000000 ♠ $300,000,000 2008 The Dark Knight 7009100455844400000 ♠ $1,004,558,444 ( 7008997039412000000 ♠ $997,039,412 ) 7008185000000000000 ♠ $185,000,000 2009 Avatar 7009278796508700000 ♠ $2,787,965,087 ( 7009274906432800000 ♠ $2,749,064,328 ) 7008237000000000000 ♠ $237,000,000 Toy Story 3 7009106696970300000 ♠ $1,066,969,703 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 7009134151121900000 ♠ $1,341,511,219 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2012 The Avengers 7009151881298800000 ♠ $1,518,812,988 7008220000000000000 ♠ $220,000,000 2013 Frozen 7009129000000000000 ♠ $1,290,000,000 ( 7009128700000000000 ♠ $1,287,000,000 ) 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2014 Transformers : Age of Extinction 7009110403907600000 ♠ $1,104,039,076 7008210000000000000 ♠ $210,000,000 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens 7009206822362400000 ♠ $2,068,223,624 7008245000000000000 ♠ $245,000,000 2016 Captain America : Civil War 7009115330449500000 ♠ $1,153,304,495 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2017 Star Wars : The Last Jedi 7009133265941000000 ♠ $1,332,659,410 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 2018 Black Panther 7009132398410900000 ♠ $1,323,984,109 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 ( ... ) Since grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs , a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Canada and U.S. gross only . Distributor rental . To be ascertained . No contemporary sources provide figures for 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , although The Numbers provides a figure of $8,000,000 for the North American box office gross . However , it is possible this figure has been mistaken for the gross of the 1954 remake which also earned $8,000,000 in North American rentals . Some sources such as The Numbers state that Aloma of the South Seas is the highest grossing film of the year , earning $3 million . However , no contemporary sources provide figures for Aloma of the South Seas , so it is unclear what the $3 million figure relates to . If it were the rental gross then that would have made it not only the highest - grossing film of the year , but one of the highest - grossing films of the silent era , and if that is the case it would be unusual for both International Motion Picture Almanac and Variety to omit it from their lists . It is not clear if the figure for Sunny Side Up is for North America or worldwide . Other sources put its earnings at $2 million , which may suggest the higher figure is the worldwide rental , given the confusion over international figures during this period . The figure for It Happened One Night is not truly representative of its success : it was distributed as a package deal along with more than two dozen other Columbia films , and the total earnings were averaged out ; the true gross would have been much higher . Snow White 's $418 million global cume omits earnings outside of North America from 1987 onwards . It is not absolutely clear how much Gone with the Wind earned from its initial release . Contemporary accounts often list it as earning $32 million in North American rentals and retrospective charts have often duplicated this claim ; however , it is likely this was the worldwide rental figure . Trade journals would collate the data by either obtaining it from the distributors themselves , who were keen to promote a successful film , or by surveying theaters and constructing an estimate . Distributors would often report the worldwide rental since the higher figure made the film appear more successful , while estimates were limited to performance in North America ; therefore it was not unusual for worldwide and North American rentals to be mixed up . Following the outbreak of World War II , many of the foreign markets were unavailable to Hollywood so it became standard practice to just report on North American box - office performance . In keeping with this new approach , the North American rental for Gone with the Wind was revised to $21 million in 1947 ( $11 million lower than the previous figure ) , and as of 1953 -- following the 1947 re-release -- Variety was reporting earnings of $26 million . Through 1956 , MGM reported cumulative North American earnings of $30,015,000 and foreign earnings of $18,964,000 , from three releases . Worldwide rentals of $32 million from the initial release is consistent with the revised figures and later reported worldwide figures : they indicate that the film earned $21 million in North America and $11 million overseas from the initial release , and added a further $9 million in North America and $8 million overseas from subsequent re-releases up to 1956 . Mom and Dad does not generally feature in ' high - gross ' lists such as those published by Variety due to its independent distribution . Essentially belonging to the exploitation genre , it was marketed as an educational sex hygiene film in an effort to circumvent censorship laws . Falling foul of the Motion Picture Production Code , Mom and Dad was prevented from obtaining mainstream distribution and restricted to independent and drive - in theaters . It was the biggest hit of its kind , and remained in continual distribution until the 1970s when hardcore pornography eventually took over . At the end of 1947 it had earned $2 million , and by 1949 , $8 million ; by 1956 it had earned $22 million in rentals , representing a gross of $80 million , and would have easily placed in the top ten films in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Estimates of its total earnings are as high as $100 million . Chopra - Gant stipulates that the figure given for Unconquered is for North American box - office , but as was common at the time , the chart confuses worldwide and North American grosses . Other sources state that the takings for Forever Amber ( $8 million ) and Life with Father ( $6.5 million ) were in fact worldwide rental grosses , so it is possible this is also true of Unconquered . The Cinerama figures represent gross amounts . Since the Cinerama corporation owned the theaters there were no rental fees for the films , meaning the studio received 100 % of the box - office gross , unlike the case with most other films where the distributor typically receives less than half the gross . Since Variety at the time ranked films by their US rental , they constructed a hypothetical rental figure for the Cinerama films to provide a basis for comparison to other films in their chart : in the case of This Is Cinerama , the $50 million worldwide gross was reconfigured as a $12.5 million US rental gross ; this is exactly 25 % of the amount reported by Cinerama , so Variety 's formula seemingly halved the gross to obtain an estimate for the US share , and halved it again to simulate a rental fee . Variety 's ' rental ' amounts are often repeated , but have no basis in the reality of what the films actually earned -- they are hypothetical figures conceived for comparative analysis . All five Cinerama features collectively generated $120 million in worldwide box office receipts . Variety put the worldwide rental for The Greatest Show on Earth at around $18.35 million ( with $12.8 million coming from the United States ) a year after its release ; however , Birchard puts its earnings at just over $15 million up to 1962 . It is likely that Birchard 's figure is just the North American gross rental , and includes revenue from the 1954 and 1960 reissues . The `` first run '' Star Wars grosses do not include revenue from the 1997 special - edition releases ; however , the figure does include revenue from the re-releases prior to the special editions . Production costs were shared with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . Timeline of highest - grossing films The Birth of a Nation pioneered many of the techniques used in filmmaking today , becoming the most successful film ever made at the time of its release . At least ten films have held the record of ' highest - grossing film ' since The Birth of a Nation assumed the top spot in 1915 . Both The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind spent twenty - five consecutive years apiece as the highest - grosser , with films directed by Steven Spielberg holding the record on three occasions and James Cameron -- the current holder -- twice . Spielberg became the first director to break his own record when Jurassic Park overtook E.T. , and Cameron emulated the feat when Avatar broke the record set by Titanic . Some sources claim that The Big Parade superseded The Birth of a Nation as highest - grossing film , eventually being replaced by Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , which in turn was quickly usurped by Gone with the Wind . Exact figures are not known for The Birth of a Nation , but contemporary records put its worldwide earnings at $5.2 million as of 1919 . Its international release was delayed by World War I , and it was not released in many foreign territories until the 1920s ; coupled with further re-releases in the United States , its $10 million earnings as reported by Variety in 1932 are consistent with the earlier figure . At this time , Variety still had The Birth of a Nation ahead of The Big Parade ( $6,400,000 ) on distributor rentals and -- if its estimate is correct -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( $8,500,000 ) would not have earned enough on its first theatrical run to take the record ; although it would have been the highest - grossing ' talkie ' , displacing The Singing Fool ( $5,900,000 ) . Although received wisdom holds that it is unlikely The Birth of a Nation was ever overtaken by a silent - era film , the record would fall to 1925 's Ben - Hur ( $9,386,000 ) if The Birth of a Nation earned significantly less than its estimated gross . In addition to its gross rental earnings through public exhibition , The Birth of a Nation played at a large number of private , club and organizational engagements which figures are unavailable for . It was hugely popular with the Ku Klux Klan who used it to drive recruitment , and at one point Variety estimated its total earnings to stand at around $50 million . Despite later retracting the claim , the sum has been widely reported even though it has never been substantiated . While it is generally accepted that Gone with the Wind took over the record of highest - grossing film on its initial release -- which is true in terms of public exhibition -- it is likely it did not overtake The Birth of a Nation in total revenue until a much later date , with it still being reported as the highest earner up until the 1960s . Gone with the Wind itself may have been briefly overtaken by The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) , which closed at the end of 1960 with worldwide rentals of $58 -- 60 million compared to Gone with the Wind 's $59 million ; if it did claim the top spot its tenure there was short - lived , since Gone with the Wind was re-released the following year and increased its earnings to $67 million . Depending on how accurate the estimates are , the 1959 remake of Ben - Hur may also have captured the record from Gone with the Wind : as of the end of 1961 it had earned $47 million worldwide , and by 1963 it was trailing Gone with the Wind by just $2 million with international takings of $65 million , ultimately earning $66 million from its initial release . The 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat reportedly earned as much as $600 million , a figure that may have been inflated by gangsters in money laundering schemes . Another film purported to have been the highest - grosser is the 1972 pornographic film , Deep Throat . In 1984 , Linda Lovelace testified to a United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on juvenile justice that the film had earned $600 million ; this figure has been the subject of much speculation , since if it is accurate then the film would have made more money than Star Wars , and finished the 1970s as the highest - grossing film . The main argument against this figure is that it simply did not have a wide enough release to sustain the sort of sums that would be required for it to ultimately gross this amount . Exact figures are not known , but testimony in a federal trial in 1976 -- about four years into the film 's release -- showed the film had grossed over $25 million . Roger Ebert has reasoned it possibly did earn as much as $600 million on paper , since mobsters owned most of the adult movie theaters during this period and would launder income from drugs and prostitution through them , so probably inflated the box office receipts for the film . The Birth of a Nation , Gone with the Wind , The Godfather , Jaws , Star Wars , E.T. and Avatar all increased their record grosses with re-releases . The grosses from their original theatrical runs are included here along with totals from re-releases up to the point that they lost the record ; therefore the total for The Birth of a Nation includes income from its reissues up to 1940 ; the total for Star Wars includes revenue from the late 1970s and early 1980s reissues but not from the 1997 Special Edition ; the total for E.T. incorporates its gross from the 1985 reissue but not from 2002 ; the total for Avatar -- as the current record - holder -- includes all its earnings at the present time . Gone with the Wind is represented twice on the chart : the 1940 entry includes earnings from its staggered 1939 -- 1942 release ( roadshow / general release / second - run ) along with all of its revenue up to the 1961 reissue prior to losing the record to The Sound of Music in 1966 ; its 1971 entry -- after it took back the record -- includes income from the 1967 and 1971 reissues but omitting later releases . The Godfather was re-released in 1973 after its success at the 45th Academy Awards , and Jaws was released again in 1976 , and their grosses here most likely include earnings from those releases . The Sound of Music , The Godfather , Jaws , Jurassic Park and Titanic increased their earnings with further releases in 1973 , 1997 , 1979 , 2013 and 2012 respectively , but they are not included in the totals here since they had already conceded the record prior to being re-released . Timeline of the highest - grossing film record Established Title Record setting gross Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation $5,200,000 1940 $15,000,000 1940 Gone with the Wind $32,000,000 1963 $67,000,000 1966 The Sound of Music $114,600,000 1971 Gone with the Wind $116,000,000 1972 The Godfather $127,600,000 -- 142,000,000 1976 Jaws $193,700,000 1978 Star Wars $410,000,000 / $268,500,000 1982 $530,000,000 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $619,000,000 -- 664,000,000 1993 $701,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park $914,691,118 1998 Titanic $1,843,201,268 Avatar $2,749,064,328 $2,787,965,087 Distributor rental . Includes revenue from re-releases . If a film increased its gross through re-releases while holding the record , the year in which it recorded its highest gross is also noted in italics . Highest - grossing franchises and film series See also : List of the highest - grossing media franchises The James Bond series was the first to gross over $1 billion . Prior to 2000 , only seven film series had grossed over $1 billion at the box office : James Bond , Star Wars , Indiana Jones , Rocky , Batman , Jurassic Park and Star Trek . Since the turn of the century that number has increased to over fifty ( not including one - off hits such as Avatar , Titanic and Frozen ) . This is partly due to inflation and market growth , but also to Hollywood 's adoption of the franchise model : films that have built - in brand recognition , such as being based on a well known literary source or an established character . The methodology is based on the concept that films associated with things audiences are already familiar with can be more effectively marketed to them , and as such are known as `` pre-sold '' films within the industry . The films in the cross-franchise Marvel Cinematic Universe have collectively grossed the most , amassing over $14 billion at the box office . The Harry Potter films are the highest - grossing series based on a single property , earning nearly $8 billion at the box office ( although the Eon James Bond films have earned over $14 billion in total when adjusted to current prices ) ; Harry Potter has also generated at least $3.5 billion in home video revenue , taking total consumer spending on the films to over $11 billion . If ancillary income from merchandise is included , then Star Wars is the most lucrative property ; it holds the Guinness world record for the `` most successful film merchandising franchise '' and was valued at £ 19.51 billion in 2012 ( approximately $30 billion ) . Only two franchises have had more than two films gross over $1 billion : the Marvel Cinematic Universe with five , and Star Wars with four . The two Avengers films comprise the only franchise where each installment has grossed over $1 billion . Avengers is also the only franchise to have a series average of over $1 billion per film , although the Star Wars , Pirates of the Caribbean , Jurassic Park and Finding Nemo franchises , Harry Potter films , and Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth adaptation also average over $1 billion adjusted for inflation . indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 20 April 2018 . Highest - grossing franchises and film series ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' . ) Rank Series Total worldwide gross No. of films Average of films Highest - grossing film ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $14,835,837,043 18 $824,213,169 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) ( show ) Phase Three $5,752,901,350 6 $958,816,892 Black Panther ( $1,323,984,109 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) $1,323,984,109 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) $880,166,924 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) $863,756,051 5 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) $853,971,376 6 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) $677,718,395 ( show ) Phase Two $5,271,691,209 6 $878,615,202 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( $1,405,403,694 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) $773,328,629 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 5 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) $644,571,402 6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) $519,311,965 ( show ) Phase One $3,811,244,484 6 $635,207,414 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 Thor ( 2011 ) $449,326,618 5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 6 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) $263,427,551 ( show ) Star Wars $8,848,894,112 10 $884,889,411 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) ( show ) Sequel trilogy $3,400,883,034 $1,700,441,517 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) $2,068,223,624 VIII -- The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) $1,332,659,410 ( show ) Prequel trilogy $2,525,197,773 $841,732,591 The Phantom Menace ( $1,027,044,677 ) I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) $1,027,044,677 III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) $848,754,768 II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) $649,398,328 ( show ) Original trilogy $1,798,473,188 $599,491,063 A New Hope ( $775,398,007 ) IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) $775,398,007 V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) $547,969,004 VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) $475,106,177 ( show ) Anthology films $1,056,057,273 $1,056,057,273 Rogue One ( $1,056,057,273 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) $1,056,057,273 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) $68,282,844 ( show ) Wizarding World $8,539,253,704 9 $948,805,967 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) ( show ) Harry Potter series $7,725,216,129 8 $965,652,016 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) $1,341,511,219 Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) $974,755,371 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) $960,283,305 Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) $939,885,929 5 Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) $934,416,487 6 Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) $896,911,078 7 Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) $878,979,634 8 Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) $796,688,549 9 IMAX Marathon ( 2016 ) $1,784,557 ( show ) Fantastic Beasts series $814,037,575 $814,037,575 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( $814,037,575 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) $814,037,575 ( show ) James Bond $7,040,275,645 26 $270,779,833 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) ( show ) Eon series $6,838,530,927 24 $284,938,789 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) ( show ) Daniel Craig 's Bond $3,174,372,309 $793,593,077 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) $1,108,561,013 Spectre ( 2015 ) $880,674,609 Casino Royale ( 2006 ) $599,045,960 Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) $586,090,727 ( show ) Pierce Brosnan 's Bond $1,479,008,618 $369,752,155 Die Another Day ( $431,971,116 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) $431,971,116 The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) $361,832,400 GoldenEye ( 1995 ) $352,194,034 Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) $333,011,068 ( show ) Roger Moore 's Bond $1,151,600,000 7 $164,514,286 Moonraker ( $210,300,000 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) $210,300,000 For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) $194,900,000 The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) $185,400,000 Octopussy ( 1983 ) $183,700,000 5 A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) $152,400,000 6 Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) $126,400,000 7 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) $98,500,000 ( show ) Sean Connery 's Bond $621,500,000 6 $103,583,333 Thunderball ( $141,200,000 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) $141,200,000 Goldfinger ( 1964 ) $124,900,000 Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) $116,000,000 You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) $101,000,000 5 From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) $78,900,000 6 Dr. No ( 1962 ) $59,500,000 ( show ) Timothy Dalton 's Bond $347,400,000 $173,700,000 The Living Daylights ( $191,200,000 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) $191,200,000 Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) $156,200,000 ( show ) George Lazenby 's Bond $64,600,000 $64,600,000 On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( $64,600,000 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) $64,600,000 Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) $160,000,000 Casino Royale ( 1967 ) $41,744,718 5 ( show ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth $5,884,488,087 7 $840,641,155 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) ( show ) Jackson series $5,853,780,255 6 $975,630,043 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) ( show ) The Hobbit $2,935,490,211 $978,496,737 An Unexpected Journey ( $1,021,103,568 ) An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) $1,021,103,568 The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) $958,366,855 The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) $956,019,788 ( show ) The Lord of the Rings $2,918,526,456 $972,842,152 The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) $1,120,237,002 The Two Towers ( 2002 ) $926,349,708 The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) $871,939,746 The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) $30,471,420 6 ( show ) The Fast and the Furious $5,134,895,344 8 $641,861,918 Furious 7 ( $1,516,045,911 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) $1,516,045,911 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) $1,238,764,765 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) $788,679,850 Fast Five ( 2011 ) $626,137,675 5 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) $363,164,265 6 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) $236,350,661 7 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) $207,283,925 8 Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) $158,468,292 7 ( show ) X-Men $4,998,857,842 10 $499,885,784 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) ( show ) Main series $2,808,832,317 6 $468,138,720 Days of Future Past ( $747,862,775 ) Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) $747,862,775 Apocalypse ( 2016 ) $543,934,787 The Last Stand ( 2006 ) $459,359,555 X2 ( 2003 ) $407,711,549 5 First Class ( 2011 ) $353,624,124 6 X-Men ( 2000 ) $296,339,527 ( show ) Wolverine series $1,406,912,546 $468,970,849 Logan ( $619,021,436 ) Logan ( 2017 ) $619,021,436 The Wolverine ( 2013 ) $414,828,246 Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) $373,062,864 ( show ) Deadpool series $783,112,979 $783,112,979 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) $783,112,979 8 ( show ) Batman $4,995,812,576 15 $333,054,172 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) ( show ) Nolan series $2,463,716,216 $821,238,739 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) $1,084,939,099 The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) $1,004,558,444 Batman Begins ( 2005 ) $374,218,673 ( show ) Burton / Schumacher series $1,335,009,923 5 $267,001,985 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) ( show ) Main series $1,252,907,544 $313,226,886 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) Batman ( 1989 ) $411,348,924 Batman Forever ( 1995 ) $336,529,144 Batman Returns ( 1992 ) $266,822,354 Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) $238,207,122 Catwoman ( 2004 ) $82,102,379 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $873,634,919 $873,634,919 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,634,919 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,634,919 The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) $311,950,384 Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) $5,617,391 ( show ) DC Universe Animated Original Movies $4,501,125 $2,250,563 The Killing Joke ( $4,462,034 ) The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) $4,462,034 Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) $39,091 ( show ) 1960s TV series $1,757,343 $878,672 Batman : The Movie ( $1,700,000 ) Batman : The Movie ( 1966 ) $1,700,000 Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) $57,343 9 ( show ) Spider - Man $4,843,426,428 6 $807,237,738 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) ( show ) Raimi series $2,496,346,518 $832,115,506 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) $890,871,626 Spider - Man ( 2002 ) $821,708,551 Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) $783,766,341 ( show ) Webb series $1,466,912,986 $733,456,493 The Amazing Spider - Man ( $757,930,663 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) $757,930,663 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) $708,982,323 ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $880,166,924 $880,166,924 Homecoming ( $880,166,924 ) Homecoming ( 2017 ) $880,166,924 10 ( show ) Pirates of the Caribbean $4,524,439,761 5 $904,887,952 Dead Man 's Chest ( $1,066,179,725 ) Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) $1,066,179,725 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) $1,045,713,802 At World 's End ( 2007 ) $963,420,425 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) $794,861,794 5 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) $654,264,015 11 ( show ) Transformers $4,385,136,428 6 $730,856,071 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) ( show ) Bay series $4,379,286,781 5 $875,857,356 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) $1,123,794,079 Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) $1,104,054,072 Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) $836,303,693 Transformers ( 2007 ) $709,709,780 5 The Last Knight ( 2017 ) $605,425,157 The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) $5,849,647 12 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $3,768,298,638 5 $753,659,728 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,634,919 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,634,919 Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) $821,847,012 Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) $746,846,894 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 5 Justice League ( 2017 ) $657,924,295 13 ( show ) Despicable Me $3,708,073,676 $927,018,419 Minions ( $1,159,398,397 ) ( show ) Main series $2,548,675,279 $849,558,426 Despicable Me 3 ( $1,034,799,409 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) $1,034,799,409 Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) $970,761,885 Despicable Me ( 2010 ) $543,113,985 Minions ( 2015 ) $1,159,398,397 14 ( show ) Jurassic Park $3,689,072,919 $922,268,230 Jurassic World ( $1,671,713,208 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) $1,671,713,208 Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) $1,029,939,903 The Lost World ( 1997 ) $618,638,999 Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) $368,780,809 15 ( show ) Shrek $3,510,794,482 5 $702,158,896 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) ( show ) Main series $2,955,807,005 $738,951,751 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) $919,838,758 Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) $798,958,162 Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) $752,600,867 Shrek ( 2001 ) $484,409,218 Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) $554,987,477 16 ( show ) The Twilight Saga $3,346,157,056 5 $669,231,411 Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( $829,746,820 ) Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) $829,746,820 Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) $712,205,856 New Moon ( 2009 ) $709,711,008 Eclipse ( 2010 ) $698,491,347 5 Twilight ( 2008 ) $393,616,788 6 Twilight / New Moon ( Combo ) $2,385,237 17 ( show ) Ice Age $3,217,251,681 5 $643,450,336 Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( $886,686,817 ) Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) $886,686,817 Continental Drift ( 2012 ) $877,244,782 The Meltdown ( 2006 ) $661,483,908 Collision Course ( 2016 ) $408,579,038 5 Ice Age ( 2002 ) $383,257,136 18 ( show ) The Hunger Games $2,968,191,442 $742,047,861 Catching Fire ( $865,011,746 ) Catching Fire ( 2013 ) $865,011,746 Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) $755,356,711 The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) $694,394,724 Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) $653,428,261 19 ( show ) Avengers $2,924,216,682 $1,462,108,341 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 20 ( show ) Mission : Impossible $2,778,977,995 5 $555,795,599 Ghost Protocol ( $694,713,380 ) Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) $694,713,380 Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) $682,330,139 Mission : Impossible II ( 2000 ) $546,388,105 Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) $457,696,359 5 Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 ) $397,850,012 21 ( show ) Superman $2,554,201,360 8 $319,275,170 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) ( show ) DC Extended Universe $1,541,305,712 $770,652,856 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 ( show ) Original series $621,814,456 5 $124,362,891 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) ( show ) Christopher Reeve films $607,518,018 $151,879,505 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) Superman ( 1978 ) $300,218,018 Superman II ( 1980 ) $190,400,000 Superman III ( 1983 ) $80,200,000 Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) $36,700,000 Supergirl ( 1984 ) $14,296,438 Superman Returns ( 2006 ) $391,081,192 22 ( show ) Iron Man $2,423,918,805 $807,972,935 Iron Man 3 ( $1,214,811,252 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 23 ( show ) Star Trek $2,266,723,196 13 $174,363,323 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) ( show ) Kelvin Timeline $1,189,710,370 $396,570,123 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) Into Darkness ( 2013 ) $467,381,584 Star Trek ( 2009 ) $385,680,446 Beyond ( 2016 ) $336,648,340 ( show ) The Original Series $621,900,000 6 $103,650,000 The Motion Picture ( $139,000,000 ) The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) $139,000,000 IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) $133,000,000 VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) $96,900,000 II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) $95,800,000 5 III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) $87,000,000 6 V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) $70,200,000 ( show ) The Next Generation $455,112,826 $113,778,207 First Contact ( $150,000,000 ) First Contact ( 1996 ) $150,000,000 Generations ( 1994 ) $120,000,000 Insurrection ( 1998 ) $117,800,000 Nemesis ( 2002 ) $67,312,826 24 ( show ) Madagascar $2,256,517,920 $564,129,480 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) ( show ) Main series $1,883,502,299 $627,834,100 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) $746,921,274 Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) $603,900,354 Madagascar ( 2005 ) $532,680,671 Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) $373,015,621 25 ( show ) Captain America $2,238,138,536 $746,046,179 Civil War ( $1,153,304,495 ) Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 Canada and U.S. gross only . Distributor rental . See also Film portal Lists of highest - grossing films References ^ Jump up to : Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Producers claim prod'n has grossed over $3.2 bil at the B.O. worldwide '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar -- Video Sales '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unkind unwind '' . The Economist . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Harold L. ( 2010 ) . Entertainment Industry Economics : A Guide for Financial Analysis . Cambridge University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00309 - 5 . Most pictures would likely receive 20 % to 25 % of theatrical box office gross for two prime - time network runs . Jump up ^ Clark , Emma ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` How films make money '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Movies are n't the only B.O. monsters '' . Variety . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' Earns Record Box Office '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Entertainment Glut '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . February 15 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney : ' Cars ' Has Crossed $8 Billion in Global Retail Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn C. ; Keegan , Rebecca ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Merchandise sales drive Pixar 's ' Cars ' franchise '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ; Sakoui , Anousha ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` More Disney Fun and Games With ' Toy Story 4 ' in 2017 '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) -- International Box Office Results : Argentina '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` How Hollywood Box - Office Records Are Made '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Best Weekend Never '' . Slate . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , S. Eric ; Albertson , Stewart ; Shavlick , David ( March 2004 ) . How the motion picture industry miscalculates box office receipts . Proceedings of the Midwest Business Economics Association . Loma Linda University . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon . `` ' Avatar ' Claims Highest Gross of All Time '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( January 30 , 2010 ) . `` What It Takes for a Movie to Be No. 1 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolesnikov - Jessop , Sonia ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Hollywood Presses Its Global Agenda '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoad , Phil ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` The rise of the international box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Why the Foreign Box Office Leads : ' Fast Five , ' ' Thor ' Open Overseas First '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Box - Office Records Are the Stuff of ' Legend ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhardt , David ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Why ' Avatar ' Is Not the Top - Grossing Film '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shone , Tom ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Oscars 2010 : How James Cameron took on the world '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hill , George F. ( June 25 , 2006 ) . `` Gone With The Wind , Indeed '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Economist online ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Pottering on , and on '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records . 60 ( 2015 ed . ) . 2014 . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 9781908843708 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2011 ) . Гиннесс . Мировые рекорды ( Guinness World Records ) ( in Russian ) . Translated by Andrianov , P.I. ; Palova , I.V. ( 2012 ed . ) . Moscow : Astrel . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 271 - 36423 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 3D ( 2012 ) -- International Box Office results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . North America : $57,884,114 ; Overseas : $285,666,656 ^ Jump up to : Cones , John W. ( 1997 ) . The feature film distribution deal : a critical analysis of the single most important film industry agreement . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2082 - 0 . Distributor rentals : It is also important to know and recognize the difference between the distributor 's gross receipts and the gross rentals . The term `` rentals '' refers to the aggregate amount of the film distributor 's share of monies paid at theatre box offices computed on the basis of negotiated agreements between the distributor and the exhibitor . Note that gross receipts refers to amounts actually received and from all markets and media , whereas gross rentals refers to amounts earned from theatrical exhibition only , regardless of whether received by the distributor . Thus , gross receipts is the much broader term and includes distributor rentals . The issue of film rentals ( i.e. , what percentage of a film 's box office gross comes back to the distributor ) is of key importance ... More current numbers suggest that distributor rentals for the major studio / distributor released films average in the neighborhood of 43 % of box office gross . Again , however , such an average is based on widely divergent distributor rental ratios on individual films . Jump up ^ Marich , Robert ( 2009 ) ( 1st . pub . Focal Press : 2005 ) . Marketing to moviegoers : a handbook of strategies used by major studios and independents ( 2 ed . ) . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 252 . ISBN 9780809328840 . Rentals are the distributors ' share of the box office gross and typically set by a complex , two - part contract . Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 2005 ) . The American film industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 09874 - 2 . Film Rentals as Percent of Volume of Business ( 1939 ) : 36.4 Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 1987 ) . United Artists : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11440 - 4 . To rekindle interest in the movies , Hollywood not only had to compete with television but also with other leisure - time activities ... Movies made a comeback by 1955 , but audiences had changed . Moviegoing became a special event for most people , creating the phenomenon of the big picture . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . `` Later epics proved far more disastrous for the backers . Samuel Bronston 's The Fall of the Roman Empire , filmed in Spain , cost $17,816,876 and grossed only $1.9 million in America . George Stevens 's long - gestating life of Christ , The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) , which had been in planning since 1954 and in production since 1962 , earned domestic rentals of $6,962,715 on a $21,481,745 negative cost , the largest amount yet spent on a production made entirely within the United States . The Bible -- in the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's latest ' Alien ' announcement drives Hollywood 's sequel problem '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Index By Year '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` All - Time Box - Office Hits By Decade and Year '' . Filmsite.org . American Movie Classics . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , p. 358 Jump up ^ Milwaukee Magazine . 32 . 2007 . The year 's top -- grossing movie , Aloma made $3 million in the first three months and brought Gray back to Milwaukee for its opening at the Wisconsin Theatre . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Parkinson , David ( 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film Musicals . Dorling Kindersley . p. 28 . ISBN 9781843536505 . But they had previously succeeded in showing how musicals could centre on ordinary people with Sunny Side Up ( 1929 ) , which had grossed $2 million at the box office and demonstrated a new maturity and ingenuity in the staging of story and dance . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 6 -- 7 . `` For similar reasons of accountability , Variety has typically used figures for domestic ( U.S. and Canadian ) rather than worldwide revenue . This became its standard policy in 1940 , when the advent of war in Europe persuaded the American film industry ( temporarily , as it turned out ) that it should be wholly reliant on the home market for profitability . Where specific rentals data are reported in Variety before this ( which tended to be only sporadically ) they were often for worldwide rather domestic performance . This was also the case with other trade sources , such as Quigley 's annual Motion Picture Almanac , which published its own all - time hits lists from the early 1930s onward . The subsequent confusion of domestic and worldwide figures , and of rental and box - office figures , has plagued many published accounts of Hollywood history ( sometimes including those in Variety itself ) , and we have attempted to be diligant in clarifying the differences between them . '' Jump up ^ Shearer , Lloyd ( October 26 , 1947 ) . `` GWTW : Supercolossal Saga of an Epic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : The Big Grossers '' . Time . February 2 , 1953 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 129 . `` Domestic Rentals : $30,015,000 ( 61 % ) ; Foreign Rentals : $18,964,000 ( 39 % ) ... Gone with the Wind includes initial release plus four rereleases ( 1941 , 1942 , 1947 and 1954 ) since foreign rental revenues were available only cumulative through 1956 . '' Jump up ^ McDermott , Christine ( 2010 ) , Life with Father , p. 307 , No matter what the billing , the movie became a worldwide hit with $6.5 million in worldwide rentals , from Pappa och vi in Sweden to Vita col padre in Italy , although it booked a net loss of $350,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 145 . `` The commercial success of the five Cinerama travelogues , which earned an aggregate worldwide box - office gross of $120 million by 1962 ( including $82 million in the United States and Canada ) , nevertheless demonstrated to the mainstream industry the market value of special screen formats . '' ^ Jump up to : Dirks , Tim . `` Top Films of All - Time : Part 1 -- Box - Office Blockbusters '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Pan ' flies again '' . Daily Record . Ellensburg , Washington . United Press International . July 21 , 1989 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 47 . `` Walt Disney took a big risk when he decided to invest $1.5 million in his first feature - length animated film , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . It became the biggest hit of the sound era and the largest - grossing movie since The Birth of a Nation -- until the release of independent producer David O. Selznick 's Gone with the Wind just two years later . '' Jump up ^ Barrios , Richard ( 1995 ) . A Song in the Dark : The Birth of the Musical Film . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195088113 . Since it 's rarely seen today , The Singing Fool is frequently confused with The Jazz Singer ; although besides Jolson and a pervasively maudlin air the two have little in common . In the earlier film Jolson was inordinately attached to his mother and sang `` Mammy '' ; here the fixation was on his young son , and `` Sonny Boy '' became an enormous hit . So did the film , which amassed a stunning world - wide gross of $5.9 million ... Some sources give it as the highest gross of any film in its initial release prior to Gone with the Wind . This is probably overstating it -- MGM 's records show that Ben - Hur and The Big Parade grossed more , and no one knows just how much The Birth of a Nation brought in . Still , by the standards of the time it 's an amazing amount . Jump up ^ Everson , William K. ( 1998 ) ( First published 1978 ) . American silent film . Da Capo Press . p. 374 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80876 - 0 . Putting The Birth of a Nation in fifth place is open to question , since it is generally conceded to be the top - grossing film of all time . However , it has always been difficult to obtain reliable box - office figures for this film , and it may have been even more difficult in the mid-1930's . After listing it until the mid-1970's as the top - grosser , though finding it impossible to quote exact figures , Variety , the trade journal , suddenly repudiated the claim but without giving specific details or reasons . On the basis of the number of paid admissions , and continuous exhibition , its number one position seems justified . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . '' ^ Jump up to : du Brow , Rick ( September 22 , 1965 ) . `` Documentary On The Klan Made Quite An Impact On Du Brow '' . The Columbus Dispatch . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Will ( April 12 , 2004 ) . `` Culture quake : The Birth of a Nation '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( January 18 , 1963 ) . `` ' West Side Story ' Earned $19 Million Last Year '' . Reading Eagle . Associated Press . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Klopsch , Louis ; Sandison , George Henry ; Talmage , Thomas De Witt ( 1965 ) . `` Christian Herald '' . 88 : 68 . Yet `` The Ten Commandments '' has earned 58 million dollars in film rentals and is expected to bring in 10 to 15 million each year it is reissued . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 160 -- 161 . `` General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' Jump up ^ Oviatt , Ray ( April 16 , 1961 ) . `` The Memory Is n't Gone With The Wind '' . Toledo Blade . p. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ `` Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ( initial release ) '' Jump up ^ Washington ( AP ) ( September 13 , 1984 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' star against pornography '' . The Free Lance -- Star . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael ( February 24 , 2005 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Numbers Just Do n't Add Up '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Memphis ( UPI ) ( May 1 , 1976 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Defendant Found Guilty of Conspiring '' . The Palm Beach Post . p . A2 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 11 , 2005 ) . `` Inside Deep Throat '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bartel , Pauline ( 1989 ) . The Complete Gone with the Wind Trivia Book : The Movie and More . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 619 - 7 . At the end of the 1941 general release , MGM decided to withdraw GWTW again . The prints were battered , but the studio believed one final fling for GWTW was possible . The film returned to movie theaters for the third time in the spring of 1942 and stayed in release until late 1943 ... When MGM finally pulled the film from exhibition , all worn - out prints were destroyed , and GWTW was at last declared out of circulation . MGM , which by then had sole ownership of the film , announced that GWTW had grossed over $32 million . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 1997 ) . City of Dreams : The Making and Remaking of Universal Pictures . University Press of Kentucky . p. 168 . ISBN 9780813120164 . Jaws ( 1975 ) saved the day , grossing $104 million domestically and $132 million worldwide by January 1976 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ New York ( AP ) ( May 26 , 1978 ) . `` Scariness of Jaws 2 unknown quantity '' . The StarPhoenix . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Fenner , Pat C. ( January 16 , 1978 ) . `` Independent Action '' . Evening Independent . p. 11 - A . Jump up ^ Cook , David A. ( 2002 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 . Volume 9 of History of the American Cinema , Charles Harpole . University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520232655 . The industry was stunned when Star Wars earned nearly $3 million in its first week and by the end of August had grossed $100 million ; it played continuously throughout 1977 -- 1978 , and was officially re-released in 1978 and 1979 , by the end of which it had earned $262 million in rentals worldwide to become the top - grossing film of all time -- a position it would maintain until surpassed by Universal 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial in January 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic sinks competitors without a trace '' . BBC News . BBC . February 25 , 1998 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` He Doth Surpass Himself : ' Avatar ' Outperforms ' Titanic ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' breaks ' Titanic ' worldwide record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for James Bond Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Wars Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` Bayonne Bleeder Throws a Punch at the Italian Stallion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Stallone Settles With The ' Real ' Rocky '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poller , Kenneth G. ( November 12 , 2003 ) . `` Charles Wepner v. Sylvester Stallone '' ( PDF ) . Mango & Iacoviello . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prior to the release of Skyfall in 2012 , the James Bond series had grossed approximately $12.5 billion at 2011 prices ; after factoring in earnings of almost $2 billion from Skyfall and Spectre , the series has earned at least $14 billion adjusted for inflation . Jump up ^ Nash , Bruce ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Analysis : Harry Potter and the Big Pile of Money '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrod , Horatia ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pixar 's $6 billion playthings '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Swatman , Rachel ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens second trailer sets YouTube world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listings -- Exchange Rates '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory vs. Finding Nemo '' ( North American `` domestic '' grosses adjusted to 2016 prices ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Box Office sources ^ Jump up to : Avatar Total : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $2,787,965,087 Total as of 2013 : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . $2,782,275,172 Special edition : `` Avatar ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $10,741,486 ; Overseas : $22,469,358 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Titanic Total : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . $2,187,425,379 Original release : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . $1,843,201,268 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Panther ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Frozen `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Worldwide -- $1,274,219,009 ( total as of August 8 , 2014 ; including Japanese gross up to August 3 , Spanish gross up to July 27 , UK gross up to June 8 , German gross up to March 30 , and omitting Nigerian gross ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Japan '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 3 , 2014 : $247,650,477 Total as of August 31 , 2014 : $249,036,646 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Nigeria '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 17 , 2014 : $167,333 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Spain '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Total as of July 27 , 2014 : $21,668,593 Total as of November 2 , 2014 : $22,492,845 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : United Kingdom '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of June 8 , 2014 : £ 39,090,985 Total as of November 30 , 2014 : £ 40,960,083 ( $1 = £ 0.63866 ) Total as of December 7 , 2014 : £ 41,087,765 ( $1 = £ 0.64136 ) Total as of December 14 , 2014 : £ 41,170,608 ( $1 = £ 0.636 ) Total as of November 26 , 2017 : £ 42,840,559 ( $1 = £ 0.7497 ) Total as of December 3 , 2017 : £ 42,976,318 ( $1 = £ 0.742 ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Germany '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of March 30 , 2014 : € 35,098,170 Total as of October 18 , 2015 : € 42,526,744 nb . the exact euro to dollar conversion rate is unknown for earnings since April 2014 , but the euro never fell below parity with the dollar during 2014 and 2015 ( as can be verified by comparing the exchange rate on the individual date entries at the provided reference ) so an approximate conversion rate of € 1 : $1 is used here to give a lower - bound . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minions ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $1,119,929,521 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $818,580 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $307,481 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Skyfall ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : Age of Extinction '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jurassic Park Total : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Worldwide : $1,029,153,882 ; Production Budget : $63 million Original release : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . $914,691,118 2011 re-release : `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 756 -- 757 . `` Production Cost : $70.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Jurassic Park was a smash at the box office , bringing in $920 million in worldwide box office and spawning two sequels . '' ^ Jump up to : Krämer , Peter ( 1999 ) . `` Women First : Titanic , Action - Aventure Films , and Hollywood 's Female Audience '' . In Sandler , Kevin S. ; Studlar , Gaylyn . Titanic : Anatomy of a Blockbuster . Rutgers University Press . pp. 108 -- 131 . ISBN 9780813526690 . p. 130 : The list has Jurassic Park at number one with $913 million , followed by The Lion King ... Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Total : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . $1,027,044,677 Original release : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . $924,317,558 Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Dark Knight Total : `` The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Total : $1,004,558,444 Original release ( excluding 2009 IMAX reissue ) : `` The Dark Knight '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . North America : $531,039,412 ( as of January 22 , 2009 ) ; Overseas : $466,000,000 ; IMAX re-release : January 23 , 2009 2009 IMAX re-release : `` Warner Bros. Entertainment Wraps Record - Breaking Year '' . Warner Bros. January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . With worldwide receipts of $997 million , `` The Dark Knight '' is currently fourth on the all - time box office gross list , and the film is being re-released theatrically on January 23 . First - run gross and IMAX reissue : Gray , Brandon ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Billion Dollar Batman '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . The Dark Knight had been hovering just shy of $1 billion for several months and reportedly sat at $997 million when Warner Bros. modestly relaunched it on Jan. 23 , timed to take advantage of the announcement of the Academy Awards nominations on Jan. 22 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News ( February 19 , 2002 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Moves Into No. 2 Position '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lion King Total : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide : $968,483,777 ; Production Budget : $45 million Lifetime grosses ( US & Canada ) : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) -- Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Initial : $312,855,561 ; IMAX : $15,686,215 ; 3D : $94,242,001 Lifetime grosses ( outside US & Canada ) : Brevert , Brad ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' Lead Soft Memorial Day Weekend ; Disney Tops $4 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 ... the original release of The Lion King made $450.6 million internationally , an additional $3.8 million with the 2002 IMAX reissue , and another $91.3 million from 2011 's 3D reissue for an international total of $545.7 million . As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 764 . `` Production Cost : $79.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $926,047,111 Re-release ( 2003 ) : `` The Two Towers ( Re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $1,996,877 ; Overseas : $1,505,170 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $764,607 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $302,597 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shrek 2 ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Monaco , James ( 2009 ) . How to Read a Film : Movies , Media , and Beyond . Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199755790 . The Birth of a Nation , costing an unprecedented and , many believed , thoroughly foolhardy $110,000 , eventually returned $20 million and more . The actual figure is hard to calculate because the film was distributed on a `` states ' rights '' basis in which licenses to show the film were sold outright . The actual cash generated by The Birth of a Nation may have been as much as $50 million to $100 million , an almost inconceivable amount for such an early film . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ Lang , Robert , ed. ( 1994 ) . The Birth of a nation : D.W. Griffith , director . Rutgers University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2027 - 8 . The film eventually cost $110,000 and was twelve reels long . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 26 . Intolerance : `` Domestic Rentals : $1.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $0.5 ; Production Cost : $0.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , Intolerance , p. 45 , Intolerance was the most expensive American film made up until that point , costing a total of $489,653 , and its performance at the box ... but it did recoup its cost and end with respectable overall numbers . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Coons , Robin ( June 30 , 1939 ) . `` Hollywood Chatter '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Shipman , David ( 1970 ) . The great movie stars : the golden years . Crown Publishing Group . p. 98 . It was a low budgeter -- $120,000 -- but it grossed world - wide over $3 million and made stars of Chaney and his fellow - players , Betty Compson and Thomas Meighan . ^ Jump up to : `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2011 ) . The Fox Film Corporation , 1915 -- 1935 : A History and Filmography . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786462865 . Way Down East : p. 52 . `` D.W. Griffith 's Way Down East ( 1920 ) was projected to return rentals of $4,000,000 on an $800,000 negative . This figure was based on the amounts earned from its roadshow run , coupled with its playoff in the rest of the country 's theaters . Griffith had originally placed the potential film rental at $3,000,000 but , because of the success of the various roadshows that were running the $4,000,000 total was expected . The film showed a profit of $615,736 after just 23 weeks of release on a gross of $2,179,613 . '' What Price Glory ? : p. 112 . `` What Price Glory hit the jackpot with massive world rentals of $2,429,000 , the highest figure in the history of the company . Since it was also the most expensive production of the year at $817,000 the profit was still a healthy $796,000 ... '' Cavalcade : p. 170 . `` The actual cost of Cavalcade was $1,116,000 and it was most definitely not guaranteed a success . In fact , if its foreign grosses followed the usual 40 percent of domestic returns , the film would have lost money . In a turnaround , the foreign gross was almost double the $1,000,000 domestic take to reach total world rentals of $3,000,000 and Fox 's largest profit of the year at $664,000 . '' State Fair : p. 170 . `` State Fair did turn out to be a substantial hit with the help of Janet Gaynor boosting Will Rogers back to the level of money - making star . Its prestige engagements helped raked in a total $1,208,000 in domestic rentals . Surprisingly , in foreign countries unfamiliar with state fairs , it still earned a respectable $429,000 . With its total rentals , the film ended up showing a $398,000 profit . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 53 . `` The Four Forsemen of the Apocalypse was to become Metro 's most expensive production and one of the decade 's biggest box - office hits . Its production costs have been estimated at `` something between $600,000 and $800,000 . '' Variety estimated its worldwide gross at $4 million in 1925 and at $5 million in 1944 ; in 1991 , it estimated its cumulative domestic rentals at $3,800,000 . '' Jump up ^ Brownlow , Kevin ( 1968 ) . The parade 's gone by ... University of California Press . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03068 - 8 . The negative cost was about $986,000 , which did not include Fairbanks ' own salary . Once the exploitation and release prints were taken into account , Robin Hood cost about $1,400,000 -- exceeding both Intolerance ( $700,000 ) and the celebrated `` million dollar movie '' Foolish Wives . But it earned $2,500,000 . Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . Douglas Fairbanks . University of California Press . p. 146 . ISBN 9780520256675 . The film had a production cost of $930,042.78 -- more than the cost of D.W. Griffith 's Intolerance and nearly as much as Erich von Stroheim 's Foolish Wives ( 1922 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Business : Film Exports '' . Time . July 6 , 1925 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Birchard , Robert S. ( 2009 ) . Cecil B. DeMille 's Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813138299 . ch. 45 . The Ten Commandments ( 1923 ) . `` Cost : $1,475,836.93 ; Gross : $4,169,798.38 '' ch. 56 . The Sign of the Cross . `` Cost : $694,064.67 ; Gross : $2,738,993.35 ( to 1937 ) '' ch. 68 . Samson and Delilah . `` Cost : $3,097,563.05 '' ch. 69 . The Greatest Show on Earth . `` Cost : $3,873,946.50 ; Gross receipts : $15,797,396.36 ( to December 29 , 1962 ) '' ch. 70 . The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) . `` Cost : $13,272,381.87 ; Gross receipts : $90,066,230.00 ( to June 23 , 1979 ) '' Jump up ^ May , Richard P. ( Fall 2005 ) , `` Restoring The Big Parade '' , The Moving Image , 5 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 146 , doi : 10.1353 / mov. 2005.0033 , ISSN 1532 - 3978 , ... earning somewhere between $18 and $22 million , depending on the figures consulted Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick ( 1991 ) . Guinness Book of Movie Facts and Feats ( 4 ed . ) . Abbeville Publishing Group . p. 30 . ISBN 9781558592360 . The top grossing silent film was King Vidor 's The Big Parade ( US 25 ) , with worldwide rentals of $22 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . `` Even then , at a time when the budget for a feature averaged at around $300,000 , no more than $382,000 was spent on production ... According to the Eddie Mannix Ledger at MGM , it grossed $4,990,000 domestically and $1,141,000 abroad . '' Jump up ^ `` Ben - Hur ( 1925 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . ( At a negative cost of $3,967,000 , it was also the most expensive . ) '' Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` For Heaven 's Sake ( 1926 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` At a cost of $2 million Wings was the studio 's most expensive movie of the decade , and though it did well it was not good enough to earn a profit . '' ^ Jump up to : The Jazz Singer and The Singing Fool Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , The Jazz Singer , p. 113 , The film brought in $2.6 million in worldwide rentals and made a net profit of $1,196,750 . Jolson 's follow - up Warner Bros. film , The Singing Fool ( 1928 ) , brought in over two times as much , with $5.9 in worldwide rentals and a profit of $3,649,000 , making them two of the most profitable films in the 1920s . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Crafton , Donald ( 1999 ) . The Talkies : American Cinema 's Transition to Sound , 1926 -- 1931 . University of California Press . pp. 549 -- 552 . ISBN 9780520221284 . The Singing Fool : Negative Cost ( $1000 s ) : 388 Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , The Broadway Melody , p. 121 , It earned $4.4 million in worldwide rentals and was the first movie to spawn sequels ( there were several until 1940 ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Edwin M. ( 2004 ) ( 1st . pub. 1996 ) . The First Hollywood Musicals : A Critical Filmography of 171 Features , 1927 Through 1932 . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786420292 . The Singing Fool : p. 12 . `` Ego aside , Jolson was at the top of his powers in The Singing Fool . The $150,000 Warner Bros. paid him to make it , and the $388,000 it took to produce the film , were drops in the hat next to the film 's world gross of $5.9 million . Its $3.8 - million gross in this country set a box - office record that would not be surpassed until Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . '' The Broadway Melody : p. 24 . `` The Broadway Melody with a negative cost of $379,000 , grossed $2.8 million in the United States , $4.8 million worldwide , and made a recorded profit of $1.6 million for MGM . '' Gold Diggers of Broadway : p. 58 . `` It grossed an impressive $2.5 million domestically and nearly $4 million worldwide . '' ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2002 ) ( First published 1988 ) . Twentieth Century - Fox : a corporate and financial history . Filmmakers series . 20 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780810842441 . Sunny Side Up : p. 10 . `` Sunny Side Up , a musical starring Janet Gaynor and Charles Farrell , showed domestic rentals of $3.5 million , a record for the company . '' Forever Amber : p. 66 . `` On the surface , with world rentals of $8 million , Forever Amber was considered a hit at distribution level . '' The French Connection p. 167 . `` The Planet of the Apes motion pictures were all moneymakers and Zanuck 's record would have immediately improved had he stayed through the release of The French Connection , which took in rentals of approximately $75 million worldwide . '' p. 256 . `` $3,300 , 00 '' . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 46 . `` Production Cost : $0.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Cormack , Mike ( 1993 ) . Ideology and Cinematography in Hollywood , 1930 -- 1939 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 28 . ISBN 9780312100674 . Although costing $1250000 -- a huge sum for any studio in 1929 -- the film was a financial success . Karl Thiede gives the domestic box - office at $1500000 , and the same figure for the foreign gross . ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 1996 ) . Grand Design : Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise , 1930 -- 1939 . Volume 5 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520203341 . Cavalcade : p. 182 . `` Produced by Winfield Sheehan at a cost of $1.25 million , Cavalcade won Academy Awards for best picture , director , art direction and grossed close to $4 million during its first release , much of which came from Great Britain and the Empire . '' Whoopee : p. 212 . `` Produced by Sam Goldwyn at a cost of $1 million , the picture was an adaptation of a smash musical comedy built around Eddie Cantor ... A personality - centered musical , Whoopee ! made little attempt to integrate the comedy routines , songs , and story . Nonetheless , Cantor 's feature - film debut grossed over $2.6 million worldwide and started a popular series that included Palmy Days ( 1931 ) , The Kid from Spain ( 1932 ) , and Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) . '' Jump up ^ Hell 's Angels Balio , Tino ( 1976 ) . United Artists : The Company Built by the Stars . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 110 . Hughes did not have the `` Midas touch '' the trade press so often attributed to him . Variety , for example , reported that Hell 's Angels cost $3.2 million to make , and by July , 1931 , eight months after its release , the production cost had nearly been paid off . Keats claimed the picture cost $4 million to make and that it earned twice that much within twenty years . The production cost estimate is probably correct . Hughes worked on the picture for over two years , shooting it first as a silent and then as a talkie . Lewis Milestone said that in between Hughes experimented with shooting it in color as well . But Variety 's earnings report must be the fabrication of a delirious publicity agent , and Keats ' the working of a myth maker . During the seven years it was in United Artists distribution , Hell 's Angels grossed $1.6 million in the domestic market , of which Hughes ' share was $1.2 million . Whatever the foreign gross was , it seems unlikely that it was great enough to earn a profit for the picture . Jump up ^ Feaster , Felicia . `` Frankenstein ( 1931 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 163 . `` It drew $1.4 million in worldwide rentals in its first run versus $1.2 million for Dracula , which had opened in February 1931 . '' Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2003 ) . Chaplin : genius of the cinema . Abrams Books . p. 208 . Chaplin 's negative cost for City Lights was $1,607,351 . The film eventually earned him a worldwide profit of $5 million ( $2 million domestically and $3 million in foreign distribution ) , an enormous sum of money for the time . Jump up ^ Ramsaye , Terry , ed. ( 1937 ) . `` The All - Time Best Sellers -- Motion Pictures '' . International Motion Picture Almanac 1937 -- 38 . New York : The Quigley Publishing Company : 942 -- 943 . Kid from Spain : $2,621,000 ( data supplied by Eddie Cantor ) ^ Jump up to : Sedgwick , John ( 2000 ) . Popular Filmgoing In 1930s Britain : A Choice of Pleasures . University of Exeter Press . pp. 146 -- 148 . ISBN 9780859896603 . Sources : Eddie Mannix Ledger , made available to the author by Mark Glancy ... Grand Hotel : Production Cost $000 s : 700 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 947 ; US box - office $000 s : 1,235 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,359 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,594 ; Profit $000 s : 947 . The Merry Widow : Production Cost $000 s : 1,605 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,116 ; US box - office $000 s : 861 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,747 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,608 ; Profit $000 s : - 113 . Viva Villa : Production Cost $000 s : 1,022 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 766 ; US box - office $000 s : 941 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 934 ; Total box - office $000 s : 1,875 ; Profit $000 s : 87 . Mutiny on the Bounty : Production Cost $000 s : 1,905 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,646 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,250 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,210 ; Total box - office $000 s : 4,460 ; Profit $000 s : 909 . San Francisco : Production Cost $000 s : 1,300 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,736 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,868 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,405 ; Total box - office $000 s : 5,273 ; Profit $000 s : 2,237 . Jump up ^ Shanghai Express Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 165 . `` Shanghai Express was Dietrich 's biggest hit in America , bringing in $1.5 million in worldwide rentals . '' Jump up ^ King Kong Jewel , Richard ( 1994 ) . `` RKO Film Grosses : 1931 -- 1951 '' . Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television . 14 ( 1 ) : 39 . 1933 release : $1,856,000 ; 1938 release : $306,000 ; 1944 release : $685,000 `` King Kong ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . 1952 release : $2,500,000 ; budget : $672,254.75 Jump up ^ `` I 'm No Angel ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . According to a modern source , it had a gross earning of $2,250,000 on the North American continent , with over a million more earned internationally . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` The studio released its most profitable pictures of the decade in 1933 , She Done Him Wrong and I 'm No Angel , written by and starring Mae West . Produced at a rock - bottom cost of $200,000 each , they undoubtedly helped Paramount through the worst patch in its history ... '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , She Done Him Wrong , p. 173 , The worldwide rentals of over $3 million keep the lights on at Paramount , which did not shy away from selling the movie 's sex appeal . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Kendall R. ( 2008 ) . Controversial Cinema : The Films That Outraged America . ABC - CLIO . p. 26 . ISBN 9781567207248 . The reaction to West 's first major film , however , was not exclusively negative . Made for a mere $200,000 , the film would rake in a healthy $2 million in the United States and an additional million in overseas markets . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 135 . `` Total production cost : $274,076 ( Unadjusted $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Turk , Edward Baron ( 2000 ) ( 1st . pub. 1998 ) . Hollywood Diva : A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520222533 . The Merry Widow : p. 361 Cost : $1,605,000 . Earnings : domestic $861,000 ; foreign $1,747,000 ; total $2,608,000 . Loss : $113,000 . San Francisco : p. 364 Cost : $1,300,000 . Earnings : domestic $2,868,000 ; foreign $2,405,000 ; total $5,273,000 . Profit : $2,237,000 . ( Reissues in 1938 -- 39 and 1948 -- 49 brought profits of $124,000 and $647,000 respectively . ) Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph ( 2011 ) . Frank Capra : The Catastrophe of Success . University Press of Mississippi . p. 309 . ISBN 9781604738384 . According to the studio 's books It Happened One Night brought in $1 million in film rentals during its initial release , but as Joe Walker pointed out , the figure would have been much larger if the film had not been sold to theaters on a block - booking basis in a package with more than two dozen lesser Columbia films , and the total rentals of the package spread among them all , as was customary in that era , since it minimized the risk and allowed the major studios to dominate the marketplace . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 2008 ) . Claudette Colbert : She Walked in Beauty . University Press of Mississippi . p. 79 . ISBN 9781604730876 . Although Columbia 's president , Harry Cohn , had strong reservations about It Happened One Night , he also knew that it would not bankrupt the studio ; the rights were only $5,000 , and the budget was set at $325,000 , including the performers ' salaries . Jump up ^ Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Monaco , Paul ( 2010 ) . A History of American Movies : A Film - By - Film Look at the Art , Craft , and Business of Cinema . Scarecrow Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780810874343 . Considered a highly risky gamble when the movie was in production in the mid-1930s , by the fiftieth anniversary of its 1937 premiere Snow White 's earnings exceeded $330 million . Wilhelm , Henry Gilmer ; Brower , Carol ( 1993 ) . The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs : Traditional and Digital Color Prints , Color Negatives , Slides , and Motion Pictures . Preservation Pub . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0911515008 . In only 2 months after the 1987 re-release , the film grossed another $45 million -- giving it a total gross to date of about $375 million ! `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1987 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $46,594,719 `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1993 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $41,634,791 ^ Jump up to : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio Block & Wilson 2010 p. 207 . `` When the budget rose from $250,000 to $1,488,423 he even mortgaged his own home and automobile . Disney had bet more than his company on the success of Snow White . '' p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . p. 255 . `` On its initial release Pinocchio brought in only $1.6 million in domestic rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.2 million ) and $1.9 million in foreign rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.3 million ) . '' Jump up ^ 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You : `` You Ca n't Take It With You Premieres '' . Focus Features . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . You Ca n't Take It With You received excellent reviews , won Best Picture and Best Director at the 1938 Academy Awards , and earned over $5 million worldwide . Boys Town : Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Boys Town , p. 215 , The film quickly became a smash nationwide , making a profit of over $2 million on worldwide rentals of $4 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . The Adventures of Robin Hood : Glancy , H. Mark ( 1995 ) . `` Warner Bros Film Grosses , 1921 -- 51 : the William Schaefer ledger '' . Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television . 1 ( 15 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 01439689500260031 . $3.981 million . Alexander 's Ragtime Band : Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Alexander 's Ragtime Band , p. 213 , Once the confusion cleared , however , the film blossomed into a commercial success , with a profit of $978,000 on worldwide rentals of $3.6 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Chartier , Roy ( September 6 , 1938 ) . `` You Ca n't Take It With You '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 283 . `` The final negative cost of Gone with the Wind ( GWTW ) has been variously reported between $3.9 million and $4.25 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Pinocchio ( 1940 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 266 . ISBN 9780199839223 . The film 's negative cost was $2.6 million , more than $1 million higher than Snow White 's . Jump up ^ Schatz , Thomas ( 1999 ) ( 1st . pub. 1997 ) . Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s . Volume 6 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . p. 466 . ISBN 9780520221307 . Boom Town ( $4.6 million ) . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 258 -- 259 . `` Production Cost : $2.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Boom Town was the biggest moneymaker of 1940 and one of the top films of the decade . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 267 . `` With worldwide rentals of $7.8 million in its initial release , the movie made a net profit of over $3 million . '' Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 301 . `` The studio did particularly well with its war - related pictures , such as Sergeant York ( 1941 ) , which cost $1.6 million but was the studio 's biggest hit of the decade aside from This is the Army ( 1943 ) , the Irving Berlin musical for which the profits were donated to the Army Emergency Relief fund . '' Jump up ^ `` Bambi '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 281 . `` Worldwide rentals of $3,449,353 barely recouped the film 's nearly $2 million production cost . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Bambi : `` Worldwide Box Office : $266.8 ; Production Cost : $1.7 ( Millions of $ s ) '' 101 Dalmatians : `` Worldwide Box Office : $215.0 ; Production Cost : $3.6 ( Millions of $ s ) '' The Jungle Book : `` Worldwide Box Office : $170.8 '' ; Production Cost : $3.9 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Aladdin : `` Worldwide Box Office : $505.1 '' ; Production Cost : $28.0 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Glancy , Mark ( 1999 ) . When Hollywood Loved Britain : The Hollywood ' British ' Film 1939 -- 1945 . Manchester University Press . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 9780719048531 . Mrs Miniver was a phenomenon . It was the most popular film of the year ( from any studio ) in both North America and Britain , and its foreign earnings were three times higher than those of any other MGM film released in the 1941 -- 42 season . The production cost ( $1,344,000 ) was one of the highest of the season , indicating the studio never thought of the film as a potential loss - maker . When the film earned a worldwide gross of $8,878,000 , MGM had the highest profit ( $4,831,000 ) in its history . Random Harvest nearly matched the success of Mrs Miniver with worldwide earnings of $8,147,000 yielding the second - highest profit in MGM 's history ( $4,384,000 ) . Random Harvest was also the most popular film of the year in Britain , where it proved to be even more popular than Britain 's most acclaimed war film , In Which We Serve . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 Mrs. Miniver : Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mrs. Miniver , p. 279 , Mrs. Miniver 's galvanizing effect on Americans spawned a record - breaking ten - week run at Radio City Music Hall and garnered a $5.4 million take in domestic rentals ( making Mrs. Miniver 1942 's top grosser ) , with a $4.8 million profit on worldwide rentals of $8.9 million . Yankee Doodle Dandy : p. 275 . `` It became the second biggest box - office hit of 1942 ( after Mrs. Miniver ) and was praised by critics , making a profit of $3.4 million on worldwide rentals of $6.5 million . '' Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , For Whom the Bell Tolls , p. 287 , Despite the early furor over the novel being `` pro-red and immoral , '' the film opened to strong and favorable reviews and brought in $11 million in worldwide rentals in its initial release . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Guy Named Joe ( 1944 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . According to M-G-M studio records at the AMPAS Library , the film had a negative cost of $2,627,000 and took in $5,363,000 at the box office . When the picture was re-issued for the 1955 -- 56 season , it took in an additional $150,000 . Jump up ^ Bergreen , Laurence ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Irving Berlin : This Is the Army '' . Prologue. 28 ( 2 ) . Part 3 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the Army ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 356 -- 363 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` ( Unadjusted $ s ) in Millions of $ s -- Production Cost : $1.0 '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 232 . Mrs. Miniver : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,358,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $3,520,000 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Meet Me in St. Louis : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,016,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,623,630 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Easter Parade : `` Domestic Rentals : $4,144,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,774,134 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Schaefer , Eric ( 1999 ) . `` Bold ! Daring ! Shocking ! True ! '' : A History of Exploitation Films , 1919 -- 1959 . Duke University Press . pp. 197 -- 199 . ISBN 9780822323747 . Leading the pack of postwar sex hygiene films was Mom and Dad ( 1944 ) , which would become not only the most successful sex hygiene film in history but the biggest pre-1960 exploitation film of any kind . At the end of 1947 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Mom and Dad had grossed $2 million . By 1949 Time had estimated that Mom and Dad had taken in $8 million from twenty million moviegoers . And publicity issuing from Mom and Dad 's production company indicated that by the end of 1956 it had grossed over $80 million worldwide . Net rentals of around $22 million by 1956 would easily place it in the top ten films of the late 1940s and early 1950s had it appeared on conventional lists . Some estimates have placed its total gross over the years at up to $100 million , and it was still playing drive - in dates into 1975 ... The film was made for around $65,000 with a crew of Hollywood veterans including director William `` One Shot '' Beaudine , cinematographer Marcel LePicard , and a cast that sported old stalwarts Hardie Albright , Francis Ford , and John Hamilton . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 296 . `` Production Cost : $1.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Wasson , Sam ( 2010 ) , The Bells of St. Mary 's , p. 297 , This was that rare sequel that did even better at the box office than the original , bringing in a $3.7 million profit on $11.2 million in worldwide rentals . Jump up ^ `` Song of the South '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal ( 2007 ) . Walt Disney : the biography . Aurum Press . pp. 438 . Still , the film wound up grossing $3.3 million ... Jump up ^ `` Song of the South ( 1946 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 p. 132. `` Best Years was considerably cheaper , costing only $2.1 million , and therefore vastly more profitable . '' p. 286 ( note 6.70 ) . `` Worldwide rentals for The Best Years of Our Lives amounted to $14,750,000 . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Best years of Our Lives , p. 301 , The film made a $5 million profit on worldwide rentals of $14.8 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 285 ( note 6.56 ) . `` The cost of Duel in the Sun has been reported as both $5,255,000 ( Haver , David O'Selznick's Hollywood , 361 ) and $6,480,000 ( Thomson , Showman : The Life of David O'Selznick , 472 ) ; the latter figure may include distribution expenses . Forever Amber cost $6,375,000 ( Solomon , Twentieth Century - Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , 243 ) . '' Jump up ^ Chopra - Gant , Mike ( 2006 ) . Hollywood Genres and Post-war America : Masculinity , Family and Nation in Popular Movies and Film Noir . I.B. Tauris . p. 18 . ISBN 9781850438151 . Forever Amber : $8 million ; Unconquered : $7.5 million ; Life with Father : $6.25 million Jump up ^ `` Unconquered ( 1947 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` Easter Parade ( 1948 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Street , Sarah ( 2002 ) . Transatlantic Crossings : British Feature Films in the United States . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9780826413956 . Although both films had higher than average budgets ( The Red Shoes cost £ 505,581 and Hamlet cost £ 572,530 , while the average cost of the other thirty films for which Rank supplied information was £ 233,000 ) , they resulted in high takings at home and abroad . Jump up ^ Officer , Lawrence H. ( 2011 ) . `` Dollar - Pound Exchange Rate From 1791 '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . 1947 -- 1948 : $4.03 ( per British pound ) Jump up ^ `` The Snake Pit '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Snake Pit ' Seen No Problem After All '' . Variety . January 19 , 1949 . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 136 -- 139 Samson and Delilah : `` ... the film became the highest grosser in the studio 's history to date , with domestic rentals of $7,976,730 by 1955 and a further $6,232,520 overseas ... For all their spectacle , Samson and David were quite economically produced , costing $3,097,563 and $2,170,000 respectively . '' Quo Vadis : `` Production costs totaled a record $7,623,000 ... Worldwide rentals totaled $21,037,000 , almost half of which came from the foreign market . '' Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( 1950 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Michael D. ; Schwartz , Tony ( 2009 ) . Work in Progress . Pennsylvania State University . p. 178 . ISBN 9780786885077 . Cinderella revived its fortunes . Re-released in February 1950 , it cost nearly $3 million to make but earned more than $20 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . p. 401 . ISBN 9780195167290 . It cost around $2.2 million , little more than each of the two package features , Melody Time and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( as Tluo Fabulous Characters had ultimately been named ) , that just preceded it , but its gross rentals -- an amount shared by Disney and RKO -- were $7.8 million , almost twice as much as the two package features combined . Jump up ^ The E.J. Mannix ledger . Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences : Howard Strickling Collection . 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Lev , Peter ( 2006 ) . Transforming the Screen , 1950 -- 1959 . Volume 7 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520249660 . Quo Vadis : p. 15 . `` MGM 's most expensive film of the period , Quo Vadis ( 1951 ) also did extremely well . The cost was $7,623,000 , earnings were an estimated $21.2 million ( with foreign earnings almost 50 percent of this total ) , and profit was estimated at $5,562,000 . '' Rear Window : pp. 203 -- 204 . `` Rear Window ( 1954 ) was an excellent commercial success , with a cost of $1 million and North American rentals of $5.3 million . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 335 . The Robe : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.7 ; Foreign Rentals : $9.4 ; Production Cost : $4.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Quo Vadis : `` Domestic Rentals : $11.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Zone , Ray ( 2012 ) . 3 - D Revolution : The History of Modern Stereoscopic Cinema . University Press of Kentucky . p. 71 . ISBN 9780813136110 . Produced at a cost of $1 million , This is Cinerama ran 122 weeks , earning $4.7 million in its initial New York run alone and eventually grossed over $32 million . It was obvious to Hollywood that the public was ready for a new form of motion picture entertainment . The first five Cinerama feature - length travelogues , though they only played in twenty - two theaters , pulled in a combined gross of $82 million . Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Greatest Show on Earth , pp. 354 -- 355 , By May 1953 , Variety was reporting that the Best Picture winner had amassed $18.35 million in worldwide rentals . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan ( 1953 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 147 -- 148 . `` To take full advantage of CinemaScope 's panoramic possibilities , shooting was delayed for the sets to be redesigned and rebuilt , adding $500,000 to the eventual $4.1 million budget ... It ultimately returned domestic rentals of $17.5 million and $25 million worldwide , placing it second only to Gone with the Wind in Variety 's annually updated chart . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 367 . `` It brought in $16.7 million in domestic rentals , $9.4 million in foreign rentals , and made a net profit of $8.1 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Rear Window '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Christmas '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` Domestic Box Office : $19.6 million ; Production Cost : $3.8 million . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 149 . `` VistaVision was first used for the musical White Christmas ( 1954 ) , which Variety named the top grosser of its year with anticipated domestic rentals of $12 million . '' Jump up ^ `` 20000 Leagues Under The Sea '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , John M. `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea ( 1954 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 320 . `` It was up and running in time to handle Disney 's most elaborate expensive feature , 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , based on the book by Jules Verne , starring James Mason and Kirk Douglas and directed by Richard Fleischer at a cost of $4.5 million . '' ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` Disney Animated Features at the Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . The Jungle Book $378 million ; Lady and the Tramp $187 million Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minego , Pete ( May 21 , 1956 ) . `` Pete 's Pungent Patter '' . Portsmouth Daily Times . Portsmouth , Ohio . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cinerama Holiday ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 382 . `` Production Cost : $2.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mister Roberts , p. 383 , Mister Roberts sailed onto movie screens buoyed by enthusiastic reviews and receptive audiences . For pr , Fonda , Cagney , and lemmon reenacted several scenes on ed sullivan 's popular Toast of the Town television variety show . It returned a net profit of $4.5 million on worldwide rentals of $9.9 million , putting it in the top 5 domestic films of 1955 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 327 . `` Production cost : $13.3 million ; Domestic Film Rental : $31.3 ; Foreign Film Rental : $23.9 ; Worldwide Box office ( estimated ) : $122.7 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 159 -- 161 The Ten Commandments : `` No film did more to entrench roadshow policy than The Ten Commandments . While the success of This Is Cinerama , The Robe , and even Eighty Days could be attributed , at least in part , to their respective photographic and projection formats , that of DeMille 's film ( which cost a record $13,266,491 ) could not ... General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' The Bridge on the River Kwai : Columbia 's Anglo - American war film The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) opened on a roadshow basis in selected U.S. cities ( including New York , Chicago , Boston , and Los Angeles ) and in London . Costing only $2,840,000 to produce , it grossed $30.6 million worldwide on first release . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 153 . `` South Pacific also became for a time the most successful film ever released in the United Kingdom , where it earned a box - office gross three times its negative cost of $5,610,000 . Anticipated global rentals after three years were $30 million . '' Jump up ^ Ross , Steven J. ( 2011 ) . Hollywood Left and Right : How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics . Oxford University Press . pp. 278 -- 279 . ISBN 9780199911431 . Costing $15 million to produce , the film earned $47 million by the end of 1961 and $90 million worldwide by January 1989 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide box office : $146.9 million ; Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ; Production cost : $15.9 million . ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Reid , John Howard ( 2006 ) . America 's Best , Britain 's Finest : A Survey of Mixed Movies . Volume 14 of Hollywood classics . Lulu . p. 243 -- 245 . ISBN 9781411678774 . Negative cost : around $4 million ; Worldwide film rentals gross ( including 1968 American reissue ) to 1970 : $30 million . Jump up ^ Webster , Patrick ( 2010 ) . Love and Death in Kubrick : A Critical Study of the Films from Lolita Through Eyes Wide Shut . McFarland & Company . pp. 298 ( note 2.23 ) . ISBN 9780786459162 . Spartacus cost $12 million and grossed some $60 million at the box office , figures Kubrick rarely again matched . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . Spartacus : `` In the case of Spartacus , overseas earnings to 1969 amounted to $12,462,044 , while U.S. and Canadian rentals ( even including a million - dollar TV sale ) were only $10,643,181 . But the film failed to show a profit on production costs of $10,284,014 because of the distribution charges and expenses amounting to an additional $15,308,083 . '' The Bible : `` The Bible -- In the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` Psycho ( 1960 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1961 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred and One Dalmatians '' . Variety . December 31 , 1960 . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , West Side Story , p. 449 , With its three rereleases , it took in over $105 million in worldwide box office ( $720 million in 2005 dollars ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 434 . The Sound of Music : `` Domestic Rentals : $68.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $46.2 ; Production Cost : $8.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Dirty Dozen : `` Domestic Rentals : $20.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.2 ; Production Cost : $5.4 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' 2001 : A Space Odyssey : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $5.5 ; Production Cost : $10.3 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $22.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $18.2 ; Production Cost : $44.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' West Side Story : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Longest Day : `` Domestic Rentals : $13.9 ; Foreign Rentals : $19.3 ; Production Cost : $8.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` Domestic Rentals : $29.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $7.9 ; Production Cost : $6.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Lawrence of Arabia 1962 release : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Worldwide Box Office : $69,995,385 ; International Box Office : $32,500,000 US total ( including reissues ) : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $44,824,852 ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 165 -- 166 Lawrence of Arabia : Columbia released the $13.8 million Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , filmed in Super Panavision 70 , exclusively on a hard - ticket basis , but opened Barabbas ( 1962 ) , The Cardinal ( 1963 ) , and the $12 million Joseph Conrad adaptation Lord Jim ( 1965 ) as 70mm roadshows in selected territories only . '' The Longest Day : `` Darryl 's most ambitious independent production was The Longest Day ( 1962 ) , a three - hour reconstruction of D - Day filmed in black - and - white CinemaScope at a cost of $8 million . It grossed over $30 million worldwide as a roadshow followed by general release , thereby helping the studio regain stability during its period of reorganization . '' Cleopatra : `` With top tickets set at an all - time high of $5.50 , Cleopatra had amassed as much as $20 million in such guarantees from exhibitors even before its premiere . Fox claimed the film had cost in total $44 million , of which $31,115,000 represented the direct negative cost and the rest distribution , print and advertising expenses . ( These figures excluded the more than $5 million spent on the production 's abortive British shoot in 1960 -- 61 , prior to its relocation to Italy . ) By 1966 worldwide rentals had reached $38,042,000 including $23.5 million from the United States . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 164 . `` West cost $14,483,000 ; although it earned $35 million worldwide in just under three years , with ultimate domestic rentals totaling $20,932,883 , high distribution costs severely limited its profitability . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 From Russia With Love : `` Worldwide Box Office : 78.9 ; Production Cost : 2.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Goldfinger : `` Worldwide Box Office : 124.9 ; Production Cost : 3.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Worldwide Box Office : 116 ; Production Cost : 7.2 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Moonraker : `` Worldwide Box Office : 210.3 ; Production Cost : 34.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' ^ Jump up to : Chapman , James ( 2007 ) . Licence to thrill : a cultural history of the James Bond films . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 515 - 9 . From Russia With Love : `` The American release of From Russia With Love again followed on some six months after it had been shown in Britain . North American rentals of $9.9 million were an improvement on its predecessor , helped by a slightly wider release , though they were still only half the $19.5 million of foreign rentals ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Diamonds Are Forever marked a return to the box - office heights of the Bond films of the mid-1960s . Its worldwide rentals were $45.7 million ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Moonraker : `` These figures were surpassed by Moonraker , which earned total worldwide rentals of $87.7 million , of which $33 million came from North America . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 2009 ) . United Artists , Volume 2 , 1951 -- 1978 : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 23014 - 2 . From Russia With Love : `` The picture grossed twice as much as Dr. No , both domestic and foreign -- $12.5 million worldwide ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Goldfinger : `` Produced on a budget of around $3 million , Goldfinger grossed a phenomenal $46 million worldwide the first time around . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 184 My Fair Lady : `` My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) cost Warners $17 million to make , including a record $5.5 million just for the film rights to the Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe stage show and a million - dollar fee for star Audrey Hepburn . By 1967 it was reported to have grossed $55 million from roadshowing worldwide . '' Mary Poppins : `` Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , which cost $5.2 million , was neither a stage adaptation nor a roadshow . But by the end of its first release , it had grossed nearly $50 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mary Poppins , p. 469 , In its initial run , Poppins garnered an astounding $44 million in worldwide rentals and became the company 's first Best Picture Oscar contender . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 188 . `` The negative cost of Warners ' adaptation of Edward Albee 's play Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) -- filmed in widescreen and black - and - white , largely set in domestic interiors and with a cast of only four principal actors -- amounted to $7,613,000 , in part because stars Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton received up - front fees of $1 million and $750,000 respectively , against 10 percent of the gross apiece . ( Their participation was presumably added to the budget ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Animals Portray Parts in Disney 's `` Robin Hood '' `` . Toledo Blade . October 18 , 1970 . Sec . G , p. 7 . `` The Jungle Book , '' in it 's ( sic ) initial world - wide release , has grossed $23.8 million to date ... Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book '' . Variety . December 31 , 1966 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . It was filmed at a declared cost of $4 million over a 42 - month period . ^ Jump up to : Denisoff , R. Serge ; Romanowski , William D. ( 1991 ) . Risky Business : Rock in Film . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9780887388439 . The Graduate : p. 167 . `` World net rental was estimated at more than $85 million by January 1971 . '' Grease : p. 236 . `` The film was produced for $6 million and Paramount reportedly spent another $3 million on promotion . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 191 -- 192 The Graduate : `` The Graduate eventually earned U.S. rentals of $44,090,729 on a production cost of $3.1 million to become the most lucrative non-roadshow picture ( and independent release ) to date . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` None of these films was roadshown in the United States ; most were set in contemporary America or had a contemporary `` take '' on the past ( the casting of genuine teenagers to play Romeo and Juliet , the urbane sophistication of the dialogue in Butch Cassidy , the antiauthoritarianism of Bonnie and Clyde and MASH ) ; most were produced on modest or medium - sized budgets ( as low as $450,000 for Easy Rider and no higher than $6,825,000 for Butch Cassidy ) ; and all grossed upward of $10 million domestically . '' Jump up ^ Palmer , R. Barton ( 2006 ) . `` 2001 : The Critical Reception and the Generation Gap '' . In Kolker , Robert Phillip . Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 : a Space Odyssey : New Essays . Oxford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780195174526 . With its initial and subsequent releases , domestic and worldwide , Kubrick 's arty , intellectual film earned nearly $138 million , which was , at that time , an astounding figure . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haber , Joyces ( March 27 , 1969 ) . `` ' Funny Girl ' a Box Office Winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 ... `` Funny Girl '' will gross an estimated $80 to $100 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Welles , Chris ( September 7 , 1970 ) . `` Behind the Silence at Columbia Pictures -- No Moguls , No Minions , Just Profits '' . New York . 3 ( 36 ) . New York Media . pp. 42 -- 47 . While Columbia , battling Ray Stark over every dollar , did Funny Girl for around $8.8 million , a million or so over budget , Fox spent nearly $24 million on Hello , Dolly ! , more than twice the initial budget , and the film will thus have to gross three times as much to break even . Jump up ^ Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid United States and Canada : `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $102,308,525 Outside North America : Vanity Fair . 2008 . p. 388 . Butch Cassidy went on to be a huge hit -- by the spring of 1970 it had taken in $46 million in North America and grossed another $50 million abroad . Jump up ^ `` ' Love Story ' II : Ryan Redux ? '' . New York . 9 . New York Media . 1976 . p. 389 . Bring those handkerchiefs out of retirement ... After all , the first movie made around $80 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Love Story , p. 545 , The final cost came in at $2,260,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( June 30 , 1979 ) . `` '' Airports '' Flourish `` . The Bryan Times . United Press International . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 541 . `` Screenwriter and director George Seaton was given a then - whopping production budget of $10 million to make what would be his last big movie after a long career as an actor in radio , a screenwriter , and a director . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 549 . `` Fiddler had the highest domestic box office of 1971 ( it was second in worldwide box office after Diamonds Are Forever ) , with more than $100 million in unadjusted worldwide box office on its initial release . The soundtrack album was also a huge seller . The 1979 rerelease was not as successful , with the $3.8 million print and ad costs almost as high as the $4.3 million in worldwide rentals . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 527 . Star Wars : `` Domestic Rentals : $127.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $141.5 ; Production Cost : $13.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Godfather : `` Domestic Rentals : $85.6 ; Foreign Rentals : $42.0 ; Production Cost : $7.2 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Fiddler on the Roof : `` Domestic Rentals : $34.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.1 ; Production Cost : $9.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Rocky : `` Domestic Rentals : $56.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $21.1 ; Production Cost : $1.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ The Godfather 1974 : Newsweek. 84 . 1974 . p. 74 . The original Godfather has grossed a mind - boggling $285 million ... 1991 : Von Gunden , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Postmodern auteurs : Coppola , Lucas , De Palma , Spielberg , and Scorsese . McFarland & Company . p. 36 . ISBN 9780899506180 . Since The Godfather had earned over $85 million in U.S. - Canada rentals ( the worldwide box - office gross was $285 million ) , a sequel , according to the usual formula , could be expected to earn approximately two - thirds of the original 's box - office take ( ultimately Godfather II had rentals of $30 million ) . 1997 re-release : `` The Godfather ( Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North America : $1,267,249 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 246 . `` Domestic Box Office : $135.0 ; Foreign Box Office : $110.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Total : `` The Godfather '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide Gross : $245,066,044 Jump up ^ Jacobs , Diane ( 1980 ) . Hollywood Renaissance . Dell Publishing . p. 115 . ISBN 9780440533825 . The Godfather catapulted Coppola to overnight celebrity , earning three Academy Awards and a then record - breaking $142 million in worldwide sales . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather ( 1972 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Exorcist '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Robert Henry ; Steinberg , Charles Side ( 1976 ) . The media environment : mass communications in American society . Hastings House . p. 76 . ISBN 9780803846814 ... further reflected by the phenomenal successes of The Sting , Chinatown and The Exorcist . The latter film , which cost about $10 million to produce , has grossed over $110 million worldwide . Jump up ^ New York , 8 , New York Media , 1975 , ... Jaws should outstrip another MCA hit , The Sting , which had world - wide revenues of $115 million . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 560 . `` Production Cost : $5.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 206 -- 208 . `` The most successful entry in the disaster cycle was the $15 million The Towering Inferno which earned over $48,650,000 in domestic rentals and about $40 million foreign . '' Jump up ^ Klady , Leonard ( 1998 ) . `` All - Time Top Film Rentals '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 7 , 1999 . Domestic rentals : $48,838,000 Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter . January 27 , 1976 . Foreign rentals : $43 million Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 568 . `` Production Cost : $14.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Brooks , Mel ( 2004 ) . `` My Movies : The Collisions of Art and Money '' . In Squire , Jason E. The movie business book ( 3 ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1937 - 2 . To their credit , Blazing saddles , opened wide in June to tremendous business around the country . It 's done over $80 million in rentals worldwide in 1974 dollars . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 564 . `` Production Cost : $2.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Jaws '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ Priggé , Steven ( 2004 ) . Movie Moguls Speak : Interviews With Top Film Producers . McFarland & Company . p. 8 . ISBN 9780786419296 . The budget for the first Jaws was $4 million and the picture wound up costing $9 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 214 . `` Rocky was the `` sleeper of the decade '' . Produced by UA and costing just under $1 million , it went on to earn a box - office gross of $117,235,247 in the United States and $225 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Rocky , p. 583 , The budget was $1,075,000 plus producer 's fees of $100,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wuntch , Philip ( July 19 , 1985 ) . `` Return of E.T. '' The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Its worldwide box - office gross was $619 million , toppling the record of $530 million set by Star Wars . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 218 . `` Eventually costing $11,293,151 , Star Wars was previewed at the Northpoint Theatre in San Francisco on May 1 , 1977 . '' Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hofler , Robert ( 2010 ) . Party Animals : A Hollywood Tale of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' N ' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr . ReadHowYouWant.com . p. 145 . ISBN 9781459600072 . Despite the fact that Grease was well on its way to becoming the highest - grossing movie musical in the world , and eventually grossed over $341 million ... ^ Jump up to : Kramer vs. Kramer United & Babson Investment Report . 72 . Babson - United , Inc. 1980 . p. 262 . Columbia Pictures Industries is continuing to rake in the box office dollars from its Oscar - winning Kramer vs. Kramer , which has topped $100 million in domestic grosses and $70 million overseas . Kramer , which cost less than $8 million to make , is now the second ... Prince , Stephen ( 2002 ) . A New Pot of Gold : Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow , 1980 -- 1989 . University of California Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23266 - 2 . Much of this was attributable to the performance of its hit film , Kramer vs. Kramer ( $94 million worldwide and the number two film in the domestic market ) . Jump up ^ `` Rocky II '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Greg ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` Rules of the Game '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 119 ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back Total up to 2014 : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $538,375,067 Special edition : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $67,597,694 ; Overseas : $57,214,766 2015 re-release : `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $9,593,937 ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 519 . The Empire Strikes Back : `` Production Cost : $32.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Return of the Jedi : `` Production Cost : $42.7 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Phantom Menace : `` Production Cost : $127.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Raiders of the Lost Ark `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Total : $389,925,971 ; North America : $212,222,025 ( original run ) ; Overseas : $141,766,000 Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 625 . Domestic Box office : $180.1 ; `` Production Cost : $22.8 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 609 . `` Steven Spielberg , by far the most successful director of the decade , had the highest - grossing movie with 1982 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial , which grossed over $664 million in worldwide box office on initial release . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 652 . `` Production Cost : $12.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi Total : `` Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $475,106,177 Special edition : `` Return of the Jedi ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $45,470,437 ; Overseas : $43,790,543 Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 664 . `` Production Cost : $28.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Back to the Future Original release : `` Back to the Future ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Worldwide : $381,109,762 ; Production Budget : $19 million 2010 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2010 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $2,315,159 2014 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2014 re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . United Kingdom : $5,628,876 Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 268 . `` The studio had a record operating income of $212 million in 1982 , the year of Spielberg 's E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial ( which had cost only slightly over $10 million ) and $150 million in 1985 , mainly due to another Spielberg production , the $22 million Back to the Future , which became the top box office hit of the year . '' Jump up ^ `` Top Gun '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , Top Gun , pp. 678 -- 679 , Production Cost : $19.0 ( Millions of $ s ) ... Despite mixed reviews , it played in the top 10 for an extended period and was a huge hit , grossing almost $345 million in worldwide box office . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Fatal Attraction `` Fatal Attraction '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Scott , Vernon ( June 15 , 1990 ) . `` ' Three Men and Baby ' Sequel Adds Cazenove to Original Cast '' . The Daily Gazette . New York . Hollywood ( UPI ) . p. 9 ( TV Plus -- The Daily Gazette Supplement ) . That legacy is the $167,780,960 domestic box - office and $75 million foreign gross achieved by the original ... Jump up ^ `` Rain Man '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 244 . `` Rain Man : 30.0 ( cost in million $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 694 -- 695 . `` Production Cost : $55.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... The film went on to haul in over $494 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ `` Ghost '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terminator 2 Original release : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . $519,843,345 3D re-release : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( 8 July 1991 ) . `` Conan The Humanitarian '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aladdin '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toy Story Total : `` Toy Story ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Worldwide : $373,554,033 3D release : `` Toy Story in 3D ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $8,680,257 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 776 . `` Production Cost : $30.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Die Hard : With A Vengeance '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Day ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Armageddon '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 509 . `` Production Cost : $140.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible II '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , D. ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar 's ' True Cost -- and Consequences '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Show Business : Record Wind '' . Time . February 19 , 1940 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Atlantic Monthly . 231 . 1973 . p. 2 . As of the end of 1971 , GWTW stood as the all - time money - drawing movie , with a take of $116 million , and , with this year 's reissues , it should continue to run ahead of the second place contender and all - time kaffee - mit - schlag spectacle . Jump up ^ New Times . 2 . 1974 . Coppola is King Midas , the most individually powerful U.S. filmmaker . '' His credits include directing the first Godfather ( worldwide earnings : $142 million , ahead of Gone with the Wind , The Sound of Music and The Exorcist ) ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( May 18 , 1980 ) . `` The Saga Beyond ' Star Wars ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . `` Star Wars '' has brought 20th Century - Fox approximately $250 million in film rentals ... `` Star Wars '' grossed $410 million , and his share was enough to allow him to finance its sequel , `` The Empire Strikes Back , '' himself . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) -- Miscellaneous notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Franchise and series sources `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Avengers `` Avengers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Batman `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' . Variety . January 4 , 1967 . p. 8 . Batman : $1.7 million `` Catwoman ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . `` Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . `` Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Captain America `` Captain America ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . DC Extended Universe `` DC Extended Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Despicable Me `` Despicable Me ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . The Fast and the Furious `` The Fast and the Furious -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . The Hunger Games `` The Hunger Games -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Ice Age `` Ice Age -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . `` Ice Age : The Meltdown 3D ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $6,095,750 Iron Man `` Iron Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World `` J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . James Bond `` James Bond -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ( Brosnan and Craig ) Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 . `` James Bond Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office . '' ( Connery , Lazenby , Moore and Dalton ) `` Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jurassic Park `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 Madagascar `` Madagascar -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Marvel Cinematic Universe `` Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Middle - earth `` Middle Earth -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Mission : Impossible `` Mission : Impossible -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Pirates of the Caribbean `` Pirates of the Caribbean -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Shrek `` Shrek -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Spider - Man `` Spider - Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Star Trek `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Star Wars `` A New Hope '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . `` Return of the Jedi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Phantom Menace '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Attack of the Clones '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` Revenge of the Sith '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Clone Wars '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Force Awakens '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Superman Superman , Superman Returns , Man of Steel and Batman v Superman : `` Superman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Superman II , Superman III and Superman IV : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 534 . `` Superman Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office Revenues vs. Production Costs -- Equivalent 2005 $ s . '' Block & Wilson 2010 , p. xii . `` Notes on Adjusting Dollars and Making Estimates -- Adjusting Revenues . '' `` Adjusting for Ticket Price Inflation '' ( Source : MPAA ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . `` Supergirl ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Transformers `` Transformers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . The Twilight Saga `` Twilight -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . `` Twilight / New Moon Combo ( one - night - only ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . X-Men `` X-Men -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Bibliography Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780061778896 . Finler , Joel Waldo ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 66 - 6 . Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , Spectacles , and Blockbusters : A Hollywood History . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . External links All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses at Box Office Mojo All Time Highest Grossing Movies Worldwide at The Numbers All - Time Worldwide Box Office at Internet Movie Database Box - Office Top 100 Films of All - Time at Filmsite.org Lists of box office number - one films Americas Argentina 2016 Brazil 2007 2008 2009 Canada 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Chile 2007 2008 2009 Colombia 2011 Ecuador 2011 Mexico 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 United States ( Records ) 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Venezuela 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Asia - Pacific Australia 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 China ( Hong Kong ) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 India Indian overseas Bengali Hindi Telugu Japan ( Anime ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Philippines ( Filipino ) 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 South Korea 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Taiwan 2014 2016 2017 2018 Taipei 2016 2017 2018 Thailand 2015 2016 2017 Europe , the Middle East , and Africa ( EMEA ) Belgium 2007 2008 2009 France 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Greece ( Greek ) 2013 Ireland 2011 Italy 2009 2011 2012 2013 2016 2017 Netherlands 2009 See also Crystal Films Golden Films Platinum Films Diamond Films Poland 2011 2013 Romania 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Spain 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Turkey 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 United Kingdom 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Highest - grossing Films animated hybrid non-English Country Bangladesh Malaysia Nigeria Pakistan Portugal Singapore Soviet Union Openings animated Related topics Box office Box office bomb list Fastest - grossing films Second weekend box office list Sequels by improvement Highest - grossing directors Highest - grossing media franchises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest-grossing_films&oldid=837952814 '' Categories : Lists of highest - grossing films Record progressions Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages with citations lacking titles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 01 : 06 . 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"\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPeak\n\nTitle\n\nWorldwide gross\n\nYear\n\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\nAvatar\n\n$2,787,965,087\n\n2009\n\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n\n1\n\nTitanic\n\n$2,187,463,944\n\n1997\n\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n\n$2,068,223,624\n\n2015\n\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n\n3\n\nJurassic World\n\n$1,671,713,208\n\n2015\n\n[# 7][# 8]\n\n\n5\n\n3\n\nThe Avengers\n\n$1,518,812,988\n\n2012\n\n[# 9][# 10]\n\n\n6\n\n4\n\nFurious 7\n\n$1,516,045,911\n\n2015\n\n[# 11][# 12]\n\n\n7\n\n5\n\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n\n$1,405,403,694\n\n2015\n\n[# 13][# 12]\n\n\n8\n\n3\n\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n\n$1,341,511,219\n\n2011\n\n[# 14][# 15]\n\n\n9\n\n9\n\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi \n\n$1,332,757,449\n\n2017\n\n[# 16]\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\nBlack Panther \n\n$1,324,656,634\n\n2018\n\n[# 17]\n\n\n11F\n\n5\n\nFrozen\n\n$1,290,000,000\n\n2013\n\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12\n\n10\n\nBeauty and the Beast\n\n$1,263,521,126\n\n2017\n\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n\n11\n\nThe Fate of the Furious\n\n$1,238,764,765F8\n\n2017\n\n[# 22][# 21]\n\n\n14\n\n5\n\nIron Man 3\n\n$1,214,811,252\n\n2013\n\n[# 23][# 24]\n\n\n15\n\n10\n\nMinions\n\n$1,159,398,397\n\n2015\n\n[# 25][# 8]\n\n\n16\n\n12\n\nCaptain America: Civil War\n\n$1,153,304,495\n\n2016\n\n[# 26][# 27]\n\n\n17\n\n4\n\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n\n$1,123,794,079\n\n2011\n\n[# 28][# 15]\n\n\n18\n\n2\n\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n\n$1,120,237,002\n\n2003\n\n[# 29][# 30]\n\n\n19\n\n7\n\nSkyfall\n\n$1,108,561,013\n\n2012\n\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n\n10\n\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n\n$1,104,054,072\n\n2014\n\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n\n7\n\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n\n$1,084,939,099\n\n2012\n\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n\n4TS3\n\nToy Story 3\n\n$1,066,969,703\n\n2010\n\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n\n3\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n\n$1,066,179,725\n\n2006\n\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n\n20\n\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n\n$1,056,057,273\n\n2016\n\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n\n6\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n\n$1,045,713,802\n\n2011\n\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n\n24\n\nDespicable Me 3\n\n$1,034,799,409\n\n2017\n\n[# 45][# 21]\n\n\n27\n\n1\n\nJurassic Park\n\n$1,029,939,903\n\n1993\n\n[# 46][# 47]\n\n\n28\n\n22\n\nFinding Dory\n\n$1,028,570,889\n\n2016\n\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n\n2\n\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n\n$1,027,044,677\n\n1999\n\n[# 50][# 4]\n\n\n30\n\n5\n\nAlice in Wonderland\n\n$1,025,467,110\n\n2010\n\n[# 51][# 52]\n\n\n31\n\n24\n\nZootopia\n\n$1,023,784,195\n\n2016\n\n[# 53][# 27]\n\n\n32\n\n14\n\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n\n$1,021,103,568\n\n2012\n\n[# 54][# 55]\n\n\n33\n\n4\n\nThe Dark Knight\n\n$1,004,558,444\n\n2008\n\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n\n2\n\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n\n$974,755,371\n\n2001\n\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n\n19DM2\n\nDespicable Me 2\n\n$970,761,885\n\n2013\n\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n\n2\n\nThe Lion King\n\n$968,483,777\n\n1994\n\n[# 62][# 47]\n\n\n37\n\n30\n\nThe Jungle Book\n\n$966,550,600\n\n2016\n\n[# 63][# 64]\n\n\n38\n\n5\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n\n$963,420,425\n\n2007\n\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n\n10\n\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n\n$960,283,305\n\n2010\n\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n\n24\n\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n\n$958,366,855\n\n2013\n\n[# 69][# 70]\n\n\n41\n\n41\n\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n\n$956,618,644\n\n2017\n\n[# 71]\n\n\n42\n\n26\n\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n\n$956,019,788\n\n2014\n\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n\n8FN\n\nFinding Nemo\n\n$940,335,536\n\n2003\n\n[# 74][# 30]\n\n\n44\n\n6\n\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n\n$939,885,929\n\n2007\n\n[# 75][# 66]\n\n\n45\n\n8\n\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n\n$934,416,487\n\n2009\n\n[# 76][# 77]\n\n\n46\n\n4\n\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n\n$926,349,708\n\n2002\n\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n\n6\n\nShrek 2\n\n$919,838,758\n\n2004\n\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n\n8\n\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n\n$896,911,078\n\n2005\n\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n\n10\n\nSpider-Man 3\n\n$890,871,626\n\n2007\n\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n\n15\n\nIce Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs\n\n$886,686,817\n\n2009\n\n[# 86][# 77]\n",
"\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPeak\n\nTitle\n\nWorldwide gross\n\nYear\n\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\nAvatar\n\n$2,787,965,087\n\n2009\n\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n\n1\n\nTitanic\n\n$2,187,463,944\n\n1997\n\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n\n$2,068,223,624\n\n2015\n\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n\n3\n\nJurassic World\n\n$1,671,713,208\n\n2015\n\n[# 7][# 8]\n\n\n5\n\n3\n\nThe Avengers\n\n$1,518,812,988\n\n2012\n\n[# 9][# 10]\n\n\n6\n\n4\n\nFurious 7\n\n$1,516,045,911\n\n2015\n\n[# 11][# 12]\n\n\n7\n\n5\n\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n\n$1,405,403,694\n\n2015\n\n[# 13][# 12]\n\n\n8\n\n3\n\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n\n$1,341,511,219\n\n2011\n\n[# 14][# 15]\n\n\n9\n\n9\n\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi \n\n$1,332,757,449\n\n2017\n\n[# 16]\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\nBlack Panther \n\n$1,324,656,634\n\n2018\n\n[# 17]\n\n\n11F\n\n5\n\nFrozen\n\n$1,290,000,000\n\n2013\n\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12\n\n10\n\nBeauty and the Beast\n\n$1,263,521,126\n\n2017\n\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n\n11\n\nThe Fate of the Furious\n\n$1,238,764,765F8\n\n2017\n\n[# 22][# 21]\n\n\n14\n\n5\n\nIron Man 3\n\n$1,214,811,252\n\n2013\n\n[# 23][# 24]\n\n\n15\n\n10\n\nMinions\n\n$1,159,398,397\n\n2015\n\n[# 25][# 8]\n\n\n16\n\n12\n\nCaptain America: Civil War\n\n$1,153,304,495\n\n2016\n\n[# 26][# 27]\n\n\n17\n\n4\n\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n\n$1,123,794,079\n\n2011\n\n[# 28][# 15]\n\n\n18\n\n2\n\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n\n$1,120,237,002\n\n2003\n\n[# 29][# 30]\n\n\n19\n\n7\n\nSkyfall\n\n$1,108,561,013\n\n2012\n\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n\n10\n\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n\n$1,104,054,072\n\n2014\n\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n\n7\n\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n\n$1,084,939,099\n\n2012\n\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n\n4TS3\n\nToy Story 3\n\n$1,066,969,703\n\n2010\n\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n\n3\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n\n$1,066,179,725\n\n2006\n\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n\n20\n\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n\n$1,056,057,273\n\n2016\n\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n\n6\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n\n$1,045,713,802\n\n2011\n\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n\n24\n\nDespicable Me 3\n\n$1,034,799,409\n\n2017\n\n[# 45][# 21]\n\n\n27\n\n1\n\nJurassic Park\n\n$1,029,939,903\n\n1993\n\n[# 46][# 47]\n\n\n28\n\n22\n\nFinding Dory\n\n$1,028,570,889\n\n2016\n\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n\n2\n\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n\n$1,027,044,677\n\n1999\n\n[# 50][# 4]\n\n\n30\n\n5\n\nAlice in Wonderland\n\n$1,025,467,110\n\n2010\n\n[# 51][# 52]\n\n\n31\n\n24\n\nZootopia\n\n$1,023,784,195\n\n2016\n\n[# 53][# 27]\n\n\n32\n\n14\n\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n\n$1,021,103,568\n\n2012\n\n[# 54][# 55]\n\n\n33\n\n4\n\nThe Dark Knight\n\n$1,004,558,444\n\n2008\n\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n\n2\n\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n\n$974,755,371\n\n2001\n\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n\n19DM2\n\nDespicable Me 2\n\n$970,761,885\n\n2013\n\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n\n2\n\nThe Lion King\n\n$968,483,777\n\n1994\n\n[# 62][# 47]\n\n\n37\n\n30\n\nThe Jungle Book\n\n$966,550,600\n\n2016\n\n[# 63][# 64]\n\n\n38\n\n5\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n\n$963,420,425\n\n2007\n\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n\n10\n\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n\n$960,283,305\n\n2010\n\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n\n24\n\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n\n$958,366,855\n\n2013\n\n[# 69][# 70]\n\n\n41\n\n41\n\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n\n$956,618,644\n\n2017\n\n[# 71]\n\n\n42\n\n26\n\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n\n$956,019,788\n\n2014\n\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n\n8FN\n\nFinding Nemo\n\n$940,335,536\n\n2003\n\n[# 74][# 30]\n\n\n44\n\n6\n\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n\n$939,885,929\n\n2007\n\n[# 75][# 66]\n\n\n45\n\n8\n\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n\n$934,416,487\n\n2009\n\n[# 76][# 77]\n\n\n46\n\n4\n\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n\n$926,349,708\n\n2002\n\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n\n6\n\nShrek 2\n\n$919,838,758\n\n2004\n\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n\n8\n\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n\n$896,911,078\n\n2005\n\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n\n10\n\nSpider-Man 3\n\n$890,871,626\n\n2007\n\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n\n15\n\nIce Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs\n\n$886,686,817\n\n2009\n\n[# 86][# 77]\n",
"\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPeak\n\nTitle\n\nWorldwide gross\n\nYear\n\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\nAvatar\n\n$2,787,965,087\n\n2009\n\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n\n1\n\nTitanic\n\n$2,187,463,944\n\n1997\n\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n\n$2,068,223,624\n\n2015\n\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n\n3\n\nJurassic World\n\n$1,671,713,208\n\n2015\n\n[# 7][# 8]\n\n\n5\n\n3\n\nThe Avengers\n\n$1,518,812,988\n\n2012\n\n[# 9][# 10]\n\n\n6\n\n4\n\nFurious 7\n\n$1,516,045,911\n\n2015\n\n[# 11][# 12]\n\n\n7\n\n5\n\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n\n$1,405,403,694\n\n2015\n\n[# 13][# 12]\n\n\n8\n\n3\n\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n\n$1,341,511,219\n\n2011\n\n[# 14][# 15]\n\n\n9\n\n9\n\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi \n\n$1,332,757,449\n\n2017\n\n[# 16]\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\nBlack Panther \n\n$1,324,656,634\n\n2018\n\n[# 17]\n\n\n11F\n\n5\n\nFrozen\n\n$1,290,000,000\n\n2013\n\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12\n\n10\n\nBeauty and the Beast\n\n$1,263,521,126\n\n2017\n\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n\n11\n\nThe Fate of the Furious\n\n$1,238,764,765F8\n\n2017\n\n[# 22][# 21]\n\n\n14\n\n5\n\nIron Man 3\n\n$1,214,811,252\n\n2013\n\n[# 23][# 24]\n\n\n15\n\n10\n\nMinions\n\n$1,159,398,397\n\n2015\n\n[# 25][# 8]\n\n\n16\n\n12\n\nCaptain America: Civil War\n\n$1,153,304,495\n\n2016\n\n[# 26][# 27]\n\n\n17\n\n4\n\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n\n$1,123,794,079\n\n2011\n\n[# 28][# 15]\n\n\n18\n\n2\n\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n\n$1,120,237,002\n\n2003\n\n[# 29][# 30]\n\n\n19\n\n7\n\nSkyfall\n\n$1,108,561,013\n\n2012\n\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n\n10\n\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n\n$1,104,054,072\n\n2014\n\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n\n7\n\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n\n$1,084,939,099\n\n2012\n\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n\n4TS3\n\nToy Story 3\n\n$1,066,969,703\n\n2010\n\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n\n3\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n\n$1,066,179,725\n\n2006\n\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n\n20\n\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n\n$1,056,057,273\n\n2016\n\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n\n6\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n\n$1,045,713,802\n\n2011\n\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n\n24\n\nDespicable Me 3\n\n$1,034,799,409\n\n2017\n\n[# 45][# 21]\n\n\n27\n\n1\n\nJurassic Park\n\n$1,029,939,903\n\n1993\n\n[# 46][# 47]\n\n\n28\n\n22\n\nFinding Dory\n\n$1,028,570,889\n\n2016\n\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n\n2\n\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n\n$1,027,044,677\n\n1999\n\n[# 50][# 4]\n\n\n30\n\n5\n\nAlice in Wonderland\n\n$1,025,467,110\n\n2010\n\n[# 51][# 52]\n\n\n31\n\n24\n\nZootopia\n\n$1,023,784,195\n\n2016\n\n[# 53][# 27]\n\n\n32\n\n14\n\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n\n$1,021,103,568\n\n2012\n\n[# 54][# 55]\n\n\n33\n\n4\n\nThe Dark Knight\n\n$1,004,558,444\n\n2008\n\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n\n2\n\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n\n$974,755,371\n\n2001\n\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n\n19DM2\n\nDespicable Me 2\n\n$970,761,885\n\n2013\n\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n\n2\n\nThe Lion King\n\n$968,483,777\n\n1994\n\n[# 62][# 47]\n\n\n37\n\n30\n\nThe Jungle Book\n\n$966,550,600\n\n2016\n\n[# 63][# 64]\n\n\n38\n\n5\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n\n$963,420,425\n\n2007\n\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n\n10\n\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n\n$960,283,305\n\n2010\n\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n\n24\n\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n\n$958,366,855\n\n2013\n\n[# 69][# 70]\n\n\n41\n\n41\n\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n\n$956,618,644\n\n2017\n\n[# 71]\n\n\n42\n\n26\n\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n\n$956,019,788\n\n2014\n\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n\n8FN\n\nFinding Nemo\n\n$940,335,536\n\n2003\n\n[# 74][# 30]\n\n\n44\n\n6\n\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n\n$939,885,929\n\n2007\n\n[# 75][# 66]\n\n\n45\n\n8\n\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n\n$934,416,487\n\n2009\n\n[# 76][# 77]\n\n\n46\n\n4\n\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n\n$926,349,708\n\n2002\n\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n\n6\n\nShrek 2\n\n$919,838,758\n\n2004\n\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n\n8\n\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n\n$896,911,078\n\n2005\n\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n\n10\n\nSpider-Man 3\n\n$890,871,626\n\n2007\n\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n\n15\n\nIce Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs\n\n$886,686,817\n\n2009\n\n[# 86][# 77]\n",
"\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPeak\n\nTitle\n\nWorldwide gross\n\nYear\n\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\nAvatar\n\n$2,787,965,087\n\n2009\n\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n\n1\n\nTitanic\n\n$2,187,463,944\n\n1997\n\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n\n$2,068,223,624\n\n2015\n\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n\n3\n\nJurassic World\n\n$1,671,713,208\n\n2015\n\n[# 7][# 8]\n\n\n5\n\n3\n\nThe Avengers\n\n$1,518,812,988\n\n2012\n\n[# 9][# 10]\n\n\n6\n\n4\n\nFurious 7\n\n$1,516,045,911\n\n2015\n\n[# 11][# 12]\n\n\n7\n\n5\n\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n\n$1,405,403,694\n\n2015\n\n[# 13][# 12]\n\n\n8\n\n3\n\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n\n$1,341,511,219\n\n2011\n\n[# 14][# 15]\n\n\n9\n\n9\n\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi \n\n$1,332,757,449\n\n2017\n\n[# 16]\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\nBlack Panther \n\n$1,324,656,634\n\n2018\n\n[# 17]\n\n\n11F\n\n5\n\nFrozen\n\n$1,290,000,000\n\n2013\n\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12\n\n10\n\nBeauty and the Beast\n\n$1,263,521,126\n\n2017\n\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n\n11\n\nThe Fate of the Furious\n\n$1,238,764,765F8\n\n2017\n\n[# 22][# 21]\n\n\n14\n\n5\n\nIron Man 3\n\n$1,214,811,252\n\n2013\n\n[# 23][# 24]\n\n\n15\n\n10\n\nMinions\n\n$1,159,398,397\n\n2015\n\n[# 25][# 8]\n\n\n16\n\n12\n\nCaptain America: Civil War\n\n$1,153,304,495\n\n2016\n\n[# 26][# 27]\n\n\n17\n\n4\n\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n\n$1,123,794,079\n\n2011\n\n[# 28][# 15]\n\n\n18\n\n2\n\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n\n$1,120,237,002\n\n2003\n\n[# 29][# 30]\n\n\n19\n\n7\n\nSkyfall\n\n$1,108,561,013\n\n2012\n\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n\n10\n\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n\n$1,104,054,072\n\n2014\n\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n\n7\n\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n\n$1,084,939,099\n\n2012\n\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n\n4TS3\n\nToy Story 3\n\n$1,066,969,703\n\n2010\n\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n\n3\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n\n$1,066,179,725\n\n2006\n\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n\n20\n\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n\n$1,056,057,273\n\n2016\n\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n\n6\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n\n$1,045,713,802\n\n2011\n\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n\n24\n\nDespicable Me 3\n\n$1,034,799,409\n\n2017\n\n[# 45][# 21]\n\n\n27\n\n1\n\nJurassic Park\n\n$1,029,939,903\n\n1993\n\n[# 46][# 47]\n\n\n28\n\n22\n\nFinding Dory\n\n$1,028,570,889\n\n2016\n\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n\n2\n\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n\n$1,027,044,677\n\n1999\n\n[# 50][# 4]\n\n\n30\n\n5\n\nAlice in Wonderland\n\n$1,025,467,110\n\n2010\n\n[# 51][# 52]\n\n\n31\n\n24\n\nZootopia\n\n$1,023,784,195\n\n2016\n\n[# 53][# 27]\n\n\n32\n\n14\n\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n\n$1,021,103,568\n\n2012\n\n[# 54][# 55]\n\n\n33\n\n4\n\nThe Dark Knight\n\n$1,004,558,444\n\n2008\n\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n\n2\n\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n\n$974,755,371\n\n2001\n\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n\n19DM2\n\nDespicable Me 2\n\n$970,761,885\n\n2013\n\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n\n2\n\nThe Lion King\n\n$968,483,777\n\n1994\n\n[# 62][# 47]\n\n\n37\n\n30\n\nThe Jungle Book\n\n$966,550,600\n\n2016\n\n[# 63][# 64]\n\n\n38\n\n5\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n\n$963,420,425\n\n2007\n\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n\n10\n\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n\n$960,283,305\n\n2010\n\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n\n24\n\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n\n$958,366,855\n\n2013\n\n[# 69][# 70]\n\n\n41\n\n41\n\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n\n$956,618,644\n\n2017\n\n[# 71]\n\n\n42\n\n26\n\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n\n$956,019,788\n\n2014\n\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n\n8FN\n\nFinding Nemo\n\n$940,335,536\n\n2003\n\n[# 74][# 30]\n\n\n44\n\n6\n\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n\n$939,885,929\n\n2007\n\n[# 75][# 66]\n\n\n45\n\n8\n\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n\n$934,416,487\n\n2009\n\n[# 76][# 77]\n\n\n46\n\n4\n\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n\n$926,349,708\n\n2002\n\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n\n6\n\nShrek 2\n\n$919,838,758\n\n2004\n\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n\n8\n\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n\n$896,911,078\n\n2005\n\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n\n10\n\nSpider-Man 3\n\n$890,871,626\n\n2007\n\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n\n15\n\nIce Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs\n\n$886,686,817\n\n2009\n\n[# 86][# 77]\n",
"\nHighest-grossing films[13]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPeak\n\nTitle\n\nWorldwide gross\n\nYear\n\nReference(s)\n\n\n1\n\n1\n\nAvatar\n\n$2,787,965,087\n\n2009\n\n[# 1][# 2]\n\n\n2\n\n1\n\nTitanic\n\n$2,187,463,944\n\n1997\n\n[# 3][# 4]\n\n\n3\n\n3\n\nStar Wars: The Force Awakens\n\n$2,068,223,624\n\n2015\n\n[# 5][# 6]\n\n\n4\n\n3\n\nJurassic World\n\n$1,671,713,208\n\n2015\n\n[# 7][# 8]\n\n\n5\n\n3\n\nThe Avengers\n\n$1,518,812,988\n\n2012\n\n[# 9][# 10]\n\n\n6\n\n4\n\nFurious 7\n\n$1,516,045,911\n\n2015\n\n[# 11][# 12]\n\n\n7\n\n5\n\nAvengers: Age of Ultron\n\n$1,405,403,694\n\n2015\n\n[# 13][# 12]\n\n\n8\n\n3\n\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\n\n$1,341,511,219\n\n2011\n\n[# 14][# 15]\n\n\n9\n\n9\n\nStar Wars: The Last Jedi \n\n$1,332,757,449\n\n2017\n\n[# 16]\n\n\n10\n\n10\n\nBlack Panther \n\n$1,324,656,634\n\n2018\n\n[# 17]\n\n\n11F\n\n5\n\nFrozen\n\n$1,290,000,000\n\n2013\n\n[# 18][# 19]\n\n\n12\n\n10\n\nBeauty and the Beast\n\n$1,263,521,126\n\n2017\n\n[# 20][# 21]\n\n\n13\n\n11\n\nThe Fate of the Furious\n\n$1,238,764,765F8\n\n2017\n\n[# 22][# 21]\n\n\n14\n\n5\n\nIron Man 3\n\n$1,214,811,252\n\n2013\n\n[# 23][# 24]\n\n\n15\n\n10\n\nMinions\n\n$1,159,398,397\n\n2015\n\n[# 25][# 8]\n\n\n16\n\n12\n\nCaptain America: Civil War\n\n$1,153,304,495\n\n2016\n\n[# 26][# 27]\n\n\n17\n\n4\n\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\n\n$1,123,794,079\n\n2011\n\n[# 28][# 15]\n\n\n18\n\n2\n\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\n\n$1,120,237,002\n\n2003\n\n[# 29][# 30]\n\n\n19\n\n7\n\nSkyfall\n\n$1,108,561,013\n\n2012\n\n[# 31][# 32]\n\n\n20\n\n10\n\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\n\n$1,104,054,072\n\n2014\n\n[# 33][# 34]\n\n\n21\n\n7\n\nThe Dark Knight Rises\n\n$1,084,939,099\n\n2012\n\n[# 35][# 36]\n\n\n22\n\n4TS3\n\nToy Story 3\n\n$1,066,969,703\n\n2010\n\n[# 37][# 38]\n\n\n23\n\n3\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\n\n$1,066,179,725\n\n2006\n\n[# 39][# 40]\n\n\n24\n\n20\n\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n\n$1,056,057,273\n\n2016\n\n[# 41][# 42]\n\n\n25\n\n6\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\n\n$1,045,713,802\n\n2011\n\n[# 43][# 44]\n\n\n26\n\n24\n\nDespicable Me 3\n\n$1,034,799,409\n\n2017\n\n[# 45][# 21]\n\n\n27\n\n1\n\nJurassic Park\n\n$1,029,939,903\n\n1993\n\n[# 46][# 47]\n\n\n28\n\n22\n\nFinding Dory\n\n$1,028,570,889\n\n2016\n\n[# 48][# 49]\n\n\n29\n\n2\n\nStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace\n\n$1,027,044,677\n\n1999\n\n[# 50][# 4]\n\n\n30\n\n5\n\nAlice in Wonderland\n\n$1,025,467,110\n\n2010\n\n[# 51][# 52]\n\n\n31\n\n24\n\nZootopia\n\n$1,023,784,195\n\n2016\n\n[# 53][# 27]\n\n\n32\n\n14\n\nThe Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey\n\n$1,021,103,568\n\n2012\n\n[# 54][# 55]\n\n\n33\n\n4\n\nThe Dark Knight\n\n$1,004,558,444\n\n2008\n\n[# 56][# 57]\n\n\n34\n\n2\n\nHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\n\n$974,755,371\n\n2001\n\n[# 58][# 59]\n\n\n35\n\n19DM2\n\nDespicable Me 2\n\n$970,761,885\n\n2013\n\n[# 60][# 61]\n\n\n36\n\n2\n\nThe Lion King\n\n$968,483,777\n\n1994\n\n[# 62][# 47]\n\n\n37\n\n30\n\nThe Jungle Book\n\n$966,550,600\n\n2016\n\n[# 63][# 64]\n\n\n38\n\n5\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\n\n$963,420,425\n\n2007\n\n[# 65][# 66]\n\n\n39\n\n10\n\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\n\n$960,283,305\n\n2010\n\n[# 67][# 68]\n\n\n40\n\n24\n\nThe Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug\n\n$958,366,855\n\n2013\n\n[# 69][# 70]\n\n\n41\n\n41\n\nJumanji: Welcome to the Jungle \n\n$956,618,644\n\n2017\n\n[# 71]\n\n\n42\n\n26\n\nThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\n\n$956,019,788\n\n2014\n\n[# 72][# 73]\n\n\n43\n\n8FN\n\nFinding Nemo\n\n$940,335,536\n\n2003\n\n[# 74][# 30]\n\n\n44\n\n6\n\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\n\n$939,885,929\n\n2007\n\n[# 75][# 66]\n\n\n45\n\n8\n\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\n\n$934,416,487\n\n2009\n\n[# 76][# 77]\n\n\n46\n\n4\n\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\n\n$926,349,708\n\n2002\n\n[# 78][# 79]\n\n\n47\n\n6\n\nShrek 2\n\n$919,838,758\n\n2004\n\n[# 80][# 81]\n\n\n48\n\n8\n\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\n\n$896,911,078\n\n2005\n\n[# 82][# 83]\n\n\n49\n\n10\n\nSpider-Man 3\n\n$890,871,626\n\n2007\n\n[# 84][# 85]\n\n\n50\n\n15\n\nIce Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs\n\n$886,686,817\n\n2009\n\n[# 86][# 77]\n"
] | [
"Avatar",
"Titanic",
"Star Wars: The Force Awakens",
"Jurassic World",
"The Avengers"
] |
2838347624800988789 | Tropical cyclone effects in Europe | Tropical Cyclone effects in Europe - wikipedia Tropical Cyclone effects in Europe Jump to : navigation , search Tracks of all cyclones that affected Europe since 1851 until 2012 The effects of tropical cyclones in Europe and their extra-tropical remnants include strong winds , heavy rainfall , and in rare instances , tornadoes . There is only one modern tropical cyclone officially regarded as directly impacting Europe -- Hurricane Vince in 2005 , which struck southwestern Spain -- having made landfall in the European mainland whilst still fully tropical . Hurricane Debbie in 1961 might have still been tropical when it made landfall in northwestern Ireland , but this is disputed . Atlantic hurricanes generally do not form east of the 30th meridian west , and those that do typically continue to the west . Storms can move around the Bermuda high and turn to the northeast and affect Europe . There have been several extratropical cyclones that struck Europe and were colloquially called hurricanes , and some of these European windstorms had hurricane - force winds of over 119 km / h ( 74 mph ) . Those storms are not included in this list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Climatology and predictions 2 Storms 2.1 Pre-1900 2.2 1900s 2.3 2000s 2.4 2010s 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Climatology and predictions ( edit ) Beginning in the 1860s , advanced meteorological observation stations , as well as ship reports , allowed Atlantic hurricanes to be tracked for extended durations , including to the European mainland in some cases . Most storms that affected Europe have done so from August to October , which is the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season . In a survey of such European tropical cyclones from 1961 to 2010 , Dr. Kieran Hickey observed that the storms generally formed west of Africa and recurved to the northeast , or formed off the east coast of the United States and proceeded eastward . Due to their positions far to the west of the rest of Europe , Ireland and the United Kingdom experienced the most effects , although countries as far east as Russia and Cyprus have experienced tropical cyclone impacts . Tropical - like systems , referred to as `` medicanes , '' are occasionally observed over the Mediterranean Sea . Several of these storms have developed eye - like features and hurricane - force winds ; however , their nature is contrary to that of a tropical cyclone . The majority of these storm originate from deep , cold - core lows which they do not fully disassociate from . Additionally , unlike tropical systems , sea surface temperatures above 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) are not required for their development . In a paper published in April 2013 , the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute predicted that by the year 2100 , global warming would greatly increase the threat of hurricane - force winds to western Europe from former tropical cyclones and hybrid storms , the latter similar to Hurricane Sandy in 2012 . One model predicted an increase from 2 to 13 in the number of cyclones with hurricane - force winds in the waters offshore western Europe . The study suggested that conditions favorable for tropical cyclones would expand 1,100 km ( 700 mi ) to the east . A separate study based out of University of Castile - La Mancha predicted that hurricanes would develop in the Mediterranean Sea in Septembers by the year 2100 , which would threaten countries in southern Europe . Storms ( edit ) Pre-1900 ( edit ) August 1680 -- A reconstructed path of a hurricane proposed by researchers from contemporary records which is thought to have undergone extra-tropical transition over the North Atlantic before affecting Wales and southern England . Track of a hurricane in 1848 that extended from the United States to Europe November 18 -- 19 , 1724 -- One of the most destructive storms ever experienced in Portugal since the early 17th century , caused damage to the east coast of Madeira and central and northern Portugal . ( There is some conjecture whether this storm was a tropical system such as Hurricane Vince in 2005 which impacted Europe ) . October 29 , 1842 -- Research presented to the American Meteorological Society suggested that the equivalent of a Category 2 on the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale was located over the extreme eastern Atlantic Ocean in late October 1842 . While passing near Madeira , the storm produced a pressure of 965 mbar ( 28.5 inHg ) , causing heavy damage there . Moving to the northeast , the cyclone struck southwestern Spain on October 29 with winds estimated at over 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) , which was strong enough to uproot trees and damage houses . Researchers estimated that the storm was becoming extratropical at or shortly after landfall ; if tropical , the cyclone would be the only tropical storm to make landfall in continental Europe . The storm was considered an analog to Hurricane Vince in 2005 . September 1848 -- A hurricane travelled from the Caribbean to the east coast of the United States , eventually dissipating near the United Kingdom . It resulted in one of the earliest completed track maps for an Atlantic hurricane . September 1 , 1883 -- An extratropical storm , which previously passed near Bermuda as a major hurricane , crossed over the British Isles , producing hurricane - force winds and rough seas in London . September 6 , 1884 -- After moving across Newfoundland as a tropical storm , an extratropical storm struck Ireland with gusty winds . September 6 , 1887 -- The remnants of a hurricane produced strong winds along the northern Irish coastline . November 6 , 1887 -- A tropical storm that struck Florida became extratropical , moved across the Atlantic Ocean , and eventually brushed southern Ireland before striking France . 1900s ( edit ) October 2 , 1906 -- After tracking across the Azores , a former tropical storm dissipated near Wales , bringing rainfall and strong winds to the United Kingdom . September 7 , 1917 -- The remnants of a hurricane were noted just south of Iceland ; impacts , if any , are unknown . September 26 , 1922 -- The remnants of a hurricane brought gale - force winds to parts of Wales . August 26 -- 27 , 1927 -- The powerful remnants of a hurricane moved over Iceland with a central pressure of 963 mb ( hPa ; 28.44 inHg ) . Hurricane - force winds were measured over the North Atlantic , though winds in Iceland only reached 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . September 13 -- 17 , 1932 -- The extratropical remnants of a hurricane that previously struck the Bahamas later tracked across Iceland , Jan Mayen Island , northern Scandinavia , and into northwestern Russia . Sustained winds in Finland reached 83 km / h ( 52 mph ) while Iceland experienced winds up to 74 km / h ( 46 mph ) . September 28 , 1944 -- The remnants of a hurricane merged with another extratropical system over Iceland ; impacts , if any , are unknown . October 16 , 1944 -- The remnants of a hurricane moved over the Iberian Peninsula ; sustained winds reached 74 km / h ( 46 mph ) in Seville , Spain . September 17 , 1950 -- Former Hurricane Dog dissipated near Ireland , after having crossed much of the Atlantic Ocean . September 17 , 1953 -- The remnants of Hurricane Dolly dissipated along the coast of Portugal . September 24 -- 25 , 1957 -- The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Carrie brought strong winds , waves , and severe flooding to the British Isles , resulting in three fatalities . October 4 , 1958 -- The remnants of Hurricane Helene dissipated along the coast of Great Britain . September 17 , 1961 -- Hurricane Debbie struck Ireland , although official records are unclear whether it was tropical or not at landfall . Regardless of its status , Debbie produced among the lowest pressures in Europe from a post-tropical cyclone , with a pressure of 950 mbar ( 28 inHg ) reported between Ireland and Scotland . At Malin Head in northwestern Ireland , a gust of 183 km / h ( 114 mph ) was reported , which was the highest gust in a survey of post-tropical cyclones from 1960 to 2009 . Sustained winds reached 126 km / h ( 78 mph ) at the same location . The high winds caused heavy damage across Ireland , estimated at over $40 million ( 1961 USD ) . There were also 12 deaths in the country . High winds also affected Northern Ireland , killing six people . Surface weather analysis of the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Faith over northwestern Europe on September 6 , 1966 . September 6 , 1966 -- Hurricane Faith was officially declared extratropical to the north of Scotland , having tracked 13,000 km ( 8,000 miles ) as a tropical cyclone . That day , a pressure of 960 mbar ( 28 inHg ) was reported in the North Sea , along with winds of 167 km / h ( 104 mph ) . Faith capsized a boat off the coast of Denmark , killing one person , although the other 144 people on board were rescued . The storm later struck Norway with high winds and rainfall , causing flooding , and proceeded to move over northern Russia . September 21 , 1967 -- Tropical Storm Chloe evolved into an extratropical cyclone off the northern coast of France before moving over western Europe . Details on the storm 's impact are unknown , though 14 people drowned when the Fiete Schulze sank in the Bay of Biscay . October 13 , 1973 -- Hurricane Fran evolved into a powerful extratropical cyclone as it approached the British Isles ; it was absorbed by a cold front before moving through the region . Several vessels measured winds up to 95 km / h ( 59 mph ) off the coasts of England and France . September 1978 -- The remnants of Hurricane Flossie produced extreme winds over parts of Northern Scotland , with a peak value of 167 km / h ( 104 mph ) between Orkney and Shetland . October 3 , 1981 -- The remnants of Hurricane Irene moved ashore in France with winds of about 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) . October 4 , 1985 -- The warmest October day on record was recorded at Basel , Switzerland due to the remnants of Hurricane Gloria . August 26 , 1986 -- Former Hurricane Charley moved through Ireland and Great Britain , later dissipating near Denmark . In Dublin , the storm dropped over 200 mm ( 7.9 in ) of rainfall in a 24 ‐ hour period , which set a record and caused severe flooding . Near the city , 451 buildings were flooded after two rivers overflowed their banks . In the Wicklow Mountains , the rainfall resulted in significant runoff , which caused erosion along the Cloghoge River . Record - breaking rainfall also occurred in Wales , causing flooding . Throughout Europe , Charley caused 11 deaths , and the Irish government paid $8.65 million ( 1986 USD ) to pay for road and rail repairs . August 28 , 1987 -- The remnants of Hurricane Arlene dissipated over Spain , , which produced heavy rain over parts of southern Spain , as well as Portugal , reaching 127 mm ( 5 in ) at Porto . Moisture from the storm also fueled rains in Italy . August 29 , 1991 -- Former Hurricane Bob dissipated along the coast of Portugal . October 30 , 1992 -- The remnants of Hurricane Frances dissipated over northwestern Spain , causing heavy rains in northern Portugal . Remnants of Hurricane Charley in 1986 moving over Ireland and the United Kingdom as an extratropical storm September 13 -- 15 , 1993 -- A pressure of 960 mbar ( hPa ; 28.35 inHg ) was measured as the remnants of Hurricane Floyd struck France . Off the coast of the British Isles and France , a few vessels became stranded in high seas and 113 km / h ( 70 mph ) winds . The Meteorological Office and the National Rivers Authority stated that tides from the storm could be among the highest of the century . In France , gusts reached 129 km / h ( 80 mph ) . Heavy rains around London triggered flooding that closed a few major roads and inundated 50 homes . August 25 , 1995 -- The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Felix dissipated near the Faroe Islands . September 7 -- 9 , 1995 -- After becoming a powerful mid-latitude cyclone , with a pressure of 957 mbar ( hPa ; 28.26 inHg ) and a core of hurricane - force winds , the remnants of Hurricane Iris struck the British Isles and France . The storm produced wind gusts up to 129 km / h ( 80 mph ) in France and 97 km / h ( 60 mph ) in Britain . More than 2.5 cm ( 1 in ) of rain fell in parts of Devon . October 16 , 1996 -- The remnants of Tropical Storm Josephine merged with another extratropical low near Iceland . October 28 , 1996 -- As an extratropical storm , Hurricane Lili moved across Ireland and the United Kingdom , producing winds up to 148 km / h ( 92 mph ) in Swansea in Wales . The storm left thousands without power and damaged about 500 cottages . A storm surge flooded areas along the River Thames , and high waves nearly grounded an oil rig in Somerset . Damage was estimated at $300 million ( 1996 USD , £ 150 million in 1996 pound sterlings ) , and there were six deaths . September 8 , 1998 -- The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Danielle merged with another storm north of Ireland , which produced strong waves and high winds in Great Britain that forced some evacuations . The storm also spawned a tornado in England . September 27 , 1998 -- Tropical Storm Ivan became extratropical near the Azores , and later affected portions of Europe . September 29 , 1998 -- Ireland and the United Kingdom experienced rains and gusty winds from the remnants of Hurricane Karl . October 3 , 1998 -- Former Hurricane Jeanne dissipated over Spain after striking Portugal . November 9 , 1998 -- The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Mitch produced 145 km / h ( 90 mph ) wind gusts that left over 30,000 homes without power in Ireland . The winds also knocked down trees , one of which severely injured a driver . 2000s ( edit ) Hurricane Vince on October 9 , 2005 , northwest of the Madeira Islands ; it would later strike southern Spain August 24 , 2000 -- The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Alberto crossed western Iceland with gale force winds . October 3 , 2000 -- As an extratropical storm , Hurricane Isaac moved across Northern Ireland and Scotland with gale force winds , which swept the blue - winged warbler bird to the continent for the first time on record . October 10 , 2000 -- The National Hurricane Center tracked the remnants of Tropical Storm Leslie to a position just off the west coast of Ireland . It proceeded to move across the British Isles . October 23 , 2002 -- An extratropical storm absorbed Hurricane Kyle and later passed near the British Isles , causing one death due to rough seas . April 28 , 2003 -- After being absorbed by a cold front , the remnants of Tropical Storm Ana crossed the British Isles and dropped rainfall . October 10 , 2003 -- Former Hurricane Kate produced 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) in Scotland after passing south of Iceland the previous day . August 8 , 2004 -- The remnants of Hurricane Alex produced 30 mm ( 1.18 in ) of rainfall in portions of County Down in Northern Ireland . August 16 , 2004 -- Heavy rainfall from former Tropical Storm Bonnie , reaching 35 mm ( 1.38 in ) , caused flooding in Derry , Northern Ireland . August 23 , 2004 -- The third storm to affect Northern Ireland in the month , former Hurricane Charley , dropped about 25 mm ( 1 in ) of rainfall . September 28 , 2004 -- The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Karl dissipated after striking northwestern Norway , producing high winds and surf but little damage . October 3 , 2004 -- Light rainfall of around 25 mm ( 1 in ) , associated with former Hurricane Lisa , affected Northern Ireland , and a tornado related to the system was reported in England . September 14 , 2005 -- The remnants of Hurricane Maria merged with an extratropical storm in the far northeastern Atlantic Ocean , dropping 130 mm ( 5.1 in ) of rainfall on the island of Skye in Scotland . The system produced an atmospheric river over Norway , in combination with moisture from former Hurricane Nate . The systems dropped heavy rainfall , reaching about 150 mm ( 6 in ) of rainfall in some areas . The rains amounted to about 5 % of the annual precipitation total in just 12 hours . In Bergen -- the second largest city in the country -- the rains caused a mudslide that destroyed several homes , injured seven , and killed three people . This was the first heavy precipitation event named by The Norwegian Meteorological Institute , who named it extreme weather Kirstin . Wind damage from the remnants of Hurricane Gordon in Ferrol , Spain September 22 , 2005 -- Former Hurricane Ophelia moved across the Faroe Islands . September 29 -- October 6 , 2005 -- Former Hurricane Rita moved across Northern Europe bringing fronts all over the continent . October 11 , 2005 -- Tropical Depression Vince made landfall near Huelva , Spain and dissipated shortly thereafter , making it the first tropical cyclone on record to reach the Iberian Peninsula . Vince previously formed near Madeira , and intensified into a hurricane before weakening . Vince produced wind gusts as strong as 77 km / h ( 48 mph ) in Rota , Cádiz , and rainfall reached 84 mm ( 3.30 in ) in Córdoba province . The rains caused minor roadway flooding . June 19 , 2006 -- As an extratropical cyclone , former Tropical Storm Alberto crossed the British Isles and was absorbed by a frontal system . Winds were unusually strong for the month of June , with a peak gust of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) recorded at Capel Curig in Wales . September 21 , 2006 -- Hurricane Gordon became extratropical about 440 km ( 275 mi ) west of the coast of Portugal and proceeded to pass just north of the Spanish province of Galicia before turning to the north and looping off western Ireland . In Spain , the former hurricane produced wind gusts of 183 km / h ( 114 mph ) at Punta Candieira in Galicia , and waves of 7 m ( 23 ft ) in height along the coast . The winds left about 100,000 people without power in Spain and caused four injuries there . High winds also left 126,000 people without power in Northern Ireland , where one injury occurred . The storm brought moist air that contributed to record warm temperatures across portions of the United Kingdom . September 28 , 2006 -- The remnants of Hurricane Helene merged with an extratropical storm over Scotland , producing 118 km / h ( 74 mph ) wind gusts in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . October 4 , 2008 -- A large extratropical storm absorbed former Tropical Storm Laura to the south of Iceland , which later caused road flooding in Great Britain . August 27 , 2009 -- The remnants of Hurricane Bill dropped 31 mm ( 1.22 in ) of rainfall in Shap , England . October 6 , 2009 -- Tropical Storm Grace , which formed farther northeast than any other storm since 1972 , became extratropical about 370 km ( 230 mi ) southwest of Cork , Ireland . When the remnants moved over Wales and Great Britain , they dropped locally heavy rainfall , reaching 36.6 mm ( 1.44 in ) in Sennybridge , Wales in a 24 ‐ hour period . 2010s ( edit ) September 12 , 2011 -- An extratropical cyclone , formerly Hurricane Katia , moved across northern Scotland , producing strong wind gusts that reached 158 km / h ( 98 mph ) at the top of the Cairngorms mountain . The winds left thousands of houses without power , while heavy rainfall caused localized flooding . A falling tree killed a bus driver in County Durham , and the unsettled weather from Katia contributed to a car accident on the M54 motorway that killed one person . Damage in the United Kingdom was estimated at £ 100 million ( $157 million USD ) . Katia was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm on September 13 , which subsequently caused high winds and power outages in Estonia . October 6 , 2011 -- The remnants of Hurricane Ophelia combined with a cold front to produce 105 km / h ( 65 mph ) winds and snowfall in Scotland . September 12 , 2012 -- The remnants of Hurricane Leslie struck Iceland with gusty winds , which left about 30,000 people without power after ice - laden lines were blown down . September 23 , 2012 -- Tropical Storm Nadine regenerated southeast of the Azores after having become extratropical a few days prior . The storm would become one of the longest - lasting Atlantic tropical cyclones . While it was nearly stationary , Nadine produced a plume of moisture that dropped heavy rainfall over the United Kingdom , reaching 130 mm ( 5.12 in ) in Ravensworth . The rains flooded houses and disrupted roads and rails . In early October , the remnants of Nadine dropped heavy rainfall in Wales . October 26 -- 27 , 2012 -- After moving ashore in central Portugal , the extratropical cyclone that was formerly Hurricane Rafael dissipated . In mountainous areas of southern France , wind gusts reached 168 km / h ( 104 mph ) . Just offshore Barcelona , Spain , three waterspouts formed , though all remained offshore . Extratropical cyclone formed from the remains of Hurricane Bertha over Europe August 10 -- 11 , 2014 -- The remains of Hurricane Bertha bring heavy rainfall and high winds for the time of year to Ireland , the UK and northern France . August 31 -- September 1 , 2014 -- The remains of Hurricane Cristobal bring gusty winds and heavy rainfall to Iceland that caused flooding to Reykjavík . The fire department received many calls of flooded buildings , while in the Keflavík International Airport , Reykjavík 's airport , wind gusts were recorded to be as gusty as 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) . October 21 -- 24 , 2014 -- The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Gonzalo reached Europe with wind gusts of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) recorded in Wales and the Isle of Wight . Downed trees blocked roads and strong winds disrupted transportation . In Southwick , West Sussex three people were injured by falling trees with one woman killed in London . Two men also died in separate accidents in Essex and Merseyside . The remnants then proceeded to batter Central Europe . Stuttgart had gusts up to 122 km / h ( 76 mph ) , Munich Airport up to 108 km / h ( 67 mph ) . Much snow fell in the Alps . As of October 23 , Gonzalo 's remnants had moved to the Aegean Sea . On October 24 , rainfall `` tied to the remnants of Hurricane Gonzalo '' caused intense flooding in Athens , Greece . June 25 - 27 , 2015 -- Tropical Storm Bill 's remnants caused flash flooding in North East England and bought warm temperatures across England and Wales . September 14 -- 17 , 2015 -- Tropical Storm Henri 's remnants left severe thunderstorms in Germany and France , bringing winds as gusty as 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , and killing two people . October 11 - 15 , 2015 -- Hurricane Joaquin 's remnants bought heavy rain across Iberia . November 15 -- 16 , 2015 -- Hurricane Kate 's remnants brought heavy rain and high winds to Wales . September 13 - 16 , 2016 -- Storm Stephanie , cyclonically looped across the Bay of Biscay , exhibited tropical characteristics on Sep 15 , first reported example of a `` Biscane '' ( in analogy with Medicane ( Mediterranean hurricanes ) ) . October 16 - 17 , 2017 -- The remnants of Hurricane Ophelia hit Ireland , causing 3 deaths and power outages in Ireland , Northern Ireland , and Wales , with winds reaching almost 100 miles per hour . Over 1000 homes went without power in Scotland as well as causing winds of 76 miles per hour November 10 - 11 , 2017 -- The remnants of Tropical Storm Rina hit the United Kingdom and Ireland on the night of November 10 and into the following day . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of South America hurricanes List of United States hurricanes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For the purposes of the article , mainland Europe is defined as the continent of Europe , including the British Isles and Iceland , but excluding the outermost regions of the European Union , such as the offshore archipelagos of the Azores and the Canary Islands . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Longshore ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of Hurricanes , Typhoons , and Cyclones , New Edition . New York : Facts on File . p. 110 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Kieran Hickey ( April 2011 ) . `` The Impact of Hurricanes on the Weather of Western Europe '' ( PDF ) . Recent Hurricane Research - Climate , Dynamics , and Societal Impacts . InTech Open : 77 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 307 - 238 - 8 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ M. Tous & R. Romero ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Meteorological environments associated with medicane development '' . International Journal of Climatology . Royal Meteorological Society . 33 : 1 -- 14 . Bibcode : 2013IJCli ... 33 ... 1T . doi : 10.1002 / joc. 3428 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ L. Fita ; R. Romero ; A. Luque ; Kerry Emmanuel & R. Ramis ( 2007 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Analysis of the environments of seven Mediterranean tropical - like storms using an axisymmetric , nonhydrostatic , cloud resolving model '' ( PDF ) . Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences . 7 : 41 -- 56 . Bibcode : 2007NHESS ... 7 ... 41F . doi : 10.5194 / nhess - 7 - 41 - 2007 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jeff Masters ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Europe expected to see a large increase in Hurricane Sandy - like hybrid storms '' . Weather Underground . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , D. ; García - Herrera , R. ; Vaquero , J.M. ; Chenoweth , M. ; Mock , C.J. `` Reconstructing The Trajectory of The August 1680 Hurricane From Contemporary Records '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 90 ( 7 ) : 971 -- 978 . doi : 10.1175 / 2009BAMS2649. 1 . Jump up ^ Liberato , Margarida L.R. `` The 19 January 2013 windstorm over the north Atlantic : Large - scale dynamics and impacts on Iberia '' . Weather and Climate Extremes. 5 -- 6 : 16 -- 28 . doi : 10.1016 / j. wace. 2014.06. 002 . Jump up ^ Domínguez - Castro , F. ; Trigo , R.M. ; Vaquero , J.M. ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` The first meteorological measurements in the Iberian Peninsula : evaluating the storm of November 1724 '' . Climatic Change . 118 ( 2 ) : 443 -- 455 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 012 - 0628 - 9 . Jump up ^ J. Vaquero M. García - Herrera , R. ; Wheeler , D. ; Chenoweth , M. ; Mock , C.J. ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` A Historical Analog of 2005 Hurricane Vince '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . American Meteorological Society . 89 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 201 . Bibcode : 2008BAMS ... 89 ... 191V . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 89 - 2 - 191 . 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Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Nine 1944 Metadata '' . National Hurricane Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Twelve 1944 Metadata '' . National Hurricane Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) '' . Hurricane Research Division ( Database ) . Miami , FL : National Hurricane Center . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Paul L. ( 1957 - 12 - 01 ) . `` The Hurricane Season of 1957 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . Miami , Florida : American Meteorological Society . 85 ( 12 ) : 401 -- 408 . Bibcode : 1957MWRv ... 85 ... 401M . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1957 ) 085 < 0401 : THSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` World Briefs '' . The Owosso Argus - Press . London , United Kingdom . Associated Press . 1957 - 09 - 25 . p. 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hurricane Debbie -- September 7 -- 15 , 1961 Preliminary Report ( PDF ) . National Weather Bureau ( Report ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 1961 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Kieran R. Hickey & Christina Connolly - Johnston ( 2012 ) . `` The Impact of Hurricane Debbie ( 1961 ) and Hurricane Charley ( 1986 ) on Ireland '' . Advances in Hurricane Research -- Modelling , Meteorology , Preparedness and Impacts . InTech . pp. 183 -- 198 . doi : 10.5772 / 54039 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 51 - 0867 - 2 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Gale Killed Fifteen '' . Irish Independent . September 18 , 1961 . p. 3 . -- via Irish Newspaper Archives ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Man Hurt In Storm Dies '' . Irish Press . October 2 , 1961 . p. 7 . -- via Irish Newspaper Archives ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Ferry Boat Captain Credits Luck '' . Edmonton Journal . Associated Press . 1966 - 09 - 08 . p. 41 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lars Andreas Roald ( 2008 ) . Rainfall Floods and Weather Patterns ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate . pp. 31 and 34 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Arnold L. Sugg ( March 1967 ) . The Hurricane Season of 1966 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . pp. 137 and 138 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Arnold L. Sugg & Joseph M. Pelissier ( April 1968 ) . `` The Hurricane Season of 1967 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 96 ( 4 ) : 248 . Bibcode : 1968MWRv ... 96 ... 242S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1968 ) 096 < 0242 : THSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` MV Fiete Schulze ( + 1967 ) '' . Wreck Site . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John R. Hope ( 1973 ) . `` Hurricane Fran ( Bravo ) Preliminary Report '' . National Hurricane Center . p. 3 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hurricane Irene Preliminary Report ( GIF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . 1981 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Miles B. Lawrence ( 1985 - 11 - 03 ) . Hurricane Gloria Preliminary Report ( GIF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . p. 2 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Irish Meteorological Service ( 1986 ) . `` August 1986 Monthly Weather Bulletin '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mary C. Bourke ( 1990 ) . `` The effect of Hurricane Charley on the Cloghoge River , Ireland '' . Planetary Science Institute . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ National Meteorology Library and Archive ( 1986 ) . `` Charley comes to Wales : 25 August 1986 '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( 1986 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Tail End of Hurricane Charley Kills At Least 11 in Britain and Ireland '' . Associated Press . access - date = requires url = ( help ) -- via LexisNexis ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Harold P. Gerrish ( 1987 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Hurricane Arlene Preliminary Report : Page Two '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ J.G. Pinto , M. Klawa , U. Ulbrich , R. Rudari and P. Speth ( October 2001 ) . `` Extreme Precipitation Events Over Northwest Italy '' ( PDF ) . Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario in Monitoraggio Ambientale . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 12 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ian Murray ( 1993 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Nimrod rescues plane hit by lightning in mid-Atlantic '' . The Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) -- via LexisNexis ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Barbara Mcmahon & David Taylor ( 1993 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Mountain Rescue for Cadets as Storms Rage '' . Evening Standard . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) -- via LexisNexis ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Chris Thorncrof ; Sarah C. Jones ( April 2000 ) . `` The Extratropical Transitions of Hurricanes Felix and Iris in 1995 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 128 ( 4 ) : 947 -- 972 . Bibcode : 2000MWRv ... 128 ... 947T . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 2000 ) 128 < 0947 : TETOHF > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Chris Court & Andrew Woodcock ( 1995 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Hurricane Iris Blows Into Britain '' . Press Association . access - date = requires url = ( help ) -- via LexisNexis ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Richard Pasch ( 1997 - 02 - 21 ) . Tropical Storm Josephine Preliminary Report ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Miles B. Lawrence ( 1996 - 11 - 18 ) . Hurricane Lili Preliminary Report ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . 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Terra Daily . Agence France - Presse. 2005 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ove Langeland ; Per Medby ; Bjørg Langset ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) . Climate Change and Territorial Effects on Regions and Local Economies ( PDF ) ( Report ) . European Observation Network . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Norske ekstremvær får navn '' ( in Norwegian ) . Norwegian Meteorological Institute . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ James L. Franklin ( 2006 - 02 - 22 ) . Hurricane Vince Tropical Cyclone Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Problemas en varias carreteras de la provincia '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario Cordoba. 2005 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lixion Avila ; Daniel Brown ( 2006 - 08 - 11 ) . Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ June 2006 Weather Summary ( Report ) . United Kingdom Met Office . 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Blake ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) . Hurricane Gordon Tropical Cyclone Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Agencia Estatal de Meteorología . `` Las Consecuencias de Gordon en Espana '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Government of Spain . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Lewis Smith & Paul Simons ( 2006 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Gordon keeps the forecasters guessing '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Daniel P. Brown ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) . Hurricane Helene Tropical Cyclone Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Pasch ( 2009 - 02 - 04 ) . Tropical Storm Laura Tropical Cyclone Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical storm brings floods '' . The Westmorland Gazette. 2008 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Laura Harding ( 2009 - 08 - 27 ) . `` More rain expected in parts of UK '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Robbie Berg ( 2009 - 11 - 28 ) . Tropical Storm Grace Tropical Cyclone Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ October 2009 Weather Summary ( Report ) . United Kingdom Met Office . 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Stacy Stewart ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) . Hurricane Katia Tropical Cyclone Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Post-tropical storm Katia - September 2011 ( Report ) . United Kingdom Met Office . 2011 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Allen , Emily ( 2011 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Damage from Hurricane Katia will cost UK £ 100M after high winds battered Britain '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ingrid Teesalu ( 2011 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Gales Leave 900 Households Blacked Out '' . err.ee . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Snow and high winds forecast as hurricane and Arctic air combine to blast Scotland '' . The Daily Record . 2011 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Fred Campagna ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Remnants of Leslie follow freak snow storm in Iceland '' . Right Weather . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Worked to become 3 am '' . Mbl.is. 2012 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Daniel P. Brown ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) . Hurricane Nadine Tropical Cyclone Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm Nadine finally breaks up '' . BBC . 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ October 2012 Weather Summary ( Report ) . United Kingdom Met Office . 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lixion Avila ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) . Hurricane Rafael Tropical Cyclone Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` European Severe Weather Database '' . European Severe Storms Laboratory . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` UK weather still affected by ex-hurricane Bertha '' . BBC News . 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coup de vent en Manche '' . Météo - France / CMS . 10 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Impacts of ex-hurricane Bertha '' . Met Office . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland in the eye of the storm ( Translated from Icelandic ) '' . Visir . Jump up ^ BBC editorial staff ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Hurricane Gonzalo : Woman hit by tree in London dies '' . The British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Gonzalo live : two dead as winds batter Britain '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalo in Germany Jump up ^ Greece Flooding , Caused By Slow - Moving Remnants of Hurricane Gonzalo , Covers Athens Streets Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/uk-weather-mini-heatwave-bringing-temperatures-up-to-35c-for-wimbledon-10348080.html Jump up ^ `` TD 9 Forms in Central Atlantic '' . Jump up ^ http://www.itv.com/news/2015-10-11/more-severe-weather-forecast-for-southern-and-eastern-europe-but-calmer-conditions-here-in-the-uk/ Jump up ^ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wea.2995/full Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41627442 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-41648732 Jump up ^ `` Rina to bring rain and wind to Ireland and UK into early Saturday '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_cyclone_effects_in_Europe&oldid=814605597 '' Categories : Hurricanes in Europe Lists of tropical cyclones by area Europe - related lists Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 21 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when's the last time a hurricane hit europe | [
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9074505054823883520 | England at the FIFA World Cup | England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : England players not bowed by history - Gareth Southgate '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` England knock Colombia out of World Cup in last - 16 penalty shootout '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` England penalties : 11 / 11 in open play , 11 / 19 in shootouts '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The three stages of England vs Croatia that turned a World Cup final into a third - place play - off '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Belgium - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time england were in the final of world cup | [
"\n\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\n\n\n 1930\nNot a FIFA member\n\n\n 1934\n\n\n 1938\n\n\n 1950\nGroup stage\n8th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n 1954\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n3\n1\n1\n1\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n 1958\nGroup stage\n11th\n4\n0\n3\n1\n4\n5\n-1\n\n\n 1962\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n1\n1\n2\n5\n6\n-1\n\n\n 1966\nChampions\n1st\n6\n5\n1\n0\n11\n3\n8\n\n\n 1970\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n2\n0\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\n 1974\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1978\n\n\n 1982\nSecond group stage\n6th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n1\n5\n\n\n 1986\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n5\n2\n1\n2\n7\n3\n4\n\n\n 1990\nSemi finals\n4th\n7\n3\n3\n1\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n 1994\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1998\nRound of 16\n9th\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n3\n\n\n 2002\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n5\n2\n2\n1\n6\n3\n3\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n2\n4\n\n\n 2010\nRound of 16\n13th\n4\n1\n2\n1\n3\n5\n-2\n\n\n 2014\nGroup stage\n26th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n4\n-2\n\n\n 2018\nSemi-finals\n4th\n7\n3\n1\n3\n12\n8\n4\n\n\n 2022\nTBD\n\n\n 2026\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n1 title\n69\n29\n21\n19\n91\n64\n27\n"
] | [
"1966"
] |
8828156881857467784 | Poll taxes in the United States | Poll taxes in the United States - wikipedia Poll taxes in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Receipt for payment of poll tax , Jefferson Parish , Louisiana , 1917 ( the $1 tax would be equal to $18.77 in 2016 dollars ) A poll tax is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual . Although often associated with states of the former Confederacy , poll taxes were also in place in some northern and western states , including California , Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New Hampshire , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont and Wisconsin . Poll taxes had been a major source of government funding among the colonies which formed the United States . Poll taxes made up from one - third to one - half of the tax revenue of colonial Massachusetts . Various privileges of citizenship , including voter registration or issuance of driving licenses and resident hunting and fishing licenses , were conditioned on payment of poll taxes to encourage collection of this tax revenue . Property taxes assumed a larger share of tax revenues as land values rose when population increases encouraged settlement of the American west . Some western states found no need for poll tax requirements ; but poll taxes and payment incentives remained in eastern states , and some links to voter registration were modified following the American Civil War until court action following ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Voter registration 2 Judicial challenge 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Voter registration ( edit ) Payment of a poll tax was a prerequisite to the registration for voting in a number of states until 1966 . The tax emerged in some states of the United States in the late 19th century as part of the Jim Crow laws . After the right to vote was extended to all races by the enactment of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , a number of states enacted poll tax laws as a device for restricting voting rights . The laws often included a grandfather clause , which allowed any adult male whose father or grandfather had voted in a specific year prior to the abolition of slavery to vote without paying the tax . These laws , along with unfairly implemented literacy tests and extra-legal intimidation , achieved the desired effect of disenfranchising African - American and Native American voters , as well as poor whites . Proof of payment of a poll tax was a prerequisite to voter registration in Florida , Alabama , Tennessee , Arkansas , Louisiana , Mississippi , Georgia ( 1877 ) , North and South Carolina , Virginia ( until 1882 and again from 1902 with its new constitution ) , and Texas ( 1902 ) . The Texas poll tax `` required otherwise eligible voters to pay between $1.50 and $1.75 to register to vote -- a lot of money at the time , and a big barrier to the working classes and poor . '' Georgia created a cumulative poll tax requirement in 1877 : men of any race 21 to 60 years of age had to pay a sum of money for every year from the time they had turned 21 , or from the time that the law took effect . The poll tax requirements applied to whites as well as blacks , and also adversely affected poor citizens . The laws that allowed the poll tax did not specify a certain group of people . This meant that anyone , including white women could also be discriminated against when they went to vote . One example is in Alabama where white women were discriminated against and then organized to secure their right to vote . One group of women that did this was Women 's Joint Legislative Council of Alabama ( WJLC ) . African American women also organized in groups against being denied voting rights . One African American woman sued the county with the help of the NAACP . She sued for her right to vote as she was stopped from even registering to vote . As a result of her suing the county the mailman did not deliver her mail for quite some time . Many states required payment of the tax at a time separate from the election , and then required voters to bring receipts with them to the polls . If they could not locate such receipts , they could not vote . In addition , many states surrounded registration and voting with complex record - keeping requirements . These were particularly difficult for sharecropper and tenant farmers to comply with , as they moved frequently . The poll tax was sometimes used alone or together with a literacy qualification . In a kind of grandfather clause , North Carolina in 1900 exempted from the poll tax those men entitled to vote as of January 1 , 1867 . This excluded all blacks , who did not then have suffrage . Judicial challenge ( edit ) In 1937 , in Breedlove v. Suttles , 302 U.S. 277 ( 1937 ) , the United States Supreme Court found that a prerequisite that poll taxes be paid for registration to vote was constitutional . The case involved the Georgia poll tax of $1 . Georgia abolished its poll tax in 1945 . The 24th Amendment , ratified in 1964 , abolished the use of the poll tax ( or any other tax ) as a pre-condition for voting in federal elections , but made no mention of poll taxes in state elections . In the 1966 case of Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections , the Supreme Court reversed its decision in Breedlove v. Suttles to also include state elections as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Harper ruling was one of several that relied on the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment rather than the more direct provision of the 15th Amendment . In a two - month period in the spring of 1966 , Federal courts declared unconstitutional poll tax laws in the last four states that still had them , starting with Texas on 9 February . Decisions followed for Alabama ( 3 March ) and Virginia ( 25 March ) . Mississippi 's $2.00 poll tax ( equal to $15.09 in 2013 ) was the last to fall , declared unconstitutional on 8 April 1966 , by a federal panel . Virginia attempted to partially abolish its poll tax by requiring a residence certification , but the Supreme Court rejected the arrangement in 1965 in Harman v. Forssenius . See also ( edit ) Voter ID laws in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ State of Maine Special Tax Commission ( 1890 ) . Report of the Special Tax Commission of Maine . Maine : Burleigh & Flynt . pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Charles J. ( 1916 ) . `` The Taxation of Property and Income in Massachusetts '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . Oxford University Press . 31 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 1885988 . Jump up ^ http://www.crmvet.org/info/lithome.htm Jump up ^ `` Virginia 's Constitutional Convention of 1901 -- 1902 '' . Virginia Historical Society . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dabney , Virginius ( 1971 ) . Virginia , The New Dominion . University Press of Virginia . pp. 436 -- 437 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1015 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Barriers to Voting '' , in Texas Politics , University of Texas , accessed 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta in the Civil Rights Movement '' , Atlanta Regional Council for Higher Education ^ Jump up to : Wilkerson - Freeman , Sarah ( 2002 ) . `` The Second Battle for Woman Suffrage : Alabama White Women , the Poll Tax , and V.O. Key 's Master Narrative of Southern Politics '' . The Journal of Southern History . 68 ( 2 ) : 333 -- 74 . doi : 10.2307 / 3069935 . JSTOR 3069935 . Jump up ^ Jones - Branch , Cherisse ( July 2006 ) . `` ' To Speak When and Where I Can ' : African American Women 's Political Activism in South Carolina in the 1940s and 1950s '' . The South Carolina Historical Magazine . 107 ( 3 ) : 204 -- 24 . JSTOR 27570823 . Jump up ^ Andrews , E. Benjamin ( 1912 ) . History of the United States . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Jump up ^ Pildes , Richard H. ( 2000 ) . `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' . Constitutional Commentary. 17 . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 224731 . SSRN 224731 . Jump up ^ Novotny , Patrick ( 2007 ) . This Georgia Rising : Education , Civil Rights , and the Politics of Change in Georgia in The 1940s . Mercer University Press . pp. 150 -- . ISBN 9780881460889 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Jillson , Cal ( 2011 - 02 - 22 ) . Texas Politics : Governing the Lone Star State . Taylor & Francis . pp. 38 -- . ISBN 9780415890601 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Harry , ed. ( 1966 ) . The World Almanac and Book of Facts : 1966 . New York World - Telegram . p. 68 . OCLC 277006640 . Further reading ( edit ) Highton , Benjamin ( 2004 ) . `` Voter Registration and Turnout in the United States '' . Perspectives on Politics . 2 ( 03 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S1537592704040307 . JSTOR 3688813 . Besley , Timothy ; Case , Anne ( 2003 ) . `` Political Institutions and Policy Choices : Evidence from the United States '' . Journal of Economic Literature. 41 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 73 . doi : 10.1257 /. 41.1. 7 . JSTOR 3217387 . Wechsler , Herbert ( April 1954 ) . `` The Political Safeguards of Federalism : The Role of the States in the Composition and Selection of the National Government '' . Columbia Law Review . 54 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 60 . doi : 10.2307 / 1119547 . JSTOR 1119547 . ( hide ) Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States&oldid=824274248 '' Categories : History of taxation in the United States History of voting rights in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano עברית Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 10 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the purpose of a poll tax | [
"A poll tax is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual. Although often associated with states of the former Confederacy, poll taxes were also in place in some northern and western states, including California, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Wisconsin.[1] Poll taxes had been a major source of government funding among the colonies which formed the United States. Poll taxes made up from one-third to one-half of the tax revenue of colonial Massachusetts. Various privileges of citizenship, including voter registration or issuance of driving licenses and resident hunting and fishing licenses, were conditioned on payment of poll taxes to encourage collection of this tax revenue. Property taxes assumed a larger share of tax revenues as land values rose when population increases encouraged settlement of the American west.[2] Some western states found no need for poll tax requirements; but poll taxes and payment incentives remained in eastern states, and some links to voter registration were modified following the American Civil War until court action following ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1964."
] | [
"a major source of government funding"
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-4380099176227858813 | 10 Things I Hate About You | 10 Things I Hate About You - wikipedia 10 Things I Hate About You For the television series , see 10 Things I Hate About You ( TV series ) . 10 Things I Hate About You Promotional poster Directed by Gil Junger Produced by Andrew Lazar Written by Karen McCullah Kirsten Smith Starring Julia Stiles Heath Ledger Joseph Gordon - Levitt Larisa Oleynik Larry Miller Andrew Keegan David Krumholtz Susan May Pratt Allison Janney Music by Richard Gibbs Cinematography Mark Irwin Edited by O. Nicholas Brown Production company Touchstone Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date March 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 31 ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English French Budget US $16 million Box office US $53.5 million 10 Things I Hate About You is a 1999 American teen romantic comedy - drama film directed by Gil Junger and starring Julia Stiles , Heath Ledger , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , and Larisa Oleynik . The screenplay , written by Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith , is a loose modernization of William Shakespeare 's late - 16th century comedy The Taming of the Shrew , retold in a late - 1990s American high school setting . In the story , new student Cameron ( Gordon - Levitt ) is smitten with Bianca ( Oleynik ) and , in order to get around her father 's strict rules on dating , attempts to get bad boy Patrick ( Ledger ) to date Bianca 's ill - tempered sister , Kat ( Stiles ) . The film is titled after a poem written by Kat about her bittersweet romance with Patrick . Much of the filming took place in the Seattle metropolitan area , with many scenes shot at Stadium High School in Tacoma . Released March 31 , 1999 , 10 Things I Hate About You was number two at the domestic box office during its opening weekend , behind only The Matrix , and was a moderate financial and critical success . It was a breakthrough role for Stiles , Ledger , and Gordon - Levitt , all of whom were nominated for various teen - oriented awards . Ten years later , the film was adapted into a television series of the same title , which ran for twenty episodes and featured Larry Miller reprising his role as Walter Stratford from the film . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release and reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critics 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Soundtrack album 6 Adaptations 7 References to Shakespeare 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Cameron James , a new student at Padua High School in the Seattle area , becomes instantly smitten with popular sophomore Bianca Stratford . Geeky Michael Eckman warns him that Bianca is vapid and conceited , and that her overprotective father does not allow Bianca or her older sister , the shrewish Kat , to date . Kat , a senior , is accepted to Sarah Lawrence College in New York , but her father , Walter , wants her to stay close to home . Bianca wishes to date affluent senior Joey Donner , but Walter , an obstetrician worrisome of teenage pregnancy , will not allow his daughters to date until they graduate . Frustrated by Bianca 's insistence and Kat 's rebelliousness , Walter declares that Bianca may date only when Kat does , knowing that Kat 's antisocial attitude makes this unlikely . When Cameron asks Bianca out , she informs him of her father 's new rule and , as a pretense for allowing her to date Joey , suggests that Cameron find someone willing to date Kat . Cameron selects `` bad boy '' Patrick Verona , but Patrick scares him off . Michael assists by convincing Joey to pay Patrick to take out Kat , under the pretense that this will allow Joey to date Bianca . Patrick agrees to the deal , but Kat rebuffs his first few advances . Michael and Cameron help him by prying Bianca for information on Kat 's likes and dislikes . Armed with this knowledge , Patrick begins to win Kat 's interest . She goes to a party with him , which enables Bianca to go as well , much to Walter 's dismay . At the party , Kat becomes upset when she sees Bianca with Joey , and responds by getting drunk . Patrick attends to her , and Kat starts to open up , expressing her interest in starting a band . However , when she tries to kiss him , Patrick pulls away and Kat leaves , infuriated . Meanwhile , Bianca ignores Cameron in favor of Joey , leaving Cameron dejected . Bianca soon realizes , however , that Joey is shallow and self - absorbed , and asks Cameron for a ride home . Cameron admits his feelings for her and his frustration with how she has treated him . Bianca responds by kissing him . Joey offers to pay Patrick to take Kat to the prom so he can take Bianca . Patrick initially refuses , but relents when Joey offers him more money . Kat is still angry with Patrick , but he wins her over by serenading her with the accompaniment of the marching band , and she helps him sneak out of detention . They go on a date which turns romantic , but Kat becomes suspicious and angry when Patrick insists that she go with him to the prom , an event she is adamantly against . Bianca is irritated that Cameron has not asked her to the prom , and so accepts Joey 's invitation , but Walter will not allow it unless Kat goes too . Kat confesses to Bianca that she dated Joey when they were freshmen and , succumbing to peer pressure , had sex with him . Afterward she regretted it and Joey dumped her , so she vowed to never again do anything just because everyone else was doing it . Bianca insists that she can make her own choices , so Kat agrees to go to the prom with Patrick , and Bianca decides to go with Cameron instead of Joey . All is going well at the prom until Bianca learns that Joey planned to have sex with her that night . Angry that Bianca has spurned him for Cameron , Joey reveals his arrangement with Patrick , which causes Kat to leave heartbroken . Joey then punches Cameron , but is in turn beaten up by Bianca for having hurt her , Kat , and Cameron . Bianca and Cameron share another kiss . The next day , Bianca reconciles with Kat and begins dating Cameron . Walter admits that Kat is capable of taking care of herself , and gives her permission to attend Sarah Lawrence College . For an assignment in which the students were required to write their own version of William Shakespeare 's Sonnet 141 , Kat reads aloud a poem titled `` 10 Things I Hate About You '' , revealing that she still loves Patrick . Patrick surprises her with a guitar bought with the money that Joey paid him , and confesses that he has fallen for her . Kat forgives him , and the two reconcile with a kiss . Cast ( edit ) Julia Stiles as Katarina `` Kat '' Stratford , the antisocial , shrewish elder Stratford sister . Heath Ledger as Patrick Verona , the `` bad boy '' who is hired to date Kat and falls for her in the process . Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Cameron James , the new student at Padua High School who is smitten with Bianca and goes to great lengths to win her favor . Larisa Oleynik as Bianca Stratford , the younger of the two Stratford sisters , superficial and popular . Larry Miller as Walter Stratford , an obstetrician and single parent who is overprotective of his daughters , Kat and Bianca . Andrew Keegan as Joey Donner , an affluent , self - absorbed high school senior and aspiring model who intends to have sex with Bianca , and to that end pays Patrick to date Kat . David Krumholtz as Michael Eckman , a geek who assists Cameron in his quest to woo Bianca , and in the process tries to woo Kat 's friend Mandella . Susan May Pratt as Mandella , Kat 's only close friend and an aficionado of William Shakespeare , who ends up going to the prom with Michael . Gabrielle Union as Chastity Church , Bianca 's best friend , who betrays Bianca by going out with Joey when Bianca spurns him . Daryl Mitchell as Mr. Morgan , teacher of Kat , Patrick , and Joey 's English class . Allison Janney as Ms. Perky , Padua High School 's guidance counselor and a writer of erotic literature . David Leisure as Mr. Chapin , coach of the girls ' soccer team . Greg Jackson as `` Scurvy '' , a friend of Patrick . Kyle Cease as Bogey Lowenstein , a golf enthusiast and member of a clique of aspiring MBAs . The band Letters to Cleo ( singer Kay Hanley , guitarists Greg McKenna and Michael Eisenstein , bassist Scott Riebling , and drummer Jason Sutter ) appears as the band performing at Club Skunk , playing their songs `` Come On '' and `` Co-Pilot '' , and playing a cover version of Cheap Trick 's `` I Want You to Want Me '' on the school 's rooftop during the closing credits . Hanley and Eisenstein also appear in the prom scene , performing a cover of Nick Lowe 's `` Cruel to Be Kind '' with Save Ferris . The band Save Ferris ( singer Monique Powell , guitarist Brian Mashburn , bassist Bill Uechi , trumpeter José Castellaños , trombonist Brian Williams , saxophonist Eric Zamora , and drummer Evan Kilbourne ) appears as the band performing at the prom , playing their songs `` I Know '' and `` Ca n't Stop '' as well as covers of The Isley Brothers ' `` Shout '' and Nick Lowe 's `` Cruel to Be Kind '' . Production ( edit ) Many of the scenes were filmed on location at Stadium High School and at a house in the Proctor District of Tacoma , Washington . The prom sequence was shot over three days in Seattle . Costume designer Kim Tillman designed original dresses for Larisa Oleynik and Julia Stiles as well as the period outfits for Susan May Pratt and David Krumholtz . Gabrielle Union 's snakeskin prom dress is a Betsey Johnson design . Heath Ledger and Joseph Gordon - Levitt 's vintage tuxes came from Isadora 's in Seattle . The primary tagline is an allusion to a poem written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning from her Sonnets from the Portuguese collection . ( `` How do I loathe thee ? Let me count the ways . '' ) Another tagline is a spoof from Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ( `` Romeo , Oh Romeo , Get Out Of My Face . '' ) and another is a line from The Taming of the Shrew that is spoken in the film by Cameron ( `` I burn , I pine , I perish ! '' ) . The original script was finalized on November 12 , 1997 . Release and reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film grossed US $8,330,681 in 2,271 theaters in the United States and Canada , averaging $3,668 per venue , and ranking number two at the box office ( behind The Matrix ) . It grossed a total of $38,178,166 in the United States and Canada and $15,300,000 in other territories , about $53,500,000 worldwide . The film had an estimated budget of $16 million and is considered a moderate financial and critical success . On October 12 , 1999 , the Region 1 DVD was released . In the box office , the film is number ten in teen romance , 18th in high school comedies , and ranked 96th in comedies . Critics ( edit ) The film received generally positive feedback from critics . Geoff Andrew from Time Out praised the film 's leads , stating `` Stiles grows into her character , and Ledger is effortlessly charming '' . Brad Laidman from Film Threat said the film was `` pure of heart and perfectly executed . '' Ron Wells , another critic from Film Threat , expressed , `` Of all the teen films released this year , this one is , by far , the best . '' Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four : `` I liked the movie 's spirit , the actors and some of the scenes . The music , much of it by the band Letters to Cleo , is subtle and inventive while still cheerful . '' Entertainment Weekly listed the film at # 49 on its list of Best High School Movies . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film got a 61 % from critics , based on 62 reviews , with a rating of 6.1 / 10 . The critical consensus on the site was : `` Julia Stiles and Heath Ledger add strong performances to an unexpectedly clever script , elevating 10 Things ( slightly ) above typical teen fare . '' '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) 10 Things I Hate About You was a breakthrough role for stars Stiles , Ledger , and Gordon - Levitt . Gordon - Levitt , Stiles , and Oleynik each received Young Star Award nominations for Best Actor / Actress in a Comedy Film . The movie was nominated for seven Teen Choice Awards : Choice Movie : Breakout Star ( Stiles ) , Choice Movie : Comedy , Choice Movie : Funniest Scene ( featuring Krumholtz ) , Choice Movie : Love Scene ( featuring Stiles and Ledger ) , Choice Movie : Hissy Fit ( Gordon - Levitt ) , Choice Movie : Villain ( Gordon - Levitt ) and Choice Movie : Soundtrack . The film 's casting directors Marcia Ross and Donna Morong won `` Best Casting for Feature Film , Comedy '' at the Casting Society of America in 1999 . In 2000 , Stiles won the CFCA Award for `` Most Promising Actress '' for her role as Kat Stratford ( tied with Émilie Dequenne in Rosetta ) and an MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance . The same year , Ledger was nominated for Best Musical Performance for the song `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You . '' Soundtrack album ( edit ) The soundtrack album features popular modern rock anthems from 1970s up to the late 1990s , including various covers from Letters to Cleo , who created modernised renditions of songs such as `` I Want You To Want Me '' by Cheap Trick and `` Cruel to Be Kind '' by Nick Lowe . The albums peak position in the Billboard ( magazine ) charts was 52nd , which was just after its release and it managed to hold a place in the Billboard top 200 for a total of 27 weeks . Artists such as The Notorious B.I.G. and Joan Jett were also used in the films soundtrack , although were not featured on the soundtrack album . The album was described by AllMusic as `` One of the best modern rock soundtracks of the spring 1999 season '' . 10 Things I Hate About You Soundtrack album by various artists Released April 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 06 ) Genre Alternative rock ska pop funk Label Hollywood Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer Length 1 . `` I Want You to Want Me '' ( originally performed by Cheap Trick ) Rick Nielsen Letters to Cleo 3 : 25 2 . `` F.N.T. '' ( from Great Divide , 1996 ) Dan Wilson , Jacob Slichter Semisonic 3 : 29 3 . `` I Know '' ( contains an interpretation of `` Shout '' , written by O'Kelly Isley , Ronald Isley , and Rudolph Isley and originally performed by The Isley Brothers ) Michael Holton , Miré Molner , Brian Mashburn Save Ferris 2 : 52 4 . `` Your Winter '' ( from Fortress , 2000 ) Ken Block , Jett Beres , Andrew Copeland , Ryan Newell , Mark Trojanowski , Bill Smith Sister Hazel 4 : 39 5 . `` Even Angels Fall '' ( from Key of a Minor , 2000 ) Tom Whitlock , Jessica Riddle , Kim Bullard , Penny Framstad Jessica Riddle 3 : 27 6 . `` New World '' ( from Leroy , 2001 ) Leroy Miller Leroy 3 : 02 7 . `` Saturday Night '' Rodney Jerkins , Marti Sharron , Dan Sembello Ta - Gana 4 : 26 8 . `` Atomic Dog '' ( from Computer Games , 1982 ) George Clinton , Garry Shider , David Spradley George Clinton 4 : 44 9 . `` Dazz '' ( from Good High , 1976 ) Ray Ransom , Edward Irons , Reginald Hargis Brick 3 : 24 10 . `` The Weakness in Me '' ( from Walk Under Ladders , 1981 ) Joan Armatrading Joan Armatrading 3 : 32 11 . `` War '' ( from `` My Favourite Game '' , 1998 ) Peter Svensson , Nina Persson The Cardigans 3 : 57 12 . `` Wings of a Dove '' ( 1983 ) Carl Smyth , Graham McPherson Madness 3 : 00 13 . `` Cruel to Be Kind '' ( originally performed by Nick Lowe ) Nick Lowe , Ian Gomm Letters to Cleo 3 : 01 14 . `` One More Thing '' Richard Gibbs Richard Gibbs 3 : 01 Total length : 49 : 59 Adaptations ( edit ) In June 1999 , the Scholastic Corporation published a novelization of the story , adapted by David Levithan . The story is retold as it is in the film with each chapter written from the point of view of either Bianca , Cameron , Kat , Patrick , or Michael . In October 2008 , ABC Family ordered a pilot episode of 10 Things I Hate About You , a half - hour , single - camera comedy series based on the feature film of the same name . Larry Miller is the only actor from the film to reprise his role in the television series . The director of the film , Gil Junger , directed many of the episodes including the pilot while the film 's music composer , Richard Gibbs , also returned to do the show 's music . The series was adapted and produced by Carter Covington . The show premiered on July 7 , 2009 , and lasted 20 episodes . References to Shakespeare ( edit ) The film is a retelling of William Shakespeare 's play The Taming of the Shrew in an American high school setting . Screenwriters Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith also wrote the script for She 's the Man ( 2006 ) , a retelling of Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night set in an American college . Kat and Bianca share the same names as the female leads in the original play . Their surname is Stratford , a nod to Shakespeare 's birthplace . Patrick 's surname Verona references the home of his relative character Petruchio . The characters attend Padua High School , named after where the play is set . Cameron ( Lucentio , who disguises himself as a tutor named Cambio ) tutors Bianca in French and slips in a line from play while obsessing over her : `` I burn , I pine , I perish '' . Patrick 's character reflects the outlandish behavior of Petruchio , and Michael coerces Patrick into the marching band incident with the words from Sonnet 56 : `` Sweet love , renew thy force '' . The physicality of Petruchio and Katherina is transformed into a playful paintball match ; the prom substitutes for the Act V feast ; Kat 's poem replaces Katherina 's famous Act V speech ; and Joey Donner 's wager over Bianca 's virginity parallels the bet placed by Shakespeare 's husbands regarding their partners ' obedience . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 10 Things I Hate About You at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : Write - up on CinemaReview.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Script Database '' . Imsdb.com . November 12 , 1997 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things I Hate About You Review . Movie Reviews - Film - Time Out New York '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things I Hate About You '' . Film Threat . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Current Movie Reviews , Independent Movies '' . Film Threat . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` 10 Things I Hate About You '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ EW Staff ( September 22 , 2012 ) . `` 50 Best High School Movies Photo 1 of 50 '' . EW.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Aames , Ethan . `` Julia Stiles on `` The Omen '' `` . Cinema Confidential News . June 5 , 2006 . Retrieved on October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Eisenbach , Helen . `` 10 Thing We Love About Julia Stiles '' . Manhattan File Magazine . January 2000 . Retrieved October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kevin . `` Heath Ledger - The Accidental Hero '' . Times Sunday Magazine . October 14 , 2006 . Retrieved October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard 200 '' . United States . May 1 , 1999 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard 200 '' . United States . September 9 , 1999 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peeples , S. 10 Things I Hate About You review allmusic.com . Retrieved on 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Peeples , S. 10 Things I Hate About You review allmusic.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ 10 Things I Hate About You . New York : Scholastic . ISBN 0439087309 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh . `` ABC Family Greenlights ' 10 Things I Hate , ' ' Ruby ' Pilots . '' Zap2it.com . October 8 , 2008 . Retrieved on October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family : 10 Things I Hate About You '' . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pittman , L. Monique ( 2004 ) . `` Taming `` 10 Things I Hate About You '' : Shakespeare and the Teenage Film Audience `` . Salisbury University Literature / Film Quarterly . 32 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 152 . JSTOR 43797167 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : 10 Things I Hate About You 10 Things I Hate About You on IMDb 10 Things I Hate About You at the TCM Movie Database 10 Things I Hate About You at AllMovie 10 Things I Hate About You Film Film Soundtrack TV series TV series List of episodes Cast Film Julia Stiles Heath Ledger Larisa Oleynik Joseph Gordon - Levitt Larry Miller TV series Lindsey Shaw Ethan Peck Meaghan Martin Nicholas Braun Larry Miller Dana Davis Music `` I Want You to Want Me '' 10 Things I Hate About You ( soundtrack ) Related topics The Taming of the Shrew Films directed by Gil Junger 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) Black Knight ( 2001 ) If Only ( 2004 ) Get Smart 's Bruce and Lloyd : Out of Control ( 2008 ) My Fake Fiancé ( 2009 ) Beauty & the Briefcase ( 2010 ) Christmas Cupid ( 2010 ) Teen Spirit ( 2011 ) Christmas Bounty ( 2013 ) Santa 's Little Helper ( 2015 ) 10 Things I Hate About Life ( cancelled ) William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew Characters Katherina Minola Petruchio Bianca Minola Baptista Minola Christopher Sly Stage adaptations The Woman 's Prize ( c1611 ) Catharine and Petruchio ( 1754 ) Las bravías ( 1896 ) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung ( 1872 ) Sly , ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato ( 1927 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 1948 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 1953 ) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy ( 1957 ) Christopher Sly ( 1963 ) Direct adaptations 1908 1929 1962 ( TV ) 1967 1980 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Other adaptations Daring Youth ( 1924 ) You Made Me Love You ( 1933 ) Second Best Bed ( 1938 ) Kiss Me Kate ( 1953 ) Abba Aa Hudugi ( 1959 ) Gundamma Katha ( 1962 ) Manithan Maravillai ( 1962 ) McLintock ! ( 1963 ) Arivaali ( 1963 ) Pattikada Pattanama ( 1972 ) Il Bisbetico Domato ( 1980 ) Nanjundi Kalyana ( 1989 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) O Cravo ea Rosa ( 2000 ; TV ) Deliver Us from Eva ( 2003 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 2005 ; TV ) Frivolous Wife ( 2008 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 ; TV ) Isi Life Mein ( 2010 ) Related The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew ( stock character ) Induction Love - in - idleness LCCN : no00076180 VIAF : 183669909 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10_Things_I_Hate_About_You&oldid=855394530 '' Categories : 1999 films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s coming - of - age films 1990s high school films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s romantic drama films 1990s teen comedy films 1990s teen drama films 1990s teen romance films American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American films American high school films American romantic comedy films American romantic drama films American teen comedy films American teen drama films American teen romance films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Directorial debut films English - language films Feminist films Films adapted into television programs Films based on The Taming of the Shrew Films directed by Gil Junger Films set in Seattle Films shot in Washington ( state ) Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare Teen films based on works by William Shakespeare Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 00 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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"10 Things I Hate About You\nPromotional posterDirected by\nGil JungerProduced by\nAndrew LazarWritten by\n\nKaren McCullah\nKirsten Smith\nStarring\n\nJulia Stiles\nHeath Ledger\nJoseph Gordon-Levitt\nLarisa Oleynik\nLarry Miller\nAndrew Keegan\nDavid Krumholtz\nSusan May Pratt\nAllison Janney\nMusic by\nRichard GibbsCinematography\nMark IrwinEdited by\nO. Nicholas BrownProductioncompany \nTouchstone PicturesDistributed by\nBuena Vista PicturesRelease date\nMarch 31, 1999 (1999-03-31)\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n99 minutesCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishFrenchBudget\nUS$16 millionBox office\nUS$53.5 million[1]",
"10 Things I Hate About You\nPromotional posterDirected by\nGil JungerProduced by\nAndrew LazarWritten by\n\nKaren McCullah\nKirsten Smith\nStarring\n\nJulia Stiles\nHeath Ledger\nJoseph Gordon-Levitt\nLarisa Oleynik\nLarry Miller\nAndrew Keegan\nDavid Krumholtz\nSusan May Pratt\nAllison Janney\nMusic by\nRichard GibbsCinematography\nMark IrwinEdited by\nO. Nicholas BrownProductioncompany \nTouchstone PicturesDistributed by\nBuena Vista PicturesRelease date\nMarch 31, 1999 (1999-03-31)\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n99 minutesCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishFrenchBudget\nUS$16 millionBox office\nUS$53.5 million[1]"
] | [
"Karen McCullah",
"Kirsten Smith"
] |
-990807079943947571 | United States presidential election, 1952 | United states presidential election , 1952 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1952 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1952 ← 1948 November 4 , 1952 1956 → All 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 63.3 % 10.3 pp Nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson Party Republican Democratic Home state New York Illinois Running mate Richard Nixon John Sparkman Electoral vote 442 89 States carried 39 9 Popular vote 34,075,529 27,375,090 Percentage 55.2 % 44.3 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Eisenhower / Nixon , blue denotes those won by Stevenson / Sparkman . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . President before election Harry S. Truman Democratic Elected President Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican The United States presidential election of 1952 was the 42nd quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 4 , 1952 . Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower won a landslide victory over Democrat Adlai Stevenson , ending a string of Democratic Party wins that stretched back to 1932 . Incumbent Democratic President Harry S. Truman had initially sought a second full term , but the unpopular incumbent withdrew from the race following his defeat in the New Hampshire primary by Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver . After Truman 's withdrawal , the president and other party leaders rallied around Stevenson , the moderate Governor of Illinois . Stevenson emerged victorious on the third presidential ballot of the 1952 Democratic National Convention , defeating Kefauver , Senator Richard Russell Jr. of Georgia , and other candidates . The Republican nomination was primarily contested by conservative Governor Robert A. Taft of Ohio and Eisenhower , a general who was widely popular for his leadership in World War II . With the support of Thomas E. Dewey and other party leaders , Eisenhower narrowly prevailed over Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention . The Republicans chose Richard Nixon , a young anti-Communist Senator from California , as Eisenhower 's running mate . Republicans attacked Truman 's handling of the Korean War and the broader Cold War , and alleged that Soviet spies had infiltrated the U.S. government . Democrats faulted Eisenhower for failing to condemn Republican Senator Joe McCarthy and other anti-Communist Republicans who they alleged had engaged in reckless and unwarranted attacks . Stevenson tried to separate himself from the unpopular Truman administration , instead campaigning on the popularity of the New Deal and lingering fears of another Great Depression under a Republican administration . Eisenhower retained his enormous popularity from the war , as seen in his campaign slogan , `` I Like Ike . '' Eisenhower 's popularity and Truman 's unpopularity led to a Republican victory , and Eisenhower won 55 % of the popular vote . He carried every state outside of the South and won several Southern states that had almost always voted for Democrats since the end of Reconstruction . Republicans also won control of both houses of Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominations 1.1 Republican Party 1.2 Republican Convention 1.3 Democratic Party 1.4 Democratic Convention 2 General election 2.1 Campaign issues 2.2 Campaign 2.3 Citizens for Eisenhower 2.4 Results 2.4. 1 Results by state 2.5 Close state races 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 5.1 Primary sources 6 External links Nominations ( edit ) Republican party ( edit ) Main article : Republican Party presidential primaries , 1952 Further information : 1952 Republican National Convention Republican Party Ticket , 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon for President for Vice President 1st Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) ( 1951 -- 1952 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Campaign Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio Former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota Governor Earl Warren of California General Douglas MacArthur , from New York The fight for the Republican nomination was between General Dwight D. Eisenhower , who became the candidate of the party 's moderate eastern establishment ; Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio , the longtime leader of the Republican Party 's conservative wing ; Governor Earl Warren of California , who appealed to Western delegates and independent voters ; and former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota , who still had a base of support in the Midwest . The moderate Eastern Republicans were led by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey , the party 's presidential nominee in 1944 and 1948 . The moderates tended to be interventionists , who felt that America needed to fight the Cold War overseas and confront the Soviet Union in Eurasia ; they were also willing to accept most aspects of the social welfare state created by the New Deal in the 1930s . The moderates were also concerned with ending the Republicans ' losing streak in presidential elections ; they felt that the personally popular Eisenhower had the best chance of beating the Democrats . For this reason , Dewey himself declined the notion of a third run for president , even though he still had a large amount of support within the party . The GOP had been out of power for 20 years , and the sentiment that a proper two - party system needed to be reestablished was strong , also a Republican Party in control of the White House would have more incentive to reign in unpopular demagogues such as Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy . The conservative Republicans , led by Taft , were based in the Midwest and parts of the South . The Midwest was a bastion of conservatism and isolationist sentiment , dislike of Europeans , in particular Great Britain , was common , and there was a widespread feeling that the British manipulated US foreign policy and were eager to kowtow to the Soviet Union , although attitudes were beginning to change among the younger generation who had fought in World War II . Taft had unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in the 1940 and 1948 presidential elections , losing both times to moderate candidates from New York ( Wilkie and Dewey ) . Taft , 63 , felt that this was his last chance to run for president and so his friends and supporters worked extra hard to ensure that he win the nomination . Warren , although highly popular in California , refused to campaign in the presidential primaries and thus limited his chances of winning the nomination . He did retain the support of the California delegation , and his supporters hoped that , in the event of an Eisenhower - Taft deadlock , Warren might emerge as a compromise candidate . Presidential candidate Eisenhower in the Hobo Day parade at South Dakota State University in 1952 After being persuaded to run , Eisenhower scored a major victory in the New Hampshire primary , when his supporters wrote his name onto the ballot , giving him an upset victory over Taft . However , from there until the Republican Convention the primaries were divided fairly evenly between the two , and by the time the convention opened , the race for the nomination was still too close to call . Taft won the Nebraska , Wisconsin , Illinois , and South Dakota primaries , while Eisenhower won the New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , and Oregon primaries . Stassen and Warren only won their home states of Minnesota and California respectively , which effectively ended their chances of earning the nomination . General Douglas MacArthur also got ten delegates from various states ( mostly Oregon ) , but had made it clear from early in the race that he had no interest in being nominated . Republican convention ( edit ) When the 1952 Republican National Convention opened in Chicago , Illinois , most political experts rated Taft and Eisenhower as neck - and - neck in the delegate vote totals . Eisenhower 's managers , led by Dewey and Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , accused Taft of `` stealing '' delegate votes in Southern states such as Texas and Georgia . They claimed that Taft 's leaders in these states had unfairly denied delegate spots to Eisenhower supporters and put Taft delegates in their place . Lodge and Dewey proposed to evict the pro-Taft delegates in these states and replace them with pro-Eisenhower delegates ; they called this proposal `` Fair Play . '' Although Taft and his supporters angrily denied this charge , the convention voted to support Fair Play 658 to 548 , and Taft lost many Southern delegates . Eisenhower also received two more boosts , firstly when several uncommitted state delegations , such as Michigan and Pennsylvania , decided to support him , and secondly when Stassen released his delegates and asked them to support Eisenhower , whose moderate policies he much preferred to those of Taft . The removal of many pro-Taft Southern delegates and the support of the uncommitted states decided the nomination in Eisenhower 's favor . However , the mood at the convention was one of the most bitter and emotional in American history . When Senator Everett Dirksen from Illinois , a Taft supporter , pointed at Dewey on the convention floor during a speech and accused him of leading the Republicans `` down the road to defeat , '' mixed boos and cheers rang out from the delegates , and there were even fistfights between some Taft and Eisenhower delegates . In the end , Eisenhower narrowly defeated Taft on the first ballot . To heal the wounds caused by the battle , he went to Taft 's hotel suite and met with him . Taft issued a brief statement congratulating Eisenhower on his victory , but he was bitter about what he felt was the untrue `` stealing delegates '' charge , and he withheld his active support for Eisenhower for several weeks after the convention . In September 1952 Taft and Eisenhower met again at Morningside Heights in New York City , where Taft promised to support Eisenhower actively in exchange for Eisenhower agreeing to a number of requests . These included a demand that Eisenhower give Taft 's followers a fair share of patronage positions if he won the election , and that Eisenhower agree to balance the federal budget and `` fight creeping domestic socialism in every field . '' Eisenhower agreed to the terms , and Taft campaigned hard for the Republican ticket . In fact , Eisenhower and Taft agreed on most domestic issues ; their disagreements were primarily in foreign policy . Though there were initial suggestions that Warren could have earned the party 's vice presidential slot for the second successive election if he were to withdraw and endorse Eisenhower , he ultimately chose not to do so . Eisenhower himself had been partial to giving the VP nod to Stassen , who had endorsed Eisenhower of his own accord and had generally similar political positions . The party bosses , however , were keen to find a running mate who could mollify Taft 's supporters , as the schism between the moderate and conservative wings was so severe that in the worst case it could potentially lead to the conservatives bolting and running Taft as a third - party candidate . Eisenhower had apparently given little thought to choosing his running mate , when asked , he replied that he assumed the convention would pick someone . The spot ultimately fell to the young California Senator Richard Nixon , who was seen as being in the exact center of the GOP . Nixon was known as an aggressive campaigner and a fierce anti-communist , however he shied away from some of the more extreme ideas of the party 's right wing , including isolationism and dismantling the New Deal . Most historians now believe that Eisenhower 's nomination was primarily due to the feeling that he was a `` sure winner '' against the Democrats ; most of the delegates were conservatives who would probably have supported Taft if they felt he could have won the general election . Despite not earning the presidential or vice presidential nominations , Warren would subsequently be appointed as Chief Justice in October 1953 , while Stassen would hold various positions within Eisenhower 's administration . The balloting at the Republican Convention went as follows : Presidential Balloting , RNC 1952 Ballot 1st Before Shifts 1st After Shifts Dwight D. Eisenhower 595 845 Robert A. Taft 500 280 Earl Warren 81 77 Harold Stassen 20 0 Douglas MacArthur 10 Democratic party ( edit ) Main article : Democratic Party ( United States ) presidential primaries , 1952 Democratic Party Ticket , 1952 Adlai Stevenson II John J. Sparkman for President for Vice President 31st Governor of Illinois ( 1949 -- 1953 ) U.S. Senator from Alabama ( 1946 -- 1979 ) Campaign Vice President Alben W. Barkley Senator Hubert Humphrey from Minnesota Senator Estes Kefauver from Tennessee Senator Robert S. Kerr from Oklahoma Senator Richard Russell , Jr. from Georgia Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois The expected candidate for the Democratic nomination was incumbent President Harry S. Truman . Since the newly passed 22nd Amendment did not apply to whoever was president at the time of its passage , he was eligible to run again . But Truman entered 1952 with his popularity plummeting , according to polls . The bloody and indecisive Korean War was dragging into its third year , Senator Joseph McCarthy 's anti-Communist crusade was stirring public fears of an encroaching `` Red Menace , '' and the disclosure of widespread corruption among federal employees ( including some high - level members of Truman 's administration ) left Truman at a low political ebb . Polls showed that he had a 66 % disapproval rating , a record only matched decades later by Richard Nixon and surpassed by George W. Bush . Kefauver won all but three primaries , but failed to win nomination Truman 's main opponent was populist Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver , who had chaired a nationally televised investigation of organized crime in 1951 and was known as a crusader against crime and corruption . The Gallup poll of February 15 showed Truman 's weakness : nationally Truman was the choice of only 36 % of Democrats , compared with 21 % for Kefauver . Among independent voters , however , Truman had only 18 % while Kefauver led with 36 % . In the New Hampshire primary , Kefauver upset Truman , winning 19,800 votes to Truman 's 15,927 and capturing all eight delegates . Kefauver graciously said that he did not consider his victory `` a repudiation of Administration policies , but a desire ... for new ideas and personalities . '' Stung by this setback , Truman soon announced that he would not seek re-election ( however , Truman insisted in his memoirs that he had decided not to run for reelection well before his defeat by Kefauver ) . With Truman 's withdrawal , Kefauver became the front - runner for the nomination , and he won most of the primaries . Other primary winners were Senator Hubert Humphrey , who won his home state of Minnesota , while Senator Richard Russell Jr. from Georgia won the Florida primary and U.S. diplomat W. Averell Harriman won West Virginia . However , most states still chose their delegates to the Democratic Convention via state conventions , which meant that the party bosses -- especially the mayors and governors of large Northern and Midwestern states and cities -- were able to choose the Democratic nominee . These bosses ( including Truman ) strongly disliked Kefauver ; his investigations of organized crime had revealed connections between Mafia figures and many of the big - city Democratic political organizations . The party bosses thus viewed Kefauver as a maverick who could not be trusted , and they refused to support him for the nomination . Instead , with Truman taking the initiative , they began to search for other , more acceptable , candidates . However , most of the other candidates had a major weakness . Richard Russell had much Southern support , but his support of racial segregation and opposition to civil rights for Southern blacks led many liberal Northern and Midwestern delegates to reject him . Truman favored W. Averell Harriman of New York , but he had never held an elective office and was inexperienced in politics . Truman next turned to his vice-president , Alben W. Barkley , but at 74 he was rejected as being too old by labor union leaders . Other minor or favorite son candidates included Oklahoma Senator Robert S. Kerr , Governor Paul A. Dever of Massachusetts , Senator Hubert Humphrey from Minnesota , and Senator J. William Fulbright from Arkansas . One candidate soon emerged who seemingly had few political weaknesses : Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois . The grandson of former Vice-President Adlai E. Stevenson , he came from a distinguished family in Illinois and was well known as a gifted orator , intellectual , and political moderate . In the spring of 1952 , Truman tried to convince Stevenson to take the presidential nomination , but Stevenson refused , stating that he wanted to run for re-election as Governor of Illinois . Yet Stevenson never completely took himself out of the race , and as the convention approached , many party bosses , as well as normally apolitical citizens , hoped that he could be `` drafted '' to run . Democratic convention ( edit ) The 1952 Democratic National Convention was held in Chicago in the same coliseum the Republicans had gathered in several weeks earlier . Since the convention was being held in his home state , Governor Stevenson -- who still proclaimed that he was not a presidential candidate -- was asked to give the welcoming address to the delegates . He proceeded to give a witty and stirring address that led his supporters to begin a renewed round of efforts to nominate him , despite his protests . After meeting with Jacob Arvey , the `` boss '' of the Illinois delegation , Stevenson finally agreed to enter his name as a candidate for the nomination . The party bosses from other large Northern and Midwestern states quickly joined in support . Kefauver led on the first ballot , but had far fewer votes than necessary to win . Stevenson gradually gained strength until he was nominated on the third ballot . After the delegates nominated Stevenson , the convention then turned to selecting a vice-presidential nominee . After narrowing it down to Senators John Sparkman , and A.S. Mike Monroney , President Truman and a small group of political insiders chose Sparkman , a conservative and segregationist from Alabama , for the nomination . The convention largely complied and nominated Sparkman as Stevenson 's running mate . He was chosen because of his Southern identity and conservative record ; party leaders hoped this factor would create a balanced ticket . General election ( edit ) Play media CBS News ' coverage of the 1952 United States presidential election Campaign issues ( edit ) The Eisenhower campaign was one of the first presidential campaigns to make a major , concerted effort to win the female vote . Many of his radio and television commercials discussed topics such as education , inflation , ending the war in Korea , and other issues that were thought to appeal to women . The Eisenhower campaign made extensive use of female campaign workers . These workers made phone calls to likely Eisenhower voters , distributed `` Ike '' buttons and leaflets , and threw parties to build support for the GOP ticket in their neighborhoods . On election day , Eisenhower won a solid majority of the female vote . Eisenhower campaigned by attacking `` Korea , Communism , and Corruption '' -- that is , what the Republicans regarded as the failures of the outgoing Truman administration to deal with these issues . The Eisenhower campaign accused the administration of `` neglecting Latin America '' and thus `` leading them into the arms of wily Communist agents waiting to exploit local misery and capitalize on any opening to communize the Americas . '' Charges that Soviet spies had infiltrated the government plagued the Truman Administration and also became a `` major campaign issue '' for Eisenhower . The Republicans blamed the Democrats for the military 's failure to be fully prepared to fight in Korea ; they accused the Democrats of harboring communist spies within the federal government ; and they blasted the Truman Administration for the numbers of officials who had been accused of various crimes . Stevenson hoped to exploit the rift between the conservative Taft Republicans and the moderate Eisenhower Republicans . In a speech in Baltimore , Stevenson said , `` The GOP elephant has two heads nowadays , and I ca n't tell from day to day who 's driving the poor beast , Senator Taft or the General . I doubt that America will entrust its future , its hopes , to the master of a house divided against itself . '' Stevenson , Truman , and other Democrats campaigning that fall also criticized Senator Joseph McCarthy and other right - wing Republicans for what they believed were reckless and unwarranted attacks and congressional investigations into leading government officials and public servants . In a Salt Lake City speech Stevenson stated that right - wing Republicans were `` quick with accusations , with defamatory hints and whispering campaigns when they see a chance to scare or silence those with whom they disagree . Rudely , carelessly , they invade the field of thought , of conscience , which belongs to God , and not to Senators ... McCarthy and men like him can say almost anything , and if my opponent 's conscience permits , he can try to help all of them get reelected . '' Stevenson said that right - wing attacks on government officials such as General George Marshall , who had served Truman as Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense , reflected a `` middle of the gutter approach '' to politics . President Truman repeatedly criticized Senator McCarthy 's character and temperament , and called on Eisenhower to repudiate him . Stevenson ridiculed right - wing Republicans `` who hunt Communists in the Bureau of Wildlife and Fisheries while hesitating to aid the gallant men and women who are resisting the real thing in the front lines of Europe and Asia ... They are finally the men who seemingly believe that we can confound the Kremlin by frightening ourselves to death . '' In return , Senator McCarthy often confused the names Adlai and Alger , the first name of convicted Soviet spy Alger Hiss , by stating `` Alger , I mean Adlai ... '' in his speeches . McCarthy , in response to Stevenson 's criticisms , also stated during the campaign that he would like to get on the Stevenson campaign trail `` with a club and make a good and loyal American '' out of Stevenson . Adlai Stevenson warns against a return of the Republican policies of Herbert Hoover Neither Stevenson nor Sparkman had been a part of the Truman administration and they largely ignored its record , preferring to hark back to the Roosevelt 's New Deal achievements while warning of against a repetition of the Hoover depression . Historian Herbert Parmet says that although Stevenson : tried to separate his campaign from Truman 's record , his efforts failed to dispel the widespread recognition that , for a divided America , torn by paranoia and unable to understand what had disrupted the anticipated tranquility of the postwar world , the time for change had really arrived . Neither Stevenson nor anyone else could have dissuaded the electorate from its desire to repudiate ' Trumanism . ' Campaign ( edit ) Eisenhower presidential campaign in Baltimore , Maryland , September 1952 Many Democrats were particularly upset when Eisenhower , on a scheduled campaign swing through Wisconsin , decided not to give a speech he had written criticizing McCarthy 's methods , and then allowed himself to be photographed shaking hands with McCarthy as if he supported him . Truman , formerly friends with Eisenhower , never forgot what he saw as a betrayal ; he had previously thought Eisenhower would make a good president , but said , `` he has betrayed almost everything I thought he stood for . '' Despite these mishaps , Eisenhower retained his enormous personal popularity from his leading role in World War II , and huge crowds turned out to see him around the nation . His campaign slogan , `` I Like Ike , '' was one of the most popular in American history . Stevenson attracted the support of the young , emergent postwar intellectual class , however Eisenhower was seen as more appealing to Main Street . Stevenson was ridiculed in some quarters as too effeminate to be president , the staunchly conservative New York Daily News called him `` Adelaide '' Stevenson , even though he had a reputation as a ladies ' man and several mistresses . A notable event of the 1952 campaign concerned a scandal that emerged when Richard Nixon , Eisenhower 's running mate , was accused by several newspapers of receiving $18,000 in undeclared `` gifts '' from wealthy donors . In reality , contributions were by design only from early supporters and limited to $1,000 , with full accountability . Nixon , who had been accusing the Democrats of hiding crooks , suddenly found himself on the defensive . Eisenhower and his aides considered dropping Nixon from the ticket and picking another running mate . Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate . Shades of red are for Eisenhower ( Republican ) and shades of blue are for Stevenson ( Democratic ) . Eisenhower , who barely knew Nixon , waffled and refused to comment on the incident . Nixon saved his political career , however , with a dramatic half - hour speech , the `` Checkers speech , '' on live television . In this speech , Nixon denied the charges against him , gave a detailed account of his modest financial assets , and offered a glowing assessment of Eisenhower 's candidacy . The highlight of the speech came when Nixon stated that a supporter had given his daughters a gift -- a dog named `` Checkers '' -- and that he would not return it , because his daughters loved it . The `` Checkers speech '' led hundreds of thousands of citizens nationwide to wire the Republican National Committee urging the Republican Party to keep Nixon on the ticket , and Eisenhower stayed with him . Despite the red - baiting of the right wing of the GOP , the campaign on the whole was conducted with a considerable degree of dignity and Stevenson was seen as reinvigorating a Democrat Party that had become exhausted after 20 years in power and refreshing its appeal with younger voters . He accused Eisenhower of silently tolerating Joseph McCarthy 's excesses , and that the GOP was dominated by `` men who hunt communists in the Bureau of Wildlife and Fisheries while refusing to help the brave men and women confronting the real thing in Europe and Asia '' . Stevenson went before the American Legion , a bastion of hardline conservatism , and boldly declared that there was nothing patriotic or American about what Joseph McCarthy was doing . Even with the dignified nature of the campaign , the dislike between the two candidates was visible ; Stevenson criticized Eisenhower 's non-condemnation of McCarthy and use of television spots , and Eisenhower , while he had initially respected Stevenson , in time came to view him as simply another career politician , something he strongly disliked . The 1952 election campaign was the first one to make use of the new medium of television , in part thanks to the efforts of Rosser Reeves , the head of the Ted Bates Agency , a leading advertising firm . Reeves had initially proposed a series of radio spots to Thomas Dewey in the 1948 campaign , but Dewey considered them undignified , and Reeves maintained that Dewey might have won the election had he been slightly more open - minded . Studying Douglas MacArthur 's keynote speech at the Republican convention in July , Reeves believed that the general 's words were `` powerful '' , but `` unfocused '' and `` all over the map '' . Eisenhower 's public speeches were even worse , he was unable to make his point to the voting public in a clear , legible manner . Reeves felt that Eisenhower needed to condense his message down to a few simple , easily digestible slogans . Eisenhower at first also fared poorly on television and had a difficult time appearing relaxed and at ease on camera . The TV lighting was not flattering and it made him look old and unattractive , in particular his forehead tended to glisten under the lights . Eisenhower became upset when CBS correspondent Dave Schoenbrun pointed this out and suggested he try altering his poses to make his forehead less noticeable and also apply makeup so it would not shine from the lighting . Eventually , he gave in and agreed to these modifications . Reeves also wanted Eisenhower to not wear his eyeglasses on camera in order to look younger , but he could not read the prompter board without them , so Reeves devised a large , handwritten signboard . Reeves 's TV work , although pioneering , was the subject of considerable criticism on the grounds that he was attempting to sell a presidential candidate to the public in the same manner that one might sell a car or a brand of toothpaste . Adlai Stevenson for his part would have nothing to do with television at all and condemned Eisenhower 's use of the medium , calling it `` selling the presidency like cereal '' . He himself made a point of the fact that he did not own a TV or watch television , and many of his inner circle did likewise . Both campaigns made use of television ads . A notable ad for Eisenhower was an issue - free , feel - good animated cartoon with a soundtrack song by Irving Berlin called `` I Like Ike . '' For the first time , a presidential candidate 's personal medical history was released publicly , as were partial versions of his financial histories , because of the issues raised in Nixon 's speech . Near the end of the campaign , Eisenhower , in a major speech , announced that if he won the election he would go to Korea to see if he could end the war . His great military prestige , combined with the public 's weariness with the conflict , gave Eisenhower the final boost he needed to win . Throughout the entire campaign , Eisenhower led in all opinion polls , and by wide margins in most of them . Citizens for Eisenhower ( edit ) To circumvent the local Republican Party apparatus mostly controlled by Taft supporters , the Eisenhower forces created a nationwide network of grass - roots clubs , `` Citizens for Eisenhower . '' Independents and Democrats were welcome , as the group specialized in canvassing neighborhoods and holding small group meetings . Citizens for Eisenhower hoped to revitalize the GOP by expanding its activist ranks and by supporting moderate and internationalist policies . It did not endorse candidates other than Eisenhower . However Eisenhower paid it little attention after he won , and it failed to maintain its impressive starting momentum . Instead it energized the conservative Republicans , leading finally to the Barry Goldwater campaign of 1964 . Long - time Republican activists viewed the newcomers with suspicion and hostility . More significantly , activism in support of Eisenhower did not translate into enthusiasm for the party cause . Results ( edit ) On election day , Eisenhower won a decisive victory , winning over 55 % of the popular vote and carrying thirty - nine of the forty - eight states . Stevenson did not win a single state north of the Mason -- Dixon line or west of Arkansas , whilst Eisenhower took three Southern states that the Republicans had won only once since Reconstruction : Virginia , Florida , and Texas . Despite the Republican win in Florida , this remains the last time to date a Democrat has won Collier County before southwestern Florida was turned into a growing Sun Belt Republican stronghold , and is also the last time a Democrat has won Aiken County , South Carolina , before the `` Solid South '' would collapse in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement. 1952 is also , however , the last time a Republican won Yolo County , California , or Native American Rolette County , North Dakota , and the last until Donald Trump in 2016 that the Republicans won Pacific County , Washington , or Swift County , Minnesota . This was the last time the Republicans won Missouri until 1968 and the last time the Democrats won Kentucky until 1964 . It is also the last time that a Republican won the election without Kentucky . Stevenson 's 700 - vote win was the smallest percentage margin in any state since Woodrow Wilson won New Hampshire by fifty - six votes in 1916 . This election was the first in which a computer ( the UNIVAC I ) was used to predict the results . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican New York 34,075,529 55.18 % 442 Richard Nixon California 442 Adlai Stevenson Democratic Illinois 27,375,090 44.33 % 89 John Sparkman Alabama 89 Vincent Hallinan Progressive California 140,746 0.23 % 0 Charlotta Bass New York 0 Stuart Hamblen Prohibition Texas 73,412 0.12 % 0 Enoch A. Holtwick Illinois 0 Eric Hass Socialist Labor New York 30,406 0.05 % 0 Stephen Emery New York 0 Darlington Hoopes Socialist Pennsylvania 20,203 0.03 % 0 Samuel H. Friedman New York 0 Douglas MacArthur Constitution Arkansas 17,205 0.03 % 0 Harry F. Byrd Virginia 0 Farrell Dobbs Socialist Workers Minnesota 10,312 0.02 % 0 Myra Tanner Weiss California 0 Other 9,039 0.02 % -- Other -- Total 61,751,942 100 % 531 531 Needed to win 266 266 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Leip , David . `` 1952 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved August 1 , 2005 . Popular vote Eisenhower 55.18 % Stevenson 44.33 % Others 0.49 % Electoral vote Eisenhower 83.24 % Stevenson 16.76 % Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Results by state ( edit ) States won by Eisenhower / Nixon States won by Stevenson / Sparkman Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican Adlai Stevenson Democratic Vincent Hallinan Progressive Stuart Hamblen Prohibition Eric Hass Socialist Labor Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 11 149,231 35.02 -- 275,075 64.55 11 -- -- -- 1,814 0.43 -- -- -- -- - 125,844 - 29.53 426,120 AL Arizona 152,042 58.35 108,528 41.65 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 43,514 16.70 260,570 AZ Arkansas 8 177,155 43.76 -- 226,300 55.90 8 -- -- -- 886 0.22 -- 0.00 -- - 49,145 - 12.14 404,800 AR California 32 3,035,587 56.83 32 2,257,646 42.27 -- 24,692 0.46 -- 16,117 0.30 -- 273 0.01 -- 777,941 14.56 5,341,603 CA Colorado 6 379,782 60.27 6 245,504 38.96 -- 1,919 0.30 -- -- -- -- 352 0.06 -- 134,278 21.31 630,103 CO Connecticut 8 611,012 55.70 8 481,649 43.91 -- 1,466 0.13 -- -- -- -- 535 0.05 -- 129,363 11.79 1,096,911 CT Delaware 90,059 51.75 83,315 47.88 -- 155 0.09 -- 234 0.13 -- 242 0.14 -- 6,744 3.88 174,025 DE Florida 10 544,036 54.99 10 444,950 44.97 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 99,086 10.02 989,337 FL Georgia 12 198,979 30.34 -- 456,823 69.66 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 257,844 - 39.32 655,803 GA Idaho 180,707 65.42 95,081 34.42 -- 443 0.16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 85,626 31.00 276,231 ID Illinois 27 2,457,327 54.84 27 2,013,920 44.94 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9,363 0.21 -- 443,407 9.90 4,481,058 IL Indiana 13 1,136,259 58.11 13 801,530 40.99 -- 1,222 0.06 -- 15,335 0.78 -- 979 0.05 -- 334,729 17.12 1,955,325 IN Iowa 10 808,906 63.75 10 451,513 35.59 -- 5,085 0.40 -- 2,882 0.23 -- 139 0.01 -- 357,393 28.17 1,268,773 IA Kansas 8 616,302 68.77 8 273,296 30.50 -- -- -- -- 6,038 0.67 -- -- -- -- 343,006 38.27 896,166 KS Kentucky 10 495,029 49.84 -- 495,729 49.91 10 336 0.03 -- 1,161 0.12 -- 893 0.09 -- - 700 - 0.07 993,148 KY Louisiana 10 306,925 47.08 -- 345,027 52.92 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 38,102 - 5.84 651,952 LA Maine 5 232,353 66.05 5 118,806 33.77 -- 332 0.09 -- -- -- -- 156 0.04 -- 113,547 32.28 351,786 ME Maryland 9 499,424 55.36 9 395,337 43.83 -- 7,313 0.81 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 104,087 11.54 902,074 MD Massachusetts 16 1,292,325 54.22 16 1,083,525 45.46 -- 4,636 0.19 -- 886 0.04 -- 1,957 0.08 -- 208,800 8.76 2,383,398 MA Michigan 20 1,551,529 55.44 20 1,230,657 43.97 -- 3,922 0.14 -- 10,331 0.37 -- 1,495 0.05 -- 320,872 11.47 2,798,592 MI Minnesota 11 763,211 55.33 11 608,458 44.11 -- 2,666 0.19 -- 2,147 0.16 -- 2,383 0.17 -- 154,753 11.22 1,379,483 MN Mississippi 8 112,966 39.56 -- 172,566 60.44 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 59,600 - 20.87 285,532 MS Missouri 13 959,429 50.71 13 929,830 49.14 -- 987 0.05 -- 885 0.05 -- 169 0.01 -- 29,599 1.56 1,892,062 MO Montana 157,394 59.39 106,213 40.07 -- 723 0.27 -- 548 0.21 -- -- -- -- 51,181 19.31 265,037 MT Nebraska 6 421,603 69.15 6 188,057 30.85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 233,546 38.31 609,660 NE Nevada 50,502 61.45 31,688 38.55 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 18,814 22.89 82,190 NV New Hampshire 166,287 60.92 106,663 39.08 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 59,624 21.84 272,950 NH New Jersey 16 1,374,613 56.81 16 1,015,902 41.99 -- 5,589 0.23 -- 989 0.04 -- 5,815 0.24 -- 358,711 14.83 2,419,554 NJ New Mexico 132,170 55.39 105,661 44.28 -- 225 0.09 -- 297 0.12 -- 35 0.01 -- 26,509 11.11 238,608 NM New York 45 3,952,815 55.45 45 3,104,601 43.55 -- 64,211 0.90 -- -- -- -- 1,560 0.02 -- 848,214 11.90 7,128,241 NY North Carolina 14 558,107 46.09 -- 652,803 53.91 14 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 94,696 - 7.82 1,210,910 NC North Dakota 191,712 70.97 76,694 28.39 -- 344 0.13 -- 302 0.11 -- -- -- -- 115,018 42.58 270,127 ND Ohio 25 2,100,391 56.76 25 1,600,367 43.24 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 500,024 13.51 3,700,758 OH Oklahoma 8 518,045 54.59 8 430,939 45.41 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 87,106 9.18 948,984 OK Oregon 6 420,815 60.54 6 270,579 38.93 -- 3,665 0.53 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 150,236 21.61 695,059 OR Pennsylvania 32 2,415,789 52.74 32 2,146,269 46.85 -- 4,222 0.09 -- 8,951 0.20 -- 1,377 0.03 -- 269,520 5.88 4,580,969 PA Rhode Island 210,935 50.89 203,293 49.05 -- 187 0.05 -- -- -- -- 83 0.02 -- 7,642 1.84 414,498 RI South Carolina 8 168,082 49.28 -- 173,004 50.72 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 4,922 - 1.44 341,086 SC South Dakota 203,857 69.27 90,426 30.73 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 113,431 38.54 294,283 SD Tennessee 11 446,147 49.99 11 443,710 49.71 -- 885 0.10 -- 1,432 0.16 -- -- -- -- 2,437 0.27 892,553 TN Texas 24 1,102,878 53.13 24 969,228 46.69 -- 294 0.01 -- 1,983 0.10 -- -- -- -- 133,650 6.44 2,075,946 TX Utah 194,190 58.93 135,364 41.07 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 58,826 17.85 329,554 UT Vermont 109,717 71.45 43,355 28.23 -- 282 0.18 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 66,362 43.22 153,557 VT Virginia 12 349,037 56.32 12 268,677 43.36 -- 311 0.05 -- -- -- -- 1,160 0.19 -- 80,360 12.97 619,689 VA Washington 9 599,107 54.33 9 492,845 44.69 -- 2,460 0.22 -- -- -- -- 633 0.06 -- 106,262 9.64 1,102,708 WA West Virginia 8 419,970 48.08 -- 453,578 51.92 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 33,608 - 3.85 873,548 WV Wisconsin 12 979,744 60.95 12 622,175 38.71 -- 2,174 0.14 -- -- -- -- 770 0.05 -- 357,569 22.25 1,607,370 WI Wyoming 81,047 62.71 47,934 37.09 -- -- -- -- 194 0.15 -- 36 0.03 -- 33,113 25.62 129,251 WY TOTALS : 531 34,075,529 55.18 442 27,375,090 44.33 89 140,746 0.23 -- 73,412 0.12 -- 30,406 0.05 -- 6,700,439 10.85 61,751,942 US Close state races ( edit ) Election results in these states were within one percentage point ( 21 electoral votes ) : Kentucky , 0.07 % Tennessee , 0.27 % Election results in these states were within five percentage points ( 36 electoral votes ) : South Carolina , 1.44 % Missouri , 1.56 % Rhode Island , 1.84 % West Virginia , 3.85 % Delaware , 3.88 % Election results in these states were between five and ten percentage points ( 140 electoral votes ) : Louisiana , 5.84 % Pennsylvania , 5.88 % Texas , 6.44 % North Carolina , 7.82 % Massachusetts , 8.76 % Oklahoma , 9.18 % Washington , 9.64 % Illinois , 9.90 % See also ( edit ) United States House of Representatives elections , 1952 United States Senate elections , 1952 History of the United States ( 1945 -- 1964 ) First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ; Ernst , Howard ( 2006 ) . `` Presidential Election 1952 '' . Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections . Facts on File . p. 354 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Eisenhower , born in Texas , considered a resident of New York , and headquartered at the time in Paris , finally decided to run for the Republican nomination ... Jump up ^ `` The Presidents '' . uselectionatlas.org . David Leip . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( Patterson , pp. 575 - 578 ) Jump up ^ ( Patterson , pp. 591 - 592 ) Jump up ^ ( Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris , Convention Decisions and Voting Records , pp. 280 - 286 ) Jump up ^ Page , Susan ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Disapproval of Bush breaks record '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ( McKeever , p. 186 ) Jump up ^ `` 1952 : The Election of a Military Hero '' . The Press and the Presidency . Kennesaw State University , Department of Political Science & International Affairs . August 31 , 2001 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert North Roberts ; Scott John Hammond ; Valerie A. Sulfaro ( 2012 ) . Presidential Campaigns , Slogans , Issues , and Platforms . ABC - CLIO . p. 255 . ISBN 9780313380921 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter H. ( 2007 ) ( 1996 ) . Talons of the Eagle : Dynamics of U.S. - Latin American Relations ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 392 . Jump up ^ Time : `` The Corruption Issue : A Pandora 's Box , '' September 24 , 1956 , accessed November 18 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : ( Abels , p. 192 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Halberstam , p. 234 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Halberstam , p. 235 ) Jump up ^ ( McCullough , p. 911 ) Jump up ^ ( Halberstam , p. 236 ) Jump up ^ ( McKeever , p. 237 ) Jump up ^ Quoted in Chester J. Pach , ed. ( 2017 ) . A Companion to Dwight D. Eisenhower . Wiley . p. 136 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( November 10 , 2008 ) . `` When New President Meets Old , It 's Not Always Pretty '' . Time . Jump up ^ TIME : `` National Affairs : Public Accounting , '' October 27 , 1952 , accessed November 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Mason , Robert ( 2013 ) . `` Citizens for Eisenhower and the Republican Party , 1951 -- 1965 '' . The Historical Journal . 56 ( 2 ) : 513 -- 536 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X12000593 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Robert David ; ' How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century ' ; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review ; June 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ UNIVAC : the troubled life of America 's first computer arstechnica.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Presidential General Election Data -- National '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Blake , David Haven . Liking Ike : Eisenhower , Advertising , and the Rise of Celebrity Politics ( Oxford UP , 2016 ) . xvi , 281 pp . Bowen , Michael . The roots of modern conservatism : Dewey , Taft , and the battle for the soul of the Republican party ( 2011 ) Converse , Philip E. , Warren E. Miller , Donald E. Stokes , Angus Campbell . The American Voter ( 1964 ) the classic political science study of voters in 1952 and 1956 David , Paul Theodore ( 1954 ) . Presidential nominating politics in 1952 . 5 vol of details on each region Davies , Gareth , and Julian E. Zelizer , eds . America at the Ballot Box : Elections and Political History ( 2015 ) pp. 167 - 83 , role of television . Divine , Robert A. ( 1974 ) . Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections , 1952 -- 1960 . Greene , John Robert . I Like Ike : The Presidential Election of 1952 ( 2017 ) excerpt Halberstam , David . The Fifties . New York : Fawcett Columbine. ( 1993 ) Hyman , Herbert H. and Paul B. Sheatsley . `` The political appeal of President Eisenhower '' , Public Opinion Quarterly , 17 ( 1953 -- 54 ) , pp. 443 -- 60 McCullough , David . Truman . New York : Simon & Schuster . ( 1992 ) McKeever , Porter ( 1991 ) . Adlai Stevenson : his life and legacy . Martin , John Bartlow . Adlai Stevenson of Illinois ( 1976 ) vol 1 covers his campaign in depth Parmet , Herbert S. Eisenhower and the American crusades ( 1972 ) Patterson , James T. ( 1972 ) . Mr. Republican : a biography of Robert A. Taft . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ( HMH ) . Pickett , William B. ( 2000 ) . Eisenhower Decides to Run : Presidential Politics and Cold War Strategy . Chicago : Ivan R. Dee . ISBN 1 - 56 - 663787 - 2 . OCLC 43953970 . Smith , Jean Edward . Eisenhower in War and Peace ( 2012 ) pp. 498 -- 549 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6693 - 3 Primary sources ( edit ) Gallup , George H. , ed. ( 1972 ) . The Gallup Poll : Public Opinion , 1935 -- 1971 . 3 vols . Random House . External links ( edit ) United States presidential election of 1952 at Encyclopædia Britannica Newsreel on Eisenhower campaign 1952 popular vote by counties 1952 State - by - state Popular vote The Decision Not to Run in 1952 , an excerpt from a Truman biography from a University of Virginia How close was the 1952 election ? -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Living Room Candidate : Presidential Campaign Commercials : 1952 Eisenhower 's 1952 presidential campaign , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Election of 1952 in Counting the Votes `` It 's a Free Country '' . Time Magazine . September 1 , 1952 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . 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Bender George Theodore Mickelson Harold Stassen Robert Taft Earl Warren Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee Adlai Stevenson VP nominee John Sparkman Candidates Alben W. Barkley Paul A. Dever W. Averell Harriman Hubert Humphrey Estes Kefauver Robert S. Kerr Richard Russell Jr . Third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee Stuart Hamblen VP nominee Enoch A. Holtwick Progressive Party Nominee Vincent Hallinan VP nominee Charlotta Bass Socialist Labor Party Nominee Eric Hass Socialist Party Nominee Darlington Hoopes VP nominee Samuel H. Friedman Socialist Workers Party Nominee Farrell Dobbs VP nominee Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates Edward Longstreet Bodin Henry B. Krajewski Other 1952 elections : House Senate State Results of the 1952 U.S. presidential election Candidates Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson Vincent Hallinan Full list General articles Election timeline Democratic primaries Republican primaries Republican Convention Democratic Convention Debates Local results Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Other 1952 elections House Senate Gubernatorial Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Chief of Staff of the Army ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Commander , Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Military career Military career 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy Louisiana Maneuvers Operation Torch European Theater of Operations Allied invasion of Sicily Normandy landings Operation Veritable Military Governor , U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany Disarmed Enemy Forces European Advisory Commission Supreme Commander of NATO , 1951 - 1952 Presidency Presidency 1953 inauguration 1957 inauguration Korean War Armistice 1953 Iranian coup d'état `` Chance for Peace '' speech `` Atoms for Peace '' speech Civil Rights Act of 1957 Cold War Domino theory Khrushchev , Eisenhower and De-Stalinization New Look policy 1955 Geneva Summit 1960 U-2 incident NASA DARPA National Defense Education Act Interstate Highway System Suez Crisis Eisenhower Doctrine Little Rock Nine intervention Operation 40 Farewell address / `` Military -- industrial complex '' Office of Food for Peace President 's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports People to People Student Ambassador Program State of the Union Address ( 1955 1956 1960 ) Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Books Crusade in Europe ( 1948 ) Elections Draft Eisenhower movement Republican Party presidential primaries , 1948 1952 1956 Republican National Convention , 1952 1956 United States Presidential election , 1952 1956 Legacy Birthplace Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum , gravesite Boyhood home Eisenhower National Historic Site Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Eisenhower Executive Office Building Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport Eisenhower Fellowships Eisenhower Institute Eisenhower Monument Eisenhower dollar commemorative U.S. Postage stamps Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center Eisenhower Medical Center Eisenhower Trophy Eisenhower Golf Club Eisenhower Theater Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Brothers ) Places named for Eisenhower Other tributes and memorials Popular culture Eisenhower jacket Eisenhower Tree Crusade in Europe ( 1949 television series ) Ike ( 1979 miniseries ) Ike : Countdown to D - Day ( 2004 film ) Pressure ( 2014 play ) Family Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower ( wife ) Doud Eisenhower ( son ) John Eisenhower ( son ) David Eisenhower ( grandson ) Anne Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Susan Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Mary Jean Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Jennie Eisenhower ( great - granddaughter ) Ida Stover Eisenhower ( mother ) Earl D. Eisenhower ( brother ) Edgar N. Eisenhower ( brother ) Milton S. Eisenhower ( brother ) Related Eisenhower baseball controversy Camp David `` And I do n't care what it is '' Atoms for Peace Award Eddie Slovik Kay Summersby ← Harry S. Truman John F. Kennedy → Category Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) U.S. Representative for CA - 12 ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine `` Bring Us Together '' Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords `` Peace with Honor '' Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy 1972 Visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. Nixon Senate Watergate Committee impeachment process Resignation speech Pardon State of the Union Address ( 1970 1973 1974 ) Wilson desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life and politics Presidential Library and Museum Richard Nixon Foundation Birthplace and boyhood home Checkers speech Kitchen Debate Operation 40 `` Last press conference '' Florida White House `` La Casa Pacifica '' Nixon Center Nixon v. General Services Administration Death and state funeral Books Six Crises ( 1962 ) Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 U.S. Senate election , 1950 California gubernatorial election , 1962 Republican Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 1972 Republican National Conventions , 1952 1956 1960 1968 1972 Nixon Presidential campaign , 1968 United States presidential elections , 1952 1956 1960 debates 1968 1972 Popular culture Nixon goes to China ( phrase ) Millhouse ( 1971 film ) Four More Years ( 1972 film ) All the President 's Men ( 1976 film ) White House Madness ( 1975 film ) Nixon in China ( 1987 opera ) Nixon ( 1995 film ) Elvis Meets Nixon ( 1997 film ) Dick ( 1999 film ) The Frost - Nixon Interviews ( 2006 play , 2008 film ) Our Nixon ( 2013 film ) U.S. Postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Staff Colonel Jack Brennan ( aide de camp ) Manolo Sanchez ( valet ) Rose Mary Woods ( secretary ) Family Thelma `` Pat '' Ryan Nixon ( wife ) Tricia Nixon Cox ( daughter ) Julie Nixon Eisenhower ( daughter ) Frank Nixon ( father ) Hannah Nixon ( mother ) Donald Nixon ( brother ) Edward Nixon ( brother ) Donald A. Nixon ( nephew ) Christopher Nixon Cox ( grandson ) Jennie Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1952&oldid=843503434 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 1952 History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon November 1952 events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Pages using bar box without float left or float right Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 15 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was elected president and vice president in 1952 | [
"\nUnited States presidential election, 1952\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 1948\nNovember 4, 1952\n1956 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAll 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College\n266 electoral votes needed to win\n\n\nTurnout\n63.3%[1] 10.3 pp\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\nNominee\nDwight D. Eisenhower\nAdlai Stevenson\n\n\n\nParty\nRepublican\nDemocratic\n\n\nHome state\nNew York[2][3]\nIllinois\n\n\nRunning mate\nRichard Nixon\nJohn Sparkman\n\n\nElectoral vote\n442\n89\n\n\nStates carried\n39\n9\n\n\nPopular vote\n34,075,529\n27,375,090\n\n\nPercentage\n55.2%\n44.3%\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPresidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Eisenhower/Nixon, blue denotes those won by Stevenson/Sparkman. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPresident before election\nHarry S. Truman\nDemocratic\n\nElected President\nDwight D. Eisenhower\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"\nUnited States presidential election, 1952\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 1948\nNovember 4, 1952\n1956 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAll 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College\n266 electoral votes needed to win\n\n\nTurnout\n63.3%[1] 10.3 pp\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\nNominee\nDwight D. Eisenhower\nAdlai Stevenson\n\n\n\nParty\nRepublican\nDemocratic\n\n\nHome state\nNew York[2][3]\nIllinois\n\n\nRunning mate\nRichard Nixon\nJohn Sparkman\n\n\nElectoral vote\n442\n89\n\n\nStates carried\n39\n9\n\n\nPopular vote\n34,075,529\n27,375,090\n\n\nPercentage\n55.2%\n44.3%\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPresidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Eisenhower/Nixon, blue denotes those won by Stevenson/Sparkman. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPresident before election\nHarry S. Truman\nDemocratic\n\nElected President\nDwight D. Eisenhower\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Dwight D. Eisenhower",
"Richard Nixon"
] |
-8588335896568250730 | The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner | The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner - wikipedia The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Jump to : navigation , search The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Author Stephenie Meyer Country United States Series Twilight series Genre Young adult , fantasy Publisher Little , Brown Publication date June 5 , 2010 Media type Print ( Hardcover , Paperback ) e-Book ( Kindle ) Audio Book ( CD ) Pages 178 ( Hardcover ) ISBN 1 - 907410 - 36 - 8 The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner is a companion novella to the Twilight series by author Stephenie Meyer . It tells the story of a newborn vampire , Bree Tanner , who is featured in the third book of the series , Eclipse . The book is written from the viewpoint of Bree , as opposed to the rest of the series which is predominantly narrated by character Bella Swan . Meyer let director David Slade , screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg , and a few of the actors read a draft of the story during production of The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Publication history 3.1 Development 3.2 Release 3.3 Tie - in with movie 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The story begins with Bree and Diego hunting for human blood in Seattle , Washington . Bree has been a vampire for three months , and Diego has been one for eleven months . Together they kill and drink a pimp and two prostitutes . Bree and Diego discuss `` her '' ( Victoria , who turned them into vampires ) . They hide in a cave and discuss their human lives , and how Riley came to offer them a second life as a vampire . Together they decide that Riley is using them as pawns , and that he might be lying to them . They also discover that sunlight does not kill a vampire , but makes their skin sparkle . They become friends and hunt for Riley and the other vampires they live with . They find that Riley had relocated everyone to a log cabin and Diego gets into a fight . That night Bree and Diego stalk Riley , suspicious that he is meeting with `` her . '' They eavesdrop on Riley 's conversation with Victoria . Eventually the Volturi show up , threatening to punish Victoria for amassing a vampire army but willing to give her army a chance to destroy the Cullen clan . The Volturi say that if Victoria does not attack within five days , they will kill her . Bree returns to the log cabin and resolves to run away , while Diego stays behind to talk to Riley and inform him about the fact that the sunlight does n't hurt them . Riley returns to the cabin alone and tells his vampire army that there are older vampires in Seattle ( the Cullens ) who want to kill them , and if they want to survive , they will have to work together and learn how to fight . Riley spots Bree and tells her that Diego is doing surveillance work with `` her '' and will return to join them in the fight . After three nights of training , Bree and the vampires hunt a ferry boat to drink the passengers ' blood and regain their strength for the battle against the elder vampires . Riley then tells everyone that the vampires they will be fighting have yellow eyes and keep a human ( Bella ) as a pet , he gives them Bella 's scent to hunt , describing her as the dessert . They head off to fight the Cullens . Fred decides to run away to Vancouver before the battle , and agrees to wait for Bree for a day before leaving . Bree takes part in the battle in order to find Diego . But before the battle , Riley retreats , telling Bree that Diego has already started fighting with the group , and that he ( Riley ) has some other business . Bree arrives at the battle to find the newborn vampires being massacred by the Cullens , and thinks that Diego is already dead because she can not see or smell him anywhere . She deduces that Victoria and Riley killed Diego for being disobedient the night he went missing . She then turns to run away , but is cornered by Carlisle Cullen . They are joined by Jasper and Esme Cullen , who debate whether or not to kill her . They decide to restrain her until the Volturi arrive . Jasper forces her to close her eyes and presses his hand over her ears in order to protect the secret of the werewolves ( howler vampires , as Bree calls them ) , because she can hear their howls . Bree then spots Bella , and has trouble resisting the urge to drink Bella 's blood ( This was the scene which is shown in Eclipse ) . The Volturi ( dark - cloaks ) then show up and Bree starts logically deducing facts about the Cullens , and their attitude towards the Volturi . She begins thinking about of the conversation she and Diego eavesdropped on the night when Diego was killed . She guesses the redhead ( Edward Cullen ) to be the mindreader , and informs him about what Jane had told Victoria to do . Jane is dissatisfied with their explanations , and turns to interrogate Bree . Jane then tortures Bree into telling everything about the newborns . Bree then pretends to act dumb , and hysterically states that Riley lied to her and everyone else , and they were ignorant of most things , and simply did as they were told , under fear of death . The Volturi decide to kill Bree , but Carlisle and Edward attempt to rescue her , by saying that they would take responsibility for her and teach her the rules . Bree can see that it is a futile attempt , and Jane confirms it by refusing to spare her life . Jane says that they do not give second chances , as it would adversely affect their reputation as law enforcers , and also warns them that Caius would display an interest in learning that Bella is still human , as he sees her as a threat to vampire secrecy . All of this is beyond Bree 's comprehension , and she yearns for it to be over , since Diego , for whom she had developed a romantic affection , is dead . Jane grants her wish by telling Felix to take care of her . Edward warns Bella to shut her eyes , but Bree believes that Edward is referring to herself . And as she shuts her eyes , she is killed . Characters ( edit ) Bree Tanner : The narrator of the story . She was 15 , almost 16 , when she became a vampire . Bree was introduced as a three - month - old newborn in Eclipse . Bree 's father had been hitting her after her mother left them . She ran away from home and was living in the streets of Seattle when Riley found her . She was starving , and either ate out of garbage cans , or attempted to steal food . Riley asked , `` Want a burger , kid ? '' and then took her to Victoria who turned her into a vampire . Bree , like other newborn vampires , believed in the urban vampire stories and was afraid of the sun and wooden stakes . Later when Diego showed her they were not true , she was relieved , but was n't sure if they should tell Riley . She did not trust Riley that much . Bree is confused in Riley 's true plans and tries to figure out the truth with Diego . She also does n't know all the rules of the vampire world because Riley never explained to any of the newborns . She likes to read and develops a crush on Diego during the book . Bree could have run away from the fight and left with Fred but she went back to look for Diego . Bree surrenders to the Cullens , but in the end the Volturi destroy her . Diego : Bree 's friend , who eventually falls in love with her and is alluded to be her `` mate . '' He was 18 when he was turned into a vampire . He was trapped in an alley when he killed the leader of a gang who killed his brother . He was rescued by Riley , who offered him a new life . Diego considers Riley , besides Bree , one of his best friends and trusts him , but he still doubts Riley 's motives . Diego confronts Riley on the urban vampire stories about the sun burning them telling Riley it was n't true . It is suggested that Riley and Victoria brutally killed Diego . Riley Biers : The leader of the newborns . He gets his orders from Victoria . He is responsible for finding troubled children and bringing them to Victoria so she can change them into vampires . He is described by Bree as beautiful , just like all vampires are . At first she likes him , but after she has been changed into a vampire , she becomes distrustful and suspicious of him . Riley is said to be very fond of Diego and in love with Victoria . ' Freaky ' Fred : Develops friendship with Bree . Fred has the power to repel others by making them feel repulsed by him . This is an illusion and therefore would not affect Bella . He uses this to keep other newborns away from him . Because of this they call him Freaky Fred . Bree has a habit of hiding behind him to keep herself away from the attention of Raoul and Kristie and their gangs . Fred is also described as handsome , has blond hair , and looked like his age is of a college student . Among all the vampires who have decided to fight , he is the only one who decides to run away . He asks Bree to join him but she decides to first go back to find Diego . Raoul : One of the leaders of a gang of newborns . Bree strongly dislikes him . He seems to have the power to attract people , although this power only seems to work on people who are dimwitted . He is very competitive and definitely not the smartest . He and his gang has a rivalry with Kristie and her gang until Riley forces everyone to work together against the Cullens . Victoria : Victoria gives Riley orders to create an army to battle the Cullen clan plus Bella . She gives directions which includes telling lies to the newborns but she also lies to Riley which is exposed in Eclipse : Victoria pretends to love Riley when she truly loved James ( the reason for creating the vampire army ) . During the battle , she and Riley are destroyed by Edward Cullen and Seth Clearwater , respectively . Bree and the rest of the newborns have never met Victoria , their creator . Riley tells the newborns it is to protect themselves and that their minds were not safe but it was not totally true . Though the newborns ' thoughts were not safe , the newborns could not see Victoria for her safety , not theirs , due to Alice 's ability to read the future . She ( Alice ) was focused on Victoria 's choices but was not ' tuned in ' to the newborns . Victoria had known about Alice 's power Publication history ( edit ) Development ( edit ) According to Stephenie Meyer , she began writing the story while she was editing Eclipse . Later , she planned on including it in the upcoming The Twilight Saga : The Official Guide : `` This story was something that I worked on off and on for a while , just for fun , in between the times I was writing or editing other Twilight novels . Later , when the concept for The Twilight Saga : The Official Guide came up , I thought that might be a good place for Bree . Her story is a nice complement to Eclipse ; it explains a lot of the things that Bella never knew . So I dusted it off and finished it up for placement in the Guide . '' The resulting story became too long to be included in the Guide , and so it became a stand - alone book . Release ( edit ) The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner had an initial print run of 1.5 million copies . It was released in stores on June 5 , 2010 , and was available for free viewing from June 7 to July 5 on the book 's official website . For every book sold , one dollar will be donated to the American Red Cross to support relief efforts in Haiti and Chile . For those who take advantage of the free viewing there would be an option for the individual to make a donation as well . The online version of the book was for viewing only and not offered as a download . Two weeks after its release , The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner was on USA Today 's best - seller list . Publisher Little , Brown estimated that 700,000 copies were sold in the United States , and 75,000 people read the entire book online for free . Bree Tanner also became one of the fastest selling books in the UK having sold 89,549 copies , at an average of 79 copies per minute , in less than nineteen hours . It is also the third fastest selling hardback title in the UK , behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and The Lost Symbol . In its first full week in the UK , it sold 136,995 copies and was described as an `` incredible achievement for a book that has been free to view online '' and making Meyer the second most successful young fiction author in the UK market , behind JK Rowling . Tie - in with movie ( edit ) In 2009 , Summit Entertainment approached author Stephenie Meyer to ask for a draft of the book for The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Meyer gave a draft to the cast and crew of the film to get to know more about Bree . Meyer also gave a copy to screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg . The book was subsequently made part of the Eclipse movie . Reception ( edit ) Reception for Bree Tanner has been mostly positive . Fox News described the book as a `` riveting story '' and commented , `` In another irresistible combination of danger , mystery , and romance , Stephenie Meyer tells the devastating story of Bree and the newborn army as they prepare to close in on Bella Swan and the Cullens , following their encounter to its unforgettable conclusion . '' USA Today also responded with a positive review and noted , `` Reading Bree 's story enriches our reading of the Twilight saga and will enhance enjoyment of the Eclipse movie '' . Kat Lay of The News of the World lauded Bree Tanner as `` bloody fangtastic '' , and the author 's final word on the book was , `` You really sympathise with this creature as she struggles not to kill heroine Bella . Meyer is great at tugging the heart strings one moment and making you draw back in shock the next '' . References ( edit ) Twilight portal ^ Jump up to : Carol Memmott ( 2010 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Meyer grants Twilight saga 's Bree Tanner a ' Second Life ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eclipse Spinoff in the Works '' . ReelzChannel. 2010 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Carolyn Kellogg ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Stephenie Meyer 's new vampire book will benefit the Red Cross '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Keith Staskiewicz ( 2010 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Stephenie Meyer 's ' The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner ' tops best - seller lists in U.S. and U.K. '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Philip Stone ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Bree Tanner boosts trade , selling 79 copies a minute '' . The Bookseller . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Philip Stone ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Meyer outsells competitor Cornwell five to one '' . The Bookseller . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Stephenie Meyer 's latest book tops UK sales chart '' . Foyles. 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bree Tanner - Twilight Saga '' . MyFoxDC . Fox News . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Carol Memmott ( 2010 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Stephenie Meyer 's ' Bree Tanner ' will suck you in '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kat Lay . `` Twilight book launched and ... It 's bloody fangtastic '' . Newsoftheworld.Com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twilight series . Stephenie Meyer 's website The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner official website The Twilight Series 's official website ( hide ) The Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Books Twilight New Moon Eclipse Breaking Dawn Film series Twilight The Twilight Saga : New Moon The Twilight Saga : Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 Part 2 Cast members Characters Bella Swan Edward Cullen Jacob Black Music Twilight `` Decode '' `` Spotlight '' New Moon `` Meet Me on the Equinox '' `` Possibility '' Eclipse `` Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 `` It Will Rain '' `` A Thousand Years '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 `` The Forgotten '' Spin - offs The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Comics Twilight : The Graphic Novel New Moon : The Graphic Novel Other The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide Twilight fandom TwiCon Scene It ? Twilight Related articles Vampires Suck Breaking Wind Fifty Shades of Grey Gabriel 's Inferno Beautiful Bastard Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Short_Second_Life_of_Bree_Tanner&oldid=800920896 '' Categories : 2010 short stories American short stories Fantasy short stories Twilight series American novellas Little , Brown and Company books Seattle in fiction Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 15 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many pages are in the short second life of bree tanner | [
"\nThe Short Second Life of Bree Tanner\n\n\n\n\nAuthor\nStephenie Meyer\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nSeries\nTwilight series\n\n\nGenre\nYoung adult, fantasy\n\n\nPublisher\nLittle, Brown\n\n\n\nPublication date\n\nJune 5, 2010\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Hardcover, Paperback)\ne-Book (Kindle)\nAudio Book (CD)\n\n\nPages\n178 (Hardcover)[1]\n\n\nISBN\n1-907410-36-8\n\n"
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"178"
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-5254547678109259653 | King and Maxwell (book series) | King and Maxwell ( book series ) - wikipedia King and Maxwell ( book series ) Jump to : navigation , search King and Maxwell series Split Second Hour Game Simple Genius First Family The Sixth Man King and Maxwell Author David Baldacci Country United States Language English Genre Crime novel Publisher Grand Central Publishing Published September 2003 ( for Split Second ) Media type Print ( Hardback and Paperback ) No. of books 6 The King and Maxwell book series is a crime novel book series created by David Baldacci . There are currently six books in the series featuring two former Secret Service agents Sean King and Michelle Maxwell . Contents ( hide ) 1 Books 1.1 Split Second 1.1. 1 Summary 1.1. 2 Book information 1.2 Hour Game 1.2. 1 Summary 1.2. 2 Publication information 1.3 Simple Genius 1.3. 1 Summary 1.3. 2 Publication information 1.4 First Family 1.4. 1 Summary 1.4. 2 Publication information 1.5 The Sixth Man 1.5. 1 Summary 1.5. 2 Notes 1.5. 3 Publication information 1.6 King and Maxwell 1.6. 1 Summary 1.6. 2 Publication information 2 References Books ( edit ) NOTE the following summaries have been taken from David Baldacci 's website or from the book flaps of each book directly . They shall be altered eventually . Split second ( edit ) Main article : Split Second ( novel ) Summary ( edit ) Michelle Maxwell has just wrecked her promising career at the Secret Service . Against her instincts , she let a presidential candidate out of her sight for the briefest moment and the man whose safety was her responsibility vanished into thin air . Sean King knows how the younger agent feels . Eight years earlier , the hard - charging Secret Service agent allowed his attention to be diverted for a split second . And the candidate he was protecting was gunned down before his eyes . Now Michelle and Sean are about to see their destinies converge . Drawn into a maze of lies , secrets , and deadly coincidences , the two discredited agents uncover a shocking truth : that the separate acts of violence that shattered their lives were really a long time in the making -- and are a long way from over ... . Book information ( edit ) Publication Date : September 30 , 2003 ISBN 978 - 0446533126 Pages : 482 ( Mass Market Paperback ) Hour Game ( edit ) Main article : Hour Game Summary ( edit ) A woman is found murdered in the woods . It seems like a simple case but it soon escalates into a terrible nightmare . Someone is replicating the killing styles of the most infamous murderers of all time . No one knows this criminal 's motives ... or who will die next . Two ex-Secret Service agents , Sean King and Michelle Maxwell , have been hired to defend a man 's innocence in a burglary involving an aristocratic family . Then a series of secrets leads the partners right into the frantic hunt that is confounding even the FBI . Now King and Maxwell are playing the Hour Game , uncovering one horrifying revelation after another and putting their lives in danger . For the closer they get to the truth , the closer they get to the most shocking surprise of all . Publication information ( edit ) Publication Date : October 26 , 2004 ISBN 978 - 0446577106 Pages : 736 ( Hardcover ) Simple genius ( edit ) Main article : Simple Genius Summary ( edit ) Near Washington , D.C. , there are two clandestine institutions : the world 's most unusual laboratory and a secret CIA training camp . Drawn to these sites by a murder , ex-Secret Service agent Sean King encounters a dark world of mathematicians , codes , and spies . His search for answers soon leads him to more shocking violence -- and an autistic girl with an extraordinary genius . Now , only by working with his embattled partner , Michelle Maxwell , can he catch a killer ... and solve a stunning mystery that threatens the entire nation . Publication information ( edit ) Publication Date : April 24 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0446580342 Pages : 420 ( Hardcover ) First family ( edit ) Main article : First Family ( novel ) Summary ( edit ) A daring kidnapping turns a children 's birthday party at Camp David , the presidential retreat , into a national security nightmare . Former Secret Service agents turned private investigators Sean King and Michelle Maxwell do n't want to get involved . But years ago Sean saved the First Lady 's husband , then a senator , from political disaster . Now the president 's wife presses Sean and Michelle into a desperate search to rescue a kidnapped child . With Michelle still battling her own demons , the two are pushed to the limit , with forces aligned on all sides against them -- and the line between friend and foe impossible to define ... or defend . Publication information ( edit ) Publication Date : April 21 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 0446539753 Pages : 464 ( Hardcover ) The Sixth man ( edit ) Main article : The Sixth Man ( novel ) Summary ( edit ) Edgar Roy -- an alleged serial killer -- is awaiting trial . He faces almost certain conviction . Sean King and Michelle Maxwell are called in by Roy 's attorney , Sean 's old friend and mentor Ted Bergin , to help work the case . But their investigation is derailed when Sean and Michelle find Bergin murdered . It is now up to them to ask the questions no one seems to want answered : Is Roy a killer ? Who murdered Bergin ? The more they dig into Roy 's past , the more they encounter obstacles , half - truths , dead - ends , false friends , and escalating threats from every direction . Their persistence puts them on a collision course with the highest levels of the government and the darkest corners of power . In a terrifying confrontation that will push Sean and Michelle to their limits , the duo may be permanently parted . Notes ( edit ) This book has been adapted into the King & Maxwell TV series on TNT . Publication information ( edit ) Publication Date : April 19 , 2011 ISBN 0446573108 Pages : 417 ( Hardcover ) King and Maxwell ( edit ) Main article : King and Maxwell ( novel ) Summary ( edit ) It seems at first like a simple , tragic story . Tyler Wingo , a teenage boy , learns the awful news that his father , a soldier , was killed in action in Afghanistan . Then the extraordinary happens : Tyler receives a communication from his father ... after his supposed death . Sean and Michelle to solve the mystery surrounding his father . But their investigation quickly leads to deeper , more troubling questions . Could Tyler 's father really still be alive ? What was his true mission ? Could Tyler be the next target ? Sean and Michelle soon realize that they 've stumbled on to something bigger and more treacherous than anyone could have imagined . And as their hunt for the truth leads them relentlessly to the highest levels of power and to uncovering the most clandestine of secrets , Sean and Michelle are determined to help and protect Tyler -- though they may pay for it with their lives . Publication information ( edit ) Publication Date : November 19 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1455521319 Pages : 432 ( Hardcover ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ davidbaldacci.com Jump up ^ Baldacci , David ( 30 September 2003 ) . `` Split Second '' . Grand Central Publishing -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Baldacci , David ( 2 October 2004 ) . `` Hour Game '' . Warner Books -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Baldacci , David ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Simple Genius '' . Warner Books -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Baldacci , David ( 21 April 2009 ) . `` First Family '' . Grand Central Publishing -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Baldacci , David ( 1 January 2011 ) . `` The Sixth Man '' . Grand Central Pub -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Baldacci , David ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` King and Maxwell '' . Grand Central Publishing -- via Amazon . ( hide ) Novels by David Baldacci Camel Club The Camel Club ( 2005 ) The Collectors ( 2006 ) Stone Cold ( 2007 ) Divine Justice ( 2008 ) Hell 's Corner ( 2010 ) Sean King and Michelle Maxwell novels Split Second ( 2003 ) Hour Game ( 2004 ) Simple Genius ( 2007 ) First Family ( 2009 ) The Sixth Man ( 2011 ) King and Maxwell ( 2013 ) Shaw and Katie James novels The Whole Truth ( 2008 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2010 ) John Puller novels Zero Day ( 2011 ) The Forgotten ( 2012 ) The Escape ( 2014 ) No Man 's Land ( 2016 ) Will Robie novels The Innocent ( 2012 ) The Hit ( 2013 ) The Target ( 2014 ) The Guilty ( 2015 ) Amos Decker novels Memory Man ( 2015 ) The Last Mile ( 2016 ) The Fix ( 2017 ) Freddy and the French Fries novels Freddy and the French Fries : Fries Alive ! ( 2005 ) Freddy and the French Fries : The Mystery of Silas Finklebean ( 2006 ) Other novels Absolute Power ( 1996 ) Total Control ( 1996 ) The Winner ( 1997 ) The Simple Truth ( 1998 ) Saving Faith ( 1999 ) Wish You Well ( 2000 ) Last Man Standing ( 2001 ) The Christmas Train ( 2002 ) True Blue ( 2009 ) One Summer ( 2011 ) Day of Doom Adaptations Absolute Power King & Maxwell Wish You Well Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_and_Maxwell_(book_series)&oldid=809704868 '' Categories : Novels by David Baldacci Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | david baldacci king & maxwell books in order | [
"\nKing and Maxwell series\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSplit Second\nHour Game\nSimple Genius\nFirst Family\nThe Sixth Man\nKing and Maxwell\n\n\n\nAuthor\nDavid Baldacci\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nCrime novel\n\n\nPublisher\nGrand Central Publishing\n\n\nPublished\nSeptember 2003 (for Split Second)\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Hardback and Paperback)\n\n\nNo. of books\n6\n\n",
"\nKing and Maxwell series\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSplit Second\nHour Game\nSimple Genius\nFirst Family\nThe Sixth Man\nKing and Maxwell\n\n\n\nAuthor\nDavid Baldacci\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nCrime novel\n\n\nPublisher\nGrand Central Publishing\n\n\nPublished\nSeptember 2003 (for Split Second)\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Hardback and Paperback)\n\n\nNo. of books\n6\n\n",
"\nKing and Maxwell series\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSplit Second\nHour Game\nSimple Genius\nFirst Family\nThe Sixth Man\nKing and Maxwell\n\n\n\nAuthor\nDavid Baldacci\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nCrime novel\n\n\nPublisher\nGrand Central Publishing\n\n\nPublished\nSeptember 2003 (for Split Second)\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Hardback and Paperback)\n\n\nNo. of books\n6\n\n",
"\nKing and Maxwell series\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSplit Second\nHour Game\nSimple Genius\nFirst Family\nThe Sixth Man\nKing and Maxwell\n\n\n\nAuthor\nDavid Baldacci\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nCrime novel\n\n\nPublisher\nGrand Central Publishing\n\n\nPublished\nSeptember 2003 (for Split Second)\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Hardback and Paperback)\n\n\nNo. of books\n6\n\n",
"\nKing and Maxwell series\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSplit Second\nHour Game\nSimple Genius\nFirst Family\nThe Sixth Man\nKing and Maxwell\n\n\n\nAuthor\nDavid Baldacci\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nCrime novel\n\n\nPublisher\nGrand Central Publishing\n\n\nPublished\nSeptember 2003 (for Split Second)\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Hardback and Paperback)\n\n\nNo. of books\n6\n\n",
"\nKing and Maxwell series\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSplit Second\nHour Game\nSimple Genius\nFirst Family\nThe Sixth Man\nKing and Maxwell\n\n\n\nAuthor\nDavid Baldacci\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nCrime novel\n\n\nPublisher\nGrand Central Publishing\n\n\nPublished\nSeptember 2003 (for Split Second)\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Hardback and Paperback)\n\n\nNo. of books\n6\n\n"
] | [
"Split Second",
"Hour Game",
"Simple Genius",
"First Family",
"The Sixth Man",
"King and Maxwell"
] |
-755247039858579648 | The Man from Snowy River (1982 film) | The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) - Wikipedia The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) The Man from Snowy River Australian DVD cover Directed by George T. Miller Produced by Geoff Burrowes Michael Edgley Simon Wincer Screenplay by John Dixon Story by Fred Cul Cullen Based on The Man from Snowy River by Banjo Paterson Starring Kirk Douglas Jack Thompson Tom Burlinson Sigrid Thornton Lorraine Bayly Music by Bruce Rowland Cinematography Keith Wagstaff Edited by Adrian Carr Production company Cambridge Productions Edgley International Snowy River Investment Pty. Ltd . The Hoyts Group Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 25 March 1982 ( 1982 - 03 - 25 ) ( Australia ) 5 November 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 102 minutes Country Australia Language English Budget A $3 million ( est . ) or $3.5 million Box office A $17,228,160 ( Australia ) USD $20,659,423 The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' . Released by 20th Century Fox , the film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison ( a character who appeared frequently in Paterson 's poems ) and Spur , Jack Thompson as Clancy , Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig , Sigrid Thornton as Harrison 's daughter Jessica , Terence Donovan as Jim 's father Henry Craig , and Chris Haywood as Curly . Both Burlinson and Thornton later reprised their roles in the 1988 sequel , The Man from Snowy River II , which was released by Walt Disney Pictures . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 Box office 7 Awards and nominations 8 Legacy 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) When Jim Craig and his father Henry are discussing their finances , a herd of wild horses called the Brumby mob passes by , and Henry wants to shoot the black stallion leader , but Jim convinces his father to capture and sell them . The next morning the mob reappears and Henry is accidentally killed . Before Jim can inherit the station , a group of mountain men tell him that he must first earn the right -- and to do so he must go to the lowlands and work . Jim meets an old friend called Spur , a one - legged miner . Jim then gets a job on a station owned by Harrison , Spur 's brother , on a recommendation by Harrison 's friend . Meanwhile , Clancy appears at Spur 's mine and the two discuss their pasts and futures . Clancy goes to Harrison 's station to lead a cattle muster . At dinner , Harrison tells Clancy that `` he has no brother '' when referring to Spur . Harrison organizes a round - up of his cattle , but Jim is not allowed to go . While the others are gone , Harrison 's daughter Jessica asks Jim to help her break in a prize colt . The mob appears again , and Jim unsuccessfully gives chase to the valuable horse . When Harrison returns , he sends Jim to bring back 20 strays . Later , Harrison learns of Jim 's actions and tells Jessica that Jim will be fired and that she will be sent to a women 's college . Impulsively , she rides off into the mountains where she is caught in a storm . Spur , meanwhile , finally strikes a large gold deposit . Jim finds Jessica 's horse and rescues her . She tells him that he 's going to be fired , but he still leaves to return the cattle . Jessica is surprised at meeting Spur , her uncle , whom she had never been told about . She is also confused when Spur mistakes her for her dead mother and refuses to tell her anything about his past . After returning , Jessica learns that Spur and Harrison both fell in love with her mother , Matilda . Matilda declared that the first to make his fortune would be her husband . Spur went looking for gold , while Harrison bet his life savings on a horse race . Harrison became rich overnight when the horse he bet on won . Having made his fortune , Harrison wed Matilda , but she died while delivering Jessica . Harrison is grateful to Jim for returning his daughter , but he becomes angry when Jim says he loves her . As Jim leaves , a prized colt is let loose by a farmhand named Curly in the hope that Jim will be blamed . Later , while camping out , Spur tells Jim that he will inherit his father 's share of the mine . Clancy joins them and informs them of the colt , but Jim refuses to retrieve the animal . Meanwhile , Harrison offers a reward of £ 100 , attracting riders and fortune - hunters from every station in the area . Clancy does eventually show , accompanied by Jim , whom Harrison finally allows to join the hunt . Several riders have accidents in pursuit and even Clancy is unable to contain the Brumby mob . The riders give up when the mob descends a seemingly impassable grade . However , Jim goes forward and returns the horses to Harrison 's farm . Harrison offers him the reward but he refuses . Having cleared his name , Jim would like to return some day for the horses and , looking at Jessica , `` anything else that 's mine . '' He rides back up to the mountain country , knowing that he has earned his right to live there . Cast ( edit ) Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig Sigrid Thornton as Jessica Harrison Kirk Douglas as Harrison / Spur Terence Donovan as Henry Craig Tommy Dysart as Mountain Man Bruce Kerr as Man in Street David Bradshaw as Banjo Paterson Jack Thompson as Clancy Tony Bonner as Kane June Jago as Mrs. Bailey Chris Haywood as Curly Kristopher Steele as Moss Gus Mercurio as Frew Howard Eynon as Shorry Lorraine Bayly as Rosemary Hume Production ( edit ) Craig 's Hut undergoing reconstruction in 2007 According to Geoff Burrowes , the idea to make the film came at a dinner party when someone suggested the poem would make a good movie . Burrowes developed a treatment with George Miller then hired John Dixon to write a screenplay . All three men had worked together in television ; another former TV colleague , Simon Wincer , became involved as executive producer with Michael Edgley and succeeded in raising the budget . The screenplay contains numerous references to Banjo Paterson , aside from using his poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' as the source material and his inclusion as a character in the film . For example , the numerous references to the late Matilda are likely a reference to the song `` Waltzing Matilda '' , which was written by Paterson . In addition , the melody for `` Waltzing Matilda '' can be heard near the end of the film . A Bible Passage from Genesis 30 : 27 , which talks about cattle , goats , and sheep is read aloud in a scene in the middle of the film . The film was not shot in the actual Snowy Mountains but in the Victorian High Country near Mansfield , Victoria , where Burrowes ' wife 's family had lived for several generations , which was logistically easier. Burt Lancaster and Robert Mitchum were considered for the dual role of Harrison and Spur before Kirk Douglas was cast in the roles . Tom Burlinson has confirmed that it was definitely him who rode the horse down the side of the mountain for the `` terrible descent '' during the dangerous ride -- commenting that he had been asked about this numerous times , and that he became known as `` The Man from Snowy River '' because of his ride . Burlinson had ridden a horse only a few times before being cast in the film . He was taught to ride by mountain cattleman Charlie Lovick , who owned the buckskin horse Burlinson rode in the film . Gerald Egan doubled for Burlinson for several riding shots in the film , including the jump into the `` terrible descent '' . Other moments in the film such as when Jim is thrown over the fence into the path of the brumbies were performed by professional stunt men . Nevertheless , Burlinson did much more of the action riding in the film than an actor normally would , including all the profile shots of the downhill ride . Reception ( edit ) The film `` was released to a fair degree of critical acclaim '' and `` moviegoers found it to be a likable and highly entertaining piece of filmmaking that made no effort to hide its Australian roots , despite the presence of American star Kirk Douglas in one of the principal roles . '' The film has a rating of 80 % on film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . One review of the movie comments stated , `` The Australian film industry has been responsible for many decent films for decades ( and some utter crap , of course ) , but the percentage with international appeal is quite small . That is changing , and it is films such as The Man From Snowy River that have ensured ongoing interest . The film was inspired by the ' Banjo ' Paterson poem of the same name , and stars numerous respected local talents and a Hollywood big name star in Kirk Douglas , playing two roles . ' ' The two standouts of this film are the majestic mountain scenery , and the final chase scenes with that awe - inspiring horse ride down the mountainside . The film stars many big names and familiar faces including Gus Mercurio ( Paul 's father ) , Lorraine Bayley ( The Sullivans ) , Tony Bonner ( Skippy ) and Chris Haywood . The sets and costumes are also great , the script is strong , and the various threads that run through the film are well handled . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Man from Snowy River ( soundtrack ) Bruce Rowland composed the music for both the film and the sequel . Box office ( edit ) The Man from Snowy River grossed $17,228,160 at the box office in Australia . Kirk Douglas later sued Burrowes for a share of the profits . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won 1982 AFI Award for Best Original Music Score -- ( awarded to Bruce Rowland ) Won 1982 Montreal World Film Festival Award for Most Popular Film -- ( awarded to George T. Miller ) Won 1984 APRA Award for Best Original Music Score -- ( awarded to Bruce Rowland ) Nominated for 1982 AFI Award for Best Achievement in Sound Nominated for 1983 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film Australia Legacy ( edit ) As indicated by its box office takings , The Man from Snowy River gained a very large audience , popularising the story and Banjo Paterson 's poem . Since 1995 the story has been re-enacted at The Man From Snowy River Bush Festival in Corryong , Victoria . Jack Thompson who played Clancy in the film has released recordings of a number of Banjo Paterson poems including Clancy of the Overflow and The Man from Snowy River on the album The Bush Poems of A.B. ( Banjo ) Paterson . The Craigs ' Hut building was a permanent fixture created for the film . Located in Clear Hills , east of Mount Stirling , Victoria , the popular 4WD and hiking landmark was destroyed on 11 December 2006 in bushfires . The hut has since been rebuilt . The film was selected for preservation as part of the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia 's Kodak / Atlab Cinema Collection Restoration Project . For the 2000 Summer Olympics Rowland composed a special Olympics version of The Man from Snowy River `` Main Title '' for the Olympic Games , which were held in Sydney . The CD of the music for the Sydney Olympics includes the Bruce Rowland 's special Olympic version of the main title . Rowland composed special arrangements of some of the film soundtrack music for the 2002 musical version of The Man from Snowy River , The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Stratton , The Avocado Plantation : Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry , Pan MacMillan , 1990 , pp. 64 -- 66 Jump up ^ `` LIFE STYLE Man From Snowy River -- ' a remarkable movie ' '' . The Canberra Times . 26 January 1983 . p. 20 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Young actors tipped for plum roles '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 19 November 1980 . p. 32 Supplement : FREE Your TV Magazine . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Ride the High Country '' . Filmnews . Sydney . 1 September 1982 . p. 8 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` ON THE SET OF ' THE MAN FROM SNOWY RIVER ( ? ) '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 6 May 1981 . p. 16 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ How The Hell Did We Get Here ? -- The Baby Boomers Guide to the Movies Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2009 . Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River , archived from the original on 29 November 2017 , retrieved 29 September 2017 Jump up ^ Design , Steve Koukoulas -- RED5 Web . `` DVD.net : The Man From Snowy River ( 1982 ) - DVD Review '' . www.dvd.net.au . Archived from the original on 8 April 2018 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Victoria / / supporting Victoria 's film television and games industry - Film Victoria '' ( PDF ) . film.vic.gov.au . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 February 2011 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Douglas has been paid , says producer '' . The Canberra Times . 30 August 1983 . p. 15 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival Archived 16 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Australias Favourite Poems on CD : Read By Jack Thompson - Fine Poets '' . www.finepoets.com . Archived from the original on 18 March 2018 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , 11 December 2006 , Bushfires ravage iconic Craig 's Hut Archived 27 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) The Man from Snowy River on IMDb The Man from Snowy River at the TCM Movie Database The Man from Snowy River at AllMovie The Man from Snowy River on australianscreen online The Man from Snowy River at the National Film and Sound Archive The Man from Snowy River Fan Site at manfromsnowyriver.net The Man from Snowy River at Oz movies AACTA Award for Best Original Music Score 1975 -- 2000 The Cars That Ate Paris and The Great McCarthy -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1975 ) Not awarded ( 1976 ) The Picture Show Man -- Peter Best ( 1977 ) The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1978 ) Mad Max -- Brian May ( 1979 ) Manganinnie -- Peter Sculthorpe ( 1980 ) Fatty Finn -- Rory O'Donoghue and Grahame Bond ( 1981 ) The Man from Snowy River -- Bruce Rowland ( 1982 ) Phar Lap -- Bruce Rowland ( 1983 ) Street Hero -- Garth Porter and Bruce Smeaton ( 1984 ) Rebel -- Ray Cook , Chris Neal , Peter Best , Billy Byers , Bruce Rowland ( 1985 ) Young Einstein -- William Motzing and Martin Armiger ( 1986 ) The Tale of Ruby Rose -- Paul Schütze ( 1987 ) The Lighthorsemen -- Mario Millo ( 1988 ) Dead Calm -- Graeme Revell ( 1989 ) The Big Steal -- Phil Judd ( 1990 ) Dingo -- Michel Legrand and Miles Davis ( 1991 ) Romper Stomper -- John Clifford White ( 1992 ) The Piano -- Michael Nyman ( 1993 ) Traps -- Douglas Stephen Rae ( 1994 ) Hotel Sorrento -- Nerida Tyson - Chew ( 1995 ) Shine -- David Hirschfelder ( 1996 ) Doing Time for Patsy Cline -- Peter Best ( 1997 ) Oscar and Lucinda -- Thomas Newman ( 1998 ) In a Savage Land -- David Bridie ( 1999 ) Bootmen -- Cezary Skubiszewski ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Dish -- Edmund Choi ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence -- Peter Gabriel ( 2002 ) Japanese Story -- Elizabeth Drake ( 2003 ) Somersault -- Decoder Ring ( 2004 ) The Proposition -- Nick Cave and Warren Ellis ( 2005 ) Suburban Mayhem -- Mick Harvey ( 2006 ) The Home Song Stories -- Antony Partos ( 2007 ) Unfinished Sky -- Antony Partos ( 2008 ) Mao 's Last Dancer -- Christopher Gordon ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom -- Antony Partos and Sam Petty ( 2010 ) The Hunter -- Andrew Lancaster , Michael Lira and Matteo Zingales ( 2011 ) Not Suitable for Children -- Matteo Zingales and Jono Ma ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby -- Craig Armstrong ( 2013 ) The Railwayman -- David Hirschfelder ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- Tom Holkenborg ( 2015 ) Tanna -- Antony Partos ( 2016 ) Lion -- Volker Bertelmann and Dustin O'Halloran ( 2017 ) Banjo Paterson 's `` The Man from Snowy River '' - the Poem and its adaptations Films The Man from Snowy River ( 1920 silent ) The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) The Man from Snowy River II ( 1988 sequel ) Stage Musical The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 musical ) The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 DVD film of the musical ) CD Recordings The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film soundtrack ) Return to Snowy River ( 1988 film soundtrack ) The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 original cast recording ) Television The Man from Snowy River ( 1993 TV series ) Films directed by George T. Miller The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) The Aviator ( 1985 ) Cool Change ( 1986 ) Les Patterson Saves the World ( 1987 ) The NeverEnding Story II : The Next Chapter ( 1990 ) A Mom for Christmas ( 1990 ) In the Nick of Time ( 1991 ) Over the Hill ( 1992 ) Frozen Assets ( 1992 ) Gross Misconduct ( 1993 ) Andre ( 1994 ) Zeus and Roxanne ( 1997 ) Tidal Wave : No Escape ( 1997 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1997 ) Cybermutt ( 2002 ) Attack of the Sabretooth ( 2005 ) Prey ( 2009 ) The Films of Geoff Burrowes The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) Anzacs ( 1985 ) ( TV mini series ) Cool Change ( 1985 ) Running from the Guns ( 1987 ) Backstage ( 1988 ) The Man from Snowy River II ( 1988 ) Run ( 1991 ) Bruce Rowland The Man from Snowy River ( soundtracks and music ) The Man from Snowy River ( soundtrack of the 1982 film ) Return to Snowy River ( soundtrack of the 1988 sequel film The Man from Snowy River II ) Special Olympics version of the main theme from The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) for the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( soundtrack of the 2002 stage musical ) Other soundtracks Phar Lap ( soundtrack ) All the Rivers Run ( soundtrack ) The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello ( soundtrack ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(1982_film)&oldid=852452644 '' Categories : 1982 films English - language films 1980s adventure films 1980s drama films 1980s Western ( genre ) films 20th Century Fox films Australian adventure films Australian drama films Australian films Australian Western ( genre ) films Directorial debut films Films about horses Films based on poems Films based on works by Australian writers Films directed by George T. Miller Films set in colonial Australia Films set in Victoria ( Australia ) The Man from Snowy River Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Australian English from January 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 02 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was a man from snowy river filmed | [
"The film was not shot in the actual Snowy Mountains but in the Victorian High Country near Mansfield, Victoria, where Burrowes' wife's family had lived for several generations, which was logistically easier.[1][6]Burt Lancaster and Robert Mitchum were considered for the dual role of Harrison and Spur before Kirk Douglas was cast in the roles.\n"
] | [
"in the Victorian High Country near Mansfield, Victoria"
] |
-5184882803633316393 | London | London - wikipedia London This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the capital city . For the region and county of England , see Greater London . For the historic city and financial district within London , see City of London . For other uses , see London ( disambiguation ) . London Clockwise from top : City of London skyline in the foreground with Canary Wharf skyline in the far background , Trafalgar Square , London Eye , Tower Bridge and a London Underground roundel in front of Elizabeth Tower London London London Show map of South - east England Show map of the United Kingdom Show map of Europe Show all Location of London in the United Kingdom Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 7 ′ 39 '' W / 51.50722 ° N 0.12750 ° W / 51.50722 ; - 0.12750 Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 7 ′ 39 '' W / 51.50722 ° N 0.12750 ° W / 51.50722 ; - 0.12750 Sovereign State United Kingdom Country England Region Greater London Settled by Romans c. 43 AD ( as Londinium ) Counties City of London & Greater London Districts City of London & 32 boroughs Government Type Devolved authority Body Greater London Authority Elected body London Assembly Mayor Sadiq Khan ( L ) London Assembly 14 constituencies UK Parliament 73 constituencies European Parliament London constituency Area Greater London 1,572 km ( 607 sq mi ) Urban 1,737.9 km ( 671.0 sq mi ) Metro 8,382 km ( 3,236 sq mi ) Elevation 35 m ( 115 ft ) Population ( 2016 ) Greater London 8,787,892 Density 5,590 / km ( 14,500 / sq mi ) Urban 9,787,426 Metro 13,879,757 Demonym ( s ) Londoner Cockney ( colloquial ) GDP / GVA ( 2016 ) Total £ 890 billion / $1.2 trillion Per capita £ 119,300 / $162,200 Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) Postcode areas 22 areas ( show ) E , EC , N , NW , SE , SW , W , WC , BR , CR , DA , EN , HA , IG , KT , RM , SM , TW , UB , WD ( CM , TN ; partially ) Area code ( s ) 9 area codes ( show ) 020 , 01322 , 01689 , 01708 , 01737 , 01895 , 01923 , 01959 , 01992 Police City of London Police and Metropolitan Police International airports Heathrow ( LHR ) City ( LCY ) Outside Greater London : Gatwick ( LGW ) Stansted ( STN ) Luton ( LTN ) Southend ( SEN ) GeoTLD . london Website london.gov.uk London / ˈlʌndən / ( listen ) is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it Londinium . London 's ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its 1.12 - square - mile ( 2.9 km ) medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , `` London '' has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater London , a region governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . London is a leading global city in the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism , and transportation . It is crowned as the world 's largest financial centre and has the fifth - or sixth - largest metropolitan area GDP in the world . London is a world cultural capital . It is the world 's most - visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world 's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic . London is the world 's leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high - net - worth individuals than any other city . London 's universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe . In 2012 , London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times . London has a diverse range of people and cultures , and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region . Its estimated mid-2016 municipal population ( corresponding to Greater London ) was 8,787,892 , the largest of any city in the European Union , and accounting for 13.4 % of the UK population . London 's urban area is the second most populous in the EU , after Paris , with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census . The city 's metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants , while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city - region ( covering a large part of the south east ) as 22.7 million . London was the world 's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925 . London contains four World Heritage Sites : the Tower of London ; Kew Gardens ; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster , Westminster Abbey , and St Margaret 's Church ; and the historic settlement of Greenwich ( in which the Royal Observatory , Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian , 0 ° longitude , and GMT ) . Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace , the London Eye , Piccadilly Circus , St Paul 's Cathedral , Tower Bridge , Trafalgar Square , and The Shard . London is home to numerous museums , galleries , libraries , sporting events , and other cultural institutions , including the British Museum , National Gallery , Natural History Museum , Tate Modern , British Library , and West End theatres . The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Roman London 2.3 Anglo - Saxon London ( and Viking period ) 2.4 Middle Ages 2.5 Early modern 2.6 Late modern and contemporary 3 Administration 3.1 Local government 3.2 National government 3.3 Policing and crime 4 Geography 4.1 Scope 4.2 Status 4.3 Topography 4.4 Climate 4.5 Districts 4.6 Architecture 4.7 Natural history 5 Demography 5.1 Ethnic groups 5.2 Religion 5.3 Accent 6 Economy 6.1 The City of London 6.2 Media and technology 6.3 Tourism 6.4 Housing crisis 7 Transport 7.1 Aviation 7.2 Rail 7.2. 1 Underground and DLR 7.2. 2 Suburban 7.2. 3 Inter-city and international 7.2. 4 Freight 7.3 Buses and trams 7.4 Cable car 7.5 Cycling 7.6 Port and river boats 7.7 Roads 8 Education 8.1 Tertiary education 8.2 Primary and secondary education 9 Culture 9.1 Leisure and entertainment 9.2 Literature , film and television 9.3 Museums and art galleries 9.4 Music 10 Notable people 11 Recreation 11.1 Parks and open spaces 11.2 Walking 12 Sport 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 15.1 Bibliography 16 External links Etymology Main article : Etymology of London The name London may derive from the River Thames The etymology of London is uncertain . It is an ancient name , attested already in the first century CE , usually in the Latinised form Londinium ; for example , hand - written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65 / 70 - 80 include the word Londinio ( `` in London '' ) . Over the years , the name has attracted many mythicising explanations . The earliest attested appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae , written around 1136 . This had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud , who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud . Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources Latin ( usually Londinium ) , Old English ( usually Lunden ) , and Welsh ( usually Llundein ) , with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages . It is agreed that the name came into these languages from British Celtic ; recent work tends to reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as * ( Londonjon ) or something similar . This was adapted into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into West Germanic , the ancestor - language of English , already before English had become widely spoken in Britain . However , the etymology and original meaning of the British Celtic form is much debated . A prominent explanation was Richard Coates 's 1998 argument that the name derived from pre-Celtic Old European * ( p ) lowonida , meaning `` river too wide to ford '' . Coates suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London ; from this , the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name , * Lowonidonjon . However , most work has accepted a Celtic origin for the name , and recent studies have favoured an explanation along the lines of a Celtic derivative of an proto - Indo - European root * lend - ( ' sink , cause to sink ' ) , combined with the Celtic suffix * - injo - or * - onjo - ( used to form place - names ) . Peter Schrijver has specifically suggested , on these grounds , that the name originally meant ' place that floods ( periodically , tidally ) ' . Until 1889 , the name `` London '' officially applied only to the City of London , but since then it has also referred to the County of London and now to Greater London . `` London '' is sometimes abbreviated as `` L'don '' or `` LDN '' . History Main articles : History of London and Timeline of London Prehistory Two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area . In 1999 , the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge . This bridge either crossed the Thames , or gave access to a now lost island in the river . Dendrochronology dated the timbers to ca . 1500 BC . In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure , dated to ca . 4500 BC , were found on the Thames foreshore , south of Vauxhall Bridge . The function of the mesolithic structure is not known . Both structures are on the south bank , at a natural crossing point where the River Effra flows into the River Thames . Roman London In 1300 , the City was still confined within the Roman walls Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area , the first major settlement was founded by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD . This lasted only until around 61 , when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it , burning it to the ground . The next , heavily planned , incarnation of Londinium prospered , and it superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100 . At its height in the 2nd century , Roman London had a population of around 60,000 . Anglo - Saxon London ( and Viking period ) With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century , London ceased to be a capital , and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned , although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin - in - the - Fields area until around 450 . From around 500 , an Anglo - Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area , slightly to the west of the old Roman city . By about 680 , it had revived sufficiently to become a major port , although there is little evidence of large - scale production of goods . From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions . There are three recorded Viking assaults on London ; two of these were successful , in 851 and 886 , although the Vikings were defeated during another attack in 994 . The Lancastrian siege of London in 1471 is attacked by a Yorkist sally The Vikings established Danelaw over much of the eastern and northern part of England , with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester . It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed by the Danish warlord , Guthrum and the West Saxon king Alfred the Great in 886 . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle recorded that Alfred `` refounded '' London in 886 . Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls . London then grew slowly until about 950 , after which activity increased dramatically . By the 11th century , London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England . Westminster Abbey , rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor , was one of the grandest churches in Europe . Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo - Saxon England , but from this time on , London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war . In the view of Frank Stenton : `` It had the resources , and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self - consciousness appropriate to a national capital . '' Middle ages Westminster Abbey , as seen in this painting ( Canaletto , 1749 ) , is a World Heritage Site and one of London 's oldest and most important buildings After winning the Battle of Hastings , William , Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England in the newly completed Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066 . William constructed the Tower of London , the first of the many Norman castles in England to be rebuilt in stone , in the southeastern corner of the city , to intimidate the native inhabitants . In 1097 , William II began the building of Westminster Hall , close by the abbey of the same name . The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster . In the 12th century , the institutions of central government , which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country , grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place . For most purposes this was Westminster , although the royal treasury , having been moved from Winchester , came to rest in the Tower . While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms , its distinct neighbour , the City of London , remained England 's largest city and principal commercial centre , and it flourished under its own unique administration , the Corporation of London . In 1100 , its population was around 18,000 ; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000 . Disaster struck in the form of the Black Death in the mid-14th century , when London lost nearly a third of its population . London was the focus of the Peasants ' Revolt in 1381 . Early modern Map of London in 1593 . There is only one bridge across the Thames , but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed . During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism , and much of London passed from church to private ownership . Woollen cloth was shipped undyed and undressed from London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries , where it was considered indispensable . But the reach of English maritime enterprise hardly extended beyond the seas of north - west Europe . The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean Sea normally lay through Antwerp and over the Alps ; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan . Upon the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565 , there ensued a strong outburst of commercial activity . The Royal Exchange was founded . Mercantilism grew , and monopoly trading companies such as the East India Company were established , with trade expanding to the New World . London became the principal North Sea port , with migrants arriving from England and abroad . The population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605 . In the 16th century William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in London at a time of hostility to the development of the theatre . By the end of the Tudor period in 1603 , London was still very compact . There was an assassination attempt on James I in Westminster , in the Gunpowder Plot on 5 November 1605 . Vertue 's 1738 plan of the Lines of Communication , built during the English Civil War In the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause . After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 , culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green , London was surrounded by a defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication . The lines were built by up to 20,000 people , and were completed in under two months . The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647 , and they were levelled by Parliament the same year . London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century , culminating in the Great Plague of 1665 -- 1666 , which killed up to 100,000 people , or a fifth of the population . The Great Fire of London destroyed many parts of the city in 1666 The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the city and quickly swept through the wooden buildings . Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by Robert Hooke as Surveyor of London . In 1708 Christopher Wren 's masterpiece , St Paul 's Cathedral was completed . During the Georgian era , new districts such as Mayfair were formed in the west ; new bridges over the Thames encouraged development in South London . In the east , the Port of London expanded downstream . London 's development as an international financial centre matured for much of the 1700s . In 1762 , George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years . During the 18th century , London was dogged by crime , and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force . In total , more than 200 offences were punishable by death , including petty theft . Most children born in the city died before reaching their third birthday . View to the Royal Exchange in the City of London in 1886 The coffeehouse became a popular place to debate ideas , with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widely available ; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press . Following the invasion of Amsterdam by Napoleonic armies , many financiers relocated to London , especially a large Jewish community , and the first London international issue was arranged in 1817 . Around the same time , the Royal Navy became the world leading war fleet , acting as a serious deterrent to potential economic adversaries of the United Kingdom . The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was specifically aimed at weakening Dutch economic power . London then overtook Amsterdam as the leading international financial centre . According to Samuel Johnson : You find no man , at all intellectual , who is willing to leave London . No , Sir , when a man is tired of London , he is tired of life ; for there is in London all that life can afford . -- Samuel Johnson , 1777 Late modern and Contemporary British volunteer recruits in London , August 1914 London was the world 's largest city from about 1831 to 1925 . London 's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics , claiming 14,000 lives in 1848 , and 6,000 in 1866 . Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the world 's first local urban rail network . The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some of the surrounding counties ; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of those areas of the counties surrounding the capital . London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War , and during the Second World War , the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe killed over 30,000 Londoners , destroying large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city . Immediately after the war , the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium , at a time when London was still recovering from the war . A bombed - out London street during the Blitz of the Second World War From the 1940s onwards , London became home to a large number of immigrants , primarily from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica , India , Bangladesh and Pakistan , making London one of the most diverse cities worldwide . In 1951 , the Festival of Britain was held on the South Bank . The Great Smog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956 , which ended the `` pea soup fogs '' for which London had been notorious . Primarily starting in the mid-1960s , London became a centre for the worldwide youth culture , exemplified by the Swinging London subculture associated with the King 's Road , Chelsea and Carnaby Street . The role of trendsetter was revived during the punk era . In 1965 London 's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created . During The Troubles in Northern Ireland , London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA . Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot . Greater London 's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War , from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s . The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury , with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration , including the Canary Wharf development . This was borne out of London 's ever - increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s . The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea . The Tower Bridge at the 2012 Summer Olympics The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986 , which left London without a central administration until 2000 when London - wide government was restored , with the creation of the Greater London Authority . To celebrate the start of the 21st century , the Millennium Dome , London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed . On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics , making London the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times . On 7 July 2005 , three London Underground trains and a double - decker bus were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks . In 2008 , London named alongside New York City and Hong Kong as Nylonkong , being hailed as the world 's three most influential global cities . In January 2015 , Greater London 's population was estimated to be 8.63 million , the highest level since 1939 . During the Brexit referendum in 2016 , the UK as a whole decided to leave the European Union , but a majority of London constituencies voted to remain in the EU . Administration London This article is part of a series on the politics and government of London Greater London Authority Mayor : Sadiq Khan Mayoral elections Deputy Mayor : Joanne McCartney Deputy Mayor for Business Rajesh Agrawal Deputy Mayor for Planning , Regeneration and Skills Jules Pipe London Assembly : Constituencies London Assembly election , 2016 1998 referendum ; 1999 Act ; 2007 Act City of London Corporation Lord Mayor : The Lord Mountevans Court of Aldermen : Wards Sheriffs Parliamentary constituencies in London European Parliament constituency European Parliament election , 2014 London boroughs : London local elections , 2014 British politics portal Local Government Main articles : Local government in London , History of local government in London , and List of heads of London government The administration of London is formed of two tiers : a citywide , strategic tier and a local tier . Citywide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority ( GLA ) , while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities . The GLA consists of two elected components : the Mayor of London , who has executive powers , and the London Assembly , which scrutinises the mayor 's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor 's budget proposals each year . The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall , Southwark ; the mayor is Sadiq Khan , the first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital . The mayor 's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan , which was most recently revised in 2011 . The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation . They are responsible for most local services , such as local planning , schools , social services , local roads and refuse collection . Certain functions , such as waste management , are provided through joint arrangements . In 2009 -- 2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £ 22 billion ( £ 14.7 billion for the boroughs and £ 7.4 billion for the GLA ) . The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London . It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world . National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service ( LAS ) NHS Trust , the largest free - at - the - point - of - use emergency ambulance service in the world . The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required . Her Majesty 's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames , which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea . National Government 10 Downing Street , official residence of the Prime Minister London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom . Many government departments , as well as the Prime Minister 's residence at 10 Downing Street , are based close to the Palace of Westminster , particularly along Whitehall . The British Parliament is often referred to as the `` Mother of Parliaments '' ( although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright ) because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems . There are 73 Members of Parliament ( MPs ) from London , elected from local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament . As of May 2015 , 45 are from the Labour Party , 27 are Conservatives , and one is a Liberal Democrat . Policing and Crime Main article : Crime in London Policing in Greater London , with the exception of the City of London , is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service , overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor 's Office for Policing and Crime ( MOPAC ) . The City of London has its own police force -- the City of London Police . The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail , London Underground , Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services . A fourth police force in London , the Ministry of Defence Police , do not generally become involved with policing the general public . Crime rates vary widely by area , ranging from parts with serious issues to parts considered very safe . Today crime figures are made available nationally at Local Authority and Ward level . In 2015 there were 118 homicides , a 25.5 % increase over 2014 . The Metropolitan Police have made detailed crime figures , broken down by category at borough and ward level , available on their website since 2000 . Geography Main article : Geography of London Scope Satellite view of inner London London , also referred to as Greater London , is one of nine regions of England and the top - level subdivision covering most of the city 's metropolis . The small ancient City of London at its core once comprised the whole settlement , but as its urban area grew , the Corporation of London resisted attempts to amalgamate the city with its suburbs , causing `` London '' to be defined in a number of ways for different purposes . Forty per cent of Greater London is covered by the London post town , within which ' LONDON ' forms part of postal addresses . The London telephone area code ( 020 ) covers a larger area , similar in size to Greater London , although some outer districts are excluded and some places just outside are included . The Greater London boundary has been aligned to the M25 motorway in places . Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt , although the built - up area extends beyond the boundary in places , resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area . Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt . Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London . The city is split by the River Thames into North and South , with an informal central London area in its interior . The coordinates of the nominal centre of London , traditionally considered to be the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall , are about 51 ° 30 ′ 26 '' N 00 ° 07 ′ 39 '' W / 51.50722 ° N 0.12750 ° W / 51.50722 ; - 0.12750 . However the geographical centre of London , on one definition , is in the London Borough of Lambeth , just 0.1 miles to the northeast of Lambeth North tube station . Status Within London , both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies . The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that are part of the historic counties of Middlesex , Kent , Surrey , Essex and Hertfordshire . London 's status as the capital of England , and later the United Kingdom , has never been granted or confirmed officially -- by statute or in written form . Its position was formed through constitutional convention , making its status as de facto capital a part of the UK 's unwritten constitution . The capital of England was moved to London from Winchester as the Palace of Westminster developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the royal court , and thus the political capital of the nation . More recently , Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this context is known as London . Topography London from Primrose Hill Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres ( 611 sq mi ) , an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 11,760 / sq mi ) . The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration , comprises a total area of 8,382 square kilometres ( 3,236 sq mi ) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 3,900 / sq mi ) . Modern London stands on the Thames , its primary geographical feature , a navigable river which crosses the city from the south - west to the east . The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill , Addington Hills , and Primrose Hill . Historically London grew up at the lowest bridging point on the Thames . The Thames was once a much broader , shallower river with extensive marshlands ; at high tide , its shores reached five times their present width . Since the Victorian era the Thames has been extensively embanked , and many of its London tributaries now flow underground . The Thames is a tidal river , and London is vulnerable to flooding . The threat has increased over time because of a slow but continuous rise in high water level by the slow ' tilting ' of Britain ( up in the north and down in the south ) caused by post-glacial rebound . In 1974 , a decade of work began on the construction of the Thames Barrier across the Thames at Woolwich to deal with this threat . While the barrier is expected to function as designed until roughly 2070 , concepts for its future enlargement or redesign are already being discussed . Climate Main article : Climate of London Average summertime day temperatures range between 20 and 26 ° C ( 68 and 79 ° F ) . Although uncommon , temperatures as high as 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) have been recorded . London has a temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) , similar to all of southern England . Despite its reputation as being a rainy city , London receives less precipitation in a year than Rome , Bordeaux , Toulouse , Naples , Sydney and New York . Temperature extremes for all sites in the London area range from 38.1 ° C ( 100.6 ° F ) at Kew during August 2003 down to − 16.1 ° C ( 3.0 ° F ) at Northolt during January 1962 . Summers are mild , but generally warm . London 's average July high is 24 ° C ( 74 ° F ) . On average London will see 31 days above 25 ° C ( 77.0 ° F ) each year , and 4.2 days above 30.0 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) every year . During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) and 2 consecutive days where temperatures reached 38 ° C ( 100.4 ° F ) , leading to hundreds of heat related deaths . Winters are generally cool , cloudy and damp with little temperature variation . Snowfall occurs occasionally and can cause travel disruption when this happens . Snowfall is more common in outer London . Spring and autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant . As a large city , London has a considerable urban heat island effect , making the centre of London at times 5 ° C ( 9 ° F ) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts . The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow , 15 miles west of London , with the London Weather Centre , in the city centre . ( hide ) Climate data for London Heathrow ( 1981 -- 2010 , extremes 1948 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 38.1 ( 100.6 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 38.1 ( 100.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.1 ( 46.6 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 15.2 ( 59.36 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 7.43 ( 45.38 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 13.2 ( 8.2 ) − 9.6 ( 14.7 ) − 5.1 ( 22.8 ) − 2.6 ( 27.3 ) − 0.9 ( 30.4 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) − 3.3 ( 26.1 ) − 7.0 ( 19.4 ) − 11.8 ( 10.8 ) − 13.2 ( 8.2 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 55.2 ( 2.173 ) 40.9 ( 1.61 ) 41.6 ( 1.638 ) 43.7 ( 1.72 ) 49.4 ( 1.945 ) 45.1 ( 1.776 ) 44.5 ( 1.752 ) 49.5 ( 1.949 ) 49.1 ( 1.933 ) 68.5 ( 2.697 ) 59.0 ( 2.323 ) 55.2 ( 2.173 ) 601.7 ( 23.689 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 11.1 8.5 9.3 9.1 8.8 8.2 7.7 7.5 8.1 10.8 10.3 10.2 109.6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.5 77.9 114.6 168.7 198.5 204.3 212.0 204.7 149.3 116.5 72.6 52.0 1,632.6 Source : Met Office Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute For more station data near London , see Geography of London . ( hide ) Climate data for London Weather Centre , 2001 - 2014 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 15.83 ( 60.51 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 12.86 ( 55.13 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 4.7 ( 40.5 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 9.81 ( 49.66 ) Source # 1 : Weather Online Source # 2 : Tutiempo Districts Main articles : List of districts of London and London boroughs London 's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names , such as Bloomsbury , Mayfair , Wembley and Whitechapel . These are either informal designations , reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl , or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or former boroughs . Such names have remained in use through tradition , each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character , but without official boundaries . Since 1965 Greater London has been divided into 32 London boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London . The City of London is the main financial district , and Canary Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub in the Docklands to the east . The West End is London 's main entertainment and shopping district , attracting tourists . West London includes expensive residential areas where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds . The average price for properties in Kensington and Chelsea is over £ 2 million with a similarly high outlay in most of central London . The East End is the area closest to the original Port of London , known for its high immigrant population , as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London . The surrounding East London area saw much of London 's early industrial development ; now , brownfield sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the Thames Gateway including the London Riverside and Lower Lea Valley , which was developed into the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics . Architecture Main articles : Architecture of London and List of tallest buildings and structures in London Aerial the Tower of London a historic medieval castle London 's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style , partly because of their varying ages . Many grand houses and public buildings , such as the National Gallery , are constructed from Portland stone . Some areas of the city , particularly those just west of the centre , are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings . Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666 , these being a few trace Roman remains , the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the City . Further out is , for example , the Tudor - period Hampton Court Palace , England 's oldest surviving Tudor palace , built by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c. 1515 . Wren 's late 17th - century churches and the financial institutions of the 18th and 19th centuries such as the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England , to the early 20th century Old Bailey and the 1960s Barbican Estate form part of the varied architectural heritage . 30 St Mary Axe , also known as `` the Gherkin '' , towers over St Andrew Undershaft . Modern architecture juxtaposed by historic architecture is seen often in London Trafalgar Square and its fountains , with Nelson 's Column on the right The disused -- but soon to be rejuvenated -- 1939 Battersea Power Station by the river in the south - west is a local landmark , while some railway termini are excellent examples of Victorian architecture , most notably St. Pancras and Paddington . The density of London varies , with high employment density in the central area , high residential densities in inner London , and lower densities in Outer London . The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London , which originated nearby . Marble Arch and Wellington Arch , at the north and south ends of Park Lane , respectively , have royal connections , as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington . Nelson 's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square , one of the focal points of central London . Older buildings are mainly brick built , most commonly the yellow London stock brick or a warm orange - red variety , often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings . In the dense areas , most of the concentration is via medium - and high - rise buildings . London 's skyscrapers , such as 30 St Mary Axe , Tower 42 , the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square , are mostly in the two financial districts , the City of London and Canary Wharf . High - rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul 's Cathedral and other historic buildings . Nevertheless , there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London ( see Tall buildings in London ) , including the 95 - storey Shard London Bridge , the tallest building in the European Union . Other notable modern buildings include City Hall in Southwark with its distinctive oval shape and the British Library in Somers Town / Kings Cross . What was formerly the Millennium Dome , by the Thames to the east of Canary Wharf , is now an entertainment venue called the O2 Arena . The Shard dominating the City of London skyline , as seen from Forest Hill in July 2013 Natural History The London Natural History Society suggest that London is `` one of the World 's Greenest Cities '' with more than 40 percent green space or open water . They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish . They also state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly , 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London . London 's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds . London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSIs ) , two National Nature Reserves and 76 Local Nature Reserves . Amphibians are common in the capital , including smooth newts living by the Tate Modern , and common frogs , common toads , palmate newts and great crested newts . On the other hand , native reptiles such as slowworms , common lizards , grass snakes and adders , are mostly only seen in Outer London . Fox on Ayres Street , Southwark , South London Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes , so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile ( 2.6 square kilometres ) of London . These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins , sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people 's backyards . Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament , where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet . Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace , reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II 's prized pink flamingos . Generally , however , foxes and city folk appear to get along . A survey in 2001 by the London - based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around . This sample can not be taken to represent Londoners as a whole . Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehogs , rats , mice , rabbit , shrew , vole , and squirrels , In wilder areas of Outer London , such as Epping Forest , a wide variety of mammals are found including hare , badger , field , bank and water vole , wood mouse , yellow - necked mouse , mole , shrew , and weasel , in addition to fox , squirrel and hedgehog . A dead otter was found at The Highway , in Wapping , about a mile from the Tower Bridge , which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city . Ten of England 's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest : soprano , nathusius and common pipistrelles , noctule , serotine , barbastelle , daubenton 's , brown Long - eared , natterer 's and leisler 's . Among the strange sights seen in London have been a whale in the Thames , while the BBC Two programme `` Natural World : Unnatural History of London '' shows pigeons using the London Underground to get around the city , a seal that takes fish from fishmongers outside Billingsgate Fish Market , and foxes that will `` sit '' if given sausages . Herds of red and fallow deer also roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park . A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained . Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer , which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest . A rare population of melanistic , black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois . Muntjac deer , which escaped from deer parks at the turn of the twentieth century , are also found in the forest . While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city , more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature , and whole herds of fallow and white - tailed deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of London 's green spaces . Demography Main article : Demography of London 2011 United Kingdom Census Country of birth Population United Kingdom 5,175,677 India 262,247 Poland 158,300 Ireland 129,807 Nigeria 114,718 Pakistan 112,457 Bangladesh 109,948 Jamaica 87,467 Sri Lanka 84,542 France 66,654 London maps showing the percentage distribution of selected races according to the 2011 Census White Asian Black The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people or 36.7 % of London 's population are foreign - born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population , behind New York City , in terms of absolute numbers . About 69 % of children born in London in 2015 had at least one parent who was born abroad . The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents . Note that some of the German - born population , in 18th position , are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany . With increasing industrialisation , London 's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries , and it was for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world . Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War , but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census . However , the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses , to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration . However , London 's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to 9,787,426 people in 2011 , while its wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 14 million depending on the definition used . According to Eurostat , London is the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union and the second most populous in Europe . During the period 1991 -- 2001 a net 726,000 immigrants arrived in London . The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres ( 610 sq mi ) . The population density is 5,177 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 13,410 / sq mi ) , more than ten times that of any other British region . In terms of population , London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region in the world . As of 2014 , London has the largest number of billionaires ( British Pound Sterling ) in the world , with 72 residing in the city . London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world , alongside Tokyo and Moscow . Ethnic groups Main article : Ethnic groups in London Ethnic groups in the 2011 census White British ( 44.9 % ) Other White ( 14.9 % ) Asian ( 18.4 % ) Black ( 13.3 % ) Arab ( 1.3 % ) Mixed ( 5 % ) Other ( 2.2 % ) According to the Office for National Statistics , based on the 2011 Census estimates , 59.8 per cent of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were White , with 44.9 per cent White British , 2.2 per cent White Irish , 0.1 per cent gypsy / Irish traveller and 12.1 per cent classified as Other White . 20.9 per cent of Londoners are of Asian and mixed - Asian descent . 19.7 per cent are of full Asian descent , with those of mixed - Asian heritage comprising 1.2 of the population . Indians account for 6.6 per cent of the population , followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 2.7 per cent each . Chinese peoples account for 1.5 per cent of the population , with Arabs comprising 1.3 per cent . A further 4.9 per cent are classified as `` Other Asian '' . 15.6 per cent of London 's population are of Black and mixed - Black descent . 13.3 per cent are of full Black descent , with those of mixed - Black heritage comprising 2.3 per cent . Black Africans account for 7.0 per cent of London 's population , with 4.2 per cent as Black Caribbean and 2.1 per cent as `` Other Black '' . 5.0 per cent are of mixed race . Across London , Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools . Altogether at the 2011 census , of London 's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15 , 46.4 per cent were White , 19.8 per cent were Asian , 19 per cent were Black , 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group . In January 2005 , a survey of London 's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 . Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that , in 2010 , London 's foreign - born population was 2,650,000 ( 33 per cent ) , up from 1,630,000 in 1997 . The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London 's population were born outside the UK . A portion of the German - born population are likely to be British nationals born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany . Estimates produced by the Office for National Statistics indicate that the five largest foreign - born groups living in London in the period July 2009 to June 2010 were those born in India , Poland , the Republic of Ireland , Bangladesh and Nigeria . Religion Main article : Religion in London Religion in London ( 2011 census ) Religion Percent ( % ) Christian 48.4 % No religion 20.7 % Muslim 12.4 % Undeclared 8.5 % Hindu 5.0 % Jewish 1.8 % Sikh 1.5 % Buddhist 1.0 % Other 0.6 % According to the 2011 Census , the largest religious groupings are Christians ( 48.4 per cent ) , followed by those of no religion ( 20.7 per cent ) , Muslims ( 12.4 per cent ) , no response ( 8.5 per cent ) , Hindus ( 5.0 per cent ) , Jews ( 1.8 per cent ) , Sikhs ( 1.5 per cent ) , Buddhists ( 1.0 per cent ) and other ( 0.6 per cent ) . London has traditionally been Christian , and has a large number of churches , particularly in the City of London . The well - known St Paul 's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrative centres , while the Archbishop of Canterbury , principal bishop of the Church of England and worldwide Anglican Communion , has his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth . St Paul 's Cathedral Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul 's and Westminster Abbey . The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral , which is the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales . Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches , observance is very low within the Anglican denomination . Church attendance continues on a long , slow , steady decline , according to Church of England statistics . London is also home to sizeable Muslim , Hindu , Sikh , and Jewish communities . Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets , London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent 's Park and the Baitul Futuh Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . Following the oil boom , increasing numbers of wealthy Hindus and Middle - Eastern Muslims have based themselves around Mayfair and Knightsbridge in West London . There are large Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham . Large Hindu communities are in the north - western boroughs of Harrow and Brent , the latter of which is home to Europe 's largest Hindu temple , Neasden Temple . London is also home to 42 Hindu temples . There are Sikh communities in East and West London , particularly in Southall , home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India . The majority of British Jews live in London , with significant Jewish communities in Stamford Hill , Stanmore , Golders Green , Finchley , Hampstead , Hendon and Edgware in North London . Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London 's historic Sephardic Jewish community . It is the only synagogue in Europe which has held regular services continuously for over 300 years . Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe , overtaking Ilford synagogue ( also in London ) in 1998 . The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government . Accent There are many accents that are traditionally thought of as London accents . The most well known of the London accents long ago acquired the Cockney label , which is heard both in London itself , and across the wider South East England region more generally . The accent of a 21st - century Londoner varies widely ; what is becoming more and more common amongst the under - 30s however is some fusion of Cockney with a whole array of ethnic accents , in particular Caribbean , which form an accent labelled Multicultural London English ( MLE ) . The other widely heard and spoken accent is RP ( Received Pronunciation ) in various forms , which can often be heard in the media and many of other traditional professions and beyond , although this accent is not limited to London and South East England , and can also be heard selectively throughout the whole UK amongst certain social groupings . Economy Main articles : Economy of London and Media in London The City of London , one of the largest financial centres in the world London generates about 20 per cent of the UK 's GDP ( or $600 billion in 2014 ) ; while the economy of the London metropolitan area -- the largest in Europe -- generates about 30 per cent of the UK 's GDP ( or an estimated $669 billion in 2005 ) . London has five major business districts : the City , Westminster , Canary Wharf , Camden & Islington and Lambeth & Southwark . One way to get an idea of their relative importance is to look at relative amounts of office space : Greater London had 27 million m of office space in 2001 , and the City contains the most space , with 8 million m of office space . London has some of the highest real estate prices in the world . London is the world 's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world property journal ( 2015 ) report . As of 2015 the residential property in London is worth $2.2 trillion -- same value as that of Brazil annual GDP . The city has the highest property prices of any European city according to the Office for National Statistics and the European Office of Statistics . On average the price per square metre in central London is € 24,252 ( April 2014 ) . This is higher than the property prices in other G8 European capital cities ; Berlin € 3,306 , Rome € 6,188 and Paris € 11,229 . The city of London The London Stock Exchange at the Paternoster Square in the City of London London finance industry is based in the City of London and Canary Wharf , the two major Central Business Districts in London . London is one of the pre-eminent financial centres of the world as the most important location for international finance . London took over as a major financial centre shortly after 1795 when the Dutch Republic collapsed before the Napoleonic armies . For many bankers established in Amsterdam ( e.g. Hope , Baring ) , this was only time to move to London . The London financial elite was strengthened by a strong Jewish community from all over Europe capable of mastering the most sophisticated financial tools of the time . This unique concentration of talents accelerated the transition from the Commercial Revolution to the Industrial Revolution . By the end of the 19th century , Britain was the wealthiest of all nations , and London a leading financial centre . Still , as of 2016 London tops the world rankings on both the Global Financial Centres Index ( GFCI ) and The Global Cities Index . London 's largest industry is finance , and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK 's balance of payments . Around 325,000 people were employed in financial services in London until mid-2007 . London has over 480 overseas banks , more than any other city in the world . It is also the world 's biggest currency trading centre , accounting for some 37 percent of the $5.1 trillion average daily volume , according to the BIS . Over 85 percent ( 3.2 million ) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries . Because of its prominent global role , London 's economy had been affected by the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 . However , by 2010 the City has recovered ; put in place new regulatory powers , proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London 's economic dominance . Along with professional services headquarters , the City of London is home to the Bank of England , London Stock Exchange , and Lloyd 's of London insurance market . Over half of the UK 's top 100 listed companies ( the FTSE 100 ) and over 100 of Europe 's 500 largest companies have their headquarters in central London . Over 70 per cent of the FTSE 100 are within London 's metropolitan area , and 75 per cent of Fortune 500 companies have offices in London . Media and technology Media companies are concentrated in London and the media distribution industry is London 's second most competitive sector . The BBC is a significant employer , while other broadcasters also have headquarters around the City . Many national newspapers are edited in London . London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world , with a total spend of around £ 64.2 billion . The Port of London is the second - largest in the United Kingdom , handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year . A growing number of technology companies are based in London notably in East London Tech City , also known as Silicon Roundabout . In April 2014 , the city was among the first to receive a geoTLD . In February 2014 London was ranked as the European City of the Future in the 2014 / 15 list by FDi Magazine . The gas and electricity distribution networks that manage and operate the towers , cables and pressure systems that deliver energy to consumers across the city are managed by National Grid plc , SGN and UK Power Networks . Tourism Main article : Tourism in London The Natural History Museum London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits . It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending , estimated at US $20.23 billion in 2015 . Tourism is one of London 's prime industries , employing the equivalent of 350,000 full - time workers in 2003 , and the city accounts for 54 % of all inbound visitor spending in the UK . As of 2016 London is the world top city destination as ranked by TripAdvisor users . In 2015 , the top most - visited attractions in UK were all in London . The top 10 most visited attractions were : ( with visits per venue ) The British Museum : 6,820,686 The National Gallery : 5,908,254 Natural History Museum ( South Kensington ) : 5,284,023 Southbank Centre : 5,102,883 Tate Modern : 4,712,581 Victoria and Albert Museum ( South Kensington ) : 3,432,325 Science Museum : 3,356,212 Somerset House : 3,235,104 Tower of London : 2,785,249 National Portrait Gallery : 2,145,486 The number of hotel rooms in London in 2015 stood at 138,769 , and is expected to grow over the years . Housing crisis Main article : Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom Thousands of homeless families find themselves in emergency accommodation for at least two years . A growth in the number of UK households has led to the homeless charity Shelter stating : `` This growth is a result of people living longer , more people living alone or in smaller households , and net migration . '' Transport Main articles : Transport in London and Infrastructure in London Two black London taxis , also known as a hackney carriage Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London , however the mayor 's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London . In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines , which now form the London Overground network , adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground , trams and buses . The public transport network is administered by Transport for London ( TFL ) . The lines that formed the London Underground , as well as trams and buses , became part of an integrated transport system in 1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board or London Transport was created . Transport for London is now the statutory corporation responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London , and is run by a board and a commissioner appointed by the Mayor of London . Aviation Main article : Airports of London London Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport in Europe as well as the second busiest in the world for international passenger traffic . ( Terminal 5 C is pictured ) London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world . Eight airports use the word London in their name , but most traffic passes through six of these . Additionally , various other airports also serve London , catering primarily to general aviation flights . London Heathrow Airport , in Hillingdon , West London , is the busiest airport in the world for international traffic , and is the major hub of the nation 's flag carrier , British Airways . In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened . There were plans for a third runway and a sixth terminal ; however , these were cancelled by the Coalition Government on 12 May 2010 . Gatwick Airport , south of London in West Sussex , handles similar traffic , with some cheap short - haul flights . Stansted Airport , north east of London in Essex , is a local UK hub . Luton Airport to the north of London in Bedfordshire , caters mostly for cheap short - haul flights . London City Airport , the smallest and most central airport , in Newham , East London , is focused on business travellers , with a mixture of full service short - haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic . London Southend Airport , east of London in Essex , is a smaller , regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short - haul flights . Rail Underground and DLR The London Underground is the world 's oldest and second - longest rapid transit system The London Underground , commonly referred to as the Tube , is the oldest and second longest metro system in the world . The system serves 270 stations and was formed from several private companies , including the world 's first underground electric line , the City and South London Railway . It dates from 1863 . Over four million journeys are made every day on the Underground network , over 1 billion each year . An investment programme is attempting to reduce congestion and improve reliability , including £ 6.5 billion ( € 7.7 billion ) spent before the 2012 Summer Olympics . The Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) , which opened in 1987 , is a second , more local metro system using smaller and lighter tram - type vehicles that serve the Docklands , Greenwich and Lewisham . Suburban King 's Cross railway station Western Concourse There are 366 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above - ground suburban railway network . South London , particularly , has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines . Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London , running into eighteen terminal stations , with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports . London has Britain 's busiest station by number of passengers -- Waterloo , with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex ( which includes Waterloo East station ) each year . Clapham Junction is the busiest station in Europe by the number of trains passing . With the need for more rail capacity in London , Crossrail is due to open in 2018 . It will be a new railway line running east to west through London and into the Home Counties with a branch to Heathrow Airport . It is Europe 's biggest construction project , with a £ 15 billion projected cost . Inter-city and international St Pancras International is the main terminal for high speed Eurostar and HS1 services , as well as commuter suburban Thameslink and inter-city East Midlands Trains services London is the centre of the National Rail network , with 70 percent of rail journeys starting or ending in London . Like suburban rail services , regional and inter-city trains depart from several termini around the city centre , linking London with the rest of Britain including Birmingham , Brighton , Reading , Bristol , Cardiff , Derby , Exeter , Sheffield , Southampton , Leeds , Liverpool , Manchester , Cambridge , Newcastle - upon - Tyne , Edinburgh and Glasgow . Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains , such as the Admiraal de Ruijter to Amsterdam and the Night Ferry to Paris and Brussels . The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network , allowing Eurostar services to begin . Since 2007 , high - speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille , Paris , Brussels and European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel . The first high - speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London . There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands , North West England , and Yorkshire . Freight Although rail freight levels are far down compared to their height , significant quantities of cargo are also carried into and out of London by rail ; chiefly building materials and landfill waste . As a major hub of the British railway network , London 's tracks also carry large amounts of freight for the other regions , such as container freight from the Channel Tunnel and English Channel ports , and nuclear waste for reprocessing at Sellafield . Buses and trams The red double decker bus is an iconic symbol of London London 's bus network is one of the largest in the world , running 24 hours a day , with about 8,500 buses , more than 700 bus routes and around 19,500 bus stops . In 2013 , the network had more than 2 billion commuter trips per annum , more than the Underground . Around £ 850 million is taken in revenue each year . London has the largest wheelchair accessible network in the world and , from the 3rd quarter of 2007 , became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio - visual announcements were introduced . The distinctive red double - decker buses are an internationally recognised trademark of London transport along with black cabs and the Tube . London has a modern tram network , known as Tramlink , centred on Croydon in South London . The network has 39 stops and four routes , and carried 28 million people in 2013 . Since June 2008 Transport for London has completely owned Tramlink , and it plans to spend £ 54m by 2015 on maintenance , renewals , upgrades and capacity enhancements . Cable car London 's first and only cable car , known as the Emirates Air Line , opened in June 2012 . Crossing the River Thames , linking Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks in the east of the city , the cable car is integrated with London 's Oyster Card ticketing system , although special fares are charged . Costing £ 60 million to build , it carries over 3,500 passengers every day , although this is very much lower than its capacity . Similar to the Santander Cycles bike hire scheme , the cable car is sponsored in a 10 - year deal by the airline Emirates . Cycling Santander Cycle Hire near Victoria in Central London A dual bike road , but still a bike road in central London , just west of Tower of London Cycling is an increasingly popular way to get around London . The launch of a cycle hire scheme in July 2010 has been successful and generally well received . The London Cycling Campaign lobbies for better provision . But in the central parts ( The City & City of Westminster ) are common cyclists a rare thing to see . Only messenger with helmets and sport bikes are seen there . There is a general lack of bike roads . Further out from the city centre is however lots of bikes parked around tube stations and other . Port and River boats From being the largest port in the world , the Port of London is now only the second - largest in the United Kingdom , handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year . Most of this actually passes through the Port of Tilbury , outside the boundary of Greater London . London has frequent river boat services on the Thames known as Thames Clippers . These run up to every 20 minutes between Embankment Pier and North Greenwich Pier . The Woolwich Ferry , with 2.5 million passengers every year , is a frequent service linking the North and South Circular Roads . Other operators run both commuter and tourist boat services in London . Roads The M4 near Slough . The M4 runs between London and South Wales Although the majority of journeys involving central London are made by public transport , car travel is common in the suburbs . The inner ring road ( around the city centre ) , the North and South Circular roads ( in the suburbs ) , and the outer orbital motorway ( the M25 , outside the built - up area ) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes -- but very few motorways penetrate into inner London . A plan for a comprehensive network of motorways throughout the city ( the Ringways Plan ) was prepared in the 1960s but was mostly cancelled in the early 1970s . The M25 is the longest ring - road motorway in the world at 121.5 mi ( 195.5 km ) long . The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds , and Newcastle and Edinburgh . London is notorious for its traffic congestion , with the M25 motorway the busiest stretch in the country . The average speed of a car in the rush hour is 10.6 mph ( 17.1 km / h ) . In 2003 , a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre . With a few exceptions , motorists are required to pay £ 10 per day to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London . Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass . London government initially expected the Congestion Charge Zone to increase daily peak period Underground and bus users by 20,000 people , reduce road traffic by 10 to 15 per cent , increase traffic speeds by 10 to 15 per cent , and reduce queues by 20 to 30 per cent . Over the course of several years , the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000 cars -- a 35 - per - cent reduction of vehicles driven per day . Education Main article : Education in London Tertiary education Imperial College London , a world leading research university located in South Kensington King 's College London , established by Royal Charter having been founded by King George IV and the Duke of Wellington in 1829 , is one of the founding colleges of the University of London The Wilkins Building at University College London London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe . According to the QS World University Rankings 2015 / 16 , London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world and its international student population of around 110,000 is larger than any other city in the world . A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers report termed London as the global capital of higher education . A number of world - leading education institutions are based in London . In the 2014 / 15 QS World University Rankings , Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world , University College London ( UCL ) is ranked 5th , and King 's College London ( KCL ) is ranked 16th . The London School of Economics has been described as the world 's leading social science institution for both teaching and research . The London Business School is considered one of the world 's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times . With 120,000 students in London , the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK . It includes five multi-faculty universities -- City , King 's College London , Queen Mary , Royal Holloway and UCL -- and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck , the Courtauld Institute of Art , Goldsmiths , Guildhall School of Music and Drama , the London Business School , the London School of Economics , the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , the Royal Academy of Music , the Central School of Speech and Drama , the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies . Members of the University of London have their own admissions procedures , and some award their own degrees . A number of universities in London are outside the University of London system , including Brunel University , Imperial College London , Kingston University , London Metropolitan University , University of East London , University of West London , University of Westminster , London South Bank University , Middlesex University , and University of the Arts London ( the largest university of art , design , fashion , communication and the performing arts in Europe ) . In addition there are three international universities in London -- Regent 's University London , Richmond , The American International University in London and Schiller International University . The front façade of the Royal College of Music London is home to five major medical schools -- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry ( part of Queen Mary ) , King 's College London School of Medicine ( the largest medical school in Europe ) , Imperial College School of Medicine , UCL Medical School and St George 's , University of London -- and has a large number of affiliated teaching hospitals . It is also a major centre for biomedical research , and three of the UK 's eight academic health science centres are based in the city -- Imperial College Healthcare , King 's Health Partners and UCL Partners ( the largest such centre in Europe ) . There are a number of business schools in London , including the London School of Business and Finance , Cass Business School ( part of City University London ) , Hult International Business School , ESCP Europe , European Business School London , Imperial College Business School , the London Business School and the UCL School of Management . London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions , including the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts , Central School of Ballet , LAMDA , London College of Contemporary Arts ( LCCA ) , London Contemporary Dance School , National Centre for Circus Arts , RADA , Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance , the Royal College of Art , the Royal College of Music and Trinity Laban . Primary and secondary education The majority of primary and secondary schools and further - education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state - funded ; leading examples include City and Islington College , Ealing , Hammersmith and West London College , Leyton Sixth Form College , Tower Hamlets College , Bethnal Green Academy and Newham College . There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London , some old and famous , such as City of London School , Harrow , St Paul 's School , Haberdashers ' Aske 's Boys ' School , University College School , The John Lyon School , Highgate School and Westminster School . Culture Main article : Culture of London Leisure and entertainment See also : List of annual events in London and West End theatre Piccadilly Circus Leisure is a major part of the London economy , with a 2003 report attributing a quarter of the entire UK leisure economy to London . Globally , the city is amongst the big four fashion capitals of the world , and according to official statistics , London is the world 's third busiest film production centre , presents more live comedy than any other city , and has the biggest theatre audience of any city in the world . Harrods in Knightsbridge Within the City of Westminster in London , the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square , where London and world film premieres are held , and Piccadilly Circus , with its giant electronic advertisements . London 's theatre district is here , as are many cinemas , bars , clubs , and restaurants , including the city 's Chinatown district ( in Soho ) , and just to the east is Covent Garden , an area housing speciality shops . The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber , whose musicals have dominated the West End theatre since the late 20th century . The United Kingdom 's Royal Ballet , English National Ballet , Royal Opera , and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House , the London Coliseum , Sadler 's Wells Theatre , and the Royal Albert Hall , as well as touring the country . Scene of the annual Notting Hill Carnival , 2014 Islington 's 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) long Upper Street , extending northwards from Angel , has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the United Kingdom . Europe 's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street , a shopping street nearly 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) long , making it the longest shopping street in the UK . Oxford Street is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores , including the world - famous Selfridges flagship store . Knightsbridge , home to the equally renowned Harrods department store , lies to the south - west . London is home to designers Vivienne Westwood , Galliano , Stella McCartney , Manolo Blahnik , and Jimmy Choo , among others ; its renowned art and fashion schools make it an international centre of fashion alongside Paris , Milan , and New York . London offers a great variety of cuisine as a result of its ethnically diverse population . Gastronomic centres include the Bangladeshi restaurants of Brick Lane and the Chinese restaurants of Chinatown . Shakespeare 's Globe is a modern reconstruction of the Globe Theatre on the south bank of the River Thames There is a variety of annual events , beginning with the relatively new New Year 's Day Parade , a fireworks display at the London Eye ; the world 's second largest street party , the Notting Hill Carnival , is held on the late August Bank Holiday each year . Traditional parades include November 's Lord Mayor 's Show , a centuries - old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City , and June 's Trooping the Colour , a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen 's Official Birthday . Literature , film and television Main articles : London in fiction , London in film , List of television shows set in London , and London Television Archive Sherlock Holmes Museum in Baker Street , bearing the number 221B London has been the setting for many works of literature . The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and ( since the early 20th century ) Bloomsbury . Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys , noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire , Charles Dickens , whose representation of a foggy , snowy , grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has been a major influence on people 's vision of early Victorian London , and Virginia Woolf , regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century . The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer 's late 14th - century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London -- specifically , from the Tabard inn , Southwark . William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London ; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there , and some of his work -- most notably his play The Alchemist -- was set in the city . A Journal of the Plague Year ( 1722 ) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague . Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens ' novels , and Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes stories . Modern writers pervasively influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd , author of a `` biography '' of London , and Iain Sinclair , who writes in the genre of psychogeography . Keats House , where Keats wrote his Ode to a Nightingale . The village of Hampstead has historically been a literary centre in London . London has played a significant role in the film industry . Major studios within or bordering London include Twickenham , Ealing , Shepperton , Pinewood , Elstree and Borehamwood , and a special effects and post-production community centred in Soho . Working Title Films has its headquarters in London . London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) , Scrooge ( 1951 ) , Peter Pan ( 1953 ) , The 101 Dalmatians ( 1961 ) , My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) , Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , Blowup ( 1966 ) , The Long Good Friday ( 1980 ) , Notting Hill ( 1999 ) , Love Actually ( 2003 ) , V For Vendetta ( 2005 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street ( 2008 ) and The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) . Notable actors and filmmakers from London include ; Charlie Chaplin , Alfred Hitchcock , Michael Caine , Helen Mirren , Gary Oldman , Christopher Nolan , Jude Law , Benedict Cumberbatch , Tom Hardy , Keira Knightley and Daniel Day - Lewis . As of 2008 , the British Academy Film Awards have taken place at the Royal Opera House . London is a major centre for television production , with studios including BBC Television Centre , The Fountain Studios and The London Studios . Many television programmes have been set in London , including the popular television soap opera EastEnders , broadcast by the BBC since 1985 . Museums and art galleries The British Museum London is home to many museums , galleries , and other institutions , many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role . The first of these to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury , in 1753 . Originally containing antiquities , natural history specimens , and the national library , the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe . In 1824 , the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings ; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square . In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as `` Albertopolis '' , a cultural and scientific quarter . Three major national museums are there : the Victoria and Albert Museum ( for the applied arts ) , the Natural History Museum , and the Science Museum . The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history ; its holdings now comprise the world 's most extensive collection of portraits . The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain , originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897 . The Tate Gallery , as it was formerly known , also became a major centre for modern art ; in 2000 , this collection moved to Tate Modern , a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station . Music The Royal Albert Hall hosts concerts and musical events London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and is home to major music corporations , such as Warner Music Group , as well as countless bands , musicians and industry professionals . The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls , such as the Barbican Arts Centre ( principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus ) , Cadogan Hall ( Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) and the Royal Albert Hall ( The Proms ) . London 's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum . The UK 's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall . Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals and major churches . Several conservatoires are within the city : Royal Academy of Music , Royal College of Music , Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban . Abbey Road Studios , 3 Abbey Road , St John 's Wood , City of Westminster London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts , including the world 's busiest arena the O2 arena and other large arenas such as Earls Court , Wembley Arena , as well as many mid-sized venues , such as Brixton Academy , the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd 's Bush Empire . Several music festivals , including the Wireless Festival , South West Four , Lovebox , and Hyde Park 's British Summer Time are all held in London . The city is home to the original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios , where The Beatles recorded many of their hits . In the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s , musicians and groups like Elton John , Pink Floyd , Cliff Richard , David Bowie , Queen , The Kinks , The Rolling Stones , The Who , Eric Clapton , Led Zeppelin , The Small Faces , Iron Maiden , Fleetwood Mac , Elvis Costello , Cat Stevens , The Police , The Cure , Madness , The Jam , Ultravox , Spandau Ballet , Culture Club , Dusty Springfield , Phil Collins , Rod Stewart , Adam Ant , Status Quo and Sade , derived their sound from the streets and rhythms of London . London was instrumental in the development of punk music , with figures such as the Sex Pistols , The Clash , and Vivienne Westwood all based in the city . More recent artists to emerge from the London music scene include George Michael 's Wham ! , Kate Bush , Seal , the Pet Shop Boys , Bananarama , Siouxsie and the Banshees , Bush , the Spice Girls , Jamiroquai , Blur , McFly , The Prodigy , Gorillaz , Bloc Party , Mumford & Sons , Coldplay , Amy Winehouse , Adele , Sam Smith , Ed Sheeran , Paloma Faith , Ellie Goulding , One Direction and Florence and the Machine . London is also a centre for urban music . In particular the genres UK garage , drum and bass , dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae , alongside local drum and bass . Music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of local urban contemporary music both in London and in the rest of the United Kingdom . Notable people Main article : List of people from London Recreation Parks and open spaces Main articles : Parks and open spaces in London and Royal Parks of London See also : List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London and List of Local Nature Reserves in Greater London Aerial view of Hyde Park St. James 's Park lake with the London Eye in the distance The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks , namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens in the west , and Regent 's Park to the north . Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open - air concerts . Regent 's Park contains London Zoo , the world 's oldest scientific zoo , and is near the tourist attraction of Madame Tussauds Wax Museum . Primrose Hill , immediately to the north of Regent 's Park , at 256 feet ( 78 m ) is a popular spot from which to view the city skyline . Close to Hyde Park are smaller Royal Parks , Green Park and St. James 's Park . A number of large parks lie outside the city centre , including Hampstead Heath and the remaining Royal Parks of Greenwich Park to the south - east and Bushy Park and Richmond Park ( the largest ) to the south - west , Hampton Court Park is also a royal park , but , because it contains a palace , it is administered by the Historic Royal Palaces , unlike the eight Royal Parks . Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens which has the world 's largest collection of living plants . In 2003 , the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites . There are also numerous parks administered by London 's borough Councils , including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre . Some more informal , semi-natural open spaces also exist , including the 320 - hectare ( 790 - acre ) Hampstead Heath of North London , and Epping Forest , which covers 2,476 hectares ( 6,118 acres ) in the east . Both are controlled by the City of London Corporation . Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House , a former stately home and a popular location in the summer months when classical musical concerts are held by the lake , attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoy the music , scenery and fireworks . Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities , including mountain biking , walking , horse riding , golf , angling , and orienteering . Walking Walking is a popular recreational activity in London . Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common , Epping Forest , Hampton Court Park , Hampstead Heath , the eight Royal Parks , canals and disused railway tracks . Access to canals and rivers has improved recently , including the creation of the Thames Path , some 28 miles ( 45 km ) of which is within Greater London , and The Wandle Trail ; this runs 12 miles ( 19 km ) through South London along the River Wandle , a tributary of the River Thames . Other long distance paths , linking green spaces , have also been created , including the Capital Ring , the Green Chain Walk , London Outer Orbital Path ( `` Loop '' ) , Jubilee Walkway , Lea Valley Walk , and the Diana , Princess of Wales Memorial Walk . Sport Main article : Sport in London Wembley Stadium , home of the England football team , has a 90,000 capacity . It is the UK 's biggest stadium . London has hosted the Summer Olympics three times : in 1908 , 1948 , and 2012 . It was chosen in July 2005 to host the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics , making it the first city to host the modern Games three times . The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934 . In 2017 London will host the World Championships in Athletics . London 's most popular sport is football and it has twelve Football League clubs , including five in the Premier League : Arsenal , Chelsea , Crystal Palace , Tottenham Hotspur , and West Ham United . Other professional teams in London are Fulham , Queens Park Rangers , Brentford , Millwall , Charlton Athletic , AFC Wimbledon and Barnet . Arsenal , Chelsea and Tottenham are the only London clubs to have won the League . Twickenham , home of the England rugby union team , has an 82,000 capacity , the world 's largest rugby union stadium From 1924 , the original Wembley Stadium was the home of the English national football team . It hosted the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final , with England defeating West Germany , and served as the venue for the FA Cup Final as well as rugby league 's Challenge Cup final . The new Wembley Stadium serves exactly the same purposes and has a capacity of 90,000 . Two Aviva Premiership rugby union teams are based in London , Saracens and Harlequins . London Scottish , London Welsh and London Irish play in the RFU Championship club and other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond F.C. , Rosslyn Park F.C. , Westcombe Park R.F.C. and Blackheath F.C. . Twickenham Stadium in south - west London is the national rugby union stadium , and has a capacity of 82,000 now that the new south stand has been completed . Centre Court at Wimbledon . First played in 1877 , the Championships is the oldest tennis tournament in the world . While rugby league is more popular in the north of England , there are two professional rugby league clubs in London -- the second tier Championship One team , the London Broncos , who play at the Trailfinders Sports Ground in West Ealing , and the third tier League 1 team , the London Skolars from Wood Green , Haringey ; in addition , Hemel Stags from Hemel Hempstead north of London also play in League 1 . One of London 's best - known annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships , held at the All England Club in the south - western suburb of Wimbledon . Played in late June to early July , it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world , and widely considered the most prestigious . London has two Test cricket grounds , Lord 's ( home of Middlesex C.C.C. ) in St John 's Wood and the Oval ( home of Surrey C.C.C. ) in Kennington . Lord 's has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup . Other key events are the annual mass - participation London Marathon , in which some 35,000 runners attempt a 26.2 miles ( 42.2 km ) course around the city , and the University Boat Race on the River Thames from Putney to Mortlake . See also London portal England portal United Kingdom portal European Union portal Europe portal Outline of London List of museums in London List of companies based in London List of pubs in London List of restaurants in London List of twin towns and sister cities in England § London Outline of England Water supply and sanitation in London Notes Jump up ^ See also : Independent city § National capitals . Jump up ^ The London Mayor is not to be confused with the Lord Mayor of London who heads the City of London Corporation , which administers the City of London . Jump up ^ Rankings of cities by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result of differences in the definition of the boundaries and population sizes of the areas compared , exchange rate fluctuations and the method used to calculate output . London and Paris are of broadly similar size in terms of total economic output which can result in third party sources varying as to which is the fifth - largest city GDP in the world . A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimated that London had a city GDP of US $751.8 billion in 2010 , compared to US $764.2 billion for Paris , making them respectively the sixth - and fifth - largest in the world . A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimated that London had a city GDP measured in purchasing power parity of US $565 billion in 2008 , compared to US $564 billion for Paris , making them respectively the fifth - and sixth - largest in the world . The McKinsey Global Institute study used a metropolitan area with a population of 14.9 million for London compared to 11.8 million for Paris , whilst the PricewaterhouseCoopers study used a metropolitan area with a population of 8.59 million for London compared to 9.92 million for Paris . Jump up ^ According to the European Statistical Agency ( Eurostat ) , London has the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU . Eurostat uses the sum of the populations of the contiguous urban core and the surrounding commuting zone as its definition . Jump up ^ London is not a city in the sense that the word applies in the United Kingdom , that of having city status granted by the Crown . 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Cancelled due to World War II Commonwealth Games host cities 1930 : Hamilton 1934 : London 1938 : Sydney 1950 : Auckland 1954 : Vancouver 1958 : Cardiff 1962 : Perth 1966 : Kingston 1970 : Edinburgh 1974 : Christchurch 1978 : Edmonton 1982 : Brisbane 1986 : Edinburgh 1990 : Auckland 1994 : Victoria 1998 : Kuala Lumpur 2002 : Manchester 2006 : Melbourne 2010 : Delhi 2014 : Glasgow 2018 : Gold Coast 2022 : TBA 2026 : TBA World Games host cities 1981 : Santa Clara 1985 : London 1989 : Karlsruhe 1993 : The Hague 1997 : Lahti 2001 : Akita 2005 : Duisburg 2009 : Kaohsiung 2013 : Cali 2017 : Wrocław Host cities of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics 1983 : Helsinki 1987 : Rome 1991 : Tokyo 1993 : Stuttgart 1995 : Gothenburg 1997 : Athens 1999 : Seville 2001 : Edmonton 2003 : Saint - Denis 2005 : Helsinki 2007 : Osaka 2009 : Berlin 2011 : Daegu 2013 : Moscow 2015 : Beijing 2017 : London 2019 : Doha 2021 : Eugene VIAF : 261467287 LCCN : n79005665 GND : 4074335 - 4 SUDOC : 027922669 BNF : cb119861367 ( data ) NLA : 35311229 NDL : 00629494 BNE : XX450868 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London&oldid=802344796 '' Categories : London British capitals Capitals in Europe Greater London Port cities and towns in England Staple ports Southern England University towns in the United Kingdom 1st - century establishments in Roman Britain Populated places established in the 1st century Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Good articles Articles including recorded pronunciations ( UK English ) Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лакку Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 15 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is london located in the world map | [
"Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium.[9] London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, \"London\" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire,[10][11][12] which today largely makes up Greater London,[13][14][note 1] a region governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[15][note 2][16]"
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"Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain"
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7372753840972925897 | America's Next Top Model (cycle 2) | America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 2 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 2 ) Cycle 2 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network UPN Original release January 13 ( 2004 - 01 - 13 ) -- March 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 23 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Janice Dickinson Nigel Barker Eric Nicholson No. of contestants 12 Winner Yoanna House All - stars Camille McDonald Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 1 Next → Cycle 3 The second cycle of America 's Next Top Model , premiered on January 13 , 2004 , and was hosted by model Tyra Banks . The show aimed to find the next top fashion model . The cycle 's catch - phrase was , `` They are all gorgeous , but only one has what it takes '' . The prizes for this cycle were a contract with IMG Models , a fashion spread and a cover in Jane magazine , and a cosmetics campaign with Sephora . This was the only season to feature a cast of 12 contestants . The international destination for the cycle was Milan , Italy . The winner was 23 - year - old Yoanna House from Jacksonville , Florida . This was also the first appearance of Nigel Barker as a judge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Episodes 2.1 The Girl Who Overslept 2.2 The Girl Who Floats Like a Butterfly and Stings Like a Bee 2.3 The Girl Who Can Cry At The Drop Of A Hat 2.4 The Girl Who Needs Six Months Of Modeling School 2.5 The Girl Who Is A Visual Orgasm 2.6 The Girl Whose Lip Puffed Up 2.7 The Girl Who Is Dripping With Hypocrisy 2.8 The Girls With the Signature Walk 2.9 The Girl Who Is Afraid Of Snakes 2.10 The Girl Who Cheated 2.11 The Girl Who Is America 's Next Top Model 3 Summaries 3.1 Call - out order 3.2 Photo shoot guide 3.3 Other cast members 3.4 Makeovers 4 Top Model after the show 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Anna Bradfield 24 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) LaGrange , Georgia Episode 1 12 Bethany Harrison 22 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) Houston , Texas Episode 2 11 Heather Blumberg 18 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Moreno Valley , California Episode 3 10 Jenascia Chakos 21 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Burien , Washington Episode 4 9 Xiomara Frans 25 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Morganville , New Jersey Episode 5 8 Catie Anderson 18 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Willmar , Minnesota Episode 6 7 Sara Racey - Tabrizi 22 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Seattle , Washington Episode 7 6 Camille McDonald 25 5 ft 9.5 in ( 1.77 m ) Mamaroneck , New York Episode 8 5 April Wilkner 23 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Miami Beach , Florida Episode 10 Shandi Sullivan 21 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Kansas City , Missouri Episode 11 Mercedes Scelba - Shorte 21 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) Valencia , California Yoanna House 23 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Jacksonville , Florida Episodes ( edit ) The girl who overslept ( edit ) First aired January 13 , 2004 The twelve finalists partook in a fashion show on a U.S. Navy ship , and a Garden of Eden - themed nude photo shoot for Fresh Look contact lenses with male models . Anna refused to participate in the shoot . The judging session saw Anna become the first model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Nigel Barker Special guests : Ed Libby , Jim De Yonker , Mike Randy , Ian Jones , Yohanea Cepeda The girl who floats like a butterfly and stings like a bee ( edit ) First aired January 20 , 2004 The eleven remaining finalists participated in a runway challenge , which was won by Catie . For the week 's photo shoot , the finalists shot a campaign for Steve Madden 90210 . The judging session saw Bethany become the second model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Ché Graham Special guests : Martin Snow , Maggie Rizer , Carmen Marc Valvo The girl who can cry at the drop of a hat ( edit ) First aired January 27 , 2004 The ten remaining finalists received makeovers , and later had a make - up challenge , won by Yoanna . For the photo shoot , the finalists modeled pieces of clothing from Laundry by Shelli Segal while suspended over a giant hole . The judging session saw Heather become the third model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Richard Dean Special guests : Edward Tricomi , Joel Warren , Karima Casteneda , Julie Redfern , Mike Sharits , Mike Randi , Eric Niemand , Halle Bowman The girl who needs six months of modeling school ( edit ) First aired February 3 , 2004 The nine remaining finalists met fashion designer Betsey Johnson for a challenge on their personal style , which was won by Shandi . For the week 's photo shoot , the contestants portrayed celebrities . The judging session saw Jenascia become the fourth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Andrew Eccles Special guests : Simon Doonan , Adrianne Curry , Martin Snow , Danilo , Michael Carl , Betsey Johnson The girl who is a visual orgasm ( edit ) First aired February 10 , 2004 For the week 's challenge , the eight remaining finalists did an interview with Janice Dickinson . The challenge winner was Mercedes . The week 's photo shoot was a campaign for Quench Water and was shot underwater . The judging session saw Xiomara become the fifth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : George Holz Special guests : Sam Christensen , Suzannah Galland , Carolyn London , Nolé Marin The girl whose lip puffed up ( edit ) First aired February 17 , 2004 For the week 's photo shoot , the seven remaining finalists had simple black - and - white beauty shots taken . The finalists participated in an acting challenge with Mark Collier , which was won by April , and shot a Matrix - themed commercial for Rollitos chips . The judging session saw Catie become the sixth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Bill Heuberger Featured commercial director : James Gay Special guests : Tasha Smith - Arqese , Mark Collier , De La Guarda , Eric Niemand , Kyle Hagler The girl who is dripping with hypocrisy ( edit ) First aired February 24 , 2004 The six remaining contestants partook in a dancing challenge , which was won by April . Instead of a photo shoot , they appeared in the music video for Tyra Banks ' `` Shake Ya Body '' . The judging session saw Sara become the seventh model eliminated from the competition . Featured director : Kennedy Special guests : Rodney Jerkins , Tony Michaels The girls with the signature walk ( edit ) First aired March 2 , 2004 The five remaining finalists were flown to Milan , where they went on go - sees . This challenge was won by Camille . The photo shoot was a campaign for Solstice sunglasses . The judging session saw Camille become the eighth model eliminated from the competition . Special guests : Kyle Hagler , David Brown , Elena Cimarosti , Carlo De Amici , Kesia Elwin , Liliana Rolando , Nolé Marin , Michael Giannini Featured photographer : Massimo Costoli The girl who is afraid of snakes ( edit ) First aired March 9 , 2004 This episode was an overview of the past eight episodes of the cycle which featured previously unseen footage . The girl who cheated ( edit ) First aired March 16 , 2004 For the week 's challenge , the four remaining finalists were required to put together outfit that was high fashion and complemented their body the best . The challenge winner was Shandi . For the week 's photo shoot , the girls did a nude shoot in pairs . The judging session saw April become the ninth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographers : Almicare Incalza , Alex Martinengo Special guests : Jean Luc , Nolé Marin , Loris Rocchi , Stephen Fairchild The girl who is America 's Next Top Model ( edit ) First aired March 23 , 2004 The final three contestants were Yoanna House , Mercedes Scelba - Shorte and Shandi Sullivan . The penultimate judging session saw Shandi become the tenth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Massimo Costoli Mercedes and Yoanna participated in a fashion show for DSquared2 . The final panel saw Yoanna crowned America 's Next Top Model . Special guests : Nolé Marin , Gian Luca Guaitoli , Dean Caten , Dan Caten Summaries ( edit ) Call - out order ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 10 11 Camille Catie Shandi Mercedes Sara April Shandi Shandi Yoanna Mercedes Yoanna Shandi Yoanna April Xiomara Mercedes Yoanna Mercedes Yoanna Shandi Yoanna Mercedes April Camille Yoanna Shandi April Mercedes Camille April Mercedes Shandi Mercedes April Mercedes Yoanna Yoanna Shandi April Mercedes April 5 Catie Mercedes Sara Sara Catie Sara Yoanna Camille 6 Sara Sara Camille April Shandi Camille Sara 7 Heather Xiomara Jenascia Camille Camille Catie 8 Yoanna Heather Catie Catie Xiomara 9 Bethany Jenascia Xiomara Jenascia 10 Xiomara Shandi Heather 11 Jenascia Bethany 12 Anna The contestant was eliminated The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , Anna refused to participate in the shoot . Episode 9 was the recap episode . Photo shoot guide ( edit ) Episode 1 photo shoot : Adam and Eve with sequins and paint Episode 2 photo shoot : Steve Madden shoes Episode 3 photo shoot : Laundry by Shelli Segal suspended over a giant hole Episode 4 photo shoot : Portraying celebrity icons Episode 5 photo shoot : Quench underwater nymphs Episode 6 photo shoot & Commercial : Black and white beauty shots ; Rollitos chips commercial Episode 7 music video : `` Shake Your Body '' by Tyra Banks Episode 8 photo shoot : Solstice sunglasses in the Verona Arena Episode 10 photo shoot : Nude in pairs Episode 11 photo shoot : High fashion beauty shots Other cast members ( edit ) Jay Manuel -- Photo Director J. Alexander -- Runway Coach Makeovers ( edit ) April -- Darkened with bangs Camille -- Braids removed and long black straight weave added Catie -- Twiggy inspired pixie cut Heather -- A little more blonde Jenascia -- Layered shoulder - length hair to suit height Mercedes -- Animalistic curly extensions and lightened eyebrows Sara -- Honey blonde highlights Shandi -- Dyed platinum blonde and given contact lenses Xiomara -- Wild extensions Yoanna -- `` Modern mohawk '' style short crop Top Model after the show ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Catie Anderson has done runway and has been signed with a few different LA agencies . She is currently signed with New York Model Management . Anna Bradfield has done print work for Robin Callender , Anthony R. Lloyd , The Cotrice Collection and Lila couture bridal gowns and has been featured on MyLittleSecretsOnline.com . Jenascia Chakos appeared in a few Seattle calendars , modeled for Jhon Catano - Betancur and had a child . She is now a fashion director for a magazine and appeared on an episode of Wheel of Fortune in June 2010 . Xiomara Frans signed with Boss Models and has also appeared in the New York Post Latino Issue . Bethany Harrison got married and was featured in the Totally Texas Calendar . Yoanna House collected her prizes and signed with 1st Opinion Models . She has walked for various designers and did noted modeling work for Psychology Today , Hannah Anderson , Careline Cosmetics , Jane , Jacksonville , Metro Style , and is currently an icon for Sephora . She did commercial work for Declare Yourself , voting campaigns and cosmetics commercials with cycle 4 winner Naima Mora . She has also hosted television series such as Queen Bees and The Look for Less . Camille McDonald signed with Major Model Management , walked in a number of fashion shows and appeared in few magazines . She also launched her own line of lingerie called Lingerwear , for which Naima Mora modeled . She participated in the America 's Next Top Model All Stars cycle alongside other former contestants , finishing in eleventh place . Sara Racey - Tabrizi signed with TBM Models , APM Models and Mensa Management , has done print work for L'Oréal , Converse , Pulse , King and Maxim and has landed small acting roles . Mercedes Scelba - Shorte did some commercial and print work and is a spokesperson for the Lupus foundation . She was once signed to Nous Model Management and is currently signed to Elite Model Management and Click Models under the name `` Mercedes Yvette '' . Shandi Sullivan was signed with Trump Model Management . She now works as a DJ in New York City . April Wilkner signed with Race Model Management and Wilhelmina Models in New York City . She has done some print , runway and acting . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Two local women are vying for ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Seattle PI . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UPN Orders Another Round of Top Model '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yoanna Takes `` Top Model '' `` . E Online . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . February 12 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 4 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . February 12 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . February 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . February 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 4 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 4 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . February 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . December 21 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . February 12 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Daniel R. `` Top Model 's Nude Attitude '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top Model ' competitors give ' Italian sensual ' look their best shot '' . Seattle PI . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ HEFFERNAN , VIRGINIA . `` CRITIC 'S NOTEBOOK ; Winners and Losers at Womanhood '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Top Model All - Stars ' cast reported : Lisa D'Amato , Isis King in ; Jade out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) America 's Next Top Model , Cycle 2 on IMDb America 's Next Top Model , Cycle 2 at TV.com ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco Other alumni Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Toccara Jones Bre Scullark Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Anchal Joseph Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Anya Kop Fatima Siad Dominique Reighard Analeigh Tipton Isis King Allison Harvard Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Laura Kirkpatrick Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Leila Goldkuhl Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_2)&oldid=842333547 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2004 American television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 19 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won americas next top model cycle 2 | [
"The winner was 23-year-old Yoanna House from Jacksonville, Florida.[3]"
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"Yoanna House"
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8573876978769136185 | National World War II Memorial | National World War II Memorial - wikipedia National World War II Memorial Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see World War II Memorial . World War II Memorial Location Washington , D.C. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 21.84 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 25.86 '' W / 38.8894000 ° N 77.0405167 ° W / 38.8894000 ; - 77.0405167 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 21.84 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 25.86 '' W / 38.8894000 ° N 77.0405167 ° W / 38.8894000 ; - 77.0405167 Established May 29 , 2004 Visitors 4,410,000 ( in 2005 ) Governing body National Park Service Website World War II Memorial The World War II Memorial is a memorial of national significance dedicated to Americans who served in the armed forces and as civilians during World War II . Consisting of 56 pillars and a pair of small triumphal arches surrounding a square and fountain , it sits on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , on the former site of the Rainbow Pool at the eastern end of the Reflecting Pool , between the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument . Opened on April 29 , 2004 , it was dedicated by President George W. Bush on May 29 , 2004 . The memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group . As of 2009 , more than 4.4 million people visit the memorial each year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 1.1 Freedom Wall 2 History 2.1 Fundraising 2.2 Picking the site 2.3 Designing the memorial 3 Construction 4 Controversy 4.1 Criticism of the location 4.2 Criticism of the design and style 4.3 FDR 's D - Day prayer 5 Gallery 5.1 With the Washington Monument in background 5.2 Of the Central Fountain 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design ( edit ) Aerial view of the World War II Memorial The memorial consists of 56 granite pillars , each 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) tall , arranged in a semicircle around a plaza with two 43 - foot ( 13 m ) triumphal arches on opposite sides . Two - thirds of the 7.4 - acre ( 30,000 m ) site is landscaping and water . Each pillar is inscribed with the name of one of the 48 U.S. states of 1945 , as well as the District of Columbia , the Alaska Territory and Territory of Hawaii , the Commonwealth of the Philippines , Puerto Rico , Guam , American Samoa , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The northern arch is inscribed with `` Atlantic '' ; the southern one , `` Pacific . '' The plaza is 337 ft 10 in ( 102.97 m ) long and 240 feet 2 inches ( 73.20 m ) wide , is sunk 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) below grade , and contains a pool that is 246 feet 9 inches by 147 feet 8 inches ( 75.2 × 45.0 m ) . The memorial includes two inconspicuously located `` Kilroy was here '' engravings . Their inclusion in the memorial acknowledges the significance of the symbol to American soldiers during World War II and how it represented their presence and protection wherever it was inscribed . On approaching the semicircle from the east , a visitor walks along one of two walls ( right side wall and left side wall ) picturing scenes of the war experience in bas relief . As one approaches on the left ( toward the Pacific arch ) , the scenes begin with soon - to - be servicemen getting physical exams , taking the oath , and being issued military gear . The reliefs progress through several iconic scenes , including combat and burying the dead , ending in a homecoming scene . On the right - side wall ( toward the Atlantic arch ) there is a similar progression , but with scenes generally more typical of the European theatre . Some scenes take place in England , depicting the preparations for air and sea assaults . The last scene is of a handshake between the American and Russian armies when the western and eastern fronts met in Germany . Freedom wall ( edit ) The Freedom Wall is on the west side of the memorial , with a view of the Reflecting Pool and Lincoln Memorial behind it . The wall has 4,048 gold stars , each representing 100 Americans who died in the war . In front of the wall lies the message `` Here we mark the price of freedom '' . History ( edit ) View of The World War II Memorial ( bottom ) and the Lincoln Memorial ( top ) from the Washington Monument In 1987 , World War II veteran Roger Durbin approached Representative Marcy Kaptur , a Democrat from Ohio , to ask if a World War II memorial could be constructed . Kaptur introduced the World War II Memorial Act to the House of Representatives as HR 3742 on December 10 . The resolution authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission ( ABMC ) to establish a World War II memorial in `` Washington , D.C. , or its environs '' , but the bill was not voted on before the end of the session , so it was not passed . Two more times , in 1989 and 1991 , Rep. Kaptur introduced similar legislation , but these bills suffered the same fate as the first , and did not become law . Kaptur reintroduced legislation in the House a fourth time as HR 682 on January 27 , 1993 , one day after Senator Strom Thurmond ( a Republican from South Carolina ) introduced companion Senate legislation . On March 17 , 1993 , the Senate approved the act , and the House approved an amended version of the bill on May 4 . On May 12 , the Senate also approved the amended bill , and the World War II Memorial Act was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on May 25 of that year , becoming Public Law 103 - 32 . Fundraising ( edit ) On September 30 , 1994 , President Bill Clinton appointed a 12 - member Memorial Advisory Board ( MAB ) to advise the ABMC in picking the site , designing the memorial , and raising money to build it . A direct mail fundraising effort brought in millions of dollars from individual Americans . Additional large donations were made by veterans ' groups , including the American Legion , the Veterans of Foreign Wars , Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge and others . The majority of the corporate fundraising effort was led by two co-chairs : Senator Bob Dole , a decorated World War II veteran and 1996 Republican nominee for president ; and Frederick W. Smith , the president and chief executive officer of FedEx Corporation and a former U.S. Marine Corps officer . The U.S. federal government provided about $16 million . A total of $197 million was raised . Picking the site ( edit ) On January 20 , 1995 , Colonel Kevin C. Kelley , project manager for the ABMC , organized the first meeting of the ABMC and the MAB , at which the project was discussed and initial plans made . The meeting was chaired by Commissioner F. Haydn Williams , chairman of ABMC 's World War II Memorial Site and Design Committee , who would go on to guide the project through the site selection and approval process and the selection and approval of the Memorial 's design . Representatives from the United States Commission of Fine Arts , the National Capital Planning Commission , the National Capital Memorial Commission , the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , and the National Park Service attended the meeting . Selection of an appropriate site was taken on as the first action . Over the next months , several sites were considered . Three quickly gained favor : U.S. Capitol Reflection Pool area -- between 3rd Street and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial Constitution Gardens -- east end , between Constitution Avenue and the Rainbow Pool Freedom Plaza -- on Pennsylvania Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets Other sites considered but quickly rejected were : Tidal Basin -- northeast side , east of the Tidal Basin parking lot and west of the 14th Street Bridge access road West Potomac Park -- between Ohio Drive and the north shore of the Potomac River , northwest of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Grounds of the Washington Monument -- at Constitution Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets , west of the National Museum of American History Henderson Hall , adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery -- dropped from consideration because of its unavailability The selection of the Rainbow Pool site was announced on October 5 , 1995 . The design would incorporate the Rainbow Pool fountain , located across 17th Street from the Washington Monument and near the Constitution Gardens site . The location is itself a significant symbol . The memorial will be given a more prominent spot than any monument on the National Mall since the Lincoln Memorial opened in 1922 . The location , between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial , represents the first addition in more than 70 years to the grand corridor of open space that stretches from the Capitol 2.1 miles west to the Potomac River . Designing the Memorial ( edit ) A nationwide design competition drew 400 submissions from architects from around the country . Friedrich St. Florian 's initial design was selected in 1997 . Over the next four years , St. Florian 's design was altered during the review and approval process required of proposed memorials in Washington , D.C. Ambassador Haydn Williams guided the design development for ABMC . St. Florian 's design consists of an architectural sculpture that evokes a classical monument . The two memorial arches , Pacific and Atlantic baldacchinos each have laurel wreaths suspended in the air with 4 eagles carrying it . The chandelier sculpture symbolizes the victory of the War with the Nation 's bird carrying a Grecian symbol of victory but with an American adaptation of oak laurel wreaths to symbolize strength . Each of the 56 pillars all consists of oak laurel wreaths and wheat laurel wreath . The oak symbolizes military and industrial strength and the wheat symbolizes agricultural and breadbasket during the U.S. part in the war . Construction ( edit ) Ground was broken in September 2001 . The construction was managed by the General Services Administration . The triumphal arches were crafted by Rock of Ages Corporation . Sculptor Raymond Kaskey created the bronze eagles and wreaths that were installed under the arches , as well as 24 bronze bas - relief panels that depict wartime scenes of combat and the home front . The bronzes were cast over the course of two and a half years at Laran Bronze in Chester , Pennsylvania . The stainless - steel armature that holds up the eagles and wreaths was designed at Laran , in part by sculptor James Peniston , and fabricated by Apex Piping of Newport , Delaware . The John Stevens Shop designed the lettering for the memorial and most of the inscriptions were hand - carved in situ . The memorial opened to the public on April 29 , 2004 , and was dedicated in a May 29 ceremony attended by thousands of people . The memorial became a national park on November 1 , when authority over it was transferred to the National Park Service . In 2012 , the memorial 's fountain was renovated . The memorial under construction in August 2002 Controversy ( edit ) Criticism of the location ( edit ) Critics such as the National Coalition to Save Our Mall opposed the location of the memorial . A major criticism of the location was that it would interrupt what had been an unbroken view between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial . The memorial was also criticized for taking up open space that had been historically used for major demonstrations and protests . Washington Monument View Critics were particularly bothered by the expedited approval process , which is considerably lengthy most of the time . The United States Congress , worried that World War II veterans were dying before an appropriate memorial could be built , passed legislation exempting the World War II Memorial from further site and design review . Congress also dismissed pending legal challenges to the memorial . Criticism of the design and style ( edit ) There were also aesthetic objections to the design . A critic from the Boston Herald described the monument as `` vainglorious , demanding of attention and full of trite imagery . '' The Philadelphia Inquirer argued that `` this pompous style was also favored by Hitler and Mussolini '' ( see Nazi architecture ) . The Washington Post described it as `` overbearing '' , `` bombastic '' , and a `` hodgepodge of cliche and Soviet - style pomposity '' with `` the emotional impact of a slab of granite '' . Some supporters said that the design evoked federal architecture during the New Deal period , influenced by an austere interpretation of Art Deco / Beaux Arts styles . This view , and the monument , were dismissed by one prominent architecture critic as `` knee - jerk historicism '' FDR 's D. - day prayer ( edit ) On May 23 , 2013 , Senator Rob Portman introduced the World War II Memorial Prayer Act of 2013 ( S. 1044 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would direct the United States Secretary of the Interior to install at the World War II memorial in the District of Columbia a suitable plaque or an inscription with the words that President Franklin D. Roosevelt prayed with the United States on June 6 , 1944 , the morning of D - Day . The bill was opposed by the American Civil Liberties Union , the American Jewish Committee , Americans United for Separation of Church and State , the Hindu American Foundation , and the Interfaith Alliance . Together the organizations argued that the bill `` endorses the false notion that all veterans will be honored by a war memorial that includes a prayer proponents characterize as reflecting our country 's ' Judeo - Christian heritage and values . ' '' The organizations argued that `` the memorial , as it currently stands , appropriately honors those who served and encompasses the entirety of the war '' and was carefully created , so no additional elements , such as FDR 's prayer , need to be added . But , they said , `` the effect of this bill , however , is to co-opt religion for political purposes , which harms the beliefs of everyone . '' The bill passed in the United States Senate on June 5 , 2014 . Gallery ( edit ) The southern end of the memorial , dedicated to the Pacific theater The northern end of the memorial , dedicated to the Atlantic theater `` The Price of Freedom '' Engraving of Kilroy on the memorial Close up of the engraving at the memorial The Pacific Arch A seal on the floor of the memorial using the World War II Victory Medal design Each of the 4,048 gold stars represents 100 Americans who died during the war The Pacific Arch ( Atlantic Arch in the background ) The Atlantic Arch View of the World War II Memorial in Washington , D.C. from the `` Atlantic '' arch of the memorial . World War II Memorial ( 2013 ) Panoramic view at night , Washington Monument in the background With the Washington Monument in background ( edit ) The memorial , looking east in winter Five state pillars and flag North Carolina pillar Pennsylvania pillar Of the central fountain ( edit ) Central Fountain with the Atlantic Arch in background World War II Memorial Fountain in Washington D.C. World War II Memorial , Fountain in the evening . World War II Memorial Panoramic view See also ( edit ) List of public art in Washington , D.C. , Ward 2 The National WWII Museum , in New Orleans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://uscode.house.gov/statutes/pl/103/32.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/chapter-1/subchapter-LXI Jump up ^ National World War II Memorial Jump up ^ World War II Memorial ( U.S. National Park Service ) Jump up ^ `` Memorial Design '' . National WWII Memorial . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM4F0R_Kilroy_Was_Here_World_War_II_Memorial_Washington_DC Jump up ^ `` Kilroy Is Here -- Can You Find Him ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Knight , Christopher ( 2004 - 05 - 23 ) . `` A memorial to forget '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 26 . -- Many sources give the number of stars as 4,000 . The wall contains 23 panels of 11 columns and 16 rows of stars . The number of stars can also be counted in Image : Wwii memorial stars march 2006. jpg . See also discussion at Talk : National World War II Memorial # Number the Stars . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Site - seeking at the Mall : Placing World War II memorial in the grand scheme of things '' . The Washington Post . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( 1995 - 07 - 28 ) . `` No Accord on WWII Memorial ; Two Agencies Send Mixed Signals About Location '' . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( 1995 - 10 - 06 ) . `` WWII Memorial Gets Choice Mall Site ; 2nd Panel Approves Location , Clearing Way for Design Phase '' . The Washington Post . p . B1 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-11-09/news/mn-1182_1_world-war-ii-monument Jump up ^ WWII Memorial : The `` High Point '' of Raymond Kaskey 's Career - Carnegie Mellon Today Archived 2008 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` WWII MEMORIAL '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` James Peniston Sculpture : Bio '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Memorial '' . Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Memorial Site Renovations '' . Long Fence . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Linda Wheeler and Spencer S. Hsu ( 17 May 2001 ) . `` Bush Backs War Memorial '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc ( 4 May 2004 ) . `` A Memorial That Does n't Measure Up '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World War II Memorial Defaces a National Treasure '' . National Coalition to Save Our Mall . January 2001 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Van Oss , Alex ( 2001 - 02 - 25 ) . `` World War II Memorial '' ( RealAudio ) . Weekend Edition Sunday . National Public Radio . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Killian , Michael ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Senate OKs WWII Memorial '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Keane , Thomas M. , Jr . ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` WWII Memorial fails both past , present '' . Boston Herald . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Saffron , Inga ( May 28 , 2004 ) . `` Monument to Democracy , The National World War II Memorial deserves its prominent location in Washington , as a tribute to heroes and a great cause '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . E01 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc ( May 4 , 2004 ) . `` A Memorial That Does n't Measure Up '' . The Washington Post . p . B01 . Jump up ^ Ouroussoff , Nicolai , `` Get Me Rewrite : A New Monument to Press Freedom '' , The New York Times , April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1044 - Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Letter to Chairman Udall and Ranking Member Portman '' ( PDF ) . American Civil Liberties Union . 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1044 - All Actions '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War II Memorial . NPS - National World War II Memorial Trust for the National Mall : World War II Memorial White House dedication World War II Memorial Gallery ( hide ) Landmarks of Washington , D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King , Jr . Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade National Statuary Hall Collection Navy -- Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Pentagon Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. Taft Titanic United States Air Force United States Navy Victims of Communism Vietnam Veterans Vietnam Women 's Washington Monument Daniel Webster World War II Rainbow Pool Other Capitol Reflecting Pool Immaculate Conception Basilica Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Healy Hall Islamic Center Jefferson Pier John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Library of Congress National Arboretum National Capitol Columns National Building Museum National Gallery of Art Lincoln 's Cottage at Soldiers ' Home Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool National Archives Newseum National Cathedral National Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Old Stone House Smithsonian Institution The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace Tidal Basin Treasury Building Tudor Place Union Station United States Capitol United States Supreme Court Building White House Willard Hotel Parks and plazas Constitution Gardens Dupont Circle East Potomac Park Freedom Plaza Lafayette Square L'Enfant Plaza Meridian Hill Park National Arboretum Pershing Park Rock Creek Park The Ellipse United States Botanic Garden West Potomac Park Boundaries Anacostia River Arlington Memorial Bridge Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Constitution Avenue Francis Scott Key Bridge Pennsylvania Avenue Potomac River Zero Milestone Planned Adams Memorial Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial General Francis Marion Memorial Gold Star Mothers Monument National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial National Liberty Memorial Peace Corps Monument World War I Related National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission National Mall and Memorial Parks List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Public art in Washington , D.C. ( Outdoor sculpture , American Revolution Statuary , Civil War Monuments , commemorating African - Americans ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_World_War_II_Memorial&oldid=834150113 '' Categories : National Mall Monuments and memorials in Washington , D.C. National Memorials of the United States World War II memorials in the United States Fountains in Washington , D.C. Military monuments and memorials in the United States National Mall and Memorial Parks 2004 sculptures 2004 establishments in Washington , D.C. Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 05 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who designed the world war ii memorial in washington dc | [
"A nationwide design competition drew 400 submissions from architects from around the country. Friedrich St. Florian's initial design was selected in 1997. Over the next four years, St. Florian's design was altered during the review and approval process required of proposed memorials in Washington, D.C. Ambassador Haydn Williams guided the design development for ABMC."
] | [
"Friedrich St. Florian"
] |
5077458016592122188 | Can't Buy Me Love (film) | Ca n't Buy Me Love ( film ) - wikipedia Ca n't Buy Me Love ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Ca n't Buy Me Love Theatrical release poster Directed by Steve Rash Produced by Thom Mount Written by Michael Swerdlick Starring Patrick Dempsey Amanda Peterson Dennis Dugan Music by Robert Folk Cinematography Peter Lyons Collister Edited by Jeff Gourson Production company Touchstone Pictures Silver Screen Partners III Apollo Pictures The Mount Company Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date August 14 , 1987 ( 1987 - 08 - 14 ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $31,623,833 Ca n't Buy Me Love is a 1987 American teen romantic comedy feature film starring Patrick Dempsey and Amanda Peterson in a story about a nerd at a high school in Tucson , Arizona who gives a cheerleader $1,000 to pretend to be his girlfriend for a month . The film was directed by Steve Rash and takes its title from a Beatles song with the same title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production notes 4 Critical reception 5 Awards 6 Soundtrack 7 Remake 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Ronald Miller ( Patrick Dempsey ) is a typical high school nerd living in suburban Tucson , Arizona . He has spent all summer mowing lawns to save up for a telescope . At an opportune moment , he makes a deal with next - door neighbor and popular cheerleader Cynthia `` Cindy '' Mancini ( Amanda Peterson ) . Cindy had borrowed an expensive suede outfit belonging to her mother ( Sharon Farrell ) , without her permission , to wear to an end - of - the - summer / back - to - school party , and needs to replace it quickly after Quint ( Cort McCown ) accidentally spilled red wine on it at the party . Having few options , save for telling her mother the truth , Cindy reluctantly agrees to Ronald 's proposal : he will give her $1000 to purchase a new suede outfit , and she will help him look `` cool '' by pretending to be his girlfriend for a month , even though she already has a boyfriend named Bobby ( George Gray ) who is away at his freshman year at the University of Iowa . Ronald feels that he can be a part of the popular crowd if they think Cindy is dating him . Both agree never to reveal their financial arrangement . Ronald then trades his nerdy , yet loyal , friends for the popular , but shallow , students , and undergoes a complete clothing and hair makeover under Cindy 's direction . Over the course of the month , they discover each other 's individuality and a bond develops organically between the two . Cindy soon starts to genuinely like Ronald and appreciates his company . As he washes her car at her house , she opens up to him , fetching a poem that she had written that means the world to her and letting Ronald read it . She gets to know him better as he reveals his interests in astronomy and space travel . They gaze at the moon and he tells her how , when they are their parents age , `` people will be working there and living there ... maybe even us . '' On the last date which Ronald has `` paid '' for , Cindy hints that she would like to kiss Ronald , signifying that she has real feelings for him , but he misunderstands and assumes she wants to talk about ending their arrangement . They dramatically `` break up '' in front of a crowd at school , but Ronald takes things too far and says some hurtful things about Cindy in front of their friends . She becomes cool and distant , but warns him that popularity is hard work and he needs to make sure that he `` stays ( him ) self '' . The next day , Cindy appears disgusted with Ronald when she sees him behaving arrogantly at school , and becomes jealous when she sees him flirting with her best friends Barbara ( Tina Caspary ) and Patty ( Darcy DeMoss ) , whom he later takes out on dates . Ronald continues playing `` cool '' by hanging out with the jocks and hot chicks . He takes Patty to a dance at school , where he performs a dance he learned from an African cultural show on public television ( he mistakenly thought he was watching American Bandstand ) . At first , the other kids are mystified , but they soon join in , and Ronald 's new `` trendy '' dancing further increases his popularity at school . On Halloween night , he and some other boys drive to the house of Kenneth ( Courtney Gains ) , Ronald 's best friend , where the jocks test his loyalty by coercing him to hurl dog feces at Kenneth 's house . Kenneth is lying in wait and catches Ronald , but lets him go before his dad can call the police . Kenneth ignores Ronald the next day at school . At a New Year 's Eve party at Big John 's ( Eric Bruskotter ) house , Ronald gets drunk and has sex with his date , Iris ( Devin DeVasquez ) in the bathroom . Iris has a reputation for nailing a lot of popular guys . Cindy walks by and hears Ronald reciting to Iris the very poem that she had written and allowed him to read . Devastated , she starts drinking heavily . Later , as a surprise , Cindy 's boyfriend , Bobby , shows up at the party , as he still has strong ties to the athletes at the school . After he learns about her relationship with Ronald , through Quint and Ricky ( Gerardo Mejia ) , he breaks - up with Cindy in front of her friends . Even though she tried to explain the situation to Bobby , that Ronald paid her to go out with him , he proceeds to walk out on her and the party . In anger and frustration , she tells the party - goers the truth about her relationship with Ronald and his `` cool '' pretenses . She scolds her friends for falling for his act and for being `` a bunch of followers '' . `` Our little plan worked , did n't it Ronald ? '' Cindy says as she crushes his popularity , sending Ronald back to the bottom rung of the high school social ladder . Rejected and dejected , Ronald leaves the party alone to spend the night in his garage , crying himself to sleep . When school resumes after the holiday break , he immediately finds himself ostracized as a social pariah . The `` jocks '' once again tease and throw food at him , and he soon finds that the nerdy crowd has abandoned him also . His distress only deepens when his attempts to reconcile with both Cindy and Kenneth are rebuffed . A moment for Ronald to redeem himself comes when he defends Kenneth against a potentially violent encounter with Quint . Kenneth , while helping Patty with her math homework , is approached by Quint , who orders him back to his side of the cafeteria , or take a serious beating . Ronald intervenes , threatening to break Quint 's pitching arm if he does not leave Kenneth , who had only been tutoring Patty out of sincere kindness and with no ulterior motive . Ronald points out that the three were all friends at one time : when they were nine , Quint had fallen out of their tree house and broken his arm . Kenneth and Ronald carried him twelve blocks to the hospital , with Quint crying all the way . Ronald confesses he was desperate to run with the popular crowd , but had messed up by trying to buy his way in . Kenneth , however , was just trying to make friends by being himself . Ronald goes on to say that the cool / nerd dynamic is `` all bullshit , it 's tough enough just being yourself '' , and walks away . Quint apologizes to Kenneth and the two shake hands as the whole school applauds . Ronald finally redeems himself with everyone . Following the incident , Cindy recognizes Ronald 's worth , and the two reconcile when she decides to hop on the back of his riding lawn mower instead of hanging out with her popular friends . He asks her to prom and the two kiss as the title song plays . Closing credits roll while the two of them ride off into the sunset on the lawn mower . Cast ( edit ) Patrick Dempsey as Ronald Miller Amanda Peterson as Cindy Mancini Tina Caspary as Barbara Darcy DeMoss as Patty Cort McCown as Quint Eric Bruskotter as Big John Gerardo Mejía as Ricky Courtney Gains as Kenneth Wurman Seth Green as Chuck Miller Sharon Farrell as Mrs. Mancini Dennis Dugan as David Miller Cloyce Morrow as Judy Miller Devin DeVasquez as Iris Ami Dolenz as Fran Will Hannah as Camera Salesman Lisa Givens as Bambi La Brock Production notes ( edit ) The film was shot on location in Tucson , Arizona , at Tucson High Magnet School ( then known as Tucson High School ) . The choreography is by Paula Abdul , who makes an uncredited appearance as a dancer . On a date where the main characters begin to bond , they jump the perimeter wall and explore the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group Aircraft Bone Yard on Davis -- Monthan Air Force Base that contains 4,400 aircraft . Although the characters say they jump the fence at 309 AMARG ( The Boneyard ) the actual scene looks more like it was shot at Bob 's Air Park , an aircraft recycler just outside the Boneyard , which has since been sold . Critical reception ( edit ) Ca n't Buy Me Love received mixed reviews from critics . Caryn James , in The New York Times , wrote that the film missed its mark and traded its potential originality for a bid at popularity : `` Michael Swerdlick , the writer , and Steve Rash , the director ... waste a chance to make the much deeper , funnier movie that strains to break through . ( The film ) ... has an identity crisis that 's a mirror - image of Ronald 's own . He thinks he wants popularity at any price , though he 's really a sincere guy . The film thinks it wants to be sincere , when all it truly wants is to be popular , just like the other kids ' movies , so it sells off its originality . '' Roger Ebert gave the film a half star out of a possible 4 : `` If ' Ca n't Buy Me Love ' had been intended as a satirical attack on American values -- if cynicism had been its target -- we might be on to something here . But no . On the basis of the evidence , the people who made this movie are so materialistic they actually think this is a ' teenage comedy ' . Ca n't they see the screenplay 's rotten core ? '' Rotten Tomatoes has a rating of 50 % based on 22 critics . In 2006 , it ranked number 41 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies . Awards ( edit ) Young Artist Award Won : Best Young Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy , Patrick Dempsey Nominated : Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy , Amanda Peterson Nominated : Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy , Tina Caspary Nominated : Best Family Motion Picture -- Comedy Soundtrack ( edit ) In 2013 Intrada Records released Robert Folk 's complete score for the film on a limited edition CD paired with David Newman 's work for Paradise . Remake ( edit ) In 2003 , Ca n't Buy Me Love was remade as Love Do n't Cost a Thing starring Nick Cannon and Christina Milian . Though the triggering event differs between the two movies , many of the aspects / scenes from the original film are reinterpreted in this remake , such as the eating of raw egg in the Home Economics classroom , as well as the cheerleader telling the bully that he is sitting in the wrong section in the cafeteria that he ( the bully ) need to sit in the `` asshole section '' of the cafeteria . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roger Ebert ( August 14 , 1987 ) . `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Huestis , Lucy . `` THMS History '' . Tucson Unified School District . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 12 Feb 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Buy Me Love ( 1987 ) - Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb . Retrieved 12 Feb 2014 . Jump up ^ New York Times : Ca n't Buy Me Love Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cant_buy_me_love/ Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's 50 Best High School Movies '' . filmsite.org . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NBC5.com ( 2006 ) . `` Entertainment Weekly Ranks Top 50 High School Flicks '' . NBC5.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://store.intrada.com/s.nl/it.A/id.8153/.f Jump up ^ Scott Brown ( December 10 , 2003 ) . `` Love Do n't Cost a Thing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ca n't Buy Me Love Ca n't Buy Me Love on IMDb Ca n't Buy Me Love at the TCM Movie Database Ca n't Buy Me Love trailer at YouTube Ca n't Buy Me Love at Box Office Mojo Ca n't Buy Me Love at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Steve Rash The Buddy Holly Story ( 1978 ) Under the Rainbow ( 1981 ) Ca n't Buy Me Love ( 1987 ) Queens Logic ( 1991 ) Son in Law ( 1993 ) Eddie ( 1996 ) Held Up ( 1999 ) Good Advice ( 2001 ) Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 ) American Pie Presents : Band Camp ( 2005 ) Bring It On : All or Nothing ( 2006 ) Bring It On : In It to Win It ( 2007 ) Road Trip : Beer Pong ( 2009 ) Crooked Arrows ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love_(film)&oldid=831665404 '' Categories : English - language films 1980s romantic comedy films 1980s teen comedy films 1980s teen romance films 1987 films American coming - of - age films American films American romantic comedy films American teen comedy films Films directed by Steve Rash Films shot in Arizona Films set in Tucson , Arizona Proms in films Touchstone Pictures films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 17 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did cant buy me love come out | [
"\n\nCan't Buy Me Love\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nSteve Rash\n\n\nProduced by\nThom Mount\n\n\nWritten by\nMichael Swerdlick\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nPatrick Dempsey\nAmanda Peterson\nDennis Dugan\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nRobert Folk\n\n\nCinematography\nPeter Lyons Collister\n\n\nEdited by\nJeff Gourson\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nTouchstone Pictures\nSilver Screen Partners III\nApollo Pictures\nThe Mount Company\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nBuena Vista Pictures\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\nAugust 14, 1987 (1987-08-14)\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n94 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBox office\n$31,623,833\n\n"
] | [
"August 14, 1987"
] |
1749358454508547629 | The Killing of a Sacred Deer | The Killing of a Sacred Deer - wikipedia The Killing of a Sacred Deer Jump to : navigation , search The Killing of a Sacred Deer Theatrical release poster Directed by Yorgos Lanthimos Produced by Ed Guiney Yorgos Lanthimos Written by Yorgos Lanthimos Efthymis Filippou Starring Colin Farrell Nicole Kidman Barry Keoghan Raffey Cassidy Sunny Suljic Alicia Silverstone Bill Camp Cinematography Thimios Bakatakis Edited by Yorgos Mavropsaridis Production company Film4 New Sparta Films HanWay Films Bord Scannán na hÉireann / The Irish Film Board Element Pictures Limp Distributed by A24 Curzon Artificial Eye Release date May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) ( Cannes ) October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( United States ) November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) ( United Kingdom & Ireland ) Running time 121 minutes Country Ireland United Kingdom United States Language English Box office $4.7 million The Killing of a Sacred Deer is a 2017 psychological horror film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos , from a screenplay by Lanthimos and Efthymis Filippou . It stars Colin Farrell , Nicole Kidman , Barry Keoghan , Raffey Cassidy , Sunny Suljic , Alicia Silverstone , and Bill Camp . The story is based on the ancient Greek play Iphigenia at Aulis by Euripides . The film follows a cardiac surgeon ( Farrell ) who secretly befriends a teenage boy ( Keoghan ) with a connection to his past . He introduces the boy to his family , who begin to fall mysteriously ill . The Killing of a Sacred Deer was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival . The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 20 , 2017 , by A24 , and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 3 , 2017 , by Curzon Artificial Eye . It has received positive reviews , and grossed $4.7 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Steven Murphy , a skilled cardiothoracic surgeon , finishes an open heart surgery , and later goes to a diner where he meets a teenage boy named Martin . The precise nature of their relationship is unexplained . Afterward , Steven returns home to his wife , Anna , and their children , Kim and Bob . The next day , Steven reveals his connection to Martin , claiming he is a schoolmate of Kim 's , when Martin unexpectedly comes to speak with Steven at the hospital . Steven later privately tells Anna that Martin 's father died in a car accident ten years earlier , and that he has taken an interest in the boy to help him grieve . At Steven 's suggestion , Martin comes to the Murphy household for dinner ; Kim seems particularly taken with him . Martin returns the favor by inviting Steven to his mother 's home for dinner . After the meal , Steven attempts to leave , but Martin insists he stay and watch a movie with them . Martin leaves halfway through the film , and his mother makes a sexual advance on Steven , who quickly rebuffs her and goes home . Over the next few days , Martin 's demands on Steven 's time grow increasingly frequent and desperate , but Steven does not reply . One morning Bob awakens and finds he can not feel his legs -- he has become paralyzed . Steven and Anna rush him to the hospital , where a full neurological examination reveals that nothing is physically wrong . Though he briefly recovers , Bob remains unable to walk . While the elder Murphys tend to Bob , Kim meets with Martin for a date . The next morning , Martin visits Bob in the hospital and demands that Steven speak to him in private . The two retreat to the cafeteria , where Martin reveals the truth : his father did not die immediately , as Steven told his wife , but during surgery that Steven himself performed after the crash . Steven failed to save Martin 's father , and the boy bluntly tells Steven that he blames the surgeon for the death . He further explains that , to `` balance '' the act of destroying a family , Steven must kill one of the members of his own . Martin goes on to explain that he has placed a curse upon the Murphys that will gradually kill them through a series of stages unless Steven makes his choice and murders one of them ; the paralysis is the first of these four stages . Steven attempts to dismiss these seemingly wild claims , but later finds that Bob is refusing food -- this is the second stage of Martin 's curse . Kim later loses the use of her legs during a choir practice and also will not eat . Kim receives a phone call from Martin at the hospital . During the conversation , Kim abruptly regains the use of her legs , only to lose mobility again when the connection is broken . This seems to convince Anna of Martin 's power , and she travels to his home to directly ask why she and her children must suffer for Steven 's mistakes . The unrepentant Martin can not answer , simply remarking that `` it 's the only thing I can think of that 's close to justice '' . Anna , further suspecting that her formerly alcoholic husband may have imbibed on the day of the operation , speaks to Steven 's anesthesiologist , who reveals that Steven did in fact have a few drinks that morning , with Anna sexually gratifying him as payment for the information . At Anna 's insistence , the children are transported to their home , where they are continually fed through a nasogastric tube . Anna and Steven fight over the situation , with Steven refusing to believe that anything supernatural is happening . That night , he kidnaps Martin and binds him to a chair in the basement , brutally beating him and demanding that he undo his hold on the children . Martin remains unflappable , warning Steven that time is running out . Martin 's presence only exacerbates the tension in the household : Kim and Bob argue with each other over who their father will choose ; Steven tries to gather information to make the decision ; and Anna claims that killing one of the children is clearly the only option , as they can have another . Kim attempts to save herself by traveling to the basement to see Martin , demanding that he free her again so that they may run away together . Her strategy fails and she tries to escape herself by crawling through the neighborhood . Steven and Anna save her . The next morning , Anna releases Martin while Steven sleeps , pointing out that holding him captive was of no use . Later that day , Bob begins bleeding from the eyes -- the final stage of the curse before death . Rather than choose , Steven binds Kim , Bob , and Anna to chairs in the living room , covers their heads , and pulls a black woolen mask over his own face . He next loads a rifle , spins uncontrollably , and fires . The first two shots miss , but the third pierces Bob 's heart and kills him . Some time later , the family visits the same diner where Steven previously met with Martin . As they sit in silence , Martin enters and stares at them ; he and the family briefly lock eyes and Kim begins eating before they stand and leave . Martin gazes after them as they walk through the door . Cast ( edit ) Colin Farrell as Steven Murphy , Anna 's husband and Bob and Kim 's father Nicole Kidman as Anna Murphy , Steven 's wife and Bob and Kim 's mother Barry Keoghan as Martin , a teenager whom Steven meets with Raffey Cassidy as Kim Murphy , Steven and Anna 's daughter and Bob 's sister Sunny Suljic as Bob Murphy , Steven and Anna 's son and Kim 's brother Alicia Silverstone as Martin 's mother Bill Camp as Matthew , an anesthesiologist Production ( edit ) On May 11 , 2016 , it was announced that Colin Farrell had been cast in the film , with Yorgos Lanthimos directing from a screenplay he had written with Efthymis Filipou . Film4 Productions and Element Pictures produced the project . In June 2016 , Nicole Kidman was cast in the film , and in August 2016 , Alicia Silverstone , Raffey Cassidy , Bill Camp , Barry Keoghan , and Sunny Suljic also joined . Filming ( edit ) As of August 23 , 2016 , the film had begun principal photography in Cincinnati , filming at The Christ Hospital . It was also shot in the Hyde Park and Northside neighborhoods . The school scenes in the film were shot at Roger Bacon High School . Release ( edit ) In May 2016 , A24 acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film . The same month , Haut et Court acquired French rights . It had its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on May 22 , 2017 . Lanthimos and Filippou won the Best Screenplay award at the festival . The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 20 , 2017 and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 3 , 2017 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating 79 % , based on 230 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Killing of a Sacred Deer continues director Yorgos Lanthimos ' stubbornly idiosyncratic streak -- and demonstrates again that he is a talent not to be ignored . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . AACTA International Awards January 6 , 2018 Best Supporting Actress Nicole Kidman Nominated Cannes Film Festival May 26 , 2017 Palme D'Or Yorgos Lanthimos Nominated Best Screenplay Award Yorgos Lanthimos and Efthymis Filippou Won European Film Awards December 10 , 2017 Best European Actor Colin Farrell Nominated Best European Director Yorgos Lanthimos Nominated Best European Screenwriter Yorgos Lanthimos and Efthymis Filippou Nominated Evening Standard British Film Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Supporting Actor Barry Keoghan Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle December 23 , 2017 Best Supporting Actor Barry Keoghan Nominated Ghent International Film Festival Ghent October 20 , 2017 Grand Prix -- Best Film Yorgos Lanthimos Nominated Hamburg Film Festival October 14 , 2017 Sichtwechsel Film Award Yorgos Lanthimos Nominated Independent Spirit Awards March 3 , 2018 Best Supporting Male Barry Keoghan Nominated Best Cinematography Thimios Bakatakis Nominated London Film Critics Circle January 28 , 2018 British / Irish Actor of the Year Colin Farrell ( also for The Beguiled ) Nominated Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Supporting Actor Barry Keoghan Nominated Villain of the Year Barry Keoghan ( as Martin ) Nominated Sitges Film Festival October 14 , 2017 Best Film The Killing of a Sacred Deer Nominated José Luis Guarner Critics ' Award The Killing of a Sacred Deer Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Killing of a Sacred Deer ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Kevin ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Ancient Greek Plays That Explain How The Killing of a Sacred Deer Got Its Title '' . Vulture.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Killing of a Sacred Deer ' and ' The Square ' '' . The Current Cinema ( column ) . New Yorker . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Killing of a Sacred Deer ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cannes : Colin Farrell Reunites With Yorgos Lanthimos for ' The Killing of a Sacred Deer ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Nicole Kidman in Talks to Join Colin Farrell in ' Killing of a Sacred Deer ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Alicia Silverstone Joins Colin Farrell , Nicole Kidman in ' Killing of a Sacred Deer ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Farrell , Kidman begin shoot on Yorgos Lanthimos drama '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vicar , Nathan . `` Movie filmed in Cincinnati booed at Cannes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` A24 Picks Up Yorgos Lanthimos ' ' The Killing of a Sacred Deer ' -- Cannes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Haut et Court Acquires French Rights to Yorgos Lanthimos ' ' The Killing of a Sacred Deer ' -- Cannes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; Evans , Greg ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cannes Lineup : Todd Haynes , Sofia Coppola , Noah Baumbach , ' Twin Peaks ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Official Selection '' . Cannes. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Cannes Film Festival Announces Lineup : Todd Haynes , Sofia Coppola , ' Twin Peaks ' and More '' . IndieWire. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( 28 May 2017 ) . `` 2017 Cannes Film Festival Award Winners Announced '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` A24 Sets Colin Farrell 's ' Killing of a Sacred Deer ' for November Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` A24 Shifts ' The Killing of the Sacred Deer ' Release '' . Bloody-Disgusting.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing of a Sacred Deer ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing of a Sacred Deer reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Three Billboards ' Wins Best Film at Australian Academy International Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best screenplay award : : Yorgos LANTHIMOS - THE KILLING OF A SACRED DEER '' . May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` European Film Awards Nominations : ' The Square ' , ' Loveless ' , ' On Body And Soul ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dex , Robert ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Discover all the nominations for this year 's Evening Standard British Film Awards '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' Leads 2017 Florida Film Critics Awards Nominations '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FFCC Winners '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kakar , Arun ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Film Fest Gent competition line up includes ' Killing Of A Sacred Deer ' , ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Screen International . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing Of A Sacred Deer Hamburg '' . Hamburg Film Festival . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 Independent Spirit Award Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Three Billboards ' Wins Film Of The Year At London Critics ' Circle Awards '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The fantastic fable ' Jupiter 's Moon ' wins Sitges 2017 '' . Sitges Film Festival . October 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Killing of a Sacred Deer on IMDb Films directed by Yorgos Lanthimos My Best Friend ( 2001 ) Kinetta ( 2005 ) Dogtooth ( 2009 ) Alps ( 2011 ) The Lobster ( 2015 ) The Killing of a Sacred Deer ( 2017 ) The Favourite ( 2018 ) Iphigenia in Aulis and Iphigenia in Tauris by Euripides Iphigenia 's family Agamemnon ( father ) Clytemnestra ( mother ) Aegisthus ( stepfather ) Orestes ( brother ) Electra ( sister ) Chrysothemis ( sister ) Iphigenia in Aulis Operas Iphigénie en Aulide ( 1774 , Gluck ) Plays Iphigénie ( 1674 ) Film Iphigenia ( 1977 ) Novel The Songs of the Kings Trilogy The Bacchae Alcmaeon in Corinth Related Bash : Latter - Day Plays The Killing of a Sacred Deer Iphigenia in Tauris Operas Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1699 , Desmarets and Campra ) Ifigenia in Tauride ( 1771 , Jommelli ) Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1779 , Gluck ) discography Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1781 , Piccinni ) Plays Iphigenia in Tauris ( 1779 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Killing_of_a_Sacred_Deer&oldid=830328160 '' Categories : 2017 films 2017 horror films 2010s thriller films 2010s horror thriller films American films British films Irish films American drama films American horror films American horror thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films American thriller films British drama films British horror films British horror thriller films British thriller films Irish drama films Irish horror films Irish thriller films Horror drama films English - language films Filicide in fiction Films about curses Films shot in Ohio Film4 Productions films Films directed by Yorgos Lanthimos Sacrifices in fiction Films based on works by Euripides Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 03 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the killing of a sacred deer | [
"The Killing of a Sacred Deer is a 2017 psychological horror film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos, from a screenplay by Lanthimos and Efthymis Filippou. It stars Colin Farrell, Nicole Kidman, Barry Keoghan, Raffey Cassidy, Sunny Suljic, Alicia Silverstone, and Bill Camp. The story is based on the ancient Greek play Iphigenia at Aulis by Euripides.[2][3]",
"The Killing of a Sacred Deer is a 2017 psychological horror film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos, from a screenplay by Lanthimos and Efthymis Filippou. It stars Colin Farrell, Nicole Kidman, Barry Keoghan, Raffey Cassidy, Sunny Suljic, Alicia Silverstone, and Bill Camp. The story is based on the ancient Greek play Iphigenia at Aulis by Euripides.[2][3]"
] | [
"Yorgos Lanthimos",
"Efthymis Filippou"
] |
-6767980647483616918 | Star Trek: Discovery | Star Trek : Discovery - wikipedia Star Trek : Discovery Jump to : navigation , search Star Trek : Discovery Genre Science fiction Adventure Drama Created by Bryan Fuller Alex Kurtzman Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Sonequa Martin - Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Jason Isaacs Composer ( s ) Jeff Russo Alexander Courage ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 9 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bryan Fuller David Semel ( 1x01 ) Eugene Roddenberry Trevor Roth Akiva Goldsman Heather Kadin Gretchen J. Berg Aaron Harberts Alex Kurtzman Producer ( s ) Geoffrey Hemwall April Nocifora Aaron Baiers Jill Danton Nicholas Meyer ( consulting ) Craig Sweeny ( consulting ) Location ( s ) Toronto Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Colin Hoult Production company ( s ) Secret Hideout Roddenberry Entertainment Living Dead Guy Productions CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget US $8 -- 8.5 million per episode Release Original network CBS ( 1x01 ) CBS All Access Original release September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek : Enterprise Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek : Discovery - CBS.com www.cbs.com/shows/star-trek-discovery/ Star Trek : Discovery is an American television series created for CBS All Access by Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman . It is the first series developed specifically for that service , and the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 . Set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and separate from the timeline of the concurrently produced feature films , Discovery explores the Federation -- Klingon war while following the crew of the USS Discovery . Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts serve as showrunners on the series , with producing support from Akiva Goldsman . Sonequa Martin - Green stars as Michael Burnham , a science specialist on the USS Discovery . Doug Jones , Shazad Latif , Anthony Rapp , Mary Wiseman , and Jason Isaacs also star . The new series was announced in November 2015 , with Fuller joining as showrunner and wanting to make an anthology series . CBS asked him to make a single , serialized show first , with the prequel to the original series idea further developed . After further disagreements with CBS and struggles with other commitments , Fuller left the series in October 2016 , replaced as showrunner by Berg and Harberts . Star Trek : Discovery premiered on September 19 , 2017 , at ArcLight Hollywood , before debuting on CBS and All Access on September 24 . The rest of the 15 - episode first season are streaming weekly on All Access . The series ' release led to record subscriptions for All Access , and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin - Green 's performance . A second season was ordered in October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 4.6 Visual effects 4.7 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings and viewership 6.2 Critical response 7 Other media 7.1 After Trek 7.2 Publishing 7.2. 1 Novels 7.2. 2 Comics 7.3 Star Trek Timelines 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek : The Original Series , the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : Discovery characters Sonequa Martin - Green as Michael Burnham : A Science Specialist on USS Discovery . Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou , where she was referred to as `` Number One '' to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot `` The Cage '' . Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek . Unlike the protagonists of previous Star Trek series , she was not made a starship captain , in order `` to see a character from a different perspective on the starship -- one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain , with subordinates , it gave us richer context '' . Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name , which he had done with the female leads of his previous series . Doug Jones as Saru : First Officer of the USS Discovery , Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou . Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet . Kelpiens , a new species created for Discovery , were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death , giving them a reputation for cowardice . Jones based Saru 's walk on that of a supermodel , out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character 's hooved feet , forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet . The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series . Shazad Latif as Ash Tyler : Chief of Security of the USS Discovery , Lieutenant Tyler was previously held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons . Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol . Latif noted that Tyler 's PTSD would be explored in the show as he attempts to return to his Starfleet life , calling Tyler `` a very complex and painful and deep character . '' The character explores these issues with different characters , including Lorca due to their shared military background , and Burnham with whom `` there 's a chemistry , a relationship '' . Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets : Chief engineer aboard the USS Discovery and science officer specializing in astromycology ( the study of fungi in space ) whose research led to development of an experimental organic propulsion system on the Discovery . The character is inspired by a real - life mycologist of the same name . He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series , and the showrunners `` wanted to roll out that character 's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life . '' Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond , calling that `` a nice nod . But in this case , we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation , in our living quarters , you get to see our relationship over time , treated as any other relationship would be treated '' . Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly : A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy , assigned to the Discovery . She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery , where she becomes roommates with Burnham . The character was included to represent people `` at the very bottom of this ladder '' of the Starfleet hierarchy . She is `` the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart '' , and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as `` sort of the soul of our show . '' Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca : Captain of the Discovery , a `` brilliant military tactician '' . Isaacs described the character as `` probably more f-d up than any of '' the previously seen Star Trek captains . He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent , and had initially wanted to ad - lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one , coming up with `` git'r done '' which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Vulcan Hello '' David Semel Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' Adam Kane Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Context Is for Kings '' Akiva Goldsman Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) `` The Butcher 's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb 's Cry '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 5 `` Choose Your Pain '' Lee Rose Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers Teleplay by : Kemp Powers October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 6 `` Lethe '' Douglas Aarniokoski Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 7 `` Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad '' David M. Barrett Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8 `` Si Vis Pacem , Para Bellum '' John S. Scott Kirsten Beyer November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 9 `` Into the Forest I Go '' Chris Byrne Bo Yeon Kim & Erika Lippoldt November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 10 `` Despite Yourself '' TBA TBA January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 11 `` The Wolf Inside '' TBA TBA January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 12 `` Vaulting Ambition '' TBA TBA January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 13 `` What 's Past is Prologue '' TBA TBA January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 14 `` The War Without , The War Within '' TBA TBA February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 15 `` Will You Take My Hand ? '' TBA TBA February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On November 2 , 2015 , CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017 , `` on the heels '' of the original series ' 50th anniversary in 2016 . It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 , and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service . Alex Kurtzman , co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness , and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series , which is `` not related '' to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond . The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005 . Showtime , Netflix , and Amazon Video all offered `` a lot of money '' for the rights to release the series , but after heavily investing in the new All Access service , CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be `` the franchise that really puts All Access on the map '' and could earn more money in the long run . In January 2016 , CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series , saying , `` It really is for All Access . While the network will be broadcasting the pilot , I actually ca n't answer any creative questions about it . '' The next month , Bryan Fuller , who began his career writing for the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager , was announced as the new series ' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman . Nicholas Meyer , writer and director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer . In March , Rod Roddenberry , the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series , as executive producers . Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was `` really about making sure that we maintain authenticity '' , and said that Meyer -- who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan -- brings `` a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling . An ability to ground science - fiction in a relatable way , and also making sure that we 're telling character stories . '' Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years , particularly because of its impact on minority groups , as he explained , `` I could n't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship . I could n't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future . I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era . '' When Fuller first met with CBS about the series , the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be . He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone , serialized show set in a different era , beginning with a prequel to the original series , then stories set during the original series , during Star Trek : The Next Generation , and then `` beyond to a time in Trek that 's never been seen before '' . Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror , and described the proposal as a platform for `` a universe of Trek shows '' . CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first , and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series . Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes , though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season . A month later , Fuller announced the series ' title to be Star Trek : Discovery , and revealed that it would be set in the `` Prime Timeline '' ( which includes the previous Star Trek series , but not the modern reboot films ) to keep the concurrent series and films separate , so `` we do n't have to track anything ( happening in the films ) and they do n't have to track what we 're doing '' . Also in July , CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada , a `` blockbuster '' deal that paid for the show 's entire budget ( around US $6 -- 7 million per episode ) . During pre-production on the series , Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show , which was starting to overrun its per - episode budget , and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show , American Gods . This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date . By August 2016 , Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts , who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies , to serve as co-showrunners with him . A month later , he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series ' release so they could meet the high expectations for it , and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017 . '' At the end of October , CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner , and announced a restructuring of the production : Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners , working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller ; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers , but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods ; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role , similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman . CBS reiterated that they were `` extremely happy with ( Fuller 's ) creative direction '' for the series , though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped , including some designs and `` more heavily allegorical and complex story '' points . Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series , but expressed interest in returning for future seasons . With production set to finally begin in January , `` a lot of careful deliberation ( was ) continuing to go into making Discovery special , from the choice of directors , to set design , to the special effects . '' Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer . At CBS 's 2017 upfront presentation , CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a `` fall '' release date for the series , and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes . In June , CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24 , 2017 , with the season airing through November 2017 , and then beginning again in January 2018 . This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season . Also that month , Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter 's departure , and promised that `` what 's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set - up , character , big ideas , the big movement of the season , that 's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about '' and would not be altered . Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted `` a hybridized ( anthology ) approach . I do n't think we 're looking for an endless , continuing nine or 10 year story . We 're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we do n't know . '' Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format . By the end of August , Berg and Harberts had developed a `` road map '' for a second season , and `` the beginnings of one '' for a third . It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US $8 -- 8.5 million each , making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal , though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw . After the series ' premiere , Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons , due to the external pressure that caused with the first season , but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019 . The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017 . Writing ( edit ) `` The defining factor of Roddenberry 's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that , you lose the essence of what Star Trek is . That being said ... Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and ( the topical question now ) is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war . '' -- Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery The series ' writers are based in Los Angeles , and include `` fans who all have very different relationships to Trek , '' which Kurtzman said is `` a healthy thing and it 's a good thing '' . Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700 + episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season . He and Kurtzman developed this story from `` so many elements of Star Trek '' , taking certain episodes of the original series and using their `` DNA '' to find `` the spirit of what Star Trek offers , both in terms of high - concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition '' . Berg said that the series ' writers `` are so in love with '' The Original Series , The Next Generation , and the family aspect of those series , while Harberts added that Meyer 's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because `` his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there 's a lot of room for character voices '' . The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , NASA 's Space Shuttle Discovery , and `` the sense of discovery ... what ( that ) means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with '' . Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series -- which are set around 150 years apart -- but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to `` play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms '' . In May 2017 , Sullivan described the series as `` a genuine prequel '' to the original series , with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series , but could n't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then . The choice to feature a single serialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the `` new destination - based adventure each week '' format mostly used in previous Star Trek series . Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style . Also inspired by modern , `` peak television '' series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons , though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for `` shock value '' . Fuller said the series could `` push the content envelope since it wo n't be constrained by broadcast standards '' , but `` it 's still Star Trek . It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we 're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room . '' Harberts ultimately described the series as a `` hard PG - 13 '' , saying the series could include `` some violent things or ( a ) tiny bit of language '' but they still wanted the show to be for families and to `` honor what the franchise is . '' On using time travel in the series , a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live - action Star Trek season , Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016 , and , `` You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season 's stories . '' The series ' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry 's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively ( a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow ) . Harberts explained , `` We 're trying to do stories that are complicated , with characters with strong points of view and strong passions . People have to make mistakes -- mistakes are still going to be made in the future . We 're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we 're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts . '' Because of the show 's position as a prequel to the original series , the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry 's ideals , and to show that `` you ca n't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it , and so this show is about that struggle . '' Casting ( edit ) Sonequa Martin - Green portrays the series ' protagonist , Michael Burnham By June 2016 , Fuller had met with several actors , and said that `` we want to carry on what Star Trek does best , which is being progressive . So it 's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender - blind prism '' . A month later , Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority , female , and LGBTQ characters . In August , Fuller said the series would feature `` about seven '' lead characters , and would star a lieutenant commander , rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series , to be played by a non-white actress . He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series , and would feature at least one openly gay character . Fuller , who is gay himself , had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay . By this time , Fuller had discussed the series ' casting with Mae Jemison , the first black woman in space ( who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation ) . Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016 , but none had been made by the end of that month . The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then , but no actress had been cast for the series ' lead role . This was a source of `` some internal stress '' at CBS . Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role , with CBS `` not seeking a huge star and ( preferring ) a fresh face for the part . '' In October , the cast was believed to include `` a female admiral , a male Klingon captain , a male admiral , a male adviser and a British male doctor '' , with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor . The next month , Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast , as Science Officers Saru and Stamets , respectively . The former is a Kelpien , an alien race created for the series , while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay . Sonequa Martin - Green was cast in the lead role in December , which was officially confirmed in April 2017 , with the character 's name revealed to be Michael Burnham . Also in December , Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol . In March 2017 , Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery , and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly , a cadet . At the end of April , Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler . Design ( edit ) Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series ; Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes ; veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships , along with Scott Schneider ; and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics , props , and armor . Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three `` Kelvin Timeline '' Star Trek films . The series also employed seven art directors , over nine illustrators , more than thirty - five set designers , and over four hundred and fifty painters , carpenters , sculptors , model makers , welders , set dressers , and prop builders . Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show , `` we 're producing the show in 2016 . We have to update the style of the effects , the style of the sets , the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced ( at a time that ) is n't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise , we 're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series '' and for Star Trek moving forward . Fuller had wanted the series ' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series , but this was discarded after his departure . However , Fuller 's designs for the Klingons , which he `` really , really wanted '' to redesign , were retained . 3D Systems ' `` cutting edge '' 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series . For the prosthetics , Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make - up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version . Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom - dyed in Switzerland ; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department . The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show , with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer . Medical officers wear a `` hospital white '' variant , also custom - dyed in Switzerland , while the captain 's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders . Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze , and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series , based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform : gold for command , silver for sciences and medical , and copper for operations . Props such as tricorders and hand scanners , communicators , and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series . The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek : Planet of the Titans , which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was `` to a point that we ca n't legally comment on it until ( our legal team ) figures out some things '' . McQuarrie 's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull . Fuller wanted `` something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look '' like , and after seeing McQuarrie 's design `` saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the ' 70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs , taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us . '' The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016 . The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series . Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa . Sets for the Discovery 's interiors were described as a `` tangle of corridors and rooms '' , and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship , so `` the rooms ( could believably ) fit inside the house '' , but there was some artistic license taken in places . The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology , but to also `` honor the look and feel '' of the designs used in previous series . The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues , with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series . Filming ( edit ) Star Trek : Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios , with Vincenzo Natali serving as producing director for the series . Some of the series ' sets took over six weeks to create , and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season . Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio , including the largest soundstage in North America . Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets , making them bottle episodes , though Harberts said the series would not do anything `` as bottle - y as ' everyone is stuck in the mess hall ! ' '' For the visual scope of the series , Kurtzman felt that the show had to `` justify being on a premium cable service '' . The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek : The Motion Picture and its `` wider scope '' , with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2 : 1 aspect ratio which `` just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story . '' He added that some of the series ' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J.J. Abrams . Some of these influences , per Goldsman , are `` the ability to be creative cinematically ... the intimate discourse , the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek . A more kinetic camera , a more dynamic way of existing , a much greater use of practical sets so when you 're running down a corridor , you 're running down a corridor . A sense of rhythm ... there is a sense of litheness , a kind of fluidity in the characterizations . '' The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible , including filming the bridge of Starfleet 's ships in such a way as `` not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box ... to be able to get the camera into spaces where , you know , to shoot it in interesting ways , which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving , and also lighting . '' The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing , with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel , and distance the series from the `` stage '' feel of the original series . The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations , such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert . Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a `` Rembrandt texture '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period , with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as `` digital augmentation on certain alien species '' and `` the transporter beams '' . He said , `` We 're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek , but doing a slightly different approach . '' Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series , with Spin VFX also working on the show . Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render . The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer - generated , with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment ; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series , including the practically - built ones . Music ( edit ) The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler , which he `` threw together as an audition '' within three weeks . Before production on the series began , Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series , which he described as `` a showcase for CBS '' . In July 2017 , Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series . Russo recorded the series ' score with a 60 - piece orchestra . The show 's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme . Release ( edit ) The first episode of Star Trek : Discovery aired in a `` preview broadcast '' on CBS in the United States on September 24 , as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access . Subsequent first - run episodes , making up the first chapter of the season , were streamed weekly on All Access through November 12 . The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018 . CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada , and to Netflix for another 188 countries . In Canada , the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24 , 2017 , on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV ; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z . Subsequent episodes will be released through Space , Z , and CraveTV , with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it 's streamed on All Access . In the other countries , Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut . This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety , and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels . Marketing ( edit ) The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017 . Forbes 's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays , saying , `` Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope , particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment . Star Trek : Discovery is real , and now we have proof . '' Chris Harnick of E ! News described the trailer as `` gorgeous '' and `` truly cinematic '' , and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage , `` this is the Star Trek you know and love . '' Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer 's visuals `` sumptuous '' and `` modern , but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series '' . She continued , `` What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series ' overarching plot ... In any case , seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans . '' Also in May , McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce `` figures , role play weapons and accessories '' for Discovery . CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its `` commitment to quality and dedication to fans '' . The deal will also see the company `` create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe , ranging from the classic Star Trek : The Original Series to its popular movie franchise . '' The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018 . Reception ( edit ) See also : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) § Reception Ratings and viewership ( edit ) According to Nielsen Media Research , the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a `` decent '' audience of 9.5 million viewers . The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access , with the service having its biggest day of signups , as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series . According to `` app analytics specialist '' App Annie , the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double , with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in - app revenue during the previous 30 days . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating for the first season , with an average rating of 7.14 / 10 based on 54 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff , Star Trek : Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation -- boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin - Green . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Other Media ( edit ) After Trek ( edit ) Main article : After Trek By July 2016 , CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC 's Talking Dead , a companion to The Walking Dead . The show would air live after each episode of Discovery , and would feature `` guests , celebrity Trekkies , former Star Trek actors , along with cast members and crew '' from Discovery . The companion series was confirmed in 2017 , with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira . It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment . Publishing ( edit ) In September 2016 , Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series , starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show . Beyer , the writer of many Star Trek : Voyager novels , explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media `` are coming from the same place '' . The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series ' premiere . Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as `` tricky to get right '' , as the time period `` is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity . That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced '' in the new series . In August 2017 , Beyer explained the series ' writers ' intentions for the additional content , saying , `` We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we 're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show , and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can . It 's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything , but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do . '' Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical , Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show 's writing staff so `` the stories we created get integrated into their brains '' , but she also said , `` Because of the collaborative nature of this process , we 're able to go farther , take bigger risks . The danger is that , in the future , somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we 've already established and just like always , the series is going to take priority . But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe ... we 're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward . '' Novels ( edit ) The first tie - in to the show is Desperate Hours , a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after `` The Cage '' . Written by Mack , the novel was released on September 26 , and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou . Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise , and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay `` in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development . There were a few false starts , but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story '' . Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel . The second Discovery novel is being written by Dayton Ward , is set 10 years before the show , and is intended to be released in early 2018 . Comics ( edit ) In July 2017 , IDW announced the first tie - in comic series , also titled Star Trek : Discovery , to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen , who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek : Boldly Go . IDW described the comic as `` Klingon - centric '' , and set the first issue for release on October 25 . Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek : Countdown comic , a tie - in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci , saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show `` means we have all the inside access that we need . So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one - off . It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself . '' In August , it was clarified that the first comic would be a four - issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers , and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create `` targeted stories on some different subjects '' . Johnson stated that they were `` building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics , and we ca n't wait to show you . '' He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries . IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said , `` The access we 're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of , and I do a lot of licensed comics . '' Star Trek Timelines ( edit ) In late 2017 , `` hours '' of Discovery - based content will be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines , including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show , both Federation and otherwise . A month long `` Mega-Event '' based on the series will also take place . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Major details revealed about new TV show '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Star Trek : Discovery will be set in the ' Prime Universe ' ( so in the timeline of the original shows , not the J.J. Abrams reboot films ) , about a decade before Captain Kirk 's five - year mission . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ulster , Laurie ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingon Costumes And Props '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery star Sonequa Martin - Green breaks her silence '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : StarTrek.com Staff ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sonequa Martin - Green Beams Aboard Discovery '' . StarTrek.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : hercules ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! ! More STAR TREK DISCOVERY Scoop ! ! Lead Will Be Called ' Number One ' ! ! Nick Meyer Scripts Hour Two ! ! Bryan Fuller Hires Co-Showrunners ! ! More ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery @ Comic - Con : New Footage and Sarek Secret Revealed , Stamets ' Love Interest Cast and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Named the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Lead and Redesigned the Klingons ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts 3 actors , adds gay character '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : Doug Jones breaks silence on show 's new alien '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Jump up ^ `` DISCOVERY 's USS Shenzhou is a ' Walker - Class ' Starship '' . TrekCore.com . August 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recap : Fan Expo Canada 's DISCOVERY Production Panel '' . TrekCore.com . September 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hetrick '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Iocovino , Kayla ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : Klingon ' Torchbearer ' Revealed + Gentle Giant Announces ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Collectibles '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Matt ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Designers Explain Why ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingons Are Bald And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . 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Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alexander ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` 23 Secrets We Learned on the Star Trek : Discovery Set '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Allessandro , Anthony ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Star Trek : Discovery ' EPs Kept Bryan Fuller 's Vision Alive After His Departure From Show -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Akiva Goldsman On Influence Of JJ Abrams Films On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calling All Artists ! '' . Spin VFX . May 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2 '' . After Trek . Season 1 . Episode 2 . October 1 , 2017 . CBS All Access . Jump up ^ Evans , Charles . `` Possible Star Trek : Discovery Theme Released '' . Red Shirts Always Die . United States : Fansided . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Extends STAR TREK : DISCOVERY Fall Schedule to November 12 ; New Episode Titles Revealed '' . TrekCore.com . October 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cassius ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to Air Weekly on Cable TV in Canada '' . ncc-1031.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Star Trek : Discovery will air weekly at 8 : 00pm Eastern / 5pm Pacific every Sunday Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery '' . CBS.com . New York City : CBS Corporation . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . New Episodes Sundays 8 : 30pm ET / 5 : 30pm PT Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch First Trailer for CBS All Access ' ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Actual Trailer Confirming Existence '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery First Look Is Finally Here & It Is Gorgeous '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery 's first trailer brings a new ship , new characters , and old conflicts '' . Vox . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Rpbert ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Consumer Products taps McFarlane Toys for Star Trek Discovery toy lines '' . Licensing.biz . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Star Trek : Discovery Has Decent Premiere on CBS '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' 60 Minutes ' and NFL adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery Fuels Record Sign - Ups for CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Will Have Books and Comics Coming Out at the Same Time as the Show '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Star Trek ' Canon Feels Like Homework '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Drew , Brian ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Covers and Details Unveiled For First ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Comic and Novel '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Comic Book Tie - In Officially Announced '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andosca , Joe ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : IDW Panel Reveals Details On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' And ' Boldly Go ' Comics '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery coming to STAR TREK TIMELINES '' . Disruptor Beam . August 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Sources ( edit ) McQuarrie , Ralph ; Stice , Same ; Scoleri , John David ( 2007 ) . The Art of Ralph McQuarrie . Santa Clara , California : Dreams & Visions Press . ISBN 0979158001 . Reeves - Stevens , Judith ; Reeves - Stevens , Garfield ( 1997 ) . Star Trek : Phase II : The Lost Series ( 2nd ed . ) . New York City : Pocket Books . ISBN 0671568396 . Further reading ( edit ) Star Trek Discovery : Official Collector 's Edition . Bankside , London , England , United Kingdom : Titan Books . November 14 , 2017 . ISBN 1785861905 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutStar Trek : Discoveryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Star Trek : Discovery on IMDb Star Trek : Discovery at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Star Trek : Discovery Characters Michael Burnham Episodes Season 1 `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Context Is for Kings '' Other After Trek Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX - 01 NCC - 1701 Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal CBS All Access original programming Current Big Brother : Over the Top ( since 2016 ) The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) No Activity ( since 2017 ) Bryan Fuller TV series created Dead Like Me ( 2003 -- 04 ) Wonderfalls ( 2004 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) American Gods ( 2017 -- present ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) TV pilots created Mockingbird Lane ( 2012 ) Films written Carrie ( 2002 ) Alex Kurtzman Films directed People Like Us ( 2012 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Television series created Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_Discovery&oldid=815949285 '' Categories : 2010s American science fiction television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows CBS All Access shows CBS network shows English - language television programs Prequel television series Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek television series Television programs based on works by Gene Roddenberry Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series produced in Toronto Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 07 : 23 . 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"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal release date\n\n\n1\n\"The Vulcan Hello\"\nDavid Semel\nStory by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman\nTeleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller\nSeptember 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)[a]\n\n\n2\n\"Battle at the Binary Stars\"\nAdam Kane\nStory by : Bryan Fuller\nTeleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts\nSeptember 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)\n\n\n3\n\"Context Is for Kings\"\nAkiva Goldsman\nStory by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts\nTeleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny\nOctober 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)\n\n\n4\n\"The Butcher's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb's Cry\"\nOlatunde Osunsanmi\nJesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite\nOctober 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)\n\n\n5\n\"Choose Your Pain\"\nLee Rose\nStory by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers\nTeleplay by : Kemp Powers\nOctober 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)\n\n\n6\n\"Lethe\"\nDouglas Aarniokoski\nJoe Menosky & Ted Sullivan\nOctober 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)\n\n\n7\n\"Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad\"\nDavid M. Barrett\nAron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander\nOctober 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)\n\n\n8\n\"Si Vis Pacem, Para Bellum\"\nJohn S. Scott\nKirsten Beyer\nNovember 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)\n\n\n9\n\"Into the Forest I Go\"\nChris Byrne\nBo Yeon Kim & Erika Lippoldt\nNovember 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)\n\n\n10\n\"Despite Yourself\"[27]\nTBA\nTBA\nJanuary 7, 2018 (2018-01-07)\n\n\n11\n\"The Wolf Inside\"[27]\nTBA\nTBA\nJanuary 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)\n\n\n12\n\"Vaulting Ambition\"[27]\nTBA\nTBA\nJanuary 21, 2018 (2018-01-21)\n\n\n13\n\"What's Past is Prologue\"[27]\nTBA\nTBA\nJanuary 28, 2018 (2018-01-28)\n\n\n14\n\"The War Without, The War Within\"[27]\nTBA\nTBA\nFebruary 4, 2018 (2018-02-04)\n\n\n15\n\"Will You Take My Hand?\"[27]\nTBA\nTBA\nFebruary 11, 2018 (2018-02-11)\n\n"
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"January 7, 2018"
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6505894039846926311 | Red salamander | Red salamander - wikipedia Red salamander Jump to : navigation , search Red salamander Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Amphibia Order : Caudata Family : Plethodontidae Genus : Pseudotriton Species : P. ruber Binomial name Pseudotriton ruber ( Latreille , 1801 ) Synonyms Salamandra rubra Latreille , 1801 Spelerpes ruber -- Cope , 1889 Eurycea rubra -- Stejneger & Barbour , 1917 The red salamander ( Pseudotriton ruber ) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae endemic to the Eastern United States . Its skin is orange / red with random black spots . Its habitats are temperate forests , small creeks , ponds , forests , temperate shrubland , rivers , intermittent rivers , freshwater , trees springs . Overall this species is common and widespread , but locally it has declined because of habitat loss and it is considered threatened in Indiana . Red salamanders eat insects , earthworms , spiders , small crustaceans , snails and smaller salamanders . The red salamander , as a member of the Plethodontidae family ( lungless salamanders ) , lacks lungs and respires through its skin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution 4 Ecology 5 Life history 6 Conservation 7 References Description ( edit ) Pseudotriton ruber is a medium - larger salamander , with adults ranging from 4.3 to 7.1 in ( 11 -- 18 cm ) in total length . Its sides and back vary in color from an orange - brownish tint to a bright red depending on its age . Like other salamanders , the red salamander seems to lose its color as it ages , becoming more darkly pigmented with less obscure patterns . Another distinguishing characteristic of P. ruber is the appearance of numerous irregular black spots down its back . Although the red salamander is brilliantly colored and has many distinguishing features , it is sometimes difficult to tell species apart . P. ruber is most similar in appearance to the mud salamander ( P. montanus ) , but can be distinguished by the difference in size and number of spots running down the dorsum and also by the difference in the color of the iris . The red salamander has more spots and the spots also tend to be larger in size than those of the mud salamander . In regard to eye color , the red salamander 's iris is a gold - like tint , whereas the mud salamander 's iris is brown . Mud salamanders typically have a blunter snout than the red salamander . Also , the mud salamanders typically have a more contrasting dorsal and ventral coloration than the red salamanders that are more uniform in color . Taxonomy ( edit ) P. ruber In the Plethodontidae ( lungless salamanders ) , many members respire through their skin and the lining in their mouths . Lunglessness in this family may have evolved due to an adaptation for life in streams , and members of the Plethodontidae family probably did evolve other methods for respiration other than lungs ( i.e. gills ) due to enhanced survival of larval salamanders in fast - moving stream environments of southern Appalachia . Lungs in general help aquatic animals maintain position in the water column , but the larvae of Plethodontidae members are benthic creatures , therefore the adaptation of lunglessness would be beneficial to them since buoyancy would endanger their survival . The red salamander is further classified as a member of the genus Pseudotriton . Members of this genus include only the red salamander and the mud salamander . Distribution ( edit ) The four subspecies of P. ruber are found across the eastern United States , occupying streams through open areas such as fields and meadows , as well as aquatic areas through forested areas and mountains . Each subspecies is similar in appearance with slight differences in size and coloration , but are found in different habitats . The northern red salamander , P. r . ruber , is characterized as being red or reddish - orange with numerous black spots down its back . This subspecies is the most common and can be found from southern New York and Ohio to northeast Alabama , as well as the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . Similar in appearance to the northern red salamander is the Blue Ridge red salamander , P. r . nitidus . This species differs it is slightly smaller and lacks black coloration on the tip of the tail and chin . The Blue Ridge red salamander is found in elevations to more than 5,000 ft ( 1,500 m ) in the southern part of the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia . The blackchin red salamander , P. r . schencki , differs in appearance by having strong black coloration under its chin , as well as spotting all the way to the tip of the tail . It can also be found in elevations to more than 5,000 ft ( 1,500 m ) in the Blue Ridge Mountains . The southern red salamander ( P. r . vioscai ) is often purplish - to salmon - colored and normally has white spots on its head . This subspecies is found from southern South Carolina to southeast Louisiana and southwest Kentucky . All subspecies of P. ruber occupy moist environments such as under moss and stones near clear water sources such as streams or springs . Red salamanders are normally not found near large streams , but instead near smaller water sources . Ecology ( edit ) P. ruber Some important aquatic and terrestrial ecological aspects of this salamander include its diet , predators , and microhabitat preferences . Larvae mainly feed on invertebrates such as insect larvae and worms . Larval growth rates differ depending on the temperature of the water and tend to be higher in the warmer months when water temperature is higher . The red salamander generally lays eggs in the fall and hatching season takes place in the late fall and winter . The larval period varies between 27 and 31 months and then metamorphosis takes place in the spring and early summer of the third year . Larval red salamanders are generalists , eating whatever is available . Feeding rates typically increase when water temperature is low and larger individuals feed more than smaller individuals . Although feeding rates appear to increase with increasing size , mortality rates , though , seem to be independent of size or age and survival is estimated to be about 50 % per year . The longer larval period ensures that transformation occurs when the salamanders are much larger than other species of salamanders and typically have a short juvenile period , maturing quickly . Males mature at about 53 -- 63 mm ( 2.1 -- 2.5 in ) , typically at four years of age , and females mature at about 55 -- 68 mm ( 2.2 -- 2.7 in ) , typically at about five years of age . Red salamanders generally live in springs or streams during the winter and then disperse to and from these sites in the fall and spring . Due to its semiaquatic nature , the red salamander remains in terrestrial environments until early spring then disperses to more aquatic sites . Adults often live in burrows along streams and in other moist environments such as under logs and rocks along the forest floor . Adult red salamanders , like their larvae , are generalists and tend to feed on invertebrates , as well as small amphibians . Its predators include birds and small carnivores such as skunks and raccoons . Since the red salamander is a large species of salamander , its presence or absence can greatly affect the ecosystem where it lives , and understanding its ecology is important to understand its role in community structures . Life history ( edit ) P. ruber has a wide range in its breeding season , which is only limited by extremely cold temperatures . Generally , however , adult red salamanders mate annually and engage in primitive courting activities . Courtship between two red salamanders involves : `` A male approaches a female , rubbing his snout against her snout , cheeks , and chin . The male then moves his head and body under her chin and starts tail undulations . The female then straddles the male 's tail and the pair engages in a straddled `` walk '' until the male deposits sperm on the substrate . The `` straddle - walk '' approximately lasts two minutes and once the sperm is deposited , the female picks up the sperm cap as she moves over it and then they separate `` . Females are capable of long - term sperm storage and may not lay eggs for months after mating . Females typically lay eggs in the fall or early winter in headwater streams , and have very well - hidden nests . Other important behavioral aspects of P. ruber include its defensive mechanisms . In regards to mating , males appear to not be aggressive towards one another , but do occasionally court other males as a means of sperm competition to get the other male to deposit spermatophores , giving them a better chance of successful mating over their competitors . When threatened , red salamanders assume a defensive posture in which they curl their bodies , elevating and extending their rears , and placing their heads under their tails which are elevated and undulated from side to side . The coloration of the red salamander has been hypothesized to mimic that of the red eft stage of the eastern newt ( Notophythalmus viridescens ) which emits a powerful neurotoxin in their skin . This hypothesis , however , was heavily criticized due to significant size differences in the organisms and the differences in the species ' times of foraging ( i.e. P. ruber mainly at night and the red eft mainly during the day ) . More recently , red salamanders have been noted to have reduced palatability , so they are considered part of a Müllerian mimicry system in which all species are unpalatable and benefit from aposematic coloration . Conservation ( edit ) Overall the red salamander is common and widespread , but locally it has declined because of habitat loss and it is listed as an endangered species in Indiana . The red salamander is arguably one of the most primitive plethodontids , so is extremely valuable in understanding the links to ancestors and the evolutionary processes that have occurred . Maintaining species diversity is an important part of conservation , and to prevent the loss of salamander diversity as a whole , it is important to have some type of management plan in place to prevent P. ruber from escalating from a low conservation status to a higher level of concern . Since the red salamander prefers streams that are relatively pure , it is important to monitor human waste and pollution , since debris and silt could have adverse effects on their habitat , potentially causing a threat to survival . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Angulo , A. ( 2014 ) . `` Pseudotriton ruber '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2017.1 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Indiana Legislative Services Agency ( 2011 ) , `` 312 IAC 9 - 5 - 4 : Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians '' , Indiana Administrative Code , retrieved 28 Apr 2012 ^ Jump up to : Miller , R. ( 2016 ) . `` Pseudotriton ruber '' . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Conant , R. and J.T. Collins. Peterson Field Guides : Reptiles and Amphibians. New York : Houghton Mifflin , 1998 . Jump up ^ Red salamander ( Pseudotriton ruber ). Savannah River Ecology Laboratory : Herpetology Program. 1 April 2011 < http://www.uga.edu/srelherp/salamanders/pserub.htm > . Jump up ^ Wilder , I.W. and E.R. Dunn . 1920 . The correlation of lunglessness in salamanders with a mountain brook habitat . Copeia 84 : 63 - 68 . ^ Jump up to : Beachy , C.K. and R.C. Bruce. 1992. Lunglessness in Plethodontid Salamanders is Consistent with the Hypothesis of a Mountain Stream Origin : A Response to Ruben and Boucot. The American Naturalists 139 ( 4 ) : 839 - 847 . ^ Jump up to : Petranka , J.W. Salamanders of the United States and Canada . Washington and London : Smithsonian Institution Press , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , S.C. 1941 . Salamanders of New York . New York State Museum Bulletin 324 : 1 - 365 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , R.C. 1972. The larval life of the Red Salamander , Pseudotriton ruber. Journal of Herpetology6 ( 1 ) : 43 - 51 . ^ Jump up to : Cecala , K.K. , S.J. Price , and M.E. Dorcas. 2007 . Diet of larval Red Salamanders ( Pseudotriton ruber ) examined using a nonlethal technique . Journal of Herpetology 41 ( 4 ) : 741 - 745 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , R.C. 1978 . Reproductive biology of the salamander Pseudotriton ruber in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains . Copeia 1978 : 417 - 423 . ^ Jump up to : Organ , J.A. , and D.J. Organ. 1968 . Courtship behavior of the Red Salamander , Pseudotriton ruber . Copeia 1968 : 217 - 223 . Jump up ^ Brandon , R.A. , Labanick , G.N. , and J.E. Huheey. 1979 . Relative palatability , defensive behavior , and mimetic relationships of red salamanders ( Pseudotriton ruber ) , mud salamanders ( Pseudotriton monatnus ) , and red efts ( Notophyhalmus viridescens ) . Herpetoligca 35 : 289 - 303 . Jump up ^ Howard , R.R. and E.D. Brodie . 1971 . Experimental study of mimicry in salamanders involving Notophythalmus viridescens and Pseudotriton ruber schencki. Nature 233 : 277 . Jump up ^ Brandon , R.A. , and J.E. Huheey. 1975 . Diurnal activity , avian predation , and the question of warning coloration and cryptic coloration in salamanders . Herpetologica 31 : 252 - 255 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudotriton ruber . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_salamander&oldid=789998187 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Pseudotriton Amphibians of the United States Endemic fauna of the United States Extant Pleistocene first appearances Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Nederlands Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 23 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of lizard is orange with black spots | [
"The red salamander (Pseudotriton ruber) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae endemic to the Eastern United States. Its skin is orange/red with random black spots. Its habitats are temperate forests, small creeks, ponds, forests, temperate shrubland, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater, trees springs. Overall this species is common and widespread,[1] but locally it has declined because of habitat loss and it is considered threatened in Indiana.[2] Red salamanders eat insects, earthworms, spiders, small crustaceans, snails and smaller salamanders. The red salamander, as a member of the Plethodontidae family (lungless salamanders), lacks lungs and respires through its skin.[3]"
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8738240825782622237 | Cardinal point (optics) | Cardinal point ( optics ) - wikipedia Cardinal point ( optics ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cardinal point ( disambiguation ) . In Gaussian optics , the cardinal points consist of three pairs of points located on the optical axis of a rotationally symmetric , focal , optical system . These are the focal points , the principal points , and the nodal points . For ideal systems , the basic imaging properties such as image size , location , and orientation are completely determined by the locations of the cardinal points ; in fact only four points are necessary : the focal points and either the principal or nodal points . The only ideal system that has been achieved in practice is the plane mirror , however the cardinal points are widely used to approximate the behavior of real optical systems . Cardinal points provide a way to analytically simplify a system with many components , allowing the imaging characteristics of the system to be approximately determined with simple calculations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Explanation 1.1 Focal planes 1.2 Principal planes and points 1.3 Nodal points 1.4 Surface vertices 2 Modeling optical systems as mathematical transformations 2.1 Rotationally symmetric optical systems ; Optical axis , axial points , and meridional planes 2.2 Ideal , rotationally symmetric , optical imaging system 2.3 Focal and afocal systems , focal points 2.4 Transformation 3 See also 4 Notes and references 5 External links Explanation ( edit ) The cardinal points of a thick lens in air . F , F ' front and rear focal points , P , P ' front and rear principal points , V , V ' front and rear surface vertices . The cardinal points lie on the optical axis of the optical system . Each point is defined by the effect the optical system has on rays that pass through that point , in the paraxial approximation . The paraxial approximation assumes that rays travel at shallow angles with respect to the optical axis , so that sin θ ≈ θ ( \ displaystyle \ sin \ theta \ approx \ theta ) and cos θ ≈ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ cos \ theta \ approx 1 ) . Aperture effects are ignored : rays that do not pass through the aperture stop of the system are not considered in the discussion below . Focal planes ( edit ) See also : Focus ( optics ) and Focal length The front focal point of an optical system , by definition , has the property that any ray that passes through it will emerge from the system parallel to the optical axis . The rear ( or back ) focal point of the system has the reverse property : rays that enter the system parallel to the optical axis are focused such that they pass through the rear focal point . Rays that leave the object with the same angle cross at the back focal plane . The front and rear ( or back ) focal planes are defined as the planes , perpendicular to the optic axis , which pass through the front and rear focal points . An object infinitely far from the optical system forms an image at the rear focal plane . For objects a finite distance away , the image is formed at a different location , but rays that leave the object parallel to one another cross at the rear focal plane . Angle filtering with an aperture at the rear focal plane . A diaphragm or `` stop '' at the rear focal plane can be used to filter rays by angle , since : It only allows rays to pass that are emitted at an angle ( relative to the optical axis ) that is sufficiently small . ( An infinitely small aperture would only allow rays that are emitted along the optical axis to pass . ) No matter where on the object the ray comes from , the ray will pass through the aperture as long as the angle at which it is emitted from the object is small enough . Note that the aperture must be centered on the optical axis for this to work as indicated . Using a sufficiently small aperture in the focal plane will make the lens telecentric . Similarly , the allowed range of angles on the output side of the lens can be filtered by putting an aperture at the front focal plane of the lens ( or a lens group within the overall lens ) . This is important for DSLR cameras having CCD sensors . The pixels in these sensors are more sensitive to rays that hit them straight on than to those that strike at an angle . A lens that does not control the angle of incidence at the detector will produce pixel vignetting in the images . Principal planes and points ( edit ) Various lens shapes , and the location of the principal planes . The two principal planes have the property that a ray emerging from the lens appears to have crossed the rear principal plane at the same distance from the axis that the ray appeared to cross the front principal plane , as viewed from the front of the lens . This means that the lens can be treated as if all of the refraction happened at the principal planes . The principal planes are crucial in defining the optical properties of the system , since it is the distance of the object and image from the front and rear principal planes that determines the magnification of the system . The principal points are the points where the principal planes cross the optical axis . If the medium surrounding the optical system has a refractive index of 1 ( e.g. , air or vacuum ) , then the distance from the principal planes to their corresponding focal points is just the focal length of the system . In the more general case , the distance to the foci is the focal length multiplied by the index of refraction of the medium . For a thin lens in air , the principal planes both lie at the location of the lens . The point where they cross the optical axis is sometimes misleadingly called the optical centre of the lens . Note , however , that for a real lens the principal planes do not necessarily pass through the centre of the lens , and in general may not lie inside the lens at all . Nodal points ( edit ) N , N ' The front and rear nodal points of a thick lens . The front and rear nodal points have the property that a ray aimed at one of them will be refracted by the lens such that it appears to have come from the other , and with the same angle with respect to the optical axis . The nodal points therefore do for angles what the principal planes do for transverse distance . If the medium on both sides of the optical system is the same ( e.g. , air ) , then the front and rear nodal points coincide with the front and rear principal points , respectively . The nodal points are widely misunderstood in photography , where it is commonly asserted that the light rays `` intersect '' at `` the nodal point '' , that the iris diaphragm of the lens is located there , and that this is the correct pivot point for panoramic photography , so as to avoid parallax error . These claims generally arise from confusion about the optics of camera lenses , as well as confusion between the nodal points and the other cardinal points of the system . ( A better choice of the point about which to pivot a camera for panoramic photography can be shown to be the centre of the system 's entrance pupil . On the other hand , swing - lens cameras with fixed film position rotate the lens about the rear nodal point to stabilize the image on the film . ) Surface vertices ( edit ) The surface vertices are the points where each optical surface crosses the optical axis . They are important primarily because they are the physically measurable parameters for the position of the optical elements , and so the positions of the cardinal points must be known with respect to the vertices to describe the physical system . In anatomy , the surface vertices of the eye 's lens are called the anterior and posterior poles of the lens . Modeling optical systems as mathematical transformations ( edit ) In geometrical optics for each ray entering an optical system a single , unique , ray exits . In mathematical terms , the optical system performs a transformation that maps every object ray to an image ray . The object ray and its associated image ray are said to be conjugate to each other . This term also applies to corresponding pairs of object and image points and planes . The object and image rays and points are considered to be in two distinct optical spaces , object space and image space ; additional intermediate optical spaces may be used as well . Rotationally symmetric optical systems ; optical axis , axial points , and meridional planes ( edit ) An optical system is rotationally symmetric if its imaging properties are unchanged by any rotation about some axis . This ( unique ) axis of rotational symmetry is the optical axis of the system . Optical systems can be folded using plane mirrors ; the system is still considered to be rotationally symmetric if it possesses rotational symmetry when unfolded . Any point on the optical axis ( in any space ) is an axial point . Rotational symmetry greatly simplifies the analysis of optical systems , which otherwise must be analyzed in three dimensions . Rotational symmetry allows the system to be analyzed by considering only rays confined to a single transverse plane containing the optical axis . Such a plane is called a meridional plane ; it is a cross-section through the system . Ideal , rotationally symmetric , optical imaging system ( edit ) An ideal , rotationally symmetric , optical imaging system must meet three criteria : All rays `` originating '' from any object point converge to a single image point ( Imaging is stigmatic ) . Object planes perpendicular to the optical axis are conjugate to image planes perpendicular to the axis . The image of an object confined to a plane normal to the axis is geometrically similar to the object . In some optical systems imaging is stigmatic for one or perhaps a few object points , but to be an ideal system imaging must be stigmatic for every object point . Unlike rays in mathematics , optical rays extend to infinity in both directions . Rays are real when they are in the part of the optical system to which they apply , and are virtual elsewhere . For example , object rays are real on the object side of the optical system . In stigmatic imaging an object ray intersecting any specific point in object space must be conjugate to an image ray intersecting the conjugate point in image space . A consequence is that every point on an object ray is conjugate to some point on the conjugate image ray . Geometrical similarity implies the image is a scale model of the object . There is no restriction on the image 's orientation . The image may be inverted or otherwise rotated with respect to the object . Focal and afocal systems , focal points ( edit ) In afocal systems an object ray parallel to the optical axis is conjugate to an image ray parallel to the optical axis . Such systems have no focal points ( hence afocal ) and also lack principal and nodal points . The system is focal if an object ray parallel to the axis is conjugate to an image ray that intersects the optical axis . The intersection of the image ray with the optical axis is the focal point F ' in image space . Focal systems also have an axial object point F such that any ray through F is conjugate to an image ray parallel to the optical axis . F is the object space focal point of the system . Transformation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2013 ) The transformation between object space and image space is completely defined by the cardinal points of the system , and these points can be used to map any point on the object to its conjugate image point . See also ( edit ) Film plane Pinhole camera model Radius of curvature ( optics ) Vergence ( optics ) Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Greivenkamp , John E. ( 2004 ) . Field Guide to Geometrical Optics . SPIE Field Guides vol . FG01 . SPIE . pp. 5 -- 20 . ISBN 0 - 8194 - 5294 - 7 . Jump up ^ Welford , W.T. ( 1986 ) . Aberrations of Optical Systems . CRC . ISBN 0 - 85274 - 564 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hecht , Eugene ( 2002 ) . Optics ( 4th ed . ) . Addison Wesley . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 18878 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Douglas A. ( 2005 ) . `` The Proper Pivot Point for Panoramic Photography '' ( PDF ) . The Pumpkin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2006 . Retrieved 5 March 2006 . ^ Jump up to : van Walree , Paul . `` Misconceptions in photographic optics '' . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Item # 6 . ^ Jump up to : Littlefield , Rik ( 6 February 2006 ) . `` Theory of the `` No - Parallax '' Point in Panorama Photography '' ( pdf ) . ver . 1.0 . Retrieved 14 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Searle , G.F.C. 1912 Revolving Table Method of Measuring Focal Lengths of Optical Systems in `` Proceedings of the Optical Convention 1912 '' p. 168 - 171 . Jump up ^ Gray , Henry ( 1918 ) . `` Anatomy of the Human Body '' . p. 1019 . Retrieved 12 February 2009 . Hecht , Eugene ( 1987 ) . Optics ( 2nd ed . ) . Addison Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 11609 - X . Lambda Research Corporation ( 2001 ) . OSLO Optics Reference ( PDF ) ( Version 6.1 ed . ) . Retrieved 5 March 2006 . Pages 74 -- 76 define the cardinal points . External links ( edit ) Learn to use TEM Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_point_(optics)&oldid=803829451 '' Categories : Geometrical optics Geometric centers Science of photography Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles to be expanded from September 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Gaeilge עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are cardinal points of a thick lens | [
"In Gaussian optics, the cardinal points consist of three pairs of points located on the optical axis of a rotationally symmetric, focal, optical system. These are the focal points, the principal points, and the nodal points.[1] For ideal systems, the basic imaging properties such as image size, location, and orientation are completely determined by the locations of the cardinal points; in fact only four points are necessary: the focal points and either the principal or nodal points. The only ideal system that has been achieved in practice is the plane mirror,[2] however the cardinal points are widely used to approximate the behavior of real optical systems. Cardinal points provide a way to analytically simplify a system with many components, allowing the imaging characteristics of the system to be approximately determined with simple calculations.",
"In Gaussian optics, the cardinal points consist of three pairs of points located on the optical axis of a rotationally symmetric, focal, optical system. These are the focal points, the principal points, and the nodal points.[1] For ideal systems, the basic imaging properties such as image size, location, and orientation are completely determined by the locations of the cardinal points; in fact only four points are necessary: the focal points and either the principal or nodal points. The only ideal system that has been achieved in practice is the plane mirror,[2] however the cardinal points are widely used to approximate the behavior of real optical systems. Cardinal points provide a way to analytically simplify a system with many components, allowing the imaging characteristics of the system to be approximately determined with simple calculations.",
"In Gaussian optics, the cardinal points consist of three pairs of points located on the optical axis of a rotationally symmetric, focal, optical system. These are the focal points, the principal points, and the nodal points.[1] For ideal systems, the basic imaging properties such as image size, location, and orientation are completely determined by the locations of the cardinal points; in fact only four points are necessary: the focal points and either the principal or nodal points. The only ideal system that has been achieved in practice is the plane mirror,[2] however the cardinal points are widely used to approximate the behavior of real optical systems. Cardinal points provide a way to analytically simplify a system with many components, allowing the imaging characteristics of the system to be approximately determined with simple calculations."
] | [
"focal points",
"principal points",
"nodal points"
] |
-381899260580082497 | Mineral | Mineral - wikipedia Mineral Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mineral ( disambiguation ) . Crystals of serandite , natrolite , analcime , and aegirine : Mont Saint - Hilaire , La Vallée - du - Richelieu RCM , Montérégie , Québec , Canada A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound , usually of crystalline form and abiogenic in origin ( not produced by life processes ) . A mineral has one specific chemical composition , whereas a rock can be an aggregate of different minerals or mineraloids . The study of minerals is called mineralogy . There are over 5,300 known mineral species ; as of March 2017 , over 5,230 of these had been approved by the International Mineralogical Association ( IMA ) . The silicate minerals compose over 90 % of the Earth 's crust . Silicon and oxygen constitute approximately 75 % of the Earth 's crust , which translates directly into the predominance of silicate minerals . Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties . Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various species , which were determined by the mineral 's geological environment when formed . Changes in the temperature , pressure , or bulk composition of a rock mass cause changes in its minerals . Minerals can be described by their various physical properties , which are related to their chemical structure and composition . Common distinguishing characteristics include crystal structure and habit , hardness , lustre , diaphaneity , colour , streak , tenacity , cleavage , fracture , parting , specific gravity , magnetism , taste or smell , radioactivity , and reaction to acid . Minerals are classified by key chemical constituents ; the two dominant systems are the Dana classification and the Strunz classification . The silicate class of minerals is subdivided into six subclasses by the degree of polymerization in the chemical structure . All silicate minerals have a base unit of a ( SiO ) silica tetrahedron -- that is , a silicon cation coordinated by four oxygen anions , which gives the shape of a tetrahedron . These tetrahedra can be polymerized to give the subclasses : orthosilicates ( no polymerization , thus single tetrahedra ) , disilicates ( two tetrahedra bonded together ) , cyclosilicates ( rings of tetrahedra ) , inosilicates ( chains of tetrahedra ) , phyllosilicates ( sheets of tetrahedra ) , and tectosilicates ( three - dimensional network of tetrahedra ) . Other important mineral groups include the native elements , sulfides , oxides , halides , carbonates , sulfates , and phosphates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 Basic definition 1.2 Recent advances 1.3 Rocks , ores , and gems 1.4 Nomenclature and classification 2 Chemistry 3 Physical properties 3.1 Crystal structure and habit 3.2 Hardness 3.3 Lustre and diaphaneity 3.4 Colour and streak 3.5 Cleavage , parting , fracture , and tenacity 3.6 Specific gravity 3.7 Other properties 4 Classification 4.1 Silicates 4.1. 1 Tectosilicates 4.1. 2 Phyllosilicates 4.1. 3 Inosilicates 4.1. 4 Cyclosilicates 4.1. 5 Sorosilicates 4.1. 6 Orthosilicates 4.2 Non-silicates 4.2. 1 Native elements 4.2. 2 Sulfides 4.2. 3 Oxides 4.2. 4 Halides 4.2. 5 Carbonates 4.2. 6 Sulfates 4.2. 7 Phosphates 4.2. 8 Organic minerals 5 Astrobiology 6 See also 7 References 8 General references 9 Further reading 10 External links Definition Basic definition One definition of a mineral encompasses the following criteria : Formed by a natural process ( anthropogenic compounds are excluded ) . Stable or metastable at room temperature ( 25 ° C ) . In the simplest sense , this means the mineral must be solid . Classical examples of exceptions to this rule include native mercury , which crystallizes at − 39 ° C , and water ice , which is solid only below 0 ° C ; because these two minerals were described before 1959 , they were grandfathered by the International Mineralogical Association ( IMA ) . Modern advances have included extensive study of liquid crystals , which also extensively involve mineralogy . Represented by a chemical formula . Minerals are chemical compounds , and as such they can be described by fixed or a variable formula . Many mineral groups and species are composed of a solid solution ; pure substances are not usually found because of contamination or chemical substitution . For example , the olivine group is described by the variable formula ( Mg , Fe ) SiO , which is a solid solution of two end - member species , magnesium - rich forsterite and iron - rich fayalite , which are described by a fixed chemical formula . Mineral species themselves could have a variable compositions , such as the sulfide mackinawite , ( Fe , Ni ) S , which is mostly a ferrous sulfide , but has a very significant nickel impurity that is reflected in its formula . Ordered atomic arrangement . This generally means crystalline , however , crystals are also periodic , so the broader criterion is used instead . An ordered atomic arrangement gives rise to a variety of macroscopic physical properties , such as crystal form , hardness , and cleavage . There have been several recent proposals to classify biogenic or amorphous substances as minerals . The formal definition of a mineral approved by the IMA in 1995 : `` A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes . '' Usually abiogenic ( not resulting from the activity of living organisms ) . Biogenic substances are explicitly excluded by the IMA : `` Biogenic substances are chemical compounds produced entirely by biological processes without a geological component ( e.g. , urinary calculi , oxalate crystals in plant tissues , shells of marine molluscs , etc . ) and are not regarded as minerals . However , if geological processes were involved in the genesis of the compound , then the product can be accepted as a mineral . '' The first three general characteristics are less debated than the last two . Recent advances Mineral classification schemes and their definitions are evolving to match recent advances in mineral science . Recent changes have included the addition of an organic class , in both the new Dana and the Strunz classification schemes . The organic class includes a very rare group of minerals with hydrocarbons . The IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names adopted in 2009 a hierarchical scheme for the naming and classification of mineral groups and group names and established seven commissions and four working groups to review and classify minerals into an official listing of their published names . According to these new rules , `` mineral species can be grouped in a number of different ways , on the basis of chemistry , crystal structure , occurrence , association , genetic history , or resource , for example , depending on the purpose to be served by the classification . '' The Nickel ( 1995 ) exclusion of biogenic substances was not universally adhered to . For example , Lowenstam ( 1981 ) stated that `` organisms are capable of forming a diverse array of minerals , some of which can not be formed inorganically in the biosphere . '' The distinction is a matter of classification and less to do with the constituents of the minerals themselves . Skinner ( 2005 ) views all solids as potential minerals and includes biominerals in the mineral kingdom , which are those that are created by the metabolic activities of organisms . Skinner expanded the previous definition of a mineral to classify `` element or compound , amorphous or crystalline , formed through biogeochemical processes , '' as a mineral . Recent advances in high - resolution genetics and X-ray absorption spectroscopy are providing revelations on the biogeochemical relations between microorganisms and minerals that may make Nickel 's ( 1995 ) biogenic mineral exclusion obsolete and Skinner 's ( 2005 ) biogenic mineral inclusion a necessity . For example , the IMA commissioned `` Environmental Mineralogy and Geochemistry Working Group '' deals with minerals in the hydrosphere , atmosphere , and biosphere . The group 's scope includes mineral - forming microorganisms , which exist on nearly every rock , soil , and particle surface spanning the globe to depths of at least 1600 metres below the sea floor and 70 kilometres into the stratosphere ( possibly entering the mesosphere ) . Biogeochemical cycles have contributed to the formation of minerals for billions of years . Microorganisms can precipitate metals from solution , contributing to the formation of ore deposits . They can also catalyze the dissolution of minerals . Prior to the International Mineralogical Association 's listing , over 60 biominerals had been discovered , named , and published . These minerals ( a sub-set tabulated in Lowenstam ( 1981 ) ) are considered minerals proper according to the Skinner ( 2005 ) definition . These biominerals are not listed in the International Mineral Association official list of mineral names , however , many of these biomineral representatives are distributed amongst the 78 mineral classes listed in the Dana classification scheme . Another rare class of minerals ( primarily biological in origin ) include the mineral liquid crystals that have properties of both liquids and crystals . To date over 80,000 liquid crystalline compounds have been identified . The Skinner ( 2005 ) definition of a mineral takes this matter into account by stating that a mineral can be crystalline or amorphous , the latter group including liquid crystals . Although biominerals and liquid mineral crystals , are not the most common form of minerals , they help to define the limits of what constitutes a mineral proper . The formal Nickel ( 1995 ) definition explicitly mentioned crystallinity as a key to defining a substance as a mineral . A 2011 article defined icosahedrite , an aluminium - iron - copper alloy as mineral ; named for its unique natural icosahedral symmetry , it is a quasicrystal . Unlike a true crystal , quasicrystals are ordered but not periodic . Rocks , ores , and gems Schist is a metamorphic rock characterized by an abundance of platy minerals . In this example , the rock has prominent sillimanite porphyroblasts as large as 3 cm ( 1.2 in ) . Minerals are not equivalent to rocks . A rock is either an aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids . Some rocks , such as limestone or quartzite , are composed primarily of one mineral -- calcite or aragonite in the case of limestone , and quartz in the latter case . Other rocks can be defined by relative abundances of key ( essential ) minerals ; a granite is defined by proportions of quartz , alkali feldspar , and plagioclase feldspar . The other minerals in the rock are termed accessory , and do not greatly affect the bulk composition of the rock . Rocks can also be composed entirely of non-mineral material ; coal is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of organically derived carbon . In rocks , some mineral species and groups are much more abundant than others ; these are termed the rock - forming minerals . The major examples of these are quartz , the feldspars , the micas , the amphiboles , the pyroxenes , the olivines , and calcite ; except the last one , all of the minerals are silicates . Overall , around 150 minerals are considered particularly important , whether in terms of their abundance or aesthetic value in terms of collecting . Commercially valuable minerals and rocks are referred to as industrial minerals . For example , muscovite , a white mica , can be used for windows ( sometimes referred to as isinglass ) , as a filler , or as an insulator . Ores are minerals that have a high concentration of a certain element , typically a metal . Examples are cinnabar ( HgS ) , an ore of mercury , sphalerite ( ZnS ) , an ore of zinc , or cassiterite ( SnO ) , an ore of tin . Gems are minerals with an ornamental value , and are distinguished from non-gems by their beauty , durability , and usually , rarity . There are about 20 mineral species that qualify as gem minerals , which constitute about 35 of the most common gemstones . Gem minerals are often present in several varieties , and so one mineral can account for several different gemstones ; for example , ruby and sapphire are both corundum , Al O . Nomenclature and classification Minerals are classified by variety , species , series and group , in order of increasing generality . The basic level of definition is that of mineral species , each of which is distinguished from the others by unique chemical and physical properties . For example , quartz is defined by its formula , SiO , and a specific crystalline structure that distinguishes it from other minerals with the same chemical formula ( termed polymorphs ) . When there exists a range of composition between two minerals species , a mineral series is defined . For example , the biotite series is represented by variable amounts of the endmembers phlogopite , siderophyllite , annite , and eastonite . In contrast , a mineral group is a grouping of mineral species with some common chemical properties that share a crystal structure . The pyroxene group has a common formula of XY ( Si , Al ) O , where X and Y are both cations , with X typically bigger than Y ; the pyroxenes are single - chain silicates that crystallize in either the orthorhombic or monoclinic crystal systems . Finally , a mineral variety is a specific type of mineral species that differs by some physical characteristic , such as colour or crystal habit . An example is amethyst , which is a purple variety of quartz . Two common classifications , Dana and Strunz , are used for minerals ; both rely on composition , specifically with regards to important chemical groups , and structure . James Dwight Dana , a leading geologist of his time , first published his System of Mineralogy in 1837 ; as of 1997 , it is in its eighth edition . The Dana classification assigns a four - part number to a mineral species . Its class number is based on important compositional groups ; the type gives the ratio of cations to anions in the mineral ; and the last two numbers group minerals by structural similarity within a given type or class . The less commonly used Strunz classification , named for German mineralogist Karl Hugo Strunz , is based on the Dana system , but combines both chemical and structural criteria , the latter with regards to distribution of chemical bonds . As of March 2017 , 5,237 mineral species are approved by the IMA . They are most commonly named after a person ( 45 % ) , followed by discovery location ( 23 % ) ; names based on chemical composition ( 14 % ) and physical properties ( 8 % ) are the two other major groups of mineral name etymologies . The common suffix - ite of mineral names descends from the ancient Greek suffix -- ί τ η ς ( - ites ) , meaning `` connected with or belonging to '' . Chemistry Hübnerite , the manganese - rich end - member of the wolframite series , with minor quartz in the background The abundance and diversity of minerals is controlled directly by their chemistry , in turn dependent on elemental abundances in the Earth . The majority of minerals observed are derived from the Earth 's crust . Eight elements account for most of the key components of minerals , due to their abundance in the crust . These eight elements , summing to over 98 % of the crust by weight , are , in order of decreasing abundance : oxygen , silicon , aluminium , iron , magnesium , calcium , sodium and potassium . Oxygen and silicon are by far the two most important -- oxygen composes 47 % of the crust by weight , and silicon accounts for 28 % . The minerals that form are directly controlled by the bulk chemistry of the parent body . For example , a magma rich in iron and magnesium will form mafic minerals , such as olivine and the pyroxenes ; in contrast , a more silica - rich magma will crystallize to form minerals that incorporate more SiO , such as the feldspars and quartz . In a limestone , calcite or aragonite ( both CaCO ) form because the rock is rich in calcium and carbonate . A corollary is that a mineral will not be found in a rock whose bulk chemistry does not resemble the bulk chemistry of a given mineral with the exception of trace minerals . For example , kyanite , Al SiO forms from the metamorphism of aluminium - rich shales ; it would not likely occur in aluminium - poor rock , such as quartzite . The chemical composition may vary between end member species of a solid solution series . For example , the plagioclase feldspars comprise a continuous series from sodium - rich end member albite ( NaAlSi O ) to calcium - rich anorthite ( CaAl Si O ) with four recognized intermediate varieties between them ( given in order from sodium - to calcium - rich ) : oligoclase , andesine , labradorite , and bytownite . Other examples of series include the olivine series of magnesium - rich forsterite and iron - rich fayalite , and the wolframite series of manganese - rich hübnerite and iron - rich ferberite . Chemical substitution and coordination polyhedra explain this common feature of minerals . In nature , minerals are not pure substances , and are contaminated by whatever other elements are present in the given chemical system . As a result , it is possible for one element to be substituted for another . Chemical substitution will occur between ions of a similar size and charge ; for example , K will not substitute for Si because of chemical and structural incompatibilities caused by a big difference in size and charge . A common example of chemical substitution is that of Si by Al , which are close in charge , size , and abundance in the crust . In the example of plagioclase , there are three cases of substitution . Feldspars are all framework silicates , which have a silicon - oxygen ratio of 2 : 1 , and the space for other elements is given by the substitution of Si by Al to give a base unit of ( AlSi O ) ; without the substitution , the formula would be charge - balanced as SiO , giving quartz . The significance of this structural property will be explained further by coordination polyhedra . The second substitution occurs between Na and Ca ; however , the difference in charge has to accounted for by making a second substitution of Si by Al . Coordination polyhedra are geometric representation of how a cation is surrounded by an anion . In mineralogy , coordination polyhedra are usually considered in terms of oxygen , due its abundance in the crust . The base unit of silicate minerals is the silica tetrahedron -- one Si surrounded by four O. An alternate way of describing the coordination of the silicate is by a number : in the case of the silica tetrahedron , the silicon is said to have a coordination number of 4 . Various cations have a specific range of possible coordination numbers ; for silicon , it is almost always 4 , except for very high - pressure minerals where compound is compressed such that silicon is in six-fold ( octahedral ) coordination by oxygen . Bigger cations have a bigger coordination number because of the increase in relative size as compared to oxygen ( the last orbital subshell of heavier atoms is different too ) . Changes in coordination numbers between leads to physical and mineralogical differences ; for example , at high pressure such as in the mantle , many minerals , especially silicates such as olivine and garnet will change to a perovskite structure , where silicon is in octahedral coordination . Another example are the aluminosilicates kyanite , andalusite , and sillimanite ( polymorphs , as they share the formula Al SiO ) , which differ by the coordination number of the Al ; these minerals transition from one another as a response to changes in pressure and temperature . In the case of silicate materials , the substitution of Si by Al allows for a variety of minerals because of the need to balance charges . When minerals react , the products will sometimes assume the shape of the reagent ; the product mineral is termed a pseudomorph of ( or after ) the reagent . Illustrated here is a pseudomorph of kaolinite after orthoclase . Here , the pseudomorph preserved the Carlsbad twinning common in orthoclase . Changes in temperature and pressure , and composition alter the mineralogy of a rock sample . Changes in composition can be caused by processes such as weathering or metasomatism ( hydrothermal alteration ) . Changes in temperature and pressure occur when the host rock undergoes tectonic or magmatic movement into differing physical regimes . Changes in thermodynamic conditions make it favourable for mineral assemblages to react with each other to produce new minerals ; as such , it is possible for two rocks to have an identical or a very similar bulk rock chemistry without having a similar mineralogy . This process of mineralogical alteration is related to the rock cycle . An example of a series of mineral reactions is illustrated as follows . Orthoclase feldspar ( KAlSi O ) is a mineral commonly found in granite , a plutonic igneous rock . When exposed to weathering , it reacts to form kaolinite ( Al Si O ( OH ) , a sedimentary mineral , and silicic acid ) : 2 KAlSi O + 5 H O + 2 H → Al Si O ( OH ) + 4 H SiO + 2 K Under low - grade metamorphic conditions , kaolinite reacts with quartz to form pyrophyllite ( Al Si O ( OH ) ) : Al Si O ( OH ) + SiO → Al Si O ( OH ) + H O As metamorphic grade increases , the pyrophyllite reacts to form kyanite and quartz : Al Si O ( OH ) → Al SiO + 3 SiO + H O Alternatively , a mineral may change its crystal structure as a consequence of changes in temperature and pressure without reacting . For example , quartz will change into a variety of its SiO polymorphs , such as tridymite and cristobalite at high temperatures , and coesite at high pressures . Physical properties Classifying minerals ranges from simple to difficult . A mineral can be identified by several physical properties , some of them being sufficient for full identification without equivocation . In other cases , minerals can only be classified by more complex optical , chemical or X-ray diffraction analysis ; these methods , however , can be costly and time - consuming . Physical properties applied for classification include crystal structure and habit , hardness , lustre , diaphaneity , colour , streak , cleavage and fracture , and specific gravity . Other less general tests include fluorescence , phosphorescence , magnetism , radioactivity , tenacity ( response to mechanical induced changes of shape or form ) , piezoelectricity and reactivity to dilute acids . Crystal structure and habit Main articles : Crystal system and Crystal habit See also : Crystal twinning Topaz has a characteristic orthorhombic elongated crystal shape . Crystal structure results from the orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms in the internal structure of a mineral . This crystal structure is based on regular internal atomic or ionic arrangement that is often expressed in the geometric form that the crystal takes . Even when the mineral grains are too small to see or are irregularly shaped , the underlying crystal structure is always periodic and can be determined by X-ray diffraction . Minerals are typically described by their symmetry content . Crystals are restricted to 32 point groups , which differ by their symmetry . These groups are classified in turn into more broad categories , the most encompassing of these being the six crystal families . These families can be described by the relative lengths of the three crystallographic axes , and the angles between them ; these relationships correspond to the symmetry operations that define the narrower point groups . They are summarized below ; a , b , and c represent the axes , and α , β , γ represent the angle opposite the respective crystallographic axis ( e.g. α is the angle opposite the a-axis , viz . the angle between the b and c axes ) : Crystal family Lengths Angles Common examples Isometric a = b = c α = β = γ = 90 ° Garnet , halite , pyrite Tetragonal a = b ≠ c α = β = γ = 90 ° Rutile , zircon , andalusite Orthorhombic a ≠ b ≠ c α = β = γ = 90 ° Olivine , aragonite , orthopyroxenes Hexagonal a = b ≠ c α = β = 90 ° , γ = 120 ° Quartz , calcite , tourmaline Monoclinic a ≠ b ≠ c α = γ = 90 ° , β ≠ 90 ° Clinopyroxenes , orthoclase , gypsum Triclinic a ≠ b ≠ c α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90 ° Anorthite , albite , kyanite The hexagonal crystal family is also split into two crystal systems -- the trigonal , which has a three-fold axis of symmetry , and the hexagonal , which has a six-fold axis of symmetry . Chemistry and crystal structure together define a mineral . With a restriction to 32 point groups , minerals of different chemistry may have identical crystal structure . For example , halite ( NaCl ) , galena ( PbS ) , and periclase ( MgO ) all belong to the hexaoctahedral point group ( isometric family ) , as they have a similar stoichiometry between their different constituent elements . In contrast , polymorphs are groupings of minerals that share a chemical formula but have a different structure . For example , pyrite and marcasite , both iron sulfides , have the formula FeS ; however , the former is isometric while the latter is orthorhombic . This polymorphism extends to other sulfides with the generic AX formula ; these two groups are collectively known as the pyrite and marcasite groups . Polymorphism can extend beyond pure symmetry content . The aluminosilicates are a group of three minerals -- kyanite , andalusite , and sillimanite -- which share the chemical formula Al SiO . Kyanite is triclinic , while andalusite and sillimanite are both orthorhombic and belong to the dipyramidal point group . These difference arise correspond to how aluminium is coordinated within the crystal structure . In all minerals , one aluminium ion is always in six-fold coordination by oxygen ; the silicon , as a general rule is in four-fold coordination in all minerals ; an exception is a case like stishovite ( SiO , an ultra-high pressure quartz polymorph with rutile structure ) . In kyanite , the second aluminium is in six-fold coordination ; its chemical formula can be expressed as Al Al SiO , to reflect its crystal structure . Andalusite has the second aluminium in five-fold coordination ( Al Al SiO ) and sillimanite has it in four-fold coordination ( Al Al SiO ) . Differences in crystal structure and chemistry greatly influence other physical properties of the mineral . The carbon allotropes diamond and graphite have vastly different properties ; diamond is the hardest natural substance , has an adamantine lustre , and belongs to the isometric crystal family , whereas as graphite is very soft , has a greasy lustre , and crystallises in the hexagonal family . This difference is accounted by differences in bonding . In diamond , the carbons are in sp hybrid orbitals , which means they form a framework where each carbon is covalently bonded to four neighbours in a tetrahedral fashion ; on the other hand , graphite is composed of sheets of carbons in sp hybrid orbitals , where each carbon is bonded covalently to only three others . These sheets are held together by much weaker van der Waals forces , and this discrepancy translates to big macroscopic differences . Contact twins , as seen in spinel Twinning is the intergrowth of two or more crystal of a single mineral species . The geometry of the twinning is controlled by the mineral 's symmetry . As a result , there are several types of twins , including contact twins , reticulated twins , geniculated twins , penetration twins , cyclic twins , and polysynthetic twins . Contact , or simple twins , consist of two crystals joined at a plane ; this type of twinning is common in spinel . Reticulated twins , common in rutile , are interlocking crystals resembling netting . Geniculated twins have a bend in the middle that is caused by start of the twin . Penetration twins consist of two single crystals that have grown into each other ; examples of this twinning include cross-shaped staurolite twins and Carlsbad twinning in orthoclase . Cyclic twins are caused by repeated twinning around a rotation axis . It occurs around three , four , five , six , or eight-fold axes , and the corresponding patterns are called threelings , fourlings , fivelings , sixlings , and eightlings . Sixlings are common in aragonite . Polysynthetic twins are similar to cyclic twinning by the presence of repetitive twinning ; however , instead of occurring around a rotational axis , it occurs along parallel planes , usually on a microscopic scale . Crystal habit refers to the overall shape of crystal . Several terms are used to describe this property . Common habits include acicular , which described needlelike crystals like in natrolite , bladed , dendritic ( tree - pattern , common in native copper ) , equant , which is typical of garnet , prismatic ( elongated in one direction ) , and tabular , which differs from bladed habit in that the former is platy whereas the latter has a defined elongation . Related to crystal form , the quality of crystal faces is diagnostic of some minerals , especially with a petrographic microscope . Euhedral crystals have a defined external shape , while anhedral crystals do not ; those intermediate forms are termed subhedral . Hardness Main article : Mohs scale of mineral hardness Diamond is the hardest natural material , and has a Mohs hardness of 10 . The hardness of a mineral defines how much it can resist scratching . This physical property is controlled by the chemical composition and crystalline structure of a mineral . A mineral 's hardness is not necessarily constant for all sides , which is a function of its structure ; crystallographic weakness renders some directions softer than others . An example of this property exists in kyanite , which has a Mohs hardness of 51⁄2 parallel to ( 001 ) but 7 parallel to ( 100 ) . The most common scale of measurement is the ordinal Mohs hardness scale . Defined by ten indicators , a mineral with a higher index scratches those below it . The scale ranges from talc , a phyllosilicate , to diamond , a carbon polymorph that is the hardest natural material . The scale is provided below : Mohs hardness Mineral Chemical formula Talc Mg Si O ( OH ) Gypsum CaSO 2H O Calcite CaCO Fluorite CaF 5 Apatite Ca ( PO ) ( OH , Cl , F ) 6 Orthoclase KAlSi O 7 Quartz SiO 8 Topaz Al SiO ( OH , F ) 9 Corundum Al O 10 Diamond Lustre and diaphaneity Main article : Lustre ( mineralogy ) Pyrite has a metallic lustre . Lustre indicates how light reflects from the mineral 's surface , with regards to its quality and intensity . There are numerous qualitative terms used to describe this property , which are split into metallic and non-metallic categories . Metallic and sub-metallic minerals have high reflectivity like metal ; examples of minerals with this lustre are galena and pyrite . Non-metallic lustres include : adamantine , such as in diamond ; vitreous , which is a glassy lustre very common in silicate minerals ; pearly , such as in talc and apophyllite , resinous , such as members of the garnet group , silky which common in fibrous minerals such as asbestiform chrysotile . The diaphaneity of a mineral describes the ability of light to pass through it . Transparent minerals do not diminish the intensity of light passing through it . An example of such a mineral is muscovite ( potassium mica ) ; some varieties are sufficiently clear to have been used for windows . Translucent minerals allow some light to pass , but less than those that are transparent . Jadeite and nephrite ( mineral forms of jade are examples of minerals with this property ) . Minerals that do not allow light to pass are called opaque . The diaphaneity of a mineral depends on thickness of the sample . When a mineral is sufficiently thin ( e.g. , in a thin section for petrography ) , it may become transparent even if that property is not seen in hand sample . In contrast , some minerals , such as hematite or pyrite are opaque even in thin - section . Colour and streak Main article : Streak ( mineralogy ) Colour is typically not a diagnostic property of minerals . Shown are green uvarovite ( left ) and red - pink grossular ( right ) , both garnets . The diagnostic features would include dodecahedral crystals , resinous lustre , and hardness around 7 . Colour is the most obvious property of a mineral , but it is often non-diagnostic . It is caused by electromagnetic radiation interacting with electrons ( except in the case of incandescence , which does not apply to minerals ) . Two broad classes of elements ( idiochromatic and allochromatic ) are defined with regards to their contribution to a mineral 's colour : Idiochromatic elements are essential to a mineral 's composition ; their contribution to a mineral 's colour is diagnostic . Examples of such minerals are malachite ( green ) and azurite ( blue ) . In contrast , allochromatic elements in minerals are present in trace amounts as impurities . An example of such a mineral would be the ruby and sapphire varieties of the mineral corundum . The colours of pseudochromatic minerals are the result of interference of light waves . Examples include labradorite and bornite . In addition to simple body colour , minerals can have various other distinctive optical properties , such as play of colours , asterism , chatoyancy , iridescence , tarnish , and pleochroism . Several of these properties involve variability in colour . Play of colour , such as in opal , results in the sample reflecting different colours as it is turned , while pleochroism describes the change in colour as light passes through a mineral in a different orientation . Iridescence is a variety of the play of colours where light scatters off a coating on the surface of crystal , cleavage planes , or off layers having minor gradations in chemistry . In contrast , the play of colours in opal is caused by light refracting from ordered microscopic silica spheres within its physical structure . Chatoyancy ( `` cat 's eye '' ) is the wavy banding of colour that is observed as the sample is rotated ; asterism , a variety of chatoyancy , gives the appearance of a star on the mineral grain . The latter property is particularly common in gem - quality corundum . The streak of a mineral refers to the colour of a mineral in powdered form , which may or may not be identical to its body colour . The most common way of testing this property is done with a streak plate , which is made out of porcelain and coloured either white or black . The streak of a mineral is independent of trace elements or any weathering surface . A common example of this property is illustrated with hematite , which is coloured black , silver , or red in hand sample , but has a cherry - red to reddish - brown streak . Streak is more often distinctive for metallic minerals , in contrast to non-metallic minerals whose body colour is created by allochromatic elements . Streak testing is constrained by the hardness of the mineral , as those harder than 7 powder the streak plate instead . Cleavage , parting , fracture , and tenacity Main articles : Cleavage ( crystal ) and Fracture ( mineralogy ) Perfect basal cleavage as seen in biotite ( black ) , and good cleavage seen in the matrix ( pink orthoclase ) . By definition , minerals have a characteristic atomic arrangement . Weakness in this crystalline structure causes planes of weakness , and the breakage of a mineral along such planes is termed cleavage . The quality of cleavage can be described based on how cleanly and easily the mineral breaks ; common descriptors , in order of decreasing quality , are `` perfect '' , `` good '' , `` distinct '' , and `` poor '' . In particularly transparent mineral , or in thin - section , cleavage can be seen a series of parallel lines marking the planar surfaces when viewed at a side . Cleavage is not a universal property among minerals ; for example , quartz , consisting of extensively interconnected silica tetrahedra , does not have a crystallographic weakness which would allow it to cleave . In contrast , micas , which have perfect basal cleavage , consist of sheets of silica tetrahedra which are very weakly held together . As cleavage is a function of crystallography , there are a variety of cleavage types . Cleavage occurs typically in either one , two , three , four , or six directions . Basal cleavage in one direction is a distinctive property of the micas . Two - directional cleavage is described as prismatic , and occurs in minerals such as the amphiboles and pyroxenes . Minerals such as galena or halite have cubic ( or isometric ) cleavage in three directions , at 90 ° ; when three directions of cleavage are present , but not at 90 ° , such as in calcite or rhodochrosite , it is termed rhombohedral cleavage . Octahedral cleavage ( four directions ) is present in fluorite and diamond , and sphalerite has six - directional dodecahedral cleavage . Minerals with many cleavages might not break equally well in all of the directions ; for example , calcite has good cleavage in three direction , but gypsum has perfect cleavage in one direction , and poor cleavage in two other directions . Angles between cleavage planes vary between minerals . For example , as the amphiboles are double - chain silicates and the pyroxenes are single - chain silicates , the angle between their cleavage planes is different . The pyroxenes cleave in two directions at approximately 90 ° , whereas the amphiboles distinctively cleave in two directions separated by approximately 120 ° and 60 ° . The cleavage angles can be measured with a contact goniometer , which is similar to a protractor . Parting , sometimes called `` false cleavage '' , is similar in appearance to cleavage but is instead produced by structural defects in the mineral as opposed to systematic weakness . Parting varies from crystal to crystal of a mineral , whereas all crystals of a given mineral will cleave if the atomic structure allows for that property . In general , parting is caused by some stress applied to a crystal . The sources of the stresses include deformation ( e.g. an increase in pressure ) , exsolution , or twinning . Minerals that often display parting include the pyroxenes , hematite , magnetite , and corundum . When a mineral is broken in a direction that does not correspond to a plane of cleavage , it is termed to have been fractured . There are several types of uneven fracture . The classic example is conchoidal fracture , like that of quartz ; rounded surfaces are created , which are marked by smooth curved lines . This type of fracture occurs only in very homogeneous minerals . Other types of fracture are fibrous , splintery , and hackly . The latter describes a break along a rough , jagged surface ; an example of this property is found in native copper . Tenacity is related to both cleavage and fracture . Whereas fracture and cleavage describes the surfaces that are created when a mineral is broken , tenacity describes how resistant a mineral is to such breaking . Minerals can be described as brittle , ductile , malleable , sectile , flexible , or elastic . Specific gravity Galena , PbS , is a mineral with a high specific gravity . Specific gravity numerically describes the density of a mineral . The dimensions of density are mass divided by volume with units : kg / m or g / cm . Specific gravity measures how much water a mineral sample displaces . Defined as the quotient of the mass of the sample and difference between the weight of the sample in air and its corresponding weight in water , specific gravity is a unitless ratio . Among most minerals , this property is not diagnostic . Rock forming minerals -- typically silicates or occasionally carbonates -- have a specific gravity of 2.5 -- 3.5 . High specific gravity is a diagnostic property of a mineral . A variation in chemistry ( and consequently , mineral class ) correlates to a change in specific gravity . Among more common minerals , oxides and sulfides tend to have a higher specific gravity as they include elements with higher atomic mass . A generalization is that minerals with metallic or adamantine lustre tend to have higher specific gravities than those having a non-metallic to dull lustre . For example , hematite , Fe O , has a specific gravity of 5.26 while galena , PbS , has a specific gravity of 7.2 -- 7.6 , which is a result of their high iron and lead content , respectively . A very high specific gravity becomes very pronounced in native metals ; kamacite , an iron - nickel alloy common in iron meteorites has a specific gravity of 7.9 , and gold has an observed specific gravity between 15 and 19.3 . Other properties Carnotite ( yellow ) is a radioactive uranium - bearing mineral . Other properties can be used to diagnose minerals . These are less general , and apply to specific minerals . Dropping dilute acid ( often 10 % HCl ) aids in distinguishing carbonates from other mineral classes . The acid reacts with the carbonate ( ( CO ) ) group , which causes the affected area to effervesce , giving off carbon dioxide gas . This test can be further expanded to test the mineral in its original crystal form or powdered . An example of this test is done when distinguish calcite from dolomite , especially within rocks ( limestone and dolostone respectively ) . Calcite immediately effervesces in acid , whereas acid must be applied to powdered dolomite ( often to a scratched surface in a rock ) , for it to effervesce . Zeolite minerals will not effervesce in acid ; instead , they become frosted after 5 -- 10 minutes , and if left in acid for a day , they dissolve or become a silica gel . When tested , magnetism is a very conspicuous property of minerals . Among common minerals , magnetite exhibits this property strongly , and it is also present , albeit not as strongly , in pyrrhotite and ilmenite . Some minerals exhibit electrical properties -- for example , quartz is piezoelectric -- but electrical properties are rarely used as diagnostic criteria for minerals because of incomplete data and natural variation . Minerals can also be tested for taste or smell . Halite , NaCl , is table salt ; its potassium - bearing counterpart , sylvite , has a pronounced bitter taste . Sulfides have a characteristic smell , especially as samples are fractured , reacting , or powdered . Radioactivity is a rare property ; minerals may be composed of radioactive elements . They could be a defining constituent , such as uranium in uraninite , autunite , and carnotite , or as trace impurities . In the latter case , the decay of a radioactive element damages the mineral crystal ; the result , termed a radioactive halo or pleochroic halo , is observable by various techniques , such as thin - section petrography . Classification As the composition of the Earth 's crust is dominated by silicon and oxygen , silicate elements are by far the most important class of minerals in terms of rock formation and diversity . However , non-silicate minerals are of great economic importance , especially as ores . Non-silicate minerals are subdivided into several other classes by their dominant chemistry , which included native elements , sulfides , halides , oxides and hydroxides , carbonates and nitrates , borates , sulfates , phosphates , and organic compounds . Most non-silicate mineral species are rare ( constituting in total 8 % of the Earth 's crust ) , although some are relatively common , such as calcite , pyrite , magnetite , and hematite . There are two major structural styles observed in non-silicates : close - packing and silicate - like linked tetrahedra . The close - packed structures , which is a way to densely pack atoms while minimizing interstitial space . Hexagonal close - packing involves stacking layers where every other layer is the same ( `` ababab '' ) , whereas cubic close - packing involves stacking groups of three layers ( `` abcabcabc '' ) . Analogues to linked silica tetrahedra include SO ( sulfate ) , PO ( phosphate ) , AsO ( arsenate ) , and VO ( vanadate ) . The non-silicates have great economic importance , as they concentrate elements more than the silicate minerals do . The largest grouping of minerals by far are the silicates ; most rocks are composed of greater than 95 % silicate minerals , and over 90 % of the Earth 's crust is composed of these minerals . The two main constituents of silicates are silicon and oxygen , which are the two most abundant elements in the Earth 's crust . Other common elements in silicate minerals correspond to other common elements in the Earth 's crust , such aluminium , magnesium , iron , calcium , sodium , and potassium . Some important rock - forming silicates include the feldspars , quartz , olivines , pyroxenes , amphiboles , garnets , and micas . Silicates Main article : Silicate minerals Aegirine , an iron - sodium clinopyroxene , is part of the inosilicate subclass . The base of unit of a silicate mineral is the ( SiO ) tetrahedron . In the vast majority of cases , silicon is in four-fold or tetrahedral coordination with oxygen . In very high - pressure situations , silicon will be six-fold or octahedral coordination , such as in the perovskite structure or the quartz polymorph stishovite ( SiO ) . In the latter case , the mineral no longer has a silicate structure , but that of rutile ( TiO ) , and its associated group , which are simple oxides . These silica tetrahedra are then polymerized to some degree to create various structures , such as one - dimensional chains , two - dimensional sheets , and three - dimensional frameworks . The basic silicate mineral where no polymerization of the tetrahedra has occurred requires other elements to balance out the base 4 - charge . In other silicate structures , different combinations of elements are required to balance out the resultant negative charge . It is common for the Si to be substituted by Al because of similarity in ionic radius and charge ; in those case , the ( AlO ) tetrahedra form the same structures as do the unsubstituted tetrahedra , but their charge - balancing requirements are different . The degree of polymerization can be described by both the structure formed and how many tetrahedral corners ( or coordinating oxygens ) are shared ( for aluminium and silicon in tetrahedral sites ) . Orthosilicates ( or nesosilicates ) have no linking of polyhedra , thus tetrahedra share no corners . Disilicates ( or sorosilicates ) have two tetrahedra sharing one oxygen atom . Inosilicates are chain silicates ; single - chain silicates have two shared corners , whereas double - chain silicates have two or three shared corners . In phyllosilicates , a sheet structure is formed which requires three shared oxygens ; in the case of double - chain silicates , some tetrahedra must share two corners instead of three as otherwise a sheet structure would result . Framework silicates , or tectosilicates , have tetrahedra that share all four corners . The ring silicates , or cyclosilicates , only need tetrahedra to share two corners to form the cyclical structure . The silicate subclasses are described below in order of decreasing polymerization . Tectosilicates Natrolite is a mineral series in the zeolite group ; this sample has a very prominent acicular crystal habit . Tectosilicates , also known as framework silicates , have the highest degree of polymerization . With all corners of a tetrahedra shared , the silicon : oxygen ratio becomes 1 : 2 . Examples are quartz , the feldspars , feldspathoids , and the zeolites . Framework silicates tend to be particularly chemically stable as a result of strong covalent bonds . Forming 12 % of the Earth 's crust , quartz ( SiO ) is the most abundant mineral species . It is characterized by its high chemical and physical resistivity . Quartz has several polymorphs , including tridymite and cristobalite at high temperatures , high - pressure coesite , and ultra-high pressure stishovite . The latter mineral can only be formed on Earth by meteorite impacts , and its structure has been composed so much that it had changed from a silicate structure to that of rutile ( TiO ) . The silica polymorph that is most stable at the Earth 's surface is α - quartz . Its counterpart , β - quartz , is present only at high temperatures and pressures ( changes to α - quartz below 573 ° C at 1 bar ) . These two polymorphs differ by a `` kinking '' of bonds ; this change in structure gives β - quartz greater symmetry than α - quartz , and they are thus also called high quartz ( β ) and low quartz ( α ) . Feldspars are the most abundant group in the Earth 's crust , at about 50 % . In the feldspars , Al substitutes for Si , which creates a charge imbalance that must be accounted for by the addition of cations . The base structure becomes either ( AlSi O ) or ( Al Si O ) There are 22 mineral species of feldspars , subdivided into two major subgroups -- alkali and plagioclase -- and two less common groups -- celsian and banalsite . The alkali feldspars are most commonly in a series between potassium - rich orthoclase and sodium - rich albite ; in the case of plagioclase , the most common series ranges from albite to calcium - rich anorthite . Crystal twinning is common in feldspars , especially polysynthetic twins in plagioclase and Carlsbad twins in alkali feldspars . If the latter subgroup cools slowly from a melt , it forms exsolution lamellae because the two components -- orthoclase and albite -- are unstable in solid solution . Exsolution can be on a scale from microscopic to readily observable in hand - sample ; perthitic texture forms when Na - rich feldspar exsolve in a K - rich host . The opposite texture ( antiperthitic ) , where K - rich feldspar exsolves in a Na - rich host , is very rare . Feldspathoids are structurally similar to feldspar , but differ in that they form in Si - deficient conditions which allows for further substitution by Al . As a result , feldsapthoids can not be associated with quartz . A common example of a feldsapthoid is nepheline ( ( Na , K ) AlSiO ) ; compared to alkali feldspar , nepheline has an Al O : SiO ratio of 1 : 2 , as opposed to 1 : 6 in the feldspar . Zeolites often have distinctive crystal habits , occurring in needles , plates , or blocky masses . They form in the presence of water at low temperatures and pressures , and have channels and voids in their structure . Zeolites have several industrial applications , especially in waste water treatment . Phyllosilicates Muscovite , a mineral species in the mica group , within the phyllosilicate subclass Phyllosilicates consist of sheets of polymerized tetrahedra . They are bound at three oxygen sites , which gives a characteristic silicon : oxygen ratio of 2 : 5 . Important examples include the mica , chlorite , and the kaolinite - serpentine groups . The sheets are weakly bound by van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds , which causes a crystallographic weakness , in turn leading to a prominent basal cleavage among the phyllosilicates . In addition to the tetrahedra , phyllosilicates have a sheet of octahedra ( elements in six-fold coordination by oxygen ) that balanced out the basic tetrahedra , which have a negative charge ( e.g. ( Si O ) ) These tetrahedra ( T ) and octahedra ( O ) sheets are stacked in a variety of combinations to create phyllosilicate groups . Within an octahedral sheet , there are three octahedral sites in a unit structure ; however , not all of the sites may be occupied . In that case , the mineral is termed dioctahedral , whereas in other case it is termed trioctahedral . The kaolinite - serpentine group consists of T-O stacks ( the 1 : 1 clay minerals ) ; their hardness ranges from 2 to 4 , as the sheets are held by hydrogen bonds . The 2 : 1 clay minerals ( pyrophyllite - talc ) consist of T-O-T stacks , but they are softer ( hardness from 1 to 2 ) , as they are instead held together by van der Waals forces . These two groups of minerals are subgrouped by octahedral occupation ; specifically , kaolinite and pyrophyllite are dioctahedral whereas serpentine and talc trioctahedral . Micas are also T-O-T - stacked phyllosilicates , but differ from the other T-O-T and T-O - stacked subclass members in that they incorporate aluminium into the tetrahedral sheets ( clay minerals have Al in octahedral sites ) . Common examples of micas are muscovite , and the biotite series . The chlorite group is related to mica group , but a brucite - like ( Mg ( OH ) ) layer between the T-O-T stacks . Because of their chemical structure , phyllosilicates typically have flexible , elastic , transparent layers that are electrical insulators and can be split into very thin flakes . Micas can be used in electronics as insulators , in construction , as optical filler , or even cosmetics . Chrysotile , a species of serpentine , is the most common mineral species in industrial asbestos , as it is less dangerous in terms of health than the amphibole asbestos . Inosilicates Asbestiform tremolite , part of the amphibole group in the inosilicate subclass Inosilicates consist of tetrahedra repeatedly bonded in chains . These chains can be single , where a tetrahedron is bound to two others to form a continuous chain ; alternatively , two chains can be merged to create double - chain silicates . Single - chain silicates have a silicon : oxygen ratio of 1 : 3 ( e.g. ( Si O ) ) , whereas the double - chain variety has a ratio of 4 : 11 , e.g. ( Si O ) . Inosilicates contain two important rock - forming mineral groups ; single - chain silicates are most commonly pyroxenes , while double - chain silicates are often amphiboles . Higher - order chains exist ( e.g. three - member , four - member , five - member chains , etc . ) but they are rare . The pyroxene group consists of 21 mineral species . Pyroxenes have a general structure formula of XY ( Si O ) , where X is an octahedral site , while Y can vary in coordination number from six to eight . Most varieties of pyroxene consist of permutations of Ca , Fe and Mg to balance the negative charge on the backbone . Pyroxenes are common in the Earth 's crust ( about 10 % ) and are a key constituent of mafic igneous rocks . Amphiboles have great variability in chemistry , described variously as a `` mineralogical garbage can '' or a `` mineralogical shark swimming a sea of elements '' . The backbone of the amphiboles is the ( Si O ) ; it is balanced by cations in three possible positions , although the third position is not always used , and one element can occupy both remaining ones . Finally , the amphiboles are usually hydrated , that is , they have a hydroxyl group ( ( OH ) ) , although it can be replaced by a fluoride , a chloride , or an oxide ion . Because of the variable chemistry , there are over 80 species of amphibole , although variations , as in the pyroxenes , most commonly involve mixtures of Ca , Fe and Mg . Several amphibole mineral species can have an asbestiform crystal habit . These asbestos minerals form long , thin , flexible , and strong fibres , which are electrical insulators , chemically inert and heat - resistant ; as such , they have several applications , especially in construction materials . However , asbestos are known carcinogens , and cause various other illnesses , such as asbestosis ; amphibole asbestos ( anthophyllite , tremolite , actinolite , grunerite , and riebeckite ) are considered more dangerous than chrysotile serpentine asbestos . Cyclosilicates An example of elbaite , a species of tourmaline , with distinctive colour banding . Cyclosilicates , or ring silicates , have a ratio of silicon to oxygen of 1 : 3 . Six - member rings are most common , with a base structure of ( Si O ) ; examples include the tourmaline group and beryl . Other ring structures exist , with 3 , 4 , 8 , 9 , 12 having been described . Cyclosilicates tend to be strong , with elongated , striated crystals . Tourmalines have a very complex chemistry that can be described by a general formula XY Z ( BO ) T O V W . The T O is the basic ring structure , where T is usually Si , but substitutable by Al or B. Tourmalines can be subgrouped by the occupancy of the X site , and from there further subdivided by the chemistry of the W site . The Y and Z sites can accommodate a variety of cations , especially various transition metals ; this variability in structural transition metal content gives the tourmaline group greater variability in colour . Other cyclosilicates include beryl , Al Be Si O , whose varieties include the gemstones emerald ( green ) and aquamarine ( bluish ) . Cordierite is structurally similar to beryl , and is a common metamorphic mineral . Sorosilicates Epidote often has a distinctive pistachio - green colour . Sorosilicates , also termed disilicates , have tetrahedron - tetrahedron bonding at one oxygen , which results in a 2 : 7 ratio of silicon to oxygen . The resultant common structural element is the ( Si O ) group . The most common disilicates by far are members of the epidote group . Epidotes are found in variety of geologic settings , ranging from mid-ocean ridge to granites to metapelites . Epidotes are built around the structure ( ( SiO ) ( Si O ) ) structure ; for example , the mineral species epidote has calcium , aluminium , and ferric iron to charge balance : Ca Al ( Fe , Al ) ( SiO ) ( Si O ) O ( OH ) . The presence of iron as Fe and Fe helps understand oxygen fugacity , which in turn is a significant factor in petrogenesis . Other examples of sorosilicates include lawsonite , a metamorphic mineral forming in the blueschist facies ( subduction zone setting with low temperature and high pressure ) , vesuvianite , which takes up a significant amount of calcium in its chemical structure . Orthosilicates Black andradite , an end - member of the orthosilicate garnet group . Orthosilicates consist of isolated tetrahedra that are charge - balanced by other cations . Also termed nesosilicates , this type of silicate has a silicon : oxygen ratio of 1 : 4 ( e.g. SiO ) . Typical orthosilicates tend to form blocky equant crystals , and are fairly hard . Several rock - forming minerals are part of this subclass , such as the aluminosilicates , the olivine group , and the garnet group . The aluminosilicates -- bkyanite , andalusite , and sillimanite , all Al SiO -- are structurally composed of one ( SiO ) tetrahedron , and one Al in octahedral coordination . The remaining Al can be in six-fold coordination ( kyanite ) , five-fold ( andalusite ) or four-fold ( sillimanite ) ; which mineral forms in a given environment is depend on pressure and temperature conditions . In the olivine structure , the main olivine series of ( Mg , Fe ) SiO consist of magnesium - rich forsterite and iron - rich fayalite . Both iron and magnesium are in octahedral by oxygen . Other mineral species having this structure exist , such as tephroite , Mn SiO . The garnet group has a general formula of X Y ( SiO ) , where X is a large eight-fold coordinated cation , and Y is a smaller six-fold coordinated cation . There are six ideal endmembers of garnet , split into two group . The pyralspite garnets have Al in the Y position : pyrope ( Mg Al ( SiO ) ) , almandine ( Fe Al ( SiO ) ) , and spessartine ( Mn Al ( SiO ) ) . The ugrandite garnets have Ca in the X position : uvarovite ( Ca Cr ( SiO ) ) , grossular ( Ca Al ( SiO ) ) and andradite ( Ca Fe ( SiO ) ) . While there are two subgroups of garnet , solid solutions exist between all six end - members . Other orthosilicates include zircon , staurolite , and topaz . Zircon ( ZrSiO ) is useful in geochronology as the Zr can be substituted by U ; furthermore , because of its very resistant structure , it is difficult to reset it as a chronometer . Staurolite is a common metamorphic intermediate - grade index mineral . It has a particularly complicated crystal structure that was only fully described in 1986 . Topaz ( Al SiO ( F , OH ) , often found in granitic pegmatites associated with tourmaline , is a common gemstone mineral . Non-silicates Native elements Main article : Native element minerals Native gold . Rare specimen of stout crystals growing off of a central stalk , size 3.7 x 1.1 x 0.4 cm , from Venezuela . Native elements are those that are not chemically bonded to other elements . This mineral group includes native metals , semi-metals , and non-metals , and various alloys and solid solutions . The metals are held together by metallic bonding , which confers distinctive physical properties such as their shiny metallic lustre , ductility and malleability , and electrical conductivity . Native elements are subdivided into groups by their structure or chemical attributes . The gold group , with a cubic close - packed structure , includes metals such as gold , silver , and copper . The platinum group is similar in structure to the gold group . The iron - nickel group is characterized by several iron - nickel alloy species . Two examples are kamacite and taenite , which are found in iron meteorites ; these species differ by the amount of Ni in the alloy ; kamacite has less than 5 -- 7 % nickel and is a variety of native iron , whereas the nickel content of taenite ranges from 7 -- 37 % . Arsenic group minerals consist of semi-metals , which have only some metallic ; for example , they lack the malleability of metals . Native carbon occurs in two allotropes , graphite and diamond ; the latter forms at very high pressure in the mantle , which gives it a much stronger structure than graphite . Sulfides Main article : Sulfide minerals Red cinnabar ( HgS ) , a mercury ore , on dolomite The sulfide minerals are chemical compounds of one or more metals or semimetals with a sulfur ; tellurium , arsenic , or selenium can substitute for the sulfur . Sulfides tend to be soft , brittle minerals with a high specific gravity . Many powdered sulfides , such as pyrite , have a sulfurous smell when powdered . Sulfides are susceptible to weathering , and many readily dissolve in water ; these dissolved minerals can be later redeposited , which creates enriched secondary ore deposits . Sulfides are classified by the ratio of the metal or semimetal to the sulfur , such as M :S equal to 2 : 1 , or 1 : 1 . Many sulfide minerals are economically important as metal ores ; examples include sphalerite ( ZnS ) , an ore of zinc , galena ( PbS ) , an ore of lead , cinnabar ( HgS ) , an ore of mercury , and molybdenite ( MoS , an ore of molybdenum . Pyrite ( FeS ) , is the most commonly occurring sulfide , and can be found in most geological environments . It is not , however , an ore of iron , but can be instead oxidized to produce sulfuric acid . Related to the sulfides are the rare sulfosalts , in which a metallic element is bonded to sulfur and a semimetal such as antimony , arsenic , or bismuth . Like the sulfides , sulfosalts are typically soft , heavy , and brittle minerals . Oxides Main article : Oxide minerals Oxide minerals are divided into three categories : simple oxides , hydroxides , and multiple oxides . Simple oxides are characterized by O as the main anion and primarily ionic bonding . They can be further subdivided by the ratio of oxygen to the cations . The periclase group consists of minerals with a 1 : 1 ratio . Oxides with a 2 : 1 ratio include cuprite ( Cu O ) and water ice . Corundum group minerals have a 2 : 3 ratio , and includes minerals such as corundum ( Al O ) , and hematite ( Fe O ) . Rutile group minerals have a ratio of 1 : 2 ; the eponymous species , rutile ( TiO ) is the chief ore of titanium ; other examples include cassiterite ( SnO ; ore of tin ) , and pyrolusite ( MnO ; ore of manganese ) . In hydroxides , the dominant anion is the hydroxyl ion , OH . Bauxites are the chief aluminium ore , and are a heterogeneous mixture of the hydroxide minerals diaspore , gibbsite , and bohmite ; they form in areas with a very high rate of chemical weathering ( mainly tropical conditions ) . Finally , multiple oxides are compounds of two metals with oxygen . A major group within this class are the spinels , with a general formula of X Y O. Examples of species include spinel ( MgAl O ) , chromite ( FeCr O ) , and magnetite ( Fe O ) . The latter is readily distinguishable by its strong magnetism , which occurs as it has iron in two oxidation states ( Fe Fe O ) , which makes it a multiple oxide instead of a single oxide . Halides Main article : Halide minerals Pink cubic halite ( NaCl ; halide class ) crystals on a nahcolite matrix ( NaHCO ; a carbonate , and mineral form of sodium bicarbonate , used as baking soda ) . The halide minerals are compounds where a halogen ( fluorine , chlorine , iodine , and bromine ) is the main anion . These minerals tend to be soft , weak , brittle , and water - soluble . Common examples of halides include halite ( NaCl , table salt ) , sylvite ( KCl ) , fluorite ( CaF ) . Halite and sylvite commonly form as evaporites , and can be dominant minerals in chemical sedimentary rocks . Cryolite , Na AlF , is a key mineral in the extraction of aluminium from bauxites ; however , as the only significant occurrence at Ivittuut , Greenland , in a granitic pegmatite , was depleted , synthetic cryolite can be made from fluorite . Carbonates Main article : Carbonate minerals The carbonate minerals are those were the main anionic group is carbonate , ( CO ) . Carbonates tend to be brittle , many have rhombohedral cleavage , and all react with acid . Due to the last characteristic , field geologists often carry dilute hydrochloric acid to distinguish carbonates from non-carbonates . The reaction of acid with carbonates , most commonly found as the polymorph calcite and aragonite ( CaCO ) , relates to the dissolution and precipitation of the mineral , which is a key in the formation of limestone caves , features within them such as stalactite and stalagmites , and karst landforms . Carbonates are most often formed as biogenic or chemical sediments in marine environments . The carbonate group is structurally a triangle , where a central C cation is surrounded by three O anions ; different groups of minerals form from different arrangements of these triangles . The most common carbonate mineral is calcite , and is the primary constituent of sedimentary limestone and metamorphic marble . Calcite , CaCO , can have a high magnesium impurity ; under high - Mg conditions , its polymorph aragonite will form instead ; the marine geochemistry in this regard can be described as an aragonite or calcite sea , depending on which mineral preferentially forms . Dolomite is a double carbonate , with the formula CaMg ( CO ) . Secondary dolomitization of limestone is common , where calcite or aragonite are converted to dolomite ; this reaction increases pore space ( the unit cell volume of dolomite is 88 % that of calcite ) , which can create a reservoir for oil and gas . These two minerals species are members of eponymous mineral groups : the calcite group includes carbonates with the general formula XCO , and the dolomite group constitutes minerals with general formula XY ( CO ) . Sulfates Main article : Sulfate minerals Gypsum desert rose The sulfate minerals all contain the sulfate anion , ( SO ) . They tend to be transparent to translucent , soft , and many are fragile . Sulfate minerals commonly form as evaporites , where they precipitate out of evaporating saline waters ; alternative , sulfates can also be found in hydrothermal vein systems associated with sulfides , or as oxidation products of sulfides . Sulfates can be subdivided into anhydrous and hydrous minerals . The most common hydrous sulfate by far is gypsum , CaSO ⋅ 2H O. It forms as an evaporite , and is associated with other evaporites such as calcite and halite ; if it incorporates sand grains as it crystallizes , gypsum can form desert roses . Gypsum has very low thermal conductivity and maintains a low temperature when heated as it loses that heat by dehydrating ; as such , gypsum is used as an insulator in materials such as plaster and drywall . The anhydrous equivalent of gypsum is anhydrite ; it can form directly from seawater in highly arid conditions . The barite group has the general formula XSO , where the X is a large 12 - coordinated cation . Examples include barite ( BaSO ) , celestine ( SrSO ) , and anglesite ( PbSO ) ; anhydrite is not part of the barite group , as the smaller Ca is only in eight-fold coordination . Phosphates Main article : Phosphate minerals The phosphate minerals are characterized by the tetrahedral ( PO ) unit , although the structure can be generalized , and phosphorus is replaced by antimony , arsenic , or vanadium . The most common phosphate is the apatite group ; common species within this group are fluorapatite ( Ca ( PO ) F ) , chlorapatite ( Ca ( PO ) Cl ) and hydroxylapatite ( Ca ( PO ) ( OH ) ) . Minerals in this group are the main crystalline constituents of teeth and bones in vertebrates . The relatively abundant monazite group has a general structure of ATO , where T is phosphorus or arsenic , and A is often a rare - earth element ( REE ) . Monazite is important in two ways : first , as a REE `` sink '' , it can sufficiently concentrate these elements to become an ore ; secondly , monazite group elements can incorporate relatively large amounts of uranium and thorium , which can be used in monazite geochronology to date the rock based on the decay of the U and Th to lead . Organic minerals Main article : Organic mineral The Strunz classification includes a class for organic minerals . These rare compounds contain organic carbon , but can be formed by a geologic process . For example , whewellite , CaC O ⋅ H O is an oxalate that can be deposited in hydrothermal ore veins . While hydrated calcium oxalate can be found in coal seams and other sedimentary deposits involving organic matter , the hydrothermal occurrence is not considered to be related to biological activity . Astrobiology It has been suggested that biominerals could be important indicators of extraterrestrial life and thus could play an important role in the search for past or present life on the planet Mars . Furthermore , organic components ( biosignatures ) that are often associated with biominerals are believed to play crucial roles in both pre-biotic and biotic reactions . On January 24 , 2014 , NASA reported that current studies by the Curiosity and Opportunity rovers on Mars will now be searching for evidence of ancient life , including a biosphere based on autotrophic , chemotrophic and / or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms , as well as ancient water , including fluvio - lacustrine environments ( plains related to ancient rivers or lakes ) that may have been habitable . The search for evidence of habitability , taphonomy ( related to fossils ) , and organic carbon on the planet Mars is now a primary NASA objective . See also Amateur geology Dietary mineral Isomorphism ( crystallography ) List of minerals List of minerals ( complete ) Mineral collecting Polymorphism ( materials science ) References Jump up ^ Wenk , Hans - Rudolf ; Bulakh , Andrei ( 2004 ) . Minerals : Their Constitution and Origin . Cambridge University Press . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Pasero , Marco ; et al. ( March 2017 ) . `` The New IMA List of Minerals -- A Work in Progress '' . The New IMA List of Minerals . IMA -- CNMNC ( Commission on New Minerals Nomenclature and Classification ) . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Dyar , Gunter , and Tasa ( 2007 ) . Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy . Mineralogical Society of America . pp. 2 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0939950812 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mercury '' . Mindat.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ice '' . Mindat.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mackinawite '' . Mindat.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , pp. 13 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : Nickel , Ernest H. ( 1995 ) . `` The definition of a mineral '' . The Canadian Mineralogist. 33 ( 3 ) : 689 -- 90 . alt version Jump up ^ Dana Classification 8th edition -- Organic Compounds . Mindat.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Strunz Classification -- Organic Compounds . Mindat.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , J.S. ; Hatert , F. ; Nickel , E.H. ; Ferraris , G. ( 2009 ) . `` The standardisation of mineral group hierarchies : application to recent nomenclature proposals '' ( PDF ) . European Journal of Mineralogy. 21 ( 5 ) : 1073 -- 80 . doi : 10.1127 / 0935 - 1221 / 2009 / 0021 - 1994 . Jump up ^ IMA divisions . Ima-mineralogy.org ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : H.A. , Lowenstam ( 1981 ) . `` Minerals formed by organisms '' . Science . 211 ( 4487 ) : 1126 -- 31 . Bibcode : 1981Sci ... 211.1126 L . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7008198 . JSTOR 1685216 . PMID 7008198 . ^ Jump up to : Skinner , H.C.W. ( 2005 ) . `` Biominerals '' . Mineralogical Magazine . 69 ( 5 ) : 621 -- 41 . doi : 10.1180 / 0026461056950275 . Jump up ^ Working Group On Environmental Mineralogy ( Wgem ) . Ima-mineralogy.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Takai , K. ( 2010 ) . `` Limits of life and the biosphere : Lessons from the detection of microorganisms in the deep sea and deep subsurface of the Earth . '' . In Gargaud , M. ; Lopez - Garcia , P. ; Martin , H. Origins and Evolution of Life : An Astrobiological Perspective . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 469 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Roussel , E.G. ; Cambon Bonavita , M. ; Querellou , J. ; Cragg , B.A. ; Prieur , D. ; Parkes , R.J. ; Parkes , R.J. ( 2008 ) . `` Extending the Sub-Sea - Floor Biosphere '' . Science . 320 ( 5879 ) : 1046 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 320.1046 R . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1154545 . PMID 18497290 . Jump up ^ Pearce , D.A. ; Bridge , P.D. ; Hughes , K.A. ; Sattler , B. ; Psenner , R. ; Russel , N.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Microorganisms in the atmosphere over Antarctica '' . FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 69 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 57 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6941.2009. 00706. x . PMID 19527292 . Jump up ^ Newman , D.K. ; Banfield , J.F. ( 2002 ) . `` Geomicrobiology : How Molecular - Scale Interactions Underpin Biogeochemical Systems '' . Science . 296 ( 5570 ) : 1071 -- 77 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1010716 . PMID 12004119 . Jump up ^ Warren , L.A. ; Kauffman , M.E. ( 2003 ) . `` Microbial geoengineers '' . Science . 299 ( 5609 ) : 1027 -- 29 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1072076 . JSTOR 3833546 . PMID 12586932 . Jump up ^ González - Muñoz , M.T. ; Rodriguez - Navarro , C. ; Martínez - Ruiz , F. ; Arias , J.M. ; Merroun , M.L. ; Rodriguez - Gallego , M. `` Bacterial biomineralization : new insights from Myxococcus - induced mineral precipitation '' . Geological Society , London , Special Publications . 336 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 50 . Bibcode : 2010GSLSP. 336 ... 31G . doi : 10.1144 / SP336. 3 . Jump up ^ Veis , A. ( 1990 ) . `` Biomineralization . Cell Biology and Mineral Deposition . by Kenneth Simkiss ; Karl M. Wilbur On Biomineralization . by Heinz A. Lowenstam ; Stephen Weiner '' . Science . 247 ( 4946 ) : 1129 -- 30 . Bibcode : 1990Sci ... 247.1129 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 247.4946. 1129 . JSTOR 2874281 . PMID 17800080 . Jump up ^ Official IMA list of mineral names ( updated from March 2009 list ) . uws.edu.au Jump up ^ Bouligand , Y. ( 2006 ) . `` Liquid crystals and morphogenesis . '' . In Bourgine , P. ; Lesne , A. Morphogenesis : Origins of Patterns and Shape . Cambridge , UK : Springer Verlag . pp. 49 ff . Jump up ^ Gabriel , C.P. ; Davidson , P. ( 2003 ) . `` Mineral Liquid Crystals from Self - Assembly of Anisotropic Nanosystems '' ( PDF ) . Topics in Current Chemistry . 226 : 119 -- 72 . doi : 10.1007 / b10827 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ K. , Hefferan ; J. , O'Brien ( 2010 ) . Earth Materials . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3460 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bindi , L. ; Paul J. Steinhardt ; Nan Yao ; Peter J. Lu ( 2011 ) . `` Icosahedrite , Al Cu Fe , the first natural quasicrystal '' ( PDF ) . American Mineralogist. 96 : 928 -- 31 . doi : 10.2138 / am. 2011.3758 . 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Mindat.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dyar and Darby , pp. 26 -- 28 ^ Jump up to : Busbey et al. 2007 , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 131 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 24 -- 26 ^ Jump up to : Busbey et al. 2007 , p. 73 ^ Jump up to : Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 39 -- 40 ^ Jump up to : Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 30 -- 31 ^ Jump up to : Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ `` Hematite '' . Mindat.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Galena '' . Mindat.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Kamacite '' . Webmineral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gold '' . Mindat.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Mineral Identification Key : Radioactivity , Magnetism , Acid Reactions '' . Mineralogical Society of America . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Helman , Daniel S. ( 2016 ) . `` Symmetry - based electricity in minerals and rocks : A summary of extant data , with examples of centrosymmetric minerals that exhibit pyro - and piezoelectricity '' . Periodico di Mineralogia. 85 . doi : 10.2451 / 2016PM590 . Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 641 ^ Jump up to : Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 681 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 641 -- 43 ^ Jump up to : Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 104 -- 20 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 104 -- 17 Jump up ^ Chesterman and Cole , p. 502 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 578 -- 83 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 583 -- 88 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 588 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 589 -- 93 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , p. 525 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 110 -- 13 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 602 -- 05 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 593 -- 95 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , p. 537 Jump up ^ `` 09. D Inosilicates '' . Webmineral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 pp. 612 -- 13 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 606 -- 12 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 611 -- 12 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 113 -- 15 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , p. 558 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 617 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 612 -- 27 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , pp. 565 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 116 -- 17 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , p. 573 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , pp. 574 -- 75 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 627 -- 34 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 644 -- 48 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , p. 357 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 649 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 651 -- 54 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 654 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , p. 383 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , pp. 400 -- 03 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 657 -- 60 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 663 -- 64 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 660 -- 63 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , pp. 425 -- 30 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , p. 431 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 667 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 668 -- 69 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , p. 453 Jump up ^ Chesterman & Lowe 2008 , pp. 456 -- 57 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , p. 674 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 672 -- 73 Jump up ^ Dyar & Gunter 2008 , pp. 675 -- 80 Jump up ^ Steele , Andrew ; Beaty , David , eds . ( September 26 , 2006 ) . `` Final report of the MEPAG Astrobiology Field Laboratory Science Steering Group ( AFL - SSG ) '' . The Astrobiology Field Laboratory (. doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group ( MEPAG ) -- NASA . p. 72 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Grotzinger , John P. ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Introduction to Special Issue -- Habitability , Taphonomy , and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars '' . Science . 343 ( 6169 ) : 386 -- 87 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1249944 . PMID 24458635 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Various ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Exploring Martian Habitability '' . Science . 343 ( 6169 ) : 345 -- 452 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Various ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Special Collection -- Curiosity -- Exploring Martian Habitability '' . Science . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Grotzinger , J.P. ; et al. ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` A Habitable Fluvio - Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay , Gale Crater , Mars '' . Science . 343 ( 6169 ) : 1242777 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.455. 3973 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1242777 . PMID 24324272 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . General references Busbey , A.B. ; Coenraads , R.E. ; Roots , D. ; Willis , P. ( 2007 ) . Rocks and Fossils . San Francisco : Fog City Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74089 - 632 - 0 . Chesterman , C.W. ; Lowe , K.E. ( 2008 ) . Field guide to North American rocks and minerals . Toronto : Random House of Canada . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50269 - 8 . Dyar , M.D. ; Gunter , M.E. ( 2008 ) . Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy . Chantilly , Virginia : Mineralogical Society of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 939950 - 81 - 2 . Further reading Hazen , R.M. ; Grew , Edward S. ; Origlieri , Marcus J. ; Downs , Robert T. ( March 2017 ) . `` On the Mineralogy of the ' Anthropocene Epoch ' '' ( PDF ) . American Mineralogist. 102 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.2138 / am - 2017 - 5875 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . On the creation of new minerals by human activity . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minerals . The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Minerals The Wikibook High School Earth Science has a page on the topic of : Earth 's Minerals Mindat mineralogical database , largest mineral database on the Internet `` Mineralogy Database '' by David Barthelmy ( 2009 ) `` Mineral Identification Key II '' Mineralogical Society of America `` American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database '' Minerals and the Origins of Life ( Robert Hazen , NASA ) ( video , 60m , April 2014 ) . 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"\nFormed by a natural process (anthropogenic compounds are excluded).\nStable or metastable at room temperature (25 °C). In the simplest sense, this means the mineral must be solid. Classical examples of exceptions to this rule include native mercury, which crystallizes at −39 °C, and water ice, which is solid only below 0 °C; because these two minerals were described before 1959, they were grandfathered by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA).[4][5] Modern advances have included extensive study of liquid crystals, which also extensively involve mineralogy.\nRepresented by a chemical formula. Minerals are chemical compounds, and as such they can be described by fixed or a variable formula. Many mineral groups and species are composed of a solid solution; pure substances are not usually found because of contamination or chemical substitution. For example, the olivine group is described by the variable formula (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, which is a solid solution of two end-member species, magnesium-rich forsterite and iron-rich fayalite, which are described by a fixed chemical formula. Mineral species themselves could have a variable compositions, such as the sulfide mackinawite, (Fe, Ni)9S8, which is mostly a ferrous sulfide, but has a very significant nickel impurity that is reflected in its formula.[3][6]\nOrdered atomic arrangement. This generally means crystalline, however, crystals are also periodic, so the broader criterion is used instead.[3] An ordered atomic arrangement gives rise to a variety of macroscopic physical properties, such as crystal form, hardness, and cleavage.[7] There have been several recent proposals to classify biogenic or amorphous substances as minerals. The formal definition of a mineral approved by the IMA in 1995: \"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.\"[8]\nUsually abiogenic (not resulting from the activity of living organisms). Biogenic substances are explicitly excluded by the IMA: \"Biogenic substances are chemical compounds produced entirely by biological processes without a geological component (e.g., urinary calculi, oxalate crystals in plant tissues, shells of marine molluscs, etc.) and are not regarded as minerals. However, if geological processes were involved in the genesis of the compound, then the product can be accepted as a mineral.\"[8]\n",
"\nFormed by a natural process (anthropogenic compounds are excluded).\nStable or metastable at room temperature (25 °C). In the simplest sense, this means the mineral must be solid. Classical examples of exceptions to this rule include native mercury, which crystallizes at −39 °C, and water ice, which is solid only below 0 °C; because these two minerals were described before 1959, they were grandfathered by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA).[4][5] Modern advances have included extensive study of liquid crystals, which also extensively involve mineralogy.\nRepresented by a chemical formula. Minerals are chemical compounds, and as such they can be described by fixed or a variable formula. Many mineral groups and species are composed of a solid solution; pure substances are not usually found because of contamination or chemical substitution. For example, the olivine group is described by the variable formula (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, which is a solid solution of two end-member species, magnesium-rich forsterite and iron-rich fayalite, which are described by a fixed chemical formula. Mineral species themselves could have a variable compositions, such as the sulfide mackinawite, (Fe, Ni)9S8, which is mostly a ferrous sulfide, but has a very significant nickel impurity that is reflected in its formula.[3][6]\nOrdered atomic arrangement. This generally means crystalline, however, crystals are also periodic, so the broader criterion is used instead.[3] An ordered atomic arrangement gives rise to a variety of macroscopic physical properties, such as crystal form, hardness, and cleavage.[7] There have been several recent proposals to classify biogenic or amorphous substances as minerals. The formal definition of a mineral approved by the IMA in 1995: \"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.\"[8]\nUsually abiogenic (not resulting from the activity of living organisms). Biogenic substances are explicitly excluded by the IMA: \"Biogenic substances are chemical compounds produced entirely by biological processes without a geological component (e.g., urinary calculi, oxalate crystals in plant tissues, shells of marine molluscs, etc.) and are not regarded as minerals. However, if geological processes were involved in the genesis of the compound, then the product can be accepted as a mineral.\"[8]\n",
"\nFormed by a natural process (anthropogenic compounds are excluded).\nStable or metastable at room temperature (25 °C). In the simplest sense, this means the mineral must be solid. Classical examples of exceptions to this rule include native mercury, which crystallizes at −39 °C, and water ice, which is solid only below 0 °C; because these two minerals were described before 1959, they were grandfathered by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA).[4][5] Modern advances have included extensive study of liquid crystals, which also extensively involve mineralogy.\nRepresented by a chemical formula. Minerals are chemical compounds, and as such they can be described by fixed or a variable formula. Many mineral groups and species are composed of a solid solution; pure substances are not usually found because of contamination or chemical substitution. For example, the olivine group is described by the variable formula (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, which is a solid solution of two end-member species, magnesium-rich forsterite and iron-rich fayalite, which are described by a fixed chemical formula. Mineral species themselves could have a variable compositions, such as the sulfide mackinawite, (Fe, Ni)9S8, which is mostly a ferrous sulfide, but has a very significant nickel impurity that is reflected in its formula.[3][6]\nOrdered atomic arrangement. This generally means crystalline, however, crystals are also periodic, so the broader criterion is used instead.[3] An ordered atomic arrangement gives rise to a variety of macroscopic physical properties, such as crystal form, hardness, and cleavage.[7] There have been several recent proposals to classify biogenic or amorphous substances as minerals. The formal definition of a mineral approved by the IMA in 1995: \"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.\"[8]\nUsually abiogenic (not resulting from the activity of living organisms). Biogenic substances are explicitly excluded by the IMA: \"Biogenic substances are chemical compounds produced entirely by biological processes without a geological component (e.g., urinary calculi, oxalate crystals in plant tissues, shells of marine molluscs, etc.) and are not regarded as minerals. However, if geological processes were involved in the genesis of the compound, then the product can be accepted as a mineral.\"[8]\n",
"\nFormed by a natural process (anthropogenic compounds are excluded).\nStable or metastable at room temperature (25 °C). In the simplest sense, this means the mineral must be solid. Classical examples of exceptions to this rule include native mercury, which crystallizes at −39 °C, and water ice, which is solid only below 0 °C; because these two minerals were described before 1959, they were grandfathered by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA).[4][5] Modern advances have included extensive study of liquid crystals, which also extensively involve mineralogy.\nRepresented by a chemical formula. Minerals are chemical compounds, and as such they can be described by fixed or a variable formula. Many mineral groups and species are composed of a solid solution; pure substances are not usually found because of contamination or chemical substitution. For example, the olivine group is described by the variable formula (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, which is a solid solution of two end-member species, magnesium-rich forsterite and iron-rich fayalite, which are described by a fixed chemical formula. Mineral species themselves could have a variable compositions, such as the sulfide mackinawite, (Fe, Ni)9S8, which is mostly a ferrous sulfide, but has a very significant nickel impurity that is reflected in its formula.[3][6]\nOrdered atomic arrangement. This generally means crystalline, however, crystals are also periodic, so the broader criterion is used instead.[3] An ordered atomic arrangement gives rise to a variety of macroscopic physical properties, such as crystal form, hardness, and cleavage.[7] There have been several recent proposals to classify biogenic or amorphous substances as minerals. The formal definition of a mineral approved by the IMA in 1995: \"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.\"[8]\nUsually abiogenic (not resulting from the activity of living organisms). Biogenic substances are explicitly excluded by the IMA: \"Biogenic substances are chemical compounds produced entirely by biological processes without a geological component (e.g., urinary calculi, oxalate crystals in plant tissues, shells of marine molluscs, etc.) and are not regarded as minerals. However, if geological processes were involved in the genesis of the compound, then the product can be accepted as a mineral.\"[8]\n",
"\nFormed by a natural process (anthropogenic compounds are excluded).\nStable or metastable at room temperature (25 °C). In the simplest sense, this means the mineral must be solid. Classical examples of exceptions to this rule include native mercury, which crystallizes at −39 °C, and water ice, which is solid only below 0 °C; because these two minerals were described before 1959, they were grandfathered by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA).[4][5] Modern advances have included extensive study of liquid crystals, which also extensively involve mineralogy.\nRepresented by a chemical formula. Minerals are chemical compounds, and as such they can be described by fixed or a variable formula. Many mineral groups and species are composed of a solid solution; pure substances are not usually found because of contamination or chemical substitution. For example, the olivine group is described by the variable formula (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, which is a solid solution of two end-member species, magnesium-rich forsterite and iron-rich fayalite, which are described by a fixed chemical formula. Mineral species themselves could have a variable compositions, such as the sulfide mackinawite, (Fe, Ni)9S8, which is mostly a ferrous sulfide, but has a very significant nickel impurity that is reflected in its formula.[3][6]\nOrdered atomic arrangement. This generally means crystalline, however, crystals are also periodic, so the broader criterion is used instead.[3] An ordered atomic arrangement gives rise to a variety of macroscopic physical properties, such as crystal form, hardness, and cleavage.[7] There have been several recent proposals to classify biogenic or amorphous substances as minerals. The formal definition of a mineral approved by the IMA in 1995: \"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.\"[8]\nUsually abiogenic (not resulting from the activity of living organisms). Biogenic substances are explicitly excluded by the IMA: \"Biogenic substances are chemical compounds produced entirely by biological processes without a geological component (e.g., urinary calculi, oxalate crystals in plant tissues, shells of marine molluscs, etc.) and are not regarded as minerals. However, if geological processes were involved in the genesis of the compound, then the product can be accepted as a mineral.\"[8]\n"
] | [
"Formed by a natural process",
"Stable or metastable at room temperature",
"Represented by a chemical formula",
"Ordered atomic arrangement",
"Usually abiogenic"
] |
2618128970727271293 | Super Bowl XXXIX | Super Bowl XXXIX - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXIX Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XXXIX New England Patriots ( AFC ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) 24 21 Total NE 0 7 7 10 24 PHI 0 7 7 7 21 Date February 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 ) Stadium Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida MVP Deion Branch , Wide Receiver Favorite Patriots by 7 Referee Terry McAulay Attendance 78,125 Future Hall of Famers Patriots : None Eagles : Brian Dawkins , Terrell Owens Ceremonies National anthem The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . Coin toss Youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson Halftime show Paul McCartney TV in the United States Network Fox Announcers Joe Buck , Troy Aikman , Cris Collinsworth , Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Nielsen ratings 41.1 ( est. 86 million viewers ) Market share 62 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.3 million ← XXXVIII Super Bowl XL → Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2004 season . The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24 -- 21 . The game was played on February 6 , 2005 , at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida , the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city . The Patriots , who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14 -- 2 regular season record , became the first team since the 1997 -- 1998 Denver Broncos to win consecutive Super Bowls . New England also became the second team after the Dallas Cowboys to win three Super Bowls in four years . The Eagles were making their second Super Bowl appearance after posting a 13 -- 3 regular season record . The game was close throughout , with the teams battling to a 14 -- 14 tie by the end of the third quarter . The Patriots then scored 10 points in the 4th quarter with Corey Dillon 's 2 - yard touchdown run and Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal . The Eagles then cut their deficit to 24 -- 21 , with quarterback Donovan McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis , with 1 : 48 remaining in the game but could not sustain the comeback . Overall , New England forced four turnovers , while Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch was named Super Bowl MVP for recording 133 receiving yards and tied the Super Bowl record with 11 catches . To avoid the possibility of an incident similar to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show during the previous year , the league selected Paul McCartney as a `` safe '' choice to perform during Super Bowl XXXIX 's halftime . The broadcast of the game on Fox was watched by an estimated 86 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Patriots seek to become a dynasty 1.2 Eagles return to the Super Bowl 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Broadcasting 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pregame ceremonies 3.2 Halftime show 3.3 Theme 3.4 Presidential appearances 4 Game summary 4.1 First Quarter 4.2 Second Quarter 4.3 Third Quarter 4.4 Fourth Quarter 4.5 Box score 4.6 Statistical overview 5 Aftermath 6 Final statistics 6.1 Statistical comparison 6.2 Individual leaders 7 Starting lineups 8 Commercials 9 Player bonuses 10 Officials 11 Notes and references 12 External links Background ( edit ) The field of Super Bowl XXXIX before kickoff NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXIX to Jacksonville during their November 1 , 2000 meeting held in Atlanta . Patriots seek to become a dynasty ( edit ) Main article : 2004 New England Patriots season New England finished the regular season with a record of 14 -- 2 , bested only by the Steelers ' 15 -- 1 mark , and ranking 7th in yards gained ( 5,773 ) and fourth in points scored ( 437 ) . The Patriots ' major acquisition prior to the season was veteran running back Corey Dillon , who joined the team after playing 7 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals . In his first 6 seasons in the league , Dillon averaged over 1,250 rushing yards per year , including setting a single - game rushing record ( 278 yards , but has since been broken ) against the Denver Broncos on October 22 , 2000 . In 2003 , however , injuries , conflicts with the Bengals ' management and coaching staff , and other off - field problems limited him to just 541 yards during the season . By the end of the 2003 season , Dillon had lost his starting job to running back Rudi Johnson , and thus demanded to be traded . Although many observers questioned how effective the 30 - year - old Dillon would be after recovering from his injuries as well as his ability to function in a team environment , the Patriots decided to sign the running back in exchange for a second - round draft pick . Dillon became a significant offensive weapon for the 2004 Patriots , recording 1,635 rushing yards ( franchise record ) and 12 touchdowns , both career highs , and was named to the Pro Bowl for the fourth time in his career . He also caught 15 passes for 103 yards and another touchdown . His contributions helped lead the team to break the NFL record for the most consecutive regular season victories ( 18 ) , the record for the most consecutive overall victories ( 21 ) and earned the second best regular season record during the year at 14 -- 2 . The team 's only losses during the year were to the Pittsburgh Steelers , who ended up with the league 's best regular season record at 15 -- 1 , and a 29 -- 28 loss to the Miami Dolphins on ABC 's Monday Night Football . Another weapon in the Patriots ' offensive backfield was running back Kevin Faulk , who rushed for 255 yards , recorded 26 receptions for 248 yards , returned 20 punts for 113 yards , returned 4 kickoffs for 73 yards , and scored 3 total touchdowns . Fullback Patrick Pass also emerged as a big contributor , rushing for 141 yards , catching 28 passes for 215 yards , and gaining another 115 yards on kickoff returns . Pro Bowl quarterback Tom Brady remained at the helm of the Patriots offense , completing 288 out of 474 ( 60.8 percent ) of his passes for 3,692 yards , 28 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions . Although wide receiver Deion Branch , New England 's major deep threat , missed most of the season because of injuries , he did record 35 receptions for 454 yards and 4 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Givens ended up being the team 's leading receiver with 56 catches for 874 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Patten also contributed with 44 receptions for 800 yards and 7 touchdowns , and tight end Daniel Graham had 30 receptions for 364 yards and 7 touchdowns . On special teams , pro bowl kicker Adam Vinatieri had the best season of his career , leading the NFL in field goals made ( 31 ) , field goal percentage ( 93.9 ) and scoring ( 141 points ) On defense , the Patriots were plagued by injuries , especially in their secondary . Defensive backs Tyrone Poole and Ty Law suffered season - ending injuries , while safety Eugene Wilson , who led the team with 4 interceptions , missed several games . In order to compensate for the losses , the following players were promoted to starters : Rookie cornerback Randall Gay , who did not play at all in the first 3 games of the season , and did not start until the 6th week . Cornerback Asante Samuel , who normally only played in dime formations . Safety Earthwind Moreland , who came off of the team 's practice squad and had only played in three games in his entire 5 - year NFL career . Veteran wide receiver Troy Brown . Head Coach Bill Belichick used Brown in the secondary during training camp , gave him playing time there during the preseason and saw Brown did very well . With their patchwork secondary , the Patriots ranked just 17th in passing yards allowed ( 3,400 ) and 22nd in completions allowed ( 315 ) . However , they did rank 7th in interceptions ( 20 ) and 10th in fewest passing touchdowns allowed ( 18 ) . Most importantly , New England continued to win despite the injuries . Brown actually turned out to be very effective playing as a defensive back , ranking second on the team with 3 interceptions . Safety Rodney Harrison was also an impact player , leading the team with 138 tackles while also recording 3 sacks and 2 interceptions . Up front , the Patriots ' defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowler Richard Seymour , who recorded 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery . New England also still had their trio of impact veteran linebackers : Pro Bowler Tedy Bruschi ( 122 tackles , 3.5 sacks , 3 interceptions , and 70 return yards ) , Willie McGinest ( 9.5 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , and 1 interception ) , and Mike Vrabel ( 71 tackles and 5.5 sacks ) , along with Ted Johnson . Vrabel also frequently played at the tight end position during offensive plays near the opponent 's goal line , recording 2 touchdown receptions . Eagles return to the Super Bowl ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season The Eagles gained the 2004 NFC Super Bowl berth after 3 consecutive defeats in the NFC Championship Game to the St. Louis Rams , Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( who won Super Bowl XXXVII that year ) , and Carolina Panthers , respectively . The Eagles hired Andy Reid as their head coach in 1999 following two straight losing seasons . That same year , they used their first - round pick in the NFL draft ( the second overall ) to select quarterback Donovan McNabb . Although they finished the 1999 regular season with a 5 -- 11 record , they became a playoff team in 2000 , with McNabb throwing for 3,365 yards and 21 touchdowns while also rushing for 629 yards and another 6 touchdowns . The Eagles achieved the best regular season record in the conference during the combined 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 seasons with a total of 35 wins out of 48 games , but lost the NFC Championship Game in each of those 3 years . Prior to the 2004 season , the Eagles traded for wide receiver Terrell Owens to be the impact player to help get them to the Super Bowl . Owens joined the team after 8 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers . He was considered one of the top receivers in the league , but he was also widely considered a troublemaker because of controversial touchdown celebrations and his tendency to berate his teammates during media interviews . Nevertheless , Owens became the Eagles ' deep - ball threat , finishing the season with 77 receptions for 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns . McNabb had the best season of his career in 2004 , completing 300 out of 469 ( 64 percent ) passes for 3,875 yards , 31 touchdowns , and 8 interceptions , making him the first quarterback to ever throw for more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . He also rushed for 220 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver Todd Pinkston was also a reliable target , recording 36 catches for 676 yards . Philadelphia 's running game was not as strong as their passing attack , ranking just 24th in the league in rushing yards ( 1,639 ) . Running back Brian Westbrook led the team with 812 rushing yards and 3 touchdowns , however he also led all NFL running backs in receiving with 73 receptions for 706 yards and 6 touchdowns . Veteran running back Dorsey Levens was also a big contributor with 410 rushing yards . The Eagles ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl tackles Tra Thomas and Jon Runyan and center Hank Fraley . Three of their four starters in the defensive secondary were named to the Pro Bowl : Cornerback Lito Sheppard ( 1 sack , 5 interceptions , 172 return yards and 2 touchdowns ) , safety Michael Lewis ( 88 tackles , 2 forced fumbles , 1 sack , and 1 interception ) and safety Brian Dawkins ( 3 sacks , 2 forced fumbles , 1 fumble recovery , and 4 interceptions for 40 return yards ) , while their fourth starter , cornerback Sheldon Brown , also enjoyed a solid year ( 89 tackles , 3 sacks , 1 forced fumble , and 2 interceptions ) . Their defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Corey Simon ( 5.5 sacks ) and defensive ends Jevon Kearse ( 7.5 sacks , Pro Bowl ) and Derrick Burgess . Pro Bowl middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter , who only started 9 games , recorded 69 tackles and 1 sack . The Eagles started the 2004 regular season with seven straight wins before suffering a loss to the 15 - 1 Steelers . After that , they finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record . Their only other 2 losses were in their last 2 games of the season , when they decided to rest all of their starters because they had already clinched the NFC # 1 seed , and thus home - field advantage in the playoffs . However , during a December 19 , 12 -- 7 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Owens was seriously injured on a `` horse - collar tackle '' by Cowboys defensive back Roy Williams and had to miss the rest of the regular season and the playoffs . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2004 -- 05 NFL playoffs Despite the loss of Owens , the Eagles beat the Minnesota Vikings , 27 -- 14 , and the Atlanta Falcons , 27 -- 10 , in the playoffs with relative ease . McNabb recorded 21 out of 33 completions for 286 yards and two touchdowns , while receiver Freddie Mitchell scored two touchdowns in the victory over the Vikings . Although Minnesota quarterback Daunte Culpepper threw for 316 yards , the Eagles defense recorded 2 interceptions , 2 sacks , and a forced fumble . McNabb then completed 17 out of 26 passes for 180 yards and two touchdowns in the win over the Falcons . The Eagles defense held dual - threat quarterback Michael Vick to only 136 passing yards , 26 rushing yards , and no touchdowns , while also recording an interception , 4 sacks , and a forced fumble on Vick . McNabb had an average passer rating of 111.3 in the two games , with 466 passing yards , 35 rushing yards , 4 touchdowns , and no turnovers . Safety Brian Dawkins was also an important player , recording a sack and a forced fumble against the Vikings , followed by an interception and a forced fumble against the Falcons in the NFC Championship Game . Meanwhile , the Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts , 20 -- 3 , holding the league 's highest scoring team with 522 total points to just one field goal , Indianapolis ' lowest point total since their opening game of the 2003 season . Colts quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 4,557 yards during the regular season , and set NFL records for most touchdown passes in a regular season ( 49 ) and highest quarterback rating ( 121.4 ) . Running back Edgerrin James gained 2,031 combined rushing and receiving yards and scored 9 touchdowns . Wide receivers Marvin Harrison , Reggie Wayne , and Brandon Stokley each recorded over 1,000 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns . However , the Patriots limited Manning to 238 passing yards with 1 interception and no touchdowns , and James to just 39 rushing yards . The Patriots also held possession of the ball for 37 : 43 , including 21 : 26 in the second half , and recorded three long scoring drives that each took over 7 minutes off the clock . One reason New England was able to hold the ball so long was because of Dillon 's rushing . He finished the game with 23 carries for 144 yards and 5 receptions for 17 yards . The Patriots then defeated the first seeded Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game , 41 -- 27 . Although Pittsburgh had beaten New England , 34 -- 20 , during the regular season and led the league in fewest total yards allowed , they could not stop the Patriots . Brady threw for 207 yards and 2 touchdowns ; Dillon rushed for 73 yards and a touchdown ; and Branch , who was coming off of his injuries , recorded 4 receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown , along with 37 rushing yards and another touchdown on 2 carries . Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger ( who had struggled the previous week against the New York Jets ) was intercepted 3 times , and running back Jerome Bettis , Pittsburgh 's leading rusher , was held to just 64 yards . Super Bowl pregame News ( edit ) Owens was cleared to play in Super Bowl XXXIX , defying doctors orders by playing on his injured ankle containing 2 screws and a metal plate . The other major story was the Patriots ' potential loss of both their offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator at the end of the season , and how it might affect the team in 2005 . On December 12 , 2004 , about a month and a half before the game , New England offensive coordinator Charlie Weis signed a contract to become the head coach of Notre Dame starting in the 2005 season . Rumors were also circulating that defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel would also leave the team to become the head coach of the Cleveland Browns ( which ended up being true as Crennel and the Browns agreed to a contract a couple of weeks after the Super Bowl ) . Due to injuries at the tight end spot , the Eagles were forced to sign Jeff Thomason , a former tight end who was working construction at the time , to a one - game contract for the Super Bowl . Thomason saw time during several plays , although never had a ball thrown his way . This was his third Super Bowl , playing in two with the Green Bay Packers during Andy Reid 's days as a Packer assistant . With this appearance the Patriots became the 8th team to make it to the Super Bowl for the 5th time . They joined the Dallas Cowboys , Denver Broncos , Pittsburgh Steelers , San Francisco 49ers , Miami Dolphins , Washington Redskins , and Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders . They would be joined by the Green Bay Packers in 2011 and the New York Giants in 2012 . The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone 's `` fo ' , fi ' , fo ' '' during the 76ers run to the 1983 NBA Championship . With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second time in January , the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak -- teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years , beginning with the 76ers loss in 1977 . The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . 1989 was not included in that streak , but 1977 , 1981 , 1985 ( Flyers ) , 1993 ( Phillies ) , 1997 ( Flyers ) , and 2001 ( 76ers ) were . Broadcasting ( edit ) The game was televised in the United States by Fox , with play - by - play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman . Pam Oliver ( Patriots sideline ) and Chris Myers ( Eagles sideline ) served as sideline reporters . This marked the first time since Super Bowl I that none of the network commentators had ever called a Super Bowl game before ( although Collinsworth had worked three prior Super Bowl telecasts as a pregame analyst ) . This was the last game that Cris Collinsworth broadcast as a member of the Fox NFL team , as he chose to sign with NBC in the following off - season . James Brown hosted all the events with help from his fellow Fox NFL Sunday cast members Terry Bradshaw , Howie Long , and Jimmy Johnson . Jillian Barberie served as weather and entertainment reporter . Following the game , Fox aired a special episode of The Simpsons ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and the series premiere of American Dad ! ( `` Pilot '' ) , except in Philadelphia and Boston , where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour . Entertainment ( edit ) Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game , performances came from the Black Eyed Peas , Earth Wind & Fire , Charlie Daniels , John Fogerty , and Gretchen Wilson . Shortly before kickoff , Alicia Keys sang `` America the Beautiful , '' paying tribute to Ray Charles , who died in June 2004 . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy ( including members of The Idlers ) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together -- the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 . The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F / A-18 Super Hornets from VFA - 106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force 's newest fighters , the F - 22 Raptor , flying from Tyndall AFB , the training base for the Raptor . The earlier military flyby during the veterans ' salute was conducted by 2 T - 6 Texan trainers and a B - 25 Mitchell bomber . The coin toss ceremony featured youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; and New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson . They were billed as the first non-celebrities to participate in the coin toss . For the third straight year , each team took the field en masse , following a tradition the Patriots had started in Super Bowl XXXVI . In prerecorded video segments , Andover , Massachusetts native Michael Chiklis introduced the Patriots , and Philadelphia - born Will Smith introduced the Eagles . Halftime show ( edit ) Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show ; his selection by the NFL , the show 's producers , Don Mischer Productions , and the show 's sponsor , Ameriquest Mortgage , was considered to be a `` safe '' choice , as it avoided the possibility for an incident similar to that which sparked the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy the previous year . McCartney 's set consisted of these songs : `` Drive My Car '' `` Get Back '' `` Live and Let Die '' from his career with Wings . `` Hey Jude '' Theme ( edit ) Taking the concept a step further , for the first time , a theme was tied to the event : Building Bridges , as symbolized by the theme logo , represented by the Main Street Bridge , one of the seven bridges that crosses over the St. Johns River in the host city , and according to the League , symbolized the bridging of a nation under the NFL football umbrella . The theme was also used by Jacksonville - area nonprofit Fresh Ministries in a major event entitled `` Bridges of Peace , '' featuring city officials asking the people to unite for the Super Bowl and heal the wounds of segregation . Presidential appearances ( edit ) Former Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton appeared in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the December 26 , 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps , an action which former President Bush described as `` transcending politics . '' Game Summary ( edit ) The Eagles on offense First quarter ( edit ) On the first drive of the game , Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb fumbled while being sacked by New England linebacker Willie McGinest , and the Patriots recovered the ball at Philadelphia 's 34 - yard line . Fortunately for the Eagles , coach Andy Reid 's instant replay challenge overruled the fumble ; officials ruled that McNabb had been down by contact before the ball came out of his hands . Later in the quarter after each team had punted twice , McNabb completed a 30 - yard pass to Terrell Owens , with a roughing the passer penalty adding 9 yards , moving the ball inside the Patriots 20 - yard line . However , linebacker Mike Vrabel sacked McNabb for a 16 - yard loss on the next play . On the following play , the Eagles once again appeared to turn the ball over : McNabb 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Patriots defensive back Asante Samuel , but it was nullified by an illegal contact penalty on linebacker Roman Phifer , moving the ball back inside the 20 and giving the Eagles a first down . However , McNabb 's second chance was wasted as he threw an interception to safety Rodney Harrison on the next play . This was Donovan McNabb 's first red zone interception of the season . The Eagles defense then forced New England to a three - and - out on their ensuing possession , and Philadelphia got great field position by receiving the punt at the Patriots 45 - yard line . But once again , they gave up another turnover : tight end L.J. Smith lost a fumble while being tackled by defensive back Randall Gay , and Eugene Wilson recovered the ball at the 38 . Brady takes the snap Brady throws a pass Second quarter ( edit ) The Eagles defense once again forced New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 19 - yard line . Aided by a pair of completions from McNabb to wide receiver Todd Pinkston for gains of 17 and 40 yards , the Eagles drove 81 yards in nine plays and scored on McNabb 's six - yard touchdown pass to Tight End LJ Smith , taking a 7 -- 0 lead with 9 : 55 left in the second quarter . It was the first time New England trailed during the entire postseason . On their ensuing drive , the Patriots moved the ball to the Eagles four - yard line , mainly on plays by running back Corey Dillon , who caught two screen passes for 29 yards and rushed for 25 . But quarterback Tom Brady fumbled the ball on a fake handoff Play - action pass and Philadelphia defender Darwin Walker recovered it . However , the Eagles could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt after 3 plays . Eagles punter Dirk Johnson 's punt went just 29 yards , giving the Patriots the ball at Philadelphia 's 37 - yard line . The Patriots then drove 37 yards to score on Brady 's 4 - yard pass to receiver David Givens with 1 : 10 remaining in the period , tying the game 7 -- 7 by halftime . It was only the second halftime tie in Super Bowl history and the first time both of the game 's first two quarters ended tied . Third quarter ( edit ) On the opening drive of the second half , Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch caught 4 passes for 71 yards on a drive that ended with Brady 's 2 - yard touchdown pass to Vrabel , who lined up at the tight end spot on the play . The Eagles later tied the game with 3 : 39 left in the third period with a 74 - yard , 10 - play drive that was capped by McNabb 's 10 - yard touchdown pass to running back Brian Westbrook . For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game was tied going into the fourth quarter . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Early in the final period , the Patriots put together a 9 - play , 66 - yard scoring drive that was keyed by 3 plays from running back Kevin Faulk , who caught 2 passes for 27 combined yards and rushed once for 12 . Dillon capped off the drive with a 2 - yard touchdown run to give the Patriots a 21 -- 14 lead . Then after forcing another Eagles punt , Branch made a spectacular catch , taking the ball out of the hands of cornerback Sheldon Brown . The 19 yard gain , and a roughing - the - passer penalty on Philadelphia defensive lineman Corey Simon on the same play , set up kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal with 8 : 43 left in the game to increase the score 24 -- 14 in favor of New England . In all three Patriots ' Super Bowl wins in the decade , they held a double digit lead in the 4th quarter . The Eagles responded with a long McNabb completion to Owens . However , after reaching the New England 36 - yard line , McNabb fired a pass over the head of Dorsey Levens , where Tedy Bruschi was waiting to intercept it at the Patriots 24 - yard line . At this point , there was only 7 : 20 to play in the game , with the Patriots still up by 10 points . The Eagles did force New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 21 - yard line , but with 5 : 40 left in the game . The Eagles then drove 79 yards in 13 plays , however they used a full huddle for the entire drive . McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis cut the deficit to 24 - 21 . Because the Eagles used a full huddle , the drive consumed 3 : 52 of the clock , and only 1 : 48 remained in the game by the time Lewis scored . Because of this , many sportswriters later criticized the Eagles for not immediately going to a no - huddle offense at the start of the possession . Anecdotal reports later came out alleging that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves , and teammates Jon Ritchie and Lito Sheppard have gone on record years later that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves or vomiting , though no video evidence exists and the stories have not been confirmed . Hank Fraley said in an interview the day after the game that McNabb was `` almost puking '' due to two large hits from Tedy Bruschi and Jarvis Green on back - to - back plays . McNabb himself denies that he was vomiting or dry - heaving during the final drive , and Brian Westbrook later claimed that McNabb was merely `` coughing . '' The Eagles failed to recover their ensuing onside kick attempt , with Christian Fauria catching the ball cleanly and sliding down to seal possession for New England . The Patriots then played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts . New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4 - yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game . Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game . But on first down , McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage . Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock , Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain , keeping the clock running and forcing the Eagles to run back to the line of scrimmage for their next play with no huddle . On second down , McNabb threw an incomplete pass intended for Owens . Finally on third down , McNabb threw a pass that deflected off of the outstretched fingertips of Smith and into the arms of Harrison for an interception with nine seconds left . Tom Brady took a knee to run out the clock , clinching the 3rd Super Bowl title in 4 years for the Patriots , and in the eyes of many establishing themselves as a dynasty . Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game An Eagles offensive play Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 1 of 2 ) Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 2 of 2 ) Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXIX : New England Patriots 24 , Philadelphia Eagles 21 Total Patriots ( AFC ) 0 7 7 10 24 Eagles ( NFC ) 0 7 7 7 21 at Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Date : February 6 , 2005 Game time : 6 : 38 p.m. EST Game weather : 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) , clear ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE PHI 9 : 55 9 81 4 : 36 PHI L.J. Smith 6 - yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7 1 : 10 7 37 3 : 15 NE David Givens 4 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7 11 : 04 9 69 3 : 56 NE Mike Vrabel 2 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 14 7 3 : 35 10 74 4 : 17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 14 14 13 : 44 9 66 4 : 51 NE Corey Dillon 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 21 14 8 : 40 8 43 3 : 49 NE 22 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14 1 : 48 13 79 3 : 52 PHI Greg Lewis 30 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 24 21 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 21 Statistical overview ( edit ) The Patriots score their second touchdown of the game McNabb completed 30 out of 51 passes for 357 yards and 3 touchdowns , but threw 3 interceptions and was sacked four times . McNabb 's 357 yards are tied with Joe Montana for the fifth most in Super Bowl history and third most of any quarterback , as Tom Brady holds the top spot with 505 yards in Super Bowl LII and Kurt Warner holds the following 3 spots . Westbrook was the Eagles leading rusher with 44 yards , while also catching 6 passes for 70 yards and a touchdown and returning 3 punts for 19 yards . Pinkston caught 4 passes for 82 yards , while Owens was the Eagles ' top receiver with 9 catches for 122 yards , however neither of them scored a touchdown . Brady completed 23 out of 33 passes for 236 yards and 2 touchdowns . Dillon was the top rusher of the game with 75 yards and a touchdown , and had 3 catches for 31 yards . Running back Kevin Faulk contributed 38 rushing yards and 27 receiving yards . Branch 's Super Bowl record 11 catches tied Cincinnati Bengals ' Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI and San Francisco 49ers ' Jerry Rice in Super Bowl XXIII . Coincidentally , all three would later be traded to the Seattle Seahawks : Ross in 1985 , Rice in 2004 and Branch in 2006 . Branch 's combined 21 catches in Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX are the most in back - to - back Super Bowls . Branch also became the third offensive player ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors without scoring a touchdown or throwing a touchdown pass . The other two players were Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Fred Biletnikoff in Super Bowl XI . Branch and Terrell Owens each had 100 yards receiving , marking the third time in Super Bowl history , one player from each team had over 100 yards in a Super Bowl . Michael Irvin and Andre Reed were the first in Super Bowl XXVII , and Branch and Muhsin Muhammad the second a year earlier in Super Bowl XXXVIII . Branch also became the fourth player to have at least 100 yards receiving in back - to - back Super Bowls , joining John Stallworth , Jerry Rice and Antonio Freeman . Also , Mike Vrabel and David Givens became just the 14th and 15th players to score a touchdown in consecutive Super Bowls . Vrabel is the most surprising person on this list because he is a linebacker and he scored his on offense . They also became just the 7th and 8th players to catch a touchdown in back - to - back Super Bowls . With the victory , Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls , along with Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and Troy Aikman . Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls . Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and John Elway , with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII . The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span of four years . Aftermath ( edit ) The Patriots ' Super Bowl win was the third championship for Boston - area sports teams in 12 months , following the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII the year before and the Red Sox winning the World Series -- first in 86 years -- three months earlier . This marked the first time since 1989 -- 1990 in the San Francisco Bay Area that the same market has had 2 Super Bowl and World Series winners in 12 months . The Patriots would later appear in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI , losing both to Eli Manning 's New York Giants , before winning Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks , 28 -- 24 , ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons , 34 - 28 , two years later . The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams ( 5 by the Patriots , 3 by the Red Sox , and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) since 2002 . For the Eagles , with the loss , the city of Philadelphia would not see its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals until the next time their city 's teams played for a championship , when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series . The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017 , also with a 13 - 3 record , and defeating the Falcons and Vikings in the playoffs . The Eagles and the Patriots met again in Super Bowl LII , following the 2017 season , with the Eagles taking their revenge 41 -- 33 . This is the last time that a team has won back - to - back Super Bowls , with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then , for the next eight years , every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether . The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl , only to lose to a Patriots goal line stand . The next year , the Patriots , having faltered down the stretch , entered those playoffs as the second seed behind the Broncos , who then defeated New England in the AFC Title Game that year en route to a title of their own in Super Bowl 50 . Two years later , the Patriots , defending champions themselves from Super Bowl LI , returned to repeat their title only to lose the aforementioned Super Bowl LII . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIX , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder NE , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder Phi Statistical comparison ( edit ) New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles First downs 21 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 14 18 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 4 / 12 9 / 16 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 112 45 Rushing attempts 28 17 Yards per rush 4.0 2.6 Passing -- Completions -- attempts 23 / 33 30 / 51 Times sacked -- total yards 2 -- 17 4 -- 33 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 219 324 Total net yards 331 369 Punt returns -- total yards 4 -- 26 3 -- 19 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 63 5 -- 114 Interceptions -- total return yards 3 -- 5 0 -- 0 Punts -- average yardage 7 -- 45.1 5 -- 42.8 Fumbles -- lost 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 7 -- 47 3 -- 35 Time of possession 31 : 37 28 : 23 Turnovers Individual leaders ( edit ) Patriots Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 23 / 33 236 0 110.2 Patriots Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Corey Dillon 18 75 25 4.17 Kevin Faulk 8 38 0 12 4.75 Patrick Pass 0 0 0 0.00 Tom Brady − 1 0 − 1 - 1.00 Patriots Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Deion Branch 11 133 0 27 12 Corey Dillon 31 0 16 David Givens 19 13 7 Kevin Faulk 27 0 14 Troy Brown 17 0 12 Daniel Graham 7 0 7 Mike Vrabel 2t David Patten 0 0 0 0 Eagles Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Donovan McNabb 30 / 51 357 75.4 Eagles Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Brian Westbrook 15 44 0 22 2.93 Dorsey Levens 0 1.00 Donovan McNabb 0 0 0 0.00 Eagles Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Terrell Owens 9 122 0 36 14 Brian Westbrook 7 60 15 11 Todd Pinkston 82 0 40 7 Greg Lewis 53 30t 5 L.J. Smith 27 9 8 Freddie Mitchell 11 0 11 Josh Parry 0 Dorsey Levens 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ New England Position Position Philadelphia Offense David Givens WR Todd Pinkston Matt Light LT Tra Thomas Joe Andruzzi LG Artis Hicks Dan Koppen Hank Fraley Stephen Neal RG Jermane Mayberry Brandon Gorin RT Jon Runyan Daniel Graham TE L.J. Smith Deion Branch WR Terrell Owens ‡ Tom Brady QB Donovan McNabb Corey Dillon RB Brian Westbrook Patrick Pass FB Josh Parry Defense Rosevelt Colvin OLB LDE Derrick Burgess Vince Wilfork NT LDT Corey Simon Jarvis Green RE RDT Darwin Walker Mike Vrabel OLB RDE Jevon Kearse Tedy Bruschi ILB WLB Keith Adams Roman Phifer ILB MLB Jeremiah Trotter Willie McGinest OLB SLB Dhani Jones Randall Gay LCB Lito Sheppard Asante Samuel RCB Sheldon Brown Rodney Harrison SS Michael Lewis Eugene Wilson FS Brian Dawkins ‡ Commercials ( edit ) As usual , the television coverage of this year 's Super Bowl was the showcase for the most expensive commercials in television -- both to produce and to buy airtime ( at the rate of $2.4 million US for 30 seconds ) . One ad that drew the ire of many -- including the NFL -- was for the internet domain provider Go Daddy , which tweaked the controversial halftime of the previous year 's game with a mock censorship hearing featuring a comely woman , Nikki Cappelli ( played by WWE Wrestler Candice Michelle ) , having a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Fox pulled the second airing of the ad , scheduled for the two - minute warning of the fourth quarter , along with a five - second plug , and it was replaced with a promo for The Simpsons . The Scottsdale , Arizona - based World Wide Web domain registration company got a refund on the second ad . Another popular ad was made by the NFL . It featured players who were not in the Super Bowl , headlined by Pittsburgh Steelers rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger being at a beach resort , depressed he did not make it in . Joe Montana comforted Roethlisberger , and soon both Montana and Roethlisberger joined many other players in different locations in an off - key yet rousing edition of `` Tomorrow '' from the musical Annie . The commercial ended with the tagline : `` Tomorrow , we 're all undefeated again . '' Roethlisberger went on to lead the Steelers to victory in Super Bowl XL the very next season . The top ad , as chosen by the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter was for Anheuser - Busch 's Bud Light featuring a timid skydiver making his first jump getting enticed with a six - pack of the product . This ad was ranked second on ADBOWL . The highest ranked commercial by ADBOWL was Anheuser - Busch 's `` Applause . '' For the first time since the campaign started in Super Bowl XXI , no `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' ad aired following Super Bowl XXXIX . Player bonuses ( edit ) Each member of the Patriots received a payment of $68,000 for winning the game . The Eagles each received $36,500 . When adjusted for inflation , the Patriots salary was actually less than the $15,000 paid to members of the Green Bay Packers for winning Super Bowl I in 1967 . That amount of money in 1967 equated to approximately $85,000 in 2005 . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Terry McAulay # 77 first Super Bowl Umpire : Carl Paganelli # 124 first Super Bowl Head Linesman : Gary Slaughter # 30 first Super Bowl Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 second Super Bowl ( XXXVII ) Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 third Super Bowl ( XXXVII , XXXVIII ) Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 second Super Bowl ( XXXV ) Back Judge : Tony Steratore # 112 first Super Bowl Alternate Referee : Ed Hochuli # 85 ( referee for XXXII , XXXVIII ) Alternate Umpire : Garth DeFelice # 53 Alternate Field Judge : Larry Rose # 128 Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX Box Score : New England 24 , Philadelphia 21 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Dynasty Is Official '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dallas won the Super Bowl after the 1992 , ' 93 and ' 95 seasons . Jump up ^ Player Bio , Patriots . `` Deion Branch '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1991 - 2000 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadych , Frank ( February 18 , 2005 ) . `` Position Breakdown : Running Backs '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XXXIX Veneziano , John . Super Bowl XXXIX Game Program . NFL Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Quarterbacks of the Modern Era , Version 1.0 '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ CBS , CBS Sports . `` Donovan McNabb , QB '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Leonard ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots Grab Share of NFL History '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Two cities that could use a CUP '' . Ottawa Citizen . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter ( August 8 , 2014 ) , Yes , McNabb puked at Super Bowl , ex-fullback says Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lito Sheppard says McNabb puked during Super Bowl '' . Pro Football Talk . National Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanier , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` NFL URBAN LEGENDS : DONOVAN MCNABB 'S SUPER PUKE '' . Bleacher Report . Atlanta , Georgia : Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. ( published August 5 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 6 , 2005 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Super Bowl share not so super paying MSNBC.com . Accessed September 27 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XXXIX . Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Sporting News : History of the Super Bowl ( Last accessed December 4 , 2005 ) https://www.pro-football-reference.com -- Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today ( Last accessed June 21 , 2007 ) All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16 , 2005 ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXIX champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 8 Josh Miller 10 Kevin Kasper 12 Tom Brady 13 Jim Miller 14 P.K. Sam 18 Cedric James 19 Ricky Bryant 21 Randall Gay 22 Asante Samuel 23 Omare Lowe 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 27 Rabih Abdullah 28 Corey Dillon 29 Earthwind Moreland 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Hank Poteat 32 Kory Chapman 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Cedric Cobbs 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Guss Scott 42 Dexter Reid 46 Zeron Flemister 47 Justin Kurpeikis 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Eric Alexander 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 61 Stephen Neal 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Lance Nimmo 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 69 Buck Rasmussen 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 74 Billy Yates 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Brandon Gorin 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch ( MVP ) 84 Benjamin Watson 85 Jed Weaver 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Marquise Hill 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rodney Bailey 97 Jarvis Green 98 Keith Traylor 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Matt Patricia Markus Paul Dean Pees Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Cory Undlin Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture `` Fly , Eagles Fly '' Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . 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"Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2004 season. The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24–21. The game was played on February 6, 2005, at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida, the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city."
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"Super Bowl XXXIX"
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-2803004829293953517 | Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives) | Committee of the Whole ( United States House of Representatives ) - wikipedia Committee of the Whole ( United States House of Representatives ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) In the United States House of Representatives , the Committee of the Whole , short for Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union , is a parliamentary device in which the House of Representatives is considered one large congressional committee . The presiding officer is chosen by the Speaker of the House and is normally a member of the majority party who does not hold the chair of a standing committee . Procedurally , the Committee of the Whole differs from the House of Representatives even though they have identical membership . The Committee of the Whole only requires 100 members for a quorum , while only 25 members are required to force a recorded rather than voice vote . In the version of the Committee of the Whole that existed in the British House of Commons , the original use of this committee was to debate bills privately and prevent a recorded vote from being taken . It is normally invoked to give initial consideration of important legislation , including bills for raising revenue , and serves to expedite the process since debate over amendment occurs under a special five - minute rule . The House and the Committee of the Whole do not operate at the same time ; rather , to consider bills , the House must resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole . To dissolve itself , the Committee of the Whole must `` rise '' ( and , optionally , `` report with a recommendation '' for the particular bill it has had under consideration ) . Each time a new bill is considered in the Committee of the Whole the House resolves itself de novo into the Committee of the Whole for the sole purpose of consideration of that particular bill . The Committee of the Whole can recommend amendments to any bill . The House must then approve these amendments before the amendments are added to the final bill ( which is normally done through unanimous consent ) . It allows bills and resolutions to be considered without adhering to all the formal rules of a House session , such as needing a quorum of 218 . All measures on the Union Calendar must be considered first by the Committee of the Whole . Contents ( hide ) 1 Participation of non-voting delegates 2 Former use in the United States Senate 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Participation of non-voting delegates ( edit ) In 1993 , Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D - DC ) , along with the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico and the delegates from Guam , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and American Samoa , received a limited vote in the Committee of the Whole , based on their right to vote in legislative committees . However , this limited vote stipulated if any of the delegates provided the deciding vote on an issue considered by the Committee of the Whole , a new vote would be conducted and the delegates would not be allowed to vote . The right of delegates to vote in Committee of the Whole was removed by the Republican majority in 1995 after that party gained control of Congress in the 1994 congressional elections . In January 2007 , it was proposed by Democrats in the House that the 1993 -- 1994 procedure be revived . The House approved the proposal with the adoption of H. Res. 78 by a vote of 226 -- 191 . On January 5 , 2011 , on the first day of the newly - Republican controlled House session , the House voted for a rules package again stripping non-voting delegates of their votes in the Committee of the Whole , with a 225 -- 188 vote along party lines to table a motion by Del . Norton providing for further study of the non-voting delegate issue , thereby effectively killing it . Former use in the United States Senate ( edit ) The United States Senate used the Committee of the Whole as a parliamentary device until May 16 , 1930 , when the practice was abolished with respect to bills and joint resolutions . The Senate continued to utilize the Committee of the Whole for consideration of treaties until February 27 , 1986 , with the passage of S. Res 28 . See also ( edit ) List of current United States House of Representatives committees References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Government 101 : How a Bill Becomes Law - Project Vote Smart '' . Votesmart.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Eleanor Holmes Norton : Biography and Much More from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City infoZine News - Delegates Want an Official Chance to Make Their Voices Heard - USA '' . Infozine.com. 2007 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pershing , Ben ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Washington Post - Norton fails in effort to prevent loss of Committee of the Whole vote '' . Voices.washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Riddick 's Senate Procedure - 101st Congress , 2d Session , Page 335 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Sinclair , Barbara ( 1997 ) . Unorthodox Lawmaking : New Legislative Processes in the U.S. Congress . CQ Press . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 276 - X . 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"In the United States House of Representatives, the Committee of the Whole, short for Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, is a parliamentary device in which the House of Representatives is considered one large congressional committee. The presiding officer is chosen by the Speaker of the House and is normally a member of the majority party who does not hold the chair of a standing committee."
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"a member of the majority party who does not hold the chair of a standing committee"
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7748696836225848225 | List of Ryder Cup matches | List of Ryder Cup matches - wikipedia List of Ryder Cup matches List of Ryder Cup matches Tournament information Established 1927 Tour ( s ) PGA Tour , European Tour Format Match play Current champion Europe ( in 2018 ) The Ryder Cup is a golf competition contested by teams from Europe and the United States . The competition was originally contested between Great Britain and the United States , Republic of Ireland golfers first played in the British team in 1953 and this was extended to golfers elsewhere in Europe in 1979 . Established in 1927 , the competition is jointly administered by the Professional Golfers ' Association of America ( PGA of America ) and Ryder Cup Europe , a venture in which the PGA European Tour is the primary partner . The competition takes place every two years , with the exception of 2001 when the match was played a year later due to the 11 September attacks ; the venue alternates between courses in Europe and the United States . The winners of the first match were the United States , who defeated Great Britain at Worcester Country Club 91⁄2 -- 21⁄2 . The latest Ryder Cup , at Le Golf National in Paris , France , was won by Europe 171⁄2 -- 101⁄2 on 30 September 2018 . The Ryder Cup is contested in a match play format , which involves different methods of the format . A foursomes match is contested with two members from each team playing alternate shots . A fourball match consists of two players from either team , who each play their own shot throughout the round . The player that completes the hole in the lowest number of shots wins the hole . Singles matches are also played , with players from each team contesting a one - on - one match . The winner of each match scores a point for their team , if a match is tied after 18 holes then each team is awarded a 1⁄2 point . The format of the competition has changed throughout its history . Originally , foursome matches were played one day , with singles matches over 36 holes the next . Since 1979 , the format has consisted of 28 matches held over three days , with each match worth a point . The first two days consist of eight matches ; four foursomes and four fourball matches . The final day sees all 12 members of each team competing in singles matches . The United States are the most successful team in the history of the competition ; they have won 26 of the 42 matches that have been contested , 18 of which were before 1979 , when the competition was contested between Great Britain and Ireland and the United States . In the 20 matches since the inclusion of European golfers , Europe has won eleven , the United States eight , with one match tied . Contents 1 History 2 United States vs Great Britain / Great Britain & Ireland ( 1927 -- 1977 ) 3 United States vs Europe ( 1979 -- present ) 4 Results by team 5 Venues 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The first Ryder Cup match was contested in June 1927 . The competition held at Worcester Country Club was won 91⁄2 -- 21⁄2 by the United States . British captain Ted Ray cited the Americans ' `` superior putting '' as the reason for their victory . Great Britain improved for the 1929 competition , winning 7 -- 5 at Moortown Golf Club . However , they were unable to replicate this performance in 1931 . In 100 degree heat and missing a number of their best players , they were unable to match the Americans at the Scioto Country Club and lost 9 -- 3 . The 1933 contest at the Southport and Ainsdale Golf Club was a closer affair than previous matches . It came down to the final match between Syd Easterbrook and Denny Shute . The American Shute had a putt to win the competition , but missed two in succession leaving Easterbrook with a putt to win the contest , which he made to secure a 61⁄2 -- 51⁄2 victory for the British team . The United States regained the Cup in 1935 , when they beat Great Britain 9 -- 3 at Ridgewood Country Club . They became the first team to win the competition outside of their own country in 1937 when they beat the British team 8 -- 4 at Southport and Ainsdale Golf Club . The advent of the Second World War meant the Ryder Cup was not contested again until 1947 at Portland Golf Club . The United States dominated the match in wet conditions , as Great Britain scored one point in an 11 -- 1 defeat . The 1949 match was closer than the previous contest . Great Britain went into the final day with a 3 -- 1 lead , but they were unable to secure the three and a half points they needed to win and lost 7 -- 5 . The 1951 contest at Pinehurst Resort , was again won by the United States . Such was the dominance in their 91⁄2 -- 21⁄2 victory , that only two of the twelve matches reached the 18th hole . Before the 1953 contest Great Britain were given a boost when American Ben Hogan decided not to participate . He had won three of the four men 's major golf championships during the year and his absence gave them optimism . However , they were unable to beat the United States ; mistakes at the end of their singles matches by Peter Alliss and Bernard Hunt cost Great Britain as they lost 61⁄2 -- 51⁄2 . Despite recording their best points total in matches held in the United States , Great Britain were again defeated in 1955 . The United States won 8 -- 4 to extend their winning streak to 21 years . The 1957 contest saw Great Britain regain the Cup for the first time since 1933 . They were 3 -- 1 down after the first round of matches , but victory in five out of the seven singles matches made the difference as they won 71⁄2 -- 41⁄2 . The United States regained the Ryder Cup in 1959 beating Great Britain 81⁄2 -- 31⁄2 . The match was the last to be contested over 36 holes of foursomes and singles matches . The format changed to two 18 hole sets of foursomes and singles in 1961 , doubling the number of points available from 12 to 24 . The change in format did not affect the trend of American dominance as they won 141⁄2 -- 91⁄2 at Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club . Two sets of four balls were introduced in 1963 , increasing the number of points available to 32 . Again , the changes made little difference to the outcome as the United States won 23 -- 9 at East Lake Golf Club . British player Henry Cotton summed up the display from the Americans , stating : `` We have been outclassed . '' The 1965 match at Royal Birkdale Golf Club started well for Great Britain , as they were trailing the United States 9 -- 7 going into the singles matches . But the Americans proved too strong , winning the majority of the matches to win the contest 191⁄2 -- 121⁄2 . The 1967 match continued the trend of American victories , as the United States won 231⁄2 -- 81⁄2 at Champions Golf Club . Unlike in previous years , the 1969 match was much closer . The match came down to the last hole of the final singles match between American Jack Nicklaus and British golfer Tony Jacklin . Nicklaus made his putt , which left Jacklin with a putt to tie the match . Despite this , Nicklaus conceded the putt , picking up Jacklin 's ball marker . As a result their match was tied , as was the contest at 16 -- 16 . The United States won again in 1971 , beating Great Britain 181⁄2 -- 131⁄2 . The 1973 match was the first held in Scotland at Muirfield . The outcome remained the same as Great Britain lost 19 -- 13 . The 1975 match at Laurel Valley Golf Club was similar with the United States winning 21 -- 11 . The format changed again in 1977 , as matches were reduced by nearly a third leaving 20 points available . The changed requested by Great Britain & Ireland did little to change the outcome , as the United States won 121⁄2 -- 71⁄2 . Golfers from continental Europe were allowed to compete for the first time in 1979 . There was another change to the format , the first two days now consisted of eight foursomes and fourballs , with twelve singles matches on the final day . Again , the changes had little effect on the outcome as the United States won 17 -- 11 . The 1981 match was originally scheduled to take place at The Belfry , but construction of the course was not completed on time and Walton Heath Golf Club was used instead . The United States , containing a team that had won 36 major championships between them , dominated the match winning 181⁄2 -- 91⁄2 . The 1983 match at PGA National Golf Club was the closest in recent years . After the first two days the match was tied at 8 -- 8 . Europe fell short in the singles match , winning four out of the twelve matches and lost the contest 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 . The 1985 match held at the now completed Belfry , saw Europe win the trophy for the first time in 28 years . Leading 9 -- 7 going into the final day , they won six singles matches to secure a 161⁄2 -- 111⁄2 victory . Europe retained the Ryder Cup in 1987 , beating the United States 15 -- 13 at Muirfield Village , to win in the United States for the first time . The 1989 match was only the second time the contest ended in a tie . Europe were in commanding position when José Maria Cañizares won his singles match , but defeat in the last four matches meant the match finished 14 -- 14 . The 1991 match at Kiawah Island Golf Resort , known as the `` War on the Shore '' , saw the United States regain the Cup . The scores were tied at 8 -- 8 going into the final day and the match came down to the last singles match between Europe 's Bernhard Langer and American golfer Hale Irwin . Langer missed a 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) putt at the last hole , which meant the United States won 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 . The United States retained the Cup in 1993 , winning 15 -- 13 at The Belfry . Europe regained the trophy in 1995 , defeating the United States 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 at Oak Hill Country Club . The Ryder Cup was played outside of the British Isles for the first time in 1997 , as Valderrama Golf Club in Spain hosted the contest . Despite taking a five - point lead into the final day , Europe needed the half point Colin Montgomerie secured in his tied singles match with Scott Hoch to win 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 . The 1999 match was the third time in succession the contest had been won by a single point , but this time it was the United States who won 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 . This was not without controversy , as Europe were unhappy with the celebrations by the American team after a putt by Justin Leonard , while European golfer José María Olazábal still had a chance of holing his putt . The Ryder Cup was scheduled to be played in 2001 , but two weeks before the competition was scheduled to take place the September 11 attacks occurred . The United States fearing for their safety requested the match be played a year later in 2002 . When the match was played , Europe won 151⁄2 -- 121⁄2 to regain the Cup . They retained the Cup in 2004 when they won 181⁄2 -- 91⁄2 at Oakland Hills Country Club , in what was the United States ' heaviest defeat in the competition . The result was repeated in 2006 at the K Club . Europe 's 181⁄2 -- 91⁄2 victory marked the first time they had won three matches in succession . The United States regained the Ryder Cup in 2008 , winning for the first time since 1999 . They won the match when Jim Furyk beat Miguel Ángel Jiménez with four singles matches still ongoing , to win 161⁄2 -- 111⁄2 . A tight contest in 2010 came down to the final singles match between European Graeme McDowell and American golfer Hunter Mahan . McDowell won his match with a hole to spare , to give Europe a 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 victory . Europe recovered a 10 -- 6 deficit on the last day in 2012 , as they won eight of the twelve singles matches to win 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 . United States vs Great Britain / Great Britain & Ireland ( 1927 -- 1977 ) ( edit ) Key Match was tied The `` Year '' column refers to the year the match was held , and wikilinks to the article about that match . Ryder Cup matches Year Winners Score Runners - up Host country Venue GBI captain United States captain 1927 United States 91⁄2 -- 21⁄2 Great Britain United States Worcester Country Club , Massachusetts Ted Ray Walter Hagen 1929 Great Britain 7 -- 5 United States England Moortown Golf Club , Yorkshire George Duncan Walter Hagen 1931 United States 9 -- 3 Great Britain United States Scioto Country Club , Columbus , Ohio Charles Whitcombe Walter Hagen 1933 Great Britain 61⁄2 -- 51⁄2 United States England Southport and Ainsdale Golf Club , Lancashire John Henry Taylor Walter Hagen 1935 United States 9 -- 3 Great Britain United States Ridgewood Country Club , Paramus , New Jersey Charles Whitcombe Walter Hagen 1937 United States 8 -- 4 Great Britain England Southport and Ainsdale Golf Club , Lancashire Charles Whitcombe Walter Hagen 1947 United States 11 -- 1 Great Britain United States Portland Golf Club , Portland , Oregon Henry Cotton Ben Hogan 1949 United States 7 -- 5 Great Britain England Ganton Golf Club , Scarborough , Yorkshire Charles Whitcombe Ben Hogan 1951 United States 91⁄2 -- 21⁄2 Great Britain United States Pinehurst Resort Course No. 2 , North Carolina Arthur Lacey Sam Snead 1953 United States 61⁄2 -- 51⁄2 Great Britain England Wentworth Club , Virginia Water , Surrey Henry Cotton Lloyd Mangrum 1955 United States 8 -- 4 Great Britain United States Thunderbird Country Club , Rancho Mirage , California Dai Rees Chick Harbert 1957 Great Britain 71⁄2 -- 41⁄2 United States England Lindrick Golf Club , West Riding of Yorkshire Dai Rees Jack Burke , Jr . 1959 United States 81⁄2 -- 31⁄2 Great Britain United States Eldorado Golf Club , Indian Wells , California Dai Rees Sam Snead 1961 United States 141⁄2 -- 91⁄2 Great Britain England Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club , Lytham St. Annes , Lancashire Dai Rees Jerry Barber 1963 United States 23 -- 9 Great Britain United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Atlanta , Georgia John Fallon Arnold Palmer 1965 United States 191⁄2 -- 121⁄2 Great Britain England Royal Birkdale Golf Club , Southport , Lancashire Harry Weetman Byron Nelson 1967 United States 231⁄2 -- 81⁄2 Great Britain United States Champions Golf Club , Houston , Texas Dai Rees Ben Hogan 1969 United States 16 -- 16 Great Britain England Royal Birkdale Golf Club , Southport , Lancashire Eric Brown Sam Snead 1971 United States 181⁄2 -- 131⁄2 Great Britain United States Old Warson Country Club , St. Louis , Missouri Eric Brown Jay Hebert 1973 United States 19 -- 13 Great Britain & Ireland Scotland Muirfield , Gullane , East Lothian Bernard Hunt Jack Burke , Jr . United States 21 -- 11 Great Britain & Ireland United States Laurel Valley Golf Club , Ligonier , Pennsylvania Bernard Hunt Arnold Palmer 1977 United States 121⁄2 -- 71⁄2 Great Britain & Ireland England Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club , Lytham St. Annes , Lancashire Brian Huggett Dow Finsterwald Notes Jump up ^ This is not the current Atlanta Athletic Club site in the Atlanta suburb of Johns Creek , Georgia , but is instead the original AAC course that is now known as East Lake Golf Club . United States vs Europe ( 1979 -- present ) ( edit ) Key Match was tied The `` Year '' column refers to the year the match was held , and wikilinks to the article about that match . Ryder Cup matches Year Winners Score Runners - up Host country Venue Europe captain United States captain 1979 United States 17 -- 11 Europe United States The Greenbrier , The Greenbrier Course , White Sulphur Springs , West Virginia John Jacobs Billy Casper 1981 United States 181⁄2 -- 91⁄2 Europe England Walton Heath Golf Club , Walton - on - the - Hill , Surrey John Jacobs Dave Marr United States 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 Europe United States PGA National Golf Club , Palm Beach Gardens , Florida Tony Jacklin Jack Nicklaus 1985 Europe 161⁄2 -- 111⁄2 United States England The Belfry , Brabazon Course , Wishaw , Warwickshire Tony Jacklin Lee Trevino Europe 15 -- 13 United States United States Muirfield Village , Dublin , Ohio Tony Jacklin Jack Nicklaus 1989 Europe 14 -- 14 United States England The Belfry , Brabazon Course , Wishaw , Warwickshire Tony Jacklin Raymond Floyd 1991 United States 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 Europe United States Kiawah Island Golf Resort , Ocean Course , Kiawah Island , South Carolina Bernard Gallacher Dave Stockton 1993 United States 15 -- 13 Europe England The Belfry , Brabazon Course , Wishaw , Warwickshire Bernard Gallacher Tom Watson 1995 Europe 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 United States United States Oak Hill Country Club , East Course , Rochester , New York Bernard Gallacher Lanny Wadkins 1997 Europe 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 United States Spain Valderrama Golf Club , Sotogrande , Andalusia Seve Ballesteros Tom Kite 1999 United States 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 Europe United States The Country Club , Composite Course , Brookline , Massachusetts Mark James Ben Crenshaw 2002 Europe 151⁄2 -- 121⁄2 United States England The Belfry , Brabazon Course , Wishaw , Warwickshire Sam Torrance Curtis Strange Europe 181⁄2 -- 91⁄2 United States United States Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course , Bloomfield Hills , Michigan Bernhard Langer Hal Sutton 2006 Europe 181⁄2 -- 91⁄2 United States Republic of Ireland K Club , Palmer Course , Straffan , County Kildare Ian Woosnam Tom Lehman 2008 United States 161⁄2 -- 111⁄2 Europe United States Valhalla Golf Club , Louisville , Kentucky Nick Faldo Paul Azinger Europe 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 United States Wales Celtic Manor Resort , Twenty Ten Course , Newport Colin Montgomerie Corey Pavin 2012 Europe 141⁄2 -- 131⁄2 United States United States Medinah Country Club , Course 3 , Medinah , Illinois José María Olazábal Davis Love III 2014 Europe 161⁄2 -- 111⁄2 United States Scotland Gleneagles , PGA Centenary Course , Perth & Kinross Paul McGinley Tom Watson 2016 United States 17 -- 11 Europe United States Hazeltine National Golf Club , Chaska , Minnesota Darren Clarke Davis Love III 2018 Europe 171⁄2 -- 101⁄2 United States France Le Golf National , Albatros Course , Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Thomas Bjørn Jim Furyk Results by team ( edit ) Team From To Matches Wins Losses Ties United States 1927 2018 42 26 14 Great Britain / Great Britain & Ireland 1927 1977 22 18 Europe 1979 2018 20 11 8 Venues ( edit ) Maps of Ryder Cup venues . 1929 1933 , 1937 1949 1953 1957 1961 , 1977 1965 , 1969 1973 1981 1985 , 1989 , 1993 , 2002 2006 2014 Ryder Cups held in Great Britain and Ireland 1927 1931 1935 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1979 1991 1995 1999 2008 2012 2016 Ryder Cups held in the USA 1997 2018 Ryder Cups held on the European mainland Notes ( edit ) A . In the event of a match ending in a tie , the team who last won the Ryder Cup retains the Cup . References ( edit ) General `` Past results of the Ryder Cup '' . Ryder Cup . Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ `` 1979 : The Greenbrier , White Sulphur Springs , West Virginia '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dates announced for 2016 Ryder Cup at Hazeltine '' . rydercup.com . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scoring '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . PGA of America . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kevin ( 24 September 1999 ) . `` Ryder Cup format '' . USA Today . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup -- History '' . European Tour . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1927 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1929 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1931 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1933 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1935 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1937 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 : Portland Golf Club , Portland , Oregon '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1949 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1951 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1953 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1955 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1957 '' . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Eldorado Country Club , Palm Desert , California '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Royal Lytham & St Annes , St Annes , England '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1961 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 East Lake Country Club , Atlanta , Georgia '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1963 '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1965 '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1967 '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1969 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Old Warson Country Club , St Louis , Missouri '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Muirfield , Muirfield , Scotland '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1973 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1975 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Royal Lytham & St Annes , St Annes , England '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1979 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1981 '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1983 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1985 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Muirfield Village , Columbus , Ohio '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1989 '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1991 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1993 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1995 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1997 '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 1999 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Davies , David ( 18 November 2004 ) . `` Casey opens war with America '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 2001 '' . BBC Sport. 13 September 2004 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup History -- 2002 '' . BBC Sport. 13 September 2004 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Europe win Ryder Cup '' . BBC Sport. 19 September 2004 . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheers and tears ( 2006 ) '' . Sky Sports . 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Orlovac , Mark ( 21 September 2008 ) . `` US secure emphatic Ryder Cup win '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` McDowell seals dramatic win as Europe regain Ryder Cup '' . BBC Sport. 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup 2012 : Europe beat USA after record comeback '' . BBC Sport. 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the matches '' . Ryder Cup . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Ryder Cup United States vs. Great Britain 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 United States vs. Great Britain and Ireland 1973 1977 United States vs. Europe 1979 1981 1985 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Statistics and lists Matches Records Broadcasters American golfers European golfers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ryder_Cup_matches&oldid=866350795 '' Categories : Ryder Cup lists Lists of sports matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 20 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when's the last time the united states won the ryder cup | [
"\nRyder Cup matches\n\n\nYear\n\nWinners\n\nScore\n\nRunners-up\n\nHost country\n\nVenue\n\nEurope captain\n\nUnited States captain\n\n\n1979\n\n United States\n\n17–11\n\n Europe\n\nUnited States\n\nThe Greenbrier, The Greenbrier Course, White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia\n\n John Jacobs\n\nBilly Casper\n\n\n1981\n\n United States\n\n18½–9½\n\n Europe\n\nEngland\n\nWalton Heath Golf Club, Walton-on-the-Hill, Surrey\n\n John Jacobs\n\nDave Marr\n\n\n1983\n\n United States\n\n14½–13½\n\n Europe\n\nUnited States\n\nPGA National Golf Club, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida\n\n Tony Jacklin\n\nJack Nicklaus\n\n\n1985\n\n Europe\n\n16½–11½\n\n United States\n\nEngland\n\nThe Belfry, Brabazon Course, Wishaw, Warwickshire\n\n Tony Jacklin\n\nLee Trevino\n\n\n1987\n\n Europe\n\n15–13\n\n United States\n\nUnited States\n\nMuirfield Village, Dublin, Ohio\n\n Tony Jacklin\n\nJack Nicklaus\n\n\n1989\n\n Europe[A]\n\n14–14\n\n United States\n\nEngland\n\nThe Belfry, Brabazon Course, Wishaw, Warwickshire\n\n Tony Jacklin\n\nRaymond Floyd\n\n\n1991\n\n United States\n\n14½–13½\n\n Europe\n\nUnited States\n\nKiawah Island Golf Resort, Ocean Course, Kiawah Island, South Carolina\n\n Bernard Gallacher\n\nDave Stockton\n\n\n1993\n\n United States\n\n15–13\n\n Europe\n\nEngland\n\nThe Belfry, Brabazon Course, Wishaw, Warwickshire\n\n Bernard Gallacher\n\nTom Watson\n\n\n1995\n\n Europe\n\n14½–13½\n\n United States\n\nUnited States\n\nOak Hill Country Club, East Course, Rochester, New York\n\n Bernard Gallacher\n\nLanny Wadkins\n\n\n1997\n\n Europe\n\n14½–13½\n\n United States\n\nSpain\n\nValderrama Golf Club, Sotogrande, Andalusia\n\n Seve Ballesteros\n\nTom Kite\n\n\n1999\n\n United States\n\n14½–13½\n\n Europe\n\nUnited States\n\nThe Country Club, Composite Course, Brookline, Massachusetts\n\n Mark James\n\nBen Crenshaw\n\n\n2002\n\n Europe\n\n15½–12½\n\n United States\n\nEngland\n\nThe Belfry, Brabazon Course, Wishaw, Warwickshire\n\n Sam Torrance\n\nCurtis Strange\n\n\n2004\n\n Europe\n\n18½–9½\n\n United States\n\nUnited States\n\nOakland Hills Country Club, South Course, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan\n\n Bernhard Langer\n\nHal Sutton\n\n\n2006\n\n Europe\n\n18½–9½\n\n United States\n\nRepublic of Ireland\n\nK Club, Palmer Course, Straffan, County Kildare\n\n Ian Woosnam\n\nTom Lehman\n\n\n2008\n\n United States\n\n16½–11½\n\n Europe\n\nUnited States\n\nValhalla Golf Club, Louisville, Kentucky\n\n Nick Faldo\n\nPaul Azinger\n\n\n2010\n\n Europe\n\n14½–13½\n\n United States\n\nWales\n\nCeltic Manor Resort, Twenty Ten Course, Newport\n\n Colin Montgomerie\n\nCorey Pavin\n\n\n2012\n\n Europe\n\n14½–13½\n\n United States\n\nUnited States\n\nMedinah Country Club, Course 3, Medinah, Illinois\n\n José María Olazábal\n\nDavis Love III\n\n\n2014\n\n Europe\n\n16½–11½\n\n United States\n\nScotland\n\nGleneagles, PGA Centenary Course, Perth & Kinross\n\n Paul McGinley\n\nTom Watson\n\n\n2016\n\n United States\n\n17–11\n\n Europe\n\nUnited States\n\nHazeltine National Golf Club, Chaska, Minnesota\n\n Darren Clarke\n\nDavis Love III\n\n\n2018\n\n Europe\n\n17½–10½\n\n United States\n\nFrance\n\nLe Golf National, Albatros Course, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines\n\n Thomas Bjørn\n\nJim Furyk\n\n"
] | [
"2016"
] |
7382897217247422623 | Extreme points of North America | Extreme points of North America - wikipedia Extreme points of North America Jump to : navigation , search North America This is a list of the extreme points of North America : the points that are highest and lowest , and farther north , south , east or west than any other location on the continent . Some of these points are debatable , given the varying definitions of North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 North America and surrounding islands 2 Continental North America 3 Highest points 4 Lowest points 5 Other points 6 Islands 7 Lakes 8 Rivers 9 Extreme points of North American countries 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links North America and surrounding islands ( edit ) Northernmost point -- Kaffeklubben Island , Greenland 83 ° 40 ′ N 29 ° 50 ′ W / 83.667 ° N 29.833 ° W / 83.667 ; - 29.833 ( Kaffeklubben Island ) . Although politically part of the Kingdom of Denmark , Greenland is geologically part of the North American plate . If Greenland is excluded from North America , the northernmost point is Cape Columbia , Ellesmere Island , Nunavut , Canada 83 ° 8 ′ N 74 ° 13 ′ W / 83.133 ° N 74.217 ° W / 83.133 ; - 74.217 ( Cape Columbia ) . Southernmost point -- Cocos Island , Costa Rica 5 ° 31 ′ 8 '' N 87 ° 4 ′ 18 '' W / 5.51889 ° N 87.07167 ° W / 5.51889 ; - 87.07167 ( Cocos Island ) Westernmost point -- The westernmost point depends on the definition of `` westernmost '' . If following the International Date Line , it would be Cape Wrangell on Attu Island , Alaska , United States 52 ° 55 ′ 28 '' N 172 ° 28 ′ 22 '' E / 52.92444 ° N 172.47278 ° E / 52.92444 ; 172.47278 ( Cape Wrangell ) . However , if the border between east and west is defined by the 180th meridian , the westernmost point is the West Point of Amatignak Island 51 ° 17 ′ N 179 ° 9 ′ W / 51.283 ° N 179.150 ° W / 51.283 ; - 179.150 ( West Point of Amatignak Island ) , as Attu Island is in the Eastern Hemisphere . Easternmost point -- Nordostrundingen , Greenland 81 ° 26 ′ 25 '' N 11 ° 29 ′ 22 '' W / 81.44028 ° N 11.48944 ° W / 81.44028 ; - 11.48944 ( Nordostrundingen ) . If Greenland is excluded , then the easternmost point is Cape Spear , Newfoundland , Canada 47 ° 31 ′ 25 '' N 52 ° 37 ′ 10 '' W / 47.52361 ° N 52.61944 ° W / 47.52361 ; - 52.61944 ( Cape Spear ) . Again , if one uses the technical definition of longitude , it is Pochnoi Point on Semisopochnoi Island , Alaska , 51 ° 57 ′ N 179 ° 52 ′ E / 51.950 ° N 179.867 ° E / 51.950 ; 179.867 ( Pochnoi Point ) since the state stretches into the Eastern Hemisphere . Continental North America ( edit ) Northernmost point -- Zenith Point , Canada 72 ° 0 ′ 0 '' N 94 ° 38 ′ 59 '' W / 72.00000 ° N 94.64972 ° W / 72.00000 ; - 94.64972 ( Zenith Point ) Southernmost point -- Punta Mariato , Panama 7 ° 12 ′ 32 '' N 80 ° 53 ′ 10 '' W / 7.20889 ° N 80.88611 ° W / 7.20889 ; - 80.88611 ( Punta Mariato ) Westernmost point -- Cape Prince of Wales , Alaska 65 ° 35 ′ 47 '' N 168 ° 5 ′ 5 '' W / 65.59639 ° N 168.08472 ° W / 65.59639 ; - 168.08472 ( Cape Prince of Wales ) Easternmost point -- Cape Saint Charles , Labrador 52 ° 13 ′ 3 '' N 55 ° 37 ′ 15 '' W / 52.21750 ° N 55.62083 ° W / 52.21750 ; - 55.62083 ( Cape Saint Charles ) Highest points ( edit ) Denali ( Mount McKinley ) , Alaska , United States 63 ° 4 ′ 10 '' N 151 ° 0 ′ 26 '' W / 63.06944 ° N 151.00722 ° W / 63.06944 ; - 151.00722 ( Mount McKinley ) -- highest summit of North America at 6,190.5 m ( 20,310 feet ) . Pico de Orizaba ( Volcán Citlaltépetl ) , Puebla and Veracruz , Mexico 19 ° 1 ′ 50 '' N 97 ° 16 ′ 11 '' W / 19.03056 ° N 97.26972 ° W / 19.03056 ; - 97.26972 ( Pico de Orizaba ) -- highest volcano summit of North America at 5,636 m ( 18,491 feet ) . Grays Peak , Colorado , United States 39 ° 38 ′ 2 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 3 '' W / 39.63389 ° N 105.81750 ° W / 39.63389 ; - 105.81750 ( Grays Peak ) -- highest point on the Continental Divide of North America at 4,352 m ( 14,278 feet ) . Volcán Tajumulco , San Marcos , Guatemala 15 ° 2 ′ 37 '' N 91 ° 54 ′ 12 '' W / 15.04361 ° N 91.90333 ° W / 15.04361 ; - 91.90333 ( Volcán Tajumulco ) -- highest summit of Central America at 4,220 m ( 13,850 feet ) . Gunnbjørn Fjeld , Sermersooq , Island of Greenland , Greenland 68 ° 55 ′ 10 '' N 29 ° 53 ′ 55 '' W / 68.91944 ° N 29.89861 ° W / 68.91944 ; - 29.89861 ( Gunnbjørn Fjeld ) -- highest island summit of the Americas and the Western Hemisphere and highest summit of the entire Arctic at 3,694 m ( 12,119 feet ) . Pico Duarte , Dominican Republic , Hispaniola 19 ° 1 ′ 23 '' N 70 ° 59 ′ 53 '' W / 19.02306 ° N 70.99806 ° W / 19.02306 ; - 70.99806 ( Pico Duarte ) -- highest summit of the Caribbean at 3,175 m ( 10,417 feet ) . Ixchiguán , San Marcos Department , Guatemala -- highest town of North America at 3200m m ( 10,500 feet ) Leadville , Colorado , United States 39 ° 14 ′ 50 '' N 106 ° 17 ′ 30 '' W / 39.24722 ° N 106.29167 ° W / 39.24722 ; - 106.29167 ( Leadville , Colorado ) -- highest city of North America at 3094 m ( 10,152 feet ) Lake County Airport , Colorado , United States 39 ° 13 ′ 13 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 00 '' W / 39.22028 ° N 106.31667 ° W / 39.22028 ; - 106.31667 ( Lake County Airport ) -- highest airfield of North America at 3026 m ( 9,927 feet ) Lowest points ( edit ) Badwater Basin , Death Valley , California , United States 36 ° 14 ′ 23 '' N 116 ° 50 ′ 5 '' W / 36.23972 ° N 116.83472 ° W / 36.23972 ; - 116.83472 ( Badwater Basin ) -- lowest land surface of North America at − 85.0 m ( − 279 feet ) Salton Sea , California , United States 33 ° 19 ′ 59 '' N 115 ° 50 ′ 3 '' W / 33.33306 ° N 115.83417 ° W / 33.33306 ; - 115.83417 ( Salton Sea ) -- lowest lake of North America at − 69 m ( − 226 feet ) Furnace Creek Airport , California , United States 36 ° 27 ′ 50 '' N 116 ° 52 ′ 53 '' W / 36.46389 ° N 116.88139 ° W / 36.46389 ; - 116.88139 ( Furnace Creek Airport ) -- lowest airfield of the Americas at − 64 m ( − 210 feet ) Furnace Creek , California , United States 36 ° 27 ′ 29 '' N 116 ° 52 ′ 15 '' W / 36.45806 ° N 116.87083 ° W / 36.45806 ; - 116.87083 ( Furnace Creek , California ) -- lowest settlement of the Americas at − 58 m ( − 190 ft ) Calipatria , California , United States 33 ° 07 ′ 32 '' N 115 ° 30 ′ 51 '' W / 33.12556 ° N 115.51417 ° W / 33.12556 ; - 115.51417 ( Calipatria , California ) -- lowest city of the Americas at − 56 m ( − 184 feet ) Lago Enriquillo , Dominican Republic , Hispaniola 18 ° 30 ′ N 71 ° 35 ′ W / 18.500 ° N 71.583 ° W / 18.500 ; - 71.583 ( Lago Enriquillo ) -- lowest lake on an island and lowest surface point on any ocean island on Earth at − 27 m ( − 89 feet ) New Orleans , Louisiana , United States 29 ° 58 ′ N 90 ° 03 ′ W / 29.967 ° N 90.050 ° W / 29.967 ; - 90.050 ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) -- lowest city of the Americas with an average elevation of − 0.5 m ( − 1.5 feet ) Isthmus of Rivas , Rivas , Nicaragua 12 ° 1 ′ N 86 ° 27 ′ W / 12.017 ° N 86.450 ° W / 12.017 ; - 86.450 ( Isthmus of Rivas ) -- lowest pass between Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean ( on the Continental Divide of the Americas ) at 56 m ( 184 feet ) Great Slave Lake bottom , Northwest Territories , Canada 61 ° 40 ′ N 114 ° 00 ′ W / 61.667 ° N 114.000 ° W / 61.667 ; - 114.000 ( Great Slave Lake ) -- lowest fresh water point of the Americas at − 458 m ( − 1,503 feet ) Other points ( edit ) The geographic center of the North American continent is located at 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W / 48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W / 48.167 ; - 100.167 ( Geographic center of the North American continent ) , about 6 miles west of Balta in Pierce County , North Dakota , United States . The North American pole of inaccessibility is located at 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W / 43.367 ° N 101.967 ° W / 43.367 ; - 101.967 ( North American pole of inaccessibility ) , about eleven miles southeast of the town of Kyle on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Bennett County , South Dakota , United States , 1650 km ( 1025 miles ) from the nearest coastlines . Islands ( edit ) Island of Greenland 68 ° 55 ′ 10 '' N 29 ° 53 ′ 55 '' W / 68.91944 ° N 29.89861 ° W / 68.91944 ; - 29.89861 ( Island of Greenland ) -- most extensive island on Earth at 2,130,800 km ( 822,700 square miles ) and tallest island of Western Hemisphere . Highest point is Gunnbjørn Fjeld at 12,118 feet ( 3,694 m ) . Island of Cuba 21 ° 30 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ W / 21.500 ° N 80.000 ° W / 21.500 ; - 80.000 ( Island of Cuba ) -- most extensive island of the Caribbean at 104,556 km ( 40,369 square miles ) . Highest point is Pico Turquino at convert 6,480 feet ( 1,980 m ) . Hispaniola 19 ° 1 ′ 23 '' N 70 ° 59 ′ 53 '' W / 19.02306 ° N 70.99806 ° W / 19.02306 ; - 70.99806 ( Hispaniola ) -- tallest island of the Caribbean and second most extensive island of the Caribbean at 76,480 km ( 29,529 square miles ) . Highest peak is Pico Duarte at 10,417 ft ( 3,175 m ) . Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron , Ontario , Canada 45 ° 46 ′ N 82 ° 12 ′ W / 45.767 ° N 82.200 ° W / 45.767 ; - 82.200 ( Manitoulin Island ) -- most extensive lake island on Earth at 2,766 km ( 1,068 square miles ) Unimak Island - highest point is Shishaldin Volcano at 9,373 ft ( 2,857 m ) . Ellesmere Island - highest point is Barbeau Peak at 8,583 ft ( 2,616 m ) . Jamaica - highest point is Blue Mountain Peak at 7,402 ft ( 2,256 m ) . Axel Heiberg Island - highest point is Outlook Peak at 7,251 ft ( 2,210 m ) . Vancouver Island - highest point is Golden Hinde at 7,211 ft ( 2,198 m ) . Baffin Island - highest point is Mount Odin at 7,044 ft ( 2,147 m ) . Umnak Island - highest point is Mount Vsevidof at 6,920 ft ( 2,110 m ) . Unalaska Island - highest point is Makushin Volcano at 6,680 ft ( 2,040 m ) . Lakes ( edit ) Lake Superior , Canada and the United States 47 ° 45 ′ N 87 ° 30 ′ W / 47.750 ° N 87.500 ° W / 47.750 ; - 87.500 ( Lake Superior ) -- most voluminous lake in Western Hemisphere at 11,600 km ( 2,800 cubic miles ) Great Slave Lake , Northwest Territories , Canada 61 ° 40 ′ N 114 ° 00 ′ W / 61.667 ° N 114.000 ° W / 61.667 ; - 114.000 ( Great Slave Lake ) -- deepest lake in Western Hemisphere at 614 m ( 2,014 feet ) Lake Michigan -- Huron , Canada and the United States 45 ° 49 ′ N 84 ° 45 ′ W / 45.817 ° N 84.750 ° W / 45.817 ; - 84.750 ( Lake Michigan -- Huron ) -- most extensive lake in Western Hemisphere and the most extensive fresh water lake on Earth at 117,702 km ( 45,445 square miles ) Nettilling Lake on Baffin Island , Nunavut , Canada 66 ° 30 ′ N 70 ° 50 ′ W / 66.500 ° N 70.833 ° W / 66.500 ; - 70.833 ( Nettilling Lake ) -- most extensive lake on an island on Earth at 5,066 km ( 1,956 square miles ) Great Salt Lake , Utah , United States 31 ° 10 ′ N 112 ° 35 ′ W / 31.167 ° N 112.583 ° W / 31.167 ; - 112.583 ( Great Salt Lake ) -- most extensive endorheic lake at 4,400 km ( 1,700 square miles ) Lake Manitou on Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron , Ontario , Canada 45 ° 46 ′ 42 '' N 81 ° 59 ′ 30 '' W / 45.77833 ° N 81.99167 ° W / 45.77833 ; - 81.99167 ( Lake Manitou ) -- most extensive lake on an island in a lake on Earth at 104 km ( 40 square miles ) Rivers ( edit ) Mississippi Basin , Canada and the United States 29 ° 9 ′ 4 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 ( Mississippi River ) -- most extensive river basin at 2,981,076 km ( 1,151,000 square miles ) Mississippi - Missouri - Jefferson Rivers , United States 29 ° 9 ′ 4 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 ( Mississippi - Missouri - Jefferson Rivers ) -- longest river system at 6,275 km ( 3,902 miles ) Missouri River , United States 38 ° 48 ′ 49 '' N 90 ° 7 ′ 11 '' W / 38.81361 ° N 90.11972 ° W / 38.81361 ; - 90.11972 ( Missouri River ) -- longest main stem river at 3,768 km ( 2,341 miles ) Mississippi River , United States 29 ° 9 ′ 4 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 ( Mississippi River ) -- longest Gulf of Mexico main stem river at 3,544 km ( 2,202 miles ) Yukon River , Canada and the United States 62 ° 35 ′ 55 '' N 164 ° 47 ′ 40 '' W / 62.59861 ° N 164.79444 ° W / 62.59861 ; - 164.79444 ( Yukon River ) -- longest Bering Sea main stem river at 3,185 km ( 1,979 miles ) Nelson River , Manitoba , Canada 57 ° 5 ′ 5 '' N 92 ° 30 ′ 8 '' W / 57.08472 ° N 92.50222 ° W / 57.08472 ; - 92.50222 ( Nelson River ) -- longest Hudson Bay main stem river at 2,575 km ( 1,600 miles ) Colorado River , United States and Mexico 31 ° 48 ′ 57 '' N 114 ° 48 ′ 22 '' W / 31.81583 ° N 114.80611 ° W / 31.81583 ; - 114.80611 ( Colorado River ) -- longest Gulf of California main stem river at 2,330 km ( 1,450 miles ) Columbia River , Canada and the United States 46 ° 14 ′ 39 '' N 124 ° 3 ′ 29 '' W / 46.24417 ° N 124.05806 ° W / 46.24417 ; - 124.05806 ( Columbia River ) -- longest Pacific Ocean main stem river at 2,000 km ( 1,243 miles ) Mackenzie River , Northwest Territories , Canada 68 ° 56 ′ 23 '' N 136 ° 10 ′ 22 '' W / 68.93972 ° N 136.17278 ° W / 68.93972 ; - 136.17278 ( Mackenzie River ) -- longest Arctic Ocean main stem river at 1,738 km ( 1,080 miles ) Saint Lawrence River , United States and Canada 49 ° 40 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W / 49.667 ° N 64.500 ° W / 49.667 ; - 64.500 ( Saint Lawrence River ) -- longest Atlantic Ocean main stem river at 965 km ( 600 miles ) Extreme points of North American countries ( edit ) Extreme points of Canada Extreme points of Cuba Extreme points of Greenland Extreme points of Mexico Extreme points of the United States See also ( edit ) Geography of North America Extreme points of the Earth Extreme points of the Americas Extreme points of North America Extreme points of Canada Extreme points of Canadian provinces Extreme communities of Canada Extreme points of Greenland Extreme points of Mexico Extreme points of the United States Extreme points of U.S. states Extreme points of Massachusetts Extreme Points of Texas Extreme points of New England Extreme points of Central America Extreme points of the Caribbean Extreme points of Cuba Extreme points of South America Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pico de Orizaba is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Puebla , Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave , and all of México Jump up ^ The summit of Grays Peak is the highest point of the Front Range and the Continental Divide of North America . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Grays Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.881 m ( + 6.2 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ Volcán Tajumulco is the highest point of the Republic of Guatemala and all of Central America . Volcán Tajumulco is the southernmost and easternmost 4000 m ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of North America Jump up ^ Gunnbjørn Fjeld is the highest point on the Island of Greenland , Kalaallit Nunaat , the Kingdom of Denmark , and the entire Arctic Jump up ^ Pico Duarte is the highest point on the Island of Hispaniola , the Dominican Republic , and all the islands of the Caribbean Sea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark Newell ; Blaine Horner ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` New Elevation for Nation 's Highest Peak '' ( Press release ) . USGS . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pico de Orizaba '' . Summits of the World . peakbagger.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . NGS Station Datasheet . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Summits of the World . peakbagger.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Tajumulco '' . Summits of the World . peakbagger.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gunnbjørn Fjeld '' . Summits of the World . peakbagger.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pico Duarte '' . Summits of the World . peakbagger.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USGS National Elevation Dataset ( NED ) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program ( 3DEP ) - National Geospatial Data Asset ( NGDA ) National Elevation Data Set ( NED ) '' . United States Geological Survey . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Furnace Creek in Death Valley , California , United States set the world record for the highest reliably reported ambient air temperature of 134 ° F ( 56.7 ° C ) on July 10 , 1913 . This record has been eclipsed only once by a questionable reading of 136 ° F ( 57.8 ° C ) recorded in ' Aziziya , Libya , on September 13 , 1922 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutNorth Americaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity ( hide ) Extreme points of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Coordinates : 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W / 48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W / 48.167 ; - 100.167 ( North America ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_North_America&oldid=796858285 '' Categories : Geography of North America Extreme points of Earth Extreme points by continent Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 13 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the southern most point in north america | [
"Southernmost point — Cocos Island, Costa Rica 5°31′8″N 87°4′18″W / 5.51889°N 87.07167°W / 5.51889; -87.07167 (Cocos Island)"
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"Cocos Island, Costa Rica"
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42161770097831107 | FIFA World Cup hosts | FIFA World Cup hosts - wikipedia FIFA World Cup hosts Logo of FIFA Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2018 . Dark green : twice ; middle green : once ; light green : planned until 2026 Seventeen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition 's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930 . The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments , given the three - week boat journey between South America and Europe , the two centers of strength in football at the time . The decision to hold the first cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these , the 1938 FIFA World Cup , in France was controversial , as the South American countries had been led to understand that the World Cup would rotate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the tournament . The first tournament following World War II , held in Brazil in 1950 , had three teams withdraw for either financial problems or disagreements with the organization . To avoid any future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternation between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Asia . The system evolved so that the host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Congress . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The decision is currently made roughly seven years in advance of the tournament , though the hosts for the 2022 tournament were chosen at the same time as those for the 2018 tournament . Only Mexico , Italy , France , Germany ( West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup ) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions . Mexico City 's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals . Only the 2002 FIFA World Cup had more than one host , being split between Japan and South Korea . Upon the selection of Canada -- Mexico -- United States bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup , the tournament will be the first to be hosted by more than two countries . Mexico becomes the first country to host three men 's World Cups and its Estadio Azteca , should it be selected , will become the first stadium to stage three World Cup tournaments . Contents 1 List of hosts 2 Results of hosts 3 1930 FIFA World Cup 4 1934 FIFA World Cup 5 1938 FIFA World Cup 6 Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 7 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups 7.1 1950 bid 7.2 1954 bid 8 1958 FIFA World Cup 9 1962 FIFA World Cup 10 1966 FIFA World Cup 11 1970 FIFA World Cup 12 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups 12.1 1974 results 12.2 1978 results 12.3 1982 results 13 1986 FIFA World Cup 14 1990 FIFA World Cup 15 1994 FIFA World Cup 16 1998 FIFA World Cup 17 2002 FIFA World Cup 18 2006 FIFA World Cup 18.1 Controversy 19 2010 FIFA World Cup 19.1 Controversy 20 2014 FIFA World Cup 21 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups 22 2026 FIFA World Cup 23 2030 FIFA World Cup 24 2034 FIFA World Cup 25 Total bids by country 26 Host country performances 27 Notes 28 References 29 External links List of hosts ( edit ) Year Host Continent Winner 1930 Uruguay South America Uruguay 1934 Italy Europe Italy 1938 France Europe Italy 1942 Cancelled because of World War II * 1946 Cancelled because of World War II 1950 Brazil South America Uruguay 1954 Switzerland Europe Germany 1958 Sweden Europe Brazil 1962 Chile South America Brazil 1966 England Europe England 1970 Mexico North America Brazil Germany Europe Germany 1978 Argentina South America Argentina 1982 Spain Europe Italy 1986 Mexico North America Argentina 1990 Italy Europe Germany 1994 United States North America Brazil 1998 France Europe France 2002 Japan South Korea Asia Brazil 2006 Germany Europe Italy South Africa Africa Spain 2014 Brazil South America Germany 2018 Russia Europe France 2022 Qatar Asia 2026 Canada Mexico United States North America 2030 TBD 2034 TBD 1 . In 1942 , Germany was expected to be the host country , but because of the World War II , the World Cup was cancelled . Results of hosts ( edit ) Except 1934 , host nations are granted an automatic spot in the World Cup group stages . The first host ever to fail to advance past the first round was South Africa in 2010 . denotes the best result in the team 's history , - the best result at the time of the competition ( improved later ) . No . Year Host nation Finish 1930 Uruguay Champions 1934 Italy Champions 1938 France Quarter - final ‡ -- 1942 Germany ( expected ) Tournament is canceled due to World War II -- 1946 Tournament canceled , during the World War II 1950 Brazil Runners - up 5 1954 Switzerland Quarter - final † 6 1958 Sweden Runners - up 7 1962 Chile Third place 8 1966 England Champions 9 1970 Mexico Quarter - final † 10 West Germany Champions 11 1978 Argentina Champions 12 1982 Spain Round 2 ( Top 12 ) ( Format was different from other cups . ) 13 1986 Mexico Quarter - final † 14 1990 Italy Third place 15 1994 United States Round of 16 16 1998 France Champions 17 2002 South Korea Fourth place Japan Round of 16 † 18 2006 Germany Third place 19 South Africa Group stage 20 2014 Brazil Fourth place 21 2018 Russia Quarter - final 22 2022 Qatar TBD 23 2026 Canada TBD Mexico TBD United States TBD 1930 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Bids : Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay Before the FIFA Congress could vote on the first - ever World Cup host , a series of withdrawals led to the election of Uruguay . The Netherlands and Hungary withdrew , followed by Sweden withdrawing in favour of Italy . Then both Italy and Spain withdrew , in favour of the only remaining candidate , Uruguay . The FIFA Congress met in Barcelona , Spain on 18 May 1929 to ratify the decision , and Uruguay was chosen without a vote . Results : Uruguay Italy withdrew Spain withdrew Sweden withdrew Netherlands withdrew Hungary withdrew Notice that the celebration of the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay . For that reason , the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario . 1934 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1934 FIFA World Cup Bids : Italy Sweden Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote , allowing the only remaining candidate Italy to take the hosting job for the 1934 World Cup . The decision was ratified by the FIFA Congress in Stockholm , Sweden and Zürich , Switzerland on 14 May 1932 . The Italian Football Federation accepted the hosting duties on 9 October 1932 . Results : Italy Sweden withdrew 1938 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1938 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina France Germany Without any nations withdrawing their bids , the FIFA Congress convened in Berlin , Germany on 13 August 1936 to decide the next host . Electing France took only one ballot , as France had more than half of the votes in the first round . Results : France , 19 votes Argentina , 3 votes Germany , 1 vote Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 ( edit ) Bids for 1942 : Argentina Brazil Germany Cancelled FIFA election of the host for the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 . Bids for 1946 : none 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1950 FIFA World Cup and 1954 FIFA World Cup 1950 bid ( edit ) Bid : Brazil Brazil , Argentina , and Germany had officially bid for the 1942 World Cup , but the Cup was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II . The 1950 World Cup was originally scheduled for 1949 , but the day after Brazil was selected by the FIFA Congress on 26 July 1946 in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg , the World Cup was rescheduled for 1950 . Result : Brazil 1954 bid ( edit ) Bid : Switzerland The 1954 World Cup hosting duty was decided on 26 July 1946 , the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1949 World Cup , in Luxembourg City . On 27 July , the FIFA Congress pushed back the 5th World Cup finals by three years , deciding it should take place in 1954 . Result : Switzerland 1958 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 1958 FIFA World Cup § Host selection , and 1958 FIFA World Cup Bid : Sweden Argentina , Chile , Mexico , and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament . Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals . Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed in on 23 June 1950 . Result : Sweden 1962 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Chile West Germany West Germany withdrew before the vote , which took place in Lisbon , Portugal on 10 June 1956 , leaving two remaining bids . In one round of voting , Chile won over Argentina . Results : Chile , 31 votes Argentina , 12 votes West Germany withdrew 1966 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Bids : England West Germany Spain Spain withdrew from the bidding prior to voting by the FIFA Congress , held in Rome , Italy on 22 August 1960 . Again , there was only one round of voting , with England defeating West Germany . Results : England , 34 votes West Germany , 27 votes Spain withdrew 1970 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Australia Colombia Japan Mexico Peru The FIFA Congress convened in Tokyo , Japan on 8 October 1964 . One round of voting saw Mexico win the hosting duties over Argentina . Results : Mexico , 56 votes Argentina , 32 votes Australia withdrew Colombia withdrew Japan withdrew Peru withdrew 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1974 FIFA World Cup , 1978 FIFA World Cup , and 1982 FIFA World Cup Three hosts for the 1974 , 1978 , and 1982 World Cups were chosen in London , England on 6 July 1966 by the FIFA Congress . Spain and West Germany , both facing each other in the running for hosting duties for the 1974 and 1982 World Cups , agreed to give one another a hosting job . Germany withdrew from the 1982 bidding process while Spain withdrew from the 1974 bidding process , essentially guaranteeing each a hosting spot . Mexico , who had won the 1970 hosting bid over Argentina just two years prior , agreed to withdraw and let Argentina take the 1978 hosting position . 1974 results ( edit ) West Germany Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties Italy withdrew Netherlands withdrew 1978 results ( edit ) Argentina Colombia withdrew Mexico withdrew , as they had won hosting for 1970 1982 results ( edit ) Spain West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties Italy withdrew 1986 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Bid : Colombia Host voting , handled by the then - FIFA Executive Committee ( or Exco ) , met in Stockholm on 9 June 1974 and ratified the unopposed Colombian bid . Result : Colombia However , Colombia withdrew after being selected to host the World Cup for financial problems on 5 November 1982 , less than four years before the event was to start . A call for bids was sent out again , and FIFA received intent from three nations : Canada Mexico United States In Zürich on 20 May 1983 , Mexico won the bidding unanimously as voted by the Executive Committee , for the first time in FIFA World Cup bidding history ( except those nations who bid unopposed ) . Results : Mexico unanimous vote United States 0 votes Canada 0 votes 1990 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Bids : Austria England France Greece Iran Italy Soviet Union West Germany Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Except Italy and the Soviet Union , all nations withdrew before the vote , which was to be conducted by Exco in Zürich on 19 May 1984 . Once again , only one round of voting was required , as Italy won more votes than the Soviet Union . Results : Italy , 11 votes Soviet Union , 5 votes Austria withdrew England withdrew France withdrew Greece withdrew Iran withdrew West Germany withdrew Yugoslavia withdrew 1994 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup Bids : Brazil Morocco United States Chile Despite having three nations bidding , voting only took one round . The vote was held in Zürich ( for the third straight time ) on 4 July 1988 . The United States gained a majority of votes of the Exco members . Results : United States , 10 votes Morocco , 7 votes Brazil , 2 votes Chile withdrew 1998 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Bids : England France Germany Morocco Switzerland This vote was held in Zürich for the fourth straight time on 1 July 1992 . Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco . Result : France , 12 votes Morocco , 7 votes Switzerland withdrew England withdrew Germany withdrew 2002 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Bids : South Korea / Japan Mexico On 31 May 1996 , the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time . A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea , and the bid was `` voted by acclamation '' , an oral vote without ballots . The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved , edging out Mexico . Results : South Korea / Japan ( joint bid , voted by acclamation ) Mexico The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan ( the final was held in Japan ) . Initially , the two Asian countries were competitors in the bidding process . But just before the vote , they agreed with FIFA to co-host the event . However , the rivalry and distance between them led to organizational and logistical problems . FIFA has said that co-hosting is not likely to happen again , and in 2004 officially stated that its statutes did not allow co-hosting bids . 2006 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2006 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa On 6 July 2000 , the host selection meeting was held for the sixth straight time in Zürich . Brazil withdrew its bid three days before the vote , and the field was narrowed to four . This was the first selection in which more than one vote round was required . Three votes were eventually needed . Germany was at least tied for first in each of the three votes , and ended up defeating South Africa by only one vote after an abstention ( see below ) . Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Germany 10 11 12 South Africa 6 11 11 England 5 Eliminated Morocco Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 23 24 23 Controversy ( edit ) The controversy over the decision to award the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany led to a further change in practice . The final tally was 12 votes to 11 in favour of Germany over the contenders South Africa , who had been favorites to win . New Zealand FIFA member Charlie Dempsey , who was instructed to vote for South Africa by the Oceania Football Confederation , abstained from voting at the last minute . If he had voted for the South African bid , the tally would have been 12 -- 12 , giving the decision to FIFA President Sepp Blatter , who , it was widely believed , would then have voted for South Africa . Dempsey was among eight members of the Executive Committee to receive a fax by editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic on Wednesday , the night before the vote , promising a cuckoo clock and Black Forest ham in exchange for voting for Germany . He argued that the pressure from all sides including `` an attempt to bribe '' him had become too much for him . On 4 August 2000 , consequently , FIFA decided to rotate the hosting of the final tournaments between its constituent confederations . This was until October 2007 , during the selection of the host for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , when they announced that they will no longer continue with their continental rotation policy ( see below ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2010 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia / Libya The first World Cup bidding process under continental rotation ( the process of rotating hosting of the World Cup to each confederation in turn ) was the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the first World Cup to be held in Africa . On 7 July 2001 , during the FIFA Congress in Buenos Aires , a decision was ratified , which was that the rotation will begin in Africa . On 23 September 2002 , FIFA 's Executive Committee confirmed that only African member associations , would be invited to submit bids to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In January 2003 , Nigeria entered the bidding process , but withdrew their bid in September . In March 2003 , Sepp Blatter initially said Nigeria 's plan to co host the 2010 FIFA World Cup with four African countries would not work . Nigeria had originally hoped to bid jointly with West African neighbours Benin , Ghana , and Togo . After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future , Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004 . On 15 May 2004 in Zürich ( the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there ) , South Africa , after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding , defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host , 14 votes to 10 . Egypt received no votes . Results Nation Vote Round 1 South Africa 14 Morocco 10 Egypt 0 Tunisia / Libya Withdrew Nigeria Withdrew Total votes 24 Controversy ( edit ) On 28 May 2015 , media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high - ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US $10 million in bribes to then - FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members . On 4 June 2015 , FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities , confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA 's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cups . Blazer stated , `` I and others on the FIFA executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup . '' On 6 June 2015 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had received the most votes , but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead . 2014 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 2014 FIFA World Cup bids and 2014 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2014 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Argentina Brazil Colombia FIFA continued its continental rotation procedure by earmarking the 2014 World Cup for South America . FIFA initially indicated that it might back out of the rotation concept , but later decided to continue it through the 2014 host decision , after which it was dropped . Colombia had expressed interest in hosting the 2014 World Cup , but withdrew undertaking the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Brazil also expressed interest in hosting the World Cup . CONMEBOL , the South American Football Federation , indicated their preference for Brazil as a host . Brazil was the only nation to submit a formal bid when the official bidding procedure for CONMEBOL member associations was opened in December 2006 , as by that time , Colombia , Chile and Argentina had already withdrawn , and Venezuela was not allowed to bid . Brazil made the first unopposed bid since the initial selection of the 1986 FIFA World Cup ( when Colombia was selected as host , but later withdrew for financial problems ) . The FIFA Executive Committee confirmed it as the host country on 30 October 2007 by a unanimous decision . Result : 2014 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Brazil N / A N / A Argentina Withdrew Colombia Withdrew 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids , 2018 FIFA World Cup , and 2022 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies and 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies 2018 Bids : Belgium / Netherlands England Spain / Portugal Russia 2022 Bids : Australia Japan South Korea Qatar United States Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups FIFA announced on 29 October 2007 that it will no longer continue with its continental rotation policy , implemented after the 2006 World Cup host selection . The newest host selection policy is that any country may bid for a World Cup , provided that their continental confederation has not hosted either of the past two World Cups . For the 2018 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from Africa and South America were not allowed . For the 2022 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from South America and Europe were not allowed . Also , FIFA formally allowed joint bids once more ( after they were banned in 2002 ) , because there was only one organizing committee per joint bid , unlike Korea -- Japan , which had two different organizing committees . Countries that announced their interest included Australia , England , Indonesia , Japan , Qatar , Russia , South Korea , United States , the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands . The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010 . Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup . Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Arab World and the second time in Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan . Also , the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup . 2018 Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Spain / Portugal 7 7 Netherlands / Belgium England Eliminated Total votes 22 22 2022 results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Eliminated Australia Eliminated Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 22 22 22 22 2026 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 2026 FIFA World Cup bids and 2026 FIFA World Cup Bids : Canada / Mexico / USA Morocco Under FIFA rules as of 2016 , the 2026 Cup could not be in either Europe ( UEFA ) or Asia ( AFC ) , leaving an African ( CAF ) bid , a North American ( CONCACAF ) bid , a South American ( CONMEBOL ) bid or an Oceanian ( OFC ) bid as other possible options . In March 2017 , FIFA 's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that `` Europe ( UEFA ) and Asia ( AFC ) had been excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively . '' The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015 , with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . On 10 June 2015 , FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed . However , following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016 , a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four - phase process . On 14 October 2016 , FIFA said it would accept a tournament - sharing bid by CONCACAF members Canada , Mexico and the United States . On 10 April 2017 , Canada , the United States , and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host , with three - quarters of the games to be played in the U.S. , including the final . On 11 August 2017 , Morocco officially announced a bid to host . Therefore , the official 2026 FIFA World Cup bids were from two football confederations . The first one was from CONCACAF , which was triple bid by Canada , United States and Mexico , and the second one was from CAF with a bid by Morocco . The host was announced on 13 June 2018 at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow , Russia . The United Bid from Canada , Mexico and the United States was selected over the Morocco bid by 134 votes to 65 with 1 selecting neither and 3 abstentions . This will be the first World Cup to be hosted by more than two countries . Mexico becomes the first country to host three men 's World Cups and its Estadio Azteca , should selected , will become the first stadium to stage three World Cup tournaments . On the other hand , Canada becomes the fifth country to host both the men 's and women 's World Cups , after Sweden ( Men 's : 1958 / Women 's : 1995 ) , United States ( Men 's : 1994 / Women 's : 1999 , 2003 ) , Germany ( Men 's : 1974 , 2006 / Women 's : 2011 ) , and France ( Men 's : 1934 , 1998 / Women 's : 2019 ) . The United States becomes the first country to host both men 's and women 's World Cup twice each . 2026 Results Nation Vote Round 1 Canada / Mexico / United States 134 Morocco 65 None of the Bids Total votes 200 2030 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2030 FIFA World Cup The bidding process for the world cup is yet to start . Two early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have however been proposed . The first proposed bid has been a collective bid by the members of the Argentine Football Association and Uruguayan Football Association into a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina . The second bid has been a proposed bid by The Football Association of England . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Also in June 2017 , UEFA 's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe ( UEFA ) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup . The Uruguay -- Argentina proposed bid would not coincide with the centennial anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final , and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay , but if selected the tournament dates would coincide . The Uruguay - Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017 . A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017 . Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo , FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts . On 31 August 2017 , it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host . CONMEBOL , the South American confederation ( which can not bid under current FIFA rules ) , confirmed the joint three - way bid in September 2017 . English FA vice chairman David Gill has proposed that his country could bid for 2030 , provided the bidding process is made more transparent . `` England is one of few countries that could stage even a 48 - nation event in its entirety , while Football Association chief executive Martin Glenn made it clear earlier this year bidding for 2030 was an option . '' In June 2017 , UEFA stated that `` it would support a pan-British bid for 2030 or even a single bid from England . '' Moreover , a possible English bid for 2030 was also backed by the German Football Association . On 15 July 2018 , Deputy Leader of the UK Labour Party , Tom Watson , said in an interview that he and his party backed a 2030 World Cup bid for the UK saying that `` I hope it 's one of the first things a Labour government does , which is work with our FA to try and put a World Cup bid together . '' On 16 July 2018 , British Prime Minister Theresa May expressed her support of the bid and her openness about discussions with football authorities . Although there had been no prior discussion with the Football Association , the Scottish FA also expressed its interest about joining a Home Nations bid . Former Scottish First Minister Henry McLeish has called the Scottish government and the Scottish Football Association to bid for the 2030 FIFA World Cup with the other British nations . On 17 June 2018 , the Royal Moroccan Football Federation announced its co-bidding for the 2030 World Cup . There are two possible joint bids one with the Tunisia and the Algeria or the other with two UEFA members Spain and Portugal . On 17 June 2018 , the English Football Association announced that they are in talks with home nations over a UK - wide bid to host 2030 World Cup . On 1 August 2018 , it was reported that the FA was preparing a bid for England to host the World Cup in 2030 . A decision is expected to be made in 2019 , after the FA will conduct a feasibility work on a potential bid . On 10 July 2018 , Egypt 's Sports Minister expressed interest in bidding to host . The original bid logo for the Uruguay - Argentina World Cup Bid . Confirmed plan to bid : CONMEBOL : Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay : Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid CAF / UEFA : Morocco ( pending on Algeria and Tunisia or pending on Spain and Portugal ) : Morocco 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Potential bid : UEFA : United Kingdom ( England / Scotland / Northern Ireland / Wales ) : United Kingdom 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Expressed interest in bidding : CAF : Egypt 2034 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 2034 FIFA World Cup bids and 2034 FIFA World Cup The first bid for the 2034 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . The idea of a combined ASEAN bid had been mooted as early as January 2011 , when the Football Association of Singapore 's then - President , Zainudin Nordin , said in a statement that the proposal had been made at an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting . In 2013 , Nordin and Special Olympics Malaysia President , Datuk Mohamed Feisol Hassan , recalled the idea for ASEAN to jointly host a World Cup . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) as Asian Football Confederation members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Therefore , the earliest bid by an AFC member could be made for 2034 . Later , Malaysia has withdrawn from involvement but Singapore and other ASEAN countries continued the campaign to submit a joint bid for the World Cup in 2034 . In February 2017 , ASEAN held talks on launching a joint bid during a visit by FIFA chief Gianni Infantino to Yangon , Myanmar . In July 2017 , Joko Driyono , the Vice-President of Indonesia 's Football Association , during the meeting in Vietnam said that Indonesia and Thailand were set to lead a consortium of South - East Asian nations in the bid . Driyono added that , for geographic and infrastructure considerations and the expanded format ( 48 teams ) , at least two or three ASEAN countries combined would be in a position necessary to host matches . In September 2017 , the Football Association of Thailand 's Deputy CEO , Benjamin Tan , at the ASEAN Football Federation ( AFF ) Council meeting , confirmed that his Association has `` put in their interest to bid and co-host '' the 2034 World Cup with Indonesia . On the same occasion , the General Secretary of the AFF , Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad , confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid . Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian country to have participated in the World Cup ; its national team was the first from Asia to do so and it became one of the fewest World Cup teams to qualify without playing a match because of opponents ' withdrawals . The 1938 World Cup is the Indonesians ' only appearance to date when they were known as the Dutch East Indies . A loss to Hungary made Indonesia the only national team in World Cup history to have played a single match . Far from ever hosting the World Cup , no other Southeast Asian country has ever played at the tournament . As of June 2018 , Indonesia is ranked by FIFA at 164th place . China has announced its interest in bidding several times and reports stated `` that China is likely to host the World Cup for the first time in 2034 . '' In July 2018 Egypt 's sports minister Ashraf Sobhy expressed interest in bidding to host . Expressed interest in bidding : AFC : Indonesia , Thailand and Vietnam China CAF : Egypt Zimbabwe Total bids by country ( edit ) World Cup - winning bids are bolded . Planned but not - yet - official bids for 2030 and beyond are not included . Country Bids Years Germany 6 1938 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2006 Morocco 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2026 , 2030 Spain 1930 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2018 , , 2030 Argentina 5 1938 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 2030 Mexico 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 2002 , 2026 Brazil 1950 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 England 1966 , 1990 , 2006 , 2018 United States 1986 , 1994 , 2022 , 2026 Italy 1930 , 1934 , 1990 Japan 1970 , 2002 , 2022 Australia 1970 , 2022 Canada 1986 , 2026 Chile 1962 , 2014 Colombia 1986 , 2014 Egypt 2010 , 2030 France 1938 , 1998 Netherlands 1930 , 2018 Portugal 2018 , , 2030 , Russia 1990 , 2018 South Africa 2006 , 2010 South Korea 2002 , 2022 Switzerland 1954 , 1998 Sweden 1934 , 1958 Tunisia 2010 , 2030 Uruguay 1930 , 2030 Algeria 2030 Belgium 2018 Greece 1990 Hungary 1930 Iran 1990 Libya Paraguay 2030 Qatar 2022 ^ Jump up to : Bid by West Germany , which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Morocco , Tunisia and Algeria . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Morocco , Spain and Portugal . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Portugal and Spain . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay . ^ Jump up to : Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup , but withdrew from hosting for economic concerns . After a second bidding , Mexico was selected as the replacement host . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Canada , Mexico and the United States . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Japan and South Korea . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union , which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia . Host country performances ( edit ) Further information : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup It is widely considered that home advantage is common in the World Cup , with the host team usually performing above average . Of the eight countries that have won the tournament , only Brazil and Spain have not been champions while hosting , and England has their only title as hosts . Further , Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament , and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner - up in home soil . The host country reached the semi-finals thirteen times in twenty tournaments , and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home . Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage . # Performance Team Year Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Champion Uruguay 1930 0 0 100 % 15 12 3.8 Champion France 1998 7 6 0 93 % 15 13 1.9 2.1 Champion England 1966 6 5 0 92 % 11 8 1.3 1.8 Champion Italy 1934 5 0 90 % 12 9 1.8 2.4 5 Champion West Germany 7 6 0 86 % 13 9 1.3 1.9 6 Champion Argentina 1978 7 5 79 % 15 9 1.3 2.1 7 Runner - up Brazil 1950 6 75 % 22 6 16 2.7 3.7 8 Runner - up Sweden 1958 6 75 % 12 7 5 0.8 9 Third place Italy 1990 7 6 0 93 % 10 8 1.1 1.4 10 Third place Germany 2006 7 5 79 % 14 6 8 1.1 11 Third place Chile 1962 6 0 67 % 10 8 0.33 1.3 12 Fourth place South Korea 2002 7 57 % 8 6 0.3 1.1 13 Fourth place Brazil 2014 7 57 % 11 14 − 3 − 0.4 1.57 14 Quarter - final Russia 2018 5 60 % 11 7 0.8 15 Quarter - final Mexico 1986 5 0 80 % 6 0.8 16 Quarter - final Mexico 1970 63 % 6 0.5 1.5 17 Quarter - final Switzerland 1954 0 50 % 11 11 0 0 2.8 18 Quarter - final France 1938 0 50 % 0 0 19 Second round Spain 1982 5 40 % 5 − 1 − 0.2 0.8 20 Round of 16 Japan 2002 63 % 5 0.5 1.25 21 Round of 16 United States 1994 38 % − 1 − 0.3 0.8 22 Group stage South Africa 50 % 5 − 2 − 0.7 Win % → Every draw counted as a half win . Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Qatar will debut in the competition in 2022 , so its result will also be its best result in history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of 1930 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. April 11 , 2002 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ France 1938 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brazil 1950 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Norlin , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Host nation of 2010 FIFA World Cup -- South Africa Archived 12 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . World Cup 2018 Russia Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , FIFA Media Release , May 15 , 2004 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA president Blatter a big loser with Germany getting 2006 World Cup '' by Robert Wagman , SoccerTimes , July 7 , 2000 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` German magazine takes credit for bribery hoax '' , IOL , July 7 , 2000 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa to rotate World Cup '' . 4 August 2000 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Australia can host World Cup , by Matthew Hall , published 18 September 2005 Jump up ^ `` Six African associations announce interest in hosting 2010 FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA. 6 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 FIFA World Cup TM : bidding process opens '' . FIFA. 23 October 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria bid for 2010 '' . bbc.co.uk. 6 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria ends World Cup bid '' . bbc.co.uk. 29 September 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa slams Nigeria 's 2010 plan '' . bbc.co.uk. 18 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa is shaken by FIFA corruption probe '' , Los Angeles Times , 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Vicki Hodges , Giles Mole , JJ Bull , Luke Brown and Rob Crilly , `` Fifa whistleblower Chuck Blazer - bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups : as it happened '' , The Telegraph , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ Owen Gibson , Paul Lewis , `` Fifa informant Chuck Blazer : I took bribes over 1998 and 2010 World Cups '' , The Guardian , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa in crisis : ' Morocco won 2010 World Cup vote - not South Africa ' '' . The Telegraph . London . 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games win inspires bid to host 2018 World Cup '' by John Goodbody , The Times , November 16 , 2005 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News , Colombia bids for 2014 World Cup , 17 July 2006 Jump up ^ FIFA , Brazil confirms bid -- Colombia withdraws Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 13 April 2007 Jump up ^ `` Brazil set to host World Cup '' . BBC News . 2003 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Clear declaration to defend the autonomy of sport '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 6 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` The end of the rotation policy : the press conference explaining the decision '' . Fifa.com -- News Centre . 29 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa abandons World Cup rotation '' . BBC SPORT. 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter announces what 's to come '' . FIFA. 7 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iberian threat to England 's 2018 World Cup bid '' . ESPNsoccernet. 27 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Drops Out of Race to Host 2018 World Cup '' . BBC . 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Russia and Qatar to host 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups , respectively '' . FIFA. 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup , lifting Canada 's chances '' . CBC . Associated Press . 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Gastelum , Andrew . `` CONCACAF president is pushing hard to land 2026 World Cup '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Rest for the Curious : Looking Ahead To World Cup 2026 '' . World Cup Blog . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Hill in New York ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA defers decision on continental rotation for WCup bids '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . 25 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 2026 World Cup bidding process delayed '' . BBC News . 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Statement on 2026 FIFA World Cup bidding '' . FIFA.com. 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council agrees on four - phase bidding process for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 may be co-hosted in North America after FIFA says it will accept tournament - sharing '' . Mirror.co.uk. 2016 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Mexico and Canada officially launch bid to co-host 2026 World Cup '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Le Maroc dépose officiellement sa candidature pour le Mondial 2026 '' . Le360. 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA open to 40 - team World Cup , Canada as co-hosts '' . Sportsnet.ca. 2016 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` FIFA president Infantino open to 40 - team World Cup , co-hosts '' . Ca.sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) . `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco Seeks to Host the 2026 FIFA World Cup bid '' . Morocco world news . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` المغرب يتقدم رسميا بطلب استضافة كأس العالم 2026 - الموقع الرسمي للجامعة الملكية المغربية لكرة القدم '' . www.frmf.ma . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coupe du Monde 2030 : l'Argentine et l'Uruguay confirment leur intérêt '' . Mondial - 2030 ( in French ) . January 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` England 's hopes of hosting 2030 World Cup given boost '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA will ' fight ' for Europe 's right to host 2030 World Cup '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dudko , James ( 29 July 2017 ) . `` Argentina , Uruguay Announce Bid to Host 2030 FIFA World Cup '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System . Jump up ^ Gadd , Mick ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suarez campaign for Uruguay and Argentina 's 2030 World Cup bid before 0 - 0 draw '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Es oficial : Paraguay se suma a la candidatura de Argentina y Uruguay para el Mundial 2030 '' ( It 's official : Paraguay adds itself to the Argentina and Uruguay bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sin Messi ni Suárez , así es el primer video promocional para la candidatura del Mundial 2030 '' ( Without Messi and Suarez , here is the first promotional video for the 2030 World Cup bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` England could bid for 2030 World Cup , says FA vice-chairman David Gill '' . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McMahon , Bobby . `` Uruguay , Argentina And Paraguay Bid For 2030 FIFA World Cup Finals Will Be Hard To Beat '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England amazingly backed by Germany in World Cup 2030 bid '' . 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Watson : Labour would back an England - led bid to host the World Cup in 2030 '' . ITV News . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May backs bid to bring football home by holding World Cup 2030 in Britain '' . Daily Mirror. 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2030 : UK bid to host tournament backed by government '' . The Independent . 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2030 : Scottish FA ' open - minded ' to joining home nations bid '' . BBC . 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Henry McLeish : Scotland should lead home nations bid for World Cup 2030 '' . Herald Scotland . 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zetchi : Pour une coupe du monde `` Algérie - Tunisie - Maroc '' en 2030 -- Algerie Direct `` . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco to Allegedly Team up with Spain , Portugal to Host 2030 World Cup '' . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA in talks with home nations over UK - wide bid to host 2030 World Cup '' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England preparing bid to host 2030 World Cup , FA confirms '' . Sky Sports . 1 August 2018 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` EGYPT PLANNING TO BID TO HOST 2030 WORLD CUP '' . FourFourTwo. 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Valdez : `` La candidatura original es Uruguay - Argentina '' `` . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Molestia en Uruguay por video de Conmebol '' . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Barreiro , Ramiro ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Messi y Suárez apadrinan el Mundial Uruguay Argentina 2030 '' . EL PAÍS . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Potential 2030 World Cup hosts '' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zetchi : Pour une coupe du monde `` Algérie - Tunisie - Maroc '' en 2030 -- Algerie Direct `` . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco to Allegedly Team up with Spain , Portugal to Host 2030 World Cup '' . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England amazingly backed by Germany in World Cup 2030 bid '' . 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Singapore Strong ' Host ' Candidate for Joint 2034 World Cup Finals Bid , '' Today , ( 14 November 2017 ) , http://www.todayonline.com/sports/football/singapore-strong-host-candidate-joint-2034-world-cup-finals-bid Jump up ^ `` ASEAN mulling 2034 World Cup bid : Myanmar '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ hermes ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Indonesia ready to lead Asean bid for 2034 World Cup '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seng Foo , `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' ( 23 September 2017 ) , http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/football/article/indonesia-thailand-to-bid-for-2034-world-cup/59608 ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' Football Tribe , ( 24 September 2017 ) , http://football-tribe.com/asia/2017/09/24/indonesia-thailand-bid-2034-world-cup/ ^ Jump up to : George Deudley , `` AFF Backs Indonesia - Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup , '' SportsPro , ( 26 September 2017 ) , http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ `` ASEAN Mulling 2034 World Cup Bid : Myanmar , '' Myanmar Times , ( 12 February 2017 ) , https://www.mmtimes.com/sports/25019-asean-mulling-2034-world-cup-bid-myanmar.html Jump up ^ `` Football : Indonesia to Lead South - East Asian 2034 World Cup Bid , '' Straits Times , ( 5 July 2017 ) , http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-indonesia-to-lead-southeast-asian-2034-world-cup-bid Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : 90Min ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` World Cup countdown : 18 weeks to go - When the Dutch East Indies flew the flag for Asia '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Ready Leads Regional Bid to Co-Host 2034 World Cup , '' Asian Review , ( 7 July 2017 ) , https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Indonesia-leads-regional-bid-to-co-host-2034-World-Cup ^ Jump up to : TODAY , ASIA ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` China to Overtake US economy and Host World Cup in 2034 '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ name = `` telegraph.uk 14 Jan 2017 '' > `` Egypt hopes to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup '' . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ name = `` telegraph.uk 14 Jan 2017 '' > `` Egypt hopes to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup '' . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Thornycroft , Peta ; Laing , Aislinn ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` Zimbabwe 's tourism minister reveals ambitious plan to host Fifa World Cup in 2034 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Chris Anderson & David Sally ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` How Big Is Brazil 's Home - Field Advantage at the World Cup ? '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What can econometrics tell us about World Cup performance ? '' ( PDF ) . PricewaterhouseCoopers . May 2010 . pp. 6 -- 7 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , John ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Ultimate home field advantage : Host nation luck '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Host Announcement Decision ( PDF ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup bids 1930 Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay 1934 Italy Sweden 1938 Argentina France Germany 1942 Brazil Germany 1946 None 1950 Brazil 1954 Switzerland 1958 Sweden 1962 Argentina Chile West Germany 1966 England West Germany Spain 1970 Argentina Mexico Italy Netherlands Spain West Germany 1978 Argentina Mexico 1982 Spain West Germany 1986 Canada Colombia Mexico United States 1990 Austria England France Greece Italy Soviet Union West Germany Iran Yugoslavia 1994 Brazil Morocco United States 1998 France Morocco Switzerland 2002 Japan -- South Korea Mexico 2006 Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa Egypt Libya -- Tunisia Morocco Nigeria South Africa 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Belgium -- Netherlands England Portugal -- Spain Russia 2022 Australia Japan Qatar South Korea United States 2026 Canada -- Mexico -- United States Morocco 2030 Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay Morocco -- Algeria -- Tunisia or Morocco -- Spain -- Portugal 2034 Indonesia - Thailand China Notes : Bold entries are those chosen as hosts Event cancelled due to World War II Colombia withdrew after being awarded event , which was re-awarded to Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_hosts&oldid=856619147 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup bids FIFA World Cup - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 14 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who decides where the world cup is held | [
"To avoid any future boycotts or controversy, FIFA began a pattern of alternation between the Americas and Europe, which continued until the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Asia. The system evolved so that the host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA's Congress. This is done under an exhaustive ballot system. The decision is currently made roughly seven years in advance of the tournament, though the hosts for the 2022 tournament were chosen at the same time as those for the 2018 tournament.\n"
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"chosen in a vote by FIFA's Congress"
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5709501829355131690 | His Eye Is on the Sparrow | His eye is on the Sparrow - wikipedia His eye is on the Sparrow `` His Eye is on the Sparrow '' Song Published 1905 Songwriter ( s ) Civilla D. Martin Composer ( s ) Charles H. Gabriel `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' is a Gospel hymn . The song was written in 1905 by lyricist Civilla D. Martin and composer Charles H. Gabriel . It is most associated with actress - singer Ethel Waters who used the title for her autobiography . Mahalia Jackson 's recording of the song was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2010 . Contents 1 Inspiration 2 Notable performances 3 Whitney Houston version 4 Later published arrangements 5 Footnotes 6 External links Inspiration ( edit ) The theme of the song is inspired by the words of David in the Psalms and Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew in the Bible : `` I will instruct thee and teach thee in the way which thou shalt go : I will guide thee with mine eye ( Psalm 32 : 8 ) . `` Look at the birds of the air ; they neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns , and yet your heavenly Father feeds them . Are you not of more value than they ? '' ( Matthew 6 : 26 ) and `` Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing ? and one of them shall not fall on the ground without your Father . But the very hairs of your head are all numbered . Fear ye not therefore , ye are of more value than many sparrows '' ( Matthew 10 : 29 -- 31 ) . Civilla Martin , who wrote the lyrics , said about her inspiration to write the song based on the scriptures : Early in the spring of 1905 , my husband and I were sojourning in Elmira , New York . We contracted a deep friendship for a couple by the name of Mr. and Mrs. Doolittle -- true saints of God . Mrs. Doolittle had been bedridden for nigh twenty years . Her husband was an incurable cripple who had to propel himself to and from his business in a wheel chair . Despite their afflictions , they lived happy Christian lives , bringing inspiration and comfort to all who knew them . One day while we were visiting with the Doolittles , my husband commented on their bright hopefulness and asked them for the secret of it . Mrs. Doolittle 's reply was simple : `` His eye is on the sparrow , and I know He watches me . '' The beauty of this simple expression of boundless faith gripped the hearts and fired the imagination of Dr. Martin and me . The hymn `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' was the outcome of that experience . Notable performances ( edit ) The song has been performed extensively by both Christian and secular artists . 1951 : Sister Rosetta Tharpe with Marie Knight ; 45 single ( found on Complete Sister Rosetta Tharpe , Vol. 4 ) ( traditional gospel ) 1952 : Ethel Waters in the film The Member of the Wedding 1955 ( ? ) : The Harmonizing Four ; Negro Spirituals ( gospel ) 1956 : Mahalia Jackson ; Bless This House ( traditional gospel ) 1958 : Carmen McRae ; Birds of a Feather ( jazz ) 1959 : George Beverly Shea ; The Love of God ( gospel ) 1962 : Josh White ; Empty Bed Blues ( blues ) 1967 : Dottie West ; Sings Sacred Ballads ( country ) 1968 : Marvin Gaye ; 45 single ( found on In Loving Memory ( compilation album ) ) ( R&B ) 1975 : Tennessee Ernie Ford ; Precious Memories ( gospel ) 1978 : Mickey Newbury ; His Eye Is on the Sparrow ( country ) 1984 : George Adams - Don Pullen Quartet ; Decisions ( jazz ) 1986 : Jennifer Holliday ; TV special hosted by Paul Simon ( gospel ) 1993 : Lauryn Hill and Tanya Blount in the film Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit 1993 : Brentwood Jazz Quartet in the album Living In The Here And Now 1993 : Kirk Franklin ; Kirk Franklin and the Family 1994 : Ron Kenoly ; God Is Able ( praise & worship ) 1995 : Phoebe Snow ; from the album Good News in Hard Times by the Sisters of Glory 1997 : Andy Griffith ; Just As I Am : 30 Favorite Old Time Hymns ( country ) 1999 : Selah ; Be Still My Soul ( contemporary gospel ) 2000 : Shirley Caesar ; The First Lady of Gospel ( re-release ; original album unknown ) ( traditional ) 2001 : Jessica Simpson ; Irresistible ( pop ) 2002 : Crystal Lewis ; Holy , Holy , Holy ( contemporary gospel ) 2002 : Scott Amendola Band ; Cry ( jazz ) 2002 : Elena Gadel on the Spanish talent show Operación Triunfo 2009 : Gladys Knight at the funeral service of Michael Jackson 2010 : Abigail Washburn The Sparrow Quartet 2011 : Judith Durham ; Colours of My Life 2012 : Agnez Mo at her residency concert in her homeland , Indonesia 2012 : Carol Channing and Lulu Roman ( of Hee Haw fame ) on Channing 's album True to the Red , White and Blue 2014 : Darlene Love at the Oscars while accepting an award for 20 Feet from Stardom 2014 : Anja Nissen on her debut album Anja Nissen 2014 : Ha * Ash on their album Primera fila : Hecho realidad 2014 : Newsboys ; Hallelujah for the Cross Whitney Houston version ( edit ) `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Single by Whitney Houston from the album Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released June 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 08 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2011 Length 3 : 32 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Civilla D. Martin Charles H. Gabriel Producer ( s ) R. Kelly Whitney Houston singles chronology `` Celebrate '' ( 2012 ) `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' ( 2012 ) `` I Look to You '' ( 2012 ) `` Celebrate '' ( 2012 ) `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' ( 2012 ) `` I Look to You '' ( 2012 ) Whitney Houston recorded a version for the soundtrack of the 2012 remake of the 1976 musical film Sparkle . RCA Records released the song as the second single from the album on June 8 , 2012 , four months after Houston 's death . This version is Houston 's last original single , and second posthumous one . The song made its debut only one day after the premiere of `` Celebrate '' . AllMusic called it a `` piano , organ , and choir '' showcase for Houston , citing it as a highlight of the soundtrack although admitting `` Houston sounds as commanding as one can expect from a later recording . '' Entertainment Weekly editor Melissa Maerz called it `` a gorgeously rippling solo '' with Houston `` testif ( ying ... ) that Jesus is watching over her . '' Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone panned the cover , saying `` Houston sings -- and croaks -- in a voice octaves lower than in her prime . At times the song has a ravaged magnificence , but mostly it 's painful . '' Later published arrangements ( edit ) There are many arrangements of the hymn that have been produced since its original publication . These include : 1963 , in The Reader 's Digest Family Songbook of Faith and Joy 1975 , in The Josh White Songbook 1986 : Five American Gospel Songs for solo voice and piano by Luigi Zaninelli includes a concert arrangement of it 1999 : Six Gospel Hymn Preludes has an arrangement for solo organ by Wilbur Held 2007 , in Songs of Comfort and Hope : Vocal Solos for Memorial and Funeral Services Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waters , Ethel , with Charles Samuels , His Eye Is On The Sparrow : An Autobiography , New York , 1951 , reprinted by Da Capo Press , 1992 Jump up ^ Vincent D. Homan ( 2013 ) . A Foot in Two Worlds : A Pastor 's Journey From Grief to Hope . WestBow Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1449774813 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/His-Eye-Is-The-Sparrow/dp/B00880IT98/ Jump up ^ Andy Kellman . `` Sparkle ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . ew.com . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Album Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Fox , ed. , Pleasantville , N.Y. : Reader 's Digest Association Jump up ^ Walter Raim , Walter , ed. , Chicago , Quadrangle Books Jump up ^ Published by Harold Flammer , Inc. / Shawnee Press , Delaware Water Gap , Pennsylvania Jump up ^ Published by MorningStar Music Publishers , Fenton , Missouri Jump up ^ Mark Hayes , ed. , Lorenz Publisher , Dayton , Ohio External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : His Eye Is on the Sparrow Civilla Durfee Martin Selected Songs by Charles H. Gabriel texts and MIDI sequences of 44 songs , including `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Piano version and background of His Eye Is On The Sparrow Free MP3 piano version of `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Mahalia Jackson Studio albums The World 's Greatest Gospel Singer ( 1955 ) EPs `` Peace in the Valley '' `` Take My Hand , Precious Lord '' `` Move On Up a Little Higher '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` How I Got Over '' Related Black , Brown and Beige Mahalia Jackson Theater of the Performing Arts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=His_Eye_Is_on_the_Sparrow&oldid=822339685 '' Categories : American Christian hymns Gospel songs 1905 songs 2012 singles Whitney Houston songs Song recordings produced by R. Kelly Metaphors referring to birds Songs released posthumously Pace Jubilee Singers songs Mahalia Jackson songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano 日本 語 Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 20 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote his eye is on the sparrow | [
"\"His Eye Is on the Sparrow\" is a Gospel hymn. The song was written in 1905 by lyricist Civilla D. Martin and composer Charles H. Gabriel. It is most associated with actress-singer Ethel Waters who used the title for her autobiography.[1] Mahalia Jackson's recording of the song was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2010.\n"
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"lyricist Civilla D. Martin and composer Charles H. Gabriel"
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-7290908071836237490 | September (Earth, Wind & Fire song) | September ( Earth , Wind & Fire song ) - wikipedia September ( Earth , Wind & Fire song ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with September Song . `` September '' Single by Earth , Wind & Fire from the album The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 B - side `` Love 's Holiday '' `` Ca n't Hide Love '' Released November 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 18 ) Format 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded September 1978 Genre R&B disco funk soul Length 3 : 35 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Maurice White Al McKay Allee Willis Producer ( s ) Maurice White Earth , Wind & Fire singles chronology `` Got to Get You into My Life '' ( 1978 ) `` September '' ( 1978 ) `` Boogie Wonderland '' ( 1979 ) `` Got to Get You into My Life '' ( 1978 ) `` September '' ( 1978 ) `` Boogie Wonderland '' ( 1979 ) Music video `` September '' on YouTube `` September '' is a song by American funk band Earth , Wind & Fire , written by Maurice White , Al McKay , and Allee Willis . It was recorded during the I Am sessions and released as a single in 1978 . Featured on the band 's album The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 , `` September '' reached number one on the US R&B chart , number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 , and number three on the UK singles chart . There is no evidence that White 's unusual lyrics for the chorus have any concrete meaning ( whether as a reference to the Persian king Bardiya , said to have been murdered in September 522 B.C. , or otherwise ) , and were questioned by Willis : `` I said , ' We are going to change ' ba - dee - ya ' to real words , right ? ' ... I learned my greatest lesson ever in songwriting from him , which was never let the lyric get in the way of the groove . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Reception 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Sales and certifications 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Composition ( edit ) The song is performed in the key of A major with a tempo of 126 beats per minute in common time . The group 's vocals span from E to F ♯ . Reception ( edit ) The song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry and certified gold in the US ( Until the RIAA lowered the sales levels for certified singles in 1989 , a Gold single equaled 1 million units sold . ) `` September '' was later certified Gold for digital sales by the RIAA , and has sold over 2 million digital copies in the US as of September 2017 . The song was also later released as `` December '' , chord changes & melody remained identical , with lyrics re-written for the `` ... Twenty - fifth of December ... '' , performed by Earth Wind & Fire , as well , on a later album . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 79 ) Peak position Australia KMR 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 43 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles US Cash Box Top 100 6 Chart ( `` September 1999 '' ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 32 France ( SNEP ) 64 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 40 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 48 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 33 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 29 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Australia 80 Canada 108 US Billboard Hot 100 78 US Cash Box 54 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Digital download Gold 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Physical release Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Physical release Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Digital download Gold 2,065,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) The information regarding accolades attributed to September ' is adapted from AcclaimedMusic.net . Publication Country Accolade Year Rank Bruce Pollock US The 7,500 Most Important Songs of 1944 -- 2000 2005 * Gary Mulholland UK This Is Uncool : The 500 Best Singles Since Punk Rock 2002 * ( * ) designates lists that are unordered . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Dean , Maury ( 2003 ) . Rock N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora . p. 289 . ISBN 0 - 87586 - 207 - 1 . Jump up ^ Charnas , Dan . `` The Song That Never Ends : Why Earth , Wind & Fire 's ' September ' Sustains '' . NPR . NPR . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Maurice . `` Earth Wind & Fire `` September '' Sheet Music in F# Minor ( transposable ) -- Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` September -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- Spot On Track '' . www.spotontrack.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Music , etc. , Terms '' . spider.georgetowncollege.edu . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Musicline.de -- Earth , Wind & Fire Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia -- Indice per Interprete : E '' . Hit Parade Italia . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Earth , Wind & Fire search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September '' . Singles Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earth , Wind & Fire : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , January 27 , 1979 Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September 99 ( Phats & Small Remix ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September 99 ( Phats & Small Remix ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September 99 ( Phats & Small Remix ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September 99 ( Phats & Small Remix ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September 99 ( Phats & Small Remix ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 29 , 1979 Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Earth , Wind & Fire '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Enter September in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Earth , Wind & Fire -- September '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Shining Star '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Song That Never Ends : Why Earth , Wind & Fire 's ' September ' Sustains NPR Morning Edition from September 19th , 2014 . at npr.org Preceded by `` Got to Be Real '' by Cheryl Lynn Billboard 's Hot Soul number one single January 13 , 1979 Succeeded by `` Aqua Boogie '' by Parliament ( hide ) Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey Verdine White Ralph Johnson B. David Whitworth Myron McKinley John Paris Philip Bailey , Jr . Morris O'Connor Serg Dimitrijevic Maurice White Michael Beale Leslie Drayton Wade Flemons Yackov Ben Israel Sherry Scott Carl Carwell Alexander Thomas Chester Washington Don Whitehead Roland Bautista Jessica Cleaves Larry Dunn Ronnie Laws Johnny Graham Al McKay Andrew Woolfolk Fred White Beloyd Taylor Sonny Emory Sheldon Reynolds Dick Smith Vance Taylor Fred Ravel Morris Pleasure David Romero Mike McKnight Robert Brookins Gordon Campbell Bobby Gonzales Daniel de los Reyes Kimberly Brewer John Johnson Krystal Bailey Kim Johnson Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore Vadim Zilberstein Don Myrick Studio albums Earth , Wind & Fire The Need of Love Last Days and Time Head to the Sky Open Our Eyes That 's the Way of the World Spirit All ' n All I Am Faces Raise ! Powerlight Electric Universe Touch the World Heritage Millennium In the Name of Love The Promise Illumination Now , Then & Forever Holiday Compilations and live albums Another Time Gratitude The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 The Collection The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 2 The Eternal Dance Elements of Love : Ballads Greatest Hits Live Greatest Hits The Ultimate Collection The Essential Earth , Wind & Fire That 's the Way of the World : Alive in 75 Live in Rio Love Songs Ultimate Collection Singles `` Evil '' `` Keep Your Head to the Sky '' `` Mighty Mighty '' `` Devotion '' `` Shining Star '' `` That 's the Way of the World '' `` Reasons '' `` Sing a Song '' `` Ca n't Hide Love '' `` Getaway '' `` Saturday Nite '' `` Serpentine Fire '' `` Fantasy '' `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` September '' `` Boogie Wonderland '' `` After the Love Has Gone '' `` In the Stone '' `` Let Me Talk '' `` And Love Goes On '' `` Let 's Groove '' `` Wanna Be with You '' `` I 've Had Enough '' `` Fall in Love with Me '' `` System of Survival '' `` Thinking of You '' `` Sunday Morning '' `` All in the Way '' `` Pure Gold '' Other albums Sweet Sweetback 's Baadasssss Song Videos Earth , Wind & Fire : In Concert The Eternal Vision Earth , Wind & Fire : Live Earth , Wind & Fire : Live By Request Chicago & Earth , Wind & Fire -- Live at the Greek Theatre Related articles Ramsey Lewis The Pharaohs Charles Stepney The Phenix Horns The Emotions Devoted Spirits : A Tribute to Earth Wind and Fire Interpretations : Celebrating the Music of Earth , Wind & Fire Lists Discography Awards and nominations Tribute albums Personnel Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=September_(Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire_song)&oldid=814108193 '' Categories : Earth , Wind & Fire songs Songs written by Allee Willis Songs written by Maurice White Songs written by Al McKay Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles 1978 singles 1999 singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Japanese television drama theme songs 1978 songs Columbia Records singles Funk songs Disco songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Swiss Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 22 : 57 . About Wikipedia | when was earth wind and fire september released | [
"\"September\" is a song by American funk band Earth, Wind & Fire, written by Maurice White, Al McKay, and Allee Willis. It was recorded during the I Am sessions and released as a single in 1978. Featured on the band's album The Best of Earth, Wind & Fire, Vol. 1, \"September\" reached number one on the US R&B chart, number eight on the Billboard Hot 100,[1] and number three on the UK singles chart.[2]"
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7533496878189884815 | Air Force One | Air Force One - Wikipedia Air Force One Jump to : navigation , search For the current aircraft most commonly used as Air Force One , see Boeing VC - 25 . For the 1997 film , see Air Force One ( film ) . For other uses , see Air Force One ( disambiguation ) . SAM 28000 , one of the two VC - 25s used as Air Force One , flying over Mount Rushmore in February 2001 Air Force One is the official air traffic control call sign for a United States Air Force aircraft carrying the President of the United States . In common parlance the term describes those Air Force aircraft designed , built , and used to transport the president . The presidential aircraft is a prominent symbol of the American presidency and its power . The idea of designating specific military aircraft to transport the President arose in 1943 , when officials of the United States Army Air Forces , the predecessor to the U.S. Air Force , became concerned over the reliance on commercial airlines to transport the president . A C - 87 Liberator Express was reconfigured for use as a presidential transport , but the Secret Service rejected it because of its safety record . A C - 54 Skymaster was then converted for presidential use ; this aircraft , dubbed the Sacred Cow , carried President Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Yalta Conference in February 1945 and was subsequently used for another two years by President Harry S. Truman . The `` Air Force One '' call sign was created after a 1953 incident during which a Lockheed Constellation named Columbine II , carrying President Dwight D. Eisenhower , entered the same airspace as a commercial airline flight using the same flight number . A number of aircraft types have been used as Air Force One since the creation of the presidential fleet , starting with two Lockheed Constellations in the late 1950s : Columbine II and Columbine III . It also operated two Boeing 707s , introduced in the 1960s and 1970s ; since 1990 , the presidential fleet has been two Boeing VC - 25 As , which are specifically configured , highly customized Boeing 747 - 200B series aircraft . The Air Force plans to procure the Boeing 747 - 8 for the next version of Air Force One . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 First presidential aircraft 1.3 Late 1940s and 1950s 1.4 Boeing 707s and entry to jet age 1.4. 1 SAM 26000 1.4. 2 SAM 27000 1.5 Boeing 747s 1.5. 1 9 / 11 to present 1.5. 2 Future replacement 2 Other presidential aircraft 3 Air Force One aircraft on display 4 Notable appearances in media 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Theodore Roosevelt and pilot Arch Hoxsey before their flight from St. Louis in October 1910 On 11 October 1910 , Theodore Roosevelt became the first U.S. president to fly in an aircraft , an early Wright Flyer from Kinloch Field near St. Louis , Missouri . He was no longer in office at the time , having been succeeded by William Howard Taft . The record - making occasion was a brief overflight of the crowd at a county fair but was nonetheless the beginning of presidential air travel . Prior to World War II , overseas and cross-country presidential travel was rare . The lack of wireless telecommunication and available modes of transportation made long - distance travel impractical , as it took much time and isolated the president from events in Washington , D.C. Railroads were a safer and more reliable option if the president needed to travel to distant states . By the late 1930s , with the arrival of aircraft such as the Douglas DC - 3 , increasing numbers of the U.S. public saw passenger air travel as a reasonable mode of transportation . All - metal aircraft , more reliable engines , and new radio aids to navigation had made commercial airline travel safer and more convenient . Life insurance companies even began to offer airline pilots insurance policies , albeit at extravagant rates , and many commercial travelers and government officials began using the airlines in preference to rail travel , especially for longer trips . First presidential aircraft ( edit ) Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to fly in an aircraft while in office . The first aircraft obtained specifically for presidential travel was a Douglas Dolphin amphibian delivered in 1933 which was designated RD - 2 by the US Navy and based at the Naval base at Anacostia D.C. The Dolphin was modified with luxury upholstery for four passengers and a small separate sleeping compartment . The aircraft remained in service as a presidential transport from 1933 until 1939 . There are no reports , however , on whether the president actually flew in the aircraft . During World War II , Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper , a Pan Am - crewed Boeing 314 flying boat to the 1943 Casablanca Conference in Morocco , a flight that covered 5,500 miles ( 8,890 km ) in three legs . The threat from the German submarines throughout the Battle of the Atlantic made air travel the preferred method of VIP transatlantic transportation . President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Douglas C - 54 Skymaster aircraft , nicknamed the Sacred Cow Concerned about relying upon commercial airlines to transport the president , USAAF leaders ordered the conversion of a military aircraft to accommodate the special needs of the Commander - in - Chief . The first dedicated aircraft proposed for presidential use was a C - 87A VIP transport aircraft . This aircraft , number 41 - 24159 , was modified in 1943 for use as a presidential VIP transport , the Guess Where II , intended to carry President Franklin D. Roosevelt on international trips . Had it been accepted , it would have been the first aircraft to be used in presidential service , in effect the first Air Force One . However , after a review of the C - 87 's highly controversial safety record in service , the Secret Service flatly refused to approve the Guess Where II for presidential carriage . As the C - 87 was a derivative of the Consolidated B - 24 Liberator bomber , it presented strong offensive impressions to enemy fighter aircraft as well as foreign destinations visited , an issue not present with airplanes that were used purely for transport . The Guess Where II was used to transport senior members of the Roosevelt administration on various trips . In March 1944 , it transported Eleanor Roosevelt on a goodwill tour of several Latin American countries . The C - 87 was scrapped in 1945 . The Secret Service subsequently reconfigured a Douglas C - 54 Skymaster for presidential transport duty . The VC - 54C aircraft , nicknamed the Sacred Cow , included a sleeping area , radio telephone , and retractable elevator to lift Roosevelt in his wheelchair . As modified , the VC - 54C was used by President Roosevelt only once before his death , on his trip to the Yalta Conference in February 1945 . Sacred Cow is now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright - Patterson AFB , Ohio . Late 1940s and 1950s ( edit ) The VC - 118 Independence used primarily by President Truman After Roosevelt 's death in April 1945 , Vice President Harry S. Truman became president . The legislation that created the U.S. Air Force , the National Security Act of 1947 , was signed by Truman while on board the VC - 54C . He replaced the VC - 54C in 1947 with a modified C - 118 Liftmaster , calling it the Independence ( name of Truman 's Missouri hometown ) . This was the first aircraft acting as Air Force One that had a distinctive exterior -- a bald eagle head painted on its nose . The presidential call sign was established for security purposes during the administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower . The change stemmed from a 1953 incident where an Eastern Airlines commercial flight ( 8610 ) had the same call sign as the flight the president was on ( Air Force 8610 ) . The airliner accidentally entered the same airspace , and after the incident , the unique presidential aircraft call sign `` Air Force One '' was introduced . The first official flight of Air Force One was in 1959 , during the Eisenhower administration . The VC - 121 Columbine III used by President Eisenhower Eisenhower introduced four propeller - driven aircraft to presidential service . This group included two Lockheed C - 121 Constellations , the aircraft Columbine II ( VC - 121A 48 - 610 ) -- the only primary presidential airplane ever sold -- and Columbine III ( VC - 121E 53 - 7885 ) . They were named by First Lady Mamie Eisenhower after the columbine , the official state flower of her adopted home state of Colorado . Two Aero Commanders were added to the fleet and earned the distinction of being the smallest aircraft ever to serve as Air Force One . President Eisenhower also upgraded Air Force One 's technology by adding an air - to - ground telephone and an air - to - ground teletype machine . Boeing 707s and entry to jet age ( edit ) Main articles : VC - 137C SAM 26000 and VC - 137C SAM 27000 Boeing 707 SAM 26000 served Presidents Kennedy to Clinton , and was the primary transport from Kennedy to Nixon . Toward the end of Eisenhower 's term in 1958 , the Air Force added three Boeing 707 jets ( as VC - 137s designated SAM 970 , 971 , and 972 ) , into the fleet . Eisenhower became the first president to use the VC - 137 during his `` Flight to Peace '' Goodwill tour , from 3 December through 22 December 1959 . He visited 11 Asian nations , flying 22,000 miles ( 35,000 km ) in 19 days , about twice as fast as he could have covered that distance via one of the Columbines . SAM 26000 ( edit ) Under John F. Kennedy , presidential air travel entered the jet age . He had used the Eisenhower - era jets for trips to Canada , France , Austria , and the United Kingdom . Then in October 1962 , the U.S. Air Force purchased a Boeing C - 137 Stratoliner , a modified long - range Boeing 707 -- Special Air Mission ( SAM ) 26000 . The Air Force had designed a special presidential livery in red and metallic gold , with the nation 's name in block letters . Kennedy felt the aircraft appeared too regal , and , on advice from his wife , First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy , he contacted the French - born American industrial designer Raymond Loewy for help in designing a new livery and interiors for the VC - 137 jet . Loewy met with the president , and his earliest research on the project took him to the National Archives , where he looked at the first printed copy of the United States Declaration of Independence ; he saw the country 's name set widely spaced and in upper case in Caslon typeface . He chose to expose the polished aluminum fuselage on the bottom side and used two blues -- slate - blue associated with the early republic and the presidency and a more contemporary cyan to represent the present and future . The presidential seal was added to both sides of the fuselage near the nose , a large American flag was painted on the tail , and the sides of the aircraft read `` United States of America '' in all capital letters . Loewy 's work won immediate praise from the president and the press . The VC - 137 markings were adapted for the larger VC - 25 when it entered service in 1990 . SAM 26000 was in service from 1962 to 1998 , serving Presidents Kennedy to Clinton . On 22 November 1963 , SAM 26000 carried President Kennedy to Dallas , Texas , where it served as the backdrop as the Kennedys greeted well - wishers at Dallas 's Love Field . Later that afternoon , Kennedy was assassinated , and Vice President Lyndon Johnson assumed the office of President and took the oath of office aboard SAM 26000 . At Johnson 's request , the plane carried Kennedy 's body back to Washington . A decade later , SAM 26000 took Johnson 's body home to Texas after his state funeral in Washington . Johnson used SAM 26000 to travel extensively domestically and to visit troops in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War . SAM 26000 served President Nixon on several groundbreaking overseas voyages , including his famous visit to the People 's Republic of China in February 1972 and trip to the Soviet Union later that year , both firsts for an American president . Nixon dubbed the plane the `` Spirit of ' 76 '' in honor of the forthcoming bicentennial of the United States ; that logo was painted on both sides of the plane 's nose . SAM 26000 is now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright - Patterson AFB , Ohio . SAM 27000 ( edit ) Boeing 707 SAM 27000 served Presidents Nixon to George W. Bush ; it was the primary transport for Nixon through Reagan . SAM 26000 was replaced in December 1972 by another VC - 137 , Special Air Mission 27000 , although SAM 26000 was kept as a backup until it was finally retired in 1998 . Richard Nixon was the first president to use SAM 27000 ; the newer aircraft served every president until it was replaced by two VC - 25 aircraft ( SAM 28000 and 29000 ) in 1990 . In June 1974 , while President Nixon was on his way to a scheduled stop in Syria , Syrian fighter jets intercepted Air Force One to act as escorts . However , the Air Force One crew was not informed in advance and , as a result , took evasive action including a dive . After announcing his intention to resign the presidency , Nixon boarded SAM 27000 ( with call sign `` Air Force One '' ) to travel to California . Colonel Ralph Albertazzie , then pilot of Air Force One , recounted that after Gerald Ford was sworn in as president , the plane had to be redesignated as SAM 27000 , indicating no president was on board the aircraft . Over Jefferson City , Missouri , Albertazzie radioed : `` ' Kansas City , this was Air Force One . Will you change our call sign to Sierra Alpha Mike ( SAM ) 27000 ? ' Back came the reply : ' Roger , Sierra Alpha Mike 27000 . Good luck to the President . ' '' SAM 27000 's last flight as Air Force One was on 29 August 2001 when it flew President George W. Bush from San Antonio to Waco , Texas . Following the flight , it was formally decommissioned , then flown to San Bernardino International Airport ( former Norton AFB ) in California . It was dismantled and taken to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley , where it was reassembled and is on permanent display . Boeing 747s ( edit ) Main article : Boeing VC - 25 SAM 28000 sits on the ramp as Air Force One ( in the background ) descends on final approach into Hickam Field in Honolulu , Hawaii with President George W. Bush aboard . Though Ronald Reagan 's two terms as president saw no major changes to Air Force One , the manufacture of the presidential aircraft version of the 747 began during his presidency . The USAF issued a Request For Proposal in 1985 for two wide - body aircraft with a minimum of three engines and an unrefueled range of 6,000 miles ( 9,700 km ) . Boeing with the 747 and McDonnell Douglas with the DC - 10 submitted proposals , and the Reagan Administration ordered two identical 747s to replace the aging 707s he used . The interior designs , drawn up by First Lady Nancy Reagan , were reminiscent of the American Southwest . The first of two aircraft , designated VC - 25A , was delivered in 1990 , during the administration of George H.W. Bush . Delays were experienced to allow for additional work to protect the aircraft from electromagnetic pulse ( EMP ) effects . The VC - 25 is equipped with both secure and unsecure phone and computer communications systems , enabling the president to perform duties while airborne , in the event of an attack on the US . The presidential air fleet is operated by the 89th Airlift Wing at Andrews Field , Maryland . President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush walk on the parking ramp as Air Force One sits at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan , 1 March 2006 . The Air Force usually does not have fighter aircraft escort the presidential aircraft over the United States but it has occurred , for example during the attack on the World Trade Center . 9 / 11 to present ( edit ) On 11 September 2001 , President George W. Bush was interrupted as he attended an event at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota , Florida , after the attack on the World Trade Center South Tower in New York City . He took off on a VC - 25 from Sarasota - Bradenton International Airport with Colonel Mark Tillman , the senior pilot of Air Force One that day , in charge . Air traffic controllers gave Air Force One an ominous warning that a passenger jet was close to Air Force One and was unresponsive to calls . Tillman recalls : `` As we got over Gainesville , Florida , we got the word from Jacksonville Center . They said , ' Air Force One you have traffic behind you and basically above you that is descending into you , we are not in contact with them -- they have shut their responder ( sic ) off . ' And at that time it kind of led us to believe maybe someone was coming into us in Sarasota , they saw us take off , they just stayed high and are following us at this point . We had no idea what the capabilities of the terrorists were at that point . '' In response to this reported threat , Col. Tillman said he flew Air Force One over the Gulf of Mexico to test whether the other aircraft would follow . The other jet continued on its route , and Tillman said that it was later explained to him that an airliner had lost its transponder and that the pilots on - board neglected to switch to another radio frequency . An aircraft transponder broadcasts an electronic identification signal . A threat came again when Tillman received a message warning of an imminent attack on Air Force One . `` We got word from the vice president and the staff that ' Angel was next . ' Angel being the classified call sign for Air Force One . Once we got into the Gulf ( of Mexico ) and they passed to us that ' Angel was next , ' at that point I asked for fighter support . If an airliner was part of the attack , it would be good to have fighters on the wing to go ahead and take care of us . '' At this point , Tillman said that the plan to fly the president back to Washington , DC was aborted and instead Tillman landed at Barksdale Air Force Base , Louisiana and Offutt Air Force Base , Nebraska , where the president made a speech . Tillman explained that this was due to his concern that because of the reported threat , Air Force One would be attacked when he returned to Andrews Air Force Base . President Barack Obama meets with staff mid-flight aboard Air Force One , in the conference room , 3 April 2009 . After the preliminary stops , the president was returned to Washington . The next day , officials at the White House and the Justice Department explained that President Bush did this because there was `` specific and credible information that the White House and Air Force One were also intended targets . '' The White House could not confirm evidence of a threat made against Air Force One , and investigation found the original claim to be a result of miscommunication . Presidents have invited other world leaders to travel with them on Air Force One at times , including Nixon inviting Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev to travel with him to California from Washington , D.C. in June 1973 . In 1983 , President Reagan and Queen Elizabeth II toured the U.S. West Coast aboard Air Force One . In March 2012 , President Obama took British Prime Minister David Cameron to a basketball game in Ohio aboard Air Force One . On 27 April 2009 , a low - flying VC - 25 circled New York City for a photo - op and training exercise and caused a scare for many in New York . Fallout from the photo op incident led to the resignation of the director of the White House Military Office . When President Bush came to the end of his second term in 2009 , a VC - 25 was used to transport him to Texas . For this purpose the aircraft call sign was Special Air Mission 28000 , as the aircraft did not carry the current President of the United States . Similar arrangements were made for former Presidents Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , and Barack Obama . In January 2018 , media reports stated that the cost for an upgrade of Air Force One 's two refrigerators was $23.7 million . President Donald Trump disembarking Air Force One in Germany for the G20 Summit . Future replacement ( edit ) The VC - 25As are expected to be replaced , as they have become less cost - effective to operate . On 28 January 2015 , the Air Force announced that the Boeing 747 - 8 will serve as the next presidential aircraft . On 6 December 2016 , then - President - elect Donald Trump tweeted his opposition to the Air Force One replacement due to its high cost of `` more than $4 billion '' . The U.S. Government Accountability Office estimated the total cost at $3.2 billion , and the U.S. Air Force 's budget for the program is projected to be nearly $4 billion . In December 2016 , Boeing was on contract for preliminary development worth $170 million . On 1 August 2017 , Defense One reported that in an effort to pay less for the replacement program , the U.S. Air Force has contracted to purchase two of the bankrupt Russian airline Transaero 's undelivered 747 - 8 Intercontinentals from Boeing , which is storing them in the Mojave Desert to prevent corrosion . These airplanes , which were flight - tested but never delivered , will be retrofitted with telecommunications and security equipment to bring them to the required security level for the presidential aircraft . Other presidential aircraft ( edit ) A Boeing C - 32 ( Boeing 757 ) serving as Air Force Two During the Johnson Administration , the United States Air Force acquired a Beechcraft King Air B90 which was designated VC - 6A . The aircraft was used to transport President Johnson between Bergstrom Air Force Base and his family ranch near Johnson City , Texas , and was used at least once to transport the President to Princeton , New Jersey . It was referred to as Lady Bird 's airplane and later in its service life featured a basic color scheme similar to civilian aircraft . When the President was aboard , the aircraft used the call sign Air Force One . United Airlines is the only commercial airline to have operated Executive One , the call sign given to a civilian flight on which the U.S. President is aboard . On 26 December 1973 , President Richard Nixon and his family flew as commercial passengers on a United DC - 10 from Washington Dulles to Los Angeles International Airport . His staff explained that this was done to conserve fuel by not having to fly the usual Boeing 707 Air Force aircraft . The President regularly flies in helicopters ( call sign Marine One ) operated by the U.S. Marine Corps . In November 1999 , President Bill Clinton flew from Ankara , Turkey , to Cengiz Topel Naval Air Station outside Izmit , Turkey , aboard a marked C - 20C ( Gulfstream III ) using the call sign `` Air Force One '' , escorted by three F - 16s . On 8 March 2000 , President Clinton flew to Pakistan aboard an unmarked Gulfstream III while another aircraft with the call sign `` Air Force One '' flew on the same route a few minutes later . This diversion was reported by several U.S. press outlets . On 1 May 2003 , President George W. Bush flew in the co-pilot seat of a Sea Control Squadron Thirty - Five ( VS - 35 ) S - 3B Viking from Naval Air Station North Island , California to the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln off the California coast , where Bush delivered his `` Mission Accomplished '' speech . During the flight , the aircraft used the call sign of `` Navy One '' for the first time . This aircraft is now on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola , Florida . When required by circumstances , the President makes domestic flights using a Boeing C - 32 , sometimes to allow access to smaller airports that can not support the larger VC - 25 . Air Force One aircraft on display ( edit ) Lockheed JetStar used by President Johnson on display at the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Several presidential aircraft that have formerly served as Air Force One ( Sacred Cow , Independence , Columbine III , SAM 26000 , and other smaller presidential aircraft ) are on display in the presidential hangar of the National Museum of the United States Air Force ( located at Wright - Patterson AFB near Dayton , Ohio ) and at the Museum of Flight in Seattle , Washington ( earlier VC - 137B SAM 970 ) . The Boeing VC - 137C that served as Air Force One from the Nixon years through the George H.W. Bush administration ( SAM 27000 ) is on display in Simi Valley , California at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . The library 's Air Force One Pavilion was opened to the public on 24 October 2005 . In 2005 , President George W. Bush , First Lady Laura Bush , and former First Lady Nancy Reagan toured SAM 27000 , the aircraft that served seven presidents from 1972 to 2001 ; it is now housed at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . A VC - 118A Liftmaster used by John F. Kennedy is on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis - Monthan AFB in Tucson , Arizona . A Lockheed JetStar which was used by Lyndon Johnson during his presidency is on display at the LBJ Ranch ( now the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park ) in Stonewall , Texas . The ranch had a runway , but was too small to accommodate a large plane such as a Boeing 707 . President Johnson would take the larger Air Force One to Bergstrom AFB in Austin , where he would transfer to the smaller JetStar for the short flight to the ranch . A McDonnell Douglas VC - 9C used by Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton is on display at Castle Air Museum in Atwater , California adjacent to the former Castle Air Force Base . Notable appearances in media ( edit ) Main article : Aircraft in fiction § Boeing 747 Air Force One is shown as being equipped with a one - person escape pod and parachutes for emergency use by the President of the United States in at least five films : Escape from New York , Air Force One , White House Down , Bermuda Tentacles , and Big Game . However , the actual Air Force One does not have an escape pod or parachutes for emergency use . See also ( edit ) United States Air Force portal Aviation portal Air transports of heads of state and government List of official vehicles of the President of the United States Boeing E-4 `` Nightwatch '' References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Order 7110.65 R ( Air Traffic Control ) . '' Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Federal Aviation Administration , 14 March 2007 . Retrieved : 27 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh 2003 . Jump up ^ First Air Force One plane decaying in Arizona field Jump up ^ America 's lost Air Force One Jump up ^ Price , Mark J. `` Local history : Cuyahoga Falls aviator Billy Draper named ' Air Force One ' as Eisenhower 's pilot . '' Akron Beacon Journal , 23 November 2014 . Retrieved : 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hardesty 2003 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` Mayflower Of The Air Ready For President . '' Popular Mechanics , May 1933 . Jump up ^ Donald 1997 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Hardesty 2003 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hardesty 2003 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factsheet : Douglas VC - 54C SACRED COW . '' National Museum of the United States Air Force . Retrieved : 19 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dorr 2002 , p. l34 . Jump up ^ Dagenhart , Jenna ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` First Air Force One Aircraft Lands in Bridgewater for Restorations '' . WVIR . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Phil . `` 1st Air Force One fades in Marana . '' Arizona Daily Star , 11 July 2013 . Retrieved : 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Ralph M. `` N9463 c / n 2602 . '' Lockheed Constellation Survivors , Retrieved : 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Ralph M. `` 53 - 7885 c / n 4151 . '' Lockheed Constellation Survivors . Retrieved : 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First of 3 Jets for President and Top Aides Is Unveiled . '' The New York Times , 28 April 1959 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Walsh 2003 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ terHorst & Albertazzie , pp. 198 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Walsh 2003 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Hardesty 2003 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1971 , pp. 11 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` LBJ buried near his Texas birthplace . '' The Boston Globe , 26 January 1973 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Body of LBJ Lies in State in Washington : Lyndon B. Johnson returned in death ... to a capital ... aboard the presidential jet ... ( that ) bore ... serial number 26000 . '' Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , 25 January 1973 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing VC - 137C SAM 26000 . '' National Museum of the United States Air Force , 8 March 2010 . Retrieved : 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Dorr 2002 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Thomma , Steve . `` Presidential Plane Heads for History ; This Air Force One Served Every President Since Kennedy . A Museum is Next . '' The Philadelphia Inquirer , 20 May 1998 , p . A14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Post Online conversation with Kenneth Walsh on his Air Force One : A History of the Presidents and Their Planes . '' Washington Post , 22 May 2002 . Retrieved : 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis . `` Ralph Albertazzie , Nixon 's Pilot , Dies at 88 . '' The New York Times , 16 August 2011 , p . B16 . Retrieved : 17 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Rudi . `` Reagan Makes First , Last Flight in Jet He Ordered . '' United States Department of Defense , 10 June 2004 . Retrieved : 23 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Angel is next ' : The terrifying message pilot of Air Force One got as he flew President Bush on 9 / 11 . '' The Daily Mail , 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer . '' White House News releases , September 2001 . Retrieved : 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , Mike . `` White House Drops Claim of Threat to Bush . '' The Washington Post , 27 September 2001 , p . A08 . Retrieved : 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Nixon en route to California with Leonid Brezhnev . '' CVCE , 22 June 1973 . Retrieved : 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Dorr , Robert . `` Air Force One . '' Zenith Imprint , 2002 . Retrieved : 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Nick . `` David Cameron , Barack Obama and the Special Relationship . '' BBC , 13 March 2012 . Retrieved : 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Rao , Mythili and Ed Henry . `` ' Furious ' Obama orders review of NY plane flyover . '' cnn.com , 28 April 2009 . Retrieved : 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Karen Mizoguchi , `` ' Furious ' Melania Trump 's Escape to Mar - a-Lago Spa Cost Taxpayers $64,000 : Report '' . People , January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trimble , Stephen . `` US considers Airbus A380 as Air Force One and potentially a C - 5 replacement . '' Flight Global , 17 October 2007 . Retrieved : 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AF Identifies Boeing 747 - 8 platform for next Air Force One . '' United States Air Force , 28 January 2015 . Retrieved : 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Capaccio . Anthony . `` Boeing to build Air Force One replacement with bids for systems . '' Bloomberg News , 28 January 2015 . Retrieved : 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trump says Air Force One Boeing order should be cancelled '' . BBC News . 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Odell ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Trump speaks to Boeing chief on Air Force One replacement costs '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Aaron ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Trump Tweets US Should Cancel Air Force One Replacement '' . Defense News . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Wanted a Cheaper Air Force One . So the USAF Is Buying a Bankrupt Russian Firm 's Undelivered 747s '' . Defense One . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ostrower , Jon ; Browne , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` US finalizes deal for new Air Force One jets once destined for Russian airliner '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : Beech V - 6A . '' National Museum of the United States Air Force , 19 June 2006 . Retrieved : 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hardesty 2005 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Richard L. `` C90 King Airs . '' Flying Magazine , Volume 127 , Issue 1 , 2000 , pp. 67 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Dorr 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Mudd , Roger and Richard Wagner . Vanderbilt Television News Archive `` President / Commercial Airline Flight . '' CBS News , 27 December 1973 . Retrieved : 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` On Board Marine One , Presidential Fleet '' . National Geographic , 2009 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Swayne ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) . `` 6 Gulfstream Missions That Have Nothing To Do With Luxury '' . Bold Method . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sammon , Bill . `` Clinton uses decoy flight for security . '' Washington Times , 26 March 2000 , p. C. 1 . Jump up ^ Haniffa , Aziz . `` Playing hide - and - seek on trip to Islamabad . '' India Abroad . New York : 31 March 2000 , Vol . XXX , Issue 27 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton 's trip to Asia cost at least $50 million . '' Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , 9 April 2000 , p. 175 A . Jump up ^ Donald , David : Warplanes of the Fleet , pages 168 , 171 . AIRtime Publishing Inc , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 880588 - 81 - 1 Jump up ^ Dwyer , Devin . `` President Obama wraps blitz with Air Force One rally in Ohio . '' ABC News , 25 October 2012 . Retrieved : 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park . '' Aviation Museums . Retrieved : 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Douglas VC - 9C Castle Air Museum , Atwater & Merced '' . Castle Air Museum . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ McAllister , J.F.O. ( 1997 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Air Force One : On the Real Thing , No Pods and No Parachutes '' . CNN . TIME . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Berman , Russell ( 2015 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Air Force One - Point - Three - After a quarter - century of service , the aging presidential airplanes are being replaced by a pair of state - of - the - art Boeing 747 - 8s '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Bibliography ( edit ) Abbott , James A. and Elaine M. Rice . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 . Albertazzie , Ralph and Jerald TerHorst Flying White House : The Story of Air Force One . New York : Coward , McCann & Geoghegan , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 698 - 10930 - 9 . Braun , David `` Q&A : U.S. Presidential Jet Air Force One . '' National Geographic News , 29 May 2003 . Donald , David , ed. , The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft , New York : Barnes & Noble Books , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 0592 - 6 . Dorr , Robert F. Air Force One . St. Paul , Minnesota : Motorbooks International , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1055 - 6 . Hardesty , Von . Air Force One : The Aircraft that Shaped the Modern Presidency . Chanhassen , Minnesota : Northword Press , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 55971 - 894 - 3 . Harris , Tom . `` How Air Force One Works . '' HowStuffWorks.com . Retrieved : 10 October 2006 . Johnson , Lyndon Baines . The Vantage Point : Perspectives of the Presidency , 1963 -- 1969 . New York : Holt , Rinehart , & Winston , 1971 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03084 - 492 - 8 . Walsh , Kenneth T. Air Force One : A History of the Presidents and Their Planes . New York : Hyperion , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0004 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air Force One . VC - 25 -- Air Force One Fact Sheet on US Air Force site SAM 26000 fact sheet on the National Museum of the United States Air Force site Presidential Gallery , featuring Boeing VC - 137C known as SAM ( Special Air Mission ) 26000 Air Force One page on WhiteHouse.gov Facts and History of 707 as Air Force One and `` Where they are Now ? '' on 707sim.com Air Force One page on WhiteHouseMuseum.org Air Force One Pavilion on ReaganFoundation.org Truman Library & Museum US Air Force image gallery Boeing History of Air Force One Technical Order 00 - 105E - 9 , Segment 9 , Chapter 7 Air Force One page on air-force-one.fr Callsigns of aircraft carrying the President and Vice President of the United States Army One Air Force One Navy One Marine One Coast Guard One Executive One Army Two Air Force Two Navy Two Marine Two Coast Guard Two Executive Two 89th Airlift Wing VC - 25 C - 32 C - 40 HMX - 1 VH - 3D VH - 60N Transportation of the President of the United States White House Transportation Agency White House Military Office White House Communications Agency Presidential Airlift Group White House Medical Unit Camp David Marine Helicopter Squadron One ( HMX - 1 ) Presidential Food Service White House Transportation Agency United States Air Force Leadership Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four - star generals House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Structure Commands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major Commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSPC AFSOC AMC PACAF USAFE - AFA Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty - Second Twenty - Fourth Twenty - Fifth Air Forces Central Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary : Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Airmen Rank officers enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General 's Corps RED HORSE Security Forces Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training : Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces `` The U.S. Air Force '' Air Force Band Airman 's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Women Airforce Service Pilots Air Force One Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers United States Air Force portal GND : 4745705 - 3 NARA : 10636846 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_One&oldid=843379633 '' Categories : Transportation of the President of the United States Presidential aircraft United States special - purpose aircraft United States Air Force Call signs Boeing 707 Boeing 747 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from January 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 19 : 37 . 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"The \"Air Force One\" call sign was created after a 1953 incident during which a Lockheed Constellation named Columbine II, carrying President Dwight D. Eisenhower, entered the same airspace as a commercial airline flight using the same flight number.[3][4][5]"
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-153241231024026278 | Militia | Militia - wikipedia Militia Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Militia ( disambiguation ) . The Lexington Minuteman , a statue commemorating Captain John Parker , a commander of Massachusetts militia forces , during the American Revolutionary War A militia / mɪˈlɪʃə / is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers , citizens of a nation , or subjects of a state , who can be called upon for military service during a time of need , as opposed to a professional force of regular , full - time military personnel , or historically , members of a warrior nobility class ( e.g. , knights or samurai ) . Generally unable to hold ground against regular forces , it is common for militias to be used for aiding regular troops by skirmishing , holding fortifications , or irregular warfare , instead of being used in offensive campaigns by themselves . Militia are often limited by local civilian laws to serve only in their home region , and to be serve only for a limited time ; this further reduces their use in long military campaigns . With the emergence of professional forces ( in the form of mercenaries whose livelihood was military service ) during the Renaissance , Western European militias wilted ; later however , they would be revived as part of Florentine civic humanism , which held that professional militaries were a result of corruption , and admired the Roman model . The civic humanist ideal of the militia was spread through Europe by the writings of Niccolò Machiavelli ( According to Hörnqvist , The Prince , ch. 12 and 13 , Discourses on Livy , and The Art of War . ) Beginning in the late 20th century , some militias ( in particular officially recognized and sanctioned militias of a government ) act as professional forces , while still being `` part - time '' or `` on - call '' organizations . For instance , the members of some U.S. Army National Guard units are considered professional soldiers , as they are trained to maintain the same standards as their `` full - time '' ( active duty ) counterparts . Militias thus can be military or paramilitary , depending on the instance . Some of the contexts in which the term `` militia '' is used include : Forces engaged in defense activity or service , to protect a community , its territory , property , and laws . The entire able - bodied population of a community , town , county , or state , available to be called to arms . A subset of these who may be legally penalized for failing to respond to a call - up . A subset of these who actually respond to a call - up , regardless of legal obligation . A private , non-government force , not necessarily directly supported or sanctioned by its government . An irregular armed force enabling its leader to exercise military , economic , and political control over a subnational territory within a sovereign state ( See : Warlord ) . An official reserve army , composed of citizen soldiers . Called by various names in different countries , such as the Army Reserve , National Guard , or state defense forces . The national police forces in several former communist states such as the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries , but also in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia . The term was inherited in Russia and other former CIS countries , where they are known as militsiya . In France the equivalent term `` Milice '' has become tainted due to its use by notorious collaborators with Nazi Germany . A select militia is composed of a small , non-representative portion of the population , often politicized . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Argentina 3 Armenia 4 Australia 5 Austria 6 Canada 7 China 8 Cuba 9 Denmark 10 Estonia 11 Finland 12 France 13 Germany 14 India 15 Iran 16 Iraq 17 Israel 18 Latvia 19 Libya 20 Mexico 21 New Zealand 22 North Korea 23 Norway 24 Pakistan 25 Philippines 26 Portugal 27 Russia and the Soviet Union 28 Sri Lanka 29 Sudan 30 Sweden 31 Switzerland 32 Syria 33 United Kingdom 33.1 Origins 33.2 16th and 17th centuries 33.3 Militia in the British Empire 33.4 Political issues 33.5 18th century and the Acts of Union 33.5. 1 British Militia 33.5. 2 Irish militia 33.5. 3 Scottish militia 33.6 19th century 33.7 The Special Reserve 33.8 The militiamen 33.9 Modern survivals 33.10 Other British militias 33.11 The Troubles and Irish War of Independence 34 United States 34.1 19th century 34.1. 1 Paramilitary groups in the postbellum South 34.2 20th century 34.3 21st century Supreme Court decision 34.4 Texas 35 Vietnam 36 SFR Yugoslavia 37 Civic duty 38 See also 39 Citations and notes 40 References 41 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) Militia derives from Latin roots : miles / miːles / : soldier - itia / iːtia / : a state , activity , quality or condition of being militia / mil : iːtia / : Military service The word militia dates back to at least 1590 when it was recorded in a book by Sir John Smythe , Certain Discourses Military with the meanings : a military force ; a body of soldiers and military affairs ; a body of military discipline Argentina ( edit ) Buenos Aires , which was by then the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , was attacked during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata . As regular military forces were insufficient to counter the British attackers , Santiago de Liniers drafted all males in the city capable of bearing arms into the military . These recruits included the criollo peoples , who ranked low down in the social hierarchy , as well as some slaves . With these reinforcements , the British armies were twice defeated . The militias became a strong factor in the politics of the city afterwards , as a springboard from which the criollos could manifest their political ambitions . They were a key element in the success of the May Revolution , which deposed the Spanish viceroy and began the Argentine War of Independence . A decree by Mariano Moreno derogated the system of promotions involving criollos , allowing instead their promotion on military merit . The Argentine Civil War was waged by militias again , as both federalists and unitarians drafted common people into their ranks as part of ongoing conflicts . These irregular armies were organized at a provincial level , and assembled as leagues depending on political pacts . This system had declined by the 1870s , mainly due to the establishment of the modern Argentine Army , drafted for the Paraguayan War by President Bartolome Mitre . Provincial militias were outlawed and decimated by the new army throughout the presidential terms of Mitre , Sarmiento , Avellaneda and Roca . Armenia ( edit ) Main article : Armenian irregular units Armenian militia , or fedayi played a major role in the independence of various Armenian states , including Western Armenia , the First Republic of Armenia , and the currently de facto independent Republic of Artsakh . Armenian militia also played a role in the Georgia - Abkhazia War of 1992 -- 1993 . Australia ( edit ) In the Colony of New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie proposed a colonial militia but the idea was rejected . Governor Ralph Darling felt a mounted police force was more efficient than a militia . A military volunteer movement attracted wide interest during the Crimean War . Following Federation , the various military reserve forces of the Commonwealth of Australia became the Citizen Military Force ( CMF ) . A citizens ' militia modeled on the British Home Guard called the Volunteer Defence Corps ( VDC ) was founded by the Returned and Services League of Australia ( RSL ) in 1940 in response to the possibility of a Japanese invasion of Australia . In the beginning , members did n't have uniforms and often paraded in business attire . They were given instruction on guerrilla warfare , and later the private organization was taken over by the Australian Government and became part of the Australian Military Forces ( AMF ) . The government supported the organization and equipped them with anti-aircraft artillery ; however , they were disbanded by the end of World War II due to the fact that there was no longer a significant threat to national security . Austria ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After World War I , multiple militias formed as soldiers returned home to their villages , only to find many of them occupied by Slovene and Yugoslav forces . Especially in the southern province of Carinthia the Volkswehr ( Peoples Defense Force ) was formed , to fight the occupant forces . During the First Republic , similar to the development in Germany , increasing radicalization of politics led to certain paramilitary militias associating with certain political parties . The Heimwehr ( German : Home Defense ) became affiliated with the Christian Social Party and the Republikanischer Schutzbund ( German : Republican Defense League ) became affiliated with the Social Democratic Workers ' Party of Austria . Violence increasingly escalated , breaking out during the July Revolt of 1927 and finally the Austrian Civil War , when the Schutzbund was defeated by the Heimwehr , police , Gendarmerie and Austrian Armed Forces . After World War II the Austrian Armed Forces ( Bundesheer ) were reestablished as a conscript military force . A basic part of it is the milita , which is a regular reservists force of the Bundesheer , comparable to the national guard units of the United States . The conscript soldiers of the milita have to store their military equipment at home , to be mobilized quite fast within a few days in case of emergency . The system was established during the Cold War and still exists , but the members of the militia now are volunteers only . See also : Republikanischer Schutzbund , Heimwehr , Bundesheer Canada ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Militia See also : Canadian units of the War of 1812 and Colonial militia in Canada Depiction of a mortally wounded Issac Brock urging the York Volunteers forward during the Battle of Queenston Heights . The York Volunteers were a part - time militia unit in the War of 1812 . In Canada the title `` Militia '' historically referred to the land component of the armed forces , both regular ( full - time ) and reserve . The earliest Canadian militias date from the beginning of the French colonial period . In New France , small local volunteer militia units and colonial militias supported French authorities in the defence of the colony . Following the British conquest of New France in 1760 , local militia units supported British Army regiments stationed in Canada . British regiments and the Canadian militia were also supported by locally raised Fencibles regiments , which were raised through ordinary modes of recruiting , as opposed to being raised by ballot like the militia . Most militia units were only activated in time of war , but remained inactive in between . The battle honours awarded to these colonial militia regiments are perpetuated by modern regiments within the Canadian Army . Defence of the Canadas long relied on a contingent of British soldiers , as well as support from the Royal Navy . However , the Crimean War saw the diversion of a significant amount of British soldiers from British North America . Fearing possible incursions from the United States , the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada passed the Militia Act of 1855 , creating the Active Militia . The Active Militia , later referred to as the Permanent Active Militia , was created as a full - time professional army , although it continued to use the label militia . After PAM 's formation , the remaining sedentary militia regiments were collectively referred to as the Non-Permanent Active Militia ( NPAM ) . After the Treaty of Washington was signed between the Americans and British , nearly all remaining British soldiers were withdrawn from Canada in November 1871 . The departure of the majority of British forces in Canada made the Canadian militia the only major land forces available in Canada . In 1940 , both components of the militia , PAM and NPAM were reorganized , and renamed the Canadian Army . NPAM was integrated into the Canadian Army as the Army 's Primary Reserve . Uniforms of the Permanent Active Militia ( PAM ) in 1898 . PAM was a full - time professional land force until 1940 , when it became the Canadian Army . The term Militia is still used from then to the present day to refer to the part - time army reserve component of the Canadian Forces . Currently , Militia troops usually train one night a week and every other weekend of the month , except in the summer . Summertime training may consist of courses , individual call - outs , or concentrations ( unit and formation training of one to two weeks ' duration ) . In addition , Primary Reserve members are increasingly used for voluntary service as augmentation to the regular force overseas -- usually NATO or United Nations missions . Most Canadian cities and counties have one or more militia units . In addition to the various colonial militia units , and the regiments of the Canadian militia , in 1942 , the Army 's Pacific Command created the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers . Intended to function similarly to the United Kingdom 's Home Guard , the Rangers were a secondary defence force , defending the coast of British Columbia and Yukon from potential Japanese attack . The Rangers were disbanded in September 1945 , shortly after the conclusion of World War II . The legacy of the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers is perpetuated by the Canadian Rangers , a component of the Primary Reserve that provides a military presence in areas where it would not be economically or practically viable to have conventional Army units - most notably northern Canada . China ( edit ) Main article : Chinese Paramilitary Forces China 's current militia falls under the leadership of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) , and forms part of the Chinese armed forces . Under the command of the military organs , it undertakes such jobs as war preparation services , security and defense operational tasks and assistance in maintaining social order and public security . Historically , militias of varying levels of ability have existed in China , organized on a village and clan level , especially during periods of instability and in areas subject to pirate and bandit attack . When the British attempted to take control of the New Territories in 1898 , they were resisted by the local militias which had been formed for mutual defence against pirate raids . Although ultimately defeated , the militias ' dogged resistance convinced the British to make concessions to the indigenous inhabitants allowing them to preserve inheritance , property and marriage rights and customs throughout most of the period of the British rule . Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Military of Cuba Cuba has three militia organizations : The Territorial Troops Militia ( Milicias de Tropas Territoriales ) of about one million people ( half women ) , the Youth Labor Army ( Ejército Juvenil del Trabajo ) devoted to agricultural production , and a naval militia . Formerly , there existed the National Revolutionary Militias ( Milicias Nacionales Revolucionarias ) , which was formed after the Cuban Revolution and initially consisted of 200,000 men who helped the 25,000 strong standing army defeat counter-revolutionary guerillas . Denmark ( edit ) The Danish Home Guard ( Danish : Hjemmeværnet ) ( HJV ) is the fourth service of the Danish military . It was formerly concerned only with the defence of Danish territory but , since 2008 , it has also supported Danish international military efforts in Afghanistan , Iraq and Kosovo . There are five branches : Army Home Guard , Naval Home Guard , Air Force Home Guard , Police Home Guard , and Infrastructure Home Guard . The Danish Militia played a major role in repelling the Swedish attackers during The assault on Copenhagen in 1659 . Estonia ( edit ) Main article : Omakaitse The Omakaitse ( Home Guard ) was an organisation formed by the local population of Estonia on the basis of the Estonian Defence League and the forest brothers resistance movement active on the Eastern Front between 3 July 1941 and 17 September 1944 . This arrangement was unique in the context of the war as in Latvia , which otherwise shared a common fate with Estonia , there was no organisation of this kind . Finland ( edit ) See White Guard ( Finland ) While Finland employs conscription , they do n't have separate militia units : all units are organized by and under the command of the Finnish Defence Forces . All men belong to the reserve until age 50 or 60 depending on rank , and may be called up in case of mobilization . Each reservist is assigned a position in a unit to be activated . However , since 2004 , the FDF does have territorial forces , organized along the lines of regular infantry formations , which are composed of volunteers . Furthermore , long - range patrol units ( sissi troops , a type of special forces ) are assigned to local troops . In history , before Finland became independent , two types of local militias existed : the White Guards and Red Guards , which were non-socialists and socialists , respectively . In the Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) the White Guards founded the White Army , which was victorious over the Red Guards . White Guards continued their existence as a volunteer militia until the Second World War . In some cases their activity found overt political expression as in the Mäntsälä rebellion . However , in 1934 separate wartime White Guard units were dissolved and in the Second World War they served at the front , dispersed in regular units . They were dissolved as a condition of peace after the Continuation War . France ( edit ) The first notable militia in French history was the resistance of the Gauls to invasion by the Romans until they were defeated by Julius Caesar . Centuries later , Joan of Arc organized and led a militia until her capture and execution in 1431 . This settled the succession to the French crown and laid the basis for the formation of the modern nation of France . During the French Revolution the term levée en masse came into use . At the time of the Franco - Prussian War , the Parisian National Guard , which had been founded during the time of the French Revolution , engaged the Prussian Army and later rebelled against the Versailles Army under Marshal McMahon . Under German occupation during World War II , a militia usually called the French Resistance emerged to conduct a guerrilla war of attrition against German forces and prepare the way for the D - Day Allied Invasion of France . The Resistance militia were opposed by the collaborationist French Militia -- the paramilitary police force of the German puppet state of Vichy . Germany ( edit ) The earliest reports of Germanic militias was the system of hundreds described in 98 AD by the Roman historian Tacitus as the centeni . They were similar in nature to the Anglo - Saxon fyrd . Freikorps ( German for `` Free Corps '' ) was originally applied to voluntary armies . The first freikorps were recruited by Frederick II of Prussia during the Seven Years ' War . These troops were regarded as unreliable by regular armies , so they were mainly used as sentries and for minor duties . During the Napoleonic occupation , organizations such as the Lutzow Freikorps fought against the occupiers and later joined the allied forces as regular soldiers . However , after 1918 , the term was used for nationalist paramilitary organizations that sprang up around Germany as soldiers returned in defeat from World War I. They were one of the many Weimar paramilitary groups active during that time . They received considerable support from Gustav Noske , the German Defence Minister who used them to crush the Spartakist League with enormous violence , including the murders of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg on January 15 , 1919 . Militia were also used to put down the Bavarian Soviet Republic in 1919 . They were officially `` disbanded '' in 1920 , resulting in the ill - fated Kapp Putsch in March 1920 . The Einwohnerwehr , active in Germany from 1919 to 1921 was a paramilitary citizens ' militia consisting of hundreds of thousands of mostly former servicemen . Formed by the Prussian Ministry of the Interior on April 15 , 1919 , to allow citizens to protect themselves from looters , armed gangs , and revolutionaries , the Einwohnerwehr was under the command of the local Reichswehr regiments , which supplied its guns . In 1921 , the Berlin government dissolved the Einwohnerwehr . Many of its members went on to join the Nazi Party . In 1921 the Nazi Party created the Sturmabteilung ( SA ; Storm Detachment ; Brownshirts ) , which was the first paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party and served as a Nazi militia whose initial assignment was to protect Nazi leaders at rallies and assemblies . The SA also took part in street battles against the forces of rival political parties and violent actions against Jews . From the SA sprung the Schutzstaffel ( SS ; Protective Squadron ) which grew to become one of the largest and most powerful groups in Nazi Germany , which Reichsführer - SS Heinrich Himmler ( the leader of the SS from 1929 ) envisioned as an elite group of guards . The Waffen - SS , the military branch of the SS , became a de facto fourth branch of the Wehrmacht . In 1944 -- 1945 , as World War II came to a close in Europe , the German high command deployed increasing numbers of Volkssturm units to combat duties . These regiments were composed of men , women and children too old , young or otherwise unfit for service in the Wehrmacht ( German Regular Army ) . Their primary role was assisting the army with fortification duties and digging anti-tank ditches . As the shortage of manpower became severe , they were used as front line infantry , most often in urban settings . Due to the physical state of members , almost non-existent training and shortage of weapons , there was not much the Volkssturm could do except act like shields for regular army units . However , armed with Panzerfausts and deeply entrenched , a unit of Volkssturm could cause serious trouble for Soviet armor . India ( edit ) Salwa Judum ( meaning `` Peace March '' or `` Purification Hunt '' in Gondi language ) is a militia active in the Chhattisgarh state of India . Iran ( edit ) Main article : Basij The Basij militia founded by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in November 1980 is composed of 10,000 regular soldiers . It ultimately draws from about 11 million members , and is subordinate to the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution in Iran . Iraq ( edit ) Peshmurga Kurdish Militia , cleaning weapons Main article : Private militias in Iraq Several armed militia groups are presently active in Iraq . The Mehdi Army is a sectarian armed force created by the Iraqi Shi'a cleric Muqtada al - Sadr in June 2003 . The Badr Organization is based in and around Karbala . The Anbar Salvation Council is a Sunni armed group in Iraq formed by members of baathist and nationalist elements to fight Al - Qaeda in Iraq . The Kurdish militia , the peshmerga , is estimated to number upwards of 500,000 . The Awakening Councils or `` concerned citizens '' are emerging to defend their neighborhoods against insurgents of every kind , functioning as a form of vigilante `` militia '' similar to the model of militia in the US . Israel ( edit ) The earliest historical record of militia is found in the Old Testament and particularly the Book of Judges . In modern times , the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) is often described as a heavily armed militia , not a full - fledged army , since it is legally and publicly viewed as a defensive force only , and since it relies heavily on the reserve duty of Israeli citizens who are annually called to service for set periods of time , rather than on professional , full - time soldiers . Israeli settlements in frontier ares such as the Galilee , Negev , Judea and Samaria rely on armed militia teams for their security . National service conscripts can also serve in the Israel Border Police ( commonly known by its Hebrew abbreviation Magav which means border guard in Hebrew ) , which is a paramilitary branch of the Israel Police rather than the IDF . Latvia ( edit ) Main articles : Aizsargi , Latvian national partisans , and Latvian National Guard Libya ( edit ) See also : Post-civil war violence in Libya , 2011 Libyan Civil War , and Libya Shield 1 Since the fall of Gaddafi 's rule of Libya in the aftermath of the Libyan Civil War , rebel groups that have contributed to the revolution splintered into self - organized militia movements and have been involved in a feud for control of each city . Since the revolution , reports of clashes and violence by militia groups have been increasing . Mexico ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) The Free - Colored Militia , interracial militias of New Spain , Colonial Mexico . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : New Zealand Defence Force From the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 until 1844 small detachments of British Imperial troops based in New Zealand were the only military . This changed as a result of the Flagstaff War , with the colonial government passing a Militia Act on 25 March 1845 . Militia units were formed in Auckland , Wellington , New Plymouth , and Nelson . Service in the militia was compulsory . Many localized militia saw service , together with British Imperial troops , during the New Zealand land wars . In the late nineteenth century a system of local Volunteer militias evolved throughout the country . These were semi-trained but uniformed and administered by a small number of regular `` Imperial '' officers . The militia units were disbanded and reformed as the Territorial Army in 1911 . North korea ( edit ) The Worker - Peasant Red Guards is a North Korean paramilitary organization organized on a provincial / town / city / village level . Norway ( edit ) See Norwegian Home Guard Pakistan ( edit ) Militias have played an important role supporting Pakistan 's Military since the Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 when Pakistan , with the support of militias , was able to gain control of the region which is now known as Azad Kashmir . Pakistan found the militias volunteering to participate in the Indo - Pakistani war of 1965 and the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 quite useful as well . Currently Pakistani citizens forming militias from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province are participating in the ' war on terror ' . Philippines ( edit ) Article XVI , Section 4 of the Philippines Constitution states : `` The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo military training and serve as may be provided by law . '' Portugal ( edit ) Portugal had a long tradition in the use of militias for national defense . Between the 12th and 16th centuries , the municipal militias -- composed of spearmen , pikemen , horsemen , slingers , javelineers , archers , crossbowmen and later arquebusiers -- constituted the main component of the Portuguese Royal Army , together with smaller military forces from the King , the military orders and the feudal lords . After some failed previous attempts , in 1570 King Sebastian of Portugal created the Ordenanças , a centrally managed military territorial organization that would replace the municipal militias and became the basis of a national army . After 60 years of foreign domination ( 1580 -- 1640 ) , the Ordenanças were reorganized for the Portuguese Restoration War . The Portuguese Army was then organized in three lines , with the 2nd and 3rd being militia forces . The Ordenanças became the 3rd line and acted both as a territorial draft organization for the 1st and 2nd line troops and as a kind of home guard for local defense . The 2nd line was made of the auxiliary troops , also militia units with the role of regional defense . In the end of the 18th century , the auxiliary troops were renamed `` Militias '' . In the Peninsular War , the Militia regiments and the Ordenanças units had an important role in the defense of the country against the Napoleonic invader army . Still in the 19th century , the Militia units also had an important role in the Liberal Wars , with the majority of those troops fighting on the side of King Miguel . Besides the regular militias , a number of volunteer militia units were formed to fight on both sides of the war . With the establishment of the constitutional regime , the old Militias and Ordenanças were replaced by a single national militia force , the National Guard . However , the National Guard revealed itself an ineffective and undisciplined force . Their units became highly politicized , being involved in a number of conspiracies and coups . The National Guard having less and less confidence from the authorities , became extinct in 1847 , terminating a long tradition of national militias in Portugal . During the 20th century , some experiments with militia type forces were made . From 1911 to 1926 , the Portuguese Army was organized as a militia army . Also , in 1936 , the Estado Novo regime created the Portuguese Legion as a political volunteer militia , dedicated to the fight against the enemies of country and of the social order . From World War II , the Portuguese Legion assumed the responsibility for civil defense , this becoming its main role during the Cold War , until its extinction in 1974 . Russia and the Soviet Union ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Banner of Saint Petersburg militia from Napoleon 's invasion of Russia . Neither the Russian Empire , nor the Soviet Union ever had an organised force that could be equated to a militia . Instead a form of organisation that predated the Russian state was used during national emergencies called Narodnoe Opolcheniye ( People 's Regimentation ) . More comparable to the English Fyrd , it was a popular voluntary joining of the local полк polk , or a regiment , though it had no regular established strength or officers , these usually elected from prominent local citizens . Although these spontaneously created popular forces had participated in several major wars of the Russian Empire , including in combat , they were not obligated to serve for more than one year , and notably departed for home during the 1813 campaign in Germany . On only one occasion , during the military history of the Soviet Union , the Narodnoe Opolcheniye was incorporated into the regular forces of the Red Army , notably in Leningrad and Moscow . The term Militsiya in Russia and former Communist Bloc nations was specifically used to refer to the civilian police force , and should not be confused with the conventional western definition of militia . The term , as used in this context , dated from post-revolutionary Russia in late 1917 and was intended to draw a distinction between the new Soviet law enforcement agencies and the disbanded Tsarist police . In some of these states militia was renamed back to police such as Ukraine while in the other states it remains such as Belarus . In Russia it was renamed to Police ( in Russian : Полиция , Politsiya ) in March 2011 . Sri Lanka ( edit ) The first militias formed in Sri Lanka were by Lankan Kings , who raised militia armies for their military campaigns both within and outside the island . This was due to the reason that the Kings never maintained a standing army instead had a Royal Guard during peace time and formed a militia in wartime . When the Portuguese who were the first colonial power to dominate the island raised local militias under the command of local leaders known as Mudaliyars . These militias took part in the many Portuguese campaigns against the Lankan Kings . The Dutch continued to employ these militias but due to their unreliability tended to favor employing Swiss and Malay mercenaries in their campaigns in the island . The British Empire then ousted the Dutch from the coastal areas of the country , and sought to conquer the independent Kandyan Kingdom . In 1802 , the British became the first foreign power to raise a regular unit of Sinhalese with British officers , which was named the 2nd Ceylon Regiment , also known as the Sepoy Corps . It fought alongside British troops in the Kandyan wars . After the Matale Rebellion led by Puran Appu in 1848 , in which a number of Sinhalese recruits defected to the side of the rebels , the recruitment of Sinhalese to the British forces was temporarily halted and the Ceylon Regiments disbanded . In 1861 , the Ceylon Light Infantry Volunteers were raised as a militia , but soon became a military reserve force . This became the Ceylon Defence Force in 1910 and consisted of militia units . These were the Colombo Town Guard and the Town Guard Artillery formed during the two world wars . With the escalation of the Sri Lankan Civil War , local villagers under threat of attack were formed into localized militia to protect their families and homes . According to the Sri Lankan Military these militias were formed after `` massacres done by the LTTE '' and in the early 1990s they were reformed as the Sri Lankan Home Guard . In 2007 the Home Guard became the Sri Lanka Civil Security Force . In 2008 , the government called for the formation of nearly 15,000 civil defence committees at the village level for additional protection . In 2004 , the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam claimed have establish a voluntary `` Tamil Eelam auxiliary force '' . According to the LTTE 's then head of police , the force was to be assigned to tasks such as rehabilitation , construction , forest conservation and agriculture , but would also be used to battle the Sri Lankan military if the need arose . In early 2009 it ceased to exist with the military defeat of the LTTE at the hands of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces . Sudan ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) The Janjaweed militia consists of armed Arab Muslims fighting for the government in Khartoum against non-Arab Muslim `` rebels '' . They are active in the Darfur region of western Sudan and also in eastern Chad . According to Human Rights Watch these partisans are responsible for abuses including war crimes , crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing . Sweden ( edit ) As of 2012 , the Swedish Home Guard consists of 22,000 organized into 40 light infantry battalions of 300 -- 700 Guardsmen . These battalions are then organised into companies , usually one for every municipality . The main task of the battalions is to guard vital military and civilian installations throughout the country . In 2001 , the Rapid Response units numbered around 5,000 soldiers of the total of 42,000 . As of 2014 , the majority of the force , 17,000 out of 22,000 soldiers will be in Rapid Response units . The decrease in number of troops comes with an equal increase in quality and modern equipment . These units are motorized and are ready to be mobilized more often , than other Home Guard units . Rapid response units have more combat tasks compared to the rest of the Home Guard , including escort duties . Some battalions located near the coast also have marine companies equipped with Combat Boat 90 . A few battalions have recently set up ' specialized ' companies to evaluate the possibility to add new abilities to the Home Guard . These are at the time of writing eight reconnaissance / intelligence companies , four CBRN - platoons , a movcon platoon , an engineer platoon , and a military police unit . Switzerland ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in Switzerland One of the best known and ancient militias is the Swiss Armed Forces . Switzerland has long maintained , proportionally , the second largest military force in the world , with about half the proportional amount of reserve forces of the Israeli Defense Forces , a militia of some 33 % of the total population . Article 58.1 of the April 18 , 1999 , Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation ( official , French version ) provides that `` Switzerland has an army . It is primarily organised according to the principle of a militia . '' However , under the country 's militia system , professional soldiers constitute about 5 percent of military personnel . In 1995 , the number of soldiers was reduced to 400,000 ( including reservists , amounting to some 5.6 % of the population ) and again in 2004 , to 200,000 ( including 80,000 reservists , or 2.5 % of the population ) . However , the Swiss Militia continues to consist of most of the adult male population ( with voluntary participation by women ) who are required to keep an assault rifle at home and to periodically engage in combat and marksmanship training . The militia clauses of the Swiss Federal Constitution are contained in Art . 59 , where it is referred to as `` military service '' ( German : Militärdienst ; French : service militaire ; Italian : servizio militare ; Romansh : servetsch militar ) . Syria ( edit ) Main article : National Defense Force ( Syria ) The Syrian National Defense Force was formed out of pro-government militias . They receive their salaries and their military equipment from the government and as of 2013 numbers around 100,000 . The force acts in an infantry role , directly fighting against rebels on the ground and running counter-insurgency operations in coordination with the army which provides them with logistical and artillery support . Unlike the Syrian Army , NDF soldiers are allowed to take loot from battlefields , which can then be sold on for extra money . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main articles : Militia ( English ) and Militia ( United Kingdom ) Origins ( edit ) The obligation to serve in the militia in England derives from a common law tradition , and dates back to Anglo - Saxon times . The tradition was that all able - bodied males were liable to be called out to serve in one of two organisations . These were the posse comitatus , an ad hoc assembly called together by a law officer to apprehend lawbreakers , and the fyrd , a military body intended to preserve internal order or defend the locality against an invader . The latter developed into the militia , and was usually embodied by a royal warrant . Service in each organisation involved different levels of preparedness . 16th and 17th centuries ( edit ) With the decay of the feudal system and the military revolution of the 16th century , the militia began to become an important institution in English life . It was organised on the basis of the shire county , and was one of the responsibilities of the Lord Lieutenant , a royal official ( usually a trusted nobleman ) . Each of the county hundreds was likewise the responsibility of a Deputy Lieutenant , who relayed orders to the justices of the peace or magistrates . Every parish furnished a quota of eligible men , whose names were recorded on muster rolls . Likewise , each household was assessed for the purpose of finding weapons , armour , horses , or their financial equivalent , according to their status . The militia was supposed to be mustered for training purposes from time to time , but this was rarely done . The militia regiments were consequently ill - prepared for an emergency , and could not be relied upon to serve outside their own counties . This state of affairs concerned many people . Consequently , an elite force was created , composed of members of the militia who were prepared to meet regularly for military training and exercise . These were formed into trained band regiments , particularly in the City of London , where the Artillery Ground was used for training . The trained bands performed an important role in the English Civil War on the side of parliament , in marching to raise the siege of Gloucester ( 5 September 1643 ) . Except for the London trained bands , both sides in the Civil War made little use of the militia , preferring to recruit their armies by other means . Militia in the British Empire ( edit ) Main article : Militia ( British Dominions and Crown Colonies ) Captain John Smith 's 1624 map of the Somers Isles ( Bermuda ) , showing St. George 's Town and related fortifications , including the Castle Islands Fortifications with their garrisons of militiamen As successful English settlement of North America began to take place in 1607 in the face of the hostile intentions of the powerful Spanish , and of the native populations , it became immediately necessary to raise militia amongst the settlers . The militia in Jamestown saw constant action against the Powhatan Federation and other native polities . In the Virginia Company 's other outpost , Bermuda , fortification began immediately in 1612 . A Spanish attack in 1614 was repulsed by two shots fired from the incomplete Castle Islands Fortifications manned by Bermudian Militiamen . In the Nineteenth century , Fortress Bermuda would become Britain 's Gibraltar of the West , heavily fortified by a Regular Army garrison to protect the Royal Navy 's headquarters and dockyard in the Western Atlantic . In the 17th Century , however , Bermuda 's defence was left entirely in the hands of the Militia . In addition to requiring all male civilians to train and serve in the militia of their Parish , the Bermudian Militia included a standing body of trained artillerymen to garrison the numerous fortifications which ringed New London ( St. George 's ) . This standing body was created by recruiting volunteers , and by sentencing criminals to serve as punishment . The Bermudian militiamen were called out on numerous occasions of war , and , on one notable occasion , to quell rioting privateers . The 1707 Acts of Union made Bermudian and other English militiamen British . In British India , a special class of militia was established in 1907 . This took the form of the Frontier Corps , which consisted of locally recruited full - time auxiliaries under British officers . Their role combined the functions of tribal police and border guards deployed along the North - West Frontier . Regional units included the Zhob Militia , the Kurram Militia , and the Chagai Militia . After 1946 the Frontier Corps became part of the modern Pakistan Army . Political issues ( edit ) Until the Glorious Revolution in 1688 the Crown and Parliament were in strong disagreement . The English Civil War left a rather unusual military legacy . Both Whigs and Tories distrusted the creation of a large standing army not under civilian control . The former feared that it would be used as an instrument of royal tyranny . The latter had memories of the New Model Army and the anti-monarchical social and political revolution that it brought about . Both preferred a small standing army under civilian control for defensive deterrence and to prosecute foreign wars , a large navy as the first line of national defence , and a militia composed of their neighbours as additional defence and to preserve domestic order . Consequently , the English Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) declared , amongst other things : `` that the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace , unless it be with consent of Parliament , is against law ... '' and `` that the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law . '' This implies that they are fitted to serve in the militia , which was intended to serve as a counterweight to the standing army and preserve civil liberties against the use of the army by a tyrannical monarch or government . The Crown still ( in the British constitution ) controls the use of the army . This ensures that officers and enlisted men swear an oath to a politically neutral head of state , and not to a politician . While the funding of the standing army subsists on annual financial votes by parliament , the Mutiny Act , superseded by the Army Act , and now the Armed Forces Act is also renewed on an annual basis by Parliament . If it lapses , the legal basis for enforcing discipline disappears , and soldiers lose their legal indemnity for acts committed under orders . With the creation of the British Empire , militias were also raised in the colonies , where little support could be provided by regular forces . Overseas militias were first raised in Jamestown , Virginia , and in Bermuda , where the Bermuda Militia followed over the next two centuriesa similar trajectory to that in Britain . 18th century and the acts of Union ( edit ) In 1707 the Acts of Union united the Kingdom of England with the Kingdom of Scotland . The Scottish navy was incorporated into the Royal Navy . The Scottish military ( as opposed to naval ) forces merged with the English , with pre-existing regular Scottish regiments maintaining their identities , though command of the new British Army was from England . How this affected militias either side of the border is unclear . British militia ( edit ) Main articles : Militia ( Great Britain ) and Militia ( United Kingdom ) The Militia Act of 1757 created a more professional force . Better records were kept , and the men were selected by ballot to serve for longer periods ; specific provision was made for members of the Religious Society of Friends , Quakers , to be exempted , as conscientious objectors , from compulsory enlistment in the militia . Proper uniforms and better weapons were provided , and the force was ' embodied ' from time to time for training sessions . The militia was widely embodied at various times during the French and Napoleonic Wars . It served at several vulnerable locations , and was particularly stationed on the South Coast and in Ireland . A number of camps were held at Brighton , where the militia regiments were reviewed by the Prince Regent . ( This is the origin of the song `` Brighton Camp '' . ) The militia could not be compelled to serve overseas , but it was seen as a training reserve for the army , as bounties were offered to men who opted to ' exchange ' from the militia to the regular army . Irish militia ( edit ) The Parliament of Ireland passed an act in 1715 raising regiments of militia in each county and county corporate . Membership was restricted to Protestants between the ages of 16 and 60 . In 1793 , during the Napoleonic Wars , the Irish militia were reorganised to form thirty - seven county and city regiments . While officers of the reorganised force were Protestant , membership of the other ranks was now made available to members of all denominations . Scottish militia ( edit ) In the late 17th century came calls for the resurrection of militia in Scotland that had the understated aim of protecting the rights of Scots from English oppression . The 1757 Militia Act did not apply in Scotland . The old traditional system continued , so that militia regiments only existed in some places . This was resented by some and the Militia Club , soon to become the Poker Club , was formed to promote the raising of a Scottish militia . This and several other Edinburgh clubs became the crucible of the Scottish Enlightenment . The Militia Act 1797 empowered Scottish Lord Lieutenants to raise and command militia regiments in each of the `` Counties , Stewartries , Cities , and Places '' under their jurisdiction . 19th century ( edit ) Although muster rolls were prepared as late as 1820 , the element of compulsion was abandoned , and the militia transformed into a volunteer force , revived by the Militia Act of 1852 . It was intended to be seen as an alternative to the army . Men would volunteer and undertake basic training for several months at an army depot . Thereafter , they would return to civilian life , but report for regular periods of military training ( usually on the weapons ranges ) and an annual two - week training camp . In return , they would receive military pay and a financial retainer , a useful addition to their civilian wage . Of course , many saw the annual camp as the equivalent of a paid holiday . The militia thus appealed to agricultural labourers , colliers and the like , men in casual occupations , who could leave their civilian job and pick it up again . Until 1852 the militia were an entirely infantry force , but from that year a number of county infantry regiments were converted to artillery and new ones raised . In 1877 the militia of Anglesey and Monmouthshire were converted to engineers . Under the reforms , introduced by Secretary of State for War Hugh Childers in 1881 , the remaining militia infantry regiments were redesignated as numbered battalions of regiments of the line , ranking after the two regular battalions . Typically , an English , Welsh or Scottish regiment would have two militia battalions ( the 3rd and 4th ) and Irish regiments three ( numbered 3rd -- 5th ) . The militia must not be confused with the volunteer units created in a wave of enthusiasm in the second half of the nineteenth century . In contrast with the Volunteer Force , and the similar Yeomanry Cavalry , they were considered rather plebeian . The special reserve ( edit ) The militia was transformed into the Special Reserve by the military reforms of Haldane in the reforming post 1906 Liberal government . In 1908 the militia infantry battalions were redesignated as `` reserve '' and a number were amalgamated or disbanded . Numbered Territorial Force battalions , ranking after the Special Reserve , were formed from the volunteer units at the same time . Altogether , 101 infantry battalions , 33 artillery regiments and two engineer regiments of special reservists were formed . Upon mobilisation , the special reserve units would be formed at the depot and continue training while guarding vulnerable points in Britain . The special reserve units remained in Britain throughout the First World War , but their rank and file did not , since the object of the special reserve was to supply drafts of replacements for the overseas units of the regiment . The original militiamen soon disappeared , and the battalions simply became training units . The Special Reserve reverted to its militia designation in 1921 , then to Supplementary Reserve in 1924 , though the units were effectively placed in `` suspended animation '' until disbanded in 1953 . The militiamen ( edit ) The name was briefly revived in the Military Training Act 1939 , in the aftermath of the Munich Crisis . Leslie Hore - Belisha , Secretary of State for War , wished to introduce a limited form of conscription , not known in peacetime Britain since the militia of the early 19th century and previously . It was thought that calling the conscripts ' militiamen ' would make this more acceptable , as it would render them distinct from the rest of the army . Only single men aged 20 up to the day before their 22nd birthday were to be conscripted , for six months full - time training before discharge into the reserve ( with a free suit of civilian clothing ) . Although the first intake was called up in late July 1939 , the declaration of war on 3 September entailed implementation of full - time conscription for all men aged 18 -- 41 , superseding the militia , never to be revived . Modern survivals ( edit ) Three units still maintain their militia designation in the British Army , two in the Territorial Army and one in the Army Cadet Force . These are the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers ( formed in 1539 ) , the Jersey Field Squadron ( The Royal Militia Island of Jersey ) ( formed in 1337 ) , and the Royal Alderney Militia ( created in the 13th century and reformed in 1984 ) . Additionally , the Atholl Highlanders are a ceremonial infantry militia maintained by the Duke of Atholl -- they are the only legal private army in Europe . Other British militias ( edit ) Various other part - time , home defence organisations have been raised during times of crisis or perceived threat , although without the word `` militia '' in their title . These have included : Volunteer Corps , part of the British anti-invasion preparations of 1803 -- 1805 Fencibles , part of the British anti-invasion preparations of 1803 -- 1805 Sea Fencibles , a volunteer coastal defence force in the Napoleonic Wars Yeomanry , volunteer cavalry initially raised in the Napoleonic Wars Volunteer Force , from 1857 to 1908 Volunteer Training Corps , 1914 to 1918 National Defence Companies , 1936 to 1939 Home Guard , initially Local Defence Volunteers , 1940 to 1944 and 1951 to 1957 Ulster Defence Regiment , 1970 to 1992 Home Service Force , 1982 to 1992 The troubles and Irish War of independence ( edit ) See also : The Troubles and Irish War of Independence The various non-state paramilitary groups involved in the 20th - century conflicts in Northern Ireland and the island of Ireland , such as the various Irish Republican Army groups and loyalist paramilitaries , could also be described as militias and are occasionally referred to as such . The Ulster Defence Regiment ( UDR ) was a locally raised professional militia instituted by an Act of Parliament in December 1969 , becoming operational on 1 April 1970 . Created as a non-partisan force to defend Northern Ireland `` against armed attack or sabotage '' , it eventually peaked at 11 battalions with 7,559 men and women . 197 soldiers of the UDR , including four women , were killed as active servicemen , with a further 61 killed after leaving the regiment , mostly by the Provisional Irish Republican Army . As a result of defence cuts it was eventually reduced to 7 battalions before being amalgamated with the Royal Irish Rangers in 1992 to form the `` Home Service Battalions '' of the Royal Irish Regiment . United States ( edit ) Main article : Militia ( United States ) Uniformed American militiamen during the American Civil War . The history of militia in the United States dates from the colonial era , such as in the American Revolutionary War . Based on the British system , colonial militias were drawn from the body of adult male citizens of a community , town , or local region . Because there were usually few British regulars garrisoned in North America , colonial militia served a vital role in local conflicts , particularly in the French and Indian Wars . Before shooting began in the American War of Independence , American revolutionaries took control of the militia system , reinvigorating training and excluding men with Loyalist inclinations . Regulation of the militia was codified by the Second Continental Congress with the Articles of Confederation . The revolutionaries also created a full - time regular army -- the Continental Army -- but because of manpower shortages the militia provided short - term support to the regulars in the field throughout the war . In colonial era Anglo - American usage , militia service was distinguished from military service in that the latter was normally a commitment for a fixed period of time of at least a year , for a salary , whereas militia was only to meet a threat , or prepare to meet a threat , for periods of time expected to be short . Militia persons were normally expected to provide their own weapons , equipment , or supplies , although they may later be compensated for losses or expenditures . A related concept is the jury , which can be regarded as a specialized form of militia convened to render a verdict in a court proceeding ( known as a petit jury or trial jury ) or to investigate a public matter and render a presentment or indictment ( grand jury ) . With the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and Article 1 Section 8 of the United States Constitution , control of the army and the power to direct the militia of the states was concurrently delegated to the federal Congress . The Militia Clauses gave Congress authority for `` organizing , arming , and disciplining '' the militia , and `` governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States '' , with the States retaining authority to appoint officers and to impose the training specified by Congress . Proponents describe a key element in the concept of `` militia '' was that to be `` genuine '' it not be a `` select militia '' , composed of an unrepresentative subset of the population . This was an argument presented in the ratification debates . The first legislation on the subject was the Militia Act of 1792 which provided , in part : That each and every free able - bodied white male citizen of the respective States , resident therein , who is or shall be of age of eighteen years , and under the age of forty - five years ( except as is herein after excepted ) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia , ... every citizen , so enrolled and notified , shall , within six months thereafter , provide himself with a good musket or firelock . During the nineteenth century , each of the states maintained its militia differently , some more than others . Prior to the Civil War , militia units were sometimes used by southern states for slave control . Formed in 1860 , Republican Party - affiliated Wide Awakes clubs were quick to take action to defend persons against southern slave - hunters . In California , the militia carried out campaigns against bandits and against the Indians at the direction of its Governor between 1850 and 1866 . During Reconstruction after the Civil War , Republican state governments had militias composed almost entirely of freed slaves and populist whites . Their deployment to maintain order in the former Confederate states caused increased resentment among many Southern whites . 19th century ( edit ) During the nineteenth century , American militia saw action in the various Indian Wars , the War of 1812 , the American Civil War , and the Spanish -- American War . Sometimes militia units were found to be unprepared , ill - supplied , and unwilling . Paramilitary groups in the postbellum South ( edit ) After the American Civil War , secret groups like the Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Camellia arose quickly across the South , reaching a peak in the late 1860s . Even more significant in terms of effect were private militias : paramilitary organizations that formed starting in 1874 , including the White League in Louisiana , which quickly formed chapters in other states ; the Red Shirts in Mississippi in 1875 , and with force in South Carolina and North Carolina ; and other `` white line '' militias and rifle clubs . In contrast to the KKK , these paramilitary organizations were open ; members were often well known in their communities . Nevertheless , they used force , intimidation , and violence , including murder , to push out Republican officeholders , break up organizing , and suppress freedmen 's voting and civil rights . The paramilitary groups were described as `` the military arm of the Democratic Party '' and were instrumental in helping secure Democratic victories in the South in the elections of 1876 . 20th century ( edit ) Further information : Militia organizations in the United States The Militia Act of 1903 divided what had been the militia into what it termed the `` organized '' militia , created from portions of the former state guards to become state National Guard units , and the `` unorganized '' militia consisting of all males from ages 17 to 45 , with the exception of certain officials and others , which is codified in 10 U.S.C. § 311 . Some states , such as Texas , California , and Ohio , created separate state defense forces for assistance in local emergencies . Congress later established a system of `` dual enlistment '' for the National Guard , so that anyone who enlisted in the National Guard also enlisted in the U.S. Army . When the U.S. Air Force was established as an independent service in 1947 , the National Guard was further divided into the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard . Under this construct , the 1933 defense act 's `` dual enlistment '' facet was further amended so that enlisted soldiers and commissioned officers in the Army National Guard were also enlisted or commissioned in the Reserve Component of the U.S. Army . Enlisted airmen and commissioned officers in the Air National Guard were also enlisted or commissioned in the Air Reserve Component ( ARC ) of the U.S. Air Force . Privately organized citizen militia - related groups blossomed in the mid-1990s , which collectively became known as the constitutional militia movement . The supporters have not been affiliated with any government organization , although many have been military and law enforcement veterans . In its original sense , militia meant `` the state , quality , condition , or activity of being a fighter or warrior . '' It can be thought of as `` combatant activity '' , `` the fighter frame of mind '' , `` the militant mode '' , `` the soldierly status '' , or `` the warrior way '' . In this latter usage , a militia is a body of private persons who respond to an emergency threat to public safety , usually one that requires an armed response , but which can also include ordinary law enforcement or disaster responses . The act of bringing to bear arms contextually changes the status of the person , from peaceful citizen , to warrior citizen . The militia is the sum total of persons undergoing this change of state . Persons have been said to engage in militia in response to a `` call up '' by any person aware of the emergent threat requiring the response , and thence to be in `` called up '' status until the emergency is past . There is no minimum size to militia , and a solitary act of defense , including self - defense , can be thought of as one person calling up himself to defend the community , represented by himself or others , and to enforce the law . See citizen 's arrest and hue and cry . 21st century Supreme Court decision ( edit ) In the 2008 decision of the Supreme Court , in District of Columbia v. Heller , the de jure definition of `` militia '' as used in United States jurisprudence was discussed . The Court 's opinion made explicit , in its obiter dicta , that the term `` militia , '' as used in colonial times in this originalist decision , included both the federally organized militia and the citizen - organized militias of the several States : `` ... the ' militia ' in colonial America consisted of a subset of ' the people ' -- those who were male , able - bodied , and within a certain age range '' ( 7 ) ... Although the militia consists of all able - bodied men , the federally - organized militia may consist of a subset of them `` ( 23 ) . Texas ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The most important previous activity of the Texas Militia was the Texas Revolution in 1836 . Texans declared independence from Mexico while they were defeated during the Battle of the Alamo , in March 1836 . On April 21 , 1836 , led by Sam Houston , the Militia attacked the Mexican Army at their camp , in the Battle of San Jacinto near the present city of Houston . Following the war , some militia units reorganized into what was later to be known as the Texas Rangers , which was a private , volunteer effort for several years before becoming an official organization . After Texas joined the Union of the United States in 1845 , Texas militia units participated in the Mexican -- American War . In 1861 Texas joined the other Confederate States in seceding from the Union , and Texas militias played a role in the American Civil War , until it ended in 1865 . Texas militiamen joined Theodore Roosevelt 's Rough Riders , a volunteer militia , and fought with him during the Spanish -- American War in 1898 . Some of the training of the Rough Riders took place in San Pedro Park , in the north central part of San Antonio near the present site of San Antonio College . When a muster of the Militia proposed to train there on April 19 , 1994 , they were threatened with arrest , even though the charter of San Pedro Park forbids exclusion of activities of that kind . This threat led to a change of the meeting site . Like many other American states , Texas maintains a recognized State Militia , the Texas State Guard . Vietnam ( edit ) The Vietnam Militia ( Dân quân ) is a part of Vietnam 's armed forces . The Forces are organized in communes , wards and townships and are put under commune - level military commands . Vietnam Militia has two branches : Special Militia ( nòng cốt ) and General Militia ( rộng rãi ) . The term of service in the core militia is 4 years . SFR Yugoslavia ( edit ) Main article : Territorial Defense Forces ( Yugoslavia ) Beside the federal Yugoslav People 's Army , each constituent republic of the former SFR Yugoslavia had its own Territorial Defense Forces . The Non-Aligned Yugoslavia was concerned about an eventual aggression from any of the superpowers , especially by the Warsaw Pact after the Prague Spring , so the Territorial Defense Forces were formed as an integral part of the total war military doctrine called Total National Defense . Those forces corresponded to military reserve forces , paramilitary or militia , the latter , in the military meaning of the term ( like military formation ) . It should not be confused with the Yugoslav Militia - Milicija which was a term for a police . Civic duty ( edit ) The Militia Information Service ( MIS ) , an Australian not - for - profit organization , asserts that membership in the militia is a civic duty that helps to deter crime , tyranny , and crimes against humanity like genocide . The MIS urges all competent , law - abiding adults to `` obtain a military type rifle and pistol like those commonly used by soldiers in their nation 's armed forces and use them regularly ( target shooting , hunting , etc . ) in order to become proficient with them . '' See also ( edit ) General Armed forces Guerrilla warfare Historical reenactment Irregular military Paramilitary Private army Scouting Gendarmerie Violent non-state actor Vigilante Public militias in Europe Blackshirts Milice Swiss Army Militsiya Portuguese Legion Volkssturm Public militias in the United States National Guard State defense forces California State Military Reserve Naval militias New Hampshire Militia Ohio Military Reserve Ohio Naval Militia Rogers ' Rangers Texas State Guard Virginia Militia Arkansas Militia in the Civil War Private militias in the United States Militias Idaho Light Foot Militia Missouri Militia Michigan Militia Minuteman Project Militia Movement Texas Light Foot Militia Citations and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` militia , n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . June 2009 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hörnqvist , Michael . `` The Militia '' . Civic Humanism -- The Florentine Legacy . Uppsala University . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ p. 7 , Sumner Jump up ^ Fields , William S. ; Hardy , David T. ( Spring 1992 ) . `` The Militia and the Constitution : A Legal History '' . Military Law Review . Charles II demobilized the army , keeping only troops that he felt would be loyal to the new regime ... Charles 's `` select '' militia was composed only of a small part of the population ... ^ Jump up to : Charlton T. Lewis , An Elementary Latin Dictionary , p. 505 , Oxford U. Pr. , 1997 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 6 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Roots of Style : Radicals of Latin ( & Greek ) in English ( JVS ) '' . Academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , March 2002 . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lyman Johnson , Workshop of Revolution : Plebeian Buenos Aires and the Atlantic World , 1776 -- 1810 , Duke University Press , United States p. 264 Jump up ^ Academia Nacional de la Historia Journal , Partes de batalla de las guerras civiles , 1977 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Miguel Angel De Marco , La guerra del Paraguay , Ed . Booket , Buenos Aires , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 987 - 580 - 364 - 0 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Trinidad Delia Chianelli , El gobierno del puerto . Memorial de la Patria , volume XII , Ed . La Bastilla , Buenos Aires , 1984 ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ pp. 21 -- 22 Grey , Jeffrey A Military History of Australia Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ `` The 1855 Volunteers '' . Canadian Military Heritage , vol. 2 . Government of Canada . 1 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Defence of Canada by Canadians '' . Canadian Military Heritage , vol. 3 . Government of Canada . 1 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Withdrawal of British Troops from Canada '' . Canadian Military Heritage , vol. 3 . Government of Canada . 1 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lackenbauer , P. Whitney ( 2013 ) . The Canadian Rangers : A Living History . UBC Press . p. 32 - 33 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 2455 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Components of the Armed Forces '' . English.gov.cn . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The reason behind the resistance by the New Territories inhabitants against British takeover in 1899 '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived June 9 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google Translate '' . Translate.google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ John Pike ( 1980 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Territorial Militia Troops '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Szulc , Ted . Fidel : A Critical Portrait , Page 440 . Hutchinson , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 172602 - 6 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived May 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Argo Kuusik ( 2006 ) . `` Estonian Omakaitse in 1941 -- 1944 '' . In Toomas Hiio ; Meelis Maripuu ; Indrek Paavle . Estonia 1940 -- 1945 : Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity . Tallinn . pp. 797 -- 806 . Jump up ^ Gilliver , Kate . Caesar 's Gallic Wars 58 -- 50 BC . London : Osprey Publishing , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96858 - 5 Jump up ^ Joan of Arc : Her Story , by Régine Pernoud ( Author ) , Marie - Véronique Clin ( Author ) , Jeremy duQuesnay Adams ( Translator ) , Palgrave Macmillan ( 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 312 - 22730 - 2 Jump up ^ David Schoenbrun , Soldiers of the Night : The Story of the French Resistance , New American Library , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 00612 - 0 Jump up ^ Campbell , Bruce : The Sa Generals and the Rise of Nazism , Page 99 . University Press of Kentucky , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9098 - 3 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived June 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wolfgang Benz ( 2007 ) . A Concise History of the Third Reich . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0520253834 . Jump up ^ Yelton , David K. , Hitler 's Volkssturm : The Nazi Militia and the Fall of Germany , 1944 -- 1945 . University Press of Kansas , 2002 . ISBN 0700611924 Jump up ^ `` Salwa Judum -- menace or messiah ? -- The Times of India '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2010 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ GlobalSecurity.org Intelligence : Mobilisation Resistance Force Jump up ^ `` mnf-iraq.com '' . mnf-iraq.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bregman , Ahron ( 2002 ) . Israel 's Wars : A History Since 1947 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28716 - 2 Jump up ^ Israel , Kershner ( August 30 , 2011 ) , `` Israel Intensifies Training of Settler Security Teams '' , The New York Times Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` In Libya , Fighting May Outlast the Revolution '' . The New York Times . Tripoli . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Libya militia leader : Heat - seeking missiles , other weapons stolen during firefight '' . Washington Post . 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Vinson , Ben III . Bearing Arms for His Majesty : The Free - Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico . Stanford , Calif. : Stanford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4229 - 4 Jump up ^ Bay of Islands , Daily Southern Cross , vol 2 issue 101 , 22 March 1845 , p2 Jump up ^ Militia Ordinance , Daily Southern Cross , Vol 2 issue 103 , 5 April 1845 , p2 Jump up ^ Stack , Wayne . The New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I. p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 539 - 7 . Jump up ^ Robert Blackwill , James Dobbins , Michael O'Hanlon , Clare Lockhart , Nathaniel Fick , Molly Kinder , Andrew Erdmann , John Dowdy , Samina Ahmed , Anja Manuel , Meghan O'Sullivan , Nancy Birdsall , Wren Elhai , Nicholas Burns ( Editor ) , Jonathon Price ( Editor ) ( 2011 ) . American Interests in South Asia : Building a Grand Strategy in Afghanistan , Pakistan , and India . Aspen Institute . pp. 155 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61792 - 400 - 2 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Timeline 2012 '' . Satp.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban kill , then behead three Pakistan tribesmen '' . The China Post . 2009 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html Jump up ^ `` Russian Police Bill to Come into Force Next Spring '' . Georgianjournal.ge. 2010 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Security News Sundayobserver.lk -- Sri Lanka '' . Sundayobserver.lk. 2008 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Defence and Urban Development : Sri Lanka '' . Defence.lk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Defence Committees to protect civilians from terrorist attacks '' . Government of Sri Lanka. 2008 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Sundaytimes.lk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` International : LTTE recruits volunteers for auxiliary forces '' . The Hindu . 2004 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Sundaytimes.lk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ The Swiss Report : A special study for Western Goals Foundation , Gen. Lewis W. Walt and Maj. Gen. George S. Patton. ( 1983 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Insight : Battered by war , Syrian army creates its own replacement '' . Reuters. April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Weiss ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Rise of the militias '' . NOW . Jump up ^ `` Syria 's Alawite Force Turned Tide for Assad '' . Wall Street Journal . 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syria 's civil war : The regime digs in '' . The Economist. 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary . Second Edition 1989 Jump up ^ The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I , Pollock and Maitland , Cambridge U. Pr. ( 1898 ) Jump up ^ Century Dictionary ( 1891 ) articles on posse comitatus and militia . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Fletcher : A Discourse of Government with relation to Militias '' . Constitution.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Units of the Militia to be transferred to the Special Reserve , published as a schedule to an Order in Council made 9 April 1908 , The London Gazette , 10 April 1908 Jump up ^ Linder , Doug ( 2008 ) . `` United States vs. Miller ( U.S. 1939 ) '' . Exploring Constitutional Law . University of Missouri - Kansas City Law School . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ John Shy , `` Mobilizing Armed Force in the American Revolution '' , in John Parker and Carol Urness , eds. , The American Revolution : A Heritage of Change ( Minneapolis , 1975 ) , pp. 104 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Stephen P. Halbrook , `` The Right of the People or the Power of the State Bearing Arms , Arming Militias , and the Second Amendment , '' Valparaiso Law Review , vol. 26 , number 1 , page 131 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ William E. Nelson , `` The Eighteenth - Century Background of John Marshall 's Constitutional Jurisprudence , '' 76 Mich . L. Rev. 893 ( 1978 ) , ch. 23 , 23 . The Jury and Consensus Government in Mid-Eighteenth - Century America ^ Jump up to : Wills , Garry ( 1999 ) . A Necessary Evil , A History of American Distrust of Government . New York , NY ; Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84489 - 3 Jump up ^ Right to Keep and Bear Arms , U.S. Senate . Paladin Press ( 2001 ) . ISBN 1 - 58160 - 254 - 5 Jump up ^ Manski , Ben ( 2006 ) . States Rights for Civil Rights , Liberty Tree Journal , Vol 1 , Issue 4 . Jump up ^ Catton , Bruce ( 2004 ) . The Civil War , pages 28 -- 29 . Mariner Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 00187 - 5 Jump up ^ Russell Alexander Alger ( 1901 ) . The Spanish - American War . Harper & Bros. Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sumner , William H. : An Inquiry Into the Importance of the Militia to a Free Commonwealth , Page 23 . Cummings and Hillard , 1823 . ASIN B00085OK9E . Reprinted in Richard H. Kohn , Anglo - American Antimilitary Tracts , 1697 -- 1830 , Arno Press ( 1979 ) ISBN 0 - 405 - 11886 - 4 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , Redemption : The Last Battle of the Civil War , New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux paperback , 2007 , pp. 25 , 167 , 170 Jump up ^ George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1984 , p. 132 Jump up ^ National Defense Act Amendments of 1933 , Act of June 15 , 1933 , ch. 87 , 48 Stat. 153 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Archived February 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Beckett , Ian , The Amateur Military Tradition , 1558 -- 1945 ( Manchester , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Joyce Lee Malcolm , The Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms : The Common Law Tradition , Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly , Vol. 10 : 285 -- 314 , 1983 Jump up ^ Joyce Lee Malcolm , The Role of the Militia in the Development of the Englishman 's Right to be Armed -- Clarifying the Legacy , Royal Historical Society and Humanities Press , 1996 Jump up ^ Cases & Comments on Criminal Procedure , Fred E. Inbau and James R. Thompson , Foundation Press , Mineola , NY ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin ( 2008 - 06 - 26 ) . `` DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ET AL. v. HELLER '' ( PDF ) . Judicial Decision . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Law no . 43 / 2009 / QH12 on Militia and Self Defense Forces Jump up ^ `` Militia Information Service '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . References ( edit ) ACLED ( 2015 ) , ' Real - Time Analysis of African Political Violence , January 2015 ' , Conflict Trends ( NO - 33 ) , http://www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ACLED-Conflict-Trends-Report-No.-33-January-2015_updated.pdf Ahrem , Ariel ( 2011 ) , Proxy Warriors : The Rise and Fall of State Sponsored Militias , ( Stanford , Stanford University Press ) . Jones , Rebecca ( 2008 ) , ' State Failure and Extra-legal Justice ; Vigilant groups , civil militias , and the rule of law in West Africa ' , UNHCR , New Issues in Refugee Research . http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c23256dd.pdf Raleigh , Clionadh ( 2014 ) , `` Pragmatic and Promiscuous : Explaining the Rise of Competitive Political Militias across Africa '' , Journal of Conflict Resolution , pp. 1 -- 28 . Sumner , William Hyslop , An Inquiry Into the Importance of the Militia to a Free Commonwealth : In a Letter from William H. Sumner ... to John Adams , Late President of the United States ; with His Answer , Cummings and Hilliard , Boston , 1823 Further reading ( edit ) The Rise and Decline of the American Militia System , by James B. Whisker , Susquehanna University Press ( 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 945636 - 92 - X Cooper , Jerry M. 1998 . The rise of the National Guard : the evolution of the American militia , 1865 -- 1920 . Studies in war , society , and the military , v. 1 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1486 - 3 The Minute Men -- The First Fight : Myths and Realities of the American Revolution , by John R. Galvin , Brasseys ( 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 57488 - 049 - 7 Smith , Joshua M. `` '' The Yankee Soldier 's Might : The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia , 1800 -- 1812 , '' New England Quarterly LXXXIV no . 2 ( June , 2011 ) , 234 -- 264 . To Shake Their Guns in the Tyrant 's Face , by Robert H. Churchill , University of Michigan Press ( March 3 , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11682 - 9 . The Constitutional Force , by Colonel George Jackson Hay 1908 , reprint Ray Westlake Military Books ( 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 9508530 - 7 - 0 . GND : 4169980 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Militia&oldid=815792451 '' Categories : Gun politics Militias Paramilitary organizations Rebel militia groups Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Danish - language text Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Romansh - language text Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2007 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Vèneto 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 04 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ordinary citizens called out to fight in an emergency were part of what was known as the | [
"A militia /mɪˈlɪʃə/[1] is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a nation, or subjects of a state, who can be called upon for military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel, or historically, members of a warrior nobility class (e.g., knights or samurai). Generally unable to hold ground against regular forces, it is common for militias to be used for aiding regular troops by skirmishing, holding fortifications, or irregular warfare, instead of being used in offensive campaigns by themselves. Militia are often limited by local civilian laws to serve only in their home region, and to be serve only for a limited time; this further reduces their use in long military campaigns."
] | [
"militia"
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9108203268873529936 | Gun laws in Texas | Gun laws in Texas - wikipedia Gun laws in Texas Jump to : navigation , search Location of Texas in the United States Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary table 2 Firearms possession 3 Firearms carry 3.1 License to Carry 3.2 College Carry Laws 3.3 Restrictions on licensed carry 3.3. 1 30.06 signage 3.4 Open Carry 3.4. 1 30.07 signage 4 Castle Doctrine 4.1 Stand Your Ground 4.2 Civil Immunity 5 Motorists Protection Act 6 National Firearms Act 7 See also 8 References Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law . Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin , Texas prohibits concealed handguns . This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required , and is no longer enforceable under current law . Firearms possession ( edit ) Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age , without felony convictions ; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law . A person of any age , except certain Felons , can possess a firearm such as at a firing range . Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older , and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers . However , a private citizen may sell , gift , lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon . NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions ; no State regulations exist . Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden ( preempted ) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution , which gives the Texas Legislature ( and it alone ) the power to `` regulate the wearing of arms , with a view to prevent crime '' . Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute . Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof , but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force . In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole , whichever is later . Under Texas Penal Code § § 12.33 , 46.04 , the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001 . Firearms carry ( edit ) There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun ( pre-1899 black powder weapons , and replicas of such , are not legally firearms in Texas ) . However , if the firearm is displayed in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm , '' then it is `` disorderly conduct '' . Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas , except when the carrier was on property he / she owned or had lawful control over , was legally hunting , or was participating in some gun - related public event such as a gun show . However , the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly . The bill was signed into law on June 13 , 2015 , and took effect on January 1 , 2016 . A License to Carry ( LTC ) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public . License to carry ( edit ) The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a `` Concealed Handgun License '' or CHL . This has changed on Jan 1 . 2016 to LTC `` License To Carry '' and at the same time the laws changed to include `` Open Carry '' . Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ( `` shall - issue '' ) basis to all eligible , qualified applicants . Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states , not including Vermont ( which is an `` unrestricted '' state and neither issues nor requires permits ) , most of these having some residency restrictions ( the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state ) . Texas recognizes an additional 11 states ' concealed - carry permits unilaterally ; those states do not recognize Texas ' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction , usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own . The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met . For example , an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws ( including an age restriction of 21 ) , however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over . Additionally , a number of factors may make a person ineligible ( temporarily or permanently ) to obtain a license , including : felony convictions ( permanent ) and Class A or B misdemeanors ( 5 years , permanent in cases of domestic violence ) , including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication ; pending criminal charges ( indefinite until resolved ) ; chemical or alcohol dependency ( defined as 2 convictions for substance - related offenses in a 10 - year period ; 10 - year ban from the date of the first conviction ) ; certain types of psychological diagnoses ( indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission ) ; protective or restraining orders ( indefinite until rescinded ) ; or defaults on taxes , student loans , child support and / or other governmental fees ( indefinite until resolved ) . This last category , though having little to do with a person 's ability to own a firearm , is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing ; those who are delinquent or in default on State - regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State - issued license ( including driver licenses ) , as an incentive to settle those debts . `` Information regarding any psychiatric , drug , alcohol , or criminal history '' is required only from new users . Renewals are required every five years , but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information . An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC ( formerly CHL ) must take a State - set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours , covering topics such as applicable laws , conflict resolution , criminal / civil liability , and handgun safety , and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun . The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1 , 2017 . Such courses vary in cost , but are typically around $100 -- $125 for new applicants ( usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies ; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition ) . They may then apply , providing a picture , fingerprints , other documentation , and a $40 application fee ( as of September 1 , 2017 ; previously $140 and $70 for renewals ) , -- active and discharged military are eligible for discounts -- to the DPS , which processes the application , runs a federal background check , and if all is well , issues the permit . Permits are valid for five years , and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states ( nonresidents may carry in all but four of those ) , due to reciprocity agreements . Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military ( through one year after discharge ) , to $25 for military veterans . College carry laws ( edit ) Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . Restrictions on licensed carry ( edit ) While a permitted resident of Texas ( or a nonresident holding a recognized permit ) is generally authorized to carry in most public places , there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations . These include : Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law . It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location , and possession of a State - issued concealed firearms permit is no defense . Such places commonly encountered include post offices , Federal courts , and offices of the IRS , FBI , Justice Department , Department of Energy , USDA , FDA , etc . A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas . However , Army Corps of Engineers properties ( including all reservoir lakes and included park areas ) are still off - limits . Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03 : `` A person commits an offense if the person intentionally , knowingly , or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm , illegal knife , club , or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05 ( a ) : ... on the physical premises of a school or educational institution , any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted , or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution , whether the school or educational institution is public or private , unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution ( emphasis added ) . '' The age / grade level , funding type or for - profit status of the school does not matter . Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted ; as defined by TPC 46.035 ( f ) ( 3 ) , `` premises '' refers only to a building or part of a building , and does not refer to driveways , streets , sidewalks , parking lots , parking garages , or privately owned vehicles . Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1 , 2017 . Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event , unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm ( i.e. a target shooting competition ) . Businesses posting a compliant `` 51 % sign '' - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51 % of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on - premises consumption ( colloquially `` bars '' , `` nightclubs '' , `` taverns '' , `` saloons '' , etc . ) . A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage , as required by the Government Code section 411.204 . The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders , but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry , and a background containing a red `` 51 % '' to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders . Correctional facilities - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building generally termed a `` jail '' or `` prison '' . Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19 , Code of Criminal Procedure , on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that : ( A ) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited ; or ( B ) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited . Courts or court offices - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal , state or federal court for official business . Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices , such as judges , attorneys , baliffs , and law enforcement officials . Election polling places - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal , state and / or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway . This is significant , as a local business or other generally public building , which would normally not prohibit concealed carry , may offer their facilities for use as a polling place . A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs , even if the polls are not open at the time , and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote . Racetracks - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack ( horse or dog ) . While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated ( Penal Code 46.035 . ) , defined as : ( a ) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol , a controlled substance , a drug , a dangerous drug , a combination of two or more of those substances , or any other substance into the body ; or ( B ) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more ( Penal Code 49.01 . ) 30.06 signage ( edit ) TPC section 30.06 covers `` Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun '' . It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed . It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage . As of January 1 , 2016 , the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor , unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor . This is a significant difference , in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years , this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor . Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called `` 30.06 signs '' or `` 30.06 signage '' . The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06 , but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec . 30.06 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( B ) is not binding . The law states a compliant sign must be : In contrasting colors ; With block letters ; Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; Containing `` identical '' text to the following : `` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun '' In both English and Spanish ; Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' . Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility : License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder . Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing , inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property . Open carry ( edit ) As of January 1 , 2016 , holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions . Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster . Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license . New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns . Exceptions to Open Carry Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway , street , sidewalk or walkway , parking lot , parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform 30.07 signage ( edit ) This law took effect January 1 , 2016 , and covers the new Open Carry law . Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry . TPC section 30.07 covers `` Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun '' This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun . An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor , unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor . The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property . ( In both cases the sign must be `` clearly visible to the public '' . ) The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property , or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner , or by written communication . Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below , or a sign posted on the property . Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following ( 30.07 notice ) : `` Pursuant to section 30.07 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly '' Additionally , signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations : Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish Must appear in contrasting colors Must be in block letters at least one inch in height Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property '' Castle Doctrine ( edit ) On March 27 , 2007 , Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law , making Texas a `` Castle Doctrine '' state which came into effect September 1 , 2007 . Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who `` unlawfully , and with force , enters or attempts to enter the dwelling '' , or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling , or who commits or attempts to commit a `` qualifying '' felony such as `` aggravated kidnapping , murder , sexual assault , aggravated sexual assault , robbery , or aggravated robbery '' ( TPC 9.32 ( b ) ) . Stand your Ground ( edit ) Senate Bill 378 also contains a `` Stand Your Ground '' clause ; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he / she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no `` duty to retreat '' before being justified in shooting . The `` trier of fact '' ( the jury in a jury trial , otherwise the judge ) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting ( TPC 9.32 ( c , d ) ) . Civil immunity ( edit ) In addition , two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force . Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person , including the firing of a weapon . Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used . This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified , such as a bystander hit by an errant shot . This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force . The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code . Motorists protection act ( edit ) Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature , a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident 's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit . The bill revised Chapter 46 , Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not `` Unlawful Carry of a Weapon '' , as defined by the statute , for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control , or to carry while heading directly from the person 's home to that car . However , lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers : ( 1 ) the weapon must not be in plain sight ( in Texas law , `` plain sight '' and `` concealed '' are mutually exclusive opposing terms ) ; ( 2 ) the carrier can not be involved in criminal activities , other than Class C traffic misdemeanors ; ( 3 ) the carrier can not be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm ; and ( 4 ) the carrier can not be a member of a criminal gang . Previous legislation ( H.B. 823 ) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ( `` Non-Applicability '' ) to include the `` traveller assumption '' ; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was `` travelling '' under a pre-existing provision of 46.15 , and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply , absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity , a member of a gang , or prohibited from possessing a firearm . However , attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption , leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815 . National firearms act ( edit ) Possession of destructive devices , automatic firearms ( machine guns ) , short - barrel shotguns ( SBS ) , short - barrel rifles ( SBR ) , suppressors , smoothbore pistols and other such NFA - restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item ( s ) into the NFA registry . This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms , processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE . See also ( edit ) Gun violence and gun control in Texas Law of Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Government Code - Section 411.172 '' . Texas Constitution and Statutes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas '' . ammoland.com. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NRA / ILA Firearms Laws for Texas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws '' ( PDF ) . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome License To Carry A Handgun Texas.gov '' . Txapps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Texas : Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16 , Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Texas CCW information '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS -- Agreements with other states '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` TEX PE . CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06 : TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing '' . www.dps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30 . BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Legislature Online -- History of Senate Bill 378 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86 . LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83 . USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Texas H.B. 1815 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DA warns handgun law wo n't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2005 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas '' . Texasgunlaws.org. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Texas&oldid=829348067 '' Categories : Texas law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 02 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | texas law for having a gun in your car | [
"Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit.[20] The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not \"Unlawful Carry of a Weapon\", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, \"plain sight\" and \"concealed\" are mutually exclusive opposing terms);[21] (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.[22][23]"
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"allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle"
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3702700314621653270 | Message in a Bottle (song) | Message in a Bottle ( song ) - wikipedia Message in a Bottle ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Message in a Bottle '' Single by The Police from the album Reggatta de Blanc B - side `` Landlord '' Released 21 September 1979 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1979 Genre Reggae rock new wave post-punk Length 4 : 51 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Sting Producer ( s ) Nigel Gray The Police The Police singles chronology `` So Lonely '' ( 1978 ) `` Message in a Bottle '' ( 1979 ) `` Walking on the Moon '' ( 1979 ) `` So Lonely '' ( 1978 ) `` Message in a Bottle '' ( 1979 ) `` Walking on the Moon '' ( 1979 ) Alternative cover US 7 - inch cover Audio sample file help `` Message in a Bottle '' is a song by English rock band The Police . It was released as the lead single from their second studio album , Reggatta de Blanc ( 1979 ) . Written by the band 's lead singer and bassist Sting , the song is ostensibly about a story of a castaway on an island , who sends out a message in a bottle to seek love . A year later , he has not received any sort of response , and despairs , thinking he is destined to be alone . The next day , he sees `` a hundred billion bottles '' on the shore , finding out that there are more people like him out there . The song was the first of their five UK number one singles . Rolling Stone ranked it number 65 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Personnel 3.1 Track listing 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) According to the band 's guitarist , Andy Summers , the guitar riff that `` Message in a Bottle '' is centred around was originally used for a different song . During the band 's first American tour , however , he reworked the song and slightly altered the riff , becoming the final version of the song . In addition to the core riff , Summers came up with , as Sting described , `` lovely arpeggiated shiver '' during the break prior to the third verse . Sting praised this addition saying , `` He 'd ( Summers ) do that -- the song would be quite raw and he 'd just add these lovely colours . '' The song was recorded at Surrey Sound Studios as part of the sessions for the Reggatta de Blanc album . Stewart Copeland 's drumming , praised as his `` finest drum track '' by Summers , was `` overdubbed ( from ) about six different parts . '' The Police debuted the song on live television on the BBC 's Rock Goes to College , filmed at Hatfield Polytechnic College in Hertfordshire , England . The Police donated all money earned from the show to the college . The song was released as the first single from Reggatta de Blanc in September 1979 . The song was a massive success in Britain , becoming The Police 's first number one hit in the UK Singles Chart . The song also topped the charts in Ireland and reached number 5 in Australia . Despite its popularity in the UK , the single only reached number 74 in the United States . An alternative `` classic rock '' mix is available on Every Breath You Take : The Classics . The song 's B - side , `` Landlord '' , was written by Sting ( lyrics ) and Copeland ( music ) . Sting said of its inspiration , `` I wrote that after Frances and I were thrown out of the house we were renting in London . I hated the idea of somebody fucking my life up like that . Stewart ( Copeland ) wrote the music . '' The song originally featured lyrics by Copeland , but they were replaced by Sting 's . `` Message in a Bottle '' is also a personal favourite of the members of the band . In addition to saying it was his favourite song in an interview with Jools Holland of the BBC , Sting described it as a `` good song '' , and also said that he was `` very proud '' of it . Copeland said it was `` one of our ( The Police 's ) best moments in the studio and always great on stage . '' Summers described the track as a personal favourite in his book One Train Later , and said , `` For me , it 's still the best song Sting ever came up with and the best Police track . '' ' Message in a Bottle ' is a good song . That can move me . I like the idea that while it 's about loneliness and alienation it 's also about finding solace and other people going through the same thing . The guy 's on a desert island and throws a bottle out to sea saying he 's alone and all these millions of bottles come back saying , So what So am I ! I like the fact that the whole deal is clinched by the third verse . It makes a journey . -- Sting , Q , November 1993 The Police performed at Live Earth , a 2007 charity concert to raise awareness of global warming and other environmental hazards , and performed `` Message in a Bottle '' as the US finale , with John Mayer playing guitar with Andy Summers and Kanye West performing a rap verse over the chorus of the song . Composition ( edit ) The song exemplifies the reggae / post-punk style of early Police . It is composed in the key of C ♯ minor with a chord progression of C # m9 - Amaj9 - B7 - F # m . The song 's structure is verse - chorus - verse - chorus - outro . Personnel ( edit ) Stewart Copeland -- drums Sting -- bass guitar , lead and backing vocals Andy Summers -- guitar Track listing ( edit ) A&M / AMS 7474 `` Message in a Bottle '' ( edit ) -- 3 : 50 ( This edit has yet to appear on CD anywhere ) `` Landlord '' -- 3 : 09 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 -- 80 ) Peak position Australia 5 Austrian Top 40 24 Belgium ( Ultratop Top 50 ) 5 Canada France Germany 35 Ireland Italy 21 The Netherlands New Zealand 11 South Africa 5 Spain Sweden 20 UK US Billboard Hot 100 74 US Cash Box Top 100 62 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Belgium 53 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 37 UK 11 Chart ( 1980 ) Rank Australia 40 Canada 34 France 19 Italy 80 Spain 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Police UK chart history '' . Official Charts.com. 20 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Message in a Bottle ' / ' Landlord ' '' . sting.com . Jump up ^ Shaun Keaveny ( 2010 ) . R2D2 Lives in Preston : The Best of BBC 6 Music 's Toast the Nation ! . p. 125 . Pan Macmillan , ^ Jump up to : `` POLICE Artist '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joe . `` Top 10 Police Songs '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` The Police -- Message in a Bottle '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Police -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Police . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1970s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.0272&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . External links ( edit ) `` '' Message in a Bottle '' entry at Songfacts `` . Preceded by `` Cars '' by Gary Numan UK number one single 29 September 1979 -- 13 October 1979 Succeeded by `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' by The Buggles ( hide ) The Police Stewart Copeland Sting Andy Summers Henry Padovani Studio albums Outlandos d'Amour Reggatta de Blanc Zenyatta Mondatta Ghost in the Machine Synchronicity Live albums Live ! Certifiable : Live in Buenos Aires Compilations Every Breath You Take : The Singles Greatest Hits Every Breath You Take : The Classics The Very Best of Sting & The Police The Police Boxed sets Six Pack Message in a Box : The Complete Recordings Singles `` Fall Out '' `` Roxanne '' `` Ca n't Stand Losing You '' `` So Lonely '' `` Message in a Bottle '' `` Walking on the Moon '' `` Bring on the Night '' `` The Bed 's Too Big Without You '' `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' `` De Do Do Do , De Da Da Da '' `` Invisible Sun '' `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' `` Spirits in the Material World '' `` Secret Journey '' `` Every Breath You Take '' `` Wrapped Around Your Finger '' `` Synchronicity II '' `` King of Pain '' `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' `` When the World Is Running Down , You Make the Best of What 's Still Around '' ( Different Gear vs. The Police ) Other songs `` Next to You '' `` Reggatta de Blanc '' `` Driven to Tears '' `` Behind My Camel '' `` Demolition Man '' `` Synchronicity I '' `` Tea in the Sahara '' `` De Do Do Do , De Da Da Da ' 86 '' Tours The Police Around the World Tour Zenyatta Mondatta Tour Ghost in the Machine Tour Synchronicity Tour A Conspiracy of Hope Tour The Police Reunion Tour Related articles Discography Strontium 90 Strontium 90 : Police Academy Brimstone & Treacle ¡ Policia ! : A Tribute to the Police Everyone Stares Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Message_in_a_Bottle_(song)&oldid=799786197 '' Categories : The Police songs 1979 singles English songs Songs written by Sting ( musician ) 1979 songs Song recordings produced by Nigel Gray A&M Records singles Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2015 Use dmy dates from May 2015 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Euskara Français Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 20 : 54 . About Wikipedia | who sings the song message in a bottle | [
"\"Message in a Bottle\" is a song by English rock band The Police. It was released as the lead single from their second studio album, Reggatta de Blanc (1979). Written by the band's lead singer and bassist Sting, the song is ostensibly about a story of a castaway on an island, who sends out a message in a bottle to seek love. A year later, he has not received any sort of response, and despairs, thinking he is destined to be alone. The next day, he sees \"a hundred billion bottles\" on the shore, finding out that there are more people like him out there."
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"English rock band The Police"
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5966361026150198843 | Curiosity killed the cat | Curiosity killed the cat - wikipedia Curiosity killed the cat Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the proverb . For other uses , see Curiosity killed the cat ( disambiguation ) . `` Curiosity killed the cat '' is a proverb used to warn of the dangers of unnecessary investigation or experimentation . A less frequently - seen rejoinder to `` curiosity killed the cat '' is `` but satisfaction brought it back '' . The original form of the proverb , now little used , was `` Care killed the cat '' . In this instance , `` care '' was defined as `` worry '' or `` sorrow . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Transformation 3 References 4 External links Origin ( edit ) The earliest printed reference to the original proverb is attributed to the British playwright Ben Jonson in his 1598 play , Every Man in His Humour , which was performed first by William Shakespeare . ... Helter skelter , hang sorrow , care will kill a cat , up - tails all , and a pox on the hangman . Shakespeare used a similar quote in his circa 1599 play , Much Ado About Nothing : What , courage man ! what though care killed a cat , thou hast mettle enough in thee to kill care . The proverb remained the same until at least 1898 . Ebenezer Cobham Brewer included this definition in his Dictionary of Phrase and Fable : Care killed the Cat . It is said that `` a cat has nine lives , '' yet care would wear them all out . Transformation ( edit ) The origin of the modern variation is unknown . The earliest known printed reference to the actual phrase `` Curiosity killed the cat '' is in James Allan Mair 's 1873 compendium A handbook of proverbs : English , Scottish , Irish , American , Shakesperean , and scriptural ; and family mottoes , where it is listed as an Irish proverb on page 34 . In the 1902 edition of Proverbs : Maxims and Phrases , by John Hendricks Bechtel , the phrase `` Curiosity killed the cat '' is the lone entry under the topic `` Curiosity '' on page 100 . O. Henry 's 1909 short story `` Schools and Schools '' includes a mention that suggests knowledge of the proverb had become widespread by that time : Curiosity can do more things than kill a cat ; and if emotions , well recognized as feminine , are inimical to feline life , then jealousy would soon leave the whole world catless . The actual phrase appeared as the headline to a story in The Washington Post on 4 March 1916 ( page 6 ) : CURIOSITY KILLED THE CAT . Four Departments of New York City Government Summoned to Rescue Feline . From the New York World . Curiosity , as you may recall -- On the fifth floor of the apartment house at 203 West 130th street lives Miss Mable Godfrey . When she came to the house about seven months ago she brought Blackie , a cat of several years ' experience of life . The cat seldom left the apartment . He was a hearth cat , not a fence cat , and did not dearly love to sing . In other respects he was normal and hence curious . Last Tuesday afternoon when Miss Godfrey was out Blackie skipped into the grate fireplace in a rear room . He had done this many times before . But he had not climbed up the flue to the chimney . This he did Tuesday . Blackie there remained , perched on the top of the screen separating the apartment flue from the main chimney , crying for assistance . Miss Godfrey , returning , tried to induce her pet to come down . If you are experienced in felinity , you know that Blackie did n't come down . On Wednesday the cat , curiosity unsatisfied , tried to climb higher -- and fell to the first floor . His cries could still be heard by Miss Godfrey ; who , to effect Blackie 's rescue , communicated with the following departments : 1 . Police department . 2 . Fire department . 3 . Health department . 4 . Building department . 5 . Washington Heights court . Among them they lowered a rope to Blackie . But it availed neither the cat nor them anything . Thursday morning , just before noon , a plumber opened the rear wall back of the chimney . Blackie was taken out . His fall had injured his back . Ten minutes later Blackie died . Despite these earlier appearances , the proverb has been wrongly attributed to Eugene O'Neill , who included the variation , `` Curiosity killed a cat ! '' in his play Diff'rent from 1920 : BENNY -- ( with a wink ) Curiosity killed a cat ! Ask me no questions and I 'll tell you no lies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Curiosity killed the cat '' . Gary Martin . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Look up curiosity killed the cat in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Curiosity Killed The Cat '' at GoEnglish.com ( with illustration ) Henry , O. Schools and Schools . ( Gutenberg text ) Jonson , Ben . Every Man in His Humour . ( Gutenberg text ) O'Neill , Eugene . Diff'rent . ( Gutenberg text ) Shakespeare , William . Much Ado About Nothing . ( Gutenberg text ) Brewer , E. Cobham . Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Mair , J.A. ( ed . ) . A handbook of proverbs : English , Scottish , Irish , American , Shakesperean , and scriptural ; and family mottoes . ( hide ) William Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing Characters Don Pedro Dogberry Adaptations Screen 1984 ( TV ) 2005 ( TV ) 2012 Opera Béatrice et Bénédict ( 1862 ) Much Ado About Nothing ( opera ) ( 1901 ) Musical Much Ado ( 1995 ) The Boys Are Coming Home ( 2005 ) Adaptations The Law Against Lovers ( 1662 ) Dil Chahta Hai ( 2001 ) Related Dogberryism `` Curiosity killed the cat '' Pleaching Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_killed_the_cat&oldid=812781400 '' Categories : English proverbs English - language idioms Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 20 : 48 . About Wikipedia | who said the quote curiosity killed the cat | [
"The earliest printed reference to the original proverb is attributed to the British playwright Ben Jonson in his 1598 play, Every Man in His Humour, which was performed first by William Shakespeare."
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"attributed to the British playwright Ben Jonson in his 1598 play, Every Man in His Humour"
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4063748505241179661 | Days of Our Lives | Days of Our Lives - wikipedia Days of Our Lives Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Days of Our Lives ( disambiguation ) . Days of Our Lives Genre Soap opera Created by Ted Corday Betty Corday Written by Ron Carlivati Directed by Herb Stein Phil Sogard Albert Alarr Grant Johnson Steven Williford Starring Present cast Former cast Theme music composer Charles Albertine , Tommy Boyce , and Bobby Hart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 13,275 ( as of February 9 , 2018 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng Producer ( s ) See below Location ( s ) The Burbank Studios , Burbank , California Running time 30 minutes ( 1965 -- 75 ) 60 minutes ( 1975 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Corday Productions Screen Gems ( 1965 -- 74 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 2001 -- 02 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1965 -- 2010 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2010 -- present ) Audio format Stereophonic Original release November 8 , 1965 ( 1965 - 11 - 08 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Another World External links Website Days of Our Lives ( also stylized as Days of our Lives ; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days ) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on the NBC television network . It is one of the longest - running scripted television programs in the world , airing nearly every weekday since November 8 , 1965 . It has since been syndicated to many countries around the world . Until the network 's closure in 2013 , Soapnet rebroadcast episodes of Days on a same - day basis each weeknight at 8 : 00 and 10 : 00 p.m. ( Eastern and Pacific Time ) . The series was created by husband - and - wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday . Irna Phillips was a story editor for Days of Our Lives and many of the show 's earliest storylines were written by William J. Bell . Due to the series ' success , it was expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes on April 21 , 1975 . The series focuses on its core families , the Hortons and the Bradys . Several other families have been added to the cast , and many of them still appear on the show . Frances Reid , the matriarch of the series ' Horton family remained with the show from its inception to her death on February 3 , 2010 . Suzanne Rogers celebrated 40 years on Days of Our Lives in 2013 , appearing on the show more or less since her first appearance in 1973 . Susan Seaforth Hayes is the only cast member to appear on Days of Our Lives in all five decades it has been on air . Days of Our Lives aired its 10,000 th episode on February 21 , 2005 , and its 12,000 th episode aired on January 11 , 2013 . The soap was given the title of most daring drama in the seventies due to covering topics other soaps would not dare to do . The show 's executive producer is Ken Corday , and co-executive producers are Greg Meng and Albert Alarr . Days of Our Lives is the most widely distributed soap opera in the United States . The show has been parodied by SCTV ( as `` The Days of the Week '' ) and the television sitcom Friends , with some cast members making crossover appearances on the show , including Kristian Alfonso , Roark Critchlow , Matthew Ashford , Kyle Lowder , and Alison Sweeney . The show has had high - profile fans such as actress Julia Roberts , and the Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Storyline 2.1 Best - remembered stories 3 Cast 4 Executive producing and head writing team 5 Domestic broadcast 5.1 Local scheduling variations 5.2 Nielsen ratings history 6 International broadcast 6.1 Americas 6.2 Oceania 6.3 Europe 6.4 African / Eastern 7 Opening title sequences and theme song 8 Parodies 9 Fans 10 Awards and nominations 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) The Horton Family in 1973 : Back Row : Edward Mallory ( Bill ) , John Clarke ( Mickey ) , Marie Cheatham ( Marie ) , John Lupton ( Tommy ) . Front Row : Frances Reid ( Alice ) , Macdonald Carey ( Tom ) , Patricia Barry ( Addie ) . The Cordays and Bell combined the `` hospital soap '' idea with the tradition of centering a series on a family , by making the show about a family of doctors , including one who worked in a mental hospital . Storylines in the show follow the lives of middle - and upper - class professionals in Salem , a middle - America town , with the usual threads of love , marriage , divorce , and family life , plus the medical story lines and character studies of individuals with psychological problems . Former executive producer Al Rabin took pride in the characters ' passion , saying that the characters were not shy about `` sharing what 's in their gut . '' Critics originally praised the show for its non-reliance on nostalgia ( in contrast to shows such as As the World Turns ) and its portrayal of `` real American contemporary families . '' By the 1970s , critics deemed Days of Our Lives to be the most daring daytime drama , leading the way in using themes other shows of the period would not dare touch , such as artificial insemination and interracial romance . The January 12 , 1976 cover of Time magazine featured Days of Our Lives ' Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes , the only daytime actors ever to appear on its cover . The Hayeses themselves were a couple whose on - screen and real - life romance ( they met on the series in 1970 and married in 1974 ) was widely covered by both the soap opera magazines and the mainstream press . In the 1990s , the show branched out into supernatural story lines , which critics immediately panned , as it was seen as a departure from more realistic storylines for which the show had originally become known . However , these storylines did have the desired effect , making Days of Our Lives the most - watched daytime soap among young and middle - aged women , also becoming one of NBC 's five most profitable shows in any time slot . In 2006 , when asked about his character , Jack Deveraux , `` coming back from the dead '' -- for the third time -- actor Matthew Ashford responded , `` It is hard to play that because at a certain point it becomes too unreal ... actors look at that and think , ' What is this -- the Cartoon Network ' ? '' In addition to receiving critical acclaim in print journalism , the series has won a number of awards , including a Daytime Emmy for Best Drama in 1978 and 2013 and a Writers Guild of America , East Award for Best Drama in 2000 and 2013 . Days of Our lives actors have also won awards : Macdonald Carey ( Dr. Tom Horton ) won Best Actor in 1974 and 1975 . Susan Flannery ( Laura Horton ) and Eileen Davidson ( Kristen DiMera ) won Best Actress in 1975 and 2014 , respectively . Suzanne Rogers ( Maggie Horton ) , Leann Hunley ( Anna DiMera ) , and Tamara Braun ( Ava Vitali ) won Best Supporting Actress for , respectively , 1979 , 1986 , and 2009 and Billy Warlock ( Frankie Brady ) won Best Younger Actor for 1988 . In 2009 , Darin Brooks ( Max Brady ) took home the Emmy for Best Younger Actor `` , and Tamara Braun ( Ava Vitali ) won for Best Supporting Actress , the show 's first acting victories in over 21 and 23 years , respectively As with all other network programming , Days of Our Lives ' ratings have declined somewhat since the 1990s . In January 2007 it was suggested by NBC that the show `` is unlikely to continue ( on NBC ) past 2009 . '' In November 2008 , in an eleventh - hour decision , it was announced the show had been renewed through September 2010 . The 18 - month renewal was down from its previous renewal , which was for five years . The show made somewhat of a comeback in 2009 , with ratings increasing as the year progressed . In March 2010 , the show was renewed once again through September 2011 ; then again on November 8 , 2010 , its 45th anniversary , the show was renewed for two more years through September 2013 , with an option for an additional year which would keep the soap on through 2014 , its 49th year on the air . The series received a two - year renewal in January 2014 that is set to last until September 2016 . Beginning on November 8 , 2010 , which marked Days of Our Lives ' 45th anniversary , the show began airing in high definition . The show was officially `` rebooted '' on September 26 , 2011 , in an effort to gain back its lapsed audience , appeal to long - term loyal fans , begin new stories , and boost ratings . Former fan favorite characters were reintroduced as part of the reboot . These included Jack Deveraux ( Matthew Ashford ) , Carrie Brady ( Christie Clark ) , and Austin Reed ( Patrick Muldoon ) . All three , including actress Sarah Brown , were fired from the show in an effort to lower production costs . The reboot was met with mixed reviews from critics . Head writers hired to handle the reboot , Marlene McPherson , and Darrell Ray Thomas Junior were subsequently fired due to declining ratings . Chris Whitesell , and former Days executive producer Gary Tomlin were rehired after being fired as part of the show 's revamp . Daytime Emmy award winner Lorraine Broderick was hired as a member of the breakdown writing team in April 2012 . Days of Our Lives is noted as the fourth longest running soap opera in the United States . On November 30 , 2014 , NBC launched a new logo for Days of Our Lives at the 2014 Hollywood Christmas Parade , in celebration of the series ' fiftieth anniversary On February 11 , 2016 , NBC renewed Days of Our Lives for one - year , with the option of an additional year . In January 2017 , while discussion the potential of a renewal for the soap , NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt stated : `` We do n't make a decision for another couple months . ( ... ) But I do n't think it 's over yet . '' In February 2017 , NBC officially renewed Days of Our Lives for an additional year . Jennifer Salke , President of NBC Entertainment , said in a statement : `` We feel so privileged to be able to continue the remarkable legacy of Days of our Lives . ( ... ) We thank ( exec producer ) Ken Corday and his team for their incredible accomplishments and look forward to all the stories from Salem that will continue to unfold . '' Storyline ( edit ) Long - time actors Deidre Hall and Drake Hogestyn , who portray Marlena Evans and John Black , are known for being featured in some of the show 's most famous storylines . When Days of Our Lives premiered in 1965 , the show revolved around the tragedies and triumphs of the suburban Horton family . Over time , additional families were brought to the show to interact with the Hortons and serve as springboards for more dramatic storylines . Originally led by patriarch Dr. Tom Horton and his wife , homemaker Alice , the Hortons remain a prominent fixture in current continuity . One of the longest - running story lines involved the rape of Mickey Horton 's wife Laura by Mickey 's brother Bill . Laura confides in her father - in - law Dr. Tom , and the two agree that her husband Mickey should never know . The secret , involving the true parentage of Michael Horton ( a product of the rape ) and Mickey 's subsequent health issues as a result of the revelation , spanned episodes from 1968 to 1975 . This plotline was made even more complex with the presence of Linda Patterson ( originally Margaret Mason for many years , later Elaine Princi ) who claimed that her daughter Melissa had been fathered by Mickey . When Mickey married the lovely Maggie Simmons ( Suzanne Rogers ) , Linda became even more involved in the story line as the show 's main villainess , marrying the wealthy Bob Anderson ( Mark Tapscott ) and taking over the running of Anderson Manufacturing when he became ill . The story line involving Mickey , Laura and Bill was the first to bring the show to prominence , and put it near the top of the Nielsen daytime ratings . Another love triangle , between lounge singer Doug Williams , Tom and Alice 's daughter Addie , and Addie 's own daughter , Julie , proved to be very popular around the same time . The storyline culminated in the death of Addie in 1974 and the marriage of Doug and Julie in 1976 . In the early 1980s , the Brady and DiMera families were introduced , and their rivalry quickly cemented their places as core families in Salem beside the Hortons . Around the same time , with the help of head writers Sheri Anderson , Thom Racina , and Leah Laiman , action / adventure story lines and supercouples such as Bo and Hope , Shane and Kimberly , and Patch and Kayla reinvigorated the show , previously focused primarily on the domestic troubles of the Hortons . Since the 1990s , with the introduction of writer James E. Reilly , Days of Our Lives has moved from traditional plots to some supernatural and science - fiction - themed stories , in conjunction with the rivalry of good vs. evil , in a Hatfield / McCoy feud style the Bradys versus the DiMeras . Under the tenure of Reilly , ratings rose to number two , and stayed there until he left in 1999 to start his own creation of Passions . Despite the introduction of new head writer Hogan Sheffer in 2006 , ratings failed to revive , which led the show 's producers to hire a few past fan favorites to stop the ratings hemorrhage . Best - remembered stories ( edit ) In addition to the love triangles of Bill / Laura / Mickey and Addie / Doug / Julie , other memorable storylines include the 1968 story of amnesiac Tom Horton , Jr. , who returns from Korea believing he is someone else and then proceeds to romance his younger sister Marie ; the 20 - year tragic love triangle when John Black has an affair with Marlena Brady , who is married to Roman ; the 1982 `` Salem Strangler '' ( Jake Kositchek , who was nicknamed `` Jake the Ripper '' ) who stalks and murders women ; the 1984 Gone with the Wind story line in which Hope Williams Brady and Bo Brady hide out on a Southern plantation and dress up as Scarlett O'Hara and Rhett Butler ( devised to keep viewers tuned in while rival network ABC 's soaps were preempted due to the 1984 Summer Olympics ) ; and `` The Cruise of Deception '' in 1990 , when madman Ernesto Toscano invites all his enemies aboard a ship , the S.S. Loretta , and holds them captive . In 1992 , the show received a reboot with additions such as refurbished sets , the debut of the Brady Pub , the addition of new characters such as Vivian Alamain , Lisanne Gardner , Billie Reed , and Kate Roberts . Later that same year , Days of Our Lives introduced its highly popular teen scene with new characters such as a SORASed Sami Brady , played by Alison Sweeney , Carrie Brady , played by Tracy Middendorf , and then back to Christie Clark again , Austin Reed portrayed by Patrick Muldoon , Lucas Roberts played by Bryan Dattilo , Abe Carver 's younger brother Jonah Carver , played by Thyme Lewis , Jamie Caldwell , played by Miriam Parish , and Wendy Reardon played by Tammy Townsend to appeal to younger viewers . However , by 1997 , the characters of Jonah , Jamie , and Wendy had been written out or faded into the background , proving to be unsuccessful and the Carrie / Austin / Sami / Mike love triangle and the Will Horton paternity issue / custody battle storyline had now been taking most of the series ' air time . The shocking and ratings - grabbing 1993 plot when Vivian Alamain buried Dr. Carly Manning alive ( the first controversial storyline from head writer Reilly ) ; and the 1994 -- 1995 story line in which the town 's Christmas tree burns down and Marlena becomes possessed in Exorcist fashion . Also from 1993 to 1998 , the soap saw a lot of actress Eileen Davidson . Her character , Kristen DiMera suffers a miscarriage in secret , and in a panic to keep John Black away from Marlena , pretends to still be pregnant with John 's child . Stefano hires a doppelganger , Susan Banks to conceive and bear a child for her ( which resulted in the birth of EJ DiMera ) . Eileen Davidson portrayed the entire Banks family clan , four in total ( including one male ) , as well as her main character . 2000 saw the departures of front - and - center cast members , Louise Sorel as Vivian Alamain and Jensen Ackles as Eric Brady . Ackles and the character of Eric had been one of the main focus of the series for the past three years prior , in which the void would be hard to fill . Ken Corday and NBC announced plans to re-introduced a SORAS Brady Black , immediately following the conclusion of Eric 's storyline . That spring , Kyle Lowder was cast as the new Brady Black , whom would now be aged to his early 20 's , first appearing on August 21 , 2000 , a month following Eric 's exit . Lowder 's Brady did prove to win over the majority of viewers , as his pairing with Chloe Lane proved highly popular . The pair married and left town in 2005 when Lowder 's contract was not renewed . 2003 -- 2004 's `` Melaswen '' , saw several characters purportedly die at the hands of a masked psychopath ; they are later revealed to have been kidnapped to the secret island of Melaswen ( New Salem spelled backwards ) . 2007 's `` Bradys and DiMeras : The Reveal '' , told the story regarding how the Brady / DiMera feud started . Past characters returned in June 2010 to honor the passing of matriarch Alice Horton , whose character died on June 23 , 2010 . On June 23 , 2011 , Days of Our Lives introduced Sonny Kiriakis , the show 's first contract gay character onto the canvas to be featured in the show 's first gay story line . Freddie Smith ( Sonny ) said in an interview , `` He 's very confident and mature , he 's traveled the world and is very open - minded . I 'm very excited to portray him . '' Subsequent to Sonny 's arrival , Will Horton investigates his own sexuality , and reveals himself to be gay . He later starts a romantic relationship with Sonny . They eventually marry . On January 26 , 2012 , episode 11765 was a tribute to soldiers who have served in Afghanistan and previous wars with a PTSD therapy group for Jack Deveraux to talk over his time held captive there . This was also when the inline ' ' Next On ' ' promos were discontinued in favor of an external weekly promo . Cast ( edit ) See also : Days of Our Lives cast members Veteran actors Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso , who portray supercouple Bo and Hope Brady , have played both characters on and off since their first appearances in 1983 . When Days of Our Lives debuted the cast consisted of seven main characters ( Tom Horton , Alice Horton , Mickey Horton , Marie Horton , Julie Olson , Tony Merritt , and Craig Merritt ) . When the show expanded to one hour in April 1975 , the cast increased to 27 actors . By the 25th anniversary in 1990 , 40 actors appeared on the show in contract or recurring roles , which is the approximate number of actors the show has used since then . Original cast member Frances Reid , who played Alice Horton , remained on contract with Days of Our Lives until her death on February 3 , 2010 , though she last appeared on the show in December 2007 . Original cast member John Clarke , who played Mickey Horton , left the series in 2004 . Suzanne Rogers , who plays Maggie Horton has been on the show since 1973 , and Susan Seaforth Hayes has played Julie Olson Williams since 1968 with a few breaks in between , and also her husband Bill Hayes , who has played Doug Williams since 1970 , though neither Seaforth Hayes nor Hayes is employed with the serial on contract . In recent years , Days of Our Lives has hired back many former cast members . Twenty of the current contract cast members have been with the show , off - and - on , since at least 1999 . Since 2005 , cast members from the 1980s and 1990s , such as Christie Clark ( Carrie Brady ) , Stephen Nichols ( Steve Johnson ) , Austin Peck ( Austin Reed ) , Mary Beth Evans ( Kayla Brady ) , Joseph Mascolo ( Stefano DiMera ) , and Thaao Penghlis ( Tony DiMera ) have been brought back to Days of Our Lives . More additions to the show include the returns of Crystal Chappell ( Dr. Carly Manning ) , and Louise Sorel ( Vivian Alamain ) . In June 2010 , characters such as Jennifer Horton , Bill Horton , Shane Donovan , and Kimberly Brady returned for a short time and were featured heavily in a tribute to Alice Horton . Guest cast members have included Elizabeth Alley . In late 2012 , the show reintroduced actress Eileen Davidson in the role of Kristen Blake DiMera after a fourteen - year absence . In mid 2013 , the show debuted new characters such as JJ Deveraux and Theresa Donovan to appeal to younger viewers . In celebration of the soap 's fiftieth anniversary in 2015 , several cast members returned to the soap , including Peter Reckell , Stephen Nichols and Penghlis . Executive producing and head writing team ( edit ) Main article : Days of Our Lives producers and writers The co-creator and original executive producer , Ted Corday , was only at the helm for eight months before dying of cancer in 1966 . His widow , Betty , was named executive producer upon his death . She continued in that role , with the help of H. Wesley Kenney and Al Rabin as supervising producers , before she semi-retired in 1985 . When Mrs. Corday semi-retired in 1985 , and later died in 1987 , her son , Ken , became executive producer and took over the full - time , day - to - day running of the show , a title he still holds today . The series ' current co-executive producers are Greg Meng and Lisa de Cazotte . In March 2015 , it was reported that de Cazotte would no longer serve as a co-executive producer for the series . Albert Alarr was announced as de Cazotte 's replacement as a co-executive producer . The first long - term head writer , William J. Bell , started writing for Days of Our Lives in 1966 and continued until 1975 , a few years after he had created his own successful soap , The Young and the Restless . He stayed with the show as a story line consultant until 1978 . During the late 1970s and early 1980s , many writing changes occurred . In the early 1980s , Margaret DePriest helped stabilize the show with her serial killer story line . Later head writers , such as Sheri Anderson , Thom Racina , and Leah Laiman , built on that stability and crafted story lines of their own , temporarily bringing up ratings . Many writing changes occurred after Laiman left the series in 1989 and would not become stable again until James E. Reilly started with the show in 1993 . His tenure , which lasted for four - and - a-half years , was credited with bringing ratings up to the second place spot in the Nielsens . Other writers who succeeded him , such as Sally Sussman Morina and Tom Langan , failed to keep the ratings success , and another writer turnover continued until Reilly returned to the series in 2003 . Five - time Daytime Emmy winner Hogan Sheffer was named head writer with great fanfare in October 2006 , but lasted less than 16 months with the show , with his last episode airing in January 2008 . Former head writer Dena Higley 's first episode aired on April 23 , 2008 . Her co-head writer was Christopher Whitesell until February 2011 . On May 18 , 2011 , Dena Higley was fired . The new head writers were Marlene McPherson and Darrell Ray Thomas Jr . In April 2012 , it was confirmed that McPherson and Thomas Jr. were fired from their positions as co-head writers . Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell were hired for the position . It was later confirmed that former All My Children headwriter Lorraine Broderick would join Tomlin and Whitesell as a breakdown writer on the series . In February 2015 , Soap Opera Digest confirmed that both Tomlin and Whitesell had been ousted in their roles as head - writers ; they further confirmed that former head writer Higley would return , alongside former The Young and the Restless head writer Josh Griffith . The change took effect on February 16 , 2015 . In August 2015 , reports stated that Higley would be taking a leave of absence from the show . In her place , Sony would be sending a writer from The Young and the Restless to help Griffith with the transition . The writer was later revealed to be former head writer Beth Milstein . In February 2016 , several days after the show was renewed for another year , Soap Opera Digest exclusively reported that Griffith has departed the show as head writer with Higley remaining ; they further revealed that script writer Ryan Quan has been promoted to replace Griffith . On January 23 , 2017 , Soap Opera Digest broke news that both Higley and Quan had been let go from their positions as co-head writers . According to the report , Quan was given a new title of Creative Consultant , while Higley was let go all - together . Former One Life to Live and General Hospital head writer Ron Carlivati was named as Higley 's replacement , `` effective immediately '' . In addition to Carlivati 's appointment , it was also announced that Anderson would return to the soap , sharing the role of Creative Consultant with Quan . Carlivati will receive his first episodic credit as head writer on July 19 , 2017 . Days of Our Lives won the Daytime Emmy Award in June 2012 for Outstanding Drama Writing Team and also won the Daytime Emmy Award in June 2013 for Outstanding Drama Series . Domestic broadcast ( edit ) According to Variety , Days of Our Lives is the most widely distributed soap opera in the United States , with episodes not just broadcast via NBC , but also via cable ( SOAPnet ) , and as of June 2007 , episodes are offered via iTunes . For the first three years on the air , Days of Our Lives was near the bottom of the Nielsen ratings , and close to cancellation . However , its ascent to the top was rapid ; as the 1969 TV season ended , it became an effective tool of NBC , which attempted to dethrone daytime leader CBS . By 1973 the show , pitted against CBS ' popular Guiding Light and ABC 's The Newlywed Game at 2 p.m. ( ET ) / 1 p.m. ( CT ) , had matched the first - place ratings of As the World Turns and sister NBC soap Another World . Due to the success of the program , it expanded from a half - hour to one hour on April 21 , 1975 . This expansion had followed the lead of Another World , which became TV 's first - ever hour - long soap on January 6 , three - and - a-half months earlier . Further , Days of Our Lives ' new starting time of 1 : 30 p.m. / 12 : 30 finally solved a scheduling problem that began in 1968 when NBC lost the game Let 's Make a Deal to ABC , and in its wake , eight different shows were placed into the slot ( Hidden Faces , You 're Putting Me On , Life with Linkletter , Words & Music , Memory Game , Three on a Match , Jeopardy ! , and How to Survive a Marriage ) . However , this first golden period for NBC daytime proved to be short - lived , as Days of Our Lives ' ratings began to decline in 1977 . Much of the decline was due to ABC 's expansion of its increasingly popular soap All My Children to a full hour , the last half of which overlapped with the first half of Days of Our Lives By January 1979 , the network , in a mode of desperation more than anything else , decided to jump headlong against AMC and moved the show ahead to the same 1 : 00 p.m. / 12 Noon time slot . In exchange to its affiliates for taking away the old half - hour access slot at 1 : 00 / Noon , NBC gave them the 4 p.m. / 3 slot , which many ( if not most ) stations had been preempting for years anyway . By 1986 , ABC and CBS followed suit , under the intense pressure of lucrative ( and cheap ) syndicated programming offered to affiliates . By 1980 , Days of Our Lives had displaced Another World as NBC 's highest - rated soap . However , the entire NBC soap lineup was in ratings trouble . In fact , by 1982 , all of its shows were rated above only one ABC soap ( The Edge of Night ) and below all four CBS soaps . The `` supercouple '' era of the 1980s , however , helped bring about a ratings revival , and the 1983 -- 1984 season saw Days of Our Lives experience a surge in ratings . It held onto its strong numbers for most of the 1980s , only to decline again by 1990 , eventually falling back into eighth place . In the mid-1990s , however , the show experienced a resurgence in popularity and the show reached number two in the ratings , where it remained for several years before experiencing another ratings decline beginning in 1999 , the year that Days of Our Lives became NBC 's longest - running daytime program ( upon the cancellation of Another World ) . Throughout the 2000s ( decade ) , Days of Our Lives and all the other remaining network daytime serials have witnessed a steady erosion of viewers , mainly due to vastly altered viewing habits induced by cable networks and alternative genres such as reality and talk shows on minor network affiliates . On January 17 , 2007 , NBC Universal Television president Jeff Zucker remarked that Days of Our Lives would most likely not `` continue past 2009 . '' This contributed to an immediate ratings decline for Days of Our Lives . The show was averaging a 2.4 rating prior to the announcement , dropped to a 2.2 average household rating in the months after . In an April 2007 interview with Soap Opera Digest , executive producer Ken Corday commented on the ratings decline of the previous months , `` If I do n't pay attention to the ratings and what the viewers are saying , I 'm an ostrich . I have not seen a decline in the ratings on the show this precipitous -- ever . I 've never seen this much of a percentage decline . '' Days of Our Lives had finished the 2008 - 2009 television season with a substantial increase in viewers ( 3.0 million vs. 2.8 million ) and had risen to the # 3 spot behind The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful , respectively . It was the # 2 daytime program behind The Young and the Restless in the much coveted 18 - 49 demographic . During the first few months of the 2009 - 2010 season , Days of Our Lives increased its average household rating to 2.4 , and averaged consistently over 3,000,000 viewers . It was only one point behind the # 2 daytime drama The Bold and the Beautiful , and has beat that soap on several days during the season . In 2010 , Days of Our Lives continued to increase viewership , reaching as high as 3.6 million viewers on several days . A substantial increase in viewership such as Days of Our Lives has had lately also bucks the viewership trend in daytime dramas , which had declined since the 1990s for all other daytime drama series . Days of Our Lives was the only daytime drama series to increase in viewers between 2008 and 2010 and had reduced its operating budget , making it a profitable asset to NBC 's broadcast line - up . However starting in 2011 , Days of Our Lives started to lose ground significantly to the point that it sometimes occupied the last position among all soaps for both total viewership and the 18 - 49 women demographic . The ending of All My Children on ABC combined with the return of several cast members allowed a brief resurgence of Days of Our Lives in October 2011 , but ratings soon declined again . In December 2011 , Days of Our Lives recorded three consecutive weeks of new lows in the 18 - 49 women key demo category. , and again another consecutive three weeks of low ratings in the same demographic during March -- April 2012 As of 2012 , Days of Our Lives generally ranks # 3 among the four daytime soap operas on the air when it comes to the total number of viewers ( surpassing only General Hospital ) . However , Days of Our Lives is last among all soap operas for the numbers of viewers in the targeted demographic of women aged between 18 and 49 years old . Local scheduling variations ( edit ) Since January 1993 after the cancellation of Santa Barbara , WPXI - TV in Pittsburgh airs Days weekdays during its 3 : 00 p.m. time slot while some stations such as WJAC - TV in Johnstown , Pennsylvania air the program during the 2 : 00 p.m. timeslot , but most stations continue to air Days at its 1 p.m. time slot . Some Central Time Zone affiliates carry it at noon with the main Eastern feed , such as Green Bay , Wisconsin 's WGBA - TV , which uses it as an alternative to programming what would likely be a low - rated local newscast against long - established local competition . However , the program received schedule and station shifts with the start of the 2013 - 14 television season . One NBC station , KSNV - DT in Las Vegas , stopped carrying the show on August 19 , 2013 due to a long - term move to an all - news schedule outside of network news and primetime programming ; the program moved to the market 's CW affiliate KVCW , where it aired at its traditional 1 : 00 p.m. time slot until an ownership change saw the show return to KSNV in late December 2014 as part of a change in the all - news plans . With the cancellation of Passions , Days is now NBC 's last remaining daytime soap opera , as well as the network 's last remaining daytime program . Salt Lake City 's KSL - TV moved the show to the late night 1 : 05 a.m. slot three weeks later on September 9 for unknown reasons , though a romantic plot line between two gay characters was theorized as a reason for the move ; the station is owned by the broadcasting arm of the LDS Church . Nielsen ratings History ( edit ) End of season number of metered viewers ( listed as a Nielsen share in millions ) and ranking ( against other soap operas ) from the first broadcast to the reporting week of August 24 to August 28 , 2015 . Main article : List of US daytime soap opera ratings § 1960s Season Share Ranking 1 ( 1965 ) 5.3 10 / 17 2 ( 1966 ) 6.9 10 / 13 3 ( 1967 ) 8.7 10 / 13 4 ( 1968 ) 9.3 5 / 14 5 ( 1969 ) 8.8 7 / 19 6 ( 1970 ) 9.4 4 / 18 7 ( 1971 ) 9.9 3 / 17 8 ( 1972 ) 9.9 2 / 17 9 ( 1973 ) 9.7 1 / 16 10 ( 1974 ) 9.7 2 / 14 11 ( 1975 ) 8.3 4 / 14 12 ( 1976 ) 7.8 7 / 15 13 ( 1977 ) 6.9 10 / 14 14 ( 1978 ) 6.8 10 / 14 15 ( 1979 ) 6.6 10 / 13 16 ( 1980 ) 5.6 9 / 13 17 ( 1981 ) 5.5 10 / 15 18 ( 1982 ) 5.7 8 / 14 19 ( 1983 ) 7.1 7 / 14 20 ( 1984 ) 7.1 6 / 14 Season Share Ranking 21 ( 1985 ) 7.2 5 / 13 22 ( 1986 ) 7.0 4 / 14 23 ( 1987 ) 7.1 5 / 12 24 ( 1988 ) 6.5 5 / 13 25 ( 1989 ) 5.4 7 / 12 26 ( 1990 ) 5.2 7 / 12 27 ( 1991 ) 5.4 7 / 11 28 ( 1992 ) 4.9 8 / 11 29 ( 1993 ) 5.6 6 / 10 30 ( 1994 ) 5.3 6 / 10 31 ( 1995 ) 5.8 2 / 11 32 ( 1996 ) 5.8 2 / 12 33 ( 1997 ) 5.1 2 / 11 34 ( 1998 ) 5.8 2 / 12 35 ( 1999 ) 4.2 3 / 11 36 ( 2000 ) 3.8 3 / 10 37 ( 2001 ) 3.6 3 / 10 38 ( 2002 ) 3.1 4 / 10 39 ( 2003 ) 3.1 4 / 10 40 ( 2004 ) 2.7 5 / 9 Season Share Ranking 41 ( 2005 ) 2.6 4 / 9 42 ( 2006 ) 2.3 6 / 9 43 ( 2007 ) 2.1 5 / 8 44 ( 2008 ) 2.2 3 / 8 45 ( 2009 ) 2.2 3 / 7 46 ( 2010 ) 2.0 4 / 6 47 ( 2011 ) 2.0 5 / 5 48 ( 2012 ) 2.1 4 / 4 49 ( 2013 ) 1.85 4 / 4 50 ( current ) 2.05 4 / 4 Primetime Episode Share Ranking `` One Stormy Night '' ( 1992 ) 10.5 64 / 92 `` Night Sins '' ( 1993 ) 7.9 72 / 87 `` Winter Heat '' ( 1994 ) 8.0 78 / 94 # 7315 ( 1994 ) 6.3 64 / 91 # 7316 ( 1994 ) 6.1 68 / 91 International broadcast ( edit ) Americas ( edit ) Throughout Canada , Days of Our Lives currently airs either at 1 : 00 PM or 2 : 00 PM depending on location on Global Television Network . Episodes are aired in sync with the NBC broadcast to take advantage of simultaneous substitution regulations . In Barbados the show was very popular , though it ran several years behind the U.S. ( the series began in Barbados in 1980 from the very first episode ) , and was aired on the island 's lone television broadcaster , CBC TV 8 . In 2014 , the channel dropped the series . Belize 's Tropical Vision Limited features Days of Our Lives as an afternoon staple . Currently it airs at 3 : 00 pm UTC - 6 Central Time , though it previously aired as early as 1 : 00 pm or as late as 5 : 30 pm as a lead - in to the news . Oceania ( edit ) See also : Screening of soap operas in Australia In Australia , Days of Our Lives was initially broadcast on the Nine Network from March 25 , 1968 , until April 26 , 2013 , when the network axed the show based on a commercial decision . During its run on the Nine Network in the early 2000s , episodes ended up being nearly five years behind the United States , due to the network 's coverage of cricket each summer . In an attempt to get viewers up to date with the US , Nine aired a one - hour special on September 13 , 2004 , titled , Days of Our Lives : A New Day , which summarized four years of storylines and caused mixed feelings among regular viewers . This special was followed by episodes airing at the same pace as the US . However , the show ended up being behind the US again , and by April 2013 , episodes were airing at a delay of 16 months . On June 17 , 2013 , Days of Our Lives resumed to Australian viewers free and on - demand through Sony 's Crackle service , as well as across Crackle 's web apps on mobile devices , connected TVs and game consoles . Crackle picked up where the Nine Network left off with 10 new episodes in its first week and seven new episodes every Monday thereafter . From January 20 , 2014 , Crackle began releasing five episodes each week . Days of Our Lives returned to Australian television on Foxtel 's channel Arena in April 2014 . It airs weekdays after The Young and the Restless at 12 : 50 pm AEST . In order to bring TV viewers up to date , Arena screened ten catch up episodes , each presented by Days of Our Lives cast members , from April 1 to April 14 , 2014 , featuring key story lines missed during the 11 - month Australian television hiatus . Then on April 15 , 2014 , Arena began airing episodes at the same pace as the US . Arena also re-airs the last five aired episodes shown as an omnibus catch up edition each Sunday around 7 : 00 am AEST . New Zealand has aired Days of Our Lives along with The Young and the Restless since 1975 , debuting on Television New Zealand ( TVNZ ) . Originally airing weekdays on TV2 was shifted to TV One in 2003 , where it was put in a 2pm time slot . The soap was approximately five seasons behind the NBC season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming . During October 2009 , TVNZ announced that they were ending their exclusive contract with Sony Pictures . Despite a national petition from fans Days of Our Lives ended on May 19 , 2010 . On February 27 , 2013 , nearly three years the series ' final broadcast on TVNZ , ChoiceTV announced their decision to pick up the series ; the series began broadcasting on March 11 , 2013 , weekdays at 1 : 30pm . Broadcasting began with the series ' 46th season ( 2011 -- 12 ) , meaning the show would be only 18 months behind the current NBC season in the US . ChoiceTV also re-airs the last five aired episodes shown as an omnibus catch up edition each Sunday , beginning at 9 AM NZST , when due to government broadcasting restrictions are shown without advertisements . By December 20 , 2013 , ChoiceTV had removed the show from their schedule for summer hiatus . However , the series resumed airing on February 10 , 2014 from episode 11,880 . As of April 25 , 2014 , New Zealand viewers are up to episode 11,933 , as ChoiceTV decides on if they will renew the show . Europe ( edit ) Channel 5 aired episodes of Days of our Lives in the United Kingdom from March 2000 to April 2001 , eventually pulling it off the air ; network executives deemed its audience of 200,000 viewers as too low a figure . Days had previously aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on the Sky Soap channel between 1994 and 1999 ; episodes were three years behind U.S. telecasts . Days of Our Lives became available to viewers again in the United Kingdom in 2007 - 2010 ; CBS Drama ended the run after relegating the show from daytime to 1.00 am . African / Eastern ( edit ) In South Africa , the soap aired on SABC 1 for ten years , from 1996 until March 2006 , weekdays at 17 : 10 to 18 : 00 local standard time . As of April 2005 , the soap airs on SABC 3 , each weekday from 17 : 00 to 17 : 50 . Beginning September 4 , 2017 , the show moves to ETV at 17 : 30pm according to promos posted online . Opening title sequences and theme song ( edit ) Original main title ; the registered trademark next to the title was later removed . Almost unmodified since the show 's debut in 1965 , the title sequence of Days of Our Lives features an hourglass , with sand slowly trickling to the bottom against the backdrop of a partly cloudy sky , as well as the trademark voiceover , `` Like sands through the hourglass , so are the Days of Our Lives . '' From the show 's debut in 1965 until March 1966 , announcer Ed Prentiss spoke the phrase , adding `` Days of Our Lives , a new dramatic serial starring Macdonald Carey . '' Since April 1966 , the voice has been that of Macdonald Carey , who played Dr. Thomas Horton from the show 's premiere until the actor 's 1994 death from lung cancer . From 1966 to 1994 , he would add `` This is Macdonald Carey , and these are the Days of Our Lives . '' After Carey 's death in 1994 , this second part was removed out of respect for Carey and his family . At each intermission , his voice also says `` We will return for the second half of Days of Our Lives in just a moment '' . Days of Our Lives opening theme ( 1973 ) Narrated by Macdonald Carey Problems playing this file ? See media help . The only major visual change to the title sequence was in 1993 when the show began using a CGI animated hourglass and backdrop . The theme that regularly accompanies each sequence was composed by Charles Albertine , Tommy Boyce , and Bobby Hart . The theme has only been modified a few times since Days of Our Lives premiered : in 1972 ; in 1993 , when the opening titles were changed to computerized visuals ( designed by Wayne Fitzgerald and Judy Loren ) ; in 2004 , with an orchestral arrangement that was only used in eight episodes , after which time the theme was reverted to the 1993 arrangement ; and in 2009 , when the theme was edited for time and shortened . Beginning with the November 8 , 2010 episode , there were slight changes to the coloring of the sky background in the sequence now being displayed in 16 : 9 widescreen . However , there was very little change in the sequence 's appearance from the 1993 version . Parodies ( edit ) SCTV had a recurring soap opera sketch called `` Days of the Week '' which featured Martin Short and Andrea Martin . Days of Our Lives was somewhat satirized ( or perhaps merely referenced ) on the hit NBC sitcom Friends when series regular Joey Tribbiani ( Matt LeBlanc ) was cast as `` Dr. Drake Ramoray '' on the show , despite Joey living in New York when Days of Our Lives is shot in California . Subsequent episodes featured pseudo-Days of Our Lives storylines invented for the sitcom , and included some guest appearances by real - life cast members from the soap opera . Joey 's stint on the show ended when he angered the show 's writers ; his character was killed after falling down an elevator shaft . Later , his character was brought back to life thanks to a brain transplant from the character Jessica Lockhart , played by Susan Sarandon . Alison Sweeney ( Sami Brady ) appeared on Friends as faux Days character `` Jessica Lockhart '' , Kristian Alfonso as Hope Brady , and Roark Critchlow as Mike Horton . In an episode in which Joey hosts a `` soap opera party '' on the roof , Matthew Ashford and Kyle Lowder make appearances as his co-stars . In the spin - off sitcom Joey , Joey is nominated for `` best death scene '' after his character is stabbed while performing surgery . The show was also parodied as `` Light of Our Love '' , or `` LOOL '' , in the Nancy Drew video game Stay Tuned for Danger . The Simpsons episode `` Pygmoelion '' features a fictional soap opera , `` It Never Ends '' , based on Days of Our Lives . Days of our Mornings is a long - running radio parody , broadcast weekday mornings on 5FM in South Africa . The Fairly OddParents episode `` Add a Dad '' features a parody name as `` Dads of our Lives '' . Totally Spies ! episode `` Starstruck '' features a television set of a parody show `` Days of Our Spies '' . House episode `` Gut Check '' features House hiring a kid who plays a fictional character of the fictionalized version of the show . Blue Collar TV featured a sketch as a parody of the show called `` White Trash Days of Our Lives '' with the opening epitaph slightly changed . `` Like beer through a redneck , so are the white trash days of our lives . '' Gilmore Girls : Just after Emily goes to walk after her and Richard 's fight , Lorelai says Like sands through the hourglass , so are the Gilmores of Our Lives . This happened at season 2 in episode 10 ( `` The Bracebridge Dinner '' ) . Fans ( edit ) The show has had many high - profile fans . In 1976 , TIME magazine reported that then - Justice of the Supreme Court , Thurgood Marshall , would call a recess around the 1 p.m. hour to watch Days of Our Lives . Actress Julia Roberts admitted at the 2002 People 's Choice Awards that she was a fan of Days of Our Lives , asked to be seated near the cast , and upon winning her award stated , `` I 'm very nervous because the cast of Days of Our Lives is here . '' In 2004 , during the show 's Melaswen storyline , Roberts ' interest was considered notable enough that Entertainment Weekly quoted her saying that `` the show has gotten a little wacko . '' A 1998 TIME article mentioned that Monica Lewinsky was a passionate fan of Days of Our Lives , so much so that she wrote a poem about the series in her high school yearbook . The article compared her whirlwind experiences in the White House to a story on Days of Our Lives . Best - selling novelist Brian Keene has stated in interviews that he has watched the show since 1983 , and pauses from writing each day during the hour it is on . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Days of Our Lives See also ( edit ) List of Days of Our Lives cast members List of Days of Our Lives characters Minor characters of Days of Our Lives References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Days of Our Lives ' Matriarch Frances Reid Has Died '' . ET. 2010 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Episode Schedule '' . United States : NBCUniversal . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alliaume , Curt . `` NBC Daytime '' . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema '' . Time . 1965 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` A new day for Nine '' . Melbourne : The Age . 2004 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` TVNZ Schedules '' . TVNZ . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Days Yanked in UK '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Days Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Frances Reid -- Days of our Lives -- Bio -- DAYS -- ALice '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Suzanne Rogers Interview '' . Daily Radar.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Seaforth Hayes Bio '' . Soap Opera Digest.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives Season 40 , Ep 10,000 '' . OVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives Celebration '' . Soap Opera Digest.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TIME Rates the Soaps '' . TIME. 1976 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Soap Opera Digest article , issue of 10 February 1998 , page 42 ^ Jump up to : Josef Adalian ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) . `` iTunes plays Days '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One That Could Have Been , Part I '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One After the Super Bowl '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One With Joey 's Award '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Fonseca , Nicholas ( 2004 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Daytime 's Secret Weapon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and Suffering in the Afternoon '' . TIME. 1976 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Walter ( 1987 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Move Over , Sam Ervin '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Soap Star Stats : Susan Seaforth Hayes ( Julie , DAYS ) '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Schemering , Christopher ( September 1985 ) . The Soap Opera Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . pp. 66 -- 73 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 32459 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and Suffering in the Afternoon '' . Time . Time.com . January 12 , 1976 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waggett , Gerard J. ( November 1997 ) . `` One Life to Live '' . The Soap Opera Encyclopedia . Harper Paperbacks . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 101157 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bellafante , Ginia ( 1995 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Soap Operas : The Old and the Desperate '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bellafante , Ginia ( 1999 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Love , Money , Witches and Beach Grass '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What you did n't see at the Daytime Emmys '' . USA Today . 2006 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1977 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 52nd Annual Writers Guild Awards '' . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1973 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daytime Emmys - 1974 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The National Academy Of Arts & Sciences Announces The Winners For The 41st Annual Daytime Emmy Awards '' . NATAS . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1978 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1985 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1987 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Darin Brooks Wins Younger Actor '' . Daytime Confidential . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tamara Braun Bags The `` Best Supporting Actress Award '' At The Emmy 's `` . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Published : August 30 , 2009 10 : 59 PM By The Associated Press ( 2009 - 08 - 30 ) . `` The Long Island and New York City News Source '' . Newsday . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) . `` No surprises at NBC '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ ' Days Of Our Lives ' Renewed Through 2010 - 11 Season ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives ' Renewed Through 2010 - 11 Season '' . Nbc.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mar 19 , 2010 12 : 14 PM ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` NBC renews ' Days of our Lives ' - The Live Feed THR '' . Livefeed.hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official -- Days Renewed ! '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Days of Our Lives ' Renewed for 2 More Years '' . Mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS RENEWED FOR TWO YEARS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. `` DAYS News : DAYS to broadcast in high - definition Days of our Lives at '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` OPINION : DAYS OF OUR LIVES Reboot Day One - Does It Get The Boot ? '' . We Love Soaps. 2012 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Deanna , Deanna ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Casting Cuts Have Started on ' Days of Our Lives ' '' . MSN Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ungrey , Steve ( 2011 - 11 - 27 ) . `` DAYS OF OUR LIVES : MY THOUGHTS ON THE REBOOT '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Deep Soap : ' Days of Our Lives ' Fires Its Head writers , Replaces Them With Their Predecessors '' . Xfinity . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nobles , Omar ( 2012 - 04 - 06 ) . `` * Update * ' Days of our Lives ' Adds Emmy Winner Lorraine Broderick To Writing Team '' . TV Source Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rose , Violet . `` The Five Longest Running Soap Operas in the United States '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' DAYS ' Kicks Off 50th Anniversary Celebration With Reveal of New Logo During the Hollywood Christmas Parade ! '' . United States : Soapoperanetwork.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives Renewed By NBC '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Is Days of Our Lives Cancelled ? NBC Boss Says : ' I Do n't Think It 's Over Yet ' '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the 52nd renewal of Days of Our Lives : SOD ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Renews DAYS OF OUR LIVES '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Andreeva , Nellie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives Renewed For Season 52 By NBC '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Ausiello , Michael ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Renewed at NBC '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bonderoff , Jason . `` Unforgettable Stories '' . SOAPnet . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mascolo Brings Stefano Back to Salem '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard ( 1984 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Where 's the Soaps ? '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Buried Alive Carly vs. Sheridan '' . DaytimeConfidential. 2010 - 10 - 10 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Banks Crumb Played by Brynn Thayer on Days of Our Lives - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 26 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 08 - 24 . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bonderoff , Jason . `` Unforgettable Stories '' . SOAPnet . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Suzanne says : ( 2010 - 03 - 17 ) . `` DAYS brings back fan favorites for Alice Horton Memorial ! Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps Daytime Soap Interviews , News , Updates and Previews , Video and Audio Interviews '' . Michaelfairmansoaps.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Lynette Rice ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` Official : ' Days of Our Lives ' begins gay story line -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Greg Hernandez ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Will Horton to come out on April 4 ! And Neil , the guy Will kissed last month , returns for at least three episodes ! '' . GreginHollywood.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ GaysofDays.com ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) . `` The Gays of Days Episode # 156 - September 24 , 2012 '' . GaysofDays.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Days of Our Lives : A Complete History of the Long - Running Soap Opera . McFarland . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol . `` Casey Moss Joins ' Days of our Lives ' as JJ Devereaux '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lauro , Janet . `` Theresa Donovan Quick Profile '' . About.com Days of our Lives Fans . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Paula Hendrickson ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Days of Our Lives ' Rings in 50th Anniversary '' . Variety . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' DAYS '' Lisa de Cazotte OUT ! Albert Alarr Upped to Co-Executive Producer `` . Soap Opera Network . United States : Manti , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Powers that be '' . EW.com. 2008 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS Writers OUT '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2012 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : DAYS Names New Writing Team '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! MAJOR WRITER SWITCH AT DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` REPORT : Dena Higley Takes Leave of Absence From Days of Our Lives '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! BEHIND THE SCENES CHANGE AT DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking News : Higley Out , Carlivati In At DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Carlivati IN as Head Writer At Days of our Lives ; Dena Higley OUT ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Carlivati Announces First DAYS Airdate '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' General Hospital ' scores 5 Daytime Emmys , including best drama ; ' Today , ' ' Jeopardy ! ' also win '' . Associated Press . 2012 - 06 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Awards : ' Days of our Lives Wins Best Drama ; Georgle Lucas Nabs First Emmy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Alliaume , Curt . `` NBC Daytime '' . `` Curt Alliaume 's Utterly Irrelevant Web Site '' . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Soap Opera Digest . `` Crisis at DAYS ! The Secret Plan to Save It '' . April 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` No surprises at NBC - Days of our Lives Renewed '' . NBC . January 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2011 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Ratings : New Lows For DAYS & Y&R in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2011 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Ratings : Another New Low For DAYS in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Ratings : DAYS Hits Lows For Third Straight Week '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Ratings : DAYS Hits New Low in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) . `` ' The Revolution ' Hits New Series Low , Bringing Down ' General Hospital ' '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Ratings : Another New Low For DAYS in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ratings : New Lows For DAYS / Y&R ; Another Horrible Week For Soaps Soap Opera Network ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Errol . `` Ratings '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Revolution ' Renewal In Doubt - ' General Hospital ' Could Benefit From New ABC Show 's Weak Ratings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Weekly Nielsen Ratings Charts '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` KSL wo n't be airing ' Days of Our Lives ' during day '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Ratings : Great Week for GH / Y&R / B&B '' . Soap Opera Network . Manti , Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Ratings : Good Week for Y&R / DAYS / B&B '' . Soap Opera Network . Manti , Inc . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives - GlobalTV.com : Global Television Official Site '' . GlobalTV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Those were the Days of our Lives '' . GNationnews . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Nine axes Days of Our Lives after 45 years '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Days of our Lives episodes to resume online for Aussie fans '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Days of Our Lives Online Free '' . Crackle.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Foxtel to fast - track Days of Our Lives '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : B , Alicia ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Days of Our Lives is Coming Back -- EXPRESS ! '' . Throng Australia . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting Act 1989 - Section 81 '' . Legislation.govt.nz. 2013 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . ChoiceTV . January 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Digital Developments . `` TV Guide '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening and Closing Credits '' . Beth 's Days Page . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : MacDonald Carey obituary '' . TIME magazine . 1994 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Hart Biography '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Increasingly , TV Shows Are Talking About Themselves '' . Brandweek . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' . TBS . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One With Joey 's New Brain '' . TBS . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Joey : Joey and the Wrong Name '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Ingeborg ( 1998 ) . A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1774 - X . ^ Jump up to : Ratnesar , Romesh ( 1998 - 02 - 02 ) . `` The Days of Her Life '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Days of our Lives . Wikinews has related news : Two veteran actors to depart beleaguered soap ' Days of our Lives ' Official website Days of Our Lives on IMDb Days of Our Lives - SoapCentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Reed Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Hattie Adams Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Carrie Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Billie Reed Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Links to related articles Daytime television soap operas in the United States Current The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1940s debuts Faraway Hill ( 1946 ) Highway to the Stars ( 1947 ) These Are My Children ( 1949 ) A Woman to Remember ( 1949 ) 1950s debuts As the World Turns ( 1956 -- 2010 ) The Brighter Day ( 1954 -- 1962 ) The Edge of Night ( 1956 -- 1984 ) The First Hundred Years ( 1950 -- 1952 ) First Love ( 1954 -- 1955 ) From These Roots ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Golden Windows ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Guiding Light ( 1952 -- 2009 ) Hawkins Falls ( 1950 -- 1955 ) Love of Life ( 1951 -- 1980 ) Miss Susan ( 1951 ) One Man 's Family ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Portia Faces Life ( 1954 -- 1955 ) The Secret Storm ( 1954 -- 1974 ) Search for Tomorrow ( 1951 -- 1986 ) Three Steps to Heaven ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Young Doctor Malone ( 1958 -- 1963 ) 1960s debuts Another World ( 1964 -- 1999 ) Bright Promise ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The Clear Horizon ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Dark Shadows ( 1966 -- 1971 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) The Doctors ( 1963 -- 1982 ) A Flame in the Wind ( 1964 -- 1966 ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) Hidden Faces ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Love is a Many Splendored Thing ( 1967 -- 1973 ) Morning Star ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Never Too Young ( 1965 -- 1966 ) The Nurses ( 1965 -- 1967 ) One Life to Live ( 1968 -- 2012 ) Our Five Daughters ( 1962 ) Paradise Bay ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Where the Heart Is ( 1969 -- 1973 ) The Young Marrieds ( 1964 -- 66 ) 1970s debuts All My Children ( 1970 -- 2011 ) The Best of Everything ( 1970 ) How to Survive a Marriage ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Lovers and Friends ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Return to Peyton Place ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1975 -- 1989 ) Somerset ( 1970 -- 1976 ) A World Apart ( 1970 -- 1971 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1980s debuts Another Life ( 1981 -- 1984 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Capitol ( 1982 -- 1987 ) Generations ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Loving ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Rituals ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Santa Barbara ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Texas ( 1980 -- 1982 ) 1990s debuts The City ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Passions ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Port Charles ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Sunset Beach ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Swans Crossing ( 1992 ) Tribes ( 1990 ) Undressed ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Spyder Games ( 2001 ) Web series All My Children ( 2013 ) Anacostia ( 2009 -- present ) As the Cookie Crumbles ( 2008 ) The Bay ( 2010 -- present ) Beacon Hill ( 2014 -- present ) The Cavanaughs ( 2010 -- 2011 ) DeVanity ( 2011 -- 2014 ) East Los High ( 2013 -- present ) EastSiders ( 2012 -- present ) Miss Behave ( 2010 -- 2012 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) Ragged Isle ( 2011 -- 2014 ) River Ridge ( 2012 ) The Spot ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Tainted Dreams ( 2013 -- 2014 ) They Go On ( 1997 ) Venice : The Series ( 2009 -- present ) What If ... ( 2010 ) Winterthorne ( 2015 ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series The Doctors ( 1972 ) The Edge of Night ( 1973 ) The Doctors ( 1974 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1975 ) Another World ( 1976 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1977 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1978 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1979 ) Guiding Light ( 1980 ) General Hospital ( 1981 ) Guiding Light ( 1982 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1983 ) General Hospital ( 1984 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1985 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1986 ) As the World Turns ( 1987 ) Santa Barbara ( 1988 ) Santa Barbara ( 1989 ) Santa Barbara ( 1990 ) As the World Turns ( 1991 ) All My Children ( 1992 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1993 ) All My Children ( 1994 ) General Hospital ( 1995 ) General Hospital ( 1996 ) General Hospital ( 1997 ) All My Children ( 1998 ) General Hospital ( 1999 ) General Hospital ( 2000 ) As the World Turns ( 2001 ) One Life to Live ( 2002 ) As the World Turns ( 2003 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2004 ) General Hospital ( 2005 ) General Hospital ( 2006 ) Guiding Light and The Young and the Restless ( tie , 2007 ) General Hospital ( 2008 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2009 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2010 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 2011 ) General Hospital ( 2012 ) Days of Our Lives ( 2013 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2014 ) Days of Our Lives and The Young and the Restless ( tie , 2015 ) General Hospital ( 2016 ) General Hospital ( 2017 ) NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) A.P. Bio ( since 2018 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( since 2017 ) First Dates ( since 2017 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football Thursday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning ( The More You Know ) The Voyager with Josh Garcia Wilderness Vet Journey with Dylan Dreyer Naturally , Danny Seo Give The Champion Within with Lauren Thompson Upcoming The Awesome Show ( TBA ) Champions ( 2018 ) Genius Junior ( 2018 ) Good Girls ( 2018 ) Making It ( TBA ) Reverie ( 2018 ) Rise ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Days_of_Our_Lives&oldid=825540702 '' Categories : 1965 American television series debuts 1960s American drama television series 1970s American drama television series 1980s American drama television series 1990s American drama television series 2000s American drama television series 2010s American drama television series American television soap operas American LGBT - related television shows Days of Our Lives Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners English - language television programs NBC network shows Television series by Sony Pictures Television NBC network soap operas Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Use mdy dates from February 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 00 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did days of our lives come out | [
"\n\nDays of Our Lives\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nSoap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nTed Corday\nBetty Corday[1]\n\n\nWritten by\nRon Carlivati\n\n\nDirected by\nHerb Stein\nPhil Sogard\nAlbert Alarr\nGrant Johnson\nSteven Williford\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nPresent cast\nFormer cast\n\n\n\n\n\nTheme music composer\nCharles Albertine, Tommy Boyce, and Bobby Hart\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n13,275 (as of February 9, 2018)[2]\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng\n\n\nProducer(s)\nSee below\n\n\nLocation(s)\nThe Burbank Studios, Burbank, California\n\n\nRunning time\n30 minutes (1965–75)[3]\n60 minutes (1975–present)[3]\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nCorday Productions\nScreen Gems (1965–74)\nColumbia Pictures Television (1974–2001)\nColumbia TriStar Television (2001–02)\nSony Pictures Television (2002–present)\n\n\nDistributor\nSony Pictures Television\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nNBC\n\n\nPicture format\nNTSC (480i) (1965–2010)\nHDTV 1080i (2010–present)\n\n\nAudio format\nStereophonic\n\n\nOriginal release\nNovember 8, 1965 (1965-11-08) – present\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nAnother World\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\n\n"
] | [
"November 8, 1965"
] |
1652037216057910241 | Dairy Queen | Dairy Queen - wikipedia Dairy Queen This article is about the fast food chain . For the Catherine Gilbert Murdock novel , see Dairy Queen ( novel ) . For LGBT slang , see Queen ( slang ) . Not to be confused with Milk Queen . Dairy Queen The current Dairy Queen logo ( top ) A Dairy Queen in Key West , Florida ( bottom ) Type Subsidiary Industry Restaurant Genre Fast food Founded June 22 , 1940 ; 78 years ago ( 1940 - 06 - 22 ) in Joliet , Illinois , United States Founder John Fremont McCullough Headquarters Edina , Minnesota , United States Number of locations 6,400 ( US domestic , 2014 ) Area served Global Key people Warren Buffett Clayton Lundine Troy Bader ( CEO ) Mark Vinton ( CFO ) Barry Westrum ( EVP Marketing ) Products Soft serve , fast food , ice cream , milkshakes , sundaes , hamburgers , hot dogs , chicken , french fries , soft drinks , salads Revenue US $ 2 billion ( 2009 ) Parent Berkshire Hathaway Subsidiaries Orange Julius Karmelkorn Website dairyqueen.com Dairy Queen , often abbreviated DQ , is a chain of soft serve ice cream and fast - food restaurants owned by International Dairy Queen , Inc. , a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc . International Dairy Queen , Inc. , also owns Orange Julius and Karmelkorn . The first DQ restaurant was located in Joliet , Illinois . It was operated by Sherb Noble and opened for business on June 22 , 1940 . It served a variety of frozen products , such as soft serve ice cream . The company 's corporate offices are located in the Minneapolis suburb of Edina , Minnesota . Contents 1 History 2 Stores 2.1 Standard stores 2.2 DQ / Orange Julius 2.3 Dairy Queen Brazier 2.4 DQ Grill and Chill 2.5 Texas Country Foods 3 Products 3.1 Blizzard 3.2 Frozen yogurt 4 Advertising 4.1 Logos 5 Global locations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The soft - serve formula was first developed in 1938 by Douds , Iowa - born John Fremont `` J.F. '' `` Grandpa '' McCullough and his son Alex . They convinced friend and loyal customer Sherb Noble to offer the product in his ice cream store in Kankakee , Illinois . On the first day of sales , Noble dished out more than 1,600 servings of the new dessert within two hours . Noble and the McCulloughs went on to open the first Dairy Queen store in 1940 in Joliet , Illinois . While this Dairy Queen has not been in operation since the 1950s , the building still stands at 501 N Chicago St. as a city - designated landmark . Since 1940 , the chain has used a franchise system to expand its operations globally . In the US , the state with the most Dairy Queen restaurants is Texas . Using the 2010 census , the state with the most Dairy Queen Restaurants per person is Minnesota . International Dairy Queen , Inc . ( IDQ ) is the parent company of Dairy Queen . In the United States , it operates under American Dairy Queen Corp . At the end of fiscal year 2014 , Dairy Queen reported over 6,400 stores in more than 25 countries ; about 4,500 of its stores ( approximately 70 % ) were located in the United States . DQ was an early pioneer of food franchising , expanding its 10 stores in 1941 to 100 by 1947 , 1,446 in 1950 , and 2,600 in 1955 . The first store in Canada opened in Climax , Saskatchewan , in 1953 . The red Dairy Queen symbol was introduced in 1958 . The company became International Dairy Queen , Inc . ( IDQ ) in 1962 . In 1987 , IDQ bought the Orange Julius chain . IDQ was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway in 1998 . Dairy Queens were a fixture of social life in small towns of the Midwestern and Southern United States during the 1950s and 1960s . In that role , they have often come to be referenced as a symbol of life in small - town America , as in Walter Benjamin at the Dairy Queen : Reflections at Sixty and Beyond by Larry McMurtry , Dairy Queen Days by Robert Inman , and Chevrolet Summers , Dairy Queen Nights by Bob Greene . Stores ( edit ) A Dairy Queen restaurant in Meriden , Connecticut . The company 's stores are operated under several brands , all bearing the distinctive Dairy Queen logo and carrying the company 's signature soft - serve ice cream ( along with the trademark `` curl '' ) . In the 1970s , most restaurants were `` Brazier '' locations with a second floor for storage , recognizable for their red mansard roofs . As of the end of 2014 , Dairy Queen had more than 6,400 stores in 27 countries , including more than 1,400 locations outside the United States and Canada . The largest Dairy Queen in the United States is located in Bloomington , Illinois . The largest store in the world was built in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . The busiest store in the world is located in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island . Standard stores ( edit ) While some stores serve a very abbreviated menu primarily featuring DQ frozen treats and may be open only during spring and summer , the majority of DQ restaurants also serve hot food and are open all year . So - called `` Limited Brazier '' locations may additionally offer hot dogs , barbecue beef ( or pork ) sandwiches , and in some cases french fries and chicken , but not hamburgers . Dairy Queen Full Brazier restaurants serve a normal fast - food menu featuring burgers , french fries , and grilled and crispy chicken in addition to frozen treats and hot dogs . Dairy Queen now offers happy hour . They offer certain items half off for a limited time . In some locations built in the 1990s , the `` Hot Eats , Cool Treats '' slogan can be seen printed on windows or near the roof of the building . One such example was a former Dairy Queen Brazier location in Woodinville , Washington , where the slogan was printed near the tops of the windows . This location was converted into a Grill & Chill store around late 2016 - 2017 . DQ / Orange Julius ( edit ) Also known as the `` Treat Center '' concept , an enhanced version of the original stores also serves drinks and foods from the Orange Julius menu . This was the company 's preferred concept for new , small - scale locations , primarily in shopping mall food courts . Some early Treat Centers also included Karmelkorn . Since 2012 , all Dairy Queen locations feature Orange Julius drinks . Except for the select few stores under private ownership . Dairy Queen Brazier ( edit ) A Dairy Queen Brazier in Edmonton , Alberta . This DQ was renovated into a Grill & Chill . The name `` Brazier '' originated in 1957 when one of the company 's franchisees , Jim Cruikshank , set out to develop the standardized food system . When he witnessed flames rising from an open charcoal grill ( a brazier ) in a New York eatery , he knew he had found the Brazier concept . The `` Brazier '' name has been slowly phased out of signage and advertising since 1993 , although it has not been removed from all existing signage , especially in many smaller towns and rural locations . Since the early 2000s , new or renovated locations which are similar to Brazier restaurants in terms of size and menu selection , but have been updated with the current logo and / or exterior , usually carry the name `` DQ Restaurant '' , although the website 's store locator still lists the stores that do not carry the `` Grill & Chill '' name as `` Dairy Queen Brazier '' and the smaller stores `` Dairy Queen Ltd Brazier '' and `` Dairy Queen Stores '' . However , the company website still considers their burger and hot dog lines as `` Brazier Foods '' , according to the history section and some FAQ listed topics in the website . DQ Grill and Chill ( edit ) DQ Grill & Chill locations feature hot food , treats , table delivery , and self - serve soft drinks . It is the new concept for new and renovated full - service restaurants . Stores are larger than older - style locations and feature a completely new store design . In most cases , they offer an expanded menu including breakfast , Grill Burgers , and grilled sandwiches , as well as limited table service ( customers still place orders at the counter ) . They also contain self - serve soft drink fountains allowing free refills . Some of the older stores have upgraded to the new format . However , there are still older stores and stores that have not upgraded to the new format . In December 2001 , Chattanooga , Tennessee was the site of the first two Dairy Queen Grill and Chill restaurants in the United States . The nation 's largest DQ Grill & Chill is located in Bloomington , Illinois . Texas Country foods ( edit ) A Dairy Queen outlet in Burnet in the Texas Hill Country , using the chain 's previous logo Most locations in Texas , including those which otherwise resemble the Brazier or DQ Grill & Chill formats , use a separate hot food menu branded as Texas Country Foods . Among other differences , `` Hungr - Buster '' burgers are available in place of the Brazier and GrillBurger offerings . Other food offerings not found outside Texas include the `` Dude '' chicken - fried steak sandwich , steak finger country baskets , T - Brand tacos , and a one - half pound double meat hamburger , the `` BeltBuster '' . Texas is home to the largest number of Dairy Queens in the U.S. All Texas Dairy Queen restaurants are owned and operated by franchisees . The Texas Dairy Queen Operators ' Council ( TDQOC ) runs a separate marketing website from the national website . Bob Phillips , host of the popular Texas syndicated television series Texas Country Reporter , was for many years the DQ spokesman in Texas , as the restaurant was a co-sponsor of the program at the time . Products ( edit ) The company 's products expanded to include malts and milkshakes in 1950 , banana splits in 1951 , Dilly Bars in 1955 , Mr. Misty slush treats in 1961 ( later renamed Misty Slush , then again to Arctic Rush ; as of 2017 , DQ again calls them Misty Slush , as seen on dairyqueen.com ) , Jets , Curly Tops , Freezes in 1964 , and a range of hamburgers and other cooked foods under the Brazier banner in 1958 . In 1971 , the Peanut Buster Parfait , consisting of peanuts , hot fudge , and vanilla soft serve , was introduced . In 1995 , the Chicken Strip Basket was introduced , consisting of chicken strips , Texas toast ( only in the US ) , fries , and cream gravy ( gravy in Canada ) . Other items include sundaes and the blended coffee drink , the MooLatte . The majority of Dairy Queen locations serve Pepsi - Cola products , but unlike most other restaurants such contracts are not mandated onto the franchisee , and as a result , some locations serve Coca - Cola products instead . Wendy 's ( until 1998 ) , Subway ( until 2003 ) , Arby 's ( until 2006 ; returned to Coke in 2018 ) , IHOP ( until 2012 ) , and Applebee 's ( until 2012 ) also allowed such leniency on beverage choice before signing exclusive soft drink deals with Coca - Cola and Pepsi - Cola , making Dairy Queen the last major restaurant chain without an exclusive soft drink contract . Blizzard ( edit ) A woman holding a Dairy Queen Banana Cream Pie Blizzard A popular Dairy Queen item is the Blizzard , which is soft - serve mechanically blended with mix - in ingredients such as sundae toppings and / or pieces of cookies , brownies , or candy . It has been a staple on the menu since its introduction in 1985 , a year in which Dairy Queen sold more than 100 million Blizzards . Popular flavors include Oreo Cookies , mint Oreo , chocolate chip cookie dough , M&M 's , Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups , Heath Bar ( Skor in Canada ) , and Butterfinger ( Crispy Crunch in Canada ) . Seasonal flavors are also available such as October 's pumpkin pie and June 's cotton candy . It has been argued that Dairy Queen drew its inspiration from the concrete served by the St. Louis - based Ted Drewes . On July 26 , 2010 , Dairy Queen introduced a new `` mini '' size Blizzard , served in 6 oz . cups . During the 25th anniversary of the Blizzard , two special flavors were released : Strawberry Golden Oreo Blizzard and Buster Bar Blizzard . Salted Caramel Truffle was released in 2015 during the Blizzard 's 27th anniversary and Dairy Queen 's 75th anniversary , and is still on the menu today . Blizzards derive their name from being so thoroughly cold that they can be held upside - down without any spillage . Employees will frequently demonstrate this to customers . There is a company policy that one Blizzard per order is to be flipped upside - down by the employee . If this does not occur , the customer may request a coupon for a free Blizzard to use on their next visit , though this is at the owner 's discretion . Prior to the reintroduction of the Blizzard in 1985 , Dairy Queen served conventional `` thick '' milkshakes called `` Blizzards '' in the 1960s . These were served in traditional flavors such as vanilla , chocolate , and strawberry , with or without added malt on request . In addition , Dairy Queen offers a Blizzard Cake in flavors such as Oreo and Reese 's . Much like the restaurant 's conventional ice cream cake , this variation is aimed toward celebrations and birthdays . Frozen yogurt ( edit ) In 1990 , Dairy Queen began offering frozen yogurt as a lower - calorie alternative to its soft serve ice cream . According to a company representative , Dairy Queen 's regular soft serve has 35 calories per ounce and is 95 % fat - free , whereas the frozen yogurt was 25 calories per ounce . However , in 2001 , the company phased out the frozen yogurt option in all its stores , citing a lack of demand . In 2011 , International Dairy Queen Inc. filed a request for a preliminary injunction to stop Yogubliz Inc , a small California - based frozen yogurt chain , from selling `` Blizzberry '' and `` Blizz Frozen Yogurt '' , alleging that the names could confuse consumers due to their similarity to Dairy Queen 's Blizzard . U.S. District Judge R. Gary Klausner denied Dairy Queen 's request . Advertising ( edit ) From 1979 until 1981 , the restaurant chain used the slogan `` It 's a real treat ! '' . For many years , the franchise 's slogan was `` We treat you right . '' During the early and mid-1990s , the slogans `` Hot Eats , Cool Treats '' and `` Think DQ '' came into use and preceded the aforementioned line in the Dairy Queen jingle . In recent years , it has been changed to `` Meet Me at DQ '' and `` DQ : Something Different . '' A recent tagline , featured in early 2011 , was `` So Good It 's RiDQulous , '' with Dairy Queen 's current logo infused in the word `` ridiculous '' . Their newest tagline reads , `` Because I 'm Not Fast Food , I Am Fan Food '' . In Texas , at the end of advertisements , there is frequently a Texas flag waving , and the new DQ logo and slogan below saying , `` Eat Like A Texan '' . Previous slogans included `` The Texas Stop Sign '' , `` That 's what I like about Texas '' , `` For Hot Eats & Cool Treats , Think DQ '' , `` Nobody beats DQ Treats & Eats '' , `` DQ is Value Country '' , and `` This is DQ Country '' . These advertisements featured Texas Country Reporter host Bob Phillips as spokesperson since his program was mainly sponsored by Dairy Queen . Dennis the Menace and other characters from the comic strip appeared in Dairy Queen marketing as a spokestoon from 1971 until December 2002 , when he was dropped because Dairy Queen felt children could no longer relate to him . Similarly there 's a Dairy Queen Kids commercials in the 1990s . From January 2003 to July 2011 , the advertising focused on a large mouth with its tongue licking its large lips , which morphs into the Dairy Queen logo . The mouth was dropped in 2011 , after Grey New York produced outlandish spots featuring a dapper man , played by John Behlmann , sporting a moustache , performing crazy feats for Dairy Queen replacing it . After announcing tasty menu offers , he would do something outrageous , like blow bubbles with kittens in them , water ski while boxing , or break a piñata , out of which tumbles Olympic gymnastics great Mary Lou Retton . Later , the same firm made additional commercials based around odd situation titles with the DQ logo placed somewhere in them , like `` Gary DQlones Himself '' , `` Now That 's A Lunchtime DQuandary ! '' , `` After The DQonquest '' and `` Well , This Is A Bit DQrazy ! '' . All were narrated by a man with an English accent . In 2015 , Dairy Queen and model railroad company of Milwaukee , Wisconsin , Wm . K. Walthers came out with a Walthers Cornerstone HO 1 : 87 Scale models of a restaurant -- one from the 1950s with the original logo and one from 2007 -- present with the current logo . The models are both officially licensed replicas . Logos ( edit ) The original retro - style neon sign with a cone in Ottawa , Ontario . The original Dairy Queen logo was simply a stylized text sign with a soft serve cone at one end . In the late 1950s , the widely recognized red ellipse design was adopted . The initial shape was asymmetrical , with one of the side points having a greater extension than the other , especially when matched with the Brazier sign -- a similarly sized yellow ovoid , tucked diagonally below its companion . By the 1970s , both sides were more closely matched , becoming symmetrical with the 2006 update ( see online images for comparison ) . Some of the new 1950s signs continued to display a soft serve cone jutting from the right side . `` Little Miss Dairy Queen '' began appearing in Pennsylvania signage in 1961 . She had a Dutch bonnet , resembling the ellipse logo , with a pinafore apron over her dress and wooden shoes . A yellow trapezoid Brazier sign , placed below the red Dairy Queen logo , was developed in the late 1960s . It matched the roofline of the new store design of the era . Although it had been used interchangeably with the Dairy Queen name for many decades , `` DQ '' became the company 's official name in 2001 . The font remained the same as in the original signage introduced 60 years prior . Throughout this period , the company placed the registered mark symbol immediately to the right , on the bottom side of the logo . When the company modernized its signage and logos in late 2006 , it modified the font and italicized the letters , as well as adding arced lines , an orange one to represent its hot foods above and a blue one below to represent its ice cream products . In the new design , the registered mark symbol was moved to be adjacent to the letter `` Q '' . The first overhaul of its logo in almost 70 years , the company claimed that the new logo would show brand growth and reflect the `` fun and enjoyment '' associated with its products . Advertising industry observers have noted that the new logo was an unneeded update of a known and trusted industry brand and that its new features were distracting . The original signage is still in use in older locations or in locations that use a `` retro '' design motif in the property 's design . One example was the sign used at the Dairy Queen in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada , which was destroyed and replaced in 2013 . Prototype Dairy Queen logo from 1940 to 1958 , still in use at a small number of locations 1958 - 2001 , still in use on some signs , including Brazier locations 2001 - 2002 , secondary logo from 1960 - 2002 on packaging , still in use on some signs 2002 -- present Global locations ( edit ) Countries currently with Dairy Queen locations : Bahamas Bahrain Brunei Cambodia Canada Cayman Islands China Costa Rica Egypt Guatemala Guyana Indonesia Jamaica Jordan Kuwait Laos Mexico Oman Panama Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia South Korea Thailand Taiwan Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States ( Los Angeles ) Vietnam Countries formerly with Dairy Queen locations : Austria ( withdrew around 1999 ) Cyprus Dominican Republic ( withdrew in the 2000s ) Gabon Guam Hungary ( withdrew in the 1990s ) Italy Japan ( withdrew around 2000 ) Morocco ( withdrew in the 2000s ) Poland ( withdrew in 2016 ) Puerto Rico Singapore Slovenia ( withdrew in 2000 ) Turkey ( withdrew in the 1990s ) Macau ( withdrew in 2016 ) Countries upcoming with Dairy Queen locations : Aruba Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Colombia Croatia Czech Republic Finland France Germany Haiti Iceland India Ireland Israel Japan Lebanon Malaysia Malta Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Romania Russia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Venezuela See also ( edit ) List of fast food restaurant chains List of hamburger restaurants Foster 's Freeze Sonic Drive - In Minnesota portal Companies portal Food portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Niemela , Jennifer ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` DQ 's Q1 same - store sales up 5 % '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Berkshire Hathaway -- 2008 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Berkshire Hathaway . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Karmelkorn gourmet popcorn and popcorn gifts '' . karmelkorn.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Dairy Queen . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DairyQueen.com page : `` History of Dairy Queen , IDQ Archived June 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Jump up ^ `` Corporate Offices Archived April 8 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Dairy Queen . Retrieved on May 12 , 2010 . `` International Dairy Queen Corporation 7505 Metro Blvd . Minneapolis , MN 55439 - 0286 '' Jump up ^ `` Street Map Archived July 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' City of Edina . Retrieved on May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . noblestores.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` theDQteam.com '' . thedqteam.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From Queen of Dairies to King of Kings '' . Chicago Tribune . November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Dairy Queen '' . Texoma Living ! Online . 2008 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Staff , Website Services & Coordination . `` US Census Bureau 2010 Census Interactive Population Map '' . www.census.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Hoovers.com . `` International Dairy Queen '' . Hoovers.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hoovers.com . `` American Dairy Queen '' . Hoovers.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hoovers.com . `` Berkshire Hathaway '' . Hoovers.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) dairyqueen.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ Gibson , Richard ( October 22 , 1997 ) . `` Berkshire Hathaway to Buy Dairy Queen for $585 Million '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stempel , Jonathan ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` Buffett 's Dairy Queen to expand into Egypt , Macau '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Karen ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Nation 's largest Dairy Queen Grill & Chill set for B -- N '' . Bloomington Pantagraph . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Largest Dairy Queen Opens in Riyadh '' . U.S. - Saudi Arabian Business Council . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Chains ' Busiest Locations '' . Dailyfinance.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Marjorie Eberts . Opportunities in Fast Food Careers . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dairy Queen '' . Dairy Queen . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mills , Karren ( July 14 , 2002 ) . `` Dairy Queen trying improved restaurants '' . Cincinnati Enquirer Online . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dairy Queen opens new Grill & Chill concept in Simpsonville ( Ky . ) '' . Business First . December 18 , 2006 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DQ publication . `` A Story of Sweet Success '' . Dairy Queen International . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ DQ Advertisement ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Blizzard of the Month '' . Dairy Queen of America . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Reed , Bill ( April 15 , 2005 ) . `` Blizzard approximates St. Louis original concrete '' . The Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions -- Dairy Queen '' . www.dairyqueen.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Blizzard Fan Club . `` DQ Blizzard Fan Club : History of the Blizzard '' . Dairy Queen International . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Dairy Queen '' . Dairy Queen . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ AllBusiness.com : `` Dairy Queen phasing out frozen yogurt '' Jump up ^ `` Buffett 's Dairy Queen loses frozen yogurt ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Concerns Remain for Dining Chains -- Advertising '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Dairy Queen . Fan Food not Fast Food TM . Treats , Food , Drinks & more '' . Dairy Queen . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Dairy Queen . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirbyson , Geoff ( 2004 ) . DQ Blended . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dairy Queen Blog -- The Memorabilia Photos ^ Jump up to : `` Dairy Queen overhauls logo for more modern look '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . BNet.com . February 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dreary Queen '' . Brand New . UnderConsideration.com . March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` Doritos Queen -- a dairy queen disaster '' . idfive.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 04 . References ( edit ) Hinton , S.E. ( 1967 ) . The Outsiders . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 038572 - 4 . OCLC 228138926 . Otis , Caroline Hall ; Mundale , Susan ( 1990 ) . The Cone with the Curl on Top : Celebrating Fifty Years , 1940 -- 1990 : the Dairy Queen Story . Minneapolis , Minn : International Dairy Queen , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9629040 - 0 - 7 . OCLC 22993919 . Further reading ( edit ) Miglani , Bob ( 2006 ) . Treat Your Customers : Thirty Lessons on Service and Sales That I Learned at My Family 's Dairy Queen Store . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 8434 - X . OCLC 76878287 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dairy Queen . 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"The company's products expanded to include malts and milkshakes in 1950, banana splits in 1951, Dilly Bars in 1955, Mr. Misty slush treats in 1961 (later renamed Misty Slush, then again to Arctic Rush; as of 2017, DQ again calls them Misty Slush, as seen on dairyqueen.com), Jets, Curly Tops, Freezes in 1964, and a range of hamburgers and other cooked foods under the Brazier banner in 1958. In 1971, the Peanut Buster Parfait, consisting of peanuts, hot fudge, and vanilla soft serve, was introduced. In 1995, the Chicken Strip Basket was introduced, consisting of chicken strips, Texas toast (only in the US), fries, and cream gravy (gravy in Canada). Other items include sundaes and the blended coffee drink, the MooLatte.\n"
] | [
"1971"
] |
-662186009704398728 | (Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend | ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : a cowboy Legend - Wikipedia ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : a cowboy Legend Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Ghost Riders in the Sky ( Slim Whitman album ) . `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : A Cowboy Legend '' Song Published 1948 , Edwin H. Morris & Co Inc Released June 5 , 1948 Genre Country , western Songwriter ( s ) Stan Jones `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : A Cowboy Legend '' is a cowboy - styled country / western song written in 1948 by American songwriter , film and television actor Stan Jones . The tune sounds similar to `` Spancil Hill '' ( traditional Irish folk song by Michael Considine , Irish emigrant to the United States in the 1870s ) . A number of versions were crossover hits on the pop charts in 1949 , the most successful being by Vaughn Monroe . The ASCAP database lists the song as `` Riders in the Sky '' ( title code 480028324 ) , but the title has been written as `` Ghost Riders '' , `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' , and `` A Cowboy Legend '' . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Recordings 2.1 1948 2.2 1949 2.3 1950s 2.4 1960s 2.5 1970s 2.6 1980s 2.7 1990s 2.8 2000s 2.9 2010s 2.10 Additional versions 2.11 Non-English versions 2.11. 1 Finnish 2.11. 2 French 2.11. 3 German 2.11. 4 Italian 2.11. 5 Lithuanian 2.11. 6 Portuguese 2.11. 7 Spanish 3 Influences 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) The song tells a folk tale of a cowboy who has a vision of red - eyed , steel - hooved cattle thundering across the sky , being chased by the spirits of damned cowboys . One warns him that if he does not change his ways , he will be doomed to join them , forever `` trying to catch the Devil 's herd across these endless skies '' . Jones stated he had been told the story when he was 12 years old by an old cowboy friend . The story resembles the northern European mythic Wild Hunt . More than 50 performers have recorded versions of the song . Charting versions were recorded by The Outlaws , Vaughn Monroe ( `` Riders in the Sky '' with orchestra and vocal quartet ) , which topped the Billboard magazine charts , by Bing Crosby ( with the Ken Darby Singers ) , Frankie Laine , Burl Ives ( two different versions ) , Marty Robbins , The Ramrods and Johnny Cash . Other recordings were made by Eddy Arnold , Peggy Lee ( with the Jud Conlon Singers ) , Christopher Lee , and Spike Jones and his City Slickers . Gene Autry sang it in the 1949 movie , Riders in the Sky . Jones himself recorded it for his 1957 album Creakin ' Leather . Children of Bodom , Impaled Nazarene and Die Apokalyptischen Reiter have also made covers . The melody is based on the song `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home . '' Recordings ( edit ) 1948 ( edit ) The original version by Stan Jones was recorded in late 1948 , and composer Eden Ahbez sent the song to Burl Ives , who recorded his own version a year later . 1949 ( edit ) Burl Ives recorded the song on February 17 , 1949 , and the song was released by Columbia Records as catalog No. 38445 . The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on April 22 , 1949 , lasting six weeks and peaking at No. 21 . The version by Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra with Vaughn Monroe and The Moon Men on vocals , was recorded on March 14 , 1949 , and released by RCA Victor Records as catalog No. 20 - 3411 ( in USA ) and by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalog No . BD 1247 , HN 3014 , HQ 2071 , IM 1425 and GY 878 . The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on April 15 , 1949 , lasting 22 weeks and reaching No. 1 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1949 . The Bing Crosby version was recorded on March 22 , 1949 , and released by Decca Records as catalog No. 24618 . The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on May 6 , 1949 , lasting 6 weeks and peaking at No. 14 . The Peggy Lee version was recorded on April 18 , 1949 , and released by Capitol Records as catalog No. 57 - 608 . It reached No. 2 on Billboard 's Most Played By Disc Jockeys listing without appearing in the retail Top 30 . Spike Jones recorded the song on May 24 , 1949 , and it was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog No. 20 - 3741 . Copies of the original release , containing lyrics ridiculing RCA stockholder Vaughn Monroe , are rare . The recording parodies the original Monroe recording , injecting much of Jones ' quintessential humor along the way . 1950s ( edit ) In 1953 Goldtown Ghost Riders was a film starring Gene Autry . He sang the song `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' . It was the opening track of Scatman Crothers ' 1956 album , Rock ' n ' roll with Scat Man . Theodore Bikel sang a humorous version of the song in his An Actor 's Holiday album ( 1956 ). Gene Autry also sang the sing for the first time in a 1950 film '' Beyond the Purple Hills '' which was quickly edited to include Autry singing the song after a chance meeting with Stan Jones in which he bought the rights to the song . 1960s ( edit ) The song was recorded by the Norman Luboff Choir and released on their 1960 album , Songs of the Cowboy . Lawrence Welk and His Orchestra released an instrumental version in 1961 , featuring Neil Levang on guitar , which spent 3 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , reaching No. 87 . Curtis Lance ( Dick Jensen ) and the Uniques recorded an instrumental version in 1961 . The Brothers Four recorded a driven , up - tempo version . with edited lyrics and truncated to three stanzas , for their third LP , B.M.O.C. : Best Music On / Off Campus for Columbia Records in 1961 . The Sons of the Pioneers included the song on their album Cool Water put out by RCA Records in 1961 under the name `` Riders in the Sky '' . A twangy guitar instrumental version by The Ramrods -- featuring the sounds of mooing cattle , bronco cheers , and sound of cracking whips -- was recorded in late 1960 and it made the Billboard Top 30 in 1961 , as well as the UK Top 10 . This was covered by UK band The Scorpions ( not the German rock band ) on the `` Parlophone '' Label . The Ventures made a surf rock cover of the song in 1961 . A live performance of the tune , featuring surf rock band The Original Surfaris appeared in the 1962 compilation album titled Surf 's Up ! At Banzai Pipeline . The performance incorporates the riff from the Jørgen Ingmann hit , `` Apache '' . Bob James , recording as The Bob James Trio , included it as the last track on his very first album Bold Conceptions released in 1962 . The Spotnicks , a Swedish instrumental rock band , covered this song on their 1962 album , The Spotnicks in London , Out - a space . Frankie Laine recorded the song on his 1963 album , Wanderlust . Frank Ifield recorded the song for his 1963 U.K. album , Born Free ( Columbia 33SX 1534 ) . Dick Dale recorded a surf - rock version for his second album , King of the Surf Guitar , released in 1963 . Californian singer Peter Tevis recorded a version with orchestral and choral arrangements by Ennio Morricone for the 1965 album , Un pugno di ... West . Baja Marimba Band recorded this song on the album , Watch Out , in 1966 . Tom Jones recorded this song opening the album , Green , Green Grass of Home , in 1967 . Takeshi Terauchi & Bunnys recorded an instrumental version of this song on their 1967 album , The World Is Waiting For Terry . Davie Allan and the Arrows recorded two versions , one on the 1967 Blues ' Theme album ( Tower Records ) and the other on the 2008 Moving Right Along album ( Spinout Records ) . Jimmy Wakely , a cowboy singer , recorded the song on Shasta Records . Burl Ives made a second version of this song for his 1969 album Got the World by the Tail . 1970s ( edit ) Elvis Presley recorded it in June 1970 at MGM 's soundstage in Culver City , California . Susan Christie released a version on her 1970 album , Paint a Lady . Roy Clark recorded an instrumental version for his 1973 album Roy Clark / Superpicker , an album of all instrumentals . The song reached No. 27 on the Hot Country Singles chart that year . Former REO Speedwagon guitarist Gary Richrath quoted the melody of the song during his unaccompanied guitar solo on the band 's 1977 live album , Live : You Get What You Play For . Riders in the Sky recorded this song for their debut album , Three on the Trail , in 1979 and on several of subsequent albums . Johnny Cash made a recording of the song in 1979 for his album , Silver , which was faithful to the original , and peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . Johnny Cash also performs the song in his guest appearance on The Muppet Show in 1980 . 1980s ( edit ) Country singer and rodeo cowboy Chris LeDoux recorded a version of the song for his 1980 album Old Cowboy Heroes . LeDoux 's version swaps the placements of `` yippie yi yay '' and `` yippie yi oh '' , and refers to the cowboy instead as a `` cowpoke '' . A version by The Shadows reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart in 1980 . This version was a semitone higher than the original . Australian band , the Fabulaires from Adelaide did a cover version on their Apocalypso 12 '' E.P. circa 1980 . Rock band Outlaws made a recording on their 1980 album Ghost Riders that left out the last verse . They also released a live version of the song , recorded in 1982 at the King Biscuit Flower Hour radio show , which appeared on Greatest Hits of The Outlaws ... High Tides Forever . Dean `` Red Elvis '' Reed recorded the song on the album Country in 1982 in East Germany and Czechoslovakia . A Sesame Street version titled `` The Dirtiest Town In The West '' with altered lyrics first aired in 1982 . Vic Damone recorded a version on his 1982 album Over The Rainbow . Psychobilly band King Kurt released a version in 1983 on their album Ooh Wallah Wallah . The Danish cowpunk band Disneyland After Dark ( later just D-A-D ) recorded the song `` Riding With Sue '' in 1986 for their album Call of the Wild where the riffs from the melody were used in an intermezzo . 1990s ( edit ) The Chaps released a Scottish parody version called `` Rawhide '' in 1982 . Peter , Paul & Mary recorded a parody of the song titled `` Yuppies in the Sky '' on their 1990 album Flowers and Stones . Terry Scott Taylor and Daniel Amos recorded a version in 1990 that appeared on The Miracle Faith Telethon compilation album . Impaled Nazarene recorded a black metal version of the song , which was released on the Sadogoat EP in 1993 . It was subsequently included in the CD version of their bonus album , Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz . The Alberta Celtic rock group Captain Tractor recorded an unusual version for their 1994 album Land . New lyrics describe the frenzy of corruption in a prairie town at the climax of a real estate bubble . Rather than fire - and - brimstone Christian imagery , the warning takes the form of vaguely Zen lamentations : `` The winds still blow / The rains still fall / The trees do n't seem to care at all ! '' Buckethead played a dub style version of the song during his Giant Robot album tour in 1994 . Dick Dale once again covered the song for his 1994 album , Unknown Territory . For a time , this version accompanied a NASA montage as part of the preshow video on Space Mountain at Disneyland and Magic Kingdom . Duane Eddy brought his electrified `` twangy guitar '' sound along with a sax edition by Jim Horn to a 1996 version on an Curb Album Ghost Rider . On the 1997 album , VH1 Storytellers , the song was recorded live with Johnny Cash and Willie Nelson . In that performance , Willie Nelson misses the start of the third verse because he forgets the text , and ends up switching the third and fourth verses . Deborah Harry , lead singer of Blondie , recorded a trance version of the song , which features on the soundtrack to the film Three Businessmen ( 1998 ) . The song ( produced and arranged by Dan Wool and Pray for Rain ) is available free on her website . Christopher Lee recorded a version of this song on the album Devils , Rogues & Other Villains , released by Nikolas Schreck in 1998 on his Wolfslair label . The Blues Brothers performed the song in the 1998 movie Blues Brothers 2000 . This version appeared on both the movie 's soundtrack and the compilation album The Blues Brothers ' Greatest Hits of All Time . Similar to the `` Rawhide '' scene in the first movie , the band is mistakenly booked at a bluegrass festival ( announced to the crowd as `` The Bluegrass Brothers '' ) . Buster Blues ' ( J. Evan Bonifant ) harmonica parts for the film were recorded by John Popper of Blues Traveler . In 1999 , Ned Sublette included a merengue rendition on his album , Cowboy Rumba . 2000s ( edit ) The German `` Western Metal '' band Dezperadoz ( featuring a member of Sodom ) covered the song on their 2000 album , The Dawn Of Dying . Dolan Ellis , Arizona 's Official State Balladeer since 1966 , included this as the only cover on his CD , Tall Tales , Lost Trails & Heroes , released in 2000 . He has sung the song throughout the nation and in 20 foreign countries , solo and as a member of the New Christy Minstrels , always telling the folk tale of Stan Jones , the Cochise County cowboy . The Texas band , Ghoultown , recorded a version of this song on their album Tales from the Dead West ( 2000 ) . Concrete Blonde recorded a version for their last album , 2004 's Mojave . John Frusciante , Michael Rother , and Josh Klinghoffer performed a short instrumental version of the song live in 2004 . German heavy metal band , Die Apokalyptischen Reiter , released a version titled `` Ghostriders in the Sky '' on their 2006 4 - track EP , Friede Sei Mit Dir . California - based Me First and the Gimme Gimmes covered the song on their 2006 album Love Their Country This cover was later used in 2017 in racing video game Forza Horizon 3 's trailer for its Hot Wheels Expansion . Art Greenhaw , Grammy Award - Winning guitarist , producer and leader of The Light Crust Doughboys , recorded a world music fusion version of this song on the album Lone Star Sitar and released in 2006 on the Greenhaw Records label . During the credits of the 2007 movie Ghost Rider , a rock cover by the band Spiderbait is played . An instrumental version is also heard at points in the film . Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom covered this song under the title ' Ghostriders in the Sky ' and have released it on the special edition of their 2008 album , Blooddrunk . 2010s ( edit ) Judy Collins , featuring the Nashville Rhythm Section and Ghost Riders Chorus , covered '' Ghost Riders in the Sky '' on her 2010 album Paradise . Florida / Utah death metal band , Gorlock , covered it on their 2011 EP titled Despair is My Mistress . The song is the opening track on Roswell Rudd 's album , Trombone For Lovers . The character of Granddad Brown in the Irish comedy series Mrs Brown 's Boys briefly covered Ghost Riders in the Sky in the 2011 Christmas special episode `` Mammy 's Ass '' . The scene involves Granddad singing the song whilst Agnes hits him over the head with a metal tray , testing a crash helmet ( which Granddad 's wearing ) her friend Winnie is meant to be testing . A track on Drop The Lime 's 2012 album Enter The Night used the instrumental of `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' . `` Outsider '' music star , The Space Lady , featured it on her GREATEST HITS LP. ( 2013 , Night School Records ) Screaming Orphans covered on the album Lonely Boy . ( 2011 ) In 2015 , a lower tempo version of Johnny Cash 's cover was used on the announcement trailer for the forthcoming Space - Opera RPG , Mass Effect : Andromeda . Monster truck Black Stallion uses it as its theme song . Country artist Ray Scott ( singer ) covered Johnny Cash 's version of this song on his EP , `` Roots Sessions , Vol. 1 '' which was released in 2015 . Chrome Division covered Johnny Cash 's version of this song on their 2011 `` 3rd Round Knockout '' album . Additional versions ( edit ) Versions in various genres have also been made by the following artists : Carlos Malcolm All - American Boys Chorus Boston Pops Orchestra Chrome Division Dean Martin Dixie Chicks Fred Penner Kaleidoscope Marty Robbins Mary McCaslin R.E.M. Scary Bitches ( UK goth rock ) Shebeen ( North Ireland underground music , as `` Ooh Ah Up the ' RA , or The SAM Song '' ) The Tubes ( under the track title , `` Cowboy Fee & The Heifer 's Dream '' ) Youn Sun Nah ( on her album Lento ) Vocal Majority Non-english versions ( edit ) Estonian Estonian - Canadian musician Jüri Lipp translated and recorded a surf rock version in Estonian in 1968 . Finnish ( edit ) A Finnish version titled `` Aaveratsastajat '' was written by Kullervo ( born Tapio Kullervo Lahtinen ) and it has been recorded by several popular artists including Henry Theel ja Metro - tytöt , Kari Tapio , Danny , Tapani Kansa , Reijo Taipale , and Ismo Alanko . Juha Vainio wrote an alternative , humoristic version titled `` Hirvenmetsästys '' ( The Moose Hunt ) . Pertti Metsärinteen yhtye recorded it in 1970 . An instrumental jazz version by Kalle Kalima on the album High Noon released in 2016 . French ( edit ) A French - language version titled `` Les Cavaliers du Ciel '' was released by Les Compagnons de la chanson in 1949 . French guitarist and singer , Gill Dougherty , also released a version on his 1990 album , Live In Bourges . In 1992 , another French language version titled `` Où tu iras '' was released by Les Naufragés , on their album A contre - Courant . German ( edit ) In 1949 , a German - language version titled `` Geisterreiter '' was recorded and released by East German entertainer , Rita Paul & Her Cornel - Trio . In the same year , a version was released by Gerhard Wendland . Additional German - language versions have been released by surf - punk - electro band , Mikrowelle , and television entertainer , Götz Alsmann featuring Bela B of Die Ärzte . An instrumental version was done by the Austrian band `` da Blechhauf ` n '' in 2012 . Italian ( edit ) An Italian - language version of the song , titled `` I Cavalieri del Cielo '' was recorded by famous Italian singer Gino Latilla in 1952 . Lithuanian ( edit ) A Lithuanian - language version of the song titled `` Jupi Ja Je '' was recorded by Adolfas Jarulis ir Estradinės melodijos in 1971 . Portuguese ( edit ) Brazilian artist Milton Nascimento recorded a Portuguese - language version under the title `` Cavaleiros do céu '' released on his 1981 album , Caçador de Mim . Spanish ( edit ) In 1966 , a Spanish - language version , `` Jinetes en el cielo '' , was recorded and released by the Mexican group , Los Baby 's . Mexican singer Pedro Vargas also recorded a version . The popular singer from Spain , Raphael , also released a Spanish version in the 1970s . The lyrical subject was changed to reflect a cowboy doomed to ride for eternity for breaking a young girl 's heart . The song ends happily when the girl saves him from that horrible destiny by crying and praying for him then letting a rose fall on his grave . Mexican singers ( and actors ) Manolín and Shilinsky ( find them in Wikipedia in Spanish ) recorded a comic version . Influences ( edit ) Apart from the numerous recordings by various artists , `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' has inspired various artists . The Doors ' Riders on the Storm , from the album L.A. Woman ( 1971 ) . The chorus lines of this song are and have been since the 1960s a terrace song of the Aston Villa Football Club of England . The words have been modified to include the line `` Holte Enders in the Sky , '' a reference to the occupants of the vast stand behind the goal at the southern end of the Villa Park stadium . REO Speedwagon 's `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' , from the album Ridin ' the Storm Out ( 1973 ) . Def Leppard 's `` Foolin ' '' , from the album Pyromania ( 1983 ) , with the line `` On and on , we rode the storm '' . Motörhead 's Iron Fist , from the album Iron Fist ( 1982 ) . The song was also the inspiration for the Magazine Enterprises ' horror - Western comic - book character the Ghost Rider . After the trademark to the character 's name and motif lapsed , Marvel Comics debuted its own near - identical , non-horror version of the character in Ghost Rider # 1 ( Feb. 1967 ) , drawn by Ayers . This character was renamed the Phantom Rider when Marvel debuted its demonic motorcyclist character Ghost Rider . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stan Jones '' . Western Music Association . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ ACE Repertory Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Houston , Susan Hilary ( 1964 ) . `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' . Western Folklore. 23 ( 3 ) : 153 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Creakin ' Leather ( 1957 ) . Disneyland Records WDL - 3015 . `` Stan Jones sings his own compositions '' Recorded by Walt Disney Music Co . Copyright Walt Disney Productions . Jump up ^ `` ( Ghost ) Riders In the Sky by The Outlaws Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com. 1949 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 - 1955 . Record Research . Jump up ^ Number One Song of the Year : 1946 - 2013 , Bob Borst website Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Week Hot 100 '' , Billboard , October 9 , 1961 . Accessed July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DICK JENSEN - A DISCOGRAPHY '' . Stereo Candies . Jump up ^ `` Frank Ifield ' Born Free ' '' . 45worlds.com . Retrieved 31 - 03 - 2017 . Jump up ^ DDR Amiga 8 55 957 / 1982 Jump up ^ ČSSR Supraphon 1113 3067 ZA / 1982 Jump up ^ Collar , Matt . `` Ghostrider : Great Guitar Hits - Duane Eddy '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' ( MP3 ) . Debora Harry . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ghostriders in the Sky '' on the 2006 Die Apokalyptischen Reiter EP , Friede Sei Mit Dir `` . discogs.com . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ catalog and song samples Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Neder , Alvaro . `` Caçador de mim '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jinetes en el cielo '' by Mexican group , Los Baby 's `` . popsike.com . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' El Bueyecito '' by Mexican singers , Manolín and Shilinsky `` . youtube.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riders On The Storm by The Doors Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com. 1950 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Ayers : A Life in the ' Gowanus ' '' . Alter Ego. 3 ( 10 ) . interview part 1 of 2 . Autumn 2001 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2010 . Co-creator Dick Ayers recalled that editor Vin Sullivan `` describe ( d ) what he wanted in the Ghost Rider '' and told Ayers to see the 1949 Disney animated feature The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , one segment of which adapted Washington Irving 's story `` The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' , featuring the Headless Horseman . `` ( A ) nd then he told me to play the Vaughn Monroe record `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' . And then he started talking about what he wanted the guy wearing . '' External links ( edit ) Preceded by `` Shadows in the Moonlight '' by Anne Murray RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Johnny Cash version ) August 11 , 1979 Succeeded by `` You 're the Only One '' by Dolly Parton Preceded by `` Cruising Down the River '' by Russ Morgan U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores number - one single May 14 , 1949 -- July 23 , 1949 ( Vaughn Monroe ) Succeeded by `` Some Enchanted Evening '' by Perry Como Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1946 -- 1959 ) 1946 : `` Prisoner of Love '' -- Perry Como 1947 : `` Near You '' -- Francis Craig 1948 : `` Twelfth Street Rag '' -- Pee Wee Hunt 1949 : `` Riders in the Sky '' -- Vaughn Monroe Orchestra 1950 : `` Goodnight , Irene '' -- Gordon Jenkins and The Weavers 1951 : `` Too Young '' -- Nat King Cole 1952 : `` Blue Tango '' -- Leroy Anderson 1953 : `` The Song from Moulin Rouge '' -- Percy Faith 1954 : `` Little Things Mean a Lot '' -- Kitty Kallen 1955 : `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' -- Pérez Prado 1956 : `` Heartbreak Hotel '' -- Elvis Presley 1957 : `` All Shook Up '' -- Elvis Presley 1958 : `` Nel Blu Dipinto di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Domenico Modugno 1959 : `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Johnny Horton Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) The Shadows Hank Marvin Bruce Welch Brian Bennett Ian Samwell Mark Griffiths Jet Harris Tony Meehan Brian ' Licorice ' Locking Warren Bennett John Rostill John Farrar Alan Tarney Alan Hawkshaw Studio albums The Shadows Out of the Shadows Dance with The Shadows The Sound of The Shadows Shadow Music Jigsaw From Hank , Bruce , Brian and John Shades of Rock Rockin ' with Curly Leads Specs Appeal Tasty String of Hits Change of Address Hits Right Up Your Street Life in the Jungle XXV Guardian Angel Moonlight Shadows Simply Shadows Steppin ' to the Shadows At Their Very Best Reflection Singles `` Apache '' `` FBI '' `` Kon - Tiki '' `` The Savage '' `` Wonderful Land '' `` Dance On ! 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1000826765218219644 | Game of Thrones | Game of Thrones - Wikipedia Game of Thrones Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the novel in the series A Song of Ice and Fire , see A Game of Thrones . For other uses , see A Game of Thrones ( disambiguation ) . Game of Thrones Genre Fantasy Serial drama Created by David Benioff D.B. Weiss Based on A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin Starring see List of Game of Thrones characters Theme music composer Ramin Djawadi Opening theme `` Main Title '' Composer ( s ) Ramin Djawadi Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 67 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Benioff D.B. Weiss Carolyn Strauss Frank Doelger Bernadette Caulfield George R.R. Martin Location ( s ) Canada Croatia Iceland Malta Morocco Spain Northern Ireland Scotland United States Running time 50 -- 80 minutes Production company ( s ) Television 360 Grok ! Television Generator Entertainment Startling Television Bighead Littlehead Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network HBO Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows After the Thrones Thronecast External links Website www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones Production website www.makinggameofthrones.com Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire , George R.R. Martin 's series of fantasy novels , the first of which is A Game of Thrones . It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom , Canada , Croatia , Iceland , Malta , Morocco , Spain , and the United States . The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17 , 2011 , and its seventh season ended on August 27 , 2017 . The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering either in 2018 or 2019 . Set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos , Game of Thrones has several plot lines and a large ensemble cast but centers on three primary story arcs . The first story arc centers on the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms and follows a web of alliances and conflicts among the dynastic noble families either vying to claim the throne or fighting for independence from the throne . The second story arc focuses on the last descendant of the realm 's deposed ruling dynasty , exiled and plotting a return to the throne . The third story arc centers on the longstanding brotherhood charged with defending the realm against the ancient threats of the fierce peoples and legendary creatures that lie far north , and an impending winter that threatens the realm . Game of Thrones has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad , active , international fan base . It has been acclaimed by critics , particularly for its acting , complex characters , story , scope , and production values , although its frequent use of nudity and violence ( including sexual violence ) has been criticized . The series has received 38 Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 and 2016 , more than any other primetime scripted television series . Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation ( 2012 -- 2014 ) , a 2011 Peabody Award , and four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama ( 2012 and 2015 -- 2017 ) . Of the ensemble cast , Peter Dinklage has won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( 2011 and 2015 ) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 2012 ) for his performance as Tyrion Lannister . Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , Kit Harington , Maisie Williams , Diana Rigg , and Max von Sydow have also received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances in the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Setting 1.2 Themes 1.3 Inspirations and derivations 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception and development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing 3.4 Adaptation schedule 3.5 Filming 3.6 Directing 3.7 Technical aspects 3.8 Costumes 3.9 Makeup 3.10 Visual effects 3.11 Sound 3.12 Title sequence 3.13 Music 3.14 Language 3.15 Effect on location 4 Availability 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Home video 4.3 Copyright infringement 4.4 IMAX 5 Reception and achievements 5.1 Cultural influence 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Sex and violence 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and accolades 5.5 Viewer numbers 6 Other media and products 6.1 Video games 6.2 Merchandise and exhibition 6.3 Accompanying material 6.4 Spin - offs 6.5 Histories and Lore 7 References 8 External links Background Main article : List of Game of Thrones episodes See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire Power and violence are central themes of Game of Thrones , and the number of weapons made for the series ( some of which are shown here ) reflects this . Setting Main article : World of A Song of Ice and Fire Game of Thrones is roughly based on the storylines of A Song of Ice and Fire , set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros and the continent of Essos . The series chronicles the violent dynastic struggles among the realm 's noble families for the Iron Throne , while other families fight for independence from it . It opens with additional threats in the icy North and Essos in the east . Showrunner David Benioff jokingly suggested `` The Sopranos in Middle - earth '' as Game of Thrones ' tagline , referring to its intrigue - filled plot and dark tone in a fantasy setting of magic and dragons . In a 2012 study of deaths per episode , it ranked second out of 40 recent U.S. TV drama series ( with an average of 14 ) . Themes Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire The series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . George R.R. Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters , believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre . Martin has stated that `` the true horrors of human history derive not from orcs and Dark Lords , but from ourselves . '' A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin says does not mirror the real world . Just like people 's capacity for good and for evil in real life , Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change . The show allows the audience to view different characters from their perspective , unlike in many other fantasies , and thus the supposed villains can provide their side of the story . Benioff said , `` George brought a measure of harsh realism to high fantasy . He introduced gray tones into a black - and - white universe . '' In early seasons , under the influence of the A Song of Ice and Fire books , main characters were regularly killed off , and this was credited with developing tension among viewers . Later seasons , however , critics pointed out that certain characters had developed `` plot armor '' , attributing this to the show 's deviating from the books and becoming more of a traditional television series . The series also reflects the substantial death rates in war . Inspirations and derivations Although the first season closely follows the events of the first novel , later seasons have made significant changes . According to David Benioff , the show is `` about adapting the series as a whole and following the map George laid out for us and hitting the major milestones , but not necessarily each of the stops along the way '' . Tom Holland of The Guardian believes that the novels and their adaptations base aspects of their settings , characters , and plot on events in European history . Most of Westeros is reminiscent of high medieval Europe , from lands and cultures , to the palace intrigue , feudal system , castles , and knightly tournaments . A principal inspiration for the novels is the English Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 85 ) between the houses of Lancaster and York , reflected in Martin 's houses of Lannister and Stark . The scheming Cersei Lannister evokes Isabella , the `` she - wolf of France '' ( 1295 -- 1358 ) ; Isabella and her family ( particularly as portrayed in Maurice Druon 's historical - novel series , The Accursed Kings ) were also a main inspiration for Martin . Holland further proposes that other historical antecedents of series elements include Hadrian 's Wall ( which becomes Martin 's Wall ) , the legend of Atlantis ( ancient Valyria ) , Byzantine Greek fire ( `` wildfire '' ) , Icelandic sagas of the Viking Age ( the Ironborn ) , the Mongol hordes ( the Dothraki ) , the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) and the Italian Renaissance ( c. 1400 -- 1500 ) . The series ' popularity has been attributed , in part , to Martin 's skill at fusing these elements into a seamless , credible version of alternate history . Martin acknowledges , `` I take ( history ) and I file off the serial numbers and I turn it up to 11 . '' Cast and characters Main article : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) has led the principal cast since season two Game of Thrones has an ensemble cast estimated to be the largest on television ; during its third season , 257 cast names were recorded . In 2014 , several actor contracts were renegotiated to include a seventh - season option , with raises which reportedly made them among the highest - paid performers on cable TV . In 2016 , it was reported that several actor contracts were again renegotiated , with five of the main cast members having increased their salary to £ 2 million per episode for the last two seasons , which would make them the highest paid actors on television . The main cast is listed below . Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( Sean Bean ) is the head of House Stark , whose members are involved in plot lines throughout most of the series . He and his wife , Catelyn Tully ( Michelle Fairley ) , have five children : Robb ( Richard Madden ) , the eldest , followed by Sansa ( Sophie Turner ) , Arya ( Maisie Williams ) , Bran ( Isaac Hempstead - Wright ) and Rickon ( Art Parkinson ) , the youngest . Ned 's illegitimate son Jon Snow ( Kit Harington ) and his friend , Samwell Tarly ( John Bradley ) , serve in the Night 's Watch under Lord Commander Jeor Mormont ( James Cosmo ) . The Wildlings living north of the Wall include young Gilly ( Hannah Murray ) , and warriors Tormund Giantsbane ( Kristofer Hivju ) and Ygritte ( Rose Leslie ) . Others associated with House Stark include Ned 's ward Theon Greyjoy ( Alfie Allen ) , his vassal Roose Bolton ( Michael McElhatton ) , and Bolton 's bastard son , Ramsay Snow ( Iwan Rheon ) . Robb falls in love with the healer Talisa Maegyr ( Oona Chaplin ) , and Arya befriends blacksmith 's apprentice Gendry ( Joe Dempsie ) and assassin Jaqen H'ghar ( Tom Wlaschiha ) . The tall warrior Brienne of Tarth ( Gwendoline Christie ) serves Catelyn and , later , Sansa . In King 's Landing , the capital , Ned 's friend King Robert Baratheon ( Mark Addy ) shares a loveless marriage with Cersei Lannister ( Lena Headey ) -- who has taken her twin brother , the Kingslayer Ser Jaime Lannister ( Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ) , as her lover . She loathes her younger brother , the dwarf Tyrion Lannister ( Peter Dinklage ) , who is attended by his mistress Shae ( Sibel Kekilli ) and the mercenary , or ' sellsword ' , Bronn ( Jerome Flynn ) . Cersei 's father is Lord Tywin Lannister ( Charles Dance ) . Cersei also has two young sons : Joffrey ( Jack Gleeson ) and Tommen ( Dean - Charles Chapman ) . Joffrey is guarded by the scar - faced warrior , Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane ( Rory McCann ) . The king 's Small Council of advisors includes crafty Master of Coin Lord Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish ( Aidan Gillen ) and eunuch spymaster Lord Varys ( Conleth Hill ) . Robert 's brother , Stannis Baratheon ( Stephen Dillane ) , is advised by foreign priestess Melisandre ( Carice van Houten ) and former smuggler Ser Davos Seaworth ( Liam Cunningham ) . The wealthy Tyrell family is primarily represented at court by Margaery Tyrell ( Natalie Dormer ) . The High Sparrow ( Jonathan Pryce ) is the capital 's principal religious leader . In the southern principality of Dorne , Ellaria Sand ( Indira Varma ) seeks vengeance against the Lannisters . Across the Narrow Sea , siblings Viserys ( Harry Lloyd ) and Daenerys Targaryen ( Emilia Clarke ) -- the exiled children of the last king of the original ruling dynasty , who was overthrown by Robert Baratheon -- are running for their lives and trying to win back the throne . Daenerys has been married to Khal Drogo ( Jason Momoa ) , the leader of the nomadic Dothraki . Her retinue includes exiled knight Ser Jorah Mormont ( Iain Glen ) , her aide Missandei ( Nathalie Emmanuel ) and the sellsword Daario Naharis ( Michiel Huisman ) . Production Conception and development Showrunners D.B. Weiss and David Benioff created the series , wrote most of its episodes and directed several . In January 2006 , David Benioff had a phone conversation with George R.R. Martin 's literary agent about the books he represented , and became interested in A Song of Ice and Fire as he had been a fan of fantasy fiction when young but had not read the books before . The literary agent then sent the first four books of A Song of Ice and Fire to Benioff . Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first novel , A Game of Thrones , shared his enthusiasm with D.B. Weiss and suggested that they adapt Martin 's novels into a television series ; Weiss finished the first novel in `` maybe 36 hours '' . They pitched the series to HBO after a five - hour meeting with Martin ( a veteran screenwriter ) in a restaurant on Santa Monica Boulevard . According to Benioff , they won Martin over with their answer to his question , `` Who is Jon Snow 's mother ? '' I had worked in Hollywood myself for about 10 years , from the late ' 80s to the ' 90s . I 'd been on the staff of The Twilight Zone and Beauty and the Beast . All of my first drafts tended to be too big or too expensive . I always hated the process of having to cut . I said , ' I 'm sick of this , I 'm going to write something that 's as big as I want it to be , and it 's going to have a cast of characters that go into the thousands , and I 'm going to have huge castles , and battles , and dragons . -- George R.R. Martin , author Before being approached by Benioff and Weiss , Martin had had other meetings with other scriptwriters , most of them wanting to turn it into a feature film . Martin however deemed it `` unfilmable '' and impossible to be done as a feature film , stating that the size of one of his novels is as long as The Lord of the Rings , which had been adapted as three feature films . Similarly , Benioff also said that it would be impossible to turn the novels into a feature film as the scale of the novels is too big for a feature film and dozens of characters would have to be discarded . Benioff added , `` a fantasy movie of this scope , financed by a major studio , would almost certainly need a PG - 13 rating . That means no sex , no blood , no profanity . Fuck that . '' Martin himself was pleased with the suggestion that they adapt it as an HBO series , saying that he `` never imagined it anywhere else '' . `` I knew it could n't be done as a network television series . It 's too adult . The level of sex and violence would never have gone through . '' The series began development in January 2007 . HBO acquired the TV rights to the novels , with Benioff and Weiss as its executive producers , and Martin as a co-executive producer . The intention was for each novel to yield a season 's worth of episodes . Initially , Martin would write one episode per season while Benioff and Weiss would write the rest of the episodes . Jane Espenson and Bryan Cogman were later added to write one episode apiece the first season . The first and second drafts of the pilot script by Benioff and Weiss were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008 , respectively . Although HBO liked both drafts , a pilot was not ordered until November 2008 ; the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike may have delayed the process . The pilot episode , `` Winter Is Coming '' , was first shot in 2009 ; after a poor reception in a private viewing , HBO demanded an extensive re-shoot ( about 90 percent of the episode , with cast and directorial changes ) . The pilot reportedly cost HBO $5 -- 10 million to produce , while the first season 's budget was estimated at $50 -- 60 million . In the second season , the show received a 15 - percent budget increase for the climactic battle in `` Blackwater '' ( which had an $8 million budget ) . Between 2012 and 2015 , the average budget per episode increased from $6 million to `` at least '' $8 million . The sixth - season budget was over $10 million per episode , for a season total of over $100 million and a series record . Casting Nina Gold and Robert Sterne are the series ' primary casting directors . Through a process of auditions and readings , the main cast was assembled . The only exceptions were Peter Dinklage and Sean Bean , whom the writers wanted from the start ; they were announced as joining the pilot in 2009 . Other actors signed for the pilot were Kit Harington as Jon Snow , Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon , Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen and Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon . Addy was , according to showrunners Benioff and Weiss , the easiest actor to cast for the show , being that his audition was on point . Catelyn Stark was scheduled to be played by Jennifer Ehle , but the role was recast with Michelle Fairley . Daenerys Targaryen was also recast , with Emilia Clarke replacing Tamzin Merchant . The rest of the first season 's cast was filled in the second half of 2009 . Although many of the first - season cast were set to return , the producers had a large number of new characters to cast for the second season . Due to this , Benioff and Weiss postponed the introduction of several key characters and merged several characters into one or assigned plot functions to different characters . Writing George R.R. Martin , author of A Song of Ice and Fire , is a series co-executive producer and wrote one episode for each of the first four seasons . Game of Thrones used seven writers in six seasons . Series creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the showrunners , write most of the episodes each season . A Song of Ice and Fire author George R.R. Martin wrote one episode in each of the first four seasons . Martin did not write an episode for the later seasons , since he wanted to focus on completing the sixth novel ( The Winds of Winter ) . Jane Espenson co-wrote one first - season episode as a freelance writer . Bryan Cogman , initially a script coordinator for the series , was promoted to producer for the fifth season . Cogman , who wrote at least one episode for the first five seasons , is the only other writer in the writers ' room with Benioff and Weiss . Before his promotion , Vanessa Taylor ( a writer during the second and third seasons ) worked closely with Benioff and Weiss . Dave Hill joined the writing staff for the fifth season after working as an assistant to Benioff and Weiss . Although Martin is not in the writers ' room , he reads the script outlines and makes comments . Benioff and Weiss sometimes assign characters to particular writers ; for example , Cogman was assigned to Arya Stark for the fourth season . The writers spend several weeks writing a character outline , including what material from the novels to use and the overarching themes . After these individual outlines are complete , they spend another two to three weeks discussing each main character 's individual arc and arranging them episode by episode . A detailed outline is created , with each of the writers working on a portion to create a script for each episode . Cogman , who wrote two episodes for the fifth season , took a month and a half to complete both scripts . They are then read by Benioff and Weiss , who make notes , and parts of the script are rewritten . All ten episodes are written before filming begins , since they are filmed out of order with two units in different countries . Benioff and Weiss write each of their episodes together , with one of them writing the first half of the script and the other the second half . After that they begin with passing the drafts back and forth to make notes and rewrite parts of it . Adaptation schedule Benioff and Weiss originally intended to adapt the entire , still - incomplete A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels for television . After Game of Thrones began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season , the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels provided by Martin and original content . In April 2016 , the showrunners ' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season : seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth . Later that month , the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven - episode order . As of 2017 , seven seasons have been ordered and filmed , adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons . Season Ordered Filming First aired Last aired Novel ( s ) adapted Refs Season 1 March 2 , 2010 Second half of 2010 April 17 , 2011 June 19 , 2011 A Game of Thrones Season 2 April 19 , 2011 Second half of 2011 April 1 , 2012 June 3 , 2012 A Clash of Kings and some early chapters from A Storm of Swords Season 3 April 10 , 2012 July -- November 2012 March 31 , 2013 June 9 , 2013 About the first two - thirds of A Storm of Swords Season 4 April 2 , 2013 July -- November 2013 April 6 , 2014 June 15 , 2014 The remaining one - third of A Storm of Swords and some elements from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons Season 5 April 8 , 2014 July -- December 2014 April 12 , 2015 June 14 , 2015 A Feast for Crows , A Dance with Dragons and original content , with some late chapters from A Storm of Swords and elements from The Winds of Winter Season 6 July -- December 2015 April 24 , 2016 June 26 , 2016 Original content and outline from The Winds of Winter , with some late elements from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons Season 7 April 21 , 2016 August 2016 -- February 2017 July 16 , 2017 August 27 , 2017 Original content and outline from The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring Season 8 July 30 , 2016 October 2017 -- Mid 2018 2018 / 19 2018 / 19 The first two seasons adapted one novel each . For the later seasons , its creators see Game of Thrones as an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire as a whole rather than the individual novels ; this enables them to move events across novels , according to screen - adaptation requirements . Filming The Azure Window at Ras - id - Dwerja , on Gozo , was the site of the Dothraki wedding in season one . Principal photography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26 , 2010 , and the primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast , Northern Ireland . Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed at Sandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains ( standing in for Vaes Dothrak ) , Castle Ward ( Winterfell ) , Saintfield Estates ( the Winterfell godswood ) , Tollymore Forest ( outdoor scenes ) , Cairncastle ( the execution site ) , the Magheramorne quarry ( Castle Black ) and Shane 's Castle ( the tourney grounds ) . Doune Castle in Stirling , Scotland , was also used in the original pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell . The producers initially considered filming the whole series in Scotland , but decided on Northern Ireland because of the availability of studio space . The first season 's southern scenes were filmed in Malta , a change in location from the pilot episode 's Moroccan sets . The city of Mdina was used for King 's Landing . Filming was also done at Fort Manoel ( representing the Sept of Baelor ) , at the Azure Window on the island of Gozo ( the Dothraki wedding site ) and at San Anton Palace , Fort Ricasoli , Fort St. Angelo and St. Dominic monastery ( all used for scenes in the Red Keep ) . The walled city of Dubrovnik became King 's Landing in season two . Filming of the second season 's southern scenes shifted from Malta to Croatia , where the city of Dubrovnik and nearby locations allowed exterior shots of a walled , coastal medieval city . The Walls of Dubrovnik and Fort Lovrijenac were used for scenes in King 's Landing and the Red Keep . The island of Lokrum , the St. Dominic monastery in the coastal town of Trogir , the Rector 's Palace in Dubrovnik , and the Dubac quarry ( a few kilometers east ) were used for scenes set in Qarth . Scenes set north of the Wall , in the Frostfangs and at the Fist of the First Men , were filmed in November 2011 in Iceland : on the Vatnajökull glacier near Smyrlabjörg , the Svínafellsjökull glacier near Skaftafell and the Mýrdalsjökull glacier near Vik on Höfðabrekkuheiði . Third - season production returned to Dubrovnik , with the Walls of Dubrovnik , Fort Lovrijenac and nearby locations again used for scenes in King 's Landing and the Red Keep . Trsteno Arboretum , a new location , is the garden of the Tyrells in King 's Landing . The third season also returned to Morocco ( including the city of Essaouira ) to film Daenerys ' scenes in Essos . Dimmuborgir and the Grjótagjá cave in Iceland were used as well . One scene , with a live bear , was filmed in Los Angeles . The production used three units ( Dragon , Wolf and Raven ) filming in parallel , six directing teams , 257 cast members and 703 crew members . Ballintoy Harbour was Lordsport on the Iron Islands . The fourth season returned to Dubrovnik and included new locations , including Diocletian 's Palace in Split , Klis Fortress north of Split , Perun quarry east of Split , the Mosor mountain range , and Baška Voda further south . Thingvellir National Park in Iceland was used for the fight between Brienne and the Hound . Filming took 136 days and ended on November 21 , 2013 . The fifth season added Seville , Spain , used for scenes of Dorne , as well as Córdoba . The sixth season , which began filming in July 2015 , returned to Spain and filmed in Navarra , Guadalajara , Seville , Almeria Girona and Peniscola . Filming also returned to Dubrovnik , Croatia . Filming of the seven episodes of season 7 began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , with other filming in Iceland , Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain . Spain filming locations included Seville , Cáceres , Almodovar del Rio , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . The series also filmed in Dubrovnik , which is used for location of King 's Landing . Filming continued until the end of February 2017 as necessary to ensure winter weather in some of the European locations . Directing Each ten - episode season of Game of Thrones has four to six directors , who usually direct back - to - back episodes . Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes , the most episodes of the series . Alex Graves , David Nutter , Mark Mylod and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each . Daniel Minahan directed five episodes , and Michelle MacLaren , Alik Sakharov , and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each . Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season , and Tim Van Patten directed the series ' first two episodes . Neil Marshall directed two episodes , both with large battle scenes : `` Blackwater '' and `` The Watchers on the Wall '' . Other directors have been Jack Bender , David Petrarca , Daniel Sackheim , Michael Slovis and Matt Shakman . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss have directed two episodes together but only credited one each episode , which was determined after a coin toss . Technical aspects Alik Sakharov was the pilot 's cinematographer . The series has had a number of cinematographers , and has received seven Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series nominations . Oral Norrey Ottey , Frances Parker , Martin Nicholson , Crispin Green , Tim Porter and Katie Weiland have edited the series for a varying number of episodes . Weiland received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series in 2015 . Costumes The costumes of Ygritte , Jon Snow and Tormund Giantsbane reflect the harsh climate in which they are worn . Dresses worn at the royal court in King 's Landing indicate their wearers ' wealth and status . Functional weapons and armor , like Brienne of Tarth 's ( left ) , were manufactured for the series . Michele Clapton was costume designer for Game of Thrones ' first five seasons before she was replaced by April Ferry . Clapton will return to the show as costume designer for the seventh season . The costumes used in the show drew inspiration from a number of sources , such as Japanese and Persian armour . Dothraki dress resembles that of the Bedouin ( one was made out of fish skins to resemble dragon scales ) , and the Wildlings wear animal skins like the Inuit . Wildling bone armor is made from molds of actual bones , and is assembled with string and latex resembling catgut . Although the extras who play Wildlings and the Night 's Watch often wear hats ( normal in a cold climate ) , members of the principal cast usually do not so viewers can distinguish the main characters . Björk 's Alexander McQueen high - neckline dresses inspired Margaery Tyrell 's funnel - neck outfit , and prostitutes ' dresses are designed for easy removal . All clothing used is aged for two weeks so it appears realistic on high - definition television . About two dozen wigs are used for the actresses . Made of human hair and up to 2 feet ( 61 cm ) in length , they cost up to $7,000 each and are washed and styled like real hair . Applying the wigs is time - consuming ; Emilia Clarke , for example , requires about two hours to style her brunette hair with a platinum - blonde wig and braids . Other actors , such as Jack Gleeson and Sophie Turner , receive frequent hair coloring . For characters such as Daenerys ( Clarke ) and her Dothraki , their hair , wigs and costumes are processed to appear as if they have not been washed for weeks . Makeup For the first three seasons , Paul Engelen was Game of Thrones ' main makeup designer and prosthetic makeup artist with Melissa Lackersteen , Conor O'Sullivan and Rob Trenton . At the beginning of the fourth season Engelen 's team was replaced by Jane Walker and her crew , composed of Ann McEwan and Barrie and Sarah Gower . Visual Effects For the series ' large number of visual effects , HBO hired British - based BlueBolt and Irish - based Screen Scene for season one . Most of the environment builds were done as 2.5 D projections , giving viewers perspective while keeping the programming from being overwhelming . In 2011 the season - one finale , `` Fire and Blood '' , was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects . Because the effects became more complex in subsequent seasons ( including CGI creatures , fire , and water ) , German - based Pixomondo became the lead visual - effects producer ; nine of its twelve facilities contributed to the project for season two , with Stuttgart the lead . Scenes were also produced by British - based Peanut FX , Canadian - based Spin VFX , and U.S. - based Gradient Effects . `` Valar Morghulis '' and `` Valar Dohaeris '' earned Pixomondo Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Special Visual Effects in 2012 and 2013 , respectively . For season four , HBO added German - based Mackevision to the project . The season - four finale , `` The Children '' , won the 2014 Emmy Award for Visual Effects . Additional producers for season four included Canadian - based Rodeo FX , German - based Scanline VFX and U.S. - based BAKED FX . The muscle and wing movements of the adolescent dragons in seasons four and five were based largely on those of a chicken . Pixomondo retained a team of 22 to 30 people which focused on visualizing Daenerys Targaryen 's dragons , with the average production time per season of 20 to 22 weeks . For the fifth season , HBO added Canadian - based Image Engine and U.S. - based Crazy Horse Effects to its list of main visual - effects producers . Sound Unusual for a television series , the sound team receives a rough cut of a full season and approaches it as a ten - hour feature film . Although seasons one and two had different sound teams , one team has been in charge of sound since then . For the show 's blood - and - gore sounds , the team often uses a chamois . For dragon screams , mating tortoises and dolphin , seal , lion and bird sounds have been used . Title sequence Main article : Game of Thrones title sequence The series ' title sequence was created by production studio Elastic for HBO . Creative director Angus Wall and his collaborators received the 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Main Title Design for the sequence , which depicts a three - dimensional map of the series ' fictional world . The map is projected on the inside of a sphere which is centrally lit by a small sun in an armillary sphere . As the camera moves across the map , focusing on the locations of the episode 's events , clockwork mechanisms intertwine and allow buildings and other structures to emerge from the map . Accompanied by the title music , the names of the principal cast and creative staff appear . The sequence concludes after about 90 seconds with the title card and brief opening credits indicating the episode 's writer ( s ) and director . Its composition changes as the story progresses , with new locations replacing those featuring less prominently or not at all . Music Main article : Music of Game of Thrones Ramin Djawadi composed the Game of Thrones score . The music for the series was composed by Ramin Djawadi . The first season 's soundtrack , written in about ten weeks before the show 's premiere , was published by Varèse Sarabande in June 2011 . Soundtrack albums for subsequent seasons have been released , with tracks by the National , the Hold Steady and Sigur Rós . Djawadi has composed themes for each of the major houses and also for some of the main characters . The themes may evolve over time , as Daenerys Targaryen 's theme started small and then became more powerful after each season . Her theme started first with a single instrument , a cello , and Djawadi later incorporated more instruments for it . Language Main article : Languages of A Song of Ice and Fire The Westerosi characters of Game of Thrones speak British - accented English , often ( but not consistently ) with the accent of the English region corresponding to the character 's Westerosi region ; Eddard Stark ( Warden of the North ) speaks in actor Sean Bean 's native northern accent , and the southern lord Tywin Lannister speaks with a southern accent , while characters from Dorne speak English with a Spanish accent . Characters foreign to Westeros often have a non-British accent . Although English is the common language of Westeros , the producers charged linguist David J. Peterson with constructing Dothraki and Valyrian languages based on the few words in the novels ; Dothraki and Valyrian dialogue is often subtitled in English . It has been reported that during the series these fictional languages have been heard by more people than the Welsh , Irish , and Scots Gaelic languages combined . Effect on location Game of Thrones is funded by Northern Ireland Screen , a UK government agency financed by Invest NI and the European Regional Development Fund . As of April 2013 , Northern Ireland Screen gave the show £ 9.25 million ( $14.37 million ) ; according to government estimates , this has benefited the Northern Ireland economy by £ 65 million ( $100.95 million ) . Tourism Ireland has a Game of Thrones - themed marketing campaign similar to New Zealand 's Tolkien - related advertising . Invest NI and the Northern Ireland Tourist Board also expect the series to generate tourism revenue . According to Arlene Foster , the series has given Northern Ireland the most non-political publicity in its history . The production of Game of Thrones and other TV series also boosted Northern Ireland 's creative industries , contributing to an estimated 12.4 - percent growth in arts , entertainment and recreation jobs between 2008 and 2013 ( compared with 4.3 percent in the rest of the UK during the same period ) . Tourism organizations elsewhere reported increases in bookings after their locations appeared in Game of Thrones . In 2012 , bookings through LateRooms.com increased by 28 percent in Dubrovnik and 13 percent in Iceland . The following year , bookings doubled in Ouarzazate , Morocco ( the location of Daenerys ' season - three scenes ) . Game of Thrones has been attributed as a significant factor in the boom of tourism in Iceland that had a strong impact on its economy . Tourist numbers increased by 30 % in 2015 , followed by another 40 % in 2016 , with a final figure of 2.4 million visitors expected for 2016 , which is around seven times the population of the country . Availability Broadcast Game of Thrones is broadcast by HBO in the United States and by its local subsidiaries or other pay television services in other countries , at the same time as in the U.S. or weeks ( or months ) later . The series ' broadcast in China on CCTV , begun in 2014 , was heavily edited to remove scenes of sex and violence in accordance with a Chinese practice of censoring Western TV series to prevent what the People 's Daily calls `` negative effects and hidden security dangers '' . This resulted in viewer complaints about the incoherence of what remained . Broadcasters carrying Game of Thrones include Showcase in Australia ; HBO Canada , Super Écran and Showcase in Canada ; HBO Latin America in Latin America ; SoHo and Prime in New Zealand , and Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Home Video The ten episodes of the first season of Game of Thrones were released as a DVD and Blu - ray box set on March 6 , 2012 . The box set includes extra background and behind - the - scenes material but no deleted scenes , since nearly all the footage shot for the first season was used in the show . The box set sold over 350,000 copies in the first week after release , the largest first - week DVD sales ever for an HBO series , and the series set an HBO - series record for digital - download sales . A collector 's - edition box set was released in November 2012 , combining the DVD and Blu - ray versions of the first season with the first episode of season two . A paperweight in the shape of a dragon egg is included in the set . DVD - Blu - ray box sets and digital downloads of the second season became available on February 19 , 2013 . First - day sales broke HBO records , with 241,000 box sets sold and 355,000 episodes downloaded . The third season was made available for purchase as a digital download on the Australian iTunes Store , parallel to the U.S. premiere , and was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on February 18 , 2014 . The fourth season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on February 17 , 2015 , and the fifth season on March 15 , 2016 . The sixth season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 15 , 2016 . Beginning in 2016 , HBO began issuing Steelbook Blu - ray sets which include both Dolby TrueHD 7.1 and Dolby Atmos audio options . Copyright infringement Game of Thrones has been widely pirated , primarily outside the U.S. According to the file - sharing news website TorrentFreak , Game of Thrones has been the most - pirated TV series each year since 2012 . Illegal downloads increased to about seven million in the first quarter of 2015 , up 45 percent from 2014 . An unnamed episode was downloaded about 4,280,000 times through public BitTorrent trackers in 2012 , roughly equal to its number of broadcast viewers . Piracy rates were particularly high in Australia , and U.S. Ambassador to Australia Jeff Bleich issued a statement condemning Australian piracy of the series in 2013 . Delays in availability apart from HBO and its affiliates before 2015 and the cost of subscriptions to these services have been cited as causes of the series ' illegal distribution . According to TorrentFreak , a subscription to a service for Game of Thrones would cost up to $25 per month in the United States , up to £ 26 per episode in the UK and up to $52 per episode in Australia . For `` combating piracy '' , HBO said in 2013 that it intended to make its content more widely available within a week of the U.S. premiere ( including HBO Go ) . In 2015 , the fifth season was simulcast to 170 countries and to HBO Now users . On April 11 , the day before the season premiere , screener copies of the first four episodes of the fifth season leaked to a number of file - sharing websites . Within a day of the leak , the files were downloaded over 800,000 times ; in one week the illegal downloads reached 32 million , with the season - five premiere alone ( `` The Wars to Come '' ) pirated 13 million times . The season - five finale ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) was the most simultaneously shared file in the history of the BitTorrent filesharing protocol , with over 250,000 simultaneous sharers and over 1.5 million downloads in eight hours . For the sixth season , HBO did not send screeners to the press , so as to prevent the spread of unlicensed copies and possible spoilers . Observers , including series director David Petrarca and Time Warner CEO Jeff Bewkes , said that illegal downloads did not hurt the series ' prospects ; it benefited from `` buzz '' and social commentary , and the high piracy rate did not significantly translate to lost subscriptions . According to Polygon , HBO 's relaxed attitude towards piracy and the sharing of login credentials amounted to a premium - television `` free - to - play '' model . At a 2015 Oxford Union debate , series co-creator David Benioff said that he was just glad that people watched the show ; illegally downloaded copies of the show sometimes interested viewers enough to buy a copy of the show , especially in countries where the show was not televised . Co-creator D.B. Weiss had mixed feelings , saying that the show was expensive to produce and `` if it does n't make the money back , then it ceases to exist '' . However , he was pleased that so many people `` enjoy the show so much they ca n't wait to get their hands on it . '' In 2015 , Guinness World Records called Game of Thrones the most - pirated television program . IMAX Beginning on January 23 , 2015 , the last two episodes of season four were shown in 205 IMAX theaters across the United States ; Game of Thrones is the first TV series shown in this format . The show earned $686,000 at the box office on its opening day and $1.5 million during its opening weekend ; the week - long release grossed $1,896,092 . Reception and achievements Game of Thrones was highly anticipated by fans before its premiere , and has become a critical and commercial success . According to The Guardian , by 2014 it was `` the biggest drama '' and `` the most talked about show '' on television . Cultural influence Although Game of Thrones was dismissed by some critics before it began , its success has been credited with an increase in the popularity of fantasy themes . On the eve of the second season 's premiere , a CNN.com blog post by Joel Williams read , `` After this weekend , you may be hard pressed to find someone who is n't a fan of some form of epic fantasy '' and cited Ian Bogost as saying that the series continues a trend of successful screen adaptations beginning with Peter Jackson 's 2001 The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and the Harry Potter films establishing fantasy as a mass - market genre ; they are `` gateway drugs to fantasy fan culture '' . Its success in the face of its genre was attributed by writers to a longing for escapism in popular culture , frequent female nudity and a skill in balancing lighthearted and serious topics ( dragons and politics , for example ) which provided it with a prestige enjoyed by conventional , top - tier drama series . The series ' popularity increased sales of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels ( republished in tie - in editions ) , which remained at the top of bestseller lists for months . According to The Daily Beast , Game of Thrones was a favorite of sitcom writers and the series has been referred to in other TV series . With other fantasy series , it has been cited for an increase in the purchase ( and abandonment ) of huskies and other wolf - like dogs . Game of Thrones has added to the popular vocabulary . The first season 's scene in which Petyr Baelish explains his motives ( or background ) while prostitutes had sex in the background gave rise to the word `` sexposition '' for providing exposition with sex and nudity . `` Dothraki '' , the series ' nomadic horsemen , was ranked fourth in a September 2012 Global Language Monitor list of words from television most used on the Internet . In 2012 , the media used `` Game of Thrones '' as a figure of speech or comparison for situations of intense conflict and deceit , such as the 2012 United States Supreme Court decision regarding healthcare reform legislation , the Syrian Civil War and the ousting of Bo Xilai from the Chinese government . `` Khaleesi '' has increased in popularity as a name for baby girls in the United States . In the novels and the TV series , the word is a title meaning the wife of a Khal ( warlord ) in the Dothraki language held by Daenerys Targaryen , and not actually a name . Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 89 % ( 33 reviews ) 80 ( 28 reviews ) 96 % ( 33 reviews ) 90 ( 26 reviews ) 97 % ( 44 reviews ) 91 ( 25 reviews ) 97 % ( 50 reviews ) 94 ( 29 reviews ) 5 95 % ( 52 reviews ) 91 ( 29 reviews ) 6 96 % ( 29 reviews ) 73 ( 9 reviews ) 7 96 % ( 34 reviews ) 77 ( 12 reviews ) Game of Thrones has received critical acclaim , although the series ' frequent use of nudity and violence has been criticized . Its seasons have appeared on annual `` best of '' lists published by The Washington Post ( 2011 ) , TIME ( 2011 and 2012 ) and The Hollywood Reporter ( 2012 ) . The performances of the cast have also been praised . Peter Dinklage 's `` charming , morally ambiguous , and self - aware '' Tyrion , who earned him Emmy and Golden Globe awards , was noted . `` In many ways , Game of Thrones belongs to Dinklage '' , wrote Mary McNamara of the L.A. Times before Tyrion became the series ' central figure in season two . Several critics highlighted performances by actresses and children . Fourteen - year - old Maisie Williams , noted in the first season for her debut as Arya Stark , was singled out for her season - two work with veteran actor Charles Dance ( Tywin Lannister ) . First - season reviewers said the series had high production values , a fully realized world and compelling characters . According to Variety , `` There may be no show more profitable to its network than ' Game of Thrones ' is to HBO . Fully produced by the pay cabler and already a global phenomenon after only one season , the fantasy skein was a gamble that has paid off handsomely '' . The second season was also well received by critics . Entertainment Weekly praised its `` vivid , vital , and just plain fun '' storytelling and , according to the Hollywood Reporter , the show made a `` strong case for being one of TV 's best series '' ; its seriousness made it the only drama comparable to Mad Men or Breaking Bad . The New York Times gave the series a mixed review , criticizing its number of characters , their lack of complexity and a meandering plot . The third season was very well received by critics , with Metacritic giving it a score of 91 out of 100 ( indicating `` universal acclaim '' ) . The fourth season was also praised ; Metacritic gave it a score of 94 out of 100 based on 29 reviews , again indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The fifth season was also well received by critics and has a score of 91 out of 100 ( based on 29 reviews ) on Metacritic . The sixth season has been praised by critics . It has a score of 73 out of 100 ( based on nine reviews ) on Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The seventh season has a score of 77 out of 100 ( based on twelve reviews ) on Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The series has a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 44 reviews . All episodes had positive reviews of 91 percent or higher on Rotten Tomatoes , and a 97 - percent rating ( based on 50 reviews ) for the season as a whole . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 95 percent and an average score of 8.6 out of 10 ( based on 52 reviews ) . The season has a rating of 96 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 29 reviews . After the first episode aired , the seventh season held a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 29 reviews . Sex and violence Despite its otherwise enthusiastic reception by critics , Game of Thrones has been criticized for the amount of female nudity , violence , and sexual violence ( especially against women ) it depicts , and for the manner in which it depicts these themes . The Atlantic called the series ' `` tendency to ramp up the sex , violence , and -- especially -- sexual violence '' of the source material `` the defining weakness '' of the adaptation . George R.R. Martin responded that he feels obliged to be truthful about history and human nature , and that rape and sexual violence are common in war ; and that omitting them from the narrative would have rung false and undermined one of his novels ' themes , its historical realism . HBO said that they `` fully support the vision and artistry of Dan and David 's exceptional work and we feel this work speaks for itself . '' The amount of sex and nudity in the series , especially in scenes that are incidental to the plot , was the focus of much of the criticism aimed at the series in its first and second seasons . Stephen Dillane , who portrays Stannis Baratheon , likened the series ' frequent explicit scenes to `` German porn from the 1970s '' . Charlie Anders wrote in io9 that while the first season was replete with light - hearted `` sexposition '' , the second season appeared to focus on distasteful , exploitative , and dehumanizing sex with little informational content . According to The Washington Post 's Anna Holmes , the nude scenes appeared to be aimed mainly at titillating heterosexual men , right down to the Brazilian waxes sported by the women in the series ' faux - medieval setting , which made these scenes alienating to other viewers . The Huffington Post 's Maureen Ryan likewise noted that Game of Thrones mostly presented women naked , rather than men , and that the excess of `` random boobage '' undercut any aspirations the series might have to address the oppression of women in a feudal society . Saturday Night Live parodied this aspect of the adaptation in a sketch that portrayed the series as retaining a thirteen - year - old boy as a consultant whose main concern was showing as many breasts as possible . In the third season , which saw Theon Greyjoy lengthily tortured and eventually emasculated , the series was also criticized for its use of torture . New York magazine called the scene `` torture porn . '' Madeleine Davies of Jezebel agreed , saying , `` it 's not uncommon that Game of Thrones gets accused of being torture porn -- senseless , objectifying violence combined with senseless , objectifying sexual imagery . '' According to Davies , although the series ' violence tended to serve a narrative purpose , Theon 's torture in `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' was excessive . A scene in the fourth season 's episode `` Breaker of Chains '' , in which Jaime Lannister rapes his sister and lover Cersei , triggered a broad public discussion about the series ' depiction of sexual violence against women . According to Dave Itzkoff of The New York Times , the scene caused outrage , in part because of comments by director Alex Graves that the scene became `` consensual by the end '' . Itzkoff also wrote that critics fear that `` rape has become so pervasive in the drama that it is almost background noise : a routine and unshocking occurrence '' . Sonia Saraiya of The A.V. Club wrote that the series ' choice to portray this sexual act , and a similar one between Daenerys Targaryen and Khal Drogo in the first season -- both described as consensual in the source novels -- as a rape appeared to be an act of `` exploitation for shock value '' . In the fifth season 's episode `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' , Sansa Stark is raped by Ramsay Bolton . Most reviewers , including those from Vanity Fair , Salon , The Atlantic , and The Daily Beast , found the scene gratuitous and artistically unnecessary . For example , Joanna Robinson , writing for Vanity Fair , said that the scene `` undercuts all the agency that 's been growing in Sansa since the end of last season . '' In contrast , Sara Stewart of The New York Post wondered why viewers were not similarly upset about the many background and minor characters who 'd undergone similar or worse treatment . In response to the scene , pop culture website The Mary Sue announced that it would cease coverage of the series because of the repeated use of rape as a plot device , and U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill said that she would no longer watch it . As the sixth and seventh seasons saw Daenerys , Sansa and Cersei assume ruling positions , Alyssa Rosenberg of the Washington Post noted that the series could be seen as a `` long - arc revenge fantasy about what happens when women who have been brutalized and raped gain power '' -- namely , that their past leaves them too broken to do anything but commit brutal acts in their own turn , and that their personal liberation does not effect the social change needed to protect others from suffering . Fandom Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom In this manipulated image published by the White House , U.S. President Barack Obama ( a fan of the series ) sits on the Iron Throne in the Oval Office with the king 's crown on his lap . A Song of Ice and Fire and Game of Thrones have a broad , active international fan base . In 2012 Vulture.com ranked the series ' fans as the most devoted in popular culture , more so than Lady Gaga 's , Justin Bieber 's , Harry Potter 's or Star Wars ' . Fans include political leaders such as former U.S. president Barack Obama , former British prime minister David Cameron , former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard and Dutch foreign minister Frans Timmermans , who framed European politics in quotes from Martin 's novels in a 2013 speech . BBC News said in 2013 that `` the passion and the extreme devotion of fans '' had created a phenomenon unlike anything related to other popular TV series , manifesting itself in fan fiction , Game of Thrones - themed burlesque routines and parents naming their children after series characters ; writers quoted attributed this success to the rich detail , moral ambiguity , sexual explicitness and epic scale of the series and novels . The previous year , `` Arya '' was the fastest - rising girl 's name in the U.S. after it jumped in popularity from 711th to 413th place . In 2013 about 58 percent of series viewers were male and 42 percent female , and the average male viewer was 41 years old . According to SBS Broadcasting Group marketing director Helen Kellie , Game of Thrones has a high fan - engagement rate ; 5.5 percent of the series ' 2.9 million Facebook fans talked online about the series in 2012 , compared to 1.8 percent of the more than ten million fans of True Blood ( HBO 's other fantasy series ) . Vulture.com cited Westeros.org and WinterIsComing.net ( news and discussion forums ) , ToweroftheHand.com ( which organizes communal readings of the novels ) and Podcastoficeandfire.com as fan sites dedicated to the TV and novel series ; and podcasts cover Game of Thrones . Awards and accolades Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Game of Thrones has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 38 Primetime Emmy Awards , 5 Screen Actors Guild Award , and a Peabody Award . It holds the Emmy - award record for a scripted television series , ahead of Frasier ( which received 37 ) . In 2013 the Writers Guild of America listed Game of Thrones as the 40th `` best written '' series in television history . In 2015 The Hollywood Reporter placed it at number four on their `` best TV shows ever '' list , while in 2016 the show was placed seventh on Empire 's `` The 50 best TV shows ever '' . The same year Rolling Stone named it the twelfth `` greatest TV Show of all time '' . The 2011 first season received 13 nominations ( including Outstanding Drama Series ) , and won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( given to Peter Dinklage for his portrayal of Tyrion Lannister ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . Other nominations included Outstanding Directing ( `` Winter Is Coming '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` Baelor '' ) . Dinklage was also named Best Supporting Actor at the Golden Globe , Satellite and Scream Awards . In 2012 , the second season received six Creative Arts Emmy Awards from 11 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) . The 2013 third season received 16 Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Emilia Clarke ) , Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series ( Diana Rigg ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) , winning two Creative Arts Emmys . In 2014 the fourth season received four Creative Arts Emmys from 19 nominations , which included Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Lena Headey ) , Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series ( Rigg ) , Outstanding Directing ( `` The Watchers on the Wall '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` The Children '' ) . The 2015 fifth season won the most Primetime Emmy Awards for a series in a year ( 12 awards from 24 nominations ) , including Outstanding Drama Series ; other wins included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Directing ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) , and eight were Creative Arts Emmy Awards . In 2016 , the sixth season received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 23 ) . It won for Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Directing ( `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) , Outstanding Writing ( `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) , and nine Creative Arts Emmys . Nominations included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage and Kit Harington ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Clarke , Headey and Maisie Williams ) , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series ( Max von Sydow ) and Outstanding Directing ( `` The Door '' ) . Viewer numbers The first season averaged 2.5 million viewers for its first Sunday - night screenings and a gross audience ( including repeats and on - demand viewings ) of 9.3 million viewers per episode . For its second season , the series had an average gross audience of 11.6 million viewers . The third season was seen by 14.2 million viewers , making Game of Thrones the second-most - viewed HBO series ( after The Sopranos ) . For the fourth season , HBO said that its average gross audience of 18.4 million viewers ( later adjusted to 18.6 million ) had passed The Sopranos for the record . By the sixth season the average per - episode gross viewing figure had increased to over 25 million , with nearly 40 percent of viewers watching on HBO digital platforms . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Game of Thrones was `` much more popular in cities than in the countryside , probably the only show involving zombies that is '' . In season seven , the viewers numbers averaged at over 30 millions per episode across all platforms . The series set records on pay - television channels in the United Kingdom ( with a 2016 average audience of more than five million on all platforms ) and Australia ( with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million ) . The following graph indicates first - airing viewer numbers in the US : Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Other media and products See also : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire Video games Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire video games The series has inspired four video games based on the TV series and novels . The strategy game Game of Thrones Ascent ties into the HBO series , making characters and settings available to players as they appear on television . Merchandise and exhibition Game of Thrones merchandise in HBO 's New York City store HBO has licensed a variety of merchandise based on Game of Thrones , including games , replica weapons and armor , jewelry , bobblehead dolls by Funko , beer by Ommegang and apparel . High - end merchandise includes a $10,500 Ulysse Nardin wristwatch and a $30,000 resin replica of the Iron Throne . In 2013 and 2014 , a traveling exhibition of costumes , props , armor and weapons from the series visited major cities in Europe and the Americas . Accompanying material Thronecast : The Official Guide to Game of Thrones , a series of podcasts presented by Geoff Lloyd and produced by Koink , has been released on the Sky Atlantic website and the UK iTunes store during the series ' run ; a new podcast , with analysis and cast interviews , is released after each episode . In 2014 and 2015 HBO commissioned Catch the Throne , two rap albums about the series . A companion book , Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 4521 - 1010 - 3 ) by series writer Bryan Cogman , was published on September 27 , 2012 . The 192 - page book , illustrated with concept art and behind - the - scenes photographs , covers the creation of the series ' first two seasons and its principal characters and families . After the Thrones is a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series . It airs on HBO Now the Monday after each sixth - season episode . The Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience , a 28 - city orchestral tour which will perform the series ' soundtrack with composer Ramin Djawadi , is scheduled to begin February 15 , 2017 in Kansas City , Missouri . Spin - offs After years of speculation about possible successor shows , in May 2017 HBO commissioned five screenwriters -- Max Borenstein , Jane Goldman , Brian Helgeland , Carly Wray and a fifth writer yet to be announced -- to develop individual Game of Thrones successor series . All of the writers are to be working individually with George R.R. Martin . Martin said that all the concepts under discussion are prequels , and some may be set outside Westeros . He also ruled out Robert 's Rebellion ( the overthrow of Daenerys 's father by Robert Baratheon ) as a possible idea . D.B. Weiss and David Benioff said that they would not be involved with any of the projects , and want to enjoy the successor series as fans . Martin is co-writing two of the four announced scripts . In September 2017 , it was announced that Game of Thrones writer Bryan Cogman would be developing a fifth prequel series . Histories and lore Each season 's individual Blu - ray and DVD set contains several short animated sequences narrated by the show 's cast as their characters as they detail various different events in the history of Westeros . For the seventh season release , it will include the animated prequel series Game of Thrones : Conquest & Rebellion , which is illustrated in a different animation style than previous videos . The series focuses on Aegon Targaryen 's conquest of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros . References ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO clarifies prequels , final seasons plan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns ' Fire ' into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cogman , Bryan ( November 6 , 2014 ) . 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Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's 100 Favorite TV Shows '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ West , Kelly ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` The 2011 Scream Awards Winners : Vampires , Wizards And Swans '' . Cinemablend . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Winners '' . International Press Academy . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` For HBO , Game of Thrones Ratings Second Only to The Sopranos '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' has become more popular than ' The Sopranos ' sorta kinda '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' draws 7.1 million viewers for blood - filled finale '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 ratings : Show brought in 25.1 million viewers on average per episode '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones most popular Sky series ever with 5m viewers '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season six finale sets Australian audience record for Foxtel '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Ascent is More Up - to - Date With the Show Than You Are '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sacco , Dominic ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Brand Profiles : Game of Thrones '' . Licensing.biz . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` '' Is the $10,500 Game of Thrones Watch Blood - Resistant ? '' and Our Other Most Pressing Concerns About the Official `` Night 's '' Timepiece `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` The Pros and Cons of Owning a $30,000 Game of Thrones Replica Throne '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition '' . HBO . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thronecast : The Official Fan Show for Game of Thrones on Sky Atlantic HD '' . iTunes Store . April 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whelan , Robbie ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Unlikely Mix : Rappers , Dragons and Fantasy : HBO Hires Hip - Hop , Latin - Music Artists to Promote ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Colin ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Snoop Dogg , Talib Kweli , Mastodon , More To Appear On ' Game of Thrones ' Mixtape '' . Spin . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Richard ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Inside HBO 's Game Of Thrones by Bryan Cogman REVIEW '' . SFX . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after - show from Bill Simmons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones concert experience hits the road in 2017 '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Fifth `` Successor Show '' in the Works at HBO , George R.R. Martin Says `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` About Those Spinoffs ... '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Future Explained : Could All the Prequels Move Forward ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones writer Bryan Cogman developing a 5th prequel series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` New GAME OF THRONES History Tells Us a Few Things About the Future '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lutes , Alicia ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Explore the Targaryen Conquest of Westeros in New GAME OF THRONES Animated Short '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game of Thrones . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Game of Thrones Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Game of Thrones tourism . 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Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue , season 2 ( 1995 ) ER , season 2 ( 1996 ) Law & Order , season 7 ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) The West Wing , season 3 ( 2002 ) The West Wing , season 4 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) 24 , season 5 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Incredibles ( 2005 ) Serenity ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) WALL - E ( 2009 ) Moon ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2015 ) The Martian ( 2016 ) Arrival ( 2017 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form `` Conversations with Dead People '' ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) ( 2003 ) Gollum 's Acceptance Speech at the 2003 MTV Movie Awards ( 2004 ) `` 33 '' ( Battlestar Galactica ) ( 2005 ) `` The Empty Child '' / `` The Doctor Dances '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2006 ) `` The Girl in the Fireplace '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2007 ) `` Blink '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2008 ) Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog ( 2009 ) `` The Waters of Mars '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2010 ) `` The Pandorica Opens '' / `` The Big Bang '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2011 ) `` The Doctor 's Wife '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2012 ) `` Blackwater '' ( Game of Thrones ) ( 2013 ) `` The Rains of Castamere '' ( Game of Thrones ) ( 2014 ) `` By Means Which Have Never Yet Been Tried '' ( Orphan Black ) ( 2015 ) `` AKA Smile '' ( Jessica Jones ) ( 2016 ) `` Leviathan Wakes '' ( The Expanse ) ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Genre American Horror Story ( 2011 ) The Walking Dead ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones ( 2013 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 ) The Walking Dead ( 2015 ) Outlander ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation Alien Nation : Millennium ( 1994 ) Alien Nation : Dark Horizon ( 1995 ) Doctor Who ( 1996 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Fail Safe ( 2000 ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 ) Steven Spielberg Presents Taken ( 2002 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 ) Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 ) Masters of Horror / The Triangle ( 2005 ) The Librarian : Return to King Solomon 's Mines ( 2006 ) Family Guy ( `` Blue Harvest '' ) ( 2007 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) Torchwood : Children of Earth ( 2009 ) The Walking Dead ( 2010 ) The Walking Dead ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Doctor Who : `` The Husbands of River Song ' '' ( 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) TCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding New Program Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) My Name is Earl ( 2006 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) True Blood ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) The Americans ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1987 ) St. Elsewhere , season 6 ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 ( 1990 ) thirtysomething , season 4 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 2 ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1994 ) My So - Called Life , season 1 ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 4 ( 1996 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 5 ( 1997 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 6 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The Sopranos , season 3 / The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 / season 2 ( 2002 ) Boomtown , season 1 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Lost , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad , season 3 / Lost , season 6 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad , season 4 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) The Good Wife , season 5 ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) The Americans , season 4 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) ER , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Law & Order , season 6 ( 1996 ) The Practice , season 2 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) 24 , season 1 ( 2002 ) Six Feet Under , season 2 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Stranger Things , season 1 ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) VIAF : 256050409 LCCN : no2011110818 GND : 1024427587 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones&oldid=808035494 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American television series 2011 American television series debuts American adventure television series American drama television series American fantasy television series Dark fantasy television series Dragons in popular culture English - language television programs Family saga Game of Thrones HBO network shows High fantasy television series Incest in television Magic in television Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Serial drama television series Television programs based on novels Television series about dysfunctional families Television series with multiple main characters Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Witchcraft in television Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 14 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did they start filming game of thrones | [
"The first and second drafts of the pilot script by Benioff and Weiss were submitted in August 2007[38] and June 2008,[39] respectively. Although HBO liked both drafts,[39][40] a pilot was not ordered until November 2008;[41] the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike may have delayed the process.[40] The pilot episode, \"Winter Is Coming\", was first shot in 2009; after a poor reception in a private viewing, HBO demanded an extensive re-shoot (about 90 percent of the episode, with cast and directorial changes).[34][42]"
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"2009"
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40482195487920200 | The War of the Worlds | The War of the Worlds - wikipedia The War of the Worlds For the 1938 radio adaption by Orson Welles , see The War of the Worlds ( radio drama ) . For other uses , see The War of the Worlds ( disambiguation ) . The War of the Worlds 1898 UK first edition Author H.G. Wells Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Science fiction Published 1898 ( William Heinemann ) Pages 287 Text The War of the Worlds at Wikisource Title page , 1927 Amazing Stories reprint . The War of the Worlds is a science fiction novel by English author H.G. Wells first serialised in 1897 by Pearson 's Magazine in the UK and by Cosmopolitan magazine in the US . The novel 's first appearance in hardcover was in 1898 from publisher William Heinemann of London . Written between 1895 and 1897 , it is one of the earliest stories that detail a conflict between mankind and an extraterrestrial race . The novel is the first - person narrative of both an unnamed protagonist in Surrey and of his younger brother in London as southern England is invaded by Martians . The novel is one of the most commented - on works in the science fiction canon . The plot has been related to invasion literature of the time . The novel has been variously interpreted as a commentary on evolutionary theory , British imperialism , and generally Victorian superstitions , fears and prejudices . At the time of publication , it was classified as a scientific romance , like Wells ' earlier novel The Time Machine . The War of the Worlds has been both popular ( having never been out of print ) and influential , spawning half a dozen feature films , radio dramas , a record album , various comic book adaptations , a television series , and sequels or parallel stories by other authors . It was most memorably dramatized in a 1938 radio program that allegedly caused public panic among listeners who did not know the Martian invasion was fictional . The novel has even influenced the work of scientists , notably Robert H. Goddard , who , inspired by the book , invented both the liquid fuelled rocket and multistage rocket , which resulted in the Apollo 11 Moon landing 71 years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 The coming of the Martians 1.2 The Earth under the Martians 2 Style 3 Scientific setting 4 Physical location 5 Cultural setting 6 Publication 7 Reception 8 Relation to invasion literature 9 Scientific predictions and accuracy 9.1 Mars 9.2 Space travel 9.3 Total war 9.4 Weapons and armour 10 Interpretations 10.1 Natural selection 10.2 Human evolution 10.3 Colonialism and imperialism 10.4 Social Darwinism 10.5 Religion and science 11 Influences 11.1 Mars and Martians 11.2 Aliens and alien invasion 11.2. 1 Antecedents 11.2. 2 Early examples of influence on science fiction 11.2. 3 Later examples 11.3 Tripods 12 Adaptations 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Citations 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links Plot ( edit ) Yet across the gulf of space , minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish , intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic , regarded this earth with envious eyes , and slowly and surely drew their plans against us . -- H.G. Wells ( 1898 ) , The War of the Worlds The coming of the Martians ( edit ) The narrative opens by stating that as humans on Earth busied themselves with their own endeavours during the mid-1890s , aliens on Mars began plotting an invasion of Earth to replenish their limited resources . The narrator is invited to an astronomical observatory at Ottershaw where explosions are seen on the surface of the planet Mars , creating much interest in the scientific community . Months later , a `` meteor '' lands on Horsell Common , near the unnamed narrator 's home in Woking , Surrey . He is among the first to discover that the object is an artificial cylinder that opens , disgorging Martians who are `` big '' and `` greyish '' with `` oily brown skin '' , `` the size , perhaps , of a bear '' , each with `` two large dark - coloured eyes '' , and lipless `` V - shaped mouths '' which drip saliva and are surrounded by two `` Gorgon groups of tentacles '' . The narrator finds them `` at once vital , intense , inhuman , crippled and monstrous '' . They briefly emerge , have difficulty in coping with the Earth 's atmosphere and gravity , and rapidly retreat into their cylinder . A human deputation ( which includes the astronomer Ogilvy ) approaches the cylinder with a white flag , but the Martians incinerate them and others nearby with a heat - ray before beginning to assemble their machinery . Military forces arrive that night to surround the common , including Maxim guns . The population of Woking and the surrounding villages are reassured by the presence of the British Army . A tense day begins , with much anticipation of military action by the narrator . An army of Martian fighting - machines destroying England . ( 1906 ) After heavy firing from the common and damage to the town from the heat - ray which suddenly erupts in the late afternoon , the narrator takes his wife to safety in nearby Leatherhead , where his cousin lives , using a rented , two - wheeled horse cart ; he then returns to Woking to return the cart when in the early morning hours , a violent thunderstorm erupts . On the road during the height of the storm , he has his first terrifying sight of a fast - moving Martian fighting - machine ; in a panic he crashes the horse cart , barely escaping detection . He discovers the Martians have assembled towering three - legged `` fighting - machines '' ( tripods ) , each armed with a heat - ray and a chemical weapon : the poisonous `` black smoke '' . These tripods have wiped out the army units positioned around the cylinder and attacked and destroyed most of Woking . Sheltering in his house , the narrator sees a fleeing artilleryman moving through his garden , who later tells the narrator of his experiences and mentions that another cylinder has landed between Woking and Leatherhead , cutting off the narrator from his wife . The two try to escape via Byfleet just after dawn , but are separated at the Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry during a Martian afternoon attack on Shepperton . One of the Martian fighting - machines is brought down in the River Thames by artillery as the narrator and countless others try to cross the river into Middlesex , as the Martians retreat back to their original crater . This gives the authorities precious hours to form a defence - line covering London . After the Martians ' temporary repulse , the narrator is able to float down the Thames in a boat toward London , stopping at Walton , where he first encounters the curate , his companion for the coming weeks . A Martian fighting - machine battling with HMS Thunder Child ( 1906 ) Towards dusk , the Martians renew their offensive , breaking through the defence - line of siege guns and field artillery centred on Richmond Hill and Kingston Hill by a widespread bombardment of the black smoke ; an exodus of the population of London begins . This includes the narrator 's younger brother , a medical student , also unnamed , who flees to the Essex coast after the sudden , panicked , predawn order to evacuate London is given by the authorities , a terrifying and harrowing journey of three days , amongst thousands of similar refugees streaming from London . The brother encounters Mrs. Elphinstone and her younger sister - in - law , just in time to help them fend off three men who are trying to rob them . Since Mrs Elphinstone 's husband is missing , the three continue on together . After a terrifying struggle to cross a streaming mass of refugees on the road at Barnet , they head eastward . Two days later , at Chelmsford , their pony is confiscated for food by the local Committee of Public Supply . They press on to Tillingham and the sea . There they manage to buy passage to Continental Europe on a small paddle steamer , part of a vast throng of shipping gathered off the Essex coast to evacuate refugees . The torpedo ram HMS Thunder Child destroys two attacking tripods before being destroyed by the Martians , though this allows the evacuation fleet to escape , including the ship carrying the narrator 's brother and his two travelling companions . Shortly thereafter , all organised resistance has ceased , and the Martians roam the shattered landscape unhindered . The Earth under the Martians ( edit ) At the beginning of Book Two the narrator and the curate are plundering houses in search of food . During this excursion the men witness a Martian fighting - machine enter Kew , seizing any person it finds and tossing them into a `` great metallic carrier which projected behind him , much as a workman 's basket hangs over his shoulder '' , and the narrator realises that the Martian invaders may have `` a purpose other than destruction '' for their victims . At a house in Sheen `` a blinding glare of green light '' and a loud concussion attend the arrival of the fifth Martian cylinder , and both men are trapped beneath the ruins for two weeks . The narrator 's relations with the curate deteriorate over time , and he eventually is forced to knock him unconscious to silence his now loud ranting ; but the curate is overheard outside by a Martian , who finally removes his unconscious body with one of its handling machine tentacles . The reader is then led to believe the Martians will perform a fatal transfusion of the curate 's blood to nourish themselves , as they have done with other captured victims viewed by the narrator through a small slot in the house 's ruins . The narrator just barely escapes detection from the returned foraging tentacle by hiding in the adjacent coal - cellar . The Martians eventually abandon the cylinder 's crater , and the narrator emerges from the collapsed house where he had observed the Martians up close during his ordeal ; he then approaches West London . En route , he finds the Martian red weed everywhere , a prickly vegetation spreading wherever there is abundant water . On Putney Heath , he once again encounters the artilleryman , who briefly persuades him of a grandiose plan to rebuild civilisation by living underground ; but , after a few hours , the narrator perceives the laziness of his companion and abandons him . Now in a deserted and silent London , he begins to slowly go mad from his accumulated trauma , finally attempting to end it all by openly approaching a stationary fighting - machine . To his surprise , he quickly discovers that all the Martians have been killed by an onslaught of earthly pathogens , to which they had no immunity : `` slain , after all man 's devices had failed , by the humblest things that God , in his wisdom , has put upon this earth '' . The narrator continues on , finally suffering a brief but complete nervous breakdown , which affects him for days ; he is finally nursed back to health by a kind family . Eventually , he is able to return by train to Woking via a patchwork of newly repaired tracks . At his home , he discovers that his beloved wife has miraculously survived . The last chapter reflects on the significance of the Martian invasion and the `` abiding sense of doubt and insecurity '' it has left in the narrator 's mind . Style ( edit ) The War of the Worlds presents itself as a factual account of the Martian invasion . The narrator is a middle - class writer of philosophical papers , somewhat reminiscent of Doctor Kemp in The Invisible Man , with characteristics similar to author Wells at the time of writing . The reader learns very little about the background of the narrator or indeed of anyone else in the novel ; characterisation is unimportant . In fact none of the principal characters are named , aside from the astronomer Ogilvy . Scientific setting ( edit ) Wells trained as a science teacher during the latter half of the 1880s . One of his teachers was T.H. Huxley , famous as a major advocate of Darwinism . He later taught science , and his first book was a biology textbook . He joined the scientific journal Nature as a reviewer in 1894 . Much of his work is notable for making contemporary ideas of science and technology easily understandable to readers . The scientific fascinations of the novel are established in the opening chapter where the narrator views Mars through a telescope , and Wells offers the image of the superior Martians having observed human affairs , as though watching tiny organisms through a microscope . Ironically it is microscopic Earth lifeforms that finally prove deadly to the Martian invasion force . In 1894 a French astronomer observed a ' strange light ' on Mars , and published his findings in the scientific journal Nature on the second of August that year . Wells used this observation to open the novel , imagining these lights to be the launching of the Martian cylinders toward Earth . American astronomer Percival Lowell published the book Mars in 1895 suggesting features of the planet 's surface observed through telescopes might be canals . He speculated that these might be irrigation channels constructed by a sentient life form to support existence on an arid , dying world , similar to that which Wells suggests the Martians have left behind . The novel also presents ideas related to Charles Darwin 's theory of natural selection , both in specific ideas discussed by the narrator , and themes explored by the story . Wells also wrote an essay titled ' Intelligence on Mars ' , published in 1896 in the Saturday Review , which sets out many of the ideas for the Martians and their planet that are used almost unchanged in The War of the Worlds . In the essay he speculates about the nature of the Martian inhabitants and how their evolutionary progress might compare to humans . He also suggests that Mars , being an older world than the Earth , might have become frozen and desolate , conditions that might encourage the Martians to find another planet on which to settle . Physical location ( edit ) The Martian in Woking . In 1895 Wells was an established writer and he married his second wife , Catherine Robbins , moving with her to the town of Woking in Surrey . Here he spent his mornings walking or cycling in the surrounding countryside , and his afternoons writing . The original idea for The War of the Worlds came from his brother during one of these walks , pondering on what it might be like if alien beings were suddenly to descend on the scene and start attacking its inhabitants . Much of The War of the Worlds takes place around Woking and the surrounding area . The initial landing site of the Martian invasion force , Horsell Common , was an open area close to Wells 's home . In the preface to the Atlantic edition of the novel he wrote of his pleasure in riding a bicycle around the area , imagining the destruction of cottages and houses he saw , by the Martian heat - ray or their red weed . While writing the novel , Wells enjoyed shocking his friends by revealing details of the story , and how it was bringing total destruction to parts of the South London landscape that were familiar to them . The characters of the artilleryman , the curate , and the brother medical student were also based on acquaintances in Woking and Surrey . Wells wrote in a letter to Elizabeth Healey about his choice of locations : `` I 'm doing the dearest little serial for Pearson 's new magazine , in which I completely wreck and sack Woking -- killing my neighbours in painful and eccentric ways -- then proceed via Kingston and Richmond to London , which I sack , selecting South Kensington for feats of peculiar atrocity . '' In the present day a 7 - metre ( 23 feet ) high sculpture of a tripod fighting machine , entitled The Martian , based on the description in The War of the Worlds , stands in Crown Passage close to the local railway station in Woking , designed and constructed by artist Michael Condron . Cultural setting ( edit ) His depiction of suburban late Victorian culture in the novel was an accurate reflection of his own experiences at the time of writing . In the late 19th Century the British Empire was the predominant colonial and naval power on the globe , making its domestic heart a poignant and terrifying starting point for an invasion by Martians with their own imperialist agenda . He also drew upon a common fear which had emerged in the years approaching the turn of the century , known at the time as fin de siècle or ' end of the age ' , which anticipated apocalypse at midnight on the last day of 1899 . Publication ( edit ) In the late 1890s it was common for novels , prior to full volume publication , to be serialised in magazines or newspapers , with each part of the serialisation ending upon a cliff hanger to entice audiences to buy the next edition . This is a practice familiar from the first publication of Charles Dickens ' novels in the nineteenth century . The War of the Worlds was first published in serial form in Pearson 's Magazine in April -- December 1897 . Wells was paid £ 200 and Pearsons demanded to know the ending of the piece before committing to publish . The complete volume was published by William Heinemann in 1898 and has been in print ever since . Two unauthorised serialisations of the novel were published in the United States prior to the publication of the novel . The first was published in the New York Evening Journal between December 1897 and January 1898 . The story was published as Fighters from Mars or the War of the Worlds . It changed the location of the story to a New York setting . The second version changed the story to have the Martians landing in the area near and around Boston , and was published by the Boston Post in 1898 , which Wells protested against . It was called Fighters from Mars , or the War of the Worlds in and near Boston . Both pirated versions of the story were followed by Edison 's Conquest of Mars by Garrett P. Serviss . Even though these versions are deemed as unauthorised serialisations of the novel , it is possible that H.G. Wells may have , without realising it , agreed to the serialisation in the New York Evening Journal . Reception ( edit ) The War of the Worlds was generally received very favourably by both readers and critics upon its publication . There was however some criticism of the brutal nature of the events in the narrative . Relation to invasion literature ( edit ) The Battle of Dorking front cover Between 1871 and 1914 over 60 works of fiction for adult readers describing invasions of Great Britain were published . The seminal work was The Battle of Dorking ( 1871 ) by George Tomkyns Chesney , an army officer . The book portrays a surprise German attack , with a landing on the South coast of England , made possible by the distraction of the Royal Navy in colonial patrols and the army in an Irish insurrection . The German army makes short work of English militia and rapidly marches to London . The story was published in Blackwood 's Magazine in May 1871 , and so popular that it was reprinted a month later as a pamphlet which sold 80,000 copies . The appearance of this literature reflected the increasing feeling of anxiety and insecurity as international tensions between European Imperial powers escalated towards the outbreak of the First World War . Across the decades the nationality of the invaders tended to vary , according to the most acutely perceived threat at the time . In the 1870s the Germans were the most common invaders . Towards the end of the nineteenth century , a period of strain on Anglo - French relations , and the signing of a treaty between France and Russia , the French became the more common menace . There are a number of plot similarities between Wells 's book and The Battle of Dorking . In both books a ruthless enemy makes a devastating surprise attack , with the British armed forces helpless to stop its relentless advance , and both involve the destruction of the Home Counties of southern England . However The War of the Worlds transcends the typical fascination of invasion literature with European politics , the suitability of contemporary military technology to deal with the armed forces of other nations , and international disputes , with its introduction of an alien adversary . Although much of invasion literature may have been less sophisticated and visionary than Wells 's novel , it was a useful , familiar genre to support the publication success of the piece , attracting readers used to such tales . It may also have proved an important foundation for Wells 's ideas as he had never seen or fought in a war . Scientific predictions and accuracy ( edit ) Mars ( edit ) Martian canals depicted by Percival Lowell . The arid , lifeless surface of Mars as seen by the Viking Probe . Many novels focusing on life on other planets written close to 1900 echo scientific ideas of the time , including Pierre - Simon Laplace 's nebular hypothesis , Charles Darwin 's theory of natural selection , and Gustav Kirchhoff 's theory of spectroscopy . These scientific ideas combined to present the possibility that planets are alike in composition and conditions for the development of species , which would likely lead to the emergence of life at a suitable geological age in a planet 's development . By the time Wells wrote The War of the Worlds there had been three centuries of observation of Mars through telescopes . Galileo in 1610 observed the planet 's phases , and in 1666 Giovanni Cassini identified the polar ice caps . In 1878 Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli observed geological features which he called canali ( Italian for `` channels '' ) . This was mistranslated into English as `` canals '' which , being artificial watercourses , fuelled the belief in intelligent extraterrestrial life on the planet . This further influenced American astronomer Percival Lowell . In 1895 Lowell published a book titled Mars , which speculated about an arid , dying landscape , whose inhabitants built canals to bring water from the polar caps to irrigate the remaining arable land . This formed the most advanced scientific ideas about the conditions on the red planet available to Wells at the time The War of the Worlds was written , but the concept was later proved erroneous by more accurate observation of the planet , and later landings by Russian and American probes such as the two Viking missions , that found a lifeless world too cold for water to exist in its liquid state . Space travel ( edit ) The Martians travel to the Earth in cylinders , apparently fired from a huge space gun on the surface of Mars . This was a common representation of space travel in the nineteenth century , and had also been used by Jules Verne in From the Earth to the Moon . Modern scientific understanding renders this idea impractical , as it would be difficult to control the trajectory of the gun precisely , and the force of the explosion necessary to propel the cylinder from the Martian surface to the Earth would likely kill the occupants . However , the 16 - year - old Robert Goddard was inspired by the story and spent much of his life building rockets . The research into rockets begun by Goddard eventually culminated in the Apollo program 's manned landing on the Moon , and the landing of robotic probes on Mars . Total War ( edit ) London during ' The Blitz ' in World War II . The Martian invasion 's principal weapons are the Heat - Ray and the poisonous Black Smoke . Their strategy includes the destruction of infrastructure such as armament stores , railways , and telegraph lines ; it appears to be intended to cause maximum casualties , leaving humans without any will to resist . These tactics became more common as the twentieth century progressed , particularly during the 1930s with the development of mobile weapons and technology capable of surgical strikes on key military and civilian targets . Wells 's vision of a war bringing total destruction without moral limitations in The War of the Worlds was not taken seriously by readers at the time of publication . He later expanded these ideas in the novels When the Sleeper Wakes ( 1899 ) , The War in the Air ( 1908 ) , and The World Set Free ( 1914 ) . This kind of total war did not become fully realised until the Second World War . As noted by Howard Black : `` In concrete details the Martian Fighting Machines as depicted by Wells have nothing in common with tanks or dive bombers , but the tactical and strategic use made of them is strikingly reminiscent of Blitzkrieg as it would be developed by the German armed forces four decades later . The description of the Martians advancing inexorably , at lightning speed , towards London ; the British Army completely unable to put up an effective resistance ; the British government disintegrating and evacuating the capital ; the mass of terrified refugees clogging the roads , all were to be precisely enacted in real life at 1940 France . '' Ironically this 1898 prediction came far closer to the actual land fighting of World War II than Wells did much later , much closer to the actual war , in the 1934 The Shape of Things to Come . Weapons and armour ( edit ) Wells 's description of chemical weapons -- the Black Smoke used by the Martian fighting machines to kill human beings in great numbers -- became a reality in World War I . The comparison between lasers and the Heat - Ray was made as early as the later half of the 1950s when lasers were still in development . Prototypes of mobile laser weapons have been developed and are being researched and tested as a possible future weapon in space . Military theorists of the era , including those of the Royal Navy prior to the First World War , had speculated about building a `` fighting - machine '' or a `` land dreadnought '' . Wells later further explored the ideas of an armoured fighting vehicle in his short story `` The Land Ironclads '' . There is a high level of science fiction abstraction in Wells 's description of Martian automotive technology ; he stresses how Martian machinery is devoid of wheels , using the `` muscle - like '' contractions of metal discs along an axis to produce movement . Electroactive polymers currently being developed for use in sensors and robotic actuators are a close match for Wells ' description . Interpretations ( edit ) Wells 's mentor , Darwinist advocate T.H. Huxley . Natural selection ( edit ) H.G. Wells was a student of Thomas Henry Huxley , a proponent of the theory of natural selection . In the novel , the conflict between mankind and the Martians is portrayed as a survival of the fittest , with the Martians whose longer period of successful evolution on the older Mars has led to them developing a superior intelligence , able to create weapons far in advance of humans on the younger planet Earth , who have not had the opportunity to develop sufficient intelligence to construct similar weapons . Human evolution ( edit ) The novel also suggests a potential future for human evolution and perhaps a warning against overvaluing intelligence against more human qualities . The Narrator describes the Martians as having evolved an overdeveloped brain , which has left them with cumbersome bodies , with increased intelligence , but a diminished ability to use their emotions , something Wells attributes to bodily function . The Narrator refers to an 1893 publication suggesting that the evolution of the human brain might outstrip the development of the body , and organs such as the stomach , nose , teeth , and hair would wither , leaving humans as thinking machines , needing mechanical devices much like the Tripod fighting machines , to be able to interact with their environment . This publication is probably Wells 's own `` The Man of the Year Million '' , first published in the Pall Mall Gazette on 6 November 1893 , which suggests similar ideas . Colonialism and imperialism ( edit ) Stamp showing the British Empire at the time of The War of the Worlds publication . Egypt was also under de facto British rule At the time of the novel 's publication the British Empire had conquered and colonised dozens of territories in Africa , Australia , North and South America , the Middle East , South and Southeast Asia , and the Atlantic and Pacific islands . While Invasion Literature had provided an imaginative foundation for the idea of the heart of the British Empire being conquered by foreign forces , it was not until The War of the Worlds that the reading public was presented with an adversary completely superior to themselves . A significant motivating force behind the success of the British Empire was its use of sophisticated technology ; the Martians , also attempting to establish an empire on Earth , have technology superior to their British adversaries . In The War of the Worlds , Wells depicted an imperial power as the victim of imperial aggression , and thus perhaps encouraging the reader to consider imperialism itself . Wells suggests this idea in the following passage : And before we judge them ( the Martians ) too harshly , we must remember what ruthless and utter destruction our own species has wrought , not only upon animals , such as the vanished Bison and the Dodo , but upon its own inferior races . The Tasmanians , in spite of their human likeness , were entirely swept out of existence in a war of extermination waged by European immigrants , in the space of fifty years . Are we such apostles of mercy as to complain if the Martians warred in the same spirit ? -- Chapter I , `` The Eve of the War '' This also challenged the Victorian notion that the British Empire had a right to rule by their own superiority over subject races . Social Darwinism ( edit ) The novel also dramatises the ideas of race presented in Social Darwinism , in that the Martians exercise over humans their ' rights ' as a superior race , more advanced in evolution . Social Darwinism suggested that the success of these different ethnic groups in world affairs , and social classes in a society , were the result of evolutionary struggle in which the group or class more fit to succeed did so ; i.e. , the ability of an ethnic group to dominate other ethnic groups or the chance to succeed or rise to the top of society was determined by genetic superiority . In more modern times it is typically seen as dubious and unscientific for its apparent use of Darwin 's ideas to justify the position of the rich and powerful , or dominant ethnic groups . Wells himself matured in a society wherein the merit of an individual was not considered as important as their social class of origin . His father was a professional sportsman , which was seen as inferior to ' gentle ' status ; whereas his mother had been a domestic servant , and Wells himself was , prior to his writing career , apprenticed to a draper . Trained as a scientist , he was able to relate his experiences of struggle to Darwin 's idea of a world of struggle ; but perceived science as a rational system , which extended beyond traditional ideas of race , class and religious notions , and in fiction challenged the use of science to explain political and social norms of the day . Religion and science ( edit ) Good and evil appear relative in The War of the Worlds , and the defeat of the Martians has an entirely material cause : the action of microscopic bacteria . An insane clergyman is important in the novel , but his attempts to relate the invasion to Armageddon seem examples of his mental derangement . His death , as a result of his evangelical outbursts and ravings attracting the attention of the Martians , appears an indictment of his obsolete religious attitudes ; but the narrator twice prays to God , and suggests that bacteria may have been divinely allowed to exist on Earth for a reason such as this . Influences ( edit ) A Princess of Mars cover . Mars and Martians ( edit ) Further information : Mars in fiction The novel originated several enduring Martian tropes in science fiction writing . These include Mars being an ancient world , nearing the end of its life , being the home of a superior civilisation capable of advanced feats of science and engineering , and also being a source of invasion forces , keen to conquer the Earth . The first two tropes were prominent in Edgar Rice Burroughs `` Barsoom '' series beginning with A Princess of Mars in 1912 . Influential scientist Freeman Dyson , a key figure in the search for extraterrestrial life , also acknowledges his debt to reading H.G. Wells ' fictions as a child . The publication and reception of The War of the Worlds also established the vernacular term of ' martian ' as a description for something offworldly or unknown . Aliens and alien invasion ( edit ) Further information : Invasion literature Antecedents ( edit ) Wells is credited with establishing several extraterrestrial themes which were later greatly expanded by science fiction writers in the 20th Century , including first contact and war between planets and their differing species . There were , however , stories of aliens and alien invasion prior to publication of The War of the Worlds . In 1727 Jonathan Swift published Gulliver 's Travels . The tale included a people who are obsessed with mathematics and more advanced than Europeans scientifically . They populate a floating island fortress called Laputa , 41⁄2 miles in diameter , which uses its shadow to prevent sun and rain from reaching earthly nations over which it travels , ensuring they will pay tribute to the Laputians . Voltaire 's Micromégas ( 1752 ) includes two beings from Saturn and Sirius who , though human in appearance , are of immense size and visit the Earth out of curiosity . At first they think the planet is uninhabited , due to the difference in scale between them and the peoples of Earth . When they discover the haughty Earth - centric views of Earth philosophers , they are greatly amused by how important Earth beings think they are compared to greater beings in the universe such as themselves . In 1892 Robert Potter , an Australian clergyman , published The Germ Growers in London . It describes a covert invasion by aliens who take on the appearance of human beings and attempt to develop a virulent disease to assist in their plans for global conquest . It was not widely read , and consequently Wells 's vastly more successful novel is generally credited as the seminal alien invasion story . The first science fiction to be set on Mars may be Across the Zodiac : The Story of a Wrecked Record ( 1880 ) by Percy Greg . It was a long - winded book concerned with a civil war on Mars . Another Mars novel , this time dealing with benevolent Martians coming to Earth to give humankind the benefit of their advanced knowledge , was published in 1897 by Kurd Lasswitz -- Two Planets ( Auf Zwei Planeten ) . It was not translated until 1971 , and thus may not have influenced Wells , although it did depict a Mars influenced by the ideas of Percival Lowell . Other examples are Mr. Stranger 's Sealed Packet ( 1889 ) , which took place on Mars , Gustavus W. Popes 's Journey to Mars ( 1894 ) , and Ellsworth Douglas 's Pharaoh 's Broker , in which the protagonist encounters an Egyptian civilisation on Mars which , while parallel to that of the Earth , has evolved somehow independently . Early examples of influence on science fiction ( edit ) A reprint of The War of the Worlds was cover - featured on the July 1951 issue of Famous Fantastic Mysteries Wells had already proposed another outcome for the alien invasion story in The War of the Worlds . When the Narrator meets the artilleryman the second time , the artilleryman imagines a future where humanity , hiding underground in sewers and tunnels , conducts a guerrilla war , fighting against the Martians for generations to come , and eventually , after learning how to duplicate Martian weapon technology , destroys the invaders and takes back the Earth . Six weeks after publication of the novel , the Boston Post newspaper published another alien invasion story , an unauthorised sequel to The War of the Worlds , which turned the tables on the invaders . Edison 's Conquest of Mars was written by Garrett P. Serviss , a now little remembered writer , who described the famous inventor Thomas Edison leading a counterattack against the invaders on their home soil . Though this is actually a sequel to ' Fighters from Mars ' , a revised and unauthorised reprint of The War of the Worlds , they both were first printed in the Boston Post in 1898 . Lazar Lagin published Major Well Andyou in USSR in 1962 , an alternative view of events in The War of the Worlds from the viewpoint of a traitor . The War of the Worlds was reprinted in the United States in 1927 , before the Golden Age of science fiction , by Hugo Gernsback in Amazing Stories . John W. Campbell , another key science fiction editor of the era , and periodic short story writer , published several alien invasion stories in the 1930s . Many well known science fiction writers were to follow , including Isaac Asimov , Arthur C. Clarke , Clifford Simak and Robert A. Heinlein with The Puppet Masters and John Wyndham with The Kraken Wakes . Later examples ( edit ) The theme of alien invasion has remained popular to the present day and are frequently used in the plots of all forms of popular entertainment including movies , television , novels , comics and video games . Alan Moore 's graphic novel , The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume II , retells the events in The War of the Worlds . In the end of the first issue of Marvel Zombies 5 , it is revealed that the main characters will visit a world called `` Martian Protectorate '' where the events of The War of the Worlds are occurring . Tripods ( edit ) Main article : Fighting machine ( The War of the Worlds ) The Tripods trilogy of books features a central theme of invasion by alien - controlled tripods . Adaptations ( edit ) Main article : List of works based on The War of the Worlds The War of the Worlds has spawned seven films , as well as various radio dramas , comic - book adaptations , video games , a television series , and sequels or parallel stories by other authors . The most famous , or infamous , adaptation is the 1938 radio broadcast that was narrated and directed by Orson Welles . The first two - thirds of the 60 - minute broadcast were presented as a news bulletin and is often described as having led to outrage and panic by some listeners who had believed the events described in the program were real . However , later critics point out that the supposed panic seems to have been exaggerated by newspapers of the time seeking to discredit radio as a source of information . In 1953 came the first The War of the Worlds theatrical film produced by George Pal and directed by Byron Haskin , starring Gene Barry . Steven Spielberg directed a 2005 film adaptation starring Tom Cruise , which received generally positive reviews . In 1978 a best selling musical album of the story was produced by Jeff Wayne , with the voices of Richard Burton and David Essex . Two later , somewhat different live concert musical versions based on the original album have since been mounted by Wayne and toured throughout the UK . Both versions of this stage production utilized narration , lavish projected computer graphics , and a large Martian fighting machine on stage . In the 1980s a joint American - Canadian venture produced the television series War of the Worlds that ran for two seasons and was a direct sequel to George Pal 's 1953 feature film . Its premise was that the Martians had not died off but were instead stored in suspension by the US government and that most people had just forgotten the previous invasion ; the accidental awakening of the Martians results in another war . A Hey Arnold ! Halloween special was aired to parody The War of the Worlds . The costumes that the main characters wore referenced a species from Star Trek . A 2001 animated series of Justice League begins with a three - part saga called `` Secret Origins '' and features tripod machines invading and attacking the city . The Great Martian War 1913 -- 1917 is a 2013 made - for - television science fiction film docudrama that adapts The War of the Worlds and unfolds in the style of an episode of the History TV Channel . The film is an alternate history of World War I in which Europe and its allies , including America , fight the Martian invaders instead of Germany and its allies . The docudrama includes both new and digitally altered film footage shot during the War to End All Wars to establish the scope of the interplanetary conflict . The film 's original 2013 UK broadcast was during the first year of the World War I centennial ; the first US cable TV broadcast came in 2014 , almost 10 months later . In the spring of 2017 , the BBC announced that it will be producing in 2018 a Victorian period , three - episode mini-series adaptation of the Wells novel . Colin Morgan ( Merlin , Humans ) stars in The Coming of the Martians , a faithful audio dramatisation of H.G. Wells ' classic 1897 story , directed by Lisa Bowerman and adapted by Nick Scovell , will be released in January 2018 by Sherwood Sound Studios as a Collector 's USB Edition , Limited Edition DVD , 2 - Disc CD and Download format . It will be produced in native 5.1 surround sound . There is also a novel adaptation , set in Victorian Britain of 1898 about HMS Thunder Child , called The Last Days of Thunder Child by C.A. Powell . ISBN 978 - 1484088265 See also ( edit ) Novels portal Deus ex machina Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Facsimile of the original 1st edition Jump up ^ David Y. Hughes and Harry M. Geduld , A Critical Edition of The War of the Worlds : H.G. Wells 's Scientific Romance ( Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 1993 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ John L. Flynn ( 2005 ) . `` War of the Worlds : From Wells to Spielberg '' . p. 5 Jump up ^ Patrick Parrinder ( 2000 ) . `` Learning from Other Worlds : Estrangement , Cognition , and the Politics of Science Fiction and Utopia '' . P. 132 . Liverpool University Press ^ Jump up to : http://genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/people/biographies/goddard.pdf Goddard Biography ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Goddard and His Rockets '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Wells , The War of the Worlds , Book One , Ch. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Wells , The War of the Worlds , Book Two , Ch. 1 . Jump up ^ Wells , The War of the Worlds , Book Two , Ch. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Batchelor , John ( 1985 ) . H.G. Wells . Cambridge University Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27804 - X . ^ Jump up to : Parrinder , Patrick ( 1997 ) . H.G. Wells : The Critical Heritage . Routledge . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15910 - 5 . Jump up ^ Parrinder , Patrick ( 1981 ) . The Science Fiction of H.G. Wells . Oxford University Press . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502812 - 0 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Rosylnn D. ( 1980 ) . H.G. Wells Discover of the Future . Macmillan . p. 239 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 27186 - 6 . Jump up ^ Batchelor , John ( 1985 ) . H.G. Wells . Cambridge University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27804 - X . ^ Jump up to : Baxter , Stephen ( 2005 ) . Glenn Yeffeth , ed . `` H.G. Wells ' Enduring Mythos of Mars '' . War of the Worlds : fresh perspectives on the H.G. Wells classic / edited by Glenn Yeffeth . BenBalla : 186 -- 7 . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 55 - 5 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Rosylnn D. ( 1980 ) . H.G. Wells Discover of the Future . Macmillan . p. 240 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 27186 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin , Christopher ( 1988 ) . H.G. Wells . Wayland . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 1 - 85210 - 489 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Flynn , John L. ( 2005 ) . War of the Worlds : From Wells to Spielberg . Galactic Books . pp. 12 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 9769400 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ Welles or Wells : The First Invasion from Mars , Phil Klass , The New York Times Review of Books , 1988 Jump up ^ Pearson , Lynn F. ( 2006 ) . Public Art Since 1950 . Osprey Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0642 - X . Jump up ^ Lackey , Mercedes ( 2005 ) . Glenn Yeffeth , ed . `` In Woking 's Image '' . War of the Worlds : fresh perspectives on the H.G. Wells classic / edited by Glenn Yeffeth . BenBalla : 216 . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 55 - 5 . Jump up ^ Franklin , H. Bruce ( 2008 ) . War Stars . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 65 . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 651 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gerrold , David ( 2005 ) . Glenn Yeffeth , ed . `` War of the Worlds '' . War of the Worlds : fresh perspectives on the H.G. Wells classic / edited by Glenn Yeffeth . BenBalla : 202 -- 205 . ISBN 9781932100556 . Jump up ^ Parrinder , Patrick ( 1997 ) . H.G. Wells : The Critical Heritage . Routledge . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15910 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Urbanski , Heather ( 2007 ) . Plagues , Apocalypses and Bug - Eyed Monsters . McFarland . pp. 156 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2916 - X . Jump up ^ David Y. Hughes and Harry M. Geduld , A Critical Edition of The War of the Worlds : H.G. Wells 's Scientific Romance ( Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 1993 ) , pgs 281 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Aldiss , Brian W. ; Wingrove , David ( 1986 ) . Trillion Year Spree : the History of Science Fiction . London : Victor Gollancz . p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 575 - 03943 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Eby , Cecil D. ( 1988 ) . The Road to Armageddon : The Martial Spirit in English Popular Literature , 1870 -- 1914 . Duke University Press . pp. 11 -- 13 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0775 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Batchelor , John ( 1985 ) . H.G. Wells . CUP Archive . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27804 - X . Jump up ^ Parrinder , Patrick ( 2000 ) . Learning from Other Worlds . Liverpool University Press . p. 142 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 584 - 8 . Jump up ^ McConnell , Frank ( 1981 ) . The Science Fiction of H.G. Wells . Oxford University Press . p. 134 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502812 - 0 . Jump up ^ Guthke , Karl S. ( 1990 ) . The Last Frontier : Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Fiction . Translated by Helen Atkins . Cornell University Press . pp. 368 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1680 - 9 . Jump up ^ Seed , David ( 2005 ) . A Companion to Science Fiction . Blackwell Publishing . p. 546 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1218 - 2 . Jump up ^ Meadows , Arthur Jack ( 2007 ) . The Future of the Universe . Springer . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 946 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Gannon , Charles E. ( 2005 ) . Rumours of War and Infernal Machines . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 99 -- 100 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4035 - 9 . Jump up ^ Parrinder , Patrick ( 1997 ) . H.G. Wells : The Critical Heritage . Routledge . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15910 - 5 . Jump up ^ Howard D. Black . Real and Imagined Wars and Armies . The accurate and inaccurate predictions of Early Science Fiction . Jane Field ( editor ) . Jump up ^ Landships : Armored Vehicles for Colonial - era Gaming ^ Jump up to : Williamson , Jack ( 2005 ) . Glenn Yeffeth , ed . `` The Evolution of the Martians '' . War of the Worlds : fresh perspectives on the H.G. Wells classic / edited by Glenn Yeffeth . BenBella : 189 -- 195 . ISBN 9781932100556 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Rosylnn D. ( 1980 ) . H.G. Wells Discover of the Future . Macmillan . pp. 129 -- 131 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 27186 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Draper , Michael ( 1987 ) . H.G. Wells . Macmillan . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 40747 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Zebrowski , George ( 2005 ) . Glenn Yeffeth , ed . `` The Fear of the Worlds '' . War of the Worlds : fresh perspectives on the H.G. Wells classic / edited by Glenn Yeffeth . BenBalla : 235 -- 41 . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 55 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Adam ( 2006 ) . The History of Science Fiction . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 148 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 97022 - 5 . Jump up ^ Parrinder , Patrick ( 2000 ) . Learning from Other Worlds . Liverpool University Press . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 584 - 8 . Jump up ^ McClellan , James Edward ; Dorn , Harold ( 2006 ) . Science and Technology in World History . JHU Press . pp. 378 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8360 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Adam ( 2006 ) . The History of Science Fiction . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 143 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 97022 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Batchelor , John ( 1985 ) . H.G. Wells . Cambridge University Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27804 - X . Jump up ^ Basalla , George ( 2006 ) . Civilized Life in the Universe : Scientists on Intelligent Extraterrestrials . Oxford University Press US . p. 91 . ISBN 9780195171815 . Jump up ^ Silverberg , Robert ( 2005 ) . Glenn Yeffeth , ed . `` Introduction '' . War of the Worlds : fresh perspectives on the H.G. Wells classic / edited by Glenn Yeffeth . BenBalla : 12 . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 55 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Flynn , John L. ( 2005 ) . War of the Worlds : From Wells to Spielberg . Galactic Books . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 9769400 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ Guthke , Karl S. ( 1990 ) . The Last Frontier : Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Fiction . Translated by Helen Atkins . Cornell University Press . pp. 300 -- 301 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1680 - 9 . Jump up ^ Guthke , Karl S. ( 1990 ) . The Last Frontier : Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Fiction . Translated by Helen Atkins . Cornell University Press . pp. 301 -- 304 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1680 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hotakainen , Markus ( 2008 ) . Mars : A Myth Turned to Landscape . Springer . p. 205 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 76507 - 7 . Jump up ^ Westfahl , Gary ( 2000 ) . Space and Beyond . Greenwood Publishing Groups . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30846 - 2 . Jump up ^ Edison 's Conquest of Mars , `` Forward '' by Robert Godwin , Apogee Books 2005 Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 23 -- The Great Depression '' . The Unfinished Nation . p. 615 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338552 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pooley , Jefferson . `` The Myth of the ' War of the Worlds ' Panic '' . Slate . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` War of the Worlds '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Coren , Michael ( 1993 ) The Invisible Man : The Life and Liberties of H.G. Wells . Publisher : Random House of Canada . ISBN 0 - 394 - 22252 - 0 Gosling , John . Waging the War of the Worlds . Jefferson , North Carolina , McFarland , 2009 . Paperback , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 4105 - 4 . Hughes , David Y. and Harry M. Geduld , A Critical Edition of The War of the Worlds : H.G. Wells 's Scientific Romance . Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 32853 - 5 Roth , Christopher F. ( 2005 ) `` Ufology as Anthropology : Race , Extraterrestrials , and the Occult . '' In E.T. Culture : Anthropology in Outerspaces , ed. by Debbora Battaglia . Durham , N.C. : Duke University Press . Yeffeth , Glenn ( Editor ) ( 2005 ) The War of the Worlds : Fresh Perspectives on the H.G. Wells Classic . Publisher : Benbella Books . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 55 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The War of the Worlds Wikimedia Commons has media related to The War of the Worlds . The War of the Worlds Invasion , large resource containing comment and review on the history of The War of the Worlds The War of the Worlds at Project Gutenberg . The War of the Worlds public domain audiobook at LibriVox Time Archives , a look at perceptions of The War of the Worlds over time Hundreds of cover images of the book 's different editions , from 1898 to now hide Works by H.G. Wells Novels The Time Machine ( 1895 ) The Wonderful Visit ( 1895 ) The Island of Doctor Moreau ( 1896 ) The Wheels of Chance ( 1896 ) The Invisible Man ( 1897 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1898 ) When the Sleeper Wakes ( 1899 ) Love and Mr Lewisham ( 1900 ) The First Men in the Moon ( 1901 ) The Sea Lady ( 1902 ) The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth ( 1904 ) Kipps ( 1905 ) A Modern Utopia ( 1905 ) In the Days of the Comet ( 1906 ) The War in the Air ( 1908 ) Tono - Bungay ( 1909 ) Ann Veronica ( 1909 ) The History of Mr Polly ( 1910 ) The Sleeper Awakes ( 1910 ) The New Machiavelli ( 1911 ) Marriage ( 1912 ) The Passionate Friends ( 1913 ) The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman ( 1914 ) The World Set Free ( 1914 ) Bealby : A Holiday ( 1915 ) Boon ( 1915 ) The Research Magnificent ( 1915 ) Mr Britling Sees It Through ( 1916 ) The Soul of a Bishop ( 1917 ) Joan and Peter : The Story of an Education ( 1918 ) The Undying Fire ( 1919 ) The Secret Places of the Heart ( 1922 ) Men Like Gods ( 1923 ) The Dream ( 1924 ) Christina Alberta 's Father ( 1925 ) The World of William Clissold ( 1926 ) Meanwhile ( 1927 ) Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island ( 1928 ) The Autocracy of Mr. Parham ( 1930 ) The Bulpington of Blup ( 1932 ) The Shape of Things to Come ( 1933 ) The Croquet Player ( 1936 ) Brynhild ( 1937 ) Star Begotten ( 1937 ) The Camford Visitation ( 1937 ) Apropos of Dolores ( 1938 ) The Brothers ( 1938 ) The Holy Terror ( 1939 ) Babes in the Darkling Wood ( 1940 ) All Aboard for Ararat ( 1940 ) You Ca n't Be Too Careful ( 1941 ) Nonfiction Anticipations Certain Personal Matters Crux Ansata The Discovery of the Future An Englishman Looks at the World ( U.S. title : Social Forces in England and America ) Experiment in Autobiography The Fate of Man First and Last Things Floor Games The Future in America : A Search After Realities God the Invisible King Great Ghost Stories ( 1998 ) In the Fourth Year Little Wars Mankind in the Making Mind at the End of Its Tether Mr. Belloc Objects to `` The Outline of History '' The New America : The New World The New World Order New Worlds for Old The Open Conspiracy The Outline of History Russia in the Shadows The Science of Life A Short History of the World The Story of a Great Schoolmaster This Misery of Boots Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water War and the Future ( North America : Italy , France and Britain at War ) The Way the World is Going The Work , Wealth and Happiness of Mankind World Brain A Year of Prophesying Collections The Country of the Blind and Other Stories The Plattner Story and Others Select Conversations with an Uncle The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents Tales of Space and Time Twelve Stories and a Dream Short stories `` Æpyornis Island '' `` The Argonauts of the Air '' `` The Beautiful Suit '' `` The Chronic Argonauts '' `` The Cone '' `` The Country of the Blind '' `` The Crystal Egg '' `` A Deal in Ostriches '' `` The Diamond Maker '' `` A Dream of Armageddon '' `` The Empire of the Ants '' `` In the Abyss '' `` The Land Ironclads '' `` Mr. Ledbetter 's Vacation '' `` The Lord of the Dynamos '' `` The Man Who Could Work Miracles '' `` The New Accelerator '' `` The Pearl of Love '' `` The Queer Story of Brownlow 's Newspaper '' `` The Red Room '' `` The Sea Raiders '' `` The Star '' `` The Stolen Body '' `` A Story of the Days to Come '' `` A Story of the Stone Age '' `` Triumphs of a Taxidermist '' `` The Truth About Pyecraft '' `` A Vision of Judgment '' Screenplays Things to Come The Man Who Could Work Miracles hide H.G. Wells 's The War of the Worlds ( 1897 ) Related texts : `` The Crystal Egg '' Star Begotten Concepts Black smoke Embankment machine Fighting machine Flying machine Handling machine HMS Thunder Child Heat - Ray Red weed Characters Doctor Clayton Forrester Martians Derivative works Novels Fighters from Mars Edison 's Conquest of Mars Sherlock Holmes 's War of the Worlds The Space Machine War of the Worlds : New Millennium The Martian War War of the Worlds : Retaliation The Massacre of Mankind Radio The War of the Worlds ( 1938 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1968 ) Films The War of the Worlds ( 1953 ) The Night That Panicked America The War of the Worlds : Next Century H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) H.G. Wells ' War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds 2 : The Next Wave War of the Worlds : Goliath Comics Killraven Superman : War of the Worlds The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume II Scarlet Traces H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds Music Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds `` Forever Autumn '' Highlights from Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds -- The New Generation Television `` The Night America Trembled '' The Great Martian War 1913 -- 1917 War of the Worlds episodes Mor - Tax Mor - Taxans Video games War of the Worlds ( 1982 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1984 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1998 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1999 ) Short fiction War of the Worlds : Global Dispatches `` Mars : The Home Front '' `` To Mars and Providence '' Rainbow Mars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_War_of_the_Worlds&oldid=845599029 '' Categories : The War of the Worlds 1898 British novels 1890s science fiction novels Alien invasions in novels War of the Worlds written fiction Novels by H.G. Wells Invasion literature Novels first published in serial form Works originally published in Pearson 's Magazine Novels set in Surrey Heinemann ( publisher ) books Novels adapted into comics British novels adapted into films British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 EngvarB from September 2017 Articles that link to Wikisource All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from July 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch La . lojban . 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"The War of the Worlds is a science fiction novel by English author H. G. Wells first serialised in 1897 by Pearson's Magazine in the UK and by Cosmopolitan magazine in the US. The novel's first appearance in hardcover was in 1898 from publisher William Heinemann of London. Written between 1895 and 1897,[2] it is one of the earliest stories that detail a conflict between mankind and an extraterrestrial race.[3] The novel is the first-person narrative of both an unnamed protagonist in Surrey and of his younger brother in London as southern England is invaded by Martians. The novel is one of the most commented-on works in the science fiction canon.[4]"
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"Surrey"
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6550815126842179666 | Methuselah | Methuselah - wikipedia Methuselah Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the biblical Methuselah . For other uses , see Methuselah ( disambiguation ) . Methuselah Spouse ( s ) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent ( s ) Enoch Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח / מְתוּשָׁלַח , Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ ; `` Man of the dart / spear '' , or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '' ) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible . Extra-biblical tradition maintains that he died on the 11th of Cheshvan of the year 1656AM ( Anno Mundi , after Creation ) , seven days before the beginning of the Great Flood . Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Additionally , Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which mentions him in an identical manner . Furthermore , early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of the Prophet Muhammad . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Derivative words 5 In fiction 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links In the Bible ( edit ) Methuselah is mentioned in one passage in the Hebrew Bible , Genesis 5 : 21 -- 27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The genealogy is repeated , without the chronology , at 1Chronicles 1 : 3 , and at Luke 3 : 37 . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years , and begat Methuselah : 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years , and begat sons and daughters : 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years : 24 And Enoch walked with God : and he ( was ) not ; for God took him . 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years , and begat Lamech : 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years , and begat sons and daughters : 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years : and he died . -- Genesis 5 : 21 -- 27 The verses are available in three manuscript traditions , the Masoretic , the Septuagint and the Samaritan Torah . The three traditions do not agree with each other . The differences can be summarized as follows : Text Age at son 's birth Remainder of life of Methuselah Age at death Masoretic 187 782 969 Methuselah died in 1656 AM , the year of the Flood at the age of 969 . Septuagint ( Alexandrinus ) 187 782 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM , six years before the Flood ( 2262 AM ) Septuagint ( Vaticanus ) 167 802 969 Methuselah dies in 2256 AM , fourteen years after the Flood ( 2242 AM ) Samaritan 67 653 720 Methuselah dies in the year of the Flood ( 1307 AM ) There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences -- the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators . Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors . Gerhard Larsson has suggested that the rabbis who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC , aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs ' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Extra-biblical mentions ( edit ) Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC . In the Book of Enoch , Enoch ( as the narrator ) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom . He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts . The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah 's mother and his wife -- both are named Edna -- and his daughter - in - law , Betenos , Lamech 's wife . The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar ( `` Book of Jasher '' ) describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness . All other very long - lived people died , and Methuselah was the only one of this class left . God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died ( besides Noah and his family ) . Methuselah lived until the ark was built , but died before the flood , since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous . The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah 's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood . The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara - Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah . He was the son of En - men - dur - ana the Sumerian Enoch , and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land . Although their ages are different , their father and their year of death remain the same . Interpretations ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Biblical longevity . Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480 . In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ , along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah 's age has engendered considerable speculation , but no widely accepted conclusions . These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations : literal , mistranslation , symbolic , and fictional interpretations . Literal ( edit ) Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah 's 969 years to be 969 solar years . Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be : early humans had a better diet , or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood . Others introduce theological causes : humans were originally to have everlasting life , but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation , and God progressively shortened human life , particularly after the Flood . Mistranslation ( edit ) Some believe that Methuselah 's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted `` months '' to `` years '' , producing a more credible 969 lunar months , or 781⁄2 years , but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text . Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers `` might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10 '' . If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10 , Methuselah 's 165 when he fathered his son would be 161⁄2 years , and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years . Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years , which `` will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years , and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years , and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years '' ... `` Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem , Ham , and Japheth . '' and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points : 93.0 for Adam , 91.0 for Cainan , 96.9 for Methuselah , 95.0 for Noah , etc . Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position . There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty . Under this interpretation , it is n't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had `` dominion '' for that period . Symbolic ( edit ) Methuselah 's father Enoch , who does not die but is taken by God , is the seventh patriarch , and Methuselah , the eighth , dies in the year of the Flood , which ends the ten - generational sequence from Adam to Noah , in whose time the world is destroyed . Myth ( edit ) Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5 , including Methuselah 's age , have no meaning at all , Kenneth Kitchen calls them `` pure myth '' , Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah , and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past . Derivative words ( edit ) The word `` Methuselarity , '' a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated , and death would occur only by accident or homicide . In fiction ( edit ) Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah , grandfather of Noah ( Russell Crowe ) in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In 2016 , it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct . In popular culture ( edit ) The simile `` as old as Methuselah '' is used to describe the age of people or things . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cornwall and Stelman Smith , The Exhaustive Dictionary of Bible Names Jump up ^ Genesis 5 : 27 Jump up ^ Methuselah dying before the flood is based on the Masoretic Text of Genesis 5 and his dying after the flood based on the Genesis 5 numbers in the Lucianic Septuagint ( Codex Vaticanus ) . Jump up ^ Ibn Ishāq , Sīrat Rasūl Allāh , tr . A. Guillaume ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Hasel , Gerhard F. ( 1980 ) . `` Genesis 5 and 11 : Chronolgenealogies in the Biblical History of Beginnings '' . Origins. 7 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Quoted in the website of the Institute for Biblical and Scientific Studies Jump up ^ `` The Book of Enoch '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sefer Ha - Yashar : Or , the Book of Jasher ( 1887 ) , Salt Lake City : J. Parry & Co . Jump up ^ ( Jasher 5 : 7 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Jasher 5 : 21 ) Jump up ^ ( Jasher 4 : 20 ) Jump up ^ ( Jasher 5 : 36 ) Jump up ^ Pritchard , James B. ( ed . ) , Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament ( Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1955 , 1969 ) . 1950 1st edition at Google Books . p. 44 : `` ... a flood ( will sweep ) over the cult - centers ; to destroy the seed of mankind ; is the decision , the word of the assembly ( of the gods ) . '' Jump up ^ John C. Whitcomb , Jr. and Henry M. Morris , `` The Genesis Flood '' ( Grand Rapids : Baker Book House , 1961 ) , 399 -- 404 Jump up ^ Pilch , John J. ( 1999 ) . The Cultural Dictionary of the Bible . Liturgical Press . pp. 144 -- 146 . ISBN 0 - 8146 - 2527 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hill , Carol A. ( December 2003 ) . `` Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis '' ( PDF ) . Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith. 55 ( 4 ) : 239 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Morris , Henry M. ( 1976 ) . The Genesis Record : A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Baker Book House . p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 8010 - 6004 - 4 . Such an interpretation would have made Enoch only five years old when his son was born ! Jump up ^ Etz , Donald V. ( April 1993 ) . `` The Numbers of Genesis V 3 - 31 : A Suggested Conversion and Its Implications '' . Vetus Testamentum. 43 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 89 . JSTOR 1519351 . doi : 10.1163 / 15685339993X00034 . INIST : 4293595 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Ellen H. ( 1897 ) . `` Cosmogony , or Creation of the World '' . Astrology : Science of Knowledge and Reason : A Treatise on the Heavenly Bodies in an Easy and Comprehensive Form . New York . pp. 30 -- 7 . OCLC 11451986 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Best , Noah 's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic , 1999 , page 108 Jump up ^ Borland , James A. ( 1990 ) . `` Did People Live to be Hundreds of Years Old Before the Flood ? '' . The Genesis Debate . Grand Rapids , MI . p. 174 . Jump up ^ Abraham Malamat , `` King Lists of the Old Babylonian Period and Biblical Genealogies , '' Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 ( 1968 ) : 165 . See also the discussion of `` ten '' in the Gen. genealogies in M. Abot section 5 , Jacob Neusner , The Mishnah : A New Translation ( New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1988 ) , 685 . Duane A. Garrett also thinks this is deliberate , thus indicating redaction , Rethinking Genesis : The Sources and Authorship of the First Book of the Bible , Ross - shire , Great Britain : Christian Focus Publications , 2000 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , K.A. ( 1966 ) . Ancient Orient and Old Testament . Downers Grove , IL : InterVarsity Press . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Levin , Yigal ( October 2001 ) . `` Understanding Biblical Genealogies '' . Currents in Research : Biblical Studies . 9 : 11 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Westermann . Genesis 1 -- 11 : A Commentary . p. 354 . Jump up ^ de Grey , Aubrey ( 2008 ) . `` The singularity and the Methuselarity : similarities and differences '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 9 , 2012 ) . `` Anthony Hopkins to Play Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky 's NOAH '' . collider.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana . `` Joachim Rønning Attached To Direct David Heyman 's ' Methuselah ' With Tom Cruise '' . Deadline . External links ( edit ) Methuselah at DMOZ Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Methuselah '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . McKague , Lee ( 1999 ) . `` Methuselah : Oldest Myth , or Oldest Man ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 97 . ( hide ) Adam to David according to the Bible Creation to Flood Adam Seth Enos Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Shem Cain line Adam Cain Enoch Irad Mehujael Methusael Lamech Tubal - cain Patriarchs after Flood Arpachshad Cainan Shelah Eber Peleg Reu Serug Nahor Terah Abraham Isaac Jacob Tribe of Judah to Kingdom Judah Perez Hezron Ram Amminadab Nahshon Salmon Boaz Obed Jesse David Names in italics only appear in the Greek Septuagint version Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methuselah&oldid=805717383 '' Categories : Torah people Longevity myths Book of Genesis Bereshit ( parsha ) Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with DMOZ links Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Walon ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 05 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the oldest man that ever lived in the bible | [
"Methuselah (Hebrew: מְתוּשֶׁלַח / מְתוּשָׁלַח, Modern Metušélaħ / Metušálaħ Tiberian Məṯûšélaḥ / Məṯûšālaḥ ; \"Man of the dart/spear\", or alternatively \"his death shall bring judgment\"[1]) is the man reported to have lived the longest at the age of 969 in the Hebrew Bible.[2] Extra-biblical tradition maintains that he died on the 11th of Cheshvan of the year 1656AM (Anno Mundi, after Creation), seven days before the beginning of the Great Flood.[3] Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah."
] | [
"Methuselah"
] |
6091929913189680427 | Strange & Beautiful (I'll Put A Spell On You) | Strange & Beautiful ( I 'll Put a Spell on You ) - wikipedia Strange & Beautiful ( I 'll Put a Spell on You ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( April 2016 ) `` Strange & Beautiful ( I 'll Put A Spell On You ) '' Single by Aqualung Released September 30 , 2002 Format CD Genre Pop rock , electronica , trip hop Length 3 : 52 Label B - Unique Songwriter ( s ) Matt Hales , Kim Oliver Producer ( s ) Aqualung , Marius de Vries `` Strange & Beautiful ( I 'll Put A Spell On You ) '' is a song by English singer - songwriter and musician Aqualung , released in 2002 . The song was used as background music for the Volkswagen Beetle advert in the UK in mid-2002 . According to the sleeve notes of the album , the song , along with all the other songs were recorded entirely in Matt Hales ' hallway . Charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position UK Singles Chart 7 Personnel ( edit ) Matt Hales - vocals , piano , production Anthony Phillips - bass Marius de Vries - production , additional keyboards , programming References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/strange%20and%20beautiful/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strange_%26_Beautiful_(I%27ll_Put_A_Spell_On_You)&oldid=742938559 '' Categories : 2002 songs Aqualung ( musician ) songs Songs written by Aqualung ( musician ) Trip hop songs Song recordings produced by Marius de Vries B - Unique Records singles Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from April 2016 All orphaned articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 October 2016 , at 19 : 27 . About Wikipedia | who wrote i'll put a spell on you | [
"\n\n\"Strange & Beautiful (I'll Put A Spell On You)\"\n\n\nSingle by Aqualung\n\n\nReleased\nSeptember 30, 2002\n\n\nFormat\nCD\n\n\nGenre\nPop rock, electronica, trip hop\n\n\nLength\n3:52\n\n\nLabel\nB-Unique\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nMatt Hales, Kim Oliver\n\n\nProducer(s)\nAqualung, Marius de Vries\n\n",
"\n\n\"Strange & Beautiful (I'll Put A Spell On You)\"\n\n\nSingle by Aqualung\n\n\nReleased\nSeptember 30, 2002\n\n\nFormat\nCD\n\n\nGenre\nPop rock, electronica, trip hop\n\n\nLength\n3:52\n\n\nLabel\nB-Unique\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nMatt Hales, Kim Oliver\n\n\nProducer(s)\nAqualung, Marius de Vries\n\n"
] | [
"Matt Hales",
"Kim Oliver"
] |
2638285568398079480 | Elizabeth II | Elizabeth II - wikipedia Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms For other uses , see Elizabeth II ( disambiguation ) . Elizabeth II Elizabeth II in 2015 Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms ( show ) Canada 1952 -- present Australia 1952 -- present New Zealand 1952 -- present Jamaica 1962 -- present Barbados 1966 -- present The Bahamas 1973 -- present Grenada 1974 -- present Papua New Guinea 1975 -- present Solomon Islands 1978 -- present Tuvalu 1978 -- present St. Lucia 1979 -- present St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1979 -- present Belize 1981 -- present Antigua and Barbuda 1981 -- present St. Kitts and Nevis 1983 -- present Pakistan 1952 -- 1956 South Africa 1952 -- 1961 Ceylon 1952 -- 1972 Ghana 1957 -- 1960 Nigeria 1960 -- 1963 Sierra Leone 1961 -- 1971 Tanganyika 1961 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1962 -- 1976 Uganda 1962 -- 1963 Kenya 1963 -- 1964 Malawi 1964 -- 1966 Malta 1964 -- 1974 The Gambia 1965 -- 1970 Guyana 1966 -- 1970 Mauritius 1968 -- 1992 Fiji 1970 -- 1987 Reign 6 February 1952 -- present Coronation 2 June 1953 Predecessor George VI Heir apparent Charles , Prince of Wales Prime Ministers See list ( 1926 - 04 - 21 ) 21 April 1926 ( age 92 ) 17 Bruton Street , Mayfair , London , United Kingdom Spouse Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( m . 1947 ) Issue Detail Charles , Prince of Wales Anne , Princess Royal Prince Andrew , Duke of York Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex Full name Elizabeth Alexandra Mary House Windsor Father George VI Mother Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon Signature show Royal family of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms HM The Queen HRH The Duke of Edinburgh HRH The Prince of Wales HRH The Duchess of Cornwall HRH The Duke of Cambridge HRH The Duchess of Cambridge HRH Prince George of Cambridge HRH Princess Charlotte of Cambridge HRH Prince Louis of Cambridge HRH The Duke of Sussex HRH The Duchess of Sussex HRH The Princess Royal HRH The Duke of York HRH Princess Beatrice of York HRH Princess Eugenie of York HRH The Earl of Wessex HRH The Countess of Wessex HRH The Duke of Gloucester HRH The Duchess of Gloucester HRH The Duke of Kent HRH The Duchess of Kent HRH Princess Alexandra HRH Prince Michael of Kent HRH Princess Michael of Kent Elizabeth II ( Elizabeth Alexandra Mary ; born 21 April 1926 ) is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms . Elizabeth was born in London as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York , later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , and she was educated privately at home . Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936 , from which time she was the heir presumptive . She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War , serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service . In 1947 , she married Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , a former prince of Greece and Denmark , with whom she has four children : Charles , Prince of Wales ; Anne , Princess Royal ; Andrew , Duke of York ; and Edward , Earl of Wessex . When her father died in February 1952 , she became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries : the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Pakistan , and Ceylon . She has reigned through major constitutional changes , such as devolution in the United Kingdom , Canadian patriation , and the decolonisation of Africa . Between 1956 and 1992 , the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence and realms , including South Africa , Pakistan , and Ceylon ( renamed Sri Lanka ) , became republics . Her many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and visits to or from five popes . Significant events have included her coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver , Golden , and Diamond Jubilees in 1977 , 2002 , and 2012 respectively . In 2017 , she became the first British monarch to reach a Sapphire Jubilee . She is the longest - lived and longest - reigning British monarch as well as the world 's longest - reigning queen regnant and female head of state , the oldest and longest - reigning current monarch and the longest - serving current head of state . Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the royal family , in particular after the breakdown of her children 's marriages , her annus horribilis in 1992 , and the death in 1997 of her former daughter - in - law Diana , Princess of Wales . However , support for the monarchy remains high , as does her personal popularity . Contents 1 Early life 2 Heir presumptive 2.1 Second World War 2.2 Marriage 3 Reign 3.1 Accession and coronation 3.2 Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth 3.3 Acceleration of decolonisation 3.4 Silver Jubilee 3.5 1980s 3.6 1990s 3.7 2000s 3.8 2010s 4 Public perception and character 4.1 Finances 5 Titles , styles , honours , and arms 5.1 Titles and styles 5.2 Arms 6 Issue 7 Ancestry 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Early life Elizabeth on the cover of Time magazine , April 1929 Elizabeth was born at 02 : 40 ( GMT ) on 21 April 1926 , during the reign of her paternal grandfather , King George V. Her father , the Duke of York ( later King George VI ) , was the second son of the King . Her mother , the Duchess of York ( later Queen Elizabeth ) , was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat the Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne . She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather 's London house : 17 Bruton Street , Mayfair . She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York , Cosmo Gordon Lang , in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May , and named Elizabeth after her mother , Alexandra after George V 's mother , who had died six months earlier , and Mary after her paternal grandmother . Called `` Lilibet '' by her close family , based on what she called herself at first , she was cherished by her grandfather George V , and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery . Portrait by Philip de László , 1933 Elizabeth 's only sibling , Princess Margaret , was born in 1930 . The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess , Marion Crawford . Lessons concentrated on history , language , literature and music . Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret 's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950 , much to the dismay of the royal family . The book describes Elizabeth 's love of horses and dogs , her orderliness , and her attitude of responsibility . Others echoed such observations : Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as `` a character . She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant . '' Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as `` a jolly little girl , but fundamentally sensible and well - behaved '' . Heir presumptive During her grandfather 's reign , Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne , behind her uncle Edward , Prince of Wales , and her father , the Duke of York . Although her birth generated public interest , she was not expected to become queen , as the Prince of Wales was still young . Many people believed he would marry and have children of his own . When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII , she became second - in - line to the throne , after her father . Later that year , Edward abdicated , after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis . Consequently , Elizabeth 's father became king , and she became heir presumptive . If her parents had had a later son , she would have lost her position as first - in - line , as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession . Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten , Vice-Provost of Eton College , and learned French from a succession of native - speaking governesses . A Girl Guides company , the 1st Buckingham Palace Company , was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her own age . Later , she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger . In 1939 , Elizabeth 's parents toured Canada and the United States . As in 1927 , when her parents had toured Australia and New Zealand , Elizabeth remained in Britain , since her father thought her too young to undertake public tours . Elizabeth `` looked tearful '' as her parents departed . They corresponded regularly , and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May . Second world War Elizabeth in Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform , April 1945 In September 1939 , Britain entered the Second World War , which lasted until 1945 . During the war , many of London 's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing . The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth 's mother , who declared , `` The children wo n't go without me . I wo n't leave without the King . And the King will never leave . '' Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle , Scotland , until Christmas 1939 , when they moved to Sandringham House , Norfolk . From February to May 1940 , they lived at Royal Lodge , Windsor , until moving to Windsor Castle , where they lived for most of the next five years . At Windsor , the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen 's Wool Fund , which bought yarn to knit into military garments . In 1940 , the 14 - year - old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC 's Children 's Hour , addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities . She stated : `` We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors , soldiers and airmen , and we are trying , too , to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war . We know , every one of us , that in the end all will be well . '' Elizabeth ( far left ) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill on 8 May 1945 In 1943 , Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards , of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year . As she approached her 18th birthday , parliament changed the law so she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father 's incapacity or absence abroad , such as his visit to Italy in July 1944 . In February 1945 , she was appointed as an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number of 230873 . She trained as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander five months later . At the end of the war in Europe , on Victory in Europe Day , Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London . Elizabeth later said in a rare interview , `` We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves . I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall , all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief . '' During the war , plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales . Proposals , such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru ( the Welsh League of Youth ) , were abandoned for several reasons , including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war . Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday . Home Secretary , Herbert Morrison supported the idea , but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent . In 1946 , she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales . Princess Elizabeth went in 1947 on her first overseas tour , accompanying her parents through southern Africa . During the tour , in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday , she made the following pledge : `` I declare before you all that my whole life , whether it be long or short , shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong . '' Marriage Main article : Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten Elizabeth met her future husband , Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark , in 1934 and 1937 . They are second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria . After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939 , Elizabeth -- though only 13 years old -- said she fell in love with Philip , and they began to exchange letters . She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947 . The engagement was not without controversy ; Philip had no financial standing , was foreign - born ( though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War ) , and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links . Marion Crawford wrote , `` Some of the King 's advisors did not think him good enough for her . He was a prince without a home or kingdom . Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip 's foreign origin . '' Later biographies reported Elizabeth 's mother initially opposed the union , dubbing Philip `` The Hun '' . In later life , however , the Queen Mother told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was `` an English gentleman '' . Before the marriage , Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles , officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism , and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten , taking the surname of his mother 's British family . Just before the wedding , he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness . Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey . They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world . Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war , Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown , which was designed by Norman Hartnell . In post-war Britain , it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh 's German relations , including his three surviving sisters , to be invited to the wedding . The Duke of Windsor , formerly King Edward VIII , was not invited either . Elizabeth gave birth to her first child , Prince Charles , on 14 November 1948 . One month earlier , the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess , to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince . A second child , Princess Anne , was born in 1950 . Following their wedding , the couple leased Windlesham Moor , near Windsor Castle , until July 1949 , when they took up residence at Clarence House in London . At various times between 1949 and 1951 , the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer . He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa , at Villa Guardamangia , the rented home of Philip 's uncle , Lord Mountbatten . The children remained in Britain . Reign Accession and coronation Main article : Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II Coronation of Elizabeth II , 2 June 1953 During 1951 , George VI 's health declined , and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events . When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington , D.C. , in October 1951 , her private secretary , Martin Charteris , carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour . In early 1952 , Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya . On 6 February 1952 , they had just returned to their Kenyan home , Sagana Lodge , after a night spent at Treetops Hotel , when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth 's immediate accession to the throne . Philip broke the news to the new queen . Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name ; she chose to remain Elizabeth , `` of course '' . She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom . She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace . With Elizabeth 's accession , it seemed probable the royal house would bear her husband 's name , becoming the House of Mountbatten , in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband 's surname on marriage . The British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , and Elizabeth 's grandmother , Queen Mary , favoured the retention of the House of Windsor , and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house . The Duke complained , `` I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children . '' In 1960 , after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955 , the surname Mountbatten - Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth 's male - line descendants who do not carry royal titles . Coronation portrait of Elizabeth II by Sir Herbert James Gunn Amid preparations for the coronation , Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend , a divorcé ‚ 16 years Margaret 's senior , with two sons from his previous marriage . The Queen asked them to wait for a year ; in the words of Martin Charteris , `` the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess , but I think she thought -- she hoped -- given time , the affair would peter out . '' Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce . If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage , she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession . Eventually , she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend . In 1960 , she married Antony Armstrong - Jones , who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year . They divorced in 1978 ; she did not remarry . Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March , the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned , as Mary had asked before she died . The ceremony in Westminster Abbey , with the exception of the anointing and communion , was televised for the first time . Elizabeth 's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries : English Tudor rose ; Scots thistle ; Welsh leek ; Irish shamrock ; Australian wattle ; Canadian maple leaf ; New Zealand silver fern ; South African protea ; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon ; and Pakistan 's wheat , cotton , and jute . Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth Further information : Historical development of the Commonwealth realms , from the Queen 's accession Elizabeth 's realms ( pink ) and their territories and protectorates ( dark red ) at the beginning of her reign From Elizabeth 's birth onwards , the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations . By the time of her accession in 1952 , her role as head of multiple independent states was already established . In 1953 , the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven - month round - the - world tour , visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land , sea and air . She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations . During the tour , crowds were immense ; three - quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her . Throughout her reign , the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth ; she is the most widely travelled head of state . In 1956 , the British and French prime ministers , Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet , discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth . The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome , which established the European Economic Community , the precursor to the European Union . In November 1956 , Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal . Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion , though Eden denied it . Eden resigned two months later . Elizabeth and Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that , following Eden 's resignation , it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government . Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury , the Lord President of the Council . Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir , the Lord Chancellor , consulted the British Cabinet , Winston Churchill , and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee , resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate : Harold Macmillan . The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden 's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen . In a magazine , which he owned and edited , Lord Altrincham accused her of being `` out of touch '' . Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments . Six years later , in 1963 , Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister , advice she followed . The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister . In 1965 , the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader , thus relieving her of involvement . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Queen Elizabeth II 's Address to the United Nations General Assembly In 1957 , she made a state visit to the United States , where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth . On the same tour , she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament , becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session . Two years later , solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada , she revisited the United States and toured Canada . In 1961 , she toured Cyprus , India , Pakistan , Nepal , and Iran . On a visit to Ghana the same year , she dismissed fears for her safety , even though her host , President Kwame Nkrumah , who had replaced her as head of state , was a target for assassins . Harold Macmillan wrote , `` The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed ' the heart and stomach of a man ' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen . '' Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964 , the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth 's assassination . No attempt was made , but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal ; the Queen 's `` calmness and courage in the face of the violence '' was noted . Elizabeth 's pregnancies with Princes Andrew and Edward , in 1959 and 1963 , mark the only times she has not performed the State Opening of the British parliament during her reign . In addition to performing traditional ceremonies , she also instituted new practices . Her first royal walkabout , meeting ordinary members of the public , took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970 . Acceleration of decolonisation The Queen with Edward Heath and American First Lady Pat Nixon , 1970 The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean . Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self - government . In 1965 , however , the Rhodesian Prime Minister , Ian Smith , in opposition to moves towards majority rule , declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing `` loyalty and devotion '' to Elizabeth . Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration , and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia , his regime survived for over a decade . As Britain 's ties to its former empire weakened , the British government sought entry to the European Community , a goal it achieved in 1973 . In February 1974 , the British Prime Minister , Edward Heath , advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim , requiring her to fly back to Britain . The election resulted in a hung parliament ; Heath 's Conservatives were not the largest party , but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals . Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered , after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition , Labour 's Harold Wilson , to form a government . A year later , at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis , the Australian Prime Minister , Gough Whitlam , was dismissed from his post by Governor - General Sir John Kerr , after the Opposition - controlled Senate rejected Whitlam 's budget proposals . As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives , Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr 's decision . She declined , saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the governor - general . The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism . Silver Jubilee In 1977 , Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession . Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth , many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours . The celebrations re-affirmed the Queen 's popularity , despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret 's separation from her husband . In 1978 , the Queen endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania 's communist leader , Nicolae Ceaușescu , and his wife , Elena , though privately she thought they had `` blood on their hands '' . The following year brought two blows : one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt , former Surveyor of the Queen 's Pictures , as a communist spy ; the other was the assassination of her relative and in - law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army . According to Paul Martin , Sr. , by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried the Crown `` had little meaning for '' Pierre Trudeau , the Canadian Prime Minister . Tony Benn said the Queen found Trudeau `` rather disappointing '' . Trudeau 's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics , such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen 's back in 1977 , and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office . In 1980 , Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen `` better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats '' . She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C - 60 , which would have affected her role as head of state . Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution , but the monarchy was retained . Trudeau said in his memoirs that the Queen favoured his attempt to reform the constitution and that he was impressed by `` the grace she displayed in public '' and `` the wisdom she showed in private '' . 1980s Elizabeth riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony , six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer , six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse , Burmese . Police later discovered the shots were blanks . The 17 - year - old assailant , Marcus Sarjeant , was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three . The Queen 's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised . Months later , in October , the Queen was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin , New Zealand . New Zealand Security Intelligence Service documents declassified in 2018 revealed that 17 - year - old Christopher John Lewis fired a shot with a . 22 rifle from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade , but missed . Lewis was arrested , but never charged with attempted murder or treason , and sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm . Two years into his sentence , he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital in order to assassinate Prince Charles , who was visiting the country with Diana , Princess of Wales , and Prince William . From April to September 1982 , the Queen was anxious but proud of her son , Prince Andrew , who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War . On 9 July , the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder , Michael Fagan , in the room with her . In a serious lapse of security , assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard . After hosting US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983 , the Queen was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada , one of her Caribbean realms , without informing her . Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press , not all of which were entirely true . As Kelvin MacKenzie , editor of The Sun , told his staff : `` Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals . Do n't worry if it 's not true -- so long as there 's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards . '' Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986 : `` The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers do n't check their facts or accept denials : they do n't care if the stories are true or not . '' It was reported , most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986 , that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher 's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment , a series of riots , the violence of a miners ' strike , and Thatcher 's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa . The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary - General Shridath Ramphal , but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation . Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party -- Thatcher 's political opponents . Thatcher 's biographer John Campbell claimed `` the report was a piece of journalistic mischief - making '' . Belying reports of acrimony between them , Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen , and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift -- membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter -- to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major . Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a `` behind the scenes force '' in ending apartheid . By the end of the 1980s , the Queen had become the target of satire . The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It 's a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed . In Canada , Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments , prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes , including Pierre Trudeau . The same year , the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup . As monarch of Fiji , Elizabeth supported the attempts of the Governor - General , Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau , to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement . Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic . 1990s In 1991 , in the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War , the Queen became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress . Philip and Elizabeth , October 1992 In a speech on 24 November 1992 , to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession , Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis , meaning horrible year . Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen 's private wealth -- which were contradicted by the Palace -- and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family . In March , her second son , Prince Andrew , and his wife , Sarah , separated ; in April , her daughter , Princess Anne , divorced Captain Mark Phillips ; during a state visit to Germany in October , angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her ; and , in November , a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle , one of her official residences . The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny . In an unusually personal speech , the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism , but suggested it be done with `` a touch of humour , gentleness and understanding '' . Two days later , the Prime Minister , John Major , announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year , including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards , and a reduction in the civil list . In December , Prince Charles and his wife , Diana , formally separated . The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast . The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £ 200,000 to charity . In the years to follow , public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana 's marriage continued . Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory , republicanism was still a minority viewpoint , and the Queen herself had high approval ratings . Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen 's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions . In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister , John Major , as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury , George Carey , and her private secretary , Robert Fellowes , she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995 , saying a divorce was desirable . In August 1997 , a year after the divorce , Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris . The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral . Diana 's two sons by Charles -- Princes William and Harry -- wanted to attend church and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning . After that single public appearance , for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private , but the royal family 's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half - mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay . Pressured by the hostile reaction , the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September , the day before Diana 's funeral . In the broadcast , she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings `` as a grandmother '' for the two princes . As a result , much of the public hostility evaporated . In November 1997 , the Queen and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary . She made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort , referring to him as `` my strength and stay '' . 2000s Elizabeth in 2007 In 2002 , Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee . Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively , and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure . She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms , which began in Jamaica in February , where she called the farewell banquet `` memorable '' after a power cut plunged the King 's House , the official residence of the governor - general , into darkness . As in 1977 , there were street parties and commemorative events , and monuments were named to honour the occasion . A million people attended each day of the three - day main Jubilee celebration in London , and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected . Though generally healthy throughout her life , in 2003 she had keyhole surgery on both knees . In October 2006 , she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer . In May 2007 , The Daily Telegraph , citing unnamed sources , reported the Queen was `` exasperated and frustrated '' by the policies of the British Prime Minister , Tony Blair , that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan , and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair . She was , however , said to admire Blair 's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland . She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007 . On 20 March 2008 , at the Church of Ireland St Patrick 's Cathedral , Armagh , the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales . 2010s The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010 , again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth . The UN Secretary General , Ban Ki - moon , introduced her as `` an anchor for our age '' . During her visit to New York , which followed a tour of Canada , she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the September 11 attacks . The Queen 's visit to Australia in October 2011 -- her sixteenth visit since 1954 -- was called her `` farewell tour '' in the press because of her age . By invitation of the Irish President , Mary McAleese , the Queen made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011 . Elizabeth visiting Birmingham in July 2012 as part of her Diamond Jubilee tour Elizabeth 's Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne , and celebrations were held throughout her realms , the wider Commonwealth , and beyond . In a message released on Accession Day , Elizabeth wrote : In this special year , as I dedicate myself anew to your service , I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family , friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart . She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom , while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf . On 4 June , Jubilee beacons were lit around the world . In November , the Queen and her husband celebrated their sapphire wedding anniversary . On 18 December , she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781 . The Queen , who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London , making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries . For the London Olympics , she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony , alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond . On 4 April 2013 , she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called `` the most memorable Bond girl yet '' at the award ceremony . On 3 March 2013 , Elizabeth was admitted to King Edward VII 's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis . She returned to Buckingham Palace the following day . A week later , she signed the new Commonwealth charter . Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling , in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial meeting of Commonwealth heads of government for the first time in 40 years . She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by her son , Prince Charles . She had cataract surgery in May 2018 . The Queen surpassed her great - great - grandmother , Queen Victoria , to become the longest - lived British monarch on 21 December 2007 , and the longest - reigning British monarch and longest - reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015 . She is also the `` longest - reigning sovereign in Canada 's modern era '' . ( King Louis XIV of France reigned over Canada ( New France ) for longer than Elizabeth . ) She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015 . She later became the longest - reigning current monarch and the longest - serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016 , and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe on 21 November 2017 . On 6 February 2017 , she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee , and on 20 November , she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary . Prince Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen 's consort in August . The Guard of Honour at Windsor Castle for Donald Trump 's visit to the Queen , July 2018 The Queen does not intend to abdicate , though Prince Charles is expected to take on more of her duties as Elizabeth , who celebrated her 92nd birthday in 2018 , carries out fewer public engagements . On 20 April 2018 , the government leaders of the Commonwealth of Nations announced that she will be succeeded by Prince Charles as head of the Commonwealth . The Queen stated it was her `` sincere wish '' that the Prince of Wales would follow her in the role . Plans for her death and funeral have been extensively prepared by most British government and media organisations for decades . Public perception and character Main article : Personality and image of Elizabeth II Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews , little is known of her personal feelings . As a constitutional monarch , she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum . She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty , and takes her coronation oath seriously . Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England , she is personally a member of that church and also of the national Church of Scotland . She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions , including five popes : Pius XII , John XXIII , John Paul II , Benedict XVI and Francis . A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Christmas message broadcast to the Commonwealth . In 2000 , she spoke about the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus : To many of us , our beliefs are of fundamental importance . For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life . I , like so many of you , have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ 's words and example . Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan riding at Windsor , June 1982 She is patron of over 600 organisations and charities . Her main leisure interests include equestrianism and dogs , especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis . Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie , the first corgi owned by her family . Scenes of a relaxed , informal home life have occasionally been witnessed ; she and her family , from time to time , prepare a meal together and do the washing up afterwards . In the 1950s , as a young woman at the start of her reign , Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous `` fairytale Queen '' . After the trauma of the Second World War , it was a time of hope , a period of progress and achievement heralding a `` new Elizabethan age '' . Lord Altrincham 's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a `` priggish schoolgirl '' was an extremely rare criticism . In the late 1960s , attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles 's investiture as Prince of Wales . In public , she took to wearing mostly solid - colour overcoats and decorative hats , which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd . At her Silver Jubilee in 1977 , the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic , but in the 1980s , public criticism of the royal family increased , as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth 's children came under media scrutiny . Elizabeth 's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s . Under pressure from public opinion , she began to pay income tax for the first time , and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public . Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana , Princess of Wales , though Elizabeth 's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana 's death . In November 1999 , a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state . Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for Elizabeth , and in 2012 , her Diamond Jubilee year , approval ratings hit 90 percent . Referendums in Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 both rejected proposals to become republics . Elizabeth has been portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists , including painters Pietro Annigoni , Peter Blake , Chinwe Chukwuogo - Roy , Terence Cuneo , Lucian Freud , Rolf Harris , Damien Hirst , Juliet Pannett , and Tai - Shan Schierenberg . Notable photographers of Elizabeth have included Cecil Beaton , Yousuf Karsh , Annie Leibovitz , Lord Lichfield , Terry O'Neill , John Swannell , and Dorothy Wilding . The first official portrait of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926 . Finances Sandringham House , Elizabeth 's private residence in Norfolk Further information : Finances of the British royal family See also : Paradise Papers Elizabeth 's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years . In 1971 Jock Colville , her former private secretary and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth at £ 2 million ( equivalent to about £ 26 million in 2016 ) . In 1993 , Buckingham Palace called estimates of £ 100 million `` grossly overstated '' . In 2002 , she inherited an estate worth an estimated £ 70 million from her mother . The Sunday Times Rich List 2017 estimated her personal wealth at £ 360 million , making her the 329th richest person in the UK . The Royal Collection , which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels , is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust , as are her official residences , such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle , and the Duchy of Lancaster , a property portfolio valued at £ 472 million in 2015 . Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are personally owned by the Queen . The British Crown Estate -- with holdings of £ 12 billion in 2016 -- is held in trust and can not be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a personal capacity . Titles , styles , honours , and arms Titles and styles Main article : List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II 21 April 1926 -- 11 December 1936 : Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York 11 December 1936 -- 20 November 1947 : Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth 20 November 1947 -- 6 February 1952 : Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth , Duchess of Edinburgh Since 6 February 1952 : Her Majesty The Queen Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth , is Sovereign of many orders in her own countries , and has received honours and awards from around the world . In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula : Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica , Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia , etc . In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man , which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms , she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann , respectively . Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster . When in conversation with the Queen , the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am . Arms See also : Flags of Elizabeth II From 21 April 1944 until her accession , Elizabeth 's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent , the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George . Upon her accession , she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign . The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Jamaica , Barbados , and elsewhere . Coat of arms of Princess Elizabeth ( 1944 -- 1947 ) Coat of arms of Princess Elizabeth , Duchess of Edinburgh ( 1947 -- 1952 ) Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in England , Wales and Northern Ireland Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in Scotland Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in Canada ( one of three versions used in her reign ) Issue Name Birth Marriage Their children Their grandchildren Date Spouse Charles , Prince of Wales 14 November 1948 29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996 Lady Diana Spencer Prince William , Duke of Cambridge Prince George Princess Charlotte Prince Louis Prince Harry , Duke of Sussex None 9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles None Anne , Princess Royal 15 August 1950 14 November 1973 Divorced 28 April 1992 Mark Phillips Peter Phillips Savannah Phillips Isla Phillips Zara Tindall Mia Tindall Lena Tindall 12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence None Prince Andrew , Duke of York 19 February 1960 23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996 Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice of York None Princess Eugenie of York None Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex 10 March 1964 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys - Jones Lady Louise Windsor None James , Viscount Severn None Ancestry show Ancestors of Elizabeth II 8 . Edward VII of the United Kingdom 4 . George V of the United Kingdom 9 . Princess Alexandra of Denmark 2 . George VI of the United Kingdom 10 . Francis , Duke of Teck 5 . Princess Mary of Teck 11 . Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge 1 . Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 12 . Claude Bowes - Lyon , 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 6 . Claude Bowes - Lyon , 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 13 . Frances Dora Smith 3 . Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon 14 . Charles Cavendish - Bentinck 7 . Nina Cavendish - Bentinck 15 . Carolina Burnaby See also Royalty portal Commonwealth portal British Empire portal British politics portal United Kingdom portal Household of Queen Elizabeth II List of things named after Elizabeth II Notes Jump up ^ See Queen 's Official Birthday for an explanation of why Elizabeth II 's official birthdays are not on the same day as her actual one . Jump up ^ Her godparents were : King George V and Queen Mary ; Lord Strathmore ; Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn ( her paternal great - granduncle ) ; Princess Mary , Viscountess Lascelles ( her paternal aunt ) ; and Lady Elphinstone ( her maternal aunt ) . Jump up ^ Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium 's popularity ; the number of television licences in the United Kingdom doubled to 3 million , and many of the more than 20 million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours . In North America , just under 100 million viewers watched recorded broadcasts . Jump up ^ Canada has used three different versions of the arms during her reign . This version was used between 1957 and 1994 . References Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 22 ; Brandreth , p. 103 ; Marr , p. 76 ; Pimlott , pp. 2 -- 3 ; Lacey , pp. 75 -- 76 ; Roberts , p. 74 Jump up ^ Hoey , p. 40 Jump up ^ Brandreth , p. 103 ; Hoey , p. 40 Jump up ^ Brandreth , p. 103 Jump up ^ Pimlott , p. 12 Jump up ^ Williamson , p. 205 Jump up ^ Lacey , p. 56 ; Nicolson , p. 433 ; Pimlott , pp. 14 -- 16 Jump up ^ Crawford , p. 26 ; Pimlott , p. 20 ; Shawcross , p. 21 Jump up ^ Brandreth , p. 124 ; Lacey , pp. 62 -- 63 ; Pimlott , pp. 24 , 69 Jump up ^ Brandreth , pp. 108 -- 110 ; Lacey , pp. 159 -- 161 ; Pimlott , pp. 20 , 163 Jump up ^ Brandreth , pp. 108 -- 110 Jump up ^ Brandreth , p. 105 ; Lacey , p. 81 ; Shawcross , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Brandreth , pp. 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ Bond , p. 8 ; Lacey , p. 76 ; Pimlott , p. 3 Jump up ^ Lacey , pp. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Marr , pp. 78 , 85 ; Pimlott , pp. 71 -- 73 Jump up ^ Brandreth , p. 124 ; Crawford , p. 85 ; Lacey , p. 112 ; Marr , p. 88 ; Pimlott , p. 51 ; Shawcross , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : `` Her Majesty The Queen : Early life and education '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Marr , p. 84 ; Pimlott , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Pimlott , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : Pimlott , p. 55 Jump up ^ Warwick , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Princess Margaret : A Life of Contrasts . London : Carlton Publishing Group . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 233 - 05106 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Crawford , pp. 104 -- 114 ; Pimlott , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Crawford , pp. 114 -- 119 ; Pimlott , p. 57 Jump up ^ Crawford , pp. 137 -- 141 ^ Jump up to : `` Children 's Hour : Princess Elizabeth '' . BBC . 13 October 1940 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Early public life '' . Royal Household . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Pimlott , p. 71 Jump up ^ `` No. 36973 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 6 March 1945 . p. 1315 . Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 45 ; Lacey , p. 148 ; Marr , p. 100 ; Pimlott , p. 75 Jump up ^ `` No. 37205 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 31 July 1945 . p. 3972 . Jump up ^ Bond , p. 10 ; Pimlott , p. 79 Jump up ^ `` Royal plans to beat nationalism '' . BBC News . 8 March 2005 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Pimlott , pp. 71 -- 73 Jump up ^ `` Gorsedd of the Bards '' . National Museum of Wales . Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A speech by the Queen on her 21st birthday '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Brandreth , pp. 132 -- 139 ; Lacey , pp. 124 -- 125 ; Pimlott , p. 86 Jump up ^ Bond , p. 10 ; Brandreth , pp. 132 -- 136 , 166 -- 169 ; Lacey , pp. 119 , 126 , 135 Jump up ^ Heald , p. 77 Jump up ^ Edwards , Phil ( 31 October 2000 ) . `` The Real Prince Philip '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Crawford , p. 180 Jump up ^ Davies , Caroline ( 20 April 2006 ) . `` Philip , the one constant through her life '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Heald , p. xviii Jump up ^ Hoey , pp. 55 -- 56 ; Pimlott , pp. 101 , 137 Jump up ^ `` No. 38128 '' . The London Gazette. 21 November 1947 . p. 5495 . ^ Jump up to : `` 60 Diamond Wedding anniversary facts '' . Royal Household. 18 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoey , p. 58 ; Pimlott , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Hoey , p. 59 ; Petropoulos , p. 363 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 61 Jump up ^ Letters Patent , 22 October 1948 ; Hoey , pp. 69 -- 70 ; Pimlott , pp. 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ Pimlott , p. 163 Jump up ^ Brandreth , pp. 226 -- 238 ; Pimlott , pp. 145 , 159 -- 163 , 167 Jump up ^ Brandreth , pp. 240 -- 241 ; Lacey , p. 166 ; Pimlott , pp. 169 -- 172 Jump up ^ Brandreth , pp. 245 -- 247 ; Lacey , p. 166 ; Pimlott , pp. 173 -- 176 ; Shawcross , p. 16 Jump up ^ Bousfield and Toffoli , p. 72 ; Charteris quoted in Pimlott , p. 179 and Shawcross , p. 17 Jump up ^ Pimlott , pp. 178 -- 179 Jump up ^ Pimlott , pp. 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 80 ; Brandreth , pp. 253 -- 254 ; Lacey , pp. 172 -- 173 ; Pimlott , pp. 183 -- 185 Jump up ^ `` No. 41948 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 5 February 1960 . p. 1003 . Jump up ^ Brandreth , pp. 269 -- 271 Jump up ^ Brandreth , pp. 269 -- 271 ; Lacey , pp. 193 -- 194 ; Pimlott , pp. 201 , 236 -- 238 Jump up ^ Bond , p. 22 ; Brandreth , p. 271 ; Lacey , p. 194 ; Pimlott , p. 238 ; Shawcross , p. 146 Jump up ^ `` Princess Margaret '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 82 Jump up ^ `` 50 facts about The Queen 's Coronation '' . Royal Household. 25 May 2003 . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Pimlott , p. 207 Jump up ^ Briggs , pp. 420 ff. ; Pimlott , p. 207 ; Roberts , p. 82 Jump up ^ Lacey , p. 182 Jump up ^ Lacey , p. 190 ; Pimlott , pp. 247 -- 248 Jump up ^ Cotton , Belinda ; Ramsey , Ron . `` By appointment : Norman Hartnell 's sample for the Coronation dress of Queen Elizabeth II '' . National Gallery of Australia . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Marr , p. 272 Jump up ^ Pimlott , p. 182 Jump up ^ `` The Commonwealth : Gifts to the Queen '' . Royal Collection Trust . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australia : Royal visits '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . `` New Zealand : Royal visits '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Marr , p. 126 Jump up ^ Brandreth , p. 278 ; Marr , p. 126 ; Pimlott , p. 224 ; Shawcross , p. 59 Jump up ^ Campbell , Sophie ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Queen 's Diamond Jubilee : Sixty years of royal tours '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Mike ( 15 January 2007 ) . `` When Britain and France nearly married '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Pimlott , p. 255 ; Roberts , p. 84 Jump up ^ Marr , pp. 175 -- 176 ; Pimlott , pp. 256 -- 260 ; Roberts , p. 84 Jump up ^ Lacey , p. 199 ; Shawcross , p. 75 Jump up ^ Lord Altrincham in National Review quoted by Brandreth , p. 374 and Roberts , p. 83 Jump up ^ Brandreth , p. 374 ; Pimlott , pp. 280 -- 281 ; Shawcross , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Hardman , p. 22 ; Pimlott , pp. 324 -- 335 ; Roberts , p. 84 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 84 ^ Jump up to : `` Queen and Canada : Royal visits '' . Royal Household . Archived from the original on 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 114 Jump up ^ Pimlott , p. 303 ; Shawcross , p. 83 ^ Jump up to : Macmillan , pp. 466 -- 472 Jump up ^ Speaight , Robert ( 1970 ) . Vanier , Soldier , Diplomat , Governor General : A Biography . London : William Collins , Sons and Co. Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 262252 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Paul ( 12 October 1964 ) . `` Demonstrations Mar Quebec Events Saturday '' . The Gazette . p. 1 . 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Royal Household. 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Harry pays tribute to the Queen in Jamaica '' . BBC News . 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall to Undertake a Royal Tour of Canada in 2012 '' . Office of the Governor General of Canada . 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Event News '' . The Queen 's Diamond Jubilee Beacons . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` Queen and Duke of Edinburgh celebrate 65th wedding anniversary '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK to name part of Antarctica Queen Elizabeth Land '' . BBC News . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium Announces Broadcast Details for London 2012 Opening Ceremony , Friday '' . PR Newswire. 24 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Nicholas ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` How James Bond whisked the Queen to the Olympics '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Queen honoured with Bafta award for film and TV support '' . BBC News . 4 April 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Queen leaves hospital after stomach bug '' . BBC News . 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recovering Queen signs Commonwealth charter '' . BBC News . 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen to miss Commonwealth meeting '' . BBC News . 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ https://uk.yahoo.com/news/queen-undergoes-eye-surgery-remove-141520545.html Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Set to Beat Victoria 's Record as Longest Reigning Monarch in British History '' . HuffPost. 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Modh , Shrikant ( 11 September 2015 ) . `` The Longest Reigning Monarch Queen Elizabeth II '' . Philately News . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Enthralling ' Audience ' puts Britain 's queen in room with politicians '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Governor General to Host Special Event in Honour of Her Majesty 's Historic Reign '' . Office of the Secretary to the Governor General . 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crown '' . Government of Canada . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth II is now world 's oldest monarch '' . The Hindu . 24 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen becomes world 's oldest monarch following death of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia '' . The Telegraph . 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88 '' . BBC News . 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ PA ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` Queen takes over longest reign mantle after Thailand 's King Bhumibol dies '' . AOL ( UK ) . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Proctor , Charlie ( 21 November 2017 ) . `` BREAKING : The Queen becomes the world 's oldest living Head of State following Mugabe resignation '' . Royal Central . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth II will be the world 's oldest head of state if Robert Mugabe is toppled '' . msn.com. 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon ( 29 January 2017 ) . `` The Blue Sapphire Jubilee : Queen will not celebrate 65th anniversary but instead sit in ' quiet contemplation ' remembering father 's death '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen and Prince Philip portraits released to mark 70th anniversary '' . The Guardian . 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bilefsky , Dan ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` Prince Philip Makes His Last Solo Appearance , After 65 Years in the Public Eye '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandreth , pp. 370 -- 371 ; Marr , p. 395 Jump up ^ Mansey , Kate ; Leake , Jonathan ; Hellen , Nicholas ( 19 January 2014 ) . `` Queen and Charles start to ' job - share ' '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Marr , p. 395 Jump up ^ `` Charles to be next Commonwealth head '' . BBC News . 20 April 2018 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Knight , Sam ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` Operation London Bridge : the secret plan for the days after the Queen 's death '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen ' will do her job for life ' '' . BBC News . 19 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 February 2007 . Shawcross , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ `` How we are organised '' . Church of Scotland . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Queen meets Pope Francis at the Vatican '' . BBC News . 3 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Broadcast 2000 '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Shawcross , pp. 236 -- 237 Jump up ^ `` About The Patron 's Lunch '' . The Patron 's Lunch . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 80 facts about The Queen '' . Royal Household . Archived from the original on 21 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bush , Karen ( 26 October 2007 ) . Everything Dogs Expect You To Know . London : New Holland Publishers . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84537 - 954 - 4 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Andrew ( 1 October 2007 ) . `` Hug for Queen Elizabeth 's first corgi '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Delacourt , Susan ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` When the Queen is your boss '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bond , p. 22 Jump up ^ Bond , p. 35 ; Pimlott , p. 180 ; Roberts , p. 82 ; Shawcross , p. 50 Jump up ^ Bond , p. 35 ; Pimlott , p. 280 ; Shawcross , p. 76 Jump up ^ Bond , pp. 66 -- 67 , 84 , 87 -- 89 ; Bradford , pp. 160 -- 163 ; Hardman , pp. 22 , 210 -- 213 ; Lacey , pp. 222 -- 226 ; Marr , p. 237 ; Pimlott , pp. 378 -- 392 ; Roberts , pp. 84 -- 86 Jump up ^ Cartner - Morley , Jess ( 10 May 2007 ) . `` Elizabeth II , belated follower of fashion '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bond , p. 97 ; Bradford , p. 189 ; Pimlott , pp. 449 -- 450 ; Roberts , p. 87 ; Shawcross , pp. 114 -- 117 Jump up ^ Bond , p. 117 ; Roberts , p. 91 Jump up ^ Bond , p. 134 ; Pimlott , pp. 556 -- 561 , 570 Jump up ^ Bond , p. 134 ; Pimlott , pp. 624 -- 625 Jump up ^ Hardman , p. 310 ; Lacey , p. 387 ; Roberts , p. 101 ; Shawcross , p. 218 Jump up ^ `` Monarchy poll '' . Ipsos MORI. April 2006 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . `` Monarchy Survey '' ( PDF ) . Populus Ltd. 14 -- 16 December 2007 . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . `` Poll respondents back UK monarchy '' . BBC News . 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monarchy / Royal Family Trends -- Satisfaction with the Queen '' . Ipsos MORI. 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vincies vote `` No '' `` . BBC News . 26 November 2009 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Riley , Ben ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Revealed : Damien Hirst 's only portrait of the Queen found in government archives '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth II '' . National Portrait Gallery . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Adams '' . National Portrait Gallery . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` £ 2m estimate of the Queen 's wealth ' more likely to be accurate ' '' . The Times : 1 . 11 June 1971 . Jump up ^ Pimlott , p. 401 Jump up ^ Lord Chamberlain Lord Airlie quoted in Hoey , p. 225 and Pimlott , p. 561 Jump up ^ `` Queen inherits Queen Mother 's estate '' . BBC News . 17 May 2002 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rich List 2017 '' . The Sunday Times . 7 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Royal Collection . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . `` The Royal Collection '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Royal Residences : Overview '' . Royal Household . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Accounts , Annual Reports and Investments '' . Duchy of Lancaster. 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Crown Estate . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greeting a member of The Royal Family '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coat of Arms : Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth '' . Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Personal flags '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coat of Arms of Canada '' . Royal Heraldry Society of Canada . 5 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Louda , Jiří ; Maclagan , Michael ( 1999 ) ( 1981 ) . Lines of Succession : Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Little , Brown . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 84820 - 6 . Bibliography Bond , Jennie ( 2006 ) . Elizabeth : Eighty Glorious Years . London : Carlton Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 84442 - 260 - 7 Bousfield , Arthur ; Toffoli , Gary ( 2002 ) . Fifty Years the Queen . Toronto : Dundurn Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 360 - 2 Bradford , Sarah ( 2012 ) . Queen Elizabeth II : Her Life in Our Times . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 91911 - 6 Brandreth , Gyles ( 2004 ) . Philip and Elizabeth : Portrait of a Marriage . London : Century . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6103 - 4 Briggs , Asa ( 1995 ) . The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom : Volume 4 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 212967 - 8 Campbell , John ( 2003 ) . Margaret Thatcher : The Iron Lady . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 0 - 224 - 06156 - 9 Crawford , Marion ( 1950 ) . The Little Princesses . London : Cassell & Co . Hardman , Robert ( 2011 ) . Our Queen . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 193689 - 1 Heald , Tim ( 2007 ) . Princess Margaret : A Life Unravelled . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84820 - 2 Hoey , Brian ( 2002 ) . Her Majesty : Fifty Regal Years . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 653136 - 9 Lacey , Robert ( 2002 ) . Royal : Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II . London : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 85940 - 0 Macmillan , Harold ( 1972 ) . Pointing The Way 1959 -- 1961 London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 12411 - 1 Marr , Andrew ( 2011 ) . The Diamond Queen : Elizabeth II and Her People . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 74852 - 1 Neil , Andrew ( 1996 ) . Full Disclosure . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 64682 - 7 Nicolson , Sir Harold ( 1952 ) . King George the Fifth : His Life and Reign . London : Constable & Co . Petropoulos , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . Royals and the Reich : the princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516133 - 5 Pimlott , Ben ( 2001 ) . The Queen : Elizabeth II and the Monarchy . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255494 - 1 Roberts , Andrew ; Edited by Antonia Fraser ( 2000 ) . The House of Windsor . London : Cassell & Co . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35406 - 6 Shawcross , William ( 2002 ) . Queen and Country . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 8056 - 5 Thatcher , Margaret ( 1993 ) . The Downing Street Years . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255049 - 0 Trudeau , Pierre Elliott ( 1993 ) . Memoirs . Toronto : McLelland & Stewart . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 8588 - 8 Williamson , David ( 1987 ) . Debrett 's Kings and Queens of Britain . Webb & Bower . ISBN 0 - 86350 - 101 - X Wyatt , Woodrow ; Edited by Sarah Curtis ( 1999 ) . The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt : Volume II . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 77405 - 1 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Elizabeth II '' dated 23 June 2014 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles The Queen at the Royal Family website Elizabeth II at Encyclopædia Britannica Queen Elizabeth II 's profile on BBC `` Archival material relating to Elizabeth II '' . UK National Archives . Portraits of Queen Elizabeth II at the National Portrait Gallery , London Queen Elizabeth II on IMDb Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Titles and succession Elizabeth II House of Windsor Born : 21 April 1926 Regnal titles Preceded by George VI Queen of the United Kingdom 6 February 1952 -- present Incumbent Heir apparent : Charles , Prince of Wales Queen of Australia 6 February 1952 -- present Queen of Canada 6 February 1952 -- present Queen of New Zealand 6 February 1952 -- present Queen of Ceylon 6 February 1952 -- 22 May 1972 Republics established Queen of Pakistan 6 February 1952 -- 23 March 1956 Queen of South Africa 6 February 1952 -- 31 May 1961 New title Independence from the United Kingdom Queen of Ghana 6 March 1957 -- 1 July 1960 Queen of Nigeria 1 October 1960 -- 1 October 1963 Queen of Sierra Leone 27 April 1961 -- 19 April 1971 Queen of Tanganyika 9 December 1961 -- 9 December 1962 Queen of Trinidad and Tobago 31 August 1962 -- 1 August 1976 Queen of Uganda 9 October 1962 -- 9 October 1963 Queen of Kenya 12 December 1963 -- 12 December 1964 Queen of Malawi 6 July 1964 -- 6 July 1966 Queen of Malta 21 September 1964 -- 13 December 1974 Queen of the Gambia 18 February 1965 -- 24 April 1970 Queen of Guyana 26 May 1966 -- 23 February 1970 Queen of Mauritius 12 March 1968 -- 12 March 1992 Queen of Fiji 10 October 1970 -- 6 October 1987 Queen of Jamaica 6 August 1962 -- present Incumbent Heir apparent : Charles , Prince of Wales Queen of Barbados 30 November 1966 -- present Queen of the Bahamas 10 July 1973 -- present Queen of Grenada 7 February 1974 -- present New title Independence from Australia Queen of Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975 -- present New title Independence from the United Kingdom Queen of the Solomon Islands 7 July 1978 -- present Queen of Tuvalu 1 October 1978 -- present Queen of Saint Lucia 22 February 1979 -- present Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979 -- present Queen of Belize 21 September 1981 -- present Queen of Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981 -- present Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983 -- present Preceded by George VI Head of the Commonwealth 1952 -- present Incumbent Military offices Preceded by The Earl Jellicoe as First Lord of the Admiralty Lord High Admiral 1964 -- 2011 Succeeded by The Duke of Edinburgh Order of precedence First Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom as sovereign Followed by The Duke of Edinburgh Queen Elizabeth II Monarchies Current Realms Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom Former Realms Ceylon Fiji Gambia Ghana Guyana Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Ancestry and family Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( husband ) wedding wedding dress Charles , Prince of Wales ( son ) Anne , Princess Royal ( daughter ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( son ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( son ) George VI ( father ) Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ( mother ) Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( sister ) Mountbatten - Windsor family Accession and coronation Coronation Royal guests Participants in the procession Coronation gown Medal Honours Award The Queen 's Beasts Treetops Hotel Proclamation of accession MacCormick v Lord Advocate Reign Annus horribilis Household Christopher John Lewis incident Lithgow Plot Marcus Sarjeant incident Michael Fagan incident Personality and image Prime ministers Operation London Bridge Jubilees Silver Jubilee Events Medal Honours Jubilee Gardens Jubilee line Jubilee Walkway Golden Jubilee Prom at the Palace Party at the Palace Medal Honours Jubilee Odyssey Diamond Jubilee Pageant Armed Forces Parade and Muster Thames Pageant Gloriana Spirit of Chartwell Concert Gibraltar Flotilla Medal Honours Sapphire Jubilee Sapphire Jubilee Commonwealth tours Australia official openings Canada Ships used HMS Vanguard ( 23 ) SS Gothic ( 1947 ) HMY Britannia State visits Outgoing State visit to Ireland Incoming Pope Benedict XVI President Michael D. Higgins President Xi Jinping Titles and honours Head of the Commonwealth List of things named after Elizabeth II Royal Family Order Elizabeth Cross Queen 's Official Birthday Flags Depictions Documentaries Royal Journey ( 1951 ) A Queen Is Crowned ( 1953 ) The Queen in Australia ( 1954 ) The Royal Tour of the Caribbean ( 1966 ) Royal Family ( 1969 ) Elizabeth R : A Year in the Life of the Queen ( 1992 ) Monarchy : The Royal Family at Work ( 2007 ) The Queen ( 2009 TV serial ) The Diamond Queen ( 2012 ) Elizabeth at 90 : A Family Portrait ( 2016 ) The Coronation ( 2018 ) Film and television A Question of Attribution ( 1992 TV ) Her Majesty ( 2001 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Happy and Glorious ( 2012 ) A Royal Night Out ( 2015 ) The Crown ( 2016 -- ) Plays A Question of Attribution ( 1988 ) The Audience ( 2013 ) Handbagged Portraits Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II -- An 80th Birthday Portrait Pietro Annigoni 's Portraits The Queen Songs God Save the Queen Her Majesty Stamps Machin series ( list ) Wilding series Castle series Canadian domestic rate stamp Country definitives Animals Corgis Dookie Susan Horses Aureole Burmese Carrozza Dunfermline Estimate Height of Fashion Highclere Pall Mall Winston Related Elizabeth II 's jewels Sagana Lodge Villa Guardamangia Children 's Party at the Palace Jeannette Charles Links to related articles English , Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund II Cnut Harold I Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold II Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret of Norway John Balliol Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 James VI & I Charles I Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Current members of the Order of the Garter Ex officio The Queen The Prince of Wales Knights and Ladies Companion The Lord Bramall The Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover The Lord Ashburton Sir Timothy Colman The Duke of Abercorn The Lord Inge Sir Antony Acland The Lord Butler of Brockwell The Lord Morris of Aberavon Sir John Major The Lord Luce Sir Thomas Dunne The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers The Lord Boyce The Lord Stirrup The Baroness Manningham - Buller The Lord King of Lothbury The Lord Shuttleworth Sir David Brewer Lady Mary Fagan The Viscount Brookeborough 3 vacancies Royal Knights and Ladies The Duke of Edinburgh The Duke of Kent The Princess Royal The Duke of Gloucester Princess Alexandra , The Honourable Lady Ogilvy The Duke of York The Earl of Wessex The Duke of Cambridge Stranger Knights and Ladies Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg The Queen of Denmark The King of Sweden King Juan Carlos I of Spain Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands The Emperor of Japan The King of Norway The King of Spain Officers The Bishop of Winchester ( Prelate ) The Duke of Abercorn ( Chancellor ) The Dean of Windsor ( Registrar ) Thomas Woodcock ( Garter Principal King of Arms ) The Clarenceux King of Arms ( Secretary ) Sarah Clarke ( Black Rod ) Current monarchs of sovereign states Africa Letsie III Mohammed VI Mswati III Asia Hamad Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Hassanal Bolkiah Norodom Sihamoni Akihito Abdullah II Sabah IV Muhammad V Qaboos Tamim Salman Rama X Khalifa * Europe Macron ^ and Vives Sicília ^ Philippe Margrethe II Hans - Adam II ( Regent : Alois ) Henri Albert II Willem - Alexander Harald V Felipe VI Carl XVI Gustaf Elizabeth II Francis Americas Elizabeth II Oceania Elizabeth II Tupou VI * Officially President ^ Ex officio as President of France and Bishop of Urgell British princesses The generations indicate descent from George I , who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family . Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once , her most senior descent , by which she bore or bears her title , is used . 1st generation Sophia Dorothea , Queen in Prussia 2nd generation Anne , Princess Royal and Princess of Orange Princess Amelia Princess Caroline Mary , Landgravine of Hesse - Kassel Louise , Queen of Denmark and Norway 3rd generation Duchess Augusta of Brunswick Princess Elizabeth Princess Louisa Caroline Matilda , Queen of Denmark and Norway 4th generation Charlotte , Princess Royal and Queen of Württemberg Princess Augusta Sophia Elizabeth , Landgravine of Hesse - Homburg Princess Mary , Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh Princess Sophia Princess Amelia Princess Sophia of Gloucester Princess Caroline of Gloucester 5th generation Princess Charlotte , Princess Leopold of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Princess Elizabeth of Clarence Queen Victoria Augusta , Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg - Strelitz Princess Mary Adelaide , Duchess of Teck 6th generation Victoria , Princess Royal and German Empress Alice , Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine Princess Helena , Princess Christian of Schleswig - Holstein Princess Louise , Duchess of Argyll Princess Beatrice , Princess Henry of Battenberg Princess Frederica , Baroness von Pawel - Rammingen Princess Marie of Hanover 7th generation Louise , Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife Princess Victoria Maud , Queen of Norway Marie , Queen of Romania Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia Princess Alexandra , Princess of Hohenlohe - Langenburg Princess Beatrice , Duchess of Galliera Margaret , Crown Princess of Sweden Princess Patricia , Lady Patricia Ramsay Princess Alice , Countess of Athlone Princess Marie Louise , Princess Maximilian of Baden Alexandra , Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg - Schwerin Princess Olga of Hanover 8th generation Mary , Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood Princess Alexandra , 2nd Duchess of Fife Princess Maud , Countess of Southesk Princess Sibylla , Duchess of Västerbotten Princess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Frederica , Queen of Greece 9th generation Queen Elizabeth II Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon Princess Alexandra , The Honourable Lady Ogilvy 10th generation Anne , Princess Royal 11th generation Princess Beatrice of York Princess Eugenie of York Lady Louise Windsor 12th generation Princess Charlotte of Cambridge Status debatable ; see her article . Duchesses of Edinburgh Princess Augusta of Saxe - Gotha ( 1736 -- 1751 * ) Duchesses of Gloucester and Edinburgh Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia ( 1874 -- 1900 * ) Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom ( 1947 -- 1952 ^ ) * From marriage to husband 's death ^ From marriage to accession as Queen BNF : cb11974322d ( data ) GND : 118529889 ISNI : 0000 0001 2123 3290 LCCN : n80126296 MusicBrainz : 911ffa04 - 7051 - 4172 - a370 - 02f1102120ef NDL : 00620626 NKC : jn20000700038 SELIBR : 184346 SNAC : ZFXJ9EaP SUDOC : 027772357 ULAN : 500233087 VIAF : 20471592 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_II&oldid=854355885 '' Categories : Elizabeth II 1926 births 20th - century British monarchs 21st - century British monarchs 20th - century British women 21st - century British women Auxiliary Territorial Service officers British Anglicans British philanthropists British Presbyterians British princesses British racehorse owners and breeders British women in World War II Girlguiding UK Heads of state of Antigua and Barbuda Heads of state of the Bahamas Heads of state of Barbados Heads of state of Belize Heads of state of Canada Heads of state of Fiji Heads of state of the Gambia Heads of state of Ghana Heads of state of Grenada Heads of state of Guyana Heads of state of Jamaica Heads of state of Kenya Heads of state of Malawi Heads of state of Malta Heads of state of Mauritius Heads of state of New Zealand Heads of state of Nigeria Heads of state of Pakistan Heads of state of Papua New Guinea Heads of state of Saint Kitts and Nevis Heads of state of Saint Lucia Heads of state of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Heads of state of Sierra Leone Heads of state of the Solomon Islands Heads of state of Tanganyika Heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago Heads of state of Tuvalu Heads of state of Uganda Heads of the Commonwealth Honorary air commodores House of Windsor Jewellery collectors Living people Monarchs of Australia Monarchs of Ceylon Monarchs of South Africa Monarchs of the United Kingdom People from Mayfair Protestant monarchs Queens regnant in the British Isles Women in the Canadian armed services Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use British English from December 2017 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 150 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 18 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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"Elizabeth II\nElizabeth II in 2015\n \nQueen of the United Kingdom andthe other Commonwealth realms[show]\n\n\n Canada 1952–presentAustralia 1952–presentNew Zealand 1952–presentJamaica 1962–presentBarbados 1966–presentThe Bahamas 1973–presentGrenada 1974–presentPapua New Guinea 1975–presentSolomon Islands 1978–presentTuvalu 1978–presentSt. Lucia 1979–presentSt. Vincent andthe Grenadines 1979–presentBelize 1981–presentAntigua and Barbuda 1981–presentSt. Kitts and Nevis 1983–presentPakistan 1952–1956South Africa 1952–1961Ceylon 1952–1972Ghana 1957–1960Nigeria 1960–1963Sierra Leone 1961–1971Tanganyika 1961–1962Trinidad and Tobago 1962–1976Uganda 1962–1963Kenya 1963–1964Malawi 1964–1966Malta 1964–1974The Gambia 1965–1970Guyana 1966–1970Mauritius 1968–1992Fiji 1970–1987 \n Reign\n6 February 1952 – presentCoronation\n2 June 1953Predecessor\nGeorge VIHeir apparent\nCharles, Prince of WalesPrime Ministers\nSee listBorn\n (1926-04-21) 21 April 1926 (age 92)17 Bruton Street, Mayfair, London, United KingdomSpouse\nPhilip, Duke of Edinburgh (m. 1947)IssueDetail\n\nCharles, Prince of Wales\nAnne, Princess Royal\nPrince Andrew, Duke of York\nPrince Edward, Earl of Wessex\n\nFull name\nElizabeth Alexandra MaryHouse\nWindsorFather\nGeorge VIMother\nElizabeth Bowes-LyonSignature\n"
] | [
"Philip, Duke of Edinburgh"
] |
234165902683243457 | Unemployment in the United States | Unemployment in the United States - wikipedia Unemployment in the United States Jump to : navigation , search U.S. employment levels by two key measures , the civilian employment level and total non-farm payroll . Changes in the latter are commonly reported as the number of jobs created or lost from month to month . US employment statistics ( unemployment rate and monthly changes in net employment ) , 2009 -- 2016 The rate of U.S. unemployment under various definitions . Unemployment rate by county in the United States ( March 2017 ) Unemployment in the United States discusses the causes and measures of U.S. unemployment and strategies for reducing it . Job creation and unemployment are affected by factors such as economic conditions , global competition , education , automation , and demographics . These factors can affect the number of workers , the duration of unemployment , and wage levels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Definitions of unemployment 2.1 Employed 2.2 Unemployed 2.3 Labor force 3 U.S. employment history 3.1 Jobs created by Presidential term 4 Recent employment trends 4.1 Unemployment rates 4.2 Level of employment and job creation 4.3 Labor force participation 4.4 Mix of full - time and part - time jobs 4.5 Other measures 4.6 Pace of recovery 5 Demographics and employment trends 5.1 Age 5.2 Gender 5.3 Education 5.4 Race 5.5 Native - or foreign - born 6 Causes of unemployment 7 Fiscal and monetary policy 7.1 Fiscal policy 7.2 Monetary policy 8 Political debates 8.1 Liberal position 8.2 Conservative position 8.3 Poll data 8.4 2008 -- 2009 debates 8.5 2010 -- present debates 8.5. 1 Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act 8.5. 2 American Jobs Act 8.5. 3 Fiscal cliff 8.6 Tax policy 8.6. 1 Individual income taxes 8.6. 2 Corporate income taxes 9 Solutions for creating more U.S. jobs 9.1 Infrastructure investment 9.2 Tax policy 9.3 Lower healthcare costs 9.4 Energy policy and carbon price certainty 9.5 Employment policies and the minimum wage 9.6 Regulatory reform 9.7 Education policy 9.8 Income inequality 9.9 Trade policy 9.10 Long - term unemployment 9.11 President 's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness 10 Analytical perspectives 10.1 Labor market recovery following 2007 -- 2009 recession 10.2 Comparison of employment recovery across recessions and financial crises 10.3 Share of full - time and part - time workers 10.4 What job creation rate is required to lower the unemployment rate ? 10.4. 1 Estimates 10.4. 2 Empirical data 10.5 International labor force size comparisons 10.6 Effect of disability recipients on labor force participation measures 10.7 Effects on health and mortality 10.8 Effects of healthcare reform 10.9 Job growth projections 2016 -- 2026 11 Obtaining data 11.1 Monthly jobs reports 11.2 Federal Reserve Database ( FRED ) 11.3 Unemployment rate forecasts 11.4 Off - shoring statistics 12 Historical unemployment rate charts 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Overview ( edit ) Unemployment generally falls during periods of economic prosperity and rises during recessions , creating significant pressure on public finances as tax revenue falls and social safety net costs increase . Government spending and taxation decisions ( fiscal policy ) and U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate adjustments ( monetary policy ) are important tools for managing the unemployment rate . There may be an economic trade - off between unemployment and inflation , as policies designed to reduce unemployment can create inflationary pressure , and vice versa . The U.S. Federal Reserve ( the Fed ) has a dual mandate to achieve full employment while maintaining a low rate of inflation . The major political parties debate appropriate solutions for improving the job creation rate , with liberals arguing for more government spending and conservatives arguing for lower taxes and less regulation . Polls indicate that Americans believe job creation is the most important government priority , with not sending jobs overseas the primary solution . Unemployment can be measured in several ways . A person is unemployed if they are jobless but looking for a job and available for work . People who are neither employed nor unemployed are not in the labor force . For example , as of September 2017 , the unemployment rate in the United States was 4.2 % or 6.8 million people , while the government 's broader U-6 unemployment rate , which includes the part - time underemployed was 8.3 % . Both of these rates were below the November 2007 level that preceded the Great Recession . These figures were calculated with a civilian labor force of approximately 159.6 million people , relative to a U.S. population of approximately 326 million people . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) publishes a monthly `` Employment Situation Summary '' with key statistics and commentary . Definitions of unemployment ( edit ) Key employment statistics and ratios for November 2016 Number of persons in U.S. labor force and number employed . The gap is the number unemployed , which peaked at 15.4 million in October 2009 and fell to 7.4 million by November 2016 . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has defined the basic employment concepts as follows : People with jobs are employed . People who are jobless , looking for jobs , and available for work are unemployed . People who are neither employed nor unemployed are not in the labor force . Employed ( edit ) Employed persons consist of : All persons who did any work for pay or profit during the survey reference week . All persons who did at least 15 hours of unpaid work in a family - owned enterprise operated by someone in their household . All persons who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs , whether they were paid or not . Full - time employed persons work 35 hours or more , considering all jobs , while part - time employed persons work less than 35 hours . Unemployed ( edit ) Who is counted as unemployed ? Persons are classified as unemployed if they do not have a job , have actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks , and are currently available for work . Workers expecting to be recalled from layoff are counted as unemployed , whether or not they have engaged in a specific job - seeking activity . In all other cases , the individual must have been engaged in at least one active job search activity in the 4 weeks preceding the interview and be available for work ( except for temporary illness ) . Labor force ( edit ) Who is not in the labor force ? Persons not in the labor force are those who are not classified as employed or unemployed during the survey reference week . Labor force measures are based on the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years old and over . ( Excluded are persons under 16 years of age , all persons confined to institutions such as nursing homes and prisons , and persons on active duty in the Armed Forces . ) The labor force is made up of the employed and the unemployed . Expressed as a formula , the labor force equals employed plus unemployed persons . The remainder -- those who have no job and are not looking for one -- are counted as `` not in the labor force . '' Many who are not in the labor force are going to school or are retired . Family responsibilities keep others out of the labor force . `` Marginally attached '' workers are those not in the labor force because they have not searched for a job in the prior 4 weeks . However , they have searched in the prior 12 months and are both available for work and want to do so . Most marginally attached workers are not searching due to school or family responsibilities . The marginally attached category also includes `` discouraged workers '' , who are not looking for work because they believe no jobs are available to them . U.S. employment History ( edit ) Job Growth by U.S. President , measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of term . Monthly job numbers and unemployment During the 1940s , the U.S Department of Labor , specifically the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) , began collecting employment information via monthly household surveys . Other data series are available back to 1912 . The unemployment rate has varied from as low as 1 % during World War I to as high as 25 % during the Great Depression . More recently , it reached peaks of 10.8 % in November 1982 and 10.0 % in October 2009 . Unemployment tends to rise during recessions and fall during expansions . From 1948 to 2015 , unemployment averaged about 5.8 % . There is always some unemployment , with persons changing jobs and new entrants to the labor force searching for jobs . This is referred to as frictional unemployment . For this reason , the Federal Reserve targets the natural rate of unemployment or NAIRU , which was around 5 % in 2015 . A rate of unemployment below this level would be consistent with rising inflation in theory , as a shortage of workers would bid wages ( and thus prices ) upward . Jobs created by Presidential term ( edit ) Main article : Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms Various sources summarize the number of jobs created by Presidential term . The figures may include private or public job creation or combination . The Federal Reserve Economic Data ( FRED ) database contains the total nonfarm employment level , a measure of private sector job creation . For President Obama , between February 2009 and December 2015 , the private sector added a total of 10 million jobs . The Calculated Risk blog also reported the number of private sector jobs created by Presidential term . Over 10 million jobs were created in each of President Clinton 's two terms during the 1990s , by far the largest number among recent Presidents . President Reagan averaged over 7 million in each term during the 1980s , while George W. Bush had negative job creation in the 2000s . Each of these Presidents added net public sector ( i.e. , government ) jobs , except President Obama . Recent employment trends ( edit ) Line chart showing unemployment rate trends from 2000 - 2017 , for the U3 and U6 measures . Analyzing employment ratios for prime working age ( 25 -- 54 yrs ) helps remove the effects of aging demographics . Both ratios have the same denominator , the civilian population . The numerator of the upper line is the labor force ( i.e. , both employed and unemployed ) , while the numerator of the lower line is the employed only . U.S. proportion of the civilian labor force aged 16 years and older that was not in the labor force by reason , 2004 and 2014 There are a variety of measures used to track the state of the U.S. labor market . Each provides insight into the factors affecting employment . The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides a `` chartbook '' displaying the major employment - related variables in the economy . Members of the Federal Reserve also give speeches and Congressional testimony that explain their views of the economy , including the labor market . As of September 2017 , the employment recovery relative to the November 2007 ( pre-recession ) level was generally complete . Variables such as the unemployment rates ( U-3 and U-6 ) and number of employed have improved beyond their pre-recession levels . However , measures of labor force participation ( even among the prime working age group ) , and the share of long - term unemployed were worse than pre-crisis levels . Further , the mix of jobs has shifted , with a larger share of part - time workers than pre-crisis . For example : Unemployment rates ( edit ) The unemployment rate ( U-3 ) , measured as the number of persons unemployed divided by the civilian labor force , rose from 5.0 % in December 2007 to peak at 10.0 % in October 2009 , before falling to the low level of 4.2 % by September 2017 . This measure excludes persons not in the labor force , which can distort its interpretation if a large number of working - aged persons become discouraged and stop looking for work . The unemployment rate ( U-6 ) is a wider measure of unemployment , which treats additional workers as unemployed ( e.g. , those employed part - time for economic reasons and certain `` marginally attached '' workers outside the labor force ) . The U-6 rate rose from 8.8 % in December 2007 to a peak of 17.1 % in November 2009 , before steadily falling to 8.3 % in September 2017 . The share of unemployed who have been out of work for 27 or more weeks ( i.e. , long - term unemployed ) averaged approximately 19 % pre-crisis ; this peaked at 48.1 % in April 2010 and fell to 25.5 % by September 2017 . Some research indicates the long - term unemployed may be stigmatized as having out - of - date skills , facing an uphill battle to return to the workforce . Level of employment and job creation ( edit ) Civilian employment , one measure of the size of the employed workforce , expanded consistently during the 1990s , but was inconsistent during the 2000 's due to recessions in 2001 and 2008 -- 2009 . From 2010 onward , it steadily rose through October 2017 . For example , employment did not recover its January 2001 peak of 137.8 million until June 2003 . Then , from the bubble - assisted peak in November 2007 of 146.6 million , 8.6 million jobs were lost due to the global economic crisis , with employment falling to 138.0 million . U.S. employment began rising thereafter and regained the pre-crisis peak by September 2014 . By December 2016 , civilian employment was 152.1 million , 5.5 million above the pre-crisis level and 14.1 million above the trough . By October 2017 , 153.9 million were employed . From October 2010 to November 2015 , the U.S. added a total of 12.4 million jobs , with positive job growth each month averaging 203,000 , a robust rate by historical standards . Analysis of labor force trends for 2015 indicated that it was mainly persons that did not want jobs , rather than discouraged or marginally attached workers , which was slowing the rate of growth of the labor force . Job creation in 2014 was the best since 1999 . As of October , the economy had added 2.225 million private sector jobs , and 2.285 million total jobs . Government employment ( federal , state and local ) was 22.0 million in November 2015 , similar to August 2006 levels . This contrasts with steady increases in government employment 1980 -- 2008 . Federal government employment was 2.7 million in November 2015 , also similar to pre-recession ( 2007 ) levels . It had risen roughly 200,000 workers in the aftermath of the crisis then fell back again . Labor force participation ( edit ) The labor force participation rate ( LFPR ) is defined as the number of persons in the labor force ( i.e. , employed and unemployed ) divided by the civilian population ( aged 16 + ) . This ratio has steadily fallen from 67.3 % in March 2000 to 62.5 % by May 2016 . The decline is long - term in nature and is primarily driven by an aging country , as the Baby Boomers move into retirement ( i.e. , they are no longer in the labor force but are in the civilian population . ) Other factors include a higher proportion of working aged persons on disability or in school . Another measure of workforce participation is the civilian employment - to - population ratio ( EM Ratio ) , which fell from its 2007 pre-crisis peak of approximately 63 % to 58 % by November 2010 and partially recovered to 60 % by May 2016 . This is computed as the number of persons employed divided by the civilian population . This measure is also affected by demographics . Analysts can adjust for the effect of demographics by examining the ratio for those `` working - aged '' persons aged 25 -- 54 . For this group , LFPR fell from 83.3 % in November 2007 to a trough of 80.5 % in July 2015 , before partially recovering to 81.8 % in October 2017 . The EM ratio for this group fell from its November 2007 level of 79.7 % to a trough of 74.8 % in December 2009 , before recovering steadily towards 78.8 % in October 2017 . In both cases , the ratios had yet to reach their pre-crisis peaks , a possible indicator of `` slack '' in the labor market with some working - age persons on the sidelines . The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the U.S. was approximately 2.5 million workers below full employment as of the end of 2015 and 1.6 million at December 31 , 2016 , mainly due to lower labor force participation . In December 2015 , the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) reported the reasons why persons aged 16 + were outside the labor force , using the 2014 figure of 87.4 million : 1 ) Retired - 38.5 million or 44 % ; 2 ) Disabled or Illness - 16.3 million or 19 % ; 3 ) Attending school - 16.0 million or 18 % ; 4 ) Home responsibilities - 13.5 million or 15 % ; and 4 ) Other Reasons - 3.1 million or 5 % . As of November 2016 , BLS estimated that 90 million of the 95 million people outside the labor force indicated they `` do not want a job now . '' Mix of full - time and part - time jobs ( edit ) The number of part - time workers jumped during 2008 and 2009 as a result of the recession , while the number of full - time workers fell . This pattern is consistent with previous recessions . From November 2007 to January 2010 , the number of part - time workers increased by 3.0 million ( from 24.8 million to 27.8 million ) , while the number of full - time workers fell by 11.3 million ( from 121.9 million to 110.6 million ) . Between 2010 and May 2016 , the number of part - time workers fluctuated between approximately 27 -- 28 million , while the number of full - time workers recovered steadily to 123.1 million , above the pre-crisis peak . In other words , nearly all of the post-recession job creation was full - time . The share of full - time jobs was 83 % in 2007 , but fell to 80 % by February 2010 , recovering steadily to 81.5 % by May 2016 . The number of persons working part - time for economic reasons remained above the pre-crisis level as of August 2016 . The number rose from 4.6 million in December 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to a peak of 9.7 million in March 2010 , before falling to 6.0 million in August 2016 . Measured as a percent of total employed in the private sector , the figures were 3.3 % , 7.1 % , and 4.0 % , respectively . Federal Reserve Governor Lael Brainard cited this as an indicator of labor market slack in a September 2016 speech . Measured between 2005 and 2015 , the net job creation was in alternative work arrangements ( i.e. , contract , temporary help , on - call , independent contractors or freelancers ) . Some of these workers may qualify as full - time ( greater than 35 hours / week ) while others are part - time . In other words , the number of workers in traditional jobs was essentially unchanged for 2005 and 2015 , while the alternative work arrangement level increased by 9.4 million . Gallup measured the percent of workers with `` good jobs '' defined as `` 30 + hours per week for an employer who provides a regular paycheck . '' The ratio was around 42 % during 2010 and rose to close to 48 % during 2016 and 2017 . This was measured between 2010 and July 31 , 2017 , after which Gallup discontinued routinely measuring it . Other measures ( edit ) The U.S. Federal Reserve tracks a variety of labor market metrics , which affect how it sets monetary policy . One `` dashboard '' includes nine measures , only three of which had returned to their pre-crisis ( 2007 ) levels as of June 2014 . The Fed also publishes a `` Labor market conditions index '' that includes a score based on 19 other employment statistics . Pace of recovery ( edit ) Research indicates recovery from financial crises can be protracted relative to typical recessions , with lengthy periods of high unemployment and substandard economic growth . Compared against combined financial crises and recessions in other countries , the U.S. employment recovery following the 2007 -- 2009 recession was relatively fast . Demographics and employment trends ( edit ) The line chart shows the long - term decline in labor force participation for males of prime - working age ( 25 -- 54 years ) , based on educational attainment . Employment trends by race and education , comparing pre-crisis ( Dec 2007 ) levels with November 2016 . The white working - age population fell by 4.8 million over this period as the Boomer 's aged , while the working age populations of the other races increased . Employment trends can be analyzed by any number of demographic factors individually or in combination , such as age , gender , educational attainment , and race . A major trend underlying the analysis of employment numbers is the aging of the white workforce , which is roughly 70 % of the employment total by race as of November 2016 . For example , the prime working age ( 25 -- 54 ) white population declined by 4.8 million between December 2007 and November 2016 , roughly 5 % , while non-white populations are increasing . This is a major reason why non-white and foreign - born workers are increasing their share of the employed . However , white prime - age workers have also had larger declines in labor force participation than some non-white groups , for reasons not entirely clear . Such changes may have important political implications . Age ( edit ) The 2007 -- 2009 recession resulted in the number employed falling across all age groups except those aged 55 and over , which continued to increase steadily . Those aged 16 -- 19 were hit the hardest , with the number employed falling nearly 30 % from pre-crisis levels , while other groups under 55 fell 5 -- 10 % . While the number employed in the 25 -- 34 age group recovered to its pre-crisis ( December 2007 ) level by January 2014 and continued to slowly rise , several under age 55 groups remained below pre-crisis levels as of May 2016 . Unemployment rates for all age groups rose during the crisis , with the 16 -- 24 year group rising from around 10 % during 2007 to peak at 19.5 % in 2010 , before falling back to 10 % by May 2016 . Gender ( edit ) Men accounted for at least 7 of 10 workers who lost jobs during the 2007 -- 2009 recession , according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data . Men aged 25 -- 54 have seen their labor force participation rate fall at all education levels for decades , although the decline was much more severe for those with less than a college education . As of September 2016 , seven million US men between 25 and 54 were neither employed nor looking for work . These men tend to be younger , single , non-parents , and less educated . School , disability , level of education , incarceration , and a shift in industry mix away from traditionally male jobs like construction are among potential contributing factors . An estimated 40 % of the prime working - age men not in the labor force report having pain that prevents them from working . Education ( edit ) Unemployment rates historically are lower for those groups with higher levels of education . For example , in May 2016 the unemployment rate for workers over 25 years of age was 2.5 % for college graduates , 5.1 % for those with a high school diploma , and 7.1 % for those without a high school diploma . Unemployment rates roughly doubled for all three groups during the 2008 -- 2009 period , before steadily falling back to approximately their pre-crisis levels as of May 2016 . The recovery has also favored the more educated in terms of employment and job creation . One study indicated that nearly all the 11.6 million net jobs created between 2010 and January 2016 were filled by those with at least some college education . Only 80,000 net jobs were created for those with a high school education or less . Employment levels have risen proportionally to educational attainment . From December 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to June 2016 , the number of persons employed changed as follows : Bachelor 's degree or higher + 21 % ; some college or associate degree + 4 % ; High school diploma only − 9 % ; and less than high school diploma − 14 % . Labor force participation rates have also fallen more for men aged 25 -- 54 with lower levels of education , as part of a long - term trend in lower labor force participation for men in that age group . Race ( edit ) The unemployment rate for African Americans rose from 7.6 % in August 2007 to a peak of 17.3 % in January 2010 , before falling back to 8.2 % by May 2016 . For Latinos over the same periods , the rates were 5.5 % , 12.9 % and 5.6 % respectively . For Asians , the rates were 3.4 % , 8.4 % , and 3.9 % . Whites saw their employment levels fall more than non-whites over the 2007 -- 2016 period , as a relatively larger number of white persons moves out of the prime working age ( 25 -- 54 ) and into retirement . The number of white workers fell by approximately 700,000 from November 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to November 2016 , while the number of workers of other races rose . Hispanics added approximately 4.9 million ( + 24 % ) , Asian 2.3 million ( + 34 % ) , and African Americans 2.3 million ( + 14 % ) . These racial disparities may have helped the Trump campaign with the white working class voters in 2016 . While the age 25 -- 54 white population fell about 5 % from November 2007 to November 2016 , which would correspond with a declining number of whites employed , whites also had a larger decline in the employment to population ratio than non-whites . Native - or foreign - born ( edit ) BLS statistics indicate foreign - born workers have filled jobs dis - proportionally to their share in the population . From 2000 to 2015 : 1 ) Foreign - born represented 33 % of the aged 16 + population increase , but represented 53 % of the labor force increase and 59 % of the employment increase ; 2 ) The number of native - born employed increased by 5.6 million ( 5 % ) while the number of foreign - born employed increased by 8.0 million ( 47 % ) ; and 3 ) Labor force participation declined more for native - born ( 5 percentage points ) versus foreign - born ( 2 percentage points ) . Comparing December 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to June 2016 , the number of employed foreign - born is up 13.3 % , while the number of native - born employed is up 2.1 % . Causes of unemployment ( edit ) Main article : Causes of Unemployment in the United States There are a variety of domestic , foreign , market and government factors that impact unemployment in the United States . These may be characterized as cyclical ( related to the business cycle ) or structural ( related to underlying economic characteristics ) and include , among others : Economic conditions : The U.S. faced the subprime mortgage crisis and resulting recession of 2007 -- 2009 , which significantly increased the unemployment rate to a peak of 10 % in October 2009 . The unemployment rate fell steadily thereafter , returning to 5 % by December 2015 as economic conditions improved . Demographic trends : The U.S. has an aging population , which is moving more persons out of the labor force relative to the civilian population . This has resulted in a long - term downward trend in the labor force participation rate that began around 2000 , as the Baby Boomer generation began to retire . Level of education : Historically , as educational attainment rises , the unemployment rate falls . For example , the unemployment rate for college graduates was 2.4 % in May 2016 , versus 7.1 % for those without a high school diploma . Technology trends , with automation replacing workers in many industries while creating jobs in others . Globalization and sourcing trends , with employers creating jobs in overseas markets to reduce labor costs or avoid regulations . International trade policy , which has resulted in a sizable trade deficit ( imports greater than exports ) since the early 2000s , which reduces GDP and employment relative to a trade surplus . Immigration policy , which affects the nature and number of workers entering the country . Monetary policy : The Federal Reserve conducts monetary policy , adjusting interest rates to move the economy towards a full employment target of around a 5 % unemployment rate and 2 % inflation rate . The Federal Reserve has maintained near - zero interest rates since the 2007 -- 2009 recession , in efforts to boost employment . It also injected a sizable amount of money into the economy via quantitative easing to boost the economy . In December 2015 , it raised interest rates for the first time moderately , with guidance that it intended to continue doing if economic conditions were favorable . Fiscal policy : The Federal government has reduced its budget deficit significantly since the 2007 -- 2009 recession , which resulted from a combination of improving economic conditions and recent steps to reduce spending and raise taxes on higher income taxpayers . Reducing the budget deficit means the government is doing less to support employment , other things equal . Unionization : The ratio of persons represented by unions has fallen consistently since the 1960s , weakening the power of labor ( workers ) relative to capital ( owners ) . This is due to a combination of economic trends and policy choices . A trend towards more workers in the `` gig '' or access economy , in alternative ( part - time or contract ) work arrangements rather than full - time ; the percentage of workers in such arrangements rose from 10.1 % in 2005 to 15.8 % in late 2015 . This implies all of the net employment growth in the U.S. economy ( about 9 million jobs between 2005 and 2015 ) occurred in alternative work arrangements , while the number in traditional jobs slightly declined . Fiscal and monetary policy ( edit ) Typical intervention strategies under different conditions Employment is both cause and response to the economic growth rate , which can be affected by both government fiscal policy ( spending and tax decisions ) and monetary policy ( Federal Reserve action . ) Fiscal policy ( edit ) The U.S. ran historically large annual debt increases from 2008 to 2013 , adding over $1 trillion in total national debt annually from fiscal year 2008 to 2012 . The deficit expanded primarily due to a severe financial crisis and recession . With a U.S. GDP of approximately $17 trillion , the spending implied by this deficit comprises a significant amount of GDP . Keynesian economics argues that when the economic growth is slow , larger budget deficits are stimulative to the economy . This is one reason why the significant deficit reduction represented by the fiscal cliff was expected to result in a recession . However , the deficit from 2014 to 2016 was in line with historical average , meaning it was not particularly stimulative . For example , CBO reported in October 2014 : `` The federal government ran a budget deficit of $486 billion in fiscal year 2014 ... $195 billion less than the shortfall recorded in fiscal year 2013 , and the smallest deficit recorded since 2008 . Relative to the size of the economy , that deficit -- at an estimated 2.8 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) -- was slightly below the average experienced over the past 40 years , and 2014 was the fifth consecutive year in which the deficit declined as a percentage of GDP since peaking at 9.8 percent in 2009 . By CBO 's estimate , revenues were about 9 percent higher and outlays were about 1 percent higher in 2014 than they were in the previous fiscal year . '' As part of the economic policy of Barack Obama , the United States Congress funded approximately $800 billion in spending and tax cuts via the February 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to stimulate the economy . Monthly job losses began slowing shortly thereafter . By March 2010 , employment again began to rise . From March 2010 to September 2012 , over 4.3 million jobs were added , with consecutive months of employment increases from October 2010 to December 2015 . As of December 2015 , employment of 143.2 million was 4.9 million above the pre-crisis peak in January 2008 of 138.3 million . Monetary policy ( edit ) The U.S. Federal Reserve ( the Fed ) has a dual mandate to achieve full employment while maintaining a low rate of inflation . U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate adjustments ( monetary policy ) are important tools for managing the unemployment rate . There may be an economic trade - off between unemployment and inflation , as policies designed to reduce unemployment can create inflationary pressure , and vice versa . Debates regarding monetary policy during 2014 -- 2015 centered on the timing and extent of interest rate increases , as a near - zero interest rate target had remained in place since the 2007 -- 2009 recession . Ultimately , the Fed decided to raise interest rates marginally in December 2015 . The Fed describes the type of labor market analyses it performs in making interest rate decisions in the minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee , its policy governing body , among other channels . The U.S. Federal Reserve has taken significant action to stimulate the economy after the 2007 -- 2009 recession . The Fed expanded its balance sheet significantly from 2008 to 2014 , meaning it essentially `` printed money '' to purchase large quantities of mortgage - backed securities and U.S. treasury bonds . This bids up bond prices , helping keep interest rates low , to encourage companies to borrow and invest and people to buy homes . It planned to end its quantitative easing in October 2014 but was undecided on when it might raise interest rates from near record lows . The Fed also tied its actions to its outlook for unemployment and inflation for the first time in December 2012 . Political debates ( edit ) Liberal position ( edit ) Liberals typically argue for government action or partnership with the private sector to improve job creation . Typical proposals involve stimulus spending on infrastructure construction , clean energy investment , unemployment compensation , educational loan assistance , and retraining programs . Liberals historically supported labor unions and protectionist trade policies . Liberals tend to be less concerned with budget deficits and debt and have a higher tolerance for inflation or currency devaluation to improve trade competitiveness , as a weaker currency makes exports relatively less expensive . During recessions , liberals generally advocate solutions based on Keynesian economics , which argues for additional government spending when the private sector is unable or unwilling to support sufficient levels of economic growth . Conservative position ( edit ) Conservatives typically argue for free market solutions , with less government restriction of the private sector . Conservatives tend to oppose stimulus spending or bailouts , letting the free market determine success and failure . Typical proposals involve deregulation and income tax rate reduction . Conservatives historically have opposed labor unions and encouraged free trade agreements . Fiscal conservatives express concern that higher budget deficits and debt damage confidence , reducing investment and spending . Conservatives argue for policies that reduce or lower inflation . Conservatives generally advocate supply - side economics . Poll data ( edit ) The affluent are much less inclined than other groups of Americans to support an active role for government in addressing high unemployment . Only 19 % of the wealthy say that Washington should insure that everyone who wants to work can find a job , but 68 % of the general public support that proposition . Similarly , only 8 % of the rich say that the federal government should provide jobs for everyone able and willing to work who can not find a job in private employment , but 53 % of the general public thinks it should . A September 2012 survey by The Economist found those earning over $100,000 annually were twice as likely to name the budget deficit as the most important issue in deciding how they would vote than middle - or lower - income respondents . Among the general public , about 40 % say unemployment is the most important issue while 25 % say that the budget deficit is . A March 2011 Gallup poll reported : `` One in four Americans say the best way to create more jobs in the U.S. is to keep manufacturing in this country and stop sending work overseas . Americans also suggest creating jobs by increasing infrastructure work , lowering taxes , helping small businesses , and reducing government regulation . '' Further , Gallup reported that : `` Americans consistently say that jobs and the economy are the most important problems facing the country , with 26 % citing jobs specifically as the nation 's most important problem in March . '' Republicans and Democrats agreed that bringing the jobs home was the number one solution approach , but differed on other poll questions . Republicans next highest ranked items were lowering taxes and reducing regulation , while Democrats preferred infrastructure stimulus and more help for small businesses . Further , U.S. sentiment on free trade has been turning more negative . An October 2010 Wall Street Journal / NBC News poll reported that : `` ( M ) ore than half of those surveyed , 53 % , said free - trade agreements have hurt the U.S. That is up from 46 % three years ago and 32 % in 1999 . '' Among those earning $75,000 or more , 50 % now say free - trade pacts have hurt the U.S. , up from 24 % who said the same in 1999 . Across party lines , income , and job type , 76 -- 95 % of Americans surveyed agreed that `` outsourcing of production and manufacturing work to foreign countries is a reason the U.S. economy is struggling and more people are n't being hired '' . The Pew Center reported poll results in August 2012 : `` Fully 85 % of self - described middle - class adults say it is more difficult now than it was a decade ago for middle - class people to maintain their standard of living . Of those who feel this way , 62 % say `` a lot '' of the blame lies with Congress , while 54 % say the same about banks and financial institutions , 47 % about large corporations , 44 % about the Bush administration , 39 % about foreign competition and 34 % about the Obama administration . '' 2008 -- 2009 debates ( edit ) The debate around the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( ARRA ) , the approximately $800 billion stimulus bill passed due to the subprime mortgage crisis , highlighted these views . Democrats generally advocated the liberal position and Republicans advocated the conservative position . Republican pressure reduced the overall size of the stimulus while increasing the ratio of tax cuts in the law . These historical positions were also expressed during the debate around the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , which authorized the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) , an approximately $700 billion bailout package ( later reduced to $430 billion ) for the banking industry . The initial attempt to pass the bill failed in the House of Representatives due primarily to Republican opposition . Following a significant drop in the stock market and pressure from a variety of sources , a second vote passed the bill in the House . 2010 -- present debates ( edit ) Creating American jobs and Ending Offshoring Act ( edit ) Senator Dick Durbin proposed a bill in 2010 called the `` Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act '' that would have reduced tax advantages from relocating U.S. plants abroad and limited the ability to defer profits earned overseas . However , the bill was stalled in the Senate primarily due to Republican opposition . It was supported by the AFL - CIO but opposed by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce . The Congressional Research Service summarized the bill as follows : `` Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act -- Amends the Internal Revenue Code to : ( 1 ) exempt from employment taxes for a 24 - month period employers who hire an employee who replaces another employee who is not a citizen or permanent resident of the United States and who performs similar duties overseas ; ( 2 ) deny any tax deduction , deduction for loss , or tax credit for the cost of an American jobs offshoring transaction ( defined as any transaction in which a taxpayer reduces or eliminates the operation of a trade or business in connection with the start - up or expansion of such trade or business outside the United States ) ; and ( 3 ) eliminate the deferral of tax on income of a controlled foreign corporation attributable to property imported into the United States by such corporation or a related person , except for property exported before substantial use in the United States and for agricultural commodities not grown in the United States in commercially marketable quantities . '' American jobs Act ( edit ) President Barack Obama proposed the American Jobs Act in September 2011 , which included a variety of tax cuts and spending programs to stimulate job creation . The White House provided a fact sheet which summarized the key provisions of the $447 billion bill . However , neither the House nor the Senate has passed the legislation as of December 2012 . President Obama stated in October 2011 : `` In the coming days , members of Congress will have to take a stand on whether they believe we should put teachers , construction workers , police officers and firefighters back on the job ... They 'll get a vote on whether they believe we should protect tax breaks for small business owners and middle - class Americans , or whether we should protect tax breaks for millionaires and billionaires . '' Fiscal cliff ( edit ) Main article : United States fiscal cliff During 2012 , there was significant debate regarding approximately $560 billion in tax increases and spending cuts scheduled to go into effect in 2013 , which would reduce the 2013 budget deficit roughly in half . Critics argued that with an employment crisis , such fiscal austerity was premature and misguided . The Congressional Budget Office projected that such sharp deficit reduction would likely cause the U.S. to enter recession in 2013 , with the unemployment rate rising to 9 % versus approximately 8 % in 2012 , costing over 1 million jobs . The fiscal cliff was partially addressed by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 . Tax policy ( edit ) Individual income taxes ( edit ) It is unclear whether lowering marginal income tax rates boosts job growth , or whether increasing tax rates slows job creation . This is due to many other variables that impact job creation . Economic theory suggests that ( other things equal ) tax cuts are a form of stimulus ( they increase the budget deficit ) and therefore create jobs , much like spending . However , tax cuts as a rule have less impact per additional deficit dollar than spending , as a portion of tax cuts can be saved rather than spent . Since income taxes are primarily paid by higher income taxpayers ( the top 1 % pay roughly half of them ) and these taxpayers tend to save a higher portion of any incremental dollars returned to them via tax cuts than lower income taxpayers , income tax cuts are a less effective form of stimulus than payroll tax cuts , infrastructure investment , and unemployment compensation . One study indicated that tax cuts do create employment growth , particularly tax cuts for the lower earners . However , the historical record indicates that marginal income tax rate changes have little impact on job creation , economic growth or employment . During the 1970s , marginal income tax rates were far higher than subsequent periods and the U.S. created 19.6 million net new jobs . During the 1980s , marginal income tax rates were lowered and the U.S. created 18.3 million net new jobs . During the 1990s , marginal income tax rates rose and the U.S. created 21.6 million net new jobs . From 2000 to 2010 , marginal income tax rates were lowered due to the Bush tax cuts and the U.S. created no net new jobs . The 7.5 million created 2000 -- 2007 represent slow job growth by historical standards . President Obama raised income tax rates on the top 1 % via partial expiration of the Bush tax cuts in January 2013 . He also raised payroll taxes on the top 5 % as part of the Affordable Care Act at that time . Despite these tax increases , average monthly job creation increased from 179,000 in 2012 to 192,000 in 2013 and 250,000 in 2014 . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) wrote in March 2009 : `` Small business employment rose by an average of 2.3 percent ( 756,000 jobs ) per year during the Clinton years , when tax rates for high - income filers were set at very similar levels to those that would be reinstated under President Obama 's budget . But during the Bush years , when the rates were lower , employment rose by just 1.0 percent ( 367,000 jobs ) . '' CBPP reported in September 2011 that both employment and GDP grew faster in the seven - year period following President Clinton 's income tax rate increase of 1993 , than a similar period after the Bush tax cuts of 2001 . Corporate income taxes ( edit ) Conservatives typically argue for lower U.S. tax income rates , arguing that it would encourage companies to hire more workers . Liberals have proposed legislation to tax corporations that offshore jobs and to limit corporate tax expenditures . U.S. corporate after - tax profits were at record levels during 2012 while corporate tax revenue was below its historical average relative to GDP . For example , U.S. corporate after - tax profits were at record levels during the third quarter of 2012 , at an annualized $1.75 trillion . U.S. corporations paid approximately 1.2 % GDP in taxes during 2011 . This was below the 2.7 % GDP level in 2007 pre-crisis and below the 1.8 % historical average for the 1990 -- 2011 period . In comparing corporate taxes , the Congressional Budget Office found in 2005 that the top statutory tax rate was the third highest among OECD countries behind Japan and Germany . However , the U.S. ranked 27th lowest of 30 OECD countries in its collection of corporate taxes relative to GDP , at 1.8 % vs. the average 2.5 % . Solutions for creating more U.S. jobs ( edit ) A variety of options for creating jobs exist , but these are strongly debated and often have tradeoffs in terms of additional government debt , adverse environmental impact , and impact on corporate profitability . Examples include infrastructure investment , tax reform , healthcare cost reduction , energy policy and carbon price certainty , reducing the cost to hire employees , education and training , deregulation , and trade policy . Authors Bittle & Johnson of Public agenda explained the pros and cons of 14 job creation arguments frequently discussed , several of which are summarized below by topic . These are hotly debated by experts from across the political spectrum . Infrastructure investment ( edit ) Many experts advocate infrastructure investment , such as building roads and bridges and upgrading the electricity grid . Such investments have historically created or sustained millions of jobs , with the offset to higher state and federal budget deficits . In the wake of the 2008 -- 2009 recession , there were over 2 million fewer employed housing construction workers . The American Society of Civil Engineers rated U.S. infrastructure a `` D + '' on their scorecard for 2013 , identifying an estimated $3.6 trillion in investment ideas by 2020 . CBO estimated in November 2011 that increased investment in infrastructure would create between 1 and 6 jobs per $1 million invested ; in other words , a $100 billion investment would generate between 100,000 and 600,000 additional jobs . President Obama proposed the American Jobs Act in 2011 , which included infrastructure investment and tax breaks offset by tax increases on high income earners . However , it did not receive sufficient support in the Senate to receive a floor vote . During late 2015 , the House and Senate , in rare bipartisan form , passed the largest infrastructure package in a decade , costing $305 billion over five years , less than the $478 billion in Obama 's initial request . He signed the Fixing America 's Surface Transportation Act into law in December 2015 . Tax policy ( edit ) Lowering the costs of workers also encourages employers to hire more . This can be done via reducing existing Social Security or Medicare payroll taxes or by specific tax incentives for hiring additional workers . CBO estimated in 2011 that reducing employers ' payroll taxes ( especially if limited to firms that increase their payroll ) , increasing aid to the unemployed , and providing additional refundable tax credits to lower - income households , would generate more jobs per dollar of investment than infrastructure . President Obama reduced the Social Security payroll tax on workers during the 2011 -- 2012 period , which added an estimated $100 billion to the deficit while leaving these funds with consumers to spend . The U.S. corporate tax rate is among the highest in the world , although U.S. corporations pay among the lowest amount relative to GDP due to loopholes . Reducing the rate and eliminating loopholes may make U.S. businesses more competitive , but may also add to the deficit . The Tax Policy Center estimated during 2012 that reducing the corporate tax rate from 35 % to 20 % would add $1 trillion to the debt over a decade , for example . Lower healthcare costs ( edit ) Businesses are faced with paying the significant and rising healthcare costs of their employees . Many other countries do not burden businesses , but instead tax workers who pay the government for their healthcare . This significantly reduces the cost of hiring and maintaining the work force . Energy policy and carbon price certainty ( edit ) Various studies place the cost of environmental regulations in the thousands of dollars per employee . Americans are split on whether protecting the environment or economic growth is a higher priority . Regulations that would add costs to petroleum and coal may slow the economy , although they would provide incentives for clean energy investment by addressing regulatory uncertainty regarding the price of carbon . President Obama advocated a series of clean energy policies during June 2013 . These included : Reducing carbon pollution from power plants ; Continue expanding usage of clean energy ; raising fuel economy standards ; and energy conservation through more energy - efficient homes and businesses . Employment policies and the minimum wage ( edit ) History of the federal minimum wage in real 2013 dollars and nominal dollars . Raising the minimum wage would provide households with more money to spend , in an era with record corporate profits and a reluctance of corporations to invest . Critics argue raising employment costs deters hiring . During 2009 , the minimum wage was $7.25 per hour , or $15,000 per year , below poverty level for some families . The New York Times editorial board wrote in August 2013 : `` As measured by the federal minimum wage , currently $7.25 an hour , low - paid work in America is lower paid today than at any time in modern memory . If the minimum wage had kept pace with inflation or average wages over the past nearly 50 years , it would be about $10 an hour ; if it had kept pace with the growth in average labor productivity , it would be about $17 an hour . '' President Obama advocated raising the minimum wage during February 2013 : `` The President is calling on Congress to raise the minimum wage from $7.25 to $9 in stages by the end of 2015 and index it to inflation thereafter , which would directly boost wages for 15 million workers and reduce poverty and inequality ... A range of economic studies show that modestly raising the minimum wage increases earnings and reduces poverty without jeopardizing employment . In fact , leading economists like Lawrence Katz , Richard Freeman , and Laura Tyson and businesses like Costco , Wal - Mart , and Stride Rite have supported past increases to the minimum wage , in part because increasing worker productivity and purchasing power for consumers will also help the overall economy . '' The Economist wrote in December 2013 : `` A minimum wage , providing it is not set too high , could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs ... America 's federal minimum wage , at 38 % of median income , is one of the rich world 's lowest . Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages , others see a small one , but none finds any serious damage . '' The U.S. minimum wage was last raised to $7.25 per hour in July 2009 . As of December 2013 , there were 21 states with minimum wages above the Federal minimum , with the State of Washington the highest at $9.32 . Ten states index their minimum wage to inflation . The CBO reported in February 2014 that increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 per hour between 2014 and 2016 would reduce employment by an estimated 500,000 jobs , while about 16.5 million workers would have higher pay . A smaller increase to $9.00 per hour would reduce employment by 100,000 , while about 7.6 million workers would have higher pay . Regulatory reform ( edit ) Regulatory costs on business start - ups and going concerns are significant . Requiring laws to have sunset provisions ( end - dates ) would help ensure only worthwhile regulations are renewed . New businesses account for about one - fifth of new jobs added . However , the number of new businesses starting each year dropped by 17 % after the recession . Inc. magazine published 16 ideas to encourage new startups , including cutting red tape , approving micro-loans , allowing more immigration , and addressing tax uncertainty . Education policy ( edit ) Education policy reform could make higher education more affordable and more attuned to job needs . Unemployment is considerably lower for those with a college education . However , college is increasingly unaffordable . Providing loans contingent on degrees focused on fields with worker shortages such as healthcare and accounting would address structural workforce imbalances ( i.e. , a skills mismatch ) . Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen stated in 2014 : `` Public funding of education is another way that governments can help offset the advantages some households have in resources available for children . One of the most consequential examples is early childhood education . Research shows that children from lower - income households who get good - quality pre-Kindergarten education are more likely to graduate from high school and attend college as well as hold a job and have higher earnings , and they are less likely to be incarcerated or receive public assistance . '' Income inequality ( edit ) Further information : Income inequality in the United States U.S. economic growth is not translating into higher median family incomes . Real GDP per capita has increased while the real median income per household has not , indicating a trend of greater income inequality . Income inequality , expressed by wage stagnation for middle - and lower - income families coupled with a shift in income growth to the top earners , can adversely affect economic growth , as wealthier families tend to save more . The quality or pay of the job matters , not just creating more jobs . The union movement has declined considerably , one factor contributing to more income inequality and off - shoring . Reinvigorating the labor movement could help create more higher - paying jobs , shifting some of the economic pie back to workers from owners . However , by raising employment costs , employers may choose to hire fewer workers . Trade policy ( edit ) Creating a level playing field with trading partners could help create more jobs in the U.S. Wage and living standard differentials and currency manipulation can make `` free trade '' something other than `` fair trade . '' Requiring countries to allow their currencies to float freely on international markets would reduce significant trade deficits , adding jobs in developed countries such as the U.S. and Western Europe . Long - term unemployment ( edit ) CBO reported several options for addressing long - term unemployment during February 2012 . Two short - term options included policies to : 1 ) Reduce the marginal cost to businesses of adding employees ; and 2 ) Tax policies targeted towards people most likely to spend the additional income , mainly those with lower income . Over the long - run , structural reforms such as programs to facilitate re-training workers or education assistance would be helpful . President 's Council on jobs and competitiveness ( edit ) President Obama established the President 's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness in 2009 . The Council released an interim report with a series of recommendations in October 2011 . The report included five major initiatives to increase employment while improving competitiveness : Measures to accelerate investment into job - rich projects in infrastructure and energy development ; A comprehensive drive to ignite entrepreneurship and accelerate the number and scale of young , small businesses and high - growth firms that produce an outsized share of America 's new jobs ; A national investment initiative to boost jobs - creating inward investment in the United States , both from global firms headquartered elsewhere and from multinational corporations headquartered here ; Ideas to simplify regulatory review and streamline project approvals to accelerate jobs and growth ; and , Steps to ensure America has the talent in place to fill existing job openings as well as to boost future job creation . Analytical Perspectives ( edit ) Employment statistics from the FRED database , comparing June 2015 and October 2009 . Many of the mathematical relationships between the variables are shown . Employment trends in key variables indexed to show relative changes in the number of persons CBO explanation for shortfall in employment of 2.5 million relative to a theoretical full employment level in 2015 ; it fell to 1.6 million in 2016 . Analyzing the true state of the U.S. labor market is very complex and a challenge for leading economists , who may arrive at different conclusions . For example , the main gauge , the unemployment rate , can be falling ( a positive sign ) while the labor force participation rate is falling as well ( a negative sign ) . Further , the reasons for persons leaving the labor force may not be clear , such as aging ( more people retiring ) or because they are discouraged and have stopped looking for work . The extent to which persons are not fully utilizing their skills is also difficult to determine when measuring the level of underemployment . A rough comparison of September 2014 ( when the unemployment rate was 5.9 % ) versus October 2009 ( when the unemployment rate peaked at 10.0 % ) helps illustrate the analytical challenge . The civilian population increased by roughly 10 million during that time , with the labor force increasing by about 2 million and those not in the labor force increasing by about 8 million . However , the 2 million increase in the labor force represents the net of an 8 million increase in those employed , partially offset by a 6 million decline in those unemployed . So is the primary cause of improvement in the unemployment rate due to : a ) increased employment of 8 million ; or b ) the increase in those not in the workforce , also 8 million ? Did the 6 million fewer unemployed obtain jobs or leave the workforce ? Labor market recovery following 2007 -- 2009 recession ( edit ) CBO issued a report in February 2014 analyzing the causes for the slow labor market recovery following the 2007 -- 2009 recession . CBO listed several major causes : `` To a large degree , the slow recovery of the labor market reflects the slow growth in the demand for goods and services , and hence gross domestic product ( GDP ) . CBO estimates that GDP was 71⁄2 percent smaller than potential ( maximum sustainable ) GDP at the end of the recession ; by the end of 2013 , less than one - half of that gap had been closed . With output growing so slowly , payrolls have increased slowly as well -- and the slack in the labor market that can be seen in the elevated unemployment rate and part of the reduction in the rate of labor force participation mirrors the gap between actual and potential GDP . '' `` Of the roughly 2 percentage - point net increase in the rate of unemployment between the end of 2007 and the end of 2013 , about 1 percentage point was the result of cyclical weakness in the demand for goods and services , and about 1 percentage point arose from structural factors ; those factors are chiefly the stigma workers face and the erosion of skills that can stem from long - term unemployment ( together worth about one - half of a percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate ) and a decrease in the efficiency with which employers are filling vacancies ( probably at least in part as a result of mismatches in skills and locations , and also worth about one - half of a percentage point of the increase in the unemployment rate ) . '' `` Of the roughly 3 percentage - point net decline in the labor force participation rate between the end of 2007 and the end of 2013 , about 11⁄2 percentage points was the result of long - term trends ( primarily the aging of the population ) , about 1 percentage point was the result of temporary weakness in employment prospects and wages , and about one - half of a percentage point was attributable to unusual aspects of the slow recovery that led workers to become discouraged and permanently drop out of the labor force . '' `` Employment at the end of 2013 was about 6 million jobs short of where it would be if the unemployment rate had returned to its prerecession level and if the participation rate had risen to the level it would have attained without the current cyclical weakness . Those factors account roughly equally for the shortfall . '' Comparison of employment recovery across recessions and financial crises ( edit ) One method of analyzing the impact of recessions on employment is to measure the period of time it takes to return to the pre-recession employment peak . By this measure , the 2008 -- 2009 recession was considerably worse than the five other U.S. recessions from 1970 to present . By May 2013 , U.S. employment had reached 98 % of its pre-recession peak after approximately 60 months . Employment recovery following a combined recession and financial crisis tends to be much longer than a typical recession . For example , it took Norway 8.5 years to return to its pre-recession peak employment after its 1987 financial crisis and it took Sweden 17.8 years after its 1991 financial crisis . The U.S. is recovering considerably faster than either of these countries . Share of full - time and part - time workers ( edit ) The ratio of full - time workers was 86.5 % in January 1968 and hit a historical low of 79.9 % in January 2010 . There is a long - term trend of gradual reduction in the share of full - time workers since 1970 , with recessions resulting in a decline in the full - time share of the workforce faster than the overall trend , with partial reversal during recovery periods . For example , as a result of the 2007 -- 2009 recession , the ratio of full - time employed to total employed fell from 83.1 % in December 2007 to a trough of 79.9 % in January 2010 , before steadily rising to 81.6 % by April 2016 . Stated another way , the share of part - time employed to total employed rose from 16.9 % in December 2007 to a peak of 20.1 % in January 2010 , before steadily falling to 18.4 % in April 2016 . There is a trend towards more workers in alternative ( part - time or contract ) work arrangements rather than full - time ; the percentage of workers in such arrangements rose from 10.1 % in 2005 to 15.8 % in late 2015 . This implies all of the net employment growth in the U.S. economy ( 9.1 million jobs between 2005 and 2015 ) occurred in alternative work arrangements , while the number in traditional jobs slightly declined . What job creation rate is required to lower the unemployment rate ? ( edit ) Estimates ( edit ) Estimates vary for the number of jobs that must be created to absorb the inflow of persons into the labor force , to maintain a given rate of unemployment . This number is significantly affected by demographics and population growth . For example , economist Laura D'Andrea Tyson estimated this figure at 125,000 jobs per month during 2011 . Economist Paul Krugman estimated it around 90,000 during 2012 , mentioning also it used to be higher . One method of calculating this figure follows , using data as of September 2012 : U.S. population 314,484,000 x 0.90 % annual population growth x 63 % of population is working age x 63 % work force participation rate / 12 months per year = 93,614 jobs / month . This approximates the Krugman figure . Wells Fargo economists estimated the figure around 150,000 in January 2013 : `` Over the past three months , labor force participation has averaged 63.7 percent , the same as the average for 2012 . If the participation rate holds steady , how many new jobs are needed to lower the unemployment rate ? The steady employment gains in recent months suggest a rough answer . The unemployment rate has been 7.9 percent , 7.8 percent and 7.8 percent for the past three months , while the labor force participation rate has been 63.8 percent , 63.6 percent and 63.6 percent . Meanwhile , job gains have averaged 151,000 . Therefore , it appears that the magic number is something above 151,000 jobs per month to lower the unemployment rate . '' Reuters reported a figure of 250,000 in February 2013 , stating sustained job creation at this level would be needed to `` significantly reduce the ranks of unemployed . '' Federal Reserve analysts estimated this figure around 80,000 in June 2013 : `` According to our analysis , job growth of more than about 80,000 jobs per month would put downward pressure on the unemployment rate , down significantly from 150,000 to 200,000 during the 1980s and 1990s . We expect this trend to fall to around 35,000 jobs per month from 2016 through the remainder of the decade . '' Empirical data ( edit ) During the 41 months from January 2010 to May 2013 , there were 19 months where the unemployment rate declined . On average , 179,000 jobs were created in those months . The median job creation during those months was 166,000 . International labor force size comparisons ( edit ) The U.S. civilian labor force was approximately 155 million people during October 2012 . This was the world 's third largest , behind China ( 795.5 million ) and India ( 487.6 million ) . The entire European Union employed 228.3 million . Effect of disability recipients on labor force participation measures ( edit ) The number of people receiving Social Security disability benefits ( SSDI ) increased from 7.1 million in December 2007 to 8.7 million in April 2012 , a 22 % increase . Recipients are excluded from the labor force . Economists at JPMorgan Chase & Co. and Morgan Stanley estimated this explained as much as 0.5 of the 2.0 percentage point decline in the U.S. labor - force participation rate during the period . Effects on health and mortality ( edit ) Unemployment can have adverse health effects . One study indicated that a 1 % increase in the unemployment rate can increase mortality among working - aged males by 6 % . Similar effects were not noted for women or the elderly , who had lower workforce attachment . The mortality increase was mainly driven by circulatory health issues ( e.g. , heart attacks ) . Another study concluded that : `` Losing a job because of an establishment closure increased the odds of fair or poor health by 54 % , and among respondents with no preexisting health conditions , it increased the odds of a new likely health condition by 83 % . This suggests that there are true health costs to job loss , beyond sicker people being more likely to lose their jobs . '' Extended job loss can add the equivalent of ten years to a persons age . Studies have also indicated that worsening economic conditions can be associated with lower mortality across the entire economy , with slightly lower mortality in the much larger employed group offsetting higher mortality in the unemployed group . For example , recessions might include fewer drivers on the road , reducing traffic fatalities and pollution . Effects of healthcare reform ( edit ) CBO estimated in December 2015 that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( also known colloquially as `` Obamacare '' ) would reduce the labor supply by approximately 2 million full - time worker equivalents ( measured as a combination of persons and hours worked ) by 2025 , relative to a baseline without the law . This is driven by the law 's health insurance coverage expansions ( e.g. , subsidies and Medicaid expansion ) plus taxes and penalties . With access to individual marketplaces , fewer persons are dependent on health insurance offered by employers . Job growth projections 2016 -- 2026 ( edit ) BLS forecast ranking of the top 10 fastest growing occupations over the 2016 - 2026 period is dominated by healthcare jobs . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) reported on October 24 , 2017 its projections of job growth by industry and job type over the 2016 -- 2026 period . Healthcare was the industry expected to add the most jobs , driven by demand from an aging population . The top three occupations were : personal care aides with 754,000 jobs added or a 37 % increase ; home health aids with 425,600 or 47 % ; and software developers at 253,400 or 30.5 % . BLS also reported that : `` About 9 out of 10 new jobs are projected to be added in the service - providing sector from 2016 to 2026 , resulting in more than 10.5 million new jobs , or 0.8 percent annual growth . The goods - producing sector is expected to increase by 219,000 jobs , growing at a rate of 0.1 percent per year over the projections decade . '' BLS predicted that manufacturing jobs would decline by over 700,000 over that period . Obtaining data ( edit ) Monthly jobs reports ( edit ) U.S. employment statistics are reported by government and private primary sources monthly , which are widely quoted in the news media . These sources use a variety of sampling techniques that yield different measures . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) provides a monthly `` Employment Situation Summary . '' For example , BLS reported for December 2012 that : `` Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 155,000 in December , and the unemployment rate was unchanged at 7.8 percent ... Employment increased in health care , food services and drinking places , construction , and manufacturing . '' Automatic Data Processing ( ADP ) also provides a `` National Employment Report . '' For the December 2012 period , ADP reported a 215,000 non-farm payroll increase . Several secondary sources also interpret the primary data released . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities provides a monthly `` Statement '' on the BLS Situation Summary . The CBPP wrote in January 2013 : `` ( December 2012 ) is the 34th straight month of private - sector job creation , with payrolls growing by 5.3 million jobs ( a pace of 157,000 jobs a month ) since February 2010 ; total nonfarm employment ( private plus government jobs ) has grown by 4.8 million jobs over the same period , or 141,000 a month . Total government jobs fell by 546,000 over this period , dominated by a loss of 395,000 local government jobs . '' Federal Reserve Database ( FRED ) ( edit ) The FRED database contains a variety of employment statistics organized as data series . It can be used to generate charts or download historical information . Data series include labor force , employment , unemployment , labor force participation , etc . The Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) also releases employment statistics . Some popular data series include : FRED -- Civilian Labor Force FRED -- Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate CIVPART FRED -- Civilian Unemployment Rate UNRATE FRED -- Civilian Unemployed UNEMPLOY Job creation in the U.S. is typically measured by changes in the `` Total Non-Farm '' employees . FRED -- Total Non-Farm Employment FRED has gathered many of the employment statistics on one page for easy access : FRED - Unemployment Series Unemployment rate forecasts ( edit ) The Congressional Budget Office provides an unemployment rate forecast in its long term budget outlook . During August 2012 , it projected that the unemployment rate would be 8.8 % in 2013 and 8.7 % in 2014 . CBO projected the rate would then begin falling steadily to 5.5 % by 2018 and remain around that level through 2022 . This forecast assumes annual real GDP growth will exceed 3 % between 2014 and 2018 . During December 2012 , Wells Fargo Economics forecast that the unemployment rate would be 7.8 % in 2013 and 7.6 % in 2014 . This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4 % in 2013 and 2.5 % in 2014 . Off - shoring Statistics ( edit ) The Department of Labor 's Employment and Training Administration ( ETA ) prepares an annual report on those petitioning for trade adjustment assistance , due to jobs lost from international trade . This represents a fraction of jobs actually off - shored and does not include jobs that are placed overseas initially or the collateral impact on surrounding businesses when , for example , a manufacturing plant moves overseas . During 2011 , there were 98,379 workers covered by petitions filed with ETA . The figure was 280,873 in 2010 , 201,053 in 2009 and 126,633 in 2008 . Historical unemployment rate charts ( edit ) The estimated U.S. Unemployment rate from 1800 to 1890 . All data are estimates based on data compiled by Lebergott . See limitations section below regarding how to interpret unemployment statistics in self - employed , agricultural economies . See image info for complete data . The estimated U.S. Unemployment rate from 1890 to 2010 . 1890 -- 1930 data are from Romer ( who modified Lebergott 's work after finding some errors in it ) . 1930 -- 1940 data are from Coen. 1940 -- 2009 data are from Bureau of Labor Statistics . See image info for complete data . See also ( edit ) Bureau of Labor Statistics Economy of the United States Income inequality in the United States Job Creation Index Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms Unemployment benefits in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Unemployment Rate '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 1 - month net change in employment '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . 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Manpower in Economic Growth : The American Record since 1800 . Pages 164 -- 190 . New York : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Christina Romer ( 1986 ) . `` Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data '' , The Journal of Political Economy , 94 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Coen ( 1973 ) . `` Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920s and 1930s : A Re-Examination Based on Postwar Experience '' , The Review of Economics and Statistics , 55 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics , Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population , 1940 to date . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Comparability '' ( 2006 ) . Employment and Earnings . Household Data Explanatory Notes , February 2006 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unemployment in the United States . Graphs and data BLS Chartbook on Employment Measures -- December 2016 Bloomberg - Fed Chair Janet Yellen 's Employment Dashboard - August 2015 Bureau of Labor Statistics US Unemployment Data -- Current and historical unemployment data by various demographics Historical US Unemployment Rate Chart -- interactive chart for U.S. unemployment rate data -- 1948 to present including subcategories BLS - Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey - October 2013 FRB Atlanta - Labor Force Participation Dynamics - Interactive Data Other resources Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis -- Making Sense of Unemployment Data -- February , 2016 Summers , Lawrence H. ( 2008 ) . `` Unemployment '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 - 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Unemployment Benefits Comparison By State Looking for Work : A History of Unemployment -- an hour - long history public radio program exploring U.S. unemployment over more than three centuries Ben Bernanke - Recent Developments in the Labor Market -- March 2012 NYT Graphic - Pay and Productivity Trends 1947 to Present Monthly Labor Review - The Compensation - Productivity Gap : A Visual Essay - January 2011 Demos - Why is Washington Reducing the Deficit Instead of Creating Jobs ? -- December 2012 Economic Policy Institute - State of Working America 12th Edition - 2012 BLS Economists Moncarz and Wolf : Service - providing occupations , offshoring and the labor market - Monthly Labor Review - December 2008 Wells Fargo Economics - 2013 Economics Outlook - December 2013 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - December 2012 Jobs Report President 's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness - Interim Report - October 2011 Economic Report of the President -- Chapter 4 -- Jobs , Workers and Skills McKinsey Global Institute - 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About Wikipedia | what is the highest unemployment rate ever in the united states | [
"During the 1940s, the U.S Department of Labor, specifically the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), began collecting employment information via monthly household surveys. Other data series are available back to 1912. The unemployment rate has varied from as low as 1% during World War I to as high as 25% during the Great Depression. More recently, it reached peaks of 10.8% in November 1982 and 10.0% in October 2009. Unemployment tends to rise during recessions and fall during expansions. From 1948 to 2015, unemployment averaged about 5.8%. There is always some unemployment, with persons changing jobs and new entrants to the labor force searching for jobs. This is referred to as frictional unemployment. For this reason, the Federal Reserve targets the natural rate of unemployment or NAIRU, which was around 5% in 2015. A rate of unemployment below this level would be consistent with rising inflation in theory, as a shortage of workers would bid wages (and thus prices) upward.[13]"
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"25%"
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-4975063480930539817 | List of Midsomer Murders episodes | List of Midsomer murders episodes - wikipedia List of Midsomer murders episodes Midsomer Murders is a British television detective drama that has aired on ITV since 1997 . The show is based on Caroline Graham 's Chief Inspector Barnaby book series , as originally adapted by Anthony Horowitz . The current lead character is DCI John Barnaby ( Neil Dudgeon ) , who works for Causton CID . Dudgeon 's character is the younger cousin of former lead character DCI Tom Barnaby ( John Nettles ) . Dudgeon first appeared as randy gardener Daniel Bolt in the Series 4 episode `` Garden of Death '' . Dudgeon permanently joined the show in 2011 following Nettles 's departure . As of 20 May 2018 , 116 episodes have aired over 19 series . Episodes 1 to 100 were originally released on DVD as 25 `` sets , '' which are now discontinued , and have been re-released as `` series '' 1 to 16 in redesigned packages . Series 20 was announced by ITV in April 2017 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 1997 ) 2.2 Series 1 ( 1998 ) 2.3 Series 2 ( 1999 ) 2.4 Series 3 ( 1999 -- 00 ) 2.5 Series 4 ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2.6 Series 5 ( 2001 -- 02 ) 2.7 Series 6 ( 2003 ) 2.8 Series 7 ( 2003 -- 04 ) 2.9 Series 8 ( 2004 -- 05 ) 2.10 Series 9 ( 2005 -- 06 ) 2.11 Series 10 ( 2006 -- 08 ) 2.12 Series 11 ( 2008 -- 10 ) 2.13 Series 12 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.14 Series 13 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.15 Series 14 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.16 Series 15 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.17 Series 16 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.18 Series 17 ( 2015 ) 2.19 Series 18 ( 2016 ) 2.20 Series 19 ( 2016 -- 18 ) 2.21 Series 20 ( 2018 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot 23 March 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 23 ) 22 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 22 ) 6 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) 20 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) 5 February 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 05 ) 12 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) 29 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 29 ) 5 10 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) 16 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 16 ) 5 5 23 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 23 ) 22 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 22 ) 6 5 3 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 03 ) 31 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) 7 7 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) 25 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 25 ) 8 8 10 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 10 ) 2 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) 9 8 9 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) 17 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) 10 8 12 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) 11 May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) 11 7 1 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) 5 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) 12 7 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) 13 8 10 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 2 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) 14 8 23 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 15 6 1 February 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) 30 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 16 5 24 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) 17 28 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 18 6 6 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 19 6 18 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) 20 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 20 6 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Pilot ( 1997 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date `` The Killings at Badger 's Drift '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 23 March 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 23 ) September / October 1996 When DCI Barnaby and DS Troy arrive in the village of Badger 's Drift to investigate the sudden death of Emily Simpson , her next door neighbour insists that she had been murdered , after she had seen her return from a walk , unnerved and shocked by something she had witnessed . When the post mortem confirms her death was no accident , the pair discover that nothing is what it seems to be within the sleepy village as they try to find out what exactly she saw . Their investigation soon turns up a web of sex , blackmail and lies , and the possibility that the murder could be connected to a shooting accident two years ago , which claimed another woman 's life . First appearances of DCI Tom Barnaby , DS Gavin Troy , Dr George Bullard , Joyce Barnaby and Cully Barnaby . Series 1 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date `` Written in Blood '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 22 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 22 ) July / August 1997 After debating on who their next guest speaker should be , the Midsomer Worthy Writers ' Circle decide to invite famous writer , Max Jennings , to their next meeting , despite opposition to the choice by Gerald Hadleigh , the group 's secretary . When Hadleigh is found dead the day after Jennings visit , brutally bludgeoned and stripped naked , Barnaby and Troy discover that the victim had many mysteries to him , prompting them to delve into his private life and his past . Matters soon become complicated when Jennings disappears and is later found dead , and a witness recalls seeing a mysterious woman in Hadleigh 's house the night before his murder . `` Death of a Hollow Man '' Jeremy Silbertson Caroline Graham 29 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 29 ) August / September 1997 Whilst investigating the murder of Agnes Gray , a quiet animal - loving woman who was bludgeoned to death and found floating in a river near to the village of Ferne Basset , Barnaby gets more than he bargained for when he attends his wife 's performance in the Causton Amateur Dramatics ' production of Amadeus . When Agnes ' cousin , Esslyn Carmichael , inadvertently cuts his own throat during the final act , it 's quickly discovered that the tape on the prop blade he had used was removed without anyone knowing . The detective is left wondering who had wanted to turn Esslyn 's final act into a true coup de theatre , as he and Troy try to determine what the motive was behind the two murders . `` Faithful unto Death '' Baz Taylor Douglas Watkinson 22 April 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 22 ) October 1997 Local villagers in Morton Fendle are up in arms , demanding answers from Alan Hollingsworth , the owner of a local craft centre they had invested in , after news comes out that it has recently fallen into financial turmoil . As tensions begin rising in the village , Barnaby soon suspects that something has happened to Alan 's wife , Simone , when his behaviour suddenly changes . His suspicions are soon confirmed when it transpires that Simone was kidnapped , after one of Alan 's neighbours is murdered , shortly after witnessing something they should n't have . 5 `` Death in Disguise '' Baz Taylor Douglas Watkinson 6 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) November / December 1997 Bill Carter , one of the founders of a local New Age commune called the Lodge of the Golden Windhorse , dies suddenly after falling down some stairs and breaking his neck . Although there was uncertainty as to whether it was the result of an accident or murder , Barnaby and Troy find themselves having to determine which it was , when Ian Craigie , the commune 's leader , is stabbed to death with a carving knife a few days later , while attending a spiritual seance with the rest of the commune and the parents of one of its members . It 's not long before they discover hidden truths about the commune 's founding and some of its members . Series 2 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date Viewers ( millions ) 6 `` Death 's Shadow '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 20 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) May / June 1998 10.41 Plans by Barnaby to renew his wedding vows at the church of St Michael 's in Badger 's Drift , are quickly put on hold when the body of Richard Bayly , a local developer , is found decapitated in his own home . The detective is left mystified as to why anyone would kill a man who had only been given weeks to live , after being recently diagnosed with a brain tumour . As he and Troy attempt to find out , they soon encounter a hotbed of corruption and property feuding occurring within the village as the body count rises and the mystery deepens . 7 `` Strangler 's Wood '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 3 February 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 03 ) June / July 1998 10.70 Nine years ago , three women were strangled with a neck - tie and left naked in woodland outside Midsomer Worthy , so when a Brazilian woman who recently arrived in the village is murdered in the exact same fashion and found within the same woods , Barnaby is forced to cut short some father - daughter bonding time with Cully to determine if it is the work of the same killer . As he and Troy investigate the area , including a local tobacco company the victim was associated with , they soon encounter several matters , including a retired detective obsessed with the previous murders , problematic evidence , family troubles , and secret affairs , before another death follows . First appearance of Dr Dan Peterson 8 `` Dead Man 's Eleven '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 12 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) April / May 1999 11.07 As the cricket team for Fletcher 's Cross prepare for their annual match against Midsomer Worthy , tragedy strikes for their captain and local landowner , Robert Cavendish , when the search for his wife Tara , who went missing whilst walking their dog , turns up her body near to a disused quarry he had owned . For Barnaby and Troy , suspicions are drawn in on Robert 's son , who openly resented his father 's wife , and who owned the cricket bat that killed her . Yet their investigation also turns up a wealth of secrets , lies , affairs , blackmail , and a mysterious death that occurred shortly before a break - in , before matters are complicated when another murder occurs during the cricket match . 9 `` Blood Will Out '' Moira Armstrong Douglas Watkinson 19 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 19 ) September 1998 9.99 Hector Bridges , a local magistrate , is infuriated when one of his geese is stolen , just as two bands of travellers arrive in Martyr Warren . Although Barnaby and Troy are called in to deal with the theft and later dissuade him from forcefully evicting the travellers from the village , they soon have a murder on their hands , when a short while later Bridges is killed with his own shotgun . It quickly transpires that many in the village had hated the magistrate , who lied , bullied , and committed many an injustice , leaving the detectives determined to find who among them had pulled the trigger after Bridges pushed them past their breaking point . Series 3 ( 1999 -- 00 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Death of a Stranger '' Moira Armstrong Douglas Watkinson 31 December 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 31 ) May / June 1999 5.87 Shortly before his retirement , Superintendent Pringle believes he has solved the murder of a tramp who was killed during a fox hunt outside the village of Upper Marshwood . However , Barnaby , who had been in France on holiday during the investigation , is not convinced that the local poacher Pringle arrested , who pleads he is innocent , is the true culprit . Barnaby soon turns out to be right when the poacher 's father is found murdered in the woods with his own shotgun . As Barnaby and Troy reopen the murder case , they soon find themselves dealing with the village 's upper classes , who are none too willing to give much away . 11 `` Blue Herrings '' Peter Smith Hugh Whitemore 22 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 22 ) June / July 1999 8.88 When Alice Bly arrives at the Lawnside nursing home in Aspern Tallow to rest up from hospital treatment , she is unconvinced by the home 's director and its physician that one of the residents had died naturally , on the night shortly after her arrival , especially as the deceased owned a valuable Cartier watch that has since gone missing . Despite having a week off from police work , her nephew Barnaby , concerned for her well being , decides to investigate the matter , and it is not long before he and Troy uncover theft , lies and secret flings , as more deaths follow . 12 `` Judgement Day '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 29 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 29 ) August / September 1999 9.65 Even though Midsomer Mallow is a contender to be the ' Perfect English Village ' in a competition of the same name , underneath the surface of the village not everything is perfect as local thief Peter Drinkwater is up to no good . After robbing a retired actor 's mansion of valuable goods , Mr Drinkwater is stabbed with a pitchfork at the local farm he is using as a base . Despite the villagers ' best efforts to keep the murder quiet so as to not ruin their chances in the competition , several further deaths occur eventually bringing Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby back several decades to uncover the killer . Last appearance of Dr Dan Peterson 13 `` Beyond The Grave '' Peter Cregeen Douglas Livingstone 5 February 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 05 ) October 1998 9.40 Cully 's latest boyfriend , Nico , decides to shadow Troy in preparation for a TV role he recently got , but gets more hands - on experience than he expected when investigations into a slashed painting at a museum in Aspern Tallow , a 17th century portrait of Royalist Jonathan Lowrie , are overshadowed by the murder of his descendant , Marcus Lowrie . It is n't long before Barnaby and Troy , with Nico 's assistance , find themselves dealing with mysterious , ghostly events , escaped criminals , and a museum trustee who has more to them than meets the eye . Series 4 ( 2000 -- 01 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Garden of Death '' Peter Smith Christopher Russell 10 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) June / July 2000 7.65 Villagers of Midsomer Deverell are appalled when the Inkpen family plan to turn their public memorial garden into a small tea shop . Yet when Elspeth Inkpen announces that it is none of the village 's business what her family is planning , Barnaby and Troy wonder if someone is determined to stop this happening , when her daughter is soon found murdered in the garden . As the detectives investigate , they slowly uncover greed , snobbery , illegitimacy , mourning and violence , before Elspeth is soon found dead in what appears to have been suicide . 15 `` Destroying Angel '' David Tucker David Hoskins 26 August 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 26 ) July / August 2000 9.99 Following the funeral of local hotelier Karl Wainwright , his hotel 's manager and a well liked Punch and Judy performer , Gregory Chambers , disappears unusually in yet another picturesque Midsomer village . Most people dismiss his disappearance completely but when he does n't turn up , a search is conducted and a severed hand , confirmed to be Gregory 's , turns up in the woods . Further deaths and a mushroom poisoning occur surrounding the beneficiaries of Karl Wainwright 's will . All is not as it seems . 16 `` The Electric Vendetta '' Peter Smith Terry Hodgkinson 2 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 02 ) August / September 2000 9.99 A man 's naked body found under mysterious circumstances , within a crop circle on Sir Harry Chatwyn 's wheat field , leads police to investigating how he wound up in the field after being electrocuted . While the nearby village of Midsomer Parva is abuzz with UFO mania , Barnaby is unconvinced by a local ufologist that the man 's death was the result of alien activity , as he uncovers rivalries , theft and hatred during his investigations , soon after a well known burglar is found dead in another crop circle with identical injuries . 17 `` Who Killed Cock Robin ? '' David Tucker Jeremy Paul 9 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 09 ) September / October 2000 9.13 Returning home one night , in a drunken state , the local doctor of Newton Magna calls in the police after he had accidentally hit a man , yet when Barnaby and Troy arrive , the injured man is nowhere to be found . As they investigate the mystery , Barnaby encounters an old adversary who is working to help renovate the village and whose daughter is getting married to a local boy . Matters soon become complicated , when the body of the best man 's father is found in a well that was being renovated , whom the detectives soon discover had disappeared on the day he was planning to run away with a local farmer 's wife . 18 5 `` Dark Autumn '' Jeremy Silberston Peter J. Hammond 16 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 16 ) October / November 2000 9.77 Goodmans Land is a sleepy Midsomer village , and remains so one Autumn morning apart from the womanising postman Dave Cutler is horrifically killed in the middle of the village whilst doing his early shift . When D.C.I. Barnaby comes in to investigate , he learns that many of the village 's women were ' having it on ' with Mr Cutler . Turning a disused dance hall into the Criminal Investigation Department , numerous unexplained deaths soon occur in Goodmans Land . Can Barnaby riddle out the reason for the strange 1950s dance music heard playing at each murder scene ? And , with the help of WPC Jay Nash and not forgetting D.S. Troy , can Barnaby find the murderer once again ? Series 5 ( 2001 -- 02 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Tainted Fruit '' Jeremy Silberston Peter J. Hammond 23 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 23 ) April / May 2001 9.80 On the same day that a local district nurse is charged for drink driving following an evening event in Midsomer Malham , a local veterinarian discovers that someone has stolen barbiturates from his surgery . Barnaby and Troy become greatly concerned for the safety of Melissa Townsend , a thoroughly disliked young woman who had recently received death threats that blamed her for the death of a local poacher , but are unable to prevent someone from murdering her , after her body is found with a syringe in the stomach beside her father 's swimming pool . While a wealth of hatred lies within the village , it slowly transpires that someone wanted to hide a secret when the pair uncover blackmail and greed at the heart of their investigations . 20 `` Market For Murder '' Sarah Hellings Andrew Payne 16 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 16 ) June / July 2001 8.99 Wealthy stock broker Selwyn Proctor is furious when someone torches his car , but Barnaby and Troy have other things on their mind , when the elderly head of a local reading club , Marjorie Empson , is battered to death with her walking stick , whilst getting ready for bed following the club 's latest meeting . It soon transpires the women of Midsomer Market 's reading club were secretly investing in the stock market and had been doing well , but that two of the members were outvoted from selling their shares . When one of the members is initially suspected of the murder , but later murdered a short while after she is cleared of suspicions , Barnaby discovers the second victim was having secret affairs , leading him to believe the killer is privy to secrets within the village . 21 `` A Worm in the Bud '' David Tucker Michael Russell 23 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 23 ) October / November 2001 9.52 Two farmers of Midsomer Worthy are at loggerheads over the proposed development of Setwale Wood . James Harrington of Abbey Farm wants his land felled , whereas his ex-friend Simon Bartlett of Grange Farm will do anything to stop this going ahead with the help of friend and barrister Bernadette Sullivan . However , all of this is pushed out of their minds when Simon 's wife Susan is found dead in the Wood by some local children . Even though her parents do n't believe her , Julie Fielding is adamant she saw the woman 's body . When Mr Fielding sees the body , too , the next day , it is in the pond in Setwale Wood and it is confirmed that Mrs Bartlett committed suicide . After the trees start to be cut down , another body turns up , leaving Barnaby and Troy to believe that both victims were that of murder . With the help of little Julie and her brother , D.C.I. Barnaby learns of the Wood 's history and a web of lies and secrets beneath the surface of this picturesque village . 22 `` Ring Out Your Dead '' Sarah Hellings Andrew Payne 15 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 15 ) September / October 2001 9.43 The bell ringers at Midsomer Wellow church have high hopes of winning the annual striking competition , but this does n't look likely after one of their number is found shot through the heart in the bell tower during a practise . It is difficult for Mr Barnaby to uncover prospective murderers of this mostly well - liked man , but with a few more deaths , an attempted burglary and some word - processed lines from a local folk poem taking Barnaby and Troy on a journey to the far past , it looks like the killer could be right under their noses . 23 5 `` Murder on St Malley 's Day '' Peter Smith Andrew Payne 22 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 22 ) July / August 2001 9.37 Daniel Talbot , a student of the prestigious Devington School , drops dead shortly after returning for help upon being viciously attacked during the school 's annual St. Malley 's Day race . His father , Anthony Talbot , insists that someone from the nearby village of Midsomer Parva was responsible , but things are not as straightforward for Barnaby and Troy , when they slowly discover that Daniel had wanted to run away during the race . Their investigation quickly turns up hidden conspiracies concerning both the school and its secretive , elite group known as the Pudding Club , whose members throw up a wall of silence , just before more bodies turn up . Series 6 ( 2003 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 24 `` A Talent for Life '' Sarah Hellings David Hoskins 3 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 03 ) May / June 2002 9.23 The double murder of eccentric widow , Isobel Hewitt , and adulterous doctor , Duncan Goff , lead Barnaby and Troy into finding out more about their personal and private lives in the village of Malham Bridge . While Troy suspects an antique dealer that Isobel befriended is the culprit , Barnaby is not convinced , believing anyone the victims knew when they were alive could have been the murderer , from the doctor 's wife to the local owner of a restaurant . Even Isobel 's close family and members of a local fly fishing group are suspects as they investigate all possible angles . 25 `` Death and Dreams '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 10 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 10 ) June / July 2002 9.46 When Martin Wroath is found dead in his home in Midsomer Worthy , Barnaby is unconvinced that he committed suicide with his own shotgun in an unnecessarily complex fashion . When a second murder occurs on an assault course at a local cottage hospital , in which Wroath was a patient , the detective suspects a link between the two murders , and soon finds a wealth of hatred , jealously and lies , before discovering that rope in the village is mysteriously disappearing . 26 `` Painted in Blood '' Sarah Hellings Andrew Payne 17 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 17 ) July / August 2002 9.45 Joyce is taking part in an open - air art class , being held on the village green of Midsomer Florey , when she discovers the body of an elderly fellow student , Ruth Fairfax , concealed beneath some undergrowth shortly after a session . Just as Barnaby begins to learn that Ruth was not all she seemed to be , officers of the NIS pull him off the case . While Troy is allowed to assist them , Barnaby is left handling a local operation into a spate of thefts , yet he decides to continue his investigations in secret . In doing so , he soon turns up armed robbery , unaccounted stolen money , former criminals , and secret liaisons , before discovering that the NIS investigation is not being as thorough as it should be . 27 `` A Tale of Two Hamlets '' Peter Smith Alan Plater 24 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 24 ) September / October 2002 9.28 At his family home in Upper Warden , arrogant actor Larry Smith is killed , when a summer house he walks in to as part of a promotion for the sequel to his hit film , The House of Satan , is suddenly destroyed in an explosion . His family quickly fling accusations for his murder directly at the residents of rival village , Lower Warden , leading Barnaby and Troy to determine if this is the case , especially when Larry 's director , another member of the family , is electrocuted while using an exercise bike . It 's not long before secrets , affairs and blackmail begin to surface from within the two villages . 28 5 `` Birds of Prey '' Jeremy Silberston Michael Russell 31 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) October / November 2002 9.32 While Troy assists an attractive wildlife liaison officer with an investigation into the illegal sale of protected bird eggs , Barnaby travels to Midsomer Magna to investigate the sudden death of a man , who apparently drowned himself . While there was evidence he was desperately seeking to avoid bankruptcy , and had visited a local millionaire to get back his money from a scheme he had invested in , a post mortem reveals that he had been murdered . The two detectives soon find their investigations crossing over , when a man found to have an illegal collection of bird eggs , is also murdered , prompting concerns that the millionaire 's scheme is being used to defraud many , and that someone is willing to kill to keep the scheme going . Series 7 ( 2003 -- 04 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 29 `` The Green Man '' Sarah Hellings Michael Russell 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) May / June 2003 10.01 When a tunnel collapses on a canal project near to Midsomer Worthy , several skeletons turn up . Barnaby investigates a possible murder when one skeleton is discovered to have teeth bearing modern dental work . Meanwhile , Troy , recently having earned a promotion to Inspector , tackles his last case in the county by visiting the village to investigate a more recent murder - that of a youth , one of several who had caused problems for the villagers , who had been shot with a gun he and his friends had been using the night before to shoot wild animals . Slowly but surely , both begin uncovering a web of lies , affairs and domestic arguments , alongside a mysterious recluse with a hidden past . Last regular appearance of DS Gavin Troy 30 `` Bad Tidings '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 4 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) June / July 2003 9.96 DS Dan Scott , Barnaby 's cocky new sergeant , is thrust into his first case when the two detectives look into the murder of a woman who had been stabbed to death after a Spanish themed evening in Midsomer Mallow , before being left in a field she hated , with a red rose in her mouth . Not long after their investigation begins , a retired doctor , whom she had worked for , is murdered in his home during the village 's open day with an apple left beside his body . It quickly becomes clear the two victims knew a secret about one of the villagers , something that they are prepared to silence by any means necessary . First appearance of DS Dan Scott 31 `` The Fisher King '' Richard Holthouse Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 18 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 18 ) September / October 2003 10.17 Several decades ago , Roger Heldman died in what appeared to be an accident at a dig near to Midsomer Barrow , shortly after it had turned up two important Celtic pieces . When one of them , a spear , is used to kill his son Gareth , a womaniser like his father , Barnaby and Scott delve into a world of falsehoods , rituals , lies and hidden interrelationships , to uncover the truth . Initial suspicions lie to both the local river keeper , Harry Green , and the victim 's half - brother , David Hartley - Reade , until new evidence suggests Roger was murdered . Then David is murdered during the climax of a summer solstice celebration , while performing a ceremony to save his failing marriage . 32 `` Sins of Commission '' Peter Smith Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 11 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) July / August 2003 9.71 While Midsomer St Michael prepares for the 12th year of its Literary Festival , which often becomes a hotbed for feuding writers , editors and publishers , Barnaby and Scott are called to the village to investigate who had expertly broken the neck of a former prize - winning author . They soon find that the world of fictional writing is far darker than it appears , when the victim 's editor is shortly found dead during the festival 's opening ceremony , leading the detectives to uncover lies , fraud and hidden truths , as the pair search for a connection behind the deaths . 33 5 `` The Maid in Splendour '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 25 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 25 ) October / November 2003 10.24 As a conflict between residents of Midsomer Worthy and commercial developers brews over the fate of a local pub , the Maid In Splendour , a popular barman who works there , Jamie Cruickshank , is found dead at an abandoned cottage in woods near to the village . As Barnaby and Scott investigate , they wonder who wanted him dead when the pub 's new manager , Stephen Bannerman , seemed a more likely target after they find that he was thoroughly disliked and was threatening to tear the Splendour down . When Bannerman is soon murdered , the detectives wonder if Jamie 's murder was unintentional . 34 6 `` The Straw Woman '' Sarah Hellings Jeff Dodds 29 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 29 ) November / December 2003 10.03 When the village of Midsomer Parva set alight the straw effigy of a woman as part of the revival of an old pagan festival , no one could foresee it ending in tragedy when the local curate screams out in agony from within the effigy . His death quickly turns the community against Liz Francis , the local teacher who organized it , yet as Barnaby and Scott investigate his murder , they soon discover that the curate had been in conflict with Alan Clifford , a pornographer who had moved into the area recently . When more people suddenly die from bouts of spontaneous human combustion , the detectives soon suspect someone is using the illusion of witchcraft to cover up the real motive behind the murders . 35 7 `` Ghosts of Christmas Past '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 25 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 25 ) January / February 2004 6.90 Nine years after Ferdinand Villiers committed suicide at his family 's home of Draycott Hall , the extended Villiers family gather together to celebrate Christmas . When a note in a Christmas cracker proclaims that two members of the family will be dead by midnight on Boxing Day , everyone assumes it to be nothing more than a joke until Aunt Lydia , the eldest member of the family , nearly dies from smoke suffocation before falling down the stairs during the night . Just before she dies from her injuries , Barnaby learns from her that someone had pushed her and soon discovers her near - death earlier in the evening was no accident . Both he and Scott soon find themselves trying to determine the motive for Lydia 's death , and quickly uncover many secrets and lies tied to Ferdinand 's suicide , before another member of the family is killed in what appears to be a shooting accident . Series 8 ( 2004 -- 05 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 36 `` Things That Go Bump in the Night '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 10 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 10 ) May / June 2004 8.56 When local undertaker , Patrick Pennyman , is found by his wife bludgeoned to death in his own chapel of rest with a heavy object , Barnaby and Scott find themselves wondering who within Fletcher 's Cross left him with a shocked look upon his face before he was killed . As they investigate , the pair quickly find themselves drawn towards a local spiritualist church that had been heavily controversial in the village , after a friend of Joyce , investigating both the church and the undertaker on suspicion that they were stealing from the dead and using information acquired from them , is murdered shortly after the latest spiritualist meeting . 37 `` Dead in the Water '' Renny Rye Douglas Watkinson 17 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 17 ) June / July 2004 9.13 A day at the annual Midsomer Regatta is cut short for Barnaby , when the body of Guy Sweetman , a member of a local boating club , emerges from the river at Morton Shallows . Both he and Scott quickly learn that Guy was a ladies ' man with many enemies , and had been in secret meetings with a few other members . It 's not long before the two detectives uncover lies , jealously , a planned robbery and blackmail , before the latest woman Guy loved and was planning to marry , is attacked and nearly killed . 38 `` Orchis Fatalis '' Peter Smith Terry Hodgkinson 9 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 09 ) July / August 2004 8.74 When a female classics scholar , a member of a group of orchid lovers , is found poisoned in her own home by a local handyman , Barnaby find himself returning to Midsomer Malham the day after he and his wife had helped out in the village 's annual garden show . It quickly transpires that the victim not only had a secret lover , but had also smuggled a rare , priceless , one - of - a-kind orchid - the Yellow Roth - out of Borneo . It soon becomes clear the orchid was the motive for her murder , when one of the other members who bought the Roth is soon found dead , with their own collection destroyed . 39 `` Bantling Boy '' Sarah Hellings Steve Trafford 16 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 16 ) September / October 2004 8.80 A successful day at the races for the racehorse , Bantling Boy , is overshadowed the following day when Bruce Hartley , one of the horse 's owners and an alcoholic horse trainer , is found murdered within the horse 's stables , having been struck on the back of the head . Barnaby and Scott quickly learn that the night before his murder , Hartley had been in dispute with the other owners of the horse at Bantling Hall , and had refused to allow them to accept an offer to buy the horse . Although they assume the motive was over the sale of the horse , they soon find a darker motive when one of the other owners is murdered in the exact same fashion , but with a pennant of cloth left in their mouth . 40 5 `` Second Sight '' Richard Holthouse Tony Etchells 23 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 23 ) October / November 2004 8.69 Barnaby and Scott are drawn into the strange world surrounding the ability of `` Second Sight '' , when they find themselves in the village of Midsomer Mere to investigate the sudden death of John Ransom , shortly after he had been kicked out of the local pub for fighting with his brother - in - law over the upcoming baptism of his niece . John is quickly discovered to have been a lab rabbit for his brother Max , who suspected he had the ability , much like those of local family , the Kirbys . As Barnaby tries to determine if the ability is real , he soon encounters tensions between the two families , an unlucky bookmaker , a priest attempting to save the local church , a man who he swears he saw before , and more murders . 41 6 `` Hidden Depths '' Sarah Hellings David Hoskins 13 March 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 13 ) November / December 2004 8.56 While it appears to be suicide at first , Barnaby is quickly convinced by the evidence he sees that Nick Turner , a solicitor who lived in Midsomer Magna , did not walk off the roof of his home , but was dropped to his death . When it transpires that his neighbour , Jack Wilmot , has disappeared shortly after his death , both Barnaby and Scott begin a search for answers , and soon turn up rumours that Nick had lost money he had stolen from his clients ' accounts . It 's not long before their investigations turn sinister , when Nick 's rival , Otto Benham , is brutally murdered after having wine bottles catapulted at him , all within view of his wife . 42 7 `` Sauce for the Goose '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 3 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 03 ) January / February 2005 9.73 When the body of a man is found dead and naked , within the sterilizer of the Plummer & Son Famous Relish factory in Little Upton , Barnaby finds himself investigating the Plummer family , the makers of his father 's favourite condiment . The victim was well known to the family and had been on a tour of the factory the day before his body was found , around the same time that the Plummers had been discussing the state of the floundering business during a general meeting , to which Ralph Plummer had angered his siblings by refusing to sell it . It 's not long before legal documents , resentment of the family , and odd sightings , add to the mystery of the investigations . 43 8 `` Midsomer Rhapsody '' Richard Holthouse Richard Cameron 2 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) February / March 2005 6.97 Arthur Leggott , a retired music teacher , is bludgeoned to death in his home in Badger 's Drift , when he confronts an intruder who apparently came for a musical manuscript by the late composer , Joan Alder . It soon becomes clear the manuscript is the key to solving the murders , when a valuable one that had been sold cheaply at auction , shows signs it had been written by another hand , as more murders slowly follow the first . Last appearance of DS Dan Scott Series 9 ( 2005 -- 06 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 44 `` The House in the Woods '' Peter Smith Barry Simner 9 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) May / June 2005 8.49 Caroline and Peter Cave are house - hunting in Midsomer Newton . While checking out , they mention they have n't been able to find what they 're looking for : something old and derelict that they can do up . Anne Merrick tells them that Winyard , the perfect abandoned cottage in the woods , might be for sale . At the real estate agency , they are told the house is not yet available for viewing . Later that evening they find the house on their own . However , Caroline has read up on the cottage 's haunted reputation and only reluctantly explores it with Peter . The next morning they are found strangled in their own car . D.C.I. Barnaby starts the investigation with the help of PC Ben Jones ( as Scott has called in sick ) and they come across the world of estate agents , identical twins , ghosts , piano wire , and more before another body turns up . First appearance of PC Ben Jones as Acting DC ( later promoted to DS Ben Jones ) 45 `` Dead Letters '' Renny Rye Peter J. Hammond 26 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) June / July 2005 8.54 Villagers of Midsomer Barton are all set to celebrate Oak Apple Week , especially as the carnival queen event is set to return after an eight year absence . Yet the body of the mother of a deceased , one - time carnival queen , found in a stream , looks set to spoil things , as Barnaby and Jones find themselves digging up the past . From familiar faces , to drunken boasts and hidden obessions , it slowly becomes clear that the mother 's daughter might be the key to solving the murder , when more deaths follow . 46 `` Vixen 's Run '' Peter Smith Michael Aitkens 5 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 05 ) July / August 2005 8.94 Wealthy , eccentric and obese aristocrat Freddy Butler drops dead , shortly after gathering all three of his wives at Haddington Hall to make an announcement . Although George Bullard is adamant his death is from natural causes , the case is far from simple when Freddy 's solicitor is deliberately killed in a house fire shortly afterwards and Freddy 's will goes missing . Barnaby and Jones find themselves investigating the extended Butler family , uncovering hidden secrets , illegitimate children and elusive treasure in the process . 47 `` Down Among the Dead Men '' Renny Rye Douglas Watkinson 12 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 12 ) September / October 2005 8.07 Martin Barrett , a local council clerk living in Midsomer Worthy , is murdered during the night by shotgun , prompting Barnaby and Jones to find a motive for his murder . When they discover that Barrett was an expert blackmailer , his victims become prime suspects for his death - from a local pub landlord , a cleaner , a prominent member of the police board , to a former marine geologist . As they investigate , finding themselves drawn to the seaside , they slowly uncover deception , theft , attempted blackmail and hatred . 48 5 `` Four Funerals and a Wedding '' Sarah Hellings Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 24 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 24 ) October / November 2005 7.29 In the village of Broughton , a ninety - year - old battle of the sexes has often occurred , with men trying to oppose an event that the women have managed to successfully hold without interruption , until it culminates with casualties on both sides - Mildred Danvers , an elderly woman who had returned on the day of a funeral and poisoned in her hotel room , and Rev. Anthony Gant , shot during a major event being held in the village green , in view of many . It soon becomes clear someone may have wished to kill both to cover up a dark truth , and soon Barnaby has to figure out who amongst the village wanted both dead , complicated further when Gant 's curate is murdered next . 49 6 `` Country Matters '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 10 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 10 ) November / December 2005 5.80 Villagers in Elverton - cum - Latterly are up in arms and divided , over the building of a supermarket . Things soon come to a head when independent environmental supervisor , Frank Hopkirk , is found stabbed to death at a Jubb 's Timber Yard , the site of the new supermarket , by a pair of children . When Barnaby and Jones investigate to determine who wanted Hopkirk dead , they find out that he secretly came to the village under various aliases for sexual rendezvous with various women in fantasy role - playing scenarios , and that he had been making further investigations on the future development site and having doubts over claims it was contaminated . Either someone did n't like his investigations , or someone did n't like his sexual appetite , but either way , Barnaby finds himself investigating lies and more to uncover the truth . 50 7 `` Death in Chorus '' Sarah Hellings David Lawrence 3 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 03 ) January / February 2006 6.28 Barnaby and DC Ben Jones ( Jason Hughes ) find themselves attempting to unravel the deaths of a choir tenor , and later a bird watcher , before more murders occur . The case is complicated by a rivalry between the Midsomer Worthy and Aston Wherry choirs , due to compete in an upcoming competition , and suspicions that an art scam is to be conducted , and soon Barnaby and Jones become concerned about a local woman , who they fear may become a victim herself . Particularly when it becomes clear the bird watcher had been photographing suspicious activity of late . 51 8 `` Last Year 's Model '' Richard Holthouse David Hoskins 17 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) February / March 2006 6.78 A few months ago , Annie Woodrow was arrested , accused of murdering her friend , Frances Trevelyan , on the motive of wanting Frances ' husband . Her time in court has come , but DCI Barnaby is certain she still is holding things back in regards to the murder , and decides to monitor the trial . Yet a chance remark by Frances ' youngest daughter , and a meeting with an old friend and psychiatrist , makes him begin to doubt the evidence for her conviction . Soon he and DC Jones , awaiting news of his promotion to DS , find themselves reinvestigating the case , and it soon becomes clear that they may have missed details that could implicate another in the murder . Series 10 ( 2006 -- 08 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Dance with the Dead '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 12 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) May / June 2006 7.80 A disused airfield near Morton Fendle is the location for a romantic evening between young Simon Bright and his girlfriend Laura Sharp - absolutely nothing could ruin their date . The next morning , when Frances Kirby is out for her morning jog , she notices the vintage car they were in up at the airfield , containing Simon Bright 's dead body , with Laura nowhere to be seen . Confused , Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby and D.S. Jones ca n't work out whether it was a suicide pact or murder . Furthermore , they 've got to find Miss Sharp and their investigation leads them to linking Simon and Laura with the villagers of Morton Fendle , who met at Elaine Trim 's dancing classes . Eventually , the Barnaby family plus Jones make it to a 40s style dance night at the village hall before more villagers start turning up dead . 53 `` The Animal Within '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 19 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 19 ) June / July 2006 6.95 When Faith Alexander ( Lisa Eichhorn ) arrives in Midsomer County to meet her long - lost uncle Rex Masters , she gets a shock - Rex 's staff had been told that she was dead . Things become even more complex when Rex 's body is found in a nearby river , bearing wounds that suggest he was murdered . Barnaby and Jones are soon on the case , trying to establish who would have wanted the elderly man dead . Several people soon come forward with multiple wills , which confuse the matter , but when two more people , close friends of Rex , are also murdered , the investigation raises question on the motive , leading Barnaby to wonder if it was down to finances , passion , or something from Rex 's past . 54 `` King 's Crystal '' Peter Smith Steve Trafford 26 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 26 ) July / August 2006 6.88 Following the death of Alan King while on a business trip to China , the family company , King 's Crystal , is in financial trouble . As plans to shut the Midsomer Magna factory are being put into action , Alan 's wife Hilary and brother Charles are married in the village church - much to the dismay of Alan 's son Ian . In addition to strife between members of the family , the factory workers are outraged at the loss of their jobs . So when company accountant Peter Baxter is found murdered , Barnaby and Jones suspect a disgruntled employee is to blame . But in order to investigate the matter further , Jones is forced to work undercover , and infiltrate the local group of Freemasons in the village . 55 `` The Axeman Cometh '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 2 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 02 ) August / September 2006 6.87 The music lovers of Midsomer County are delighted when a host of bands arrives for the Midsomer Rocks festival . Barnaby himself is particularly looking forward to seeing recently re-formed rock band , Hired Gun , perform on stage , but he soon gets close to the band for rather unfortunate reasons . During their opening performance , the band 's singer , Mimi ( Suzi Quatro ) , falls to the ground dead - electrocuted by a wire that had been run through the microphone stand . Barnaby and Jones soon find the rest of the band could be targets , and when another is killed , questions are raised as to whether former band member , Ginger Foxton , who went missing for 30 years and is presumed dead , is still at large . The detectives soon have to delve into a world of rock music , drug use and greed , to find the truth . First appearance of Simon Dixon ( Cully 's boyfriend and later fiance , portrayed by Sam Hazeldine ) . 56 5 `` Death and Dust '' Sarah Hellings Douglas Watkinson 8 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 08 ) October / November 2006 6.18 The suspicious death of popular young GP Dr Alan Delaney brings Barnaby and Jones to Midsomer Market to investigate . The detectives are baffled as to a motive for murder - until they consider that the newly engaged Dr James Kirkwood may have been the intended victim . Before long , Barnaby and Jones are heading to Wales - former home to Delyth Mostyn , James 's fiancee , to delve deeper into the mystery . There are certainly possible suspects in the murder and attempt on Kirkwood , from Delyth 's children , who oppose the engagement , Delyth 's husband , and more , as the detectives investigate things , in hopes of uncovering the truth before a major walk is to take place on Mount Snowdon . First appearance of WPC ( later DC ) Gail Stephens 57 6 `` Picture of Innocence '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 3 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 03 ) November / December 2006 7.31 In the build - up to Luxton Deeping 's annual photographic exhibition , a battle rages between the traditional and digital photographers of the pretty village . The dispute seems harmless enough - until Lionel Bell is found murdered in a nearby woodland , strangled with the cord of his light meter . Barnaby soon gets to work tracking down the killer , but it seems someone is trying to implicate the detective in the murder . And once he is replaced on the case , finding the culprit seems less likely than ever , as his replacement is more concerned of an upcoming wedding than the investigation . Barnaby is forced to work off the case to uncover who is framing him , and who wants dead other photographers in the village . 58 7 `` They Seek Him Here '' Sarah Hellings Barry Purchese 27 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) January / February 2007 7.98 The residents of Midsomer Magna are thrilled when a production crew arrives at the local manor house to film a version of The Scarlet Pimpernel . But the crew members are n't the only visitors to the area - Jones has spotted notorious criminal George Ince nearby . But when the director , Nick Cheney , is found dead - his head severed by a prop guillotine - Barnaby must discover who would have wanted the victim dead . It soon becomes clear that things are not so simple , and the detectives soon have to shift through varying motives , layered by lies , hidden truths , and a possible robbery to be committed . 59 8 `` Death in a Chocolate Box '' Richard Holthouse Tony Etchells 11 May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) February / March 2007 6.88 Barnaby is in Midsomer Holm , bidding farewell to reformed criminal Ronnie Tyler , who has taken part in a rehabilitation scheme in the village . Also present is disgraced ex-policeman Jack Colby , a former colleague of Barnaby 's - but Jack refuses to talk to his old friend . When Jack is murdered , the detective must delve into the dark secrets in the victim 's past . There are certainly dark secrets to uncover , and Barnaby has to determine whether the victim 's part in a scandal years earlier at Causton police station , is key to the mystery behind his death . It is n't long before he finds that Eddie Marston is attempting blackmail , and soon murdered as a result , and that Lord Holm is in love with Jack 's wife , psychotherapist Gina . Series 11 ( 2008 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 60 `` Shot at Dawn '' Richard Holthouse Michael Aitkens 1 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) July / August 2007 6.62 It 's a good day for the Hicks family , as the name of Tommy Hicks - who was executed during World War I for `` cowardice and desertion '' - is added to the list on Midsomer Parva 's war memorial . Tommy 's son Lionel and grandson Dave , mayor of Causton and whom Barnaby does not like ( owing to dodgy building work by the mayor 's company ) , are thrilled , but the snooty Hammonds are decidedly less pleased . Henry , the patriarch of the Hammond family , is particularly riled by his insalubrious neighbours , and has nurtured a long - running feud with the Hickses . But the evening after a battle re-enactment in the village , Henry is murdered - and Barnaby must delve into the history of the two families to find the killer , discovering a web of fraud , lies , and hidden truths . 61 `` Blood Wedding '' Peter Smith David Lawrence 6 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 06 ) June / July 2007 7.20 As the Barnabys prepare for Cully 's wedding , Lord Fitzroy and Beth Porteous are married in the pretty village of Bledlow . At the lavish reception at Bledlow Hall that follows , however , tragedy strikes - maid of honour Marina Fellowes is found murdered in one of the rooms by some of the guests . With their honeymoon cancelled , the Fitzroys must contend with a police presence in their home , as Barnaby and Jones try to learn more about the family history . It soon becomes clear there are secrets , deception , and an illegtimate son involved in the mystery , which is further complicated when the estate manager is killed by an arrow . Last appearance of Simon Dixon and final , guest appearance of DI Gavin Troy 62 `` Left for Dead '' Renny Rye Michael Crompton 20 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 20 ) August / September 2007 7.25 Barnaby and Jones are in Dunstan to investigate the deaths of a reclusive couple . As they try to establish whether Ron and Libby Wilson were murdered or died of natural causes , their attention is drawn to a dispute raging between a local builder and road protesters nearby . When another death occurs , the detectives learn that there are plenty of dark secrets and fierce hostilities in this apparently idyllic village . Will Jack Purdy 's quick temper lead to violence ? How far would the protesters go to prevent the bypass being built ? And do current events somehow relate to the death of Michael Wilson many years earlier ? 63 `` Midsomer Life '' Peter Smith David Hoskins 13 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 13 ) October / November 2007 7.16 When the body of Londoner Charlie Finleyson is discovered in woodland near Midsomer Sonning , Barnaby and Jones find themselves investigating employees at local Midsomer Life magazine . It turns out the dead man was married to the ex-wife of Guy Sandys , the wealthy owner of the publication . As the detectives become aware of a feud between Guy and the proprietor of the Morecroft Hotel , tensions are also heating up between the locals and visiting Londoners . Soon Barnaby and Jones find themselves to trying to piece together the truth about the murder , and learn that someone might be trying to conceal something in their past . 64 5 `` The Magician 's Nephew '' Richard Holthouse Michael Russell 27 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) November / December 2007 7.01 A children 's magic show goes horribly wrong when one of the performers dies during a trick . Barnaby and Jones discover that the victim was poisoned with a rare toxin extracted from Ecuadorean poison frogs - so the hunt is on for a particularly ruthless and imaginative killer . The detectives soon learn that a feud is raging between local occult practitioner Ernest Balliol and famous writer Aloysius Wilmington . While some of the villagers - such as Ernest 's daughter Isolde - believe that powerful magical forces are at play , others think the reasons for the bloodshed may have their roots in the distant past . Barnaby and Jones soon find themselves delving into the occult , magic , and ancients books of power , to determine what happened , and soon sense a mixture of both might be the motive for the murder , when a book shop owner is killed with shattered glass , laced in the same poison . 65 6 `` Days of Misrule '' Renny Rye Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 24 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) February / March 2008 5.89 Barnaby and Jones are forced to take part in a team building exercise and Tom has plenty of problems dealing with the young , new , acting Chief Superintendent , John Cotton ( Nick Fletcher ) . Following an explosion in a truck that had been stored in a truck depot , a body is soon discovered in a nearby lake , which turns out to be Alec Grainger , who had been seen arguing with James Parkes ( Joseph Millson ) , the son of Colonel Matt Parkes ( Tim Pigott - Smith ) . James appears to be involved in shady business deals and is blamed by his grandmother Caroline Halsey ( Judy Parfitt ) -- and others -- for the suicide of a woman he got pregnant two years before . Barnaby and Jones find themselves delving into a mixture of fraud , smuggling , and lies , trying to piece together the truth . 66 7 `` Talking to the Dead '' Sarah Hellings David Lawrence 5 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 05 ) March / April 2008 5.92 When two couples vanish into thin air in the village of Monks Barton , Barnaby and Jones hear rumours of haunted woods and witchcraft . Barnaby remains sceptical of this , even when an unidentified body is found in a shallow grave and the missing start turning up dead . He soon has to determine if ghosts , criminals , or something else , is behind the abductions and murders . N.B. : This episode was delayed until 2010 : it finally aired on ITV one week before `` The Made - to - Measure Murders '' . Series 12 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 67 `` The Dogleg Murders '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) June / July 2008 6.14 No one could suspect that a prestigious golf club would be the setting for murder , but when one of the major members is found dead , bludgeoned to death in a thicket next to the 13th hole , Barnaby and Jones try to determine what made him leave the fairway . It seems the club has a rift between the snobbish members , and local villagers , the latter only allowed onto the course for a few hours a week . Before long , another member turns up dead , and the detectives soon find the club has a hidden history , involving gambling , illegal money lending and assault , prompting the pair to determine if a club member , or one of its staff , is responsible for the deeds . 68 `` The Black Book '' Peter Smith Nicholas Martin 5 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) July / August 2008 6.28 A newly discovered masterpiece by landscape artist Henry Hogson causes a stir when it is auctioned for £ 400,000 -- just hours before its former owner is tortured and killed . When another Hogson is stolen , Barnaby decides to become an expert on the Midsomer painter , with the help of art teacher Matilda Simms ( Susannah Harker ) . He soon realises the paintings are not what they seem -- but the death toll is rising . 69 `` Secrets and Spies '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 29 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 29 ) August / September 2008 6.90 Former secret agent Geoffrey Larkin arrives in Midsomer Parva and stays at Allenby House , a country mansion run by former spies Sir Malcolm Frazer ( Benjamin Whitrow ) , his son Nicky ( Peter Davison ) and Nicky 's wife Jenny ( Alice Krige ) as a safe house . Geoffrey is soon gashed to death after a cricket match in Midsomer Parva , and the locals blame the ' beast of Midsomer ' . However , Barnaby -- a former spy himself -- soon realises that the killing has links to Allenby House and Cold War Berlin , but is initially thrown off the case by MI6 . But when a further murder occurs MI6 Agent Glen Jarvis ( Neil Stuke ) asks Barnaby back on the case . 70 `` The Glitch '' Richard Holthouse Michael Russell 23 September 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) October / November 2008 6.34 Midsomer University science fellow and cycling enthusiast George Jeffers ( David Haig ) threatens to make public a problem with his state - of - the - art invention Kernel Logic , but American software boss Clinton Finn fears he will lose millions if the truth comes out . When a schoolteacher is killed in a hit - and - run , Barnaby suspects Jeffers was the intended target . The subsequent murder of a fellow cyclist ( Philip Jackson ) brings the involvement of fellow University associates ( Jonathan Cecil and Jim Norton ) into sharper focus . 71 5 `` Small Mercies '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 28 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) November / December 2008 6.43 In the peaceful village of Little Worthy , Bob Moss was about to open up his beloved model village , when he found a gruesome extra attraction . Young local , Richard Tanner , had been stabbed in the side and his corpse tied down like Gulliver in Lilliput . Barnaby and Jones wonder who wanted him dead , but when the woman he was secretly meeting is killed during the village 's Crazy Craft race , the pair have to delve in and discover who might be lying and hiding secrets . 72 6 `` The Creeper '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 27 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 27 ) February / March 2009 6.35 A cat burglar is on the loose , one known as `` the Creeper '' , but the wave of burglaries they have committed , seem to have finally led to murder , when David Roper ( Rik Mayall ) is found smothered in his bed on the Chettham family estate . Yet Barnaby and Jones learn he may have been planning to write a book that could have been quite uncomfortable for someone , leading the pair to determine whether members of the Chettham family , or their friends , were responsible . 73 7 `` The Great and the Good '' Richard Holthouse David Hoskins 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) March / April 2009 5.46 A sleep - walking school teacher ( Nancy Carroll ) starts to believe she has slit the throats of her mentor ( Tim Wylton ) and a local handyman man in her sleep , but her friends ( Paola Dionisotti and Monica Dolan ) are not convinced that she is the culprit , nor is Barnaby . A local philanthropist ( Paul Chapman ) and his social - climbing wife ( Suzanne Burden ) are planning the annual Frobisher night - but will it go without a hitch , and can they identify the killer ? Series 13 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 74 `` The Made - to - Measure Murders '' Peter Smith Andrew Payne 12 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) June / July 2009 5.53 The residents of Milton Cross , a feudal estate with a church , farms , houses and acres of land , depend on lord of the manor Edward Milton for their livelihoods . But when Sonia Woodley is stabbed in the churchyard two years after the death of her abusive husband Gerald , Barnaby and Jones investigate , trying to work out who killed her . It soon becomes clear someone took a pair of tailor scissors to do the deed , but who amongst the villagers could have done so , is unclear , and the investigation is complicated , when the pair learn the local reverend had received a letter from Sonia . When he himself is killed , the pair believe something in the letter may be key to solving the mystery . 75 `` The Sword of Guillaume '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 10 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) July / August 2009 7.02 Barnaby is not convinced about Mayor David Hicks ' plans to revive an annual trip to Brighton , suspecting his proposal to buy coastal land there , is rather a fraudulent scheme . Naturally , he joins the trip , but during their time in Brighton , a hated property developer ( Tim McInnerny ) is beheaded on a ghost house ride , prompting Barnaby to team up with his cousin to determine whether the developer 's renters , the mayor , a gloomy reverend ( Mark Gatiss ) , or the lady of a large estate are responsible , and soon discovers a hotbed of jealously , debt , lies and more , conceal a far darker secret . First appearance of DCI John Barnaby , cousin of DCI Tom Barnaby . 76 `` Blood on the Saddle '' Richard Holthouse David Lawrence 8 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 08 ) August / September 2009 6.07 Ford Florey is a town with a Wild West Society and many grudges . During a Wild West show at the local faire , the witch on the ' Dunk the Witch ' stall is well and truly dunked but laughter soon turns to horror when she does n't get up and the water in the tank starts to turn red . Barnaby and Jones need to be quick on the draw to track down the murderer , and soon begin to wonder whether a dispute over land was the motive , or something far more sinister , especially when more people are killed , with methods linked to the Wild West . 77 `` The Silent Land '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 22 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) October / November 2009 5.45 On a dark night in the village of March Magna , Barnaby 's wife Joyce swerves her car and narrowly misses a shadowy figure in the road - or so she thinks , when later that night a body is discovered in the old cemetery . The victim was a member of the council who was strange and weird , but someone seemed to have quite a grudge on him , and so Barnaby and Jones delve into his background , and the village , attempting to determine who might have wanted him dead , finding ghosts , grudges , and more beneath the village 's surface . 78 5 `` Master Class '' Renny Rye Nicholas Martin 6 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) February / March 2010 6.10 Piano student Zoe Stock has won a place at the Devington Manor Winter School led by internationally renowned musician , Sir Michael Fielding ( James Fox ) . Yet when she is there , things become mysterious when from the river bank in the grounds of the manor she sees a woman jump from the bridge and disappear underwater . When Barnaby and Jones start investigating the possible drowning , they discover unsavoury connections to the past that could prove lethal 20 years later , especially when someone attempts to kill . It is n't long , before murder does occur , and the detectives attempt to fathom what occurred in the drowning , and the present day murders . 79 6 `` The Noble Art '' Richard Holthouse Barry Purchese 13 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) April 2010 5.70 When Midsomer Morchard 's very own boxer , John Kinsella , wins a world title in New York , the success seems to be a joyous time for all , until murder rears its ugly head . When a local solicitor is found dead by his assistant and Kinsella 's manager , Barnaby attempts to determine what is going on , and soon discover issues with inheritance , affairs , anger , and gambling to make matters difficult . Meanwhile Kinsella 's trainer Teddy Molloy ( Phil Daniels ) has his own hidden agenda . When a re-enactment of a Victorian boxing match gets heated , and Kinsella 's manager is found dead in his home 's gym , the pair attempt to determine who is responsible , although Barnaby 's judgement seems to be clouded on this one . 80 7 `` Not in My Back Yard '' Peter Smith J.C. Wilsher 12 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) May / June 2010 6.93 A planning dispute turns to murder , after a leading light in the Midsomer Conservation Society suspects her neighbours are involved in a money - making development scam . Political wrangling , burglaries and sexual liaisons abound in picturesque Great Pelfe - but when a member of the possible scam is themselves murdered , Barnaby wonders what is truly going on behind the scenes of an important by - election . 81 8 `` Fit for Murder '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 2 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) June / July 2010 8.10 Barnaby reluctantly accompanies Joyce on a spa weekend to Swavely Manor . But as he attempts to de-stress , a woman is found dead in the flotation chamber . He abandons his treatment to investigate , but his personal worries are never far away as he contemplates his future , while trying to determine if an argument between the spa 's owners and their neighbours is the motive , or something else . Last appearance of Tom Barnaby , Joyce Barnaby , Cully Barnaby , and DC Gail Stephens Series 14 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Death in the Slow Lane '' Richard Holthouse Michael Aitkens 23 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) July / August 2010 6.44 New DCI John Barnaby arrives in Midsomer and is bemused by the quaint villages and their quirky residents . But when a local DJ is crushed to death at a traditional girls ' boarding school , he soon discovers that murder and deception are never far away . As the death toll rises , could Barnaby 's first case also be his last ? 83 `` Dark Secrets '' Simon Langton Michael Aitkens 30 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) August / September 2010 6.32 The reclusive lives of elderly eccentrics William and Mary Bingham ( Edward Fox and Phyllida Law ) comes under police scrutiny when a social services investigator ( Jeff Rawle ) is murdered . Barnaby and Jones must unearth generations of family secrets and decipher astronomical charts to find the killer . First appearance of Sarah Barnaby 84 `` Echoes of the Dead '' Nick Laughland Peter J. Hammond 20 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) September / October 2010 5.47 When a young woman is dressed like a bride and drowned in a bath , it triggers a spate of ghoulish wedding - themed murders in Great Worthy . The case takes Barnaby and Jones to a donkey sanctuary , a heritage steam railway and a pub run by an ex-copper and former brothel madam . With the serial killer still at large , could history be repeating itself ? 85 `` The Oblong Murders '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 25 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) October / November 2010 5.33 Jones goes undercover at the Oblong Foundation after one of the cult 's young female members disappears suddenly . But he and Barnaby soon start digging into an old case involving the death of a couple in a boat explosion . Last appearance of Dr. George Bullard 86 5 `` The Sleeper Under the Hill '' Nick Laughland David Lawrence 21 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) March / April 2011 5.83 In Midsomer Mow , the gruesome discovery of a farmer 's eviscerated body in an ancient stone circle is made just days before the spring equinox . First appearance of Dr. Kate Wilding 87 6 `` The Night of the Stag '' Simon Langton Nicholas Martin 12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) May / June 2011 6.04 A VAT inspector goes missing as he hunts for an illicit cider still responsible for brewing The Beast , a potent local hooch . At the Midsomer Abbas spring fayre which celebrates its friendship with Midsomer Herne , Barnaby and Jones sample the local cider , while temperance preacher Norman Grigor calls on residents to repent of their drunken ways . Suddenly , Barnaby is violently ill as the body of missing man Peter Slim is found floating in the cider vat . Meanwhile Samuel Quested ( Warren Clarke ) , the traditionalist mayor of Midsomer Abbas , seeks to revive the ancient rite known as ' The Stag ' . 88 7 `` A Sacred Trust '' Renny Rye Rachel Cuperman and Sally Griffiths 26 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) June / July 2011 6.38 Barnaby and Jones investigate the cloistered world of Midsomer Priory when a nun is strangled to death . The detectives uncover a complex mystery involving holy orders , teenage romantic liaisons , African art and missing antique silver as the community is forced to open its doors to 21st - century policing . 89 8 `` A Rare Bird '' Nick Laughland Steve Trafford 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) July / August 2011 6.43 A row between keen birdwatchers in Midsomer - in - the - Marsh turns nasty when their president is killed . Patrick Morgan met his death while hoping to sight a rare bird , but is his obsession with ornithology to blame -- or something more sinister ? Series 15 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 90 `` The Dark Rider '' Alex Pillai Michael Aitkens 1 February 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) September / October 2011 6.94 When Bentham DeQuetteville falls to his death from a roof after seeing a headless horseman , his aristocratic family seem more concerned about their forthcoming Civil War re-enactment than the incident . As Barnaby and Jones try to find out the truth behind the ghostly figure , their investigation uncovers shocking secrets about the DeQuettevilles . 91 `` Murder of Innocence '' Renny Rye Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 21 March 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 21 ) November / December 2011 5.60 When a barrister is killed in Midsomer , suspicion falls on convicted murderer Grady Felton . Grady has just returned to the village of Binwell where he committed the murder years ago amid much anger from locals . But Grady has a solid alibi . Barnaby suspects he is working with an accomplice -- until Grady himself is targeted in an arson attack . 92 `` Written in the Stars '' Renny Rye Steve Trafford 25 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May / June 2012 5.05 As darkness covers Midsomer Stanton during a total eclipse of the sun , amateur astronomer Jeremy Harper is killed by a blow to the head with a meteorite . Barnaby and Jones soon discover intrigue , sexual tension and academic rivalry are rife among the star - seeking community . 93 `` Death and the Divas '' Nick Laughland Rachel Cuperman and Sally Griffiths 2 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 02 ) April / May 2012 6.49 The murder of a journalist has chilling echoes of a 1960s horror film starring Midsomer 's own Stella Harris . When Stella 's more famous sister returns after a 40 - year family rift , the killings escalate , each reminiscent of a movie plot . Is life -- and death -- imitating art ? 94 5 `` The Sicilian Defence '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 9 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) June / July 2012 6.95 Harriet Farmer wakes up after being in a coma since the night she tried to elope . Soon afterwards , a serial killer strikes members of a chess club . Could the attack which left Harriet for dead a year ago be linked to moves on a chess board ? And where is her boyfriend Finn ? 95 6 `` Schooled in Murder '' Andy Hay Lisa Holdsworth 30 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) July / August 2012 6.89 When Debbie Moffett is crushed to death with a giant round of cheese at the home of the world - famous Midsomer Blue , secret and controversial plans to modernise the dairy are revealed while rumours about private lives of the parents cause a row at the prestigious local prep school . As other people linked to the dairy meet agonising deaths , long - held secrets start to emerge . Last regular appearance of DS Ben Jones Series 16 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 96 `` The Christmas Haunting '' Nick Laughland Chris Murray 24 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) June / July 2013 4.92 DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson investigate the fatal stabbing of a man with an antique sword during a ghost - hunting party at a ' haunted ' manor house . Is blacksmith 's daughter Rose Wilton seeking revenge from the beyond the grave , or can Barnaby and Nelson find a more earthly motive behind the murder and trap the killer ? First appearance of DS Charlie Nelson 97 `` Let Us Prey '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 8 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) April / May 2013 6.06 A series of murders in Midsomer St Claire seem to be inspired by macabre images on a medieval fresco recently discovered in the church crypt . As the village prepares for storms and flooding it appears that someone is using ancient torture methods to punish modern - day ' sinners ' . But who is responsible and why ? 98 `` Wild Harvest '' Renny Rye Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 29 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) May / June 2013 6.24 When Martin Strickland , a local farmer is found dead in his own woods , covered by truffle oil and mauled to death by a wild boar , the investigation leads Barnaby to Wyvern House , a posh picturesque country house restaurant run by a very passionate celebrity chef ( Sharon Small ) . But soon , another murder occurs and this time , the poison spreads further than the intended target . 99 `` The Flying Club '' Luke Watson Michael Aitkens 5 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) July / August 2013 6.05 When the owner of Finchmere Airfield is dropped from a plane to meet a gruesome death , Barnaby and Nelson find the exciting world of stunt pilots and military heroes hides many dark secrets . Are anti-aircraft campaigners behind Bernard King 's murder or does it link back to a tragic World War Two mission ? 100 5 `` The Killings of Copenhagen '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) September / October 2013 6.54 DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson join forces with two female Danish police detectives after Eric Calder is poisoned by Strychnine coating when opening one of his famous golden clusters . First appearance of baby Betty Barnaby . This is the last episode to have been originally released on Region 1 DVD as 25 `` sets '' , which have now been re-packaged as `` series '' 1 to 16 in redesigned packages . Series 17 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 101 `` The Dagger Club '' Alex Pillai Chris Murray 28 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) April / May 2014 5.91 The unveiling of a newly - discovered novel by deceased Midsomer crime - writer George Summersbee at the Luxton Deeping Crime Festival is jeopardised when the manuscript is stolen and a woman is fatally electrocuted by a booby - trapped roulette wheel . Can new dad Barnaby untangle a web of jealousy and obsession to find the killer ? 102 `` Murder by Magic '' Charles Palmer Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 4 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) June / July 2014 5.59 Pub landlady Hannah Altman is crushed to death when a stunt goes wrong during a magic show by famous illusionist Gideon Latimer ( Andrew Lee Potts ) , whose life is torn between his wife and his overbearing mother ( Amanda Burton ) . When Kate discovers the safety wires have been sabotaged , a murder investigation is launched . Barnaby and Nelson uncover conflicts between the village church and Midsomer Oaks ' ancient pagan traditions . Vicar Magnus Soane ( Jack Shepherd ) and his curate repeatedly clash over these traditions . But with the murders seemingly all linked to Gideon 's illusions , who is staging the deathly tricks and why ? 103 `` The Ballad of Midsomer County '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 11 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) May / June 2014 5.39 It 's the day of the Little Crosby Folk Festival and organiser Toby Winning is found dead , having drowned in a bowl of eggs and live eels . The murder seems to have been inspired by a ballad made famous by the late , lamented star Johnny Carver . Then it comes to light the victim recently announced plans to move the event to a new location , which would have cost local entrepreneur Frank Wainwright dearly . Toby 's estranged wife Alice also comes under suspicion , before two further killings take place , echoing more lyrics from the song . 104 `` A Vintage Murder '' Nick Laughland Lisa Holdsworth 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) August 2014 5.03 The launch of the latest sparkling wine by Midsomer Vinae Winery falls flat when critic Nadia Simons gives it a scathing review , then guests sampling the vintage start to collapse . Owner William Carnarvon suspects the Farmers ' Wives Association of trying to destroy his business , while his wife Diana frets over her mother Matilda , one of the victims . Pathologist Kate reveals the drink was laced with slug poison , but how is the attack connected to the death of a child in a hit - and - run ? Barnaby and Nelson are called in to investigate . Last appearance of Dr. Kate Wilding Series 18 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 105 `` Habeas Corpus '' Alex Pillai Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 6 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) March / April 2015 6.04 When wealthy landowner Gregory Lancaster 's body goes missing on the night of his death , a sinister web of secrets and lies is exposed in the village of Little Malton . DCI Barnaby , DS Nelson and new Forensic Pathologist Kam Karimore are drawn into a macabre world of body - snatching as they seek to identify the villain . First appearance of Dr. Kam Karimore 106 `` The Incident at Cooper Hill '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 13 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) April / May 2015 5.90 Mysterious lights are seen in the sky over famous UFO hot - spot Cooper Hill . When a local forest - ranger suffers a strange death , the visiting UFO spotters are convinced aliens are responsible . DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson unearth suspicions , betrayals and long - buried secrets in their search for the truth . 107 `` Breaking the Chain '' Rob Evans Chris Murray 27 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) June / July 2015 5.80 An international cycling competition comes to the Midsomer village of Burwood Mantle . When the race leader is murdered , DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson find themselves drawn into a ruthlessly competitive world of blackmail , bribery and bloodshed where winning comes at any cost . 108 `` A Dying Art '' Matt Carter Jeff Povey 3 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) July / August 2015 5.54 Art comes to the picturesque Midsomer village of Angel 's Rise with the opening of a new Sculpture Park . But when its launch is marred by murder , DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson have to get creative to crack a case where art imitates death , and everything has a deeper meaning . 109 5 `` Saints and Sinners '' Renny Rye Lisa Holdsworth 10 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) August / September 2015 5.83 The discovery of a Saint 's bones at an archaeological dig causes a stir in the village of Midsomer Cicely . But when the leader of the dig is murdered , DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson soon realise that it 's not only skeletons that have been long buried in the hallowed ground . 110 6 `` Harvest of Souls '' Nick Laughland Caleb Ranson 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) September / October 2015 5.60 The annual harvest fair and the daredevil riders of the Wall of Death come to Midsomer village Whitcombe Mallet . When the owner of an equestrian centre is trampled by his horse DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson have to unravel a complex feud from the past , where nothing is what it seems . Last appearance of DS Charlie Nelson and of Sykes the dog . Series 19 ( 2016 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 111 `` The Village That Rose from the Dead '' Nick Laughland Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 18 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) April / May 2016 5.68 The ghost village of Little Auburn has been abandoned since the war . When a young man is found murdered during its grand reopening , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter must unravel a sinister web of lies from both past and present in order to catch the killer . First appearances of DS Jamie Winter ( Nick Hendrix ) and Paddy the Dog 112 `` Crime and Punishment '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 4 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) May / June 2016 6.25 The Bleakridge Watch patrols the streets of their remote village , exposing anyone who steps outside the law . When one of their members dies , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter uncover just how far some people will go for power ... 113 `` Last Man Out '' Matt Carter Jeff Povey 11 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) June / July 2016 6.55 Tensions run high in Lower Pampling as a new type of cricket threatens a century of tradition . When a star cricketer dies during a tournament , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter 's investigation draws them into a dangerous game with a surprise visitor from Barnaby 's past ... Guest appearance by DI Ben Jones ( Jason Hughes ) 114 `` Red in Tooth & Claw '' Steve Hughes Lisa Holdsworth 18 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) August / September 2016 5.98 When a dead body is discovered covered in live rabbits , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter uncover a sinister side to the local pet show . Is this a rivalry taken too far or is the killer driven by something darker ? 115 5 `` Death by Persuasion '' Alex Pillai Chris Murray 20 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) ( AUS ) 13 May 2018 ( UK ) September / October 2016 5.82 When a young woman slips away from a camp site where a Jane Austen fantasy event is taking place dressed in period attire , and is found stabbed in the woods with a quill , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter discover that the victim was a journalist interested in the village 's healthcare drone delivery program , and are forced to look back in time to find the killer . 116 6 `` The Curse of the Ninth '' Matt Carter Julia Gilbert 27 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) ( AUS ) 20 May 2018 ( UK ) October / November 2016 4.98 Barnaby and Winter uncover multiple motives when the winner of a fought - after music award is found strangled with a violin string moments before a performance , including rivalry over the prize , disagreements about the music festival business , and a missing Stradivarius violin . Last appearance of Dr. Kam Karimore Series 20 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) On 2 May 2018 , all six episodes of series 20 were made available in the U.S. through streaming services Acorn TV and BritBox . No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 117 `` The Ghost of Causton Abbey '' Matt Carter Helen Jenkins 5 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 05 ) ( NL ) 7 September 2018 ( BE ) TBA TBA Causton is buzzing at the opening of a new brewery on the site of a famously cursed Abbey . But excitement turns to fear when a man is found boiled to death in one of the vats . DCI Barnaby and DS Winter are puzzled ; could this really be about beer ? First appearance of Dr. Fleur Perkins 118 `` Death of the Small Coppers '' Paul Harrison Chris Murray 12 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 12 ) ( NL ) 14 September 2018 ( BE ) TBA TBA When Mahesh Sidana - butterfly collector and founding member of an elite IQ society - is found murdered , pinned to a wall in a manner akin to his treasured butterfly specimens , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter are thrust into a crime that impacts not only on their community , but internationally . With the help of an old friend , can they catch the culprit before another victim is found ? 119 `` Drawing Dead '' Toby Frow Jeff Povey 19 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) ( NL ) 21 September 2018 ( BE ) TBA TBA Carver Valley 's comic festival is in full swing when the village is shocked by the murder of a former supermodel . With a scathing comic magazine shaming several villagers as the only lead , Barnaby and Winter are left trying to separate fact from fiction . 120 `` The Lions of Causton '' Matt Carter Nick Hicks - Beach 26 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 26 ) ( NL ) 28 September 2018 ( BE ) TBA TBA Barnaby gets to relive his former days of sporting glory when a death at the local Rugby Club sends Barnaby and Winter into a muddle of rucks , old grudges , new romances ... and artisanal chocolates ? 121 5 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Audrey Cooke Helen Jenkins 5 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) ( BE ) 10 October 2018 ( NL ) TBA TBA Barnaby is less than impressed when Sarah drags him to a family friend 's wedding . But soon things go from bad to worse when tragedy strikes and Barnaby is called into action to catch a murderer with an apparent penchant for local brides . 122 6 `` Send in the Clowns '' Nick Laughland Julia Gilbert 12 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 12 ) ( BE ) 17 October 2018 ( NL ) TBA TBA Things take a gruesome turn when Ferabbees Circus comes to town , bringing with it a chain of sinister clown sightings , threatening notes and deathly dangerous circus acts . Barnaby will have to face up to his fears in order to solve the case . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Guardian ( 2 January 2008 ) . `` Midsomer shines for ITV '' . London . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders celebrates 20th Anniversary '' . `` ITV Press Centre '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders says farewell as Sykes retires '' . ITV . ITV PLC . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Moodie , Clemmie ( 26 December 2016 ) . `` TV 's dog star bow - wows out ... at 98 ! Pet who appeared in Midsomer Murders , Cranford and host of TV adverts hangs up his collar for a well - earned retirement '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders : Season 20 '' . Amazon Video . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Full episode guide at IMDB.com Midsomer Murders Episodes `` Destroying Angel '' `` Electric Vendetta '' `` Ring Out Your Dead '' `` Market For Murder '' `` Painted in Blood '' `` Dead in the Water '' `` Orchis Fatalis '' `` Second Sight '' `` The Christmas Haunting '' `` The Killings of Copenhagen '' Characters Tom Barnaby Novels by Caroline Graham The Killings at Badger 's Drift ( 1987 ) Death of a Hollow Man ( 1989 ) Death in Disguise ( 1992 ) Written in Blood ( 1994 ) Faithful unto Death ( 1996 ) A Place of Safety ( 1999 ) A Ghost in the Machine ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Midsomer_Murders_episodes&oldid=866449715 '' Categories : Lists of British crime television series episodes Midsomer Murders Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2016 Use British English from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Magyar Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 12 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many series are there in midsomer murders | [
"As of 20 May 2018, 116 episodes have aired over 19 series. Episodes 1 to 100 were originally released on DVD as 25 \"sets,\" which are now discontinued, and have been re-released as \"series\" 1 to 16 in redesigned packages. \n"
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3839262787568845729 | Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction) | Pirates of the Caribbean ( attraction ) - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean ( attraction ) Jump to : navigation , search Pirates of the Caribbean The attraction entrance at Disneyland Disneyland Area New Orleans Square Status Operating Soft opening date March 16 , 1967 Opening date March 18 , 1967 Magic Kingdom Area Adventureland Status Operating Opening date December 15 , 1973 Tokyo Disneyland Area Adventureland Status Operating Opening date April 15 , 1983 Disneyland Park ( Paris ) Area Adventureland Status Operating Opening date April 12 , 1992 Shanghai Disneyland Area Treasure Cove Status Operating Opening date June 16 , 2016 General statistics Attraction type dark ride Designer WED Enterprises Theme Pirates in the 18th -- 19th century Music `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' by George Bruns and Xavier Atencio Vehicle type Bateaux Vehicles 50 Boats Riders per vehicle 23 -- 24 Duration Disneyland 15 : 30 minutes Magic Kingdom 8 : 30 minutes Tokyo Disneyland 9 : 30 minutes Disneyland Paris 10 : 30 minutes Number of drops Disneyland and Disneyland Paris Magic Kingdom , Shanghai Disneyland , and Tokyo Disneyland Audio - animatronics 119 Voices Paul Frees June Foray Thurl Ravenscroft J. Pat O'Malley Xavier Atencio Johnny Depp ( 2006 - current ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2006 - current ) Bill Nighy ( 2006 - current ) Ian McShane ( 2011 - 2013 ) Dee Bradley Baker ( 2005 - current ) Corey Burton ( 1997 - current ) Manufacturer Arrow Dynamics ( Disneyland , Magic Kingdom , Tokyo Disneyland ) Intamin ( Disneyland Paris ) FastPass+ available Must transfer from wheelchair Assistive listening available Pirates of the Caribbean is a dark ride at Disneyland , the Magic Kingdom , Tokyo Disneyland , and Disneyland Park in Paris . The original version at Disneyland , which opened in 1967 , was the last attraction whose construction was overseen by Walt Disney ; he died three months before it opened . The ride , which tells the story of a band of pirates and their troubles and exploits , was replicated at the Magic Kingdom in 1973 , at Tokyo Disneyland in 1983 , and at Disneyland Paris in 1992 . Each of the initial four versions of the ride has a different façade but a similar ride experience . A reimagined version of the ride , Pirates of the Caribbean : Battle for the Sunken Treasure , opened at the Shanghai Disneyland Park in 2016 . The ride gave rise to the song `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' written by George Bruns and Xavier Atencio . It also became the basis for the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , which debuted in 2003 . Since 2006 , Disney has incorporated characters from the film series into the Disneyland , Magic Kingdom , and Tokyo Disneyland versions of the rides . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Attraction description 2.1 Disneyland 2.2 Magic Kingdom 2.3 Disneyland Paris 2.4 Shanghai Disneyland 3 Modifications 4 Adaptations 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Releases 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The Disneyland version was the last attraction that Walt Disney himself participated in designing ; it opened on March 18 , 1967 , three months after his death . It was originally envisioned as a walk - through wax museum attraction ; however , with the success of the boat ride concept of It 's a Small World at the 1964 New York World 's Fair , Disney decided to employ a similar concept on Pirates of the Caribbean . It is located within the New Orleans Square portion of Disneyland , its facade evoking antebellum era New Orleans , topped by a 31 - star United States flag ( which would indicate the 1850s ) . The ornate initials of Walt Disney and Roy Disney ( W.D. and R.D. ) can be seen entwined in the wrought iron railings above the attraction 's entrance at Disneyland . An overhead sign at the boat dock names it for the famous pirate Jean Lafitte ( although his name is spelled Laffite as the pirate himself originally spelled it , rather than with the English spelling which has now become standard ) , who fought alongside the U.S. Army at the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812 . The second floor of the facade was originally designed to be a private Disney family apartment . Instead it later opened in spring 1987 as an art - related retail / museum space called the Disney Gallery until late 2007 when it was replaced by the Disneyland Dream Suite . The opening of The Disney Gallery in 1987 also coincided with the attraction 's outside queue area being completely redone to improve traffic flows . A bridge walkway was built in front of the attraction entrance to allow crowds to pass through New Orleans Square without causing traffic jams with the guests waiting in line for the attraction . The original installation at Disneyland was manufactured by Arrow Development . The attraction 's passenger carrying boats are very similar to those in a patent assigned to Walt Disney Productions , but filed by Edgar A. Morgan , one of the founders of Arrow Development . Arrow participated in the design and development of many attractions at Disneyland from 1953 . The Blue Bayou Restaurant within the ride opened the same day as the attraction , and is considered one of the original theme restaurants . Attraction description ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Disneyland ( edit ) There are 630,000 gallons of water , 53 audio - animatronic animals and birds , and 75 audio - animatronic pirates and villagers in the attraction . It takes three days to empty and refill the `` bayou '' for renovations . Across from the boarding area is the Blue Bayou restaurant , made to look like the backyard dinner party of a southern plantation . The ride begins amid glimmering fireflies during an evening in a Louisiana bayou . Riders board their boats at Laffite 's Landing and are at once afloat in the heart of bayou country , after the safety rules given by Blackbeard . Once past several rickety houseboats , the soft strumming of banjo melodies ( including `` Oh ! Susanna '' and `` Camptown Races '' ) can be heard over the peaceful sounds of nature as guests pass by one houseboat on whose porch an old man calmly rocks back and forth in his rocking chair . Above a stone archway , a talking skull and crossbones ( voiced by songwriter Xavier Atencio ) provides this taunting warning : Psst ! Avast there ! It be too late to alter course , mateys . And there be plundering pirates lurkin ' in ev'ry cove , waitin ' to board . Sit closer together and keep your ruddy hands in board . That be the best way to repel boarders . And mark well me words , mateys : Dead men tell no tales ! Ye come seekin ' adventure with salty old pirates , eh ? Sure you 've come to the proper place . But keep a weather eye open , mates , and hold on tight . With both hands , if you please . Thar be squalls ahead , and Davy Jones waiting for them what do n't obey . A more chilling sound becomes audible from the darkness ahead : the thundering of a waterfall . The guests ' boat takes a hair - raising plunge down the waterfall into a dimly lit cavernous passage , where a high - spirited version of the theme music plays . After a second plunge further into the depths of an underground grotto known as Dead Man 's Cove , guests behold the skeletal remains of an unfortunate band of pirates , guarding their loot and treasure with macabre delight . The boats glide gently past a violent thunderstorm tossing an old pirate ship about , though the ship 's pilot is nothing more than a skeleton . The boats pass through the crew 's quarters , complete with skeletal pirates frozen in time -- playing chess , the captain examining a treasure map , an old harpsichord playing the theme song , and a huge amount of treasure being guarded by another skeleton pirate . The Aztec chest from Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl sits in the corner of the Treasure Room and is the last thing guests see before entering a dark tunnel . A version of the main theme on a pipe organ echoes through the dark tunnel . A curtain of mist appears in the darkness . The image of Davy Jones is projected onto the mist and invites guests to proceed if `` they be brave or fool enough to face a pirate 's curse '' . The riders pass beneath the mist curtain and emerge into the next scene . Cannonballs whistle overhead and explosions throw water into the air -- a fierce battle between a marauding pirate galleon and a Caribbean fortress is in full swing . Captain Barbossa leads the assault from the deck of a pirate vessel named the Wicked Wench . A musical theme from the Pirates of the Caribbean films plays . From the deck of the Wicked Wench , Barbossa yells : `` Strike yer colors , ye bloomin cockroachers , by thunder we 'll see ya to Davy Jones ! They need persuasion mates . Fire at will ! Pound ' em lads ! Pound ' em ! '' When a cannon is shot , guests may feel a powerful blast of air coming from the cannon , followed by a large splash and underwater lighting effects to simulate cannon fire . The village of Puerto Dorado on Isla Tesoro is overrun with pirates in search of treasure . The first sight is the town square , where some pirates have kidnapped the mayor , Carlos , and threaten to drown him in a well if he does n't divulge the location of the treasure . Carlos ' wife tells him to be brave and not talk ; she is shot at as Carlos is repeatedly dunked in the water while several other captive city officials look on . Captain Jack Sparrow is seen hiding behind some dresses . An auction scene follows , where a pirate auctions off the sobbing women of the town to other pirates . Drunken bidders hoot and holler for a redhead who is next in line while ignoring an overweight but chipper woman currently offered for bidding . In the next scene , pirates run around chasing women holding trays of food , and two foolish buccaneers who have stolen snacks are chased by an angry woman holding a rolling pin . Just beyond is the `` Pooped Pirate '' drunkenly waving a map and key to a treasure vault , boasting that Captain Jack Sparrow will never see it . Jack is hiding in a barrel just behind him , popping out and getting a good look at the map over the pirate 's shoulder . Off to the side , a pirate by the name of `` Old Bill '' wants to share rum with a group of terrified alley cats . Carefree , tipsy pirates succeed in ravaging the town and setting it aflame , filling the night air with an orange glow . Riders next float past a jail where imprisoned pirates are doing their best to escape as flames draw near . A small dog just out of the prisoners ' reach holds the key to their escape in his teeth ; he seems all but immune to the pleas of the pirates trying to coax him closer . One of the pirates holds a noose , hoping to trap the dog . Timbers are smoldering and cracking overhead as riders sail through a storage room filled with gunpowder , cannonballs , and rum - filled , gun - shooting pirates singing `` Yo Ho , Yo Ho , A Pirate 's Life For Me '' . A shootout between the inebriated crew and captain of the pirate ship in a flaming ammunition warehouse threatens to demolish the entire village . Finally , Jack Sparrow is seen in a room full of the hidden treasure ( the treasure vault as mentioned by the Pooped Pirate ) . He is draped over a large throne - like chair and waves his new treasures around happily while chattering to himself and to passing guests . Every once in a while he sings , `` Drink up , me hearties . Yo ho ! '' . The boats proceed up a lift hill , and Davy Jones ' and Blackbeard 's voices are alternatively heard once more , encouraging riders to come back soon . The boats reach the top of the hill and spill back into the sleepy bayou where the journey began , passing by a parrot on a sandbar that can be seen from the queue . Magic Kingdom ( edit ) Magic Kingdom 's Pirates of the Caribbean The attraction , guarded by the Caribbean watchtower Torre del Sol , is housed in a golden Spanish fort called Castillo Del Morro , inspired by Castillo de San Felipe del Morro in the Old San Juan in San Juan . Disneyland Paris ( edit ) Disneyland Paris version The Pirates of the Caribbean attraction at Disneyland Paris is housed in a battle - scarred fortress at the back of the park . The queuing area winds through several courtyards outside before entering the fortress show building . Inside , the queue passes through the dungeons of the fort , offering glimpses of several skeleton pirates , along with a view of the crew 's quarters scene from a balcony looking down . The queue then enters the Blue Lagoon area inside the show building , made to feel as though guests are outside at nighttime . The transport system was manufactured by Intamin . After boarding boats from a dock at the base of the fort , riders are sent under an archway and out into the Blue Lagoon , passing by the dining area on the left side and a jungle setting on the right . The boats pass through a shipwreck and enter an old fortress nearby . Inside the fort , gun noises and swordplay are heard in the back as the boats climb up a large lift hill used to haul cargo throughout the building . At the top , riders are given a brief view of the Wicked Wench pirate ship in the harbor below before entering into the depths of the fort . Inside , flames engulf the fort , and the shadows of fighting pirates and soldiers are seen . Up ahead , riders see the pirates in jail trying to coax the key from a guard dog . The boats go down a waterfall in the side of the fort caused by a cannonball and pass the ' bombarding the fort ' scene , which riders have just previously seen from above , where the soldiers and the pirates fire at guests . Entering the relative safety of the town , riders see all the original scenes from the Disneyland version , as well as a new pair of sword - fighting men who duel for a girl in the chase scene , and a projection effect of two pirates chasing a girl around in an upstairs window . The main dialogue of the scenes is in French , with the minor parts in English . The boats then enter the burning town scene , where the original English vocal tracks are present , singing the attraction 's theme song . The boats pass under an archway and enter the arsenal . The supplies are ignited by the fire and explode . Lights flash as an on - ride photo is taken , and the boats go down another drop into darkness . They emerge into the grotto scenes , passing all the skeleton pirate vintages seen at Disneyland , and a new shipwreck scene . This part of the ride can be seen from the railroad as it passes through the show building ( similar to Splash Mountain at the other parks ) . The skull and crossbones from the original are seen over an archway , issuing a bilingual safety spiel . The boats return to the dock , and riders exit into a themed gift shop where they can purchase their on - ride - photo . Shanghai Disneyland ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Shanghai Disneyland Pirates of the Caribbean features a ride experience which greatly deviates from the original 1967 version of the ride and all subsequent incarnations . The ride blends digital large - screen projection technology , and traditional set pieces and audio animatronic figures to create an immersive experience . Modifications ( edit ) The `` auction '' scene in the Magic Kingdom ride in which women are offered for sale by the invading pirates . In the 1997 refurbishment , the `` Pooped Pirate '' was recast as the `` Gluttonous Pirate '' , a rogue in search of food . The woman hiding in the barrel was replaced by a cat . At the Magic Kingdom , the chase scene was altered to show the pirates making off with various treasure as the formerly `` chased '' women attempt to thwart them or to show pirates chasing women for food . The `` Pooped Pirate '' here holds a treasure map in his lap and a magnifying glass in one hand . The woman in the barrel remains , although this time she is hiding a small treasure chest in the barrel with her . Previously , the entire scene was pirates chasing women . At the time , these changes had not been made at Disneyland Paris . In Jason Surrell 's book Pirates of the Caribbean : From The Magic Kingdom to the Movies , showwriter Francis Xavier `` X '' Atencio referred to these `` softening '' touches as `` Boy Scouts of the Caribbean '' . Blackbeard projection at the Magic Kingdom ride To coincide with the release of the 2011 film Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , a projection of Captain Blackbeard from the film ( portrayed by original actor Ian McShane ) temporarily replaced the 2006 projection of Davy Jones in the Disneyland and Magic Kingdom version of the attraction beginning on May 20 , 2011 . On April 26 , 2017 , the Disneyland attraction closed during the afternoon in order to temporarily remove the first Jack Sparrow animatronic hiding behind the dresses , with Johnny Depp taking its place , interacting with guests as they passed by . This was part of a promotion for Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales . In June 2017 , Disney announced that animatronics of Jack Sparrow would be added to two scenes in the Disneyland Paris attraction . Later that month , Disney announced a change to the auction scene at Disneyland Paris , Disneyland California , and Magic Kingdom in which the town 's women are auctioned off to the pirates , including the scarlet - clothed redheaded damsel . Instead , the new scene will show the redhead as a pirate helping the auctioneer sell off loot from the townspeople . The Disneyland Paris version reopened on July 24 , 2017 with the changes , while the Disneyland California and Magic Kingdom versions will receive the new auction scene after an upcoming refurbishment scheduled for 2018 . In addition to the inclusion of Jack Sparrow , the Disneyland Paris attraction included an animatronic of Captain Barbossa and images of Davy Jones and Blackbeard when it reopened on July 24 . In June 2017 , Disney added back the talking skull to Magic Kingdom version . Adaptations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2003 , Disney released Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , a feature film inspired by the attraction starring Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow in an Oscar - nominated performance . It has been followed by four sequels : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) , At World 's End ( 2007 ) , On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) , and Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) , with the second installment winning an Oscar for Best Special Effects in 2007 . The series has grossed over US $3.7 billion worldwide . These films included numerous allusions to the ride , most notably the attack on the fort , the famous jail scene , the namesake song , and a few lines from the characters . At Disneyland and the Magic Kingdom Park of Walt Disney World , the character of Captain Jack Sparrow is occasionally available for photos and autographs , and is further featured in the short show Captain Jack Sparrow 's Pirate Tutorial based loosely on the film series . The show is presented in front of or adjacent to the respective park 's Pirates of the Caribbean attractions and features Captain Jack holding court and enlisting budding pirates to join his crew . Alongside Captain Jack is Mack , his faithful crewman ; together they teach the audience how to be a pirate . A video game by Akella , loosely connected to the first movie 's plot , was released to coincide with the film . Port Royal , a world based on the Pirates of the Caribbean films , appears in the Square Enix game Kingdom Hearts II . In 2000 , Pirates of the Caribbean II : Battle for Buccaneer Gold opened at DisneyQuest at Florida 's Walt Disney World Resort . On this attraction , up to five players board a virtual pirate ship to sail around a small 3 - D world . Players may fire cannons at other virtual pirate ships ; if opposing ships are sunk , their treasure will be `` stolen '' . Video game developer Ron Gilbert has often said that the ambience for the Monkey Island video game series was partially inspired by the Disney attraction . One obvious homage is the prison scene in Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge , in which the player needs to retrieve the cell key from a dog using a bone . Although the dog in the scene is named Walt , it is named after game artist Steve Purcell 's dog and not after Walt Disney . On May 25 , 2007 , Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island opened at Disneyland park on the existing Tom Sawyer 's Island section of the park . It features include new additions to the caves . The island also featured a 20 - minute stunt show featuring character Captain Jack Sparrow when it first opened . Soundtrack ( edit ) Releases ( edit ) The Music of Disneyland , Walt Disney World and Epcot Center `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Classic Disney Volume 5 Walt Disney World Resort : The Official Album ( 1999 ) `` Overture '' and `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Walt Disney World Resort : Official Album ( 2000 ) `` Overture '' and `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Pirates of the Caribbean ( 2000 ) 16 - minute `` float through , '' many audio elements from the attraction , plus unused music and dialogue Walt Disney World Resort Celebrating 100 Years of Magic ( 2001 ) `` Overture '' and `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' A Musical History of Disneyland ( 2005 ) 16 - minute `` float through '' The Official Album of the Disneyland Resort ( 2005 ) 5 : 45 Disney Sing - Along Songs series A version of `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' can be heard in several Disney theme park fireworks shows : Fantasy in the Sky Remember ... Dreams Come True See also ( edit ) List of Disneyland attractions List of Magic Kingdom attractions List of Tokyo Disneyland attractions References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Disney history : Pirates of the Caribbean opens '' . The Orange County Register . March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Jim Fanning . Disneyland Challenge . Disney Editions , 2009 . p. 28 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 0675 - 3 Jump up ^ Gurr , Bob ( 27 November 2013 ) . `` DESIGN : Those Were The Times -- No. 23 1955 Arrow Development -- Ed Morgan and Karl Bacon '' . MiceChat . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ US patent D204282 , Morgan , Edgar A. , `` Passenger - carrying amusement boat '' , published April 5 , 1966 , assigned to The Walt Disney Company Jump up ^ O'Brien , Tim ( November 30 , 1998 ) . `` Pioneers share Living Legend Award '' . Amusement Business . 110 ( 48 ) : 20 . Jump up ^ Jim Fanning ( 2009 ) . Disneyland Challenge . Disney Editions . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 14231 - 0675 - 3 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' Disney Reporter -- Where the Magic Lives Jump up ^ Strange and Frightening Sounds ( 2011 - 12 - 25 ) . `` Strange & Frightening Sounds Blog : Pirates at Disneyland Paris '' . Strangefrighteningsoundsblog.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Attractions Magazine ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` POV Ride on Pirates of the Caribbean at Disneyland Paris '' . YouTube . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Tom ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Blackbeard Comes Aboard at Disneyland Park and Magic Kingdom Park May 20 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp Surprises Disneyland Guests Inside Pirates of the Caribbean Ride '' . Laughing Place . Laughing Place Disney Newsdesk . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Stovall , Charles ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Disneyland Paris Update : Johnny Depp Visits His New Audio - Animatronics Counterpart in Re-Imagined Attraction '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Disney 's Pirates of the Caribbean ride will stop auctioning brides Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Disneyland Is Making Another Big Change To The Pirates Of The Caribbean Ride '' . Cinemablend.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Disneyland 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Ride to Replace Bride Auction Scene '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scumm Bar ( March 7 , 2003 ) . `` Monkey Island -- The Revelation '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Surrell , Jason . ( 2005 ) . Pirates of the Caribbean : From the Magic Kingdom to the Movies . New York : Disney Editions . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 5630 - 0 . Theme Park Adventure ( Special Pirates of the Caribbean issue ) ( 1999 ) The `` E '' Ticket # 32 ( Pirates of the Caribbean issue ) ( Fall 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Disneyland - Pirates of the Caribbean Magic Kingdom - Pirates of the Caribbean Tokyo Disneyland - Pirates of the Caribbean Disneyland Park ( Paris ) - Pirates of the Caribbean Shanghai Disneyland - Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales soundtrack Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Video games Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Disneyland Current attractions Former attractions Main Street , U.S.A. 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Hicks Eli Boggs Bully Hayes Rahmah ibn Jabir al - Jalahimah Louis - Michel Aury Shirahama Kenki John Newland Maffitt Joseph Baker Joseph Barss Jørgen Jørgensen Vincenzo Gambi Dominique You Pierre Lafitte John Hawkins Peter Easton Nicholas van Hoorn Moses Cohen Henriques Piet Pieterszoon Hein Charlotte de Berry Samuel Bellamy Benjamin Hornigold Samuel Mason Henry Every Roche Braziliano Gan Ning Liang Daoming Wang Zhi Limahong Zheng Zhilong Zheng Jing Cai Qian Cheung Po Tsai Ching Shih Shap Ng - tsai Chui A-poo Lai Choi San Fūma Kotarō Olivier Levasseur Categories Piracy Pirates By nationality Barbary pirates Female pirates Years in piracy Fictional pirates Pirate ships Adventure Galley Fancy Ganj - i - Sawai Queen Anne 's Revenge Quedagh Merchant Saladin Whydah Gally Marquis of Havana Ambrose Light York Pirate hunters Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Angelo Emo Richard Avery Hornsby Jose Campuzano - Polanco Robert Maynard Chaloner Ogle Pompey Woodes Rogers David Porter James Brooke Miguel Enríquez ( privateer ) Pirate battles and incidents Jiajing wokou raids Turkish Abductions Chepo Expedition Battle of Mandab Strait Battle of Pianosa Blockade of Charleston Battle of Cape Fear River Battle of Ocracoke Inlet Capture of the William Sack of Campeche Attack on Veracruz Raid on Cartagena Battle of Cape Lopez Capture of the Fancy Persian Gulf Campaign Battle of New Orleans Anti-Piracy in the Aegean Anti-piracy in the West Indies Capture of the Bravo Action of 9 November 1822 Capture of the El Mosquito Battle of Doro Passage Falklands Expedition Great Lakes Patrol Pirate attacks in Borneo Balanguingui Expedition Battle of Tysami Battle of Tonkin River Battle of Nam Quan Battle of Ty - ho Bay Battle of the Leotung Antelope incident North Star affair Battle off Mukah Salvador Pirates Battle of Boca Teacapan Capture of the Ambrose Light Irene incident 1985 Lahad Datu ambush Operation Enduring Freedom -- HOA Action of 18 March 2006 Action of 3 June 2007 Action of 28 October 2007 Dai Hong Dan incident Operation Atalanta Carré d'As IV incident Action of 11 November 2008 Action of 9 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking Operation Ocean Shield Action of 23 March 2010 Action of 1 April 2010 Action of 30 March 2010 Action of 5 April 2010 MV Moscow University hijacking Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden Operation Dawn 8 : Gulf of Aden Beluga Nomination incident Battle off Minicoy Island Quest incident MT Zafirah hijacking MT Orkim Harmony hijacking Slave trade African slave trade Atlantic slave trade Arab slave trade Barbary slave trade Blockade of Africa African Slave Trade Patrol Capture of the Providentia Capture of the Presidente Capture of the El Almirante Capture of the Marinerito Capture of the Veloz Passagera Capture of the Brillante Amistad Incident Capture of the Emanuela Fictional pirates Tom Ayrton Barbe Rouge Hector Barbossa Captain Blood Captain Crook Captain Flint José Gaspar Captain Hook Don Karnage Monkey D. Luffy Captain Nemo One Piece Captain Pugwash Red Rackham Captain Sabertooth Sandokan Long John Silver Jack Sparrow Captain Stingaree Roronoa Zoro Miscellaneous Truce of Ratisbon Piracy Act 1698 Piracy Act 1717 Piracy Act 1837 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law Child pirate Golden Age of Piracy Jolly Roger Walking the plank Treasure map Buried treasure Pirate booty No purchase , no pay Marooning Pirate code Pirate utopia Victual Brothers Pirate Round Libertatia Sack of Baltimore A General History of the Pyrates Mutiny Pegleg Eyepatch Letter of marque Davy Jones ' Locker Air pirate Space pirate Lists Pirates Privateers Timeline of piracy Pirate films Women in piracy Fictional pirates Pirates in popular culture List of ships attacked by Somali pirates Literature Treasure Island Facing the Flag On Stranger Tides Castaways of the Flying Dutchman The Angel 's Command Voyage of Slaves Pirate Latitudes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(attraction)&oldid=801828181 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 1967 Amusement rides introduced in 1973 Amusement rides introduced in 1983 Amusement rides introduced in 1992 Amusement rides introduced in 2016 Amusement rides by name Pirates of the Caribbean Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions Amusement rides manufactured by Arrow Dynamics Amusement rides manufactured by Intamin Disneyland Magic Kingdom Tokyo Disneyland Disneyland Park ( Paris ) Walt Disney Parks and Resorts gentle boat rides Dark rides Caribbean in fiction Louisiana in fiction Adventureland ( Disney ) New Orleans Square ( Disneyland ) Audio - Animatronic attractions Piracy in fiction Water rides manufactured by Arrow Dynamics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 03 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did pirates of the caribbean open at disney world | [
"\n\nPirates of the Caribbean\n\n\n\nThe attraction entrance at Disneyland\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDisneyland\n\n\nArea\nNew Orleans Square\n\n\nStatus\nOperating\n\n\nSoft opening date\nMarch 16, 1967\n\n\nOpening date\nMarch 18, 1967\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMagic Kingdom\n\n\nArea\nAdventureland\n\n\nStatus\nOperating\n\n\nOpening date\nDecember 15, 1973\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTokyo Disneyland\n\n\nArea\nAdventureland\n\n\nStatus\nOperating\n\n\nOpening date\nApril 15, 1983\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDisneyland Park (Paris)\n\n\nArea\nAdventureland\n\n\nStatus\nOperating\n\n\nOpening date\nApril 12, 1992\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShanghai Disneyland\n\n\nArea\nTreasure Cove\n\n\nStatus\nOperating\n\n\nOpening date\nJune 16, 2016\n\n\n\n\n\nGeneral statistics\n\n\nAttraction type\ndark ride\n\n\nDesigner\nWED Enterprises\n\n\nTheme\nPirates in the 18th–19th century\n\n\nMusic\n\"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\" by George Bruns and Xavier Atencio\n\n\nVehicle type\nBateaux\n\n\nVehicles\n50 Boats\n\n\nRiders per vehicle\n23–24\n\n\nDuration\nDisneyland\n15:30 minutes\nMagic Kingdom\n8:30 minutes\nTokyo Disneyland\n9:30 minutes\nDisneyland Paris\n10:30 minutes\n\n\nNumber of drops\nDisneyland and Disneyland Paris\n2\nMagic Kingdom, Shanghai Disneyland, and Tokyo Disneyland\n1\n\n\nAudio-animatronics\n119\n\n\nVoices\nPaul Frees\nJune Foray\nThurl Ravenscroft\nJ. Pat O'Malley\nXavier Atencio\nJohnny Depp (2006-current)\nGeoffrey Rush (2006-current)\nBill Nighy (2006-current)\nIan McShane (2011-2013)\nDee Bradley Baker (2005-current)\nCorey Burton (1997-current)\n\n\nManufacturer\nArrow Dynamics (Disneyland, Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland)\nIntamin (Disneyland Paris)\n\n\n\n FastPass+ available\n\n\n\n\n Must transfer from wheelchair\n\n\n\n\n Assistive listening available\n\n\n"
] | [
"December 15, 1973"
] |
8375834139914301167 | God Bless the U.S.A. | God Bless the U.S.A. - Wikipedia God Bless the U.S.A. Jump to : navigation , search `` God Bless the U.S.A. '' Single by Lee Greenwood from the album You 've Got a Good Love Comin ' B - side `` This Old Bed '' Released May 21 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 21 ) Format Audio cassette ( original release ) CD single ( re-release ) Recorded November 1983 Nashville , Tennessee Genre Patriotic , country Length 3 : 09 ( album & single versions ) 5 : 30 ( video version ) Label MCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Lee Greenwood Producer ( s ) Jerry Crutchfield Lee Greenwood singles chronology `` Going , Going , Gone '' ( 1983 ) `` God Bless the U.S.A. '' ( 1984 ) `` Fool 's Gold '' ( 1984 ) `` Going , Going , Gone '' ( 1983 ) `` God Bless the U.S.A. '' ( 1984 ) `` Fool 's Gold '' ( 1984 ) Alternative cover 2001 re-release cover Not to be confused with God Bless America . `` God Bless the U.S.A. '' is an American patriotic song written and recorded by country music artist Lee Greenwood , and is considered to be his signature song . The first album it appears on is 1984 's You 've Got a Good Love Comin ' . It reached No. 7 on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart when originally released in the spring of 1984 , and was played at the 1984 Republican National Convention with President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan in attendance , but the song gained greater prominence during the Gulf War in 1990 and 1991 , as a way of boosting morale . The popularity of the song rose sharply after the September 11 attacks and during the 2003 invasion of Iraq , and the song was re-released as a single , re-entering the country music charts at No. 16 and peaking at No. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart in 2001 . The song was also re-recorded in 2003 and released as `` God Bless the U.S.A. 2003 '' . Greenwood also wrote a Canadian version of this song called `` God Bless You Canada '' . The song has sold over a million copies in the United States by July 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Lyrics 3 Music video 4 Chart positions 5 Certifications 6 Other notable versions 6.1 Jump5 version 6.2 American Idol finalists ' version 6.3 Beyoncé version 6.4 Dolly Parton version 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background and writing ( edit ) Greenwood wrote God Bless the U.S.A. in response to his feelings about the shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 . He said that he `` wanted to write it my whole life . When I got to that point , we were doing 300 days a year on the road , and we were on our fourth or fifth album on MCA . I called my producer , and I said I have a need to do this . I 've always wanted to write a song about America , and I said we just need to be more united . '' As for writing the song itself , Greenwood wrote that it more or less `` wrote itself '' , and that the lyrics flowed naturally from the music as a reflection of his pride to be American . The reason behind the cities chosen in the song Greenwood says , `` I 'm from California , and I do n't know anybody from Virginia or New York , so when I wrote it -- and my producer and I had talked about it -- ( we ) talked about the four cities I wanted to mention , the four corners of the United States . It could have been Seattle or Miami but we chose New York City and Los Angeles , and he suggested Detroit and Houston because they both were economically part of the basis of our economy -- Motortown and the oil industry , so I just poetically wrote that in the bridge . '' Lyrics ( edit ) In the song , an unnamed man sings about how , if he were to lose everything he had and had to start again from scratch , he would do it in the U.S.A. because he is guaranteed his freedom in America . He remembers how other Americans in history had died to secure this freedom , and declares that if he is ever called upon to defend the U.S.A. today , he will gladly stand up and fight because he loves the country . Music video ( edit ) A music video was released for this song in 1984 , depicting Greenwood as a farmer who loses the family farm . The video was produced and edited by L.A. Johnson and directed by Gary Burden . A second video was released in 1991 , also on VHS , and was directed by Edd Griles . A third music video was also released after the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Chart positions ( edit ) `` God Bless the U.S.A. '' debuted on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of May 26 , 1984 . Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,192,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other notable versions ( edit ) Jump5 version ( edit ) Pop group Jump5 covered the song for the September 11 attacks in October 2001 . American Idol finalists ' version ( edit ) In 2003 , the song was performed by the American Idol season two finalists and released as a single , with part of the proceeds going to the American Red Cross . It raised $155,000 for the charity . A word was changed in the released single at the request of one of the finalists who performed the song , Josh Gracin who was also a Marine . The `` men '' in the line `` and I wo n't forget the men who died '' was replaced with `` ones '' because Gracin felt that both men and women have died , and the word was therefore changed to reflect that fact . It reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and it was certified gold by the RIAA the same year . Beyonce version ( edit ) American singer Beyoncé Again , following the death of bin Laden , R&B singer Beyoncé re-released her 2008 cover of the song , the proceeds of which will go to charity . Knowles performed the song on Piers Morgan Tonight on May 5 , 2011 . After the performance , her version was released as a single to the iTunes Store . In a statement Knowles said , `` I can not think about anything more appropriate to do to help these families ... Almost 10 years ( after 9 / 11 ) , it is still so painful for all Americans , especially those who lost loved ones . We were all affected by the tragedies of 9 / 11 and continue to keep the families who lost loved ones close to our hearts ... '' Dan Martin of The Guardian felt that the cover was `` in contrast '' to Knowles ' last intervention in national affairs , the Let 's Move ! Flash Workout fitness initiative . Ronald Mitchell of Newsday commented that `` It does our hearts good to see Beyonce work her magic for the greater good . '' Knowles later also performed the song for the concert she had on July 4 , 2011 along with `` Best Thing I Never Had '' ( 2011 ) . Nick Neyland of Prefix Magazine commented that `` Beyonce is a natural fit for occasions like this , and she does n't even break a sweat as she hits the high notes despite the soaring temperatures and humidity in the city . That 's the mark of a true pro . '' In Beyoncé 's version , the end of the second verse is sung `` And it 's time to make a change '' , as well as changing , `` If I had to start again with just my children and my wife '' to `` family by my side . '' Dolly Parton version ( edit ) Dolly Parton recorded the song for her 2003 patriotic album , For God and Country . See also ( edit ) `` God Bless America '' , song written by Irving Berlin Ronald Reagan in music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephanie Pendergrass ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Greenwood Reflects on `` God Bless the U.S.A. '' `` . CMT . Jump up ^ http://www.song-database.com/years.php?yr=2001&peakstart=16&peakend=20 Jump up ^ `` American song gets new twist '' . Austin American - Statesman . Austin , TX. April 21 , 1989 . p . A18 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Country Singles : July 13 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Ramsey ( May 23 , 1993 ) . `` Lake Woman Co-Authors Story Behind `` God Bless the U.S.A. '' `` . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Pat ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` Lee Greenwood ' God Bless the U.S.A. ' Story behind the lyrics '' . The Boot . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God Bless The U.S.A. Lyrics '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Lee Greenwood -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Lee Greenwood . Jump up ^ `` Lee Greenwood -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Lee Greenwood . Jump up ^ `` Lee Greenwood -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Lee Greenwood . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Lee Greenwood -- God Bless the U.S.A. '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Chart : July 17 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Sale Of ' American Idol ' Finalist CDs Raises $185,000 ^ Jump up to : Fred Bronson ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Top 100 ' American Idol ' Hits of All Time '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American digital certifications -- American Idol finalist -- God Bless the U.S.A. '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select ' , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Knowles -- Beyonce Releasing Patriotic Charity Single '' . Contactmusic.com . May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Dan ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce debuts charity single God Bless the U.S.A. '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perpetua , Matthew ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé to Debut Song on ' Piers Morgan Tonight ' '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce Releases ' God Bless the U.S.A. ' for Charity : Listen '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God Bless the U.S.A. - Single by Beyoncé '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce Releases ' God Bless The U.S.A. ' For Charity '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Ronald ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Follow Friday : Celebs to follow on Twitter this week '' . Newsday . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Neyland , Nick ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce : `` The Best Thing I Never Had '' And `` God Bless The U.S.A. '' ( Live At Macy 's 4th Of July Fireworks ) ( Video ) `` . Prefix Magazine . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce -- God Bless The U.S.A. Lyrics '' . Elyricsworld.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Further reading ( edit ) Collins , Ace . Songs Sung , Red , White , and Blue : The Stories Behind America 's Best - Loved Patriotic Songs . HarperResource , 2003 . ISBN 0060513047 Ferguson , James ( December 6 , 2005 ) . Aradhana Sharma , ed . The Anthropology of the State : A Reader ( Paperback ) . Blackwell Readers in Anthropology . Akhil Gupta ( first ed . ) . Wiley . p. 424 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1468 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Allmusic Entry Lee Greenwood Studio albums Inside Out Somebody 's Gonna Love You You 've Got a Good Love Comin ' Meant for Each Other Streamline Notable singles `` It Turns Me Inside Out '' `` Ring on Her Finger , Time on Her Hands '' `` She 's Lying '' `` Ai n't No Trick ( It Takes Magic ) '' `` I.O.U. '' `` Somebody 's Gonna Love You '' `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Fool 's Gold '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` You 've Got a Good Love Comin ' '' `` Dixie Road '' `` I Do n't Mind the Thorns ( If You 're the Rose ) '' `` Do n't Underestimate My Love for You '' `` Hearts Are n't Made to Break ( They 're Made to Love ) '' `` Did n't We '' `` Mornin ' Ride '' `` Someone '' `` If There 's Any Justice '' `` Touch and Go Crazy '' `` I Still Believe '' `` You Ca n't Fall in Love When You 're Cryin ' '' `` I 'll Be Lovin ' You '' `` I Go Crazy '' `` Holdin ' a Good Hand '' `` We 've Got It Made '' `` Hopelessly Yours '' ( with Suzy Bogguss ) Collaboration singles `` To Me '' ( with Barbara Mandrell ) `` It Should Have Been Love by Now '' ( with Barbara Mandrell ) Related articles Discography `` A Love Song '' Book : Lee Greenwood Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am ... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Family Feud '' `` Mi Gente '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` In da Club ( Sexy Lil Thug ) '' `` One Night Only '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book Template WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_Bless_the_U.S.A.&oldid=801078934 '' Categories : 1984 singles 2001 singles Beyoncé songs American patriotic songs Canadian patriotic songs Kristy Lee Cook songs Lee Greenwood songs MCA Nashville Records singles Songs written by Lee Greenwood Song recordings produced by Jerry Crutchfield Songs about the United States 1983 songs Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Nederlands Norsk Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 14 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang im proud to be an american | [
"\"God Bless the U.S.A.\" is an American patriotic song written and recorded by country music artist Lee Greenwood, and is considered to be his signature song. The first album it appears on is 1984's You've Got a Good Love Comin'. It reached No. 7 on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart when originally released in the spring of 1984, and was played at the 1984 Republican National Convention with President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan in attendance, but the song gained greater prominence during the Gulf War in 1990 and 1991, as a way of boosting morale."
] | [
"Lee Greenwood"
] |
-6856118411115118502 | Name of the Philippines | Name of the Philippines - wikipedia Name of the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search For description , see Philippines . The nation 's Coat of Arms showing its official name in Filipino , one of its official languages . This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . The name of the Philippines ( Filipino : Pilipinas ( pɪlɪˈpinɐs ) , Spanish : Filipinas ) is a truncated form of The Philippine Islands , derived from the King Philip II of Spain in the 16th century . During the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos to the Islands , Spanish sailor Bernardo de la Torre used the name Las Islas Filipinas in honour of the then - Prince of Asturias , originally referring to the islands of Leyte and Samar . Despite the presence of other names , the name Filipinas ( Philippines ) was eventually adopted as the name of the entire archipelago . The official name of the Philippines , however , has changed throughout the course of its history . During the Philippine Revolution , the state officially called itself República Filipina , now referred to as the First Philippine Republic . From the period of the Spanish -- American War and the Philippine -- American War until the Commonwealth , United States colonial authorities referred to the Philippines as the Philippine Islands , a direct translation of the original Spanish . It was during the American Period that the name `` Philippines '' began to appear , a name that was officially adopted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical names 2 Proposed names 2.1 Disputed names 3 Provincial names 4 In other languages 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Printed sources Historical names ( edit ) The Philippines was named in the late 1500s after Philip , Prince of Asturias ( 1527 -- 1598 ) , later Philip II of Spain and other territories ( 1556 -- 1598 ) . Ma - i . According to the Zhao Rugua 's ( 趙汝适 ) book Zhu Fan Zhi ( 诸 蕃 志 ) written around the 13th century during the Song Dynasty , there was a group of islands found in southern South China Sea called Ma - i ( 麻 逸 , Pinyin : Máyì ) . The islands groups were later invaded and renamed and identified by the Spanish to be the island of Mindoro . This was further proved by Ferdinand Blumentritt in his 1882 book , Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen ( An Attempt to the Study of Ethnography of the Philippines ) that Ma - i , which means `` country of the Blacks '' was the Chinese local name of present - day Mindoro . On the other hand , historians claimed that Ma - i was not an island , but all the south of South Sea islands groups and Manila itself , which was known to be an overseas Chinese settlement which was in constant contact with the Chinese mainland as early as the 9th century AD . Ma - i consists of the Sānzhōu ( 三洲 , `` Three islands '' ) group of islands : Kia - ma - yen ( 卡拉 棉 , Calamian ) , Bālāwàng ( 巴 拉 望 , Palawan ) and Pa - ki - nung ( 布 桑 加 , Busuanga ) . Aside from Sānzhōu , Ma - i also consists of the islands of Pai - p'u - yen ( 巴 布 延 , Babuyan ) , P'u - li - lu ( 波 利 略 , Polillo ) , Lim - kia - tung ( 林 加 延 , Lingayen ) , Liu - sung ( 呂 宋 , Luzon ) and Li - ban ( 盧 邦 , Lubang ) . It was said that these islands had contacts with Chinese traders from Canton ( Guangdong ) as early as 982 AD . Lei was the name given by the Chinese to the present - day island of Luzon , originated from the Tagalog word lusong , a wooden mortar that is used to pound rice . When the Spanish produced maps of the Philippines during early 17th century , they called the island Luçonia which was later respelled as Luzonia , then Luzon . Las islas de San Lázaro ( St. Lazarus ' Islands ) . Named by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he reached the islands of Homonhon in Samar ( now Eastern Samar ) on the feast day of Saint Lazarus of Bethany . Las islas de Poniente ( Islands to the West ) . Another name from Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he learned that the Las islas de San Lázaro also included Cebu and Leyte islands . However , various sources claimed that Magellan was not the one who renamed the area , but his chroniclers instead . The name came from the fact that the islands were reached from Spain en route approaching the left part of the globe . Conversely , the Portuguese called the archipelago Ilhas do oriente ( Islands to the East ) because they approached the islands from the east of Portugal in late 1540s . The Portuguese referred the whole island of Luzon as ilhas Luções , or Luzones Islands . Mindanao was formerly called ilhas de Liquíos Celebes because of the existence of Celebes Sea south of Mindanao . Las islas Felipinas ( Philippine Islands / Islands belonging to Philip ) . Named by Ruy López de Villalobos in 1543 to Samar and Leyte , honoring the Prince of Asturias , the then Philip II of Spain . Caesarea Caroli was the name given by Villalobos to the island of Mindanao when he reached the sea near it . This was named after the Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire ( and I of Spain ) . The southern island of Sarangani was renamed by Villalobos as Antonia , in honor of Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco , the Viceroy of New Spain who commissioned Villalobos expedition to the Philippines . Villalobos also named the littoral zone between the islands of Samar and Leyte as Tendaya . Las islas Filipinas , or simply Filipinas ( Philippines ) . Vernacular corruption of Las islas Felipenas ; irrevocably became the archipelago 's name . Pearl of the Orient / Pearl of the Orient Seas ( Spanish : Perla de oriente / Perla del mar de oriente ) is the sobriquet of the Philippines . The term originated from the idea of Spanish Jesuit missionary Fr . Juan J. Delgado in 1751 . In his last poem Mi último adiós , Dr. José Rizal referred the country with this name . In the 1960 revision of Lupang Hinirang , the Philippine national anthem , the Tagalog version of this phrase was included as the translation from the original Spanish . Mi último adiós , original Spanish ( 1896 , first stanza ) English translation Adios , Patria adorada , region del sol querida , Perla del Mar de Oriente , nuestro perdido Eden ! A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida , Y fuera más brillante más fresca , más florida , Tambien por tí la diera , la diera por tu bien . Farewell , my adored Land , region of the sun caressed , Pearl of the Orient Sea , our Eden lost , With gladness I give you my Life , sad and repressed ; And were it more brilliant , more fresh and at its best , I would still give it to you for your welfare at most . `` Lupang Hinirang '' , official Filipino lyrics ( 1958 , rev . 1960s , first stanza ) Original Spanish lyrics Bayang magiliw , Perlas ng Silanganan Alab ng puso , Sa Dibdib mo'y buhay . Tierra adorada , hija del sol de Oriente , su fuego ardiente en ti latiendo está . The Philippine Islands . This was the anglicised form of the original Spanish name , used under direct American rule and the succeeding Commonwealth Era . Proposed names ( edit ) Haring Bayang Katagalugan ( Sovereign Tagalog Nation ) . Andrés Bonifacio 's suggested name for the Filipino nation , intended to be governed by the 1896 -- 1897 Republika ng Katagalugan ( Tagalog Republic ) , although unrecognized by non-Tagalog Filipinos . This was later used by Macario Sakay for his 1902 -- 1906 government that was suppressed by the Americans . Kapatiran ( `` Brotherhood '' ) , or its semi-equivalent Katipunan ( `` Assembly '' / `` Gathering '' ) . Luzviminda . A portmanteau of the first syllables of the country 's three major island groups : Luzon ; Visayas ; and Mindanao . Appears more nowadays as a dated female given name . Mahárlika ( Sanskrit : mahardhikka , `` nobility '' ) . In Pre-Hispanic Philippines , the mahárlika was the `` noble warrior '' class whose members were essentially the same as common freedmen , distinguished by their duty to serve the ruler in battle . In 1978 , then - President Ferdinand Marcos supported a House Bill mandating the country 's renaming to Mahárlika . Rizalia . Named after national hero José Rizal , in a similar fashion to Bolivia being named after Simón Bolivar . República Rizalina ( `` Rizaline Republic '' ) . While exiled in Japan , former revolutionary general Artemio Ricarte proposed the name and had already drafted a constitution for this attempt at a revolutionary government . Disputed names ( edit ) Maniolas . According to Fr . Francisco Colin in 1663 , a Jesuit friar and an early historian of the Philippines , Maniolas was the name used by Claudius Ptolemy to refer to the group of islands south of China ( i.e. Luzon ) . Colin quoted Ptolemy 's writings speaking about the Maniolas islands , which is probably Manila . This theory was further supported by José Rizal and Pedro A. Paterno . Rizal also said that the country was recorded to Ptolemy 's maps when a sailor named Hippalus told him the existence of `` beautiful islands '' in southeastern Far East . However , Trinidad Pardo de Tavera rejected this notion on his 1910 book , Notas para una cartografia de Filipinas ( Notes for the Philippine Cartography ) . Baroussai . Along with Maniolas is the Baroussai which was also quoted from Ptolemy . Barrousai is believed to be the Visayas with Mindanao , thus , composing majority of the now Philippine archipelago . Ophir ( Hebrew : אוֹפִיר ) is a region of islands mentioned in the Bible , most famous for its wealth . Accounts mention that King Solomon received the riches of the region every three years . At the emergence of the hydrography of Spanish colonies in Asia in the early 17th century , Dominican Gregorio García wrote that Ophir was indeed located in the Moluccas and the Philippines . In 1609 , Juan de Pineda wrote a diverse collection of literature relating Biblical accounts of Solomon , Ophir and the islands . Former Prime Minister Pedro A. Paterno said in one of his works on conjectural anthropology that Ophir is the Philippines because the scented wood Solomon received from Ophir also exists in the Islands . This notion was however , later dismissed by modern historians as merely alluding and comparing the Philippines ' position to the Spanish economy with that of Ophir to Solomon 's kingdom -- the sudden discovery and colonisation of the Islands bringing wealth and prosperity to the realm . Tawalisi , was an ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia reached by explorer Ibn Battuta . He reached the kingdom when he left Sumatra and headed towards China . According to the historical accounts of the explorer , he met Urduja , a legendary warrior princess from Pangasinan . However , according to William Henry Scott , Tawilisi and its warrior - princess Urduja are `` fabulous , fairy - tale , fiction '' . Provincial names ( edit ) Main article : List of Philippine provincial name etymologies In other languages ( edit ) Given that it has two official languages , the country also possesses two official names as stated in the 1987 Constitution . In Filipino , it is officially called Republika ng Pilipinas , while it is named the Republic of the Philippines in English . When standing alone in English , the country 's name is always preceded by the article `` the '' . However , the definite article `` ang '' does not precede the name in Filipino contexts . The Commission on the Filipino Language and National Artist , Virgilio S. Almario urges the use of Filipinas as the country 's official name to reflect its origin and history , and to be inclusive to all the languages in the country that already have the new 8 letters of the modern Filipino alphabet which includes the letter F . Unlike Ireland which uses the name `` Éire / Ireland '' to identify itself in international meeting , the English name usually appears to identify the Philippines ( e.g. , when there are meetings in the United Nations or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ) in this setting . This is also the tradition even if the meeting is held within the country 's boundary . In many Philippine languages such as Tagalog , `` Pilipinas '' is used , while some other languages , including Ilocano , use `` Filipinas '' . Though the name Philippines is the official name that is used by the country 's government for international and domestic businesses , numerous major languages of the world still use their own translation or transliteration of the name Philippines to refer to it . Language Name ( Pilipinas ) Transliteration Official Name ( Republika ng Pilipinas ) Transliteration Afrikaans Filippyne Republiek van die Filippyne Albanian Filipinet Republika e Filipineve Amharic ፊሊፒንስ Filipins ፊሊፒንስ ሪፐብሊክ Filipins Ripäblik Arabic الفلبين Āl - filibiyīn جمهورية الفلبين Jāmhwayr āl - filibiyīn Armenian Ֆիլիպիններ Filipinner Ֆիլիպիններում Հանրապետություն Filippinerum Hanrapetut'yun Azerbaijani Filippin Filippin Respublikası Basque Filipinetan Filipinetako Errepublikako Belarusian Філіпіны Filipiny Рэспубліка Філіпіны Respublika Filipiny Bengali ফিলিপাইন Filipain ফিলিপাইন প্রজাতন্ত্র Filipain Projatôntro Bulgarian Филипини Filipini Република Филипини Republika Filipini Catalan Filipines República de Filipines Chinese 菲律賓 ( Tr . ) 菲律宾 ( Sp . ) Fēilǜbīn 菲律賓 共和國 ( Tr . ) 菲律宾 共和国 ( Sp . ) Fēilǜbīn Gònghéguó Croatian Filipini Republika Filipini Czech Filipíny Filipínská Republika Danish Filippinerne Republikken Filippinerne Dutch Filipijnen Republiek der Filipijnen English Philippines Republic of the Philippines Estonian Filipiinid Filipiini Vabariik Finnish Filippiinit Filippiinien Tasavalta French Philippines République des Philippines Georgian ფილიპინები P'ilipinebi ფილიპინების რესპუბლიკის P'ilipinebis respublikis German Philippinen Republik der Philippinen Greek Φιλιππίνες Filippínes Δημοκρατία των Φιλιππίνων Di̱mokratía to̱n Filippíno̱n Haryanvi फ़िलिपीण Filippínn फ़िलिपीण गणराज्य Filippínn Gannrājya Hebrew פיליפינים Filipinim הרפובליקה של הפיליפינים Ha'republika Filipinim Hindi फ़िलीपीन्स Filipīns फ़िलीपींस गणराज्य Filīpīns Gaṇarājya Hokkien 菲律賓 呂 宋 Huili̍ppin Lūsòng 菲律賓 共和國 Huili̍ppin kiōnghôkok Hungarian Fülöp - szigetek Fülöp - szigeteki Köztársaság Icelandic Filippseyjar Lýðveldið Filippseyjar Indonesian Filipina Republik Filipina Irish Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha Phoblacht na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha Italian Filippine Repubblica delle Filippine Japanese フィリピン Firipin フィリピン 共和国 Firipin kyōwakoku Khmer ប្រទេស ហ្វីលីពីន Filippin សាធារណរដ្ឋ ហ្វីលីពីន Sathéaranakrâth Filippin Korean 필리핀 Pillipin 필리핀 공화국 Pillipin Gonghwaguk Latin Philippinae Respublica Philippinarum Latvian Filipīnas Filipīnu Republika Lithuanian Filipinai Filipinų Respublika Macedonian Филипини Filipini Република Филипини Republika Filipini Malaysian Filipina Republik Filipina Maltese Filippini Repubblika tal - Filippini Marathi फिलिपिन्स Filipins फिलिपिन्सचे प्रजासत्ताक Filipinsce prajāsattāk Norwegian Filippinene Republikken Filippinene Persian فیلیپین Filipin جمهوری فیلیپین Jomhuri Filipin Polish Filipiny Republika Filipin Portuguese Filipinas República das Filipinas Romanian Filipine Republica Filipine Russian Филиппины Filipiny Республика Филиппины Respublika Filipiny Serbian Филипини Filipini Република Филипини Republika Filipini Sinhala පිලිපීනය Pilipinaya පිලිපීනය ජනරජය Pilipinaya Janarajaya Slovak Filipíny Filipínska Republika Slovene Filipini Republika Filipini Spanish Filipinas República de Filipinas Swedish Filippinerna Republiken Filippinerna Tamil பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் Pilippaiṉs பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் குடியரசு Pilippaiṉs kuṭiyaracu Thai ฟิลิปปินส์ Filippin สาธารณรัฐ ฟิลิปปินส์ Sāthāranarat Filippin Turkish Filipinler Filipinler Cumhuriyeti Ukrainian Філіпіни Filippiny Республіка Філіппіни Respublika Filippiny Urdu فلپائن Filipāʾin جمہوریہ فلپائن Jamhūriya Filipāʾin Vietnamese Phi Luật Tân Cộng hoà Phi Luật Tân Welsh Philipinau Gweriniaeth Ynysoedd y Philipinau See also ( edit ) Catálogo alfabético de apellidos Filipino Juan de la Cruz Philippine name Epistle to the Philippians -- Greece References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scott 1994 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ World Factbook -- Philippines . CIA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4220 - 0227 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : The Islands to the West : How are Philippine towns named ? at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 30 , 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Hirth 1911 , p. 160 , Footnote 1 ^ Jump up to : `` National identity '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Scott 1984 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Hirth 1911 , p. 162 , Footnote 1 Jump up ^ Hirth 1911 , p. 160 , Footnote 3 Jump up ^ Keat 2004 , p. 798 Jump up ^ `` Navegación : Exploraciones : Filipinas '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Names of the Philippines at different times in history '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Philippines '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Halili 2008 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Duka 2004 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Cooley 1830 , p. 244 Jump up ^ Spate 1979 , p. 98 Jump up ^ `` East Visayan History '' . Northern Illinois University . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Tope 2002 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : `` Mi Ultimo Adiós by Dr José Rizal '' . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines '' . The LawPhil Project . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Poem of Rizal '' . Jose Rizal University . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Palma , José ( 1912 ) . Melancólicas : coleccion de poesías . Manila , Philippines : Liberería Manila Filatélica . ( Digital copy found online at HathiTrust Digital Library on 2010 - 03 - 31 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Origin of the Name `` Philippines '' `` . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Encarnacion & Villegas 1996 , pp. 3 -- 12 Jump up ^ Guerrero & Schumacher 1998 , p. 95 ^ Jump up to : `` Maharlika : AsianWeek '' . 2008 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rodis , Rodel ( 2 September 2008 ) . `` ' Maharlika ' Reconsidered '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Carunungan , Celso Al ( December 23 , 1987 ) . `` What 's in a Name ? '' . Manila Standard Today . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ de Morga 2004 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Mojares 2006 , pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Rizal : `` Ptolemy also mentions ... five Baroussai ( Mindanao , Leite , Sebu , etc . ) . '' See : https://archive.org/stream/historyofthephil07001gut/7phip10.txt Jump up ^ http://makmak-domingo.blogspot.com/2011/02/name-of-philippines.html ^ Jump up to : Sheehan 2008 , p. 398 Jump up ^ Mojares 2006 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Truxillo 2001 , p. 82 Jump up ^ William Henry Scott , Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History , ISBN 971 - 10 - 0226 - 4 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Bye Pilipinas , hello Filipinas ? Printed sources ( edit ) Cooley , William Desborough ( 1830 ) , The History of Maritime and Inland Discovery , 2 , Longman de Morga , Antonio ( 2004 ) , History of the Philippine Islands Vols 1 and 2 , Kessinger Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4191 - 2427 - 3 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4191 - 2427 - 3 . Originally published by Antonio de Morga as Sucesos de las islas Filipinas in 1609 , reprinted by Kessinger Publishing in 2004 . Duka , C. ( 2004 ) , Philippine History , Rex Bookstore , ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 3934 - 9 ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 3934 - 9 Guerrero , Milagros ; Encarnacion , Emmanuel ; Villegas , Ramon ( 1996 ) , `` Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution '' , Sulyap Kultura , National Commission for Culture and the Arts , 1 ( 2 ) Guerrero , Milagros ; Schumacher , John ( 1998 ) , Reform and Revolution , Kasaysayan : The History of the Filipino People , 5 , Asia Publishing Company Limited , ISBN 978 - 962 - 258 - 228 - 6 Halili , M.C. ( 2008 ) , Struggle for Freedom , Rex Bookstore , ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 5045 - 0 ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 5045 - 0 Hirth , Friedrich ; W.W. Rockhill ( 1911 ) , Chau Ju - Kua : His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries entitled Chu - fan - chi , Imperial Academy of Sciences Keat , Gin Ooi ( 2004 ) , Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2 ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2 Mojares , Resil B. ( 2006 ) , Brains of the Nation : Pedro Paterno , T.H. Pardo de Tavera , Isabelo de los Reyes , and the Production of Modern Knowledge , Ateneo de Manila University Press , ISBN 9789715504966 Scott , William Henry ( 1994 ) , Barangay : Sixteenth - century Philippine Culture and Society , p. 6 , ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 135 - 4 ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 135 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 135 - 4 Scott , William Henry ( 1984 ) , Prehispanic Source Materials For The Study of Philippine History ( Revised ed . ) , ISBN 971 - 10 - 0227 - 2 Sheehan , Kevin Joseph ( 2008 ) , Iberian Asia : The strategies of Spanish and Portuguese empire building , 1540 -- 1700 , ProQuest , ISBN 978 - 1 - 109 - 09710 - 8 ISBN 978 - 1 - 109 - 09710 - 8 Spate , O.H. Khristian ( 1979 ) , The Spanish Lake , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 9780709900498 Tope , Lily Rose R. ; Detch P. Nonan - Mercado ( 2002 ) . Philippines . Marshall Cavendish Reference Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 1475 - 9 . Truxillo , Charles ( 2001 ) , By the Sword and the Cross : The Historical Evolution of the Catholic World Monarchy in Spain and the New World , 1492 -- 1825 , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31676 - 0 ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31676 - 0 Name of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic List of artifacts in Philippine history Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Philippines portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Name_of_the_Philippines&oldid=807332183 '' Categories : Country name etymology Philippine culture Names of places in Asia National symbols of the Philippines Philip II of Spain Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Thai - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Ilokano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 08 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the name of the philippines came from | [
"The name of the Philippines (Filipino: Pilipinas [pɪlɪˈpinɐs], Spanish: Filipinas) is a truncated form of The Philippine Islands, derived from the King Philip II of Spain in the 16th century. During the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos to the Islands, Spanish sailor Bernardo de la Torre used the name Las Islas Filipinas in honour of the then-Prince of Asturias, originally referring to the islands of Leyte and Samar.[1][2] Despite the presence of other names, the name Filipinas (Philippines) was eventually adopted as the name of the entire archipelago."
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"a truncated form of The Philippine Islands, derived from the King Philip II of Spain in the 16th century"
] |
8275805863997837575 | State of matter | State of matter - wikipedia State of matter Not to be confused with Phase ( matter ) . The four fundamental states of matter . Clockwise from top left , they are solid , liquid , plasma , and gas , represented by an ice sculpture , a drop of water , electrical arcing from a tesla coil , and the air around clouds , respectively . In physics , a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist . Four states of matter are observable in everyday life : solid , liquid , gas , and plasma . Many other states are known to exist , such as glass or liquid crystal , and some only exist under extreme conditions , such as Bose -- Einstein condensates , neutron - degenerate matter , and quark - gluon plasma , which only occur , respectively , in situations of extreme cold , extreme density , and extremely high - energy . Some other states are believed to be possible but remain theoretical for now . For a complete list of all exotic states of matter , see the list of states of matter . Historically , the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties . Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume and shape , with component particles ( atoms , molecules or ions ) close together and fixed into place . Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume , but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container . Its particles are still close together but move freely . Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape , adapting both to fit its container . Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place . Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape , but as well as neutral atoms , it contains a significant number of ions and electrons , both of which can move around freely . The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter , but a system can contain several immiscible phases of the same state of matter . Contents 1 The four fundamental states 1.1 Solid 1.2 Liquid 1.3 Gas 1.4 Plasma 2 Phase transitions 3 Non-classical states 3.1 Glass 3.2 Crystals with some degree of disorder 3.3 Liquid crystal states 3.4 Magnetically ordered 3.5 Microphase - separated 4 Low - temperature states 4.1 Superfluid 4.2 Bose -- Einstein condensate 4.3 Fermionic condensate 4.4 Rydberg molecule 4.5 Quantum Hall state 4.6 Photonic matter 4.7 Dropleton 5 High - energy states 5.1 Degenerate matter 5.2 Quark matter 5.3 Color - glass condensate 6 Very high energy states 7 Other proposed states 7.1 Supersolid 7.2 String - net liquid 7.3 Superglass 7.4 Dark matter 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 External links The four fundamental states Solid A crystalline solid : atomic resolution image of strontium titanate . Brighter atoms are Sr and darker ones are Ti . Main article : Solid In a solid , constituent particles ( ions , atoms , or molecules ) are closely packed together . The forces between particles are so strong that the particles can not move freely but can only vibrate . As a result , a solid has a stable , definite shape , and a definite volume . Solids can only change their shape by force , as when broken or cut . In crystalline solids , the particles ( atoms , molecules , or ions ) are packed in a regularly ordered , repeating pattern . There are various different crystal structures , and the same substance can have more than one structure ( or solid phase ) . For example , iron has a body - centred cubic structure at temperatures below 912 ° C , and a face - centred cubic structure between 912 and 1394 ° C. Ice has fifteen known crystal structures , or fifteen solid phases , which exist at various temperatures and pressures . Glasses and other non-crystalline , amorphous solids without long - range order are not thermal equilibrium ground states ; therefore they are described below as nonclassical states of matter . Solids can be transformed into liquids by melting , and liquids can be transformed into solids by freezing . Solids can also change directly into gases through the process of sublimation , and gases can likewise change directly into solids through deposition . Liquid Structure of a classical monatomic liquid . Atoms have many nearest neighbors in contact , yet no long - range order is present . Main article : Liquid A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a ( nearly ) constant volume independent of pressure . The volume is definite if the temperature and pressure are constant . When a solid is heated above its melting point , it becomes liquid , given that the pressure is higher than the triple point of the substance . Intermolecular ( or interatomic or interionic ) forces are still important , but the molecules have enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile . This means that the shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its container . The volume is usually greater than that of the corresponding solid , the best known exception being water , H O . The highest temperature at which a given liquid can exist is its critical temperature . Gas The spaces between gas molecules are very big . Gas molecules have very weak or no bonds at all . The molecules in `` gas '' can move freely and fast . Main article : Gas A gas is a compressible fluid . Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container . In a gas , the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small ( or zero for an ideal gas ) , and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size . A gas has no definite shape or volume , but occupies the entire container in which it is confined . A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating at constant pressure to the boiling point , or else by reducing the pressure at constant temperature . At temperatures below its critical temperature , a gas is also called a vapor , and can be liquefied by compression alone without cooling . A vapor can exist in equilibrium with a liquid ( or solid ) , in which case the gas pressure equals the vapor pressure of the liquid ( or solid ) . A supercritical fluid ( SCF ) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and critical pressure respectively . In this state , the distinction between liquid and gas disappears . A supercritical fluid has the physical properties of a gas , but its high density confers solvent properties in some cases , which leads to useful applications . For example , supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract caffeine in the manufacture of decaffeinated coffee . Plasma In a plasma , electrons are ripped away from their nuclei , forming an electron `` sea '' . This gives it the ability to conduct electricity . Main article : Plasma ( physics ) Like a gas , plasma does not have definite shape or volume . Unlike gases , plasmas are electrically conductive , produce magnetic fields and electric currents , and respond strongly to electromagnetic forces . Positively charged nuclei swim in a `` sea '' of freely - moving disassociated electrons , similar to the way such charges exist in conductive metal , where this electron `` sea '' allows matter in the plasma state to conduct electricity . A gas is usually converted to a plasma in one of two ways . e.g. Either from a huge voltage difference between two points , or by exposing it to extremely high temperatures . Heating matter to high temperatures causes electrons to leave the atoms , resulting in the presence of free electrons . This creates a so - called partially ionised plasma . At very high temperatures , such as those present in stars , it is assumed that essentially all electrons are `` free '' , and that a very high - energy plasma is essentially bare nuclei swimming in a sea of electrons . This forms the so - called fully ionised plasma . The plasma state is often misunderstood , and although not freely existing under normal conditions on Earth , it is quite commonly generated by either lightning , electric sparks , fluorescent lights , neon lights or in plasma televisions . Also plasma appears in some types of flame , the Sun 's corona , and stars are all examples of illuminated matter in the plasma state . Phase transitions Main article : Phase transitions This diagram illustrates transitions between the four fundamental states of matter . A state of matter is also characterized by phase transitions . A phase transition indicates a change in structure and can be recognized by an abrupt change in properties . A distinct state of matter can be defined as any set of states distinguished from any other set of states by a phase transition . Water can be said to have several distinct solid states . The appearance of superconductivity is associated with a phase transition , so there are superconductive states . Likewise , ferromagnetic states are demarcated by phase transitions and have distinctive properties . When the change of state occurs in stages the intermediate steps are called mesophases . Such phases have been exploited by the introduction of liquid crystal technology . The state or phase of a given set of matter can change depending on pressure and temperature conditions , transitioning to other phases as these conditions change to favor their existence ; for example , solid transitions to liquid with an increase in temperature . Near absolute zero , a substance exists as a solid . As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its melting point , boils into a gas at its boiling point , and if heated high enough would enter a plasma state in which the electrons are so energized that they leave their parent atoms . Forms of matter that are not composed of molecules and are organized by different forces can also be considered different states of matter . Superfluids ( like Fermionic condensate ) and the quark -- gluon plasma are examples . In a chemical equation , the state of matter of the chemicals may be shown as ( s ) for solid , ( l ) for liquid , and ( g ) for gas . An aqueous solution is denoted ( aq ) . Matter in the plasma state is seldom used ( if at all ) in chemical equations , so there is no standard symbol to denote it . In the rare equations that plasma is used in plasma is symbolized as ( p ) . Nonclassical states Glass Main article : Glass Schematic representation of a random - network glassy form ( left ) and ordered crystalline lattice ( right ) of identical chemical composition . Glass is a non-crystalline or amorphous solid material that exhibits a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state . Glasses can be made of quite different classes of materials : inorganic networks ( such as window glass , made of silicate plus additives ) , metallic alloys , ionic melts , aqueous solutions , molecular liquids , and polymers . Thermodynamically , a glass is in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline counterpart . The conversion rate , however , is practically zero . Crystals with some degree of disorder A plastic crystal is a molecular solid with long - range positional order but with constituent molecules retaining rotational freedom ; in an orientational glass this degree of freedom is frozen in a quenched disordered state . Similarly , in a spin glass magnetic disorder is frozen . Liquid crystal states Main article : Liquid crystal Liquid crystal states have properties intermediate between mobile liquids and ordered solids . Generally , they are able to flow like a liquid , but exhibiting long - range order . For example , the nematic phase consists of long rod - like molecules such as para-azoxyanisole , which is nematic in the temperature range 118 -- 136 ° C. In this state the molecules flow as in a liquid , but they all point in the same direction ( within each domain ) and can not rotate freely . Like a crystalline solid , but unlike a liquid , liquid crystals react to polarized light . Other types of liquid crystals are described in the main article on these states . Several types have technological importance , for example , in liquid crystal displays . Magnetically ordered Transition metal atoms often have magnetic moments due to the net spin of electrons that remain unpaired and do not form chemical bonds . In some solids the magnetic moments on different atoms are ordered and can form a ferromagnet , an antiferromagnet or a ferrimagnet . In a ferromagnet -- for instance , solid iron -- the magnetic moment on each atom is aligned in the same direction ( within a magnetic domain ) . If the domains are also aligned , the solid is a permanent magnet , which is magnetic even in the absence of an external magnetic field . The magnetization disappears when the magnet is heated to the Curie point , which for iron is 768 ° C . An antiferromagnet has two networks of equal and opposite magnetic moments , which cancel each other out so that the net magnetization is zero . For example , in nickel ( II ) oxide ( NiO ) , half the nickel atoms have moments aligned in one direction and half in the opposite direction . In a ferrimagnet , the two networks of magnetic moments are opposite but unequal , so that cancellation is incomplete and there is a non-zero net magnetization . An example is magnetite ( Fe O ) , which contains Fe and Fe ions with different magnetic moments . A quantum spin liquid ( QSL ) is a disordered state in a system of interacting quantum spins which preserves its disorder to very low temperatures , unlike other disordered states . It is not a liquid in physical sense , but a solid whose magnetic order is inherently disordered . The name `` liquid '' is due to an analogy with the molecular disorder in a conventional liquid . A QSL is neither a ferromagnet , where magnetic domains are parallel , nor an antiferromagnet , where the magnetic domains are antiparallel ; instead , the magnetic domains are randomly oriented . This can be realized e.g. by geometrically frustrated magnetic moments that can not point uniformly parallel or antiparallel . When cooling down and settling to a state , the domain must `` choose '' an orientation , but if the possible states are similar in energy , one will be chosen randomly . Consequently , despite strong short - range order , there is no long - range magnetic order . Microphase - separated Main article : Copolymer SBS block copolymer in TEM Copolymers can undergo microphase separation to form a diverse array of periodic nanostructures , as shown in the example of the styrene - butadiene - styrene block copolymer shown at right . Microphase separation can be understood by analogy to the phase separation between oil and water . Due to chemical incompatibility between the blocks , block copolymers undergo a similar phase separation . However , because the blocks are covalently bonded to each other , they can not demix macroscopically as water and oil can , and so instead the blocks form nanometer - sized structures . Depending on the relative lengths of each block and the overall block topology of the polymer , many morphologies can be obtained , each its own phase of matter . Ionic liquids also display microphase separation . The anion and cation are not necessarily compatible and would demix otherwise , but electric charge attraction prevents them from separating . Their anions and cations appear to diffuse within compartmentalized layers or micelles instead of freely as in a uniform liquid . Low - temperature states Superfluid Liquid helium in a superfluid phase creeps up on the walls of the cup in a Rollin film , eventually dripping out from the cup . Main article : Superfluid Close to absolute zero , some liquids form a second liquid state described as superfluid because it has zero viscosity ( or infinite fluidity ; i.e. , flowing without friction ) . This was discovered in 1937 for helium , which forms a superfluid below the lambda temperature of 2.17 K . In this state it will attempt to `` climb '' out of its container . It also has infinite thermal conductivity so that no temperature gradient can form in a superfluid . Placing a superfluid in a spinning container will result in quantized vortices . These properties are explained by the theory that the common isotope helium - 4 forms a Bose -- Einstein condensate ( see next section ) in the superfluid state . More recently , Fermionic condensate superfluids have been formed at even lower temperatures by the rare isotope helium - 3 and by lithium - 6 . Bose -- Einstein condensate Velocity in a gas of rubidium as it is cooled : the starting material is on the left , and Bose -- Einstein condensate is on the right . Main article : Bose -- Einstein condensate In 1924 , Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose predicted the `` Bose -- Einstein condensate '' ( BEC ) , sometimes referred to as the fifth state of matter . In a BEC , matter stops behaving as independent particles , and collapses into a single quantum state that can be described with a single , uniform wavefunction . In the gas phase , the Bose -- Einstein condensate remained an unverified theoretical prediction for many years . In 1995 , the research groups of Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman , of JILA at the University of Colorado at Boulder , produced the first such condensate experimentally . A Bose -- Einstein condensate is `` colder '' than a solid . It may occur when atoms have very similar ( or the same ) quantum levels , at temperatures very close to absolute zero ( − 273.15 ° C ) . Fermionic condensate Main article : Fermionic condensate A fermionic condensate is similar to the Bose -- Einstein condensate but composed of fermions . The Pauli exclusion principle prevents fermions from entering the same quantum state , but a pair of fermions can behave as a boson , and multiple such pairs can then enter the same quantum state without restriction . Rydberg Molecule One of the metastable states of strongly non-ideal plasma is Rydberg matter , which forms upon condensation of excited atoms . These atoms can also turn into ions and electrons if they reach a certain temperature . In April 2009 , Nature reported the creation of Rydberg molecules from a Rydberg atom and a ground state atom , confirming that such a state of matter could exist . The experiment was performed using ultracold rubidium atoms . Quantum Hall state Main article : Quantum Hall effect A quantum Hall state gives rise to quantized Hall voltage measured in the direction perpendicular to the current flow . A quantum spin Hall state is a theoretical phase that may pave the way for the development of electronic devices that dissipate less energy and generate less heat . This is a derivation of the Quantum Hall state of matter . Photonic matter Main article : Photonic matter Photonic matter is a phenomenon where photons interacting with a gas develop apparent mass , and can interact with each other , even forming photonic `` molecules '' . The source of mass is the gas , which is massive . This is in contrast to photons moving in empty space , which have no rest mass , and can not interact . Dropleton Main article : Dropleton A `` quantum fog '' of electrons and holes that flow around each other and even ripple like a liquid , rather than existing as discrete pairs . High - energy states Degenerate matter Main article : Degenerate matter Under extremely high pressure , as in the cores of dead stars , ordinary matter undergoes a transition to a series of exotic states of matter collectively known as degenerate matter , which are supported mainly by quantum mechanical effects . In physics , `` degenerate '' refers to two states that have the same energy and are thus interchangeable . Degenerate matter is supported by the Pauli exclusion principle , which prevents two fermionic particles from occupying the same quantum state . Unlike regular plasma , degenerate plasma expands little when heated , because there are simply no momentum states left . Consequently , degenerate stars collapse into very high densities . More massive degenerate stars are smaller , because the gravitational force increases , but pressure does not increase proportionally . Electron - degenerate matter is found inside white dwarf stars . Electrons remain bound to atoms but are able to transfer to adjacent atoms . Neutron - degenerate matter is found in neutron stars . Vast gravitational pressure compresses atoms so strongly that the electrons are forced to combine with protons via inverse beta - decay , resulting in a superdense conglomeration of neutrons . Normally free neutrons outside an atomic nucleus will decay with a half life of just under 15 minutes , but in a neutron star , the decay is overtaken by inverse decay . Cold degenerate matter is also present in planets such as Jupiter and in the even more massive brown dwarfs , which are expected to have a core with metallic hydrogen . Because of the degeneracy , more massive brown dwarfs are not significantly larger . In metals , the electrons can be modeled as a degenerate gas moving in a lattice of non-degenerate positive ions . Quark matter Main article : QCD matter In regular cold matter , quarks , fundamental particles of nuclear matter , are confined by the strong force into hadrons that consist of 2 -- 4 quarks , such as protons and neutrons . Quark matter or quantum chromodynanamical ( QCD ) matter is a group of phases where the strong force is overcome and quarks are deconfined and free to move . Quark matter phases occur at extremely high densities or temperatures , and there are no known ways to produce them in equilibrium in the laboratory ; in ordinary conditions , any quark matter formed immediately undergoes radioactive decay . Strange matter is a type of quark matter that is suspected to exist inside some neutron stars close to the Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff limit ( approximately 2 -- 3 solar masses ) , although there is no direct evidence of its existence . In strange matter , part of the energy available manifests as strange quarks , a heavier analogue of the common down quark . It may be stable at lower energy states once formed , although this is not known . Quark -- gluon plasma is a very high - temperature phase in which quarks become free and able to move independently , rather than being perpetually bound into particles , in a sea of gluons , subatomic particles that transmit the strong force that binds quarks together . This is analogous to the liberation of electrons from atoms in a plasma . This state is briefly attainable in extremely high - energy heavy ion collisions in particle accelerators , and allows scientists to observe the properties of individual quarks , and not just theorize . Quark -- gluon plasma was discovered at CERN in 2000 . Unlike plasma , which flows like a gas , interactions within QGP are strong and it flows like a liquid . At high densities but relatively low temperatures , quarks are theorized to form a quark liquid whose nature is presently unknown . It forms a distinct color - flavor locked ( CFL ) phase at even higher densities . This phase is superconductive for color charge . These phases may occur in neutron stars but they are presently theoretical . Color - glass condensate Main article : Color - glass condensate Color - glass condensate is a type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light . According to Einstein 's theory of relativity , a high - energy nucleus appears length contracted , or compressed , along its direction of motion . As a result , the gluons inside the nucleus appear to a stationary observer as a `` gluonic wall '' traveling near the speed of light . At very high energies , the density of the gluons in this wall is seen to increase greatly . Unlike the quark -- gluon plasma produced in the collision of such walls , the color - glass condensate describes the walls themselves , and is an intrinsic property of the particles that can only be observed under high - energy conditions such as those at RHIC and possibly at the Large Hadron Collider as well . Very high energy states Various theories predict new states of matter at very high energies . An unknown state has created the baryon asymmetry in the universe , but little is known about it . In string theory , a Hagedorn temperature is predicted for superstrings at about 10 K , where superstrings are copiously produced . At Planck temperature ( 10 K ) , gravity becomes a significant force between individual particles . No current theory can describe these states and they can not be produced with any foreseeable experiment . However , these states are important in cosmology because the universe may have passed through these states in the Big Bang . The gravitational singularity predicted by general relativity to exist at the center of a black hole is not a phase of matter ; it is not a material object at all ( although the mass - energy of matter contributed to its creation ) but rather a property of spacetime at a location . It could be argued , of course , that all particles are properties of spacetime at a location , leaving a half - note of controversy on the subject . Other proposed states Supersolid Main article : Supersolid A supersolid is a spatially ordered material ( that is , a solid or crystal ) with superfluid properties . Similar to a superfluid , a supersolid is able to move without friction but retains a rigid shape . Although a supersolid is a solid , it exhibits so many characteristic properties different from other solids that many argue it is another state of matter . String - net liquid Main article : String - net liquid In a string - net liquid , atoms have apparently unstable arrangement , like a liquid , but are still consistent in overall pattern , like a solid . When in a normal solid state , the atoms of matter align themselves in a grid pattern , so that the spin of any electron is the opposite of the spin of all electrons touching it . But in a string - net liquid , atoms are arranged in some pattern that requires some electrons to have neighbors with the same spin . This gives rise to curious properties , as well as supporting some unusual proposals about the fundamental conditions of the universe itself . Superglass Main article : Superglass A superglass is a phase of matter characterized , at the same time , by superfluidity and a frozen amorphous structure . Dark matter Main article : Dark matter While dark matter is estimated to comprise 83 % of the mass of matter in the universe , most of its properties remain a mystery due to the fact that it neither absorbs nor emits electromagnetic radiation , and there are many competing theories regarding what dark matter is actually made of . Thus , while it is hypothesized to exist and comprise the vast majority of matter in the universe , almost all of its properties are unknown and a matter of speculation , because it has only been observed through its gravitational effects . See also Hidden states of matter Classical element Condensed matter physics Cooling curve Phase ( matter ) Supercooling Superheating Notes and references Jump up ^ M.A. Wahab ( 2005 ) . Solid State Physics : Structure and Properties of Materials . Alpha Science . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 1 - 84265 - 218 - 4 . Jump up ^ F. White ( 2003 ) . Fluid Mechanics . McGraw - Hill . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 240217 - 2 . Jump up ^ G. Turrell ( 1997 ) . Gas Dynamics : Theory and Applications . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 3 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 97573 - 7 . Jump up ^ M. Chaplin ( 20 August 2009 ) . `` Water phase Diagram '' . Water Structure and Science . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ D.L. Goodstein ( 1985 ) . States of Matter . Dover Phoenix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 49506 - 4 . Jump up ^ A.P. Sutton ( 1993 ) . Electronic Structure of Materials . Oxford Science Publications . pp. 10 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 851754 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shao , Y. ; Zerda , T.W. ( 1998 ) . `` Phase Transitions of Liquid Crystal PAA in Confined Geometries '' . Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 102 ( 18 ) : 3387 -- 3394 . doi : 10.1021 / jp9734437 . Jump up ^ Álvarez , V.H. ; Dosil , N. ; Gonzalez - Cabaleiro , R. ; Mattedi , S. ; Martin - Pastor , M. ; Iglesias , M. & Navaza , J.M. : Brønsted Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Processes : Synthesis and Physical Properties . Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 55 ( 2010 ) , Nr. 2 , S. 625 - 632 . doi : 10.1021 / je900550v Jump up ^ J.R. Minkel ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` Strange but True : Superfluid Helium Can Climb Walls '' . Scientific American . Archived from the original on 19 March 2011 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ L. Valigra ( 22 June 2005 ) . `` MIT physicists create new form of matter '' . MIT News . Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ V. Bendkowsky ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Observation of Ultralong - Range Rydberg Molecules '' . Nature . 458 ( 7241 ) : 1005 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 458.1005 B . doi : 10.1038 / nature07945 . PMID 19396141 . Jump up ^ V. Gill ( 23 April 2009 ) . `` World First for Strange Molecule '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 1 July 2009 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Luntz , Stephen ( 3 January 2014 ) . `` New State of Matter Discovered '' . IFLScience . Archived from the original on 16 April 2017 . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ David Chalmers ; David Manley ; Ryan Wasserman ( 2009 ) . Metametaphysics : New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology . Oxford University Press . pp. 378 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954604 - 6 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ G. Murthy ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` Superfluids and Supersolids on Frustrated Two - Dimensional Lattices '' . Physical Review B. 55 ( 5 ) : 3104 . arXiv : cond - mat / 9607217 . Bibcode : 1997PhRvB ... 55.3104 M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 55.3104 . Jump up ^ Trimble , Virginia ( 1987 ) . `` Existence and nature of dark matter in the universe '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 25 : 425 -- 472 . Bibcode : 1987ARA&A ... 25 ... 425T . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. aa. 25.090187. 002233 . Jump up ^ Hinshaw , Gary F. ( 29 January 2010 ) . `` What is the universe made of ? '' . Universe 101 . NASA website . Archived from the original on 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to States of aggregation . 2005 - 06 - 22 , MIT News : MIT physicists create new form of matter Citat : `` ... They have become the first to create a new type of matter , a gas of atoms that shows high - temperature superfluidity . '' 2003 - 10 - 10 , Science Daily : Metallic Phase For Bosons Implies New State Of Matter 2004 - 01 - 15 , ScienceDaily : Probable Discovery Of A New , Supersolid , Phase Of Matter Citat : `` ... We apparently have observed , for the first time , a solid material with the characteristics of a superfluid ... but because all its particles are in the identical quantum state , it remains a solid even though its component particles are continually flowing ... '' 2004 - 01 - 29 , ScienceDaily : NIST / University Of Colorado Scientists Create New Form Of Matter : A Fermionic Condensate Short videos demonstrating of States of Matter , solids , liquids and gases by Prof. JM Murrell , University of Sussex States of matter ( list ) State Baryonic matter Solid Liquid Gas / Vapor Plasma Low energy Bose -- Einstein condensate Fermionic condensate Degenerate matter Quantum Hall Rydberg matter Rydberg polaron Strange matter Superfluid Supersolid Photonic matter High energy QCD matter Lattice QCD Quark -- gluon plasma Color - glass condensate Supercritical fluid Other states Colloid Glass Crystal Liquid crystal Time crystal Quantum spin liquid Exotic matter Programmable matter Dark matter Antimatter Magnetically ordered Antiferromagnet Ferrimagnet Ferromagnet String - net liquid Superglass Transitions Boiling Boiling point Condensation Critical line Critical point Crystallization Deposition Evaporation Flash evaporation Freezing Chemical ionization Ionization Lambda point Melting Melting point Recombination Regelation Saturated fluid Sublimation Supercooling Triple point Vaporization Vitrification Quantities Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy of sublimation Enthalpy of vaporization Latent heat Latent internal energy Trouton 's ratio Volatility Concepts Binodal Compressed fluid Cooling curve Equation of state Leidenfrost effect Macroscopic quantum phenomena Mpemba effect Order and disorder ( physics ) Spinodal Superconductivity Superheated vapor Superheating Thermo - dielectric effect Condensed matter physics States of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Bose -- Einstein condensate Fermionic condensate Fermi gas Fermi liquid Supersolid Superfluid Luttinger liquid Time crystal Phase phenomena Order parameter Phase transition Electronic phases Electronic band structure Insulator Mott insulator Semiconductor Semimetal Conductor Superconductor Thermoelectric Piezoelectric Ferroelectric Spin gapless semiconductor Electronic phenomena Hall effect Quantum Hall effect Spin Hall effect Quantum spin Hall effect Berry phase Aharonov -- Bohm effect Josephson effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles Phonon Exciton Plasmon Polariton Polaron Magnon Soft matter Amorphous solid Granular matter Liquid crystal Polymer Scientists Maxwell Van der Waals Debye Bloch Onsager Mott Peierls Landau Luttinger Anderson Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer Josephson Kohn Kadanoff Fisher GND : 4141615 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_matter&oldid=850993894 '' Categories : Condensed matter physics Engineering thermodynamics Phases of matter Physics - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 87 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 10 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a state of matter that is not a fluid is | [
"In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many other states are known to exist, such as glass or liquid crystal, and some only exist under extreme conditions, such as Bose–Einstein condensates, neutron-degenerate matter, and quark-gluon plasma, which only occur, respectively, in situations of extreme cold, extreme density, and extremely high-energy. Some other states are believed to be possible but remain theoretical for now. For a complete list of all exotic states of matter, see the list of states of matter.\n"
] | [
"solid"
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2380788378243541540 | Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) | Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( film ) - Wikipedia Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Theatrical release poster Directed by Mike Newell Produced by David Heyman Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Robbie Coltrane Ralph Fiennes Michael Gambon Brendan Gleeson Jason Isaacs Gary Oldman Alan Rickman Maggie Smith Timothy Spall Frances de la Tour Predrag Bjelac David Bradley Warwick Davis Tom Felton Robert Hardy Shirley Henderson Roger Lloyd - Pack Mark Williams Stanislav Yanevski Robert Pattinson Clémence Poésy Music by Patrick Doyle ( Harry Potter themes composed by John Williams ) Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Mick Audsley Production companies Heyday Films Patalex IV Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 6 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 06 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 18 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 157 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $896.9 million Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 British - American fantasy film directed by Mike Newell and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film , which is the fourth instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman . The story follows Harry Potter 's fourth year at Hogwarts as he is chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the Triwizard Tournament . The film is the first of the series to receive a PG - 13 certificate in the US , and a 12A in the UK , and stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and is followed by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Filming began in early 2004 . The Hogwarts scenes were shot at the Leavesden Film Studios . Five days after its release , the film had grossed over US $102 million at the North American box office , which is the third - highest first - weekend tally for a Harry Potter film behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . Goblet of Fire enjoyed an immensely successful run at the box office , earning $896 million worldwide , which made it the highest - grossing film of 2005 and the eighth - highest - grossing film of all - time at that time . As of April 2017 , it is the 44th highest - grossing film worldwide and the sixth - highest - grossing film in the Harry Potter series . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , and won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design . Goblet of Fire was the second film in the series to be released in IMAX . The film is one of the best reviewed instalments within the series , being praised for the higher level of maturity and sophistication of its characters , plotline , writing , and performances of the lead actors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Set design 3.2 Music 4 Differences from the book 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Rating 5.3 Wyrd Sisters lawsuit 5.4 Theatrical release 5.5 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Harry Potter awakens from a nightmare wherein Frank Bryce is killed after overhearing Lord Voldemort discussing plans with Peter Pettigrew and another man . Harry attends the Quidditch World Cup between Ireland and Bulgaria with the Weasleys , but after the game , Death Eaters terrorise the camp , and the man who appeared in Harry 's dream summons the Dark Mark . At Hogwarts , Albus Dumbledore introduces ex-Auror Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody as the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . He also announces that the school will host the legendary event known as the Triwizard Tournament , in which three magical schools compete against each other in a very deadly competition by facing three dangerous challenges . The Goblet of Fire selects `` champions '' to take part in the competition : Cedric Diggory of Hufflepuff representing Hogwarts , Viktor Krum representing the Durmstrang Institute from Central Europe , and Fleur Delacour representing Beauxbatons Academy of Magic from France . The Goblet unexpectedly chooses a fourth champion : Harry Potter . Dumbledore is unable to pull the underage Harry out of the tournament , as the Ministry official , Barty Crouch Sr. , insists that the champions are bound by a contract , and therefore , Harry has to compete . This makes Harry 's best friend Ron Weasley jealous of him . For the tournament 's first task , the champions must each retrieve a golden egg guarded by a dragon . After summoning his broomstick , Harry succeeds in retrieving the egg , which contains information about the second challenge . Shortly after , another event known as the Yule Ball , a formal dance takes place ; Harry 's crush Cho Chang attends with Cedric , and Hermione Granger attends with Viktor , which makes Ron jealous of Viktor . During the second task , the champions must dive underwater to rescue their mates . Harry comes out in third place , but is placed second behind Cedric due to his `` moral fibre '' after saving Fleur 's sister Gabrielle as well as Ron . Afterwards , Harry finds the corpse of Barty Crouch Sr. , then visits Dumbledore at his office , and while waiting for him , he discovers a Pensieve , which holds Dumbledore 's memories . Inside it , Harry witnesses a trial in which Igor Karkaroff ( Durmstrang Institute 's Headmaster ) confesses to the Ministry of Magic names of other Death Eaters , after Voldemort 's defeat . When he names Severus Snape as one , Dumbledore vouches for Snape 's innocence ; Snape turned spy against Voldemort before the latter 's downfall . As Karkaroff names Barty Crouch Jr. , a devastated Barty Crouch Sr. has his son imprisoned in Azkaban . After exiting the Pensieve , Harry deduces that the man he has seen in his dreams with Voldemort is Barty Crouch Jr . In the third and final task , the champions enter a hedge maze , and must reach the Triwizard Cup . Viktor , under the influence of the Imperius Curse , incapacitates Fleur . After Harry saves Cedric when the maze attacks him , the two claim a draw and together grab the cup , which turns out to be a Portkey , and transports the two to a graveyard , where Pettigrew and Voldemort are waiting . Pettigrew kills Cedric with the Killing Curse and performs a ritual using a bone of Voldemort 's father , Pettigrew 's flesh and Harry 's blood , which rejuvenates Voldemort , who then summons the Death Eaters . Voldemort releases Harry in order to beat him in a duel to prove that he is the better wizard . Harry , unable to defend himself , tries the Expelliarmus charm at the same moment that Voldemort attempts the Killing Curse . Their wands get into a beaming tug - of - war , and Voldemort 's wand is forced to disgorge the last spells it performed . This results in the spirits the people he murdered materialising in the graveyard , including Harry 's parents and Cedric . This provides an ample distraction to Voldemort and his Death Eaters , allowing Harry to escape with Cedric 's body by grabbing the Portkey . Upon his return , Harry tells Dumbledore that Voldemort has returned and is responsible for Cedric 's death . Moody takes a devastated Harry back to his office to interrogate him about Lord Voldemort , where he inadvertently blows his cover when he asks Harry whether there were `` others '' in the graveyard - despite Harry never having mentioned a graveyard . Moody then reveals that he had submitted Harry 's name to the Goblet of Fire , and that he had been guiding and manipulating Harry throughout the tournament to ensure that he would win , so Voldemort would take Harry 's blood in order to return . Moody attempts to attack Harry , but Dumbledore , Severus Snape , and Minerva McGonagall intervene and subdue Moody . The teachers force Moody to drink Veritaserum , a truth - telling potion , which reveals that he is not really Moody , and that the real Moody is imprisoned in a magical trunk . The false Moody 's Polyjuice Potion wears off , and he is revealed as Barty Crouch Jr. , a loyal Death Eater . Crouch Jr. is sent back to Azkaban , from which he had escaped . The next morning , Dumbledore reveals to all others that Voldemort killed Cedric , although the Ministry of Magic opposes the revelation . Later , Dumbledore visits Harry in his dormitory , and apologizes to him for the dangers he had to go through . Harry reveals that he saw his parents in the graveyard ; Dumbledore names this effect as `` Priori Incantatem '' . Dumbledore acknowledges that even though Harry 's parents appeared through Voldemort 's wand , no spell can awaken the dead . Dumbledore reminds Harry that he is not alone . Soon after , Hogwarts , Durmstrang and Beauxbatons bid farewell to each other . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter cast members Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley Emma Watson as Hermione Granger Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore Brendan Gleeson as Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy Gary Oldman as Sirius Black Miranda Richardson as Rita Skeeter Alan Rickman as Severus Snape Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew Frances de la Tour as Olympe Maxime Robert Pattinson replaces stunt performer / actor Joe Livermore as Cedric Diggory from Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . Cedric Diggory is seen in the last film as the seeker for Hufflepuff that faces Harry trying to get the Snitch before Harry confronts Dementors . David Tennant portrays Barty Crouch , Jr. who disguises himself as Mad - Eye Moody for most of the film . Jeff Rawle plays Amos Diggory , Cedric 's father . Barty Crouch Sr. is portrayed by Roger Lloyd - Pack . Production ( edit ) British film director Mike Newell was chosen to direct the film after Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban director Alfonso Cuarón announced that he would only direct one Potter film . In a statement explaining the transition of directors , series producer David Heyman said : `` When Alfonso made the decision to focus on completing Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , we were faced with the daunting task of finding a director to handle the complex challenges of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and to follow in the footsteps of Chris Columbus and Alfonso Cuarón . Mike 's rich and diverse body of work show him to be the perfect choice . He has worked with children , made us laugh , and had us sitting on the edge of our seats . He is great with actors and imbues all his characters , all his films , with great humanity . I 'm thrilled . '' Principal photography for Goblet of Fire began on 4 May 2004 . Scenes involving the film 's principal actors began filming on 25 June 2004 at England 's Leavesden Studios . Steve Kloves , the screenwriter for the previous instalments , returned for Goblet of Fire . On adapting the 734 - page book into a feature - length film , Kloves commented that `` we always thought it would be two movies , but we could never figure out a way to break it in two . So it will be a different experience from the book . '' Set Design ( edit ) `` Filming in an actual loch would have been too cold and impractical . We looked into doing a process called ' dry for wet , ' where you suspend an actor and blow wind on them to give the illusion that they are underwater , but the hair did n't undulate convincingly . '' -- Heyman , on the underwater scenes As in the previous instalments , Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan provided the film 's art and set designs , respectively . Due to the film 's scope , there were many new sets and transformations of old sets created . McMillan was most excited about redesigning the Great Hall for the scenes involving the Yule Ball . `` Originally we thought silver curtains , silver table cloths and an ice dance floor , '' said McMillan , `` but it just went on and on . The drapes man eventually said , ' Why not just stick the fabrics on the wall ? ' '' Each task of the Triwizard Tournament required massive sets . The rock quarry set for the first task , where Harry faces off with the Hungarian Horntail , was built in two sections at Leavesden Studios . Craig called it `` one of the biggest sets we 've ever built for any of the films . '' For the second task , involving the film 's underwater scenes , the film crew designed and built a blue screen tank holding `` about half a million gallons of water . '' As for the final task , which took place in the maze , hedge walls ranging from 20 to 40 feet tall were constructed and enhanced with computer - generated imagery . Music ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( soundtrack ) John Williams , who had scored the first three Harry Potter films , could not return for the fourth instalment due to a busy 2005 schedule . Patrick Doyle , who had worked with Newell in Into the West and Donnie Brasco , replaced him as composer . The initial request was that Doyle would be working with Williams ' material , but eventually only `` Hedwig 's Theme '' , the leitmotif of the series , remained from the previous scores . Pulp lead singer Jarvis Cocker , who was even rumoured to score the film , was one of the musicians invited by Doyle , with whom he had worked in the Great Expectations soundtrack , to write a song for a wizard rock band . Once Doyle chose Cocker 's composition , he and other British musicians such as Jonny Greenwood and Phil Selway of Radiohead were picked to play the fictional band , both performing songs for the soundtrack and having cameo roles in the film . Differences from the book ( edit ) Director Mike Newell described the book as `` big as a house brick '' . With the Goblet of Fire novel almost twice the length of Prisoner of Azkaban , the writers and producers reduced certain scenes and concepts to make the transition from page to screen . Director Mike Newell described the problem as one of `` compressing a huge book into the compass of a movie '' . This was achieved by `` putting aside '' all the components of the novel which did not directly relate to Harry and his journey . Goblet of Fire is the first film adaptation not to begin at Privet Drive ; after the opening sequence , Harry awakens at the Burrow on the morning of the Quidditch World Cup . The game play at the Quidditch World Cup was removed for timing reasons , leaving an abrupt temporal jump which some reviewers considered awkward or `` rushed '' . In the book , Harry and many of the Weasleys supported Ireland , while in the film Harry and Ron supported Bulgaria . However , they also love Viktor Krum , from Bulgaria . Other scenes are shortened and amalgamated to include only the most essential plot details : the three Death Eater trials Harry witnesses in the Pensieve are merged into one sequence ; the characters of Bill Weasley , Charlie Weasley , Ludo Bagman , Winky , Narcissa Malfoy and Bertha Jorkins are absent , as well as Dobby , who was supposed to help Harry obtain Gillyweed for the second task . Instead , that scene was changed to involve Neville Longbottom . There is no train scene at the end where Rita Skeeter is revealed to be an illegal , unregistered animagus ; Harry is never seen either receiving or giving away the 1,000 galleons in prize winnings . All of Sirius Black 's lines are condensed into a single fireside conversation . The scene in which Crouch Jr. is taken back to Azkaban is different from the book , in which he was `` killed '' by a Dementor summoned by Cornelius Fudge . There is also no conversation in which Fudge refuses to believe that Voldemort has returned , so this is explained in the next film . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) An exclusive first - look of the film was shown on ABC during the television premiere of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 7 May 2005 . The first trailer was made available online on 8 May 2005 . The international trailer debuted online on 23 August 2005 . The video game version , designed by EA UK , was released 8 November 2005 . Mattel released a line of action figures and artefacts based on the film . Among these was the first edition of Harry Potter Scene It ? containing over 1,000 questions involving the four films . Rating ( edit ) Goblet of Fire was the first film in the series to receive a PG - 13 rating by the MPAA for `` sequences of fantasy violence and frightening images '' , M by the ACB and a 12A by the BBFC for its dark themes , fantasy violence , threat and frightening images . Wyrd Sisters lawsuit ( edit ) In the run up to the film , Warner Bros. approached a Canadian folk group called the Wyrd Sisters to obtain permission to use the name THE WEIRD SISTERS for its Harry Potter Band . When a deal could not be made , the Canadian band filed a US $40 - million lawsuit against Warner Bros. , the North American distributor of the film , as well as the members of the in - movie band ( members of the bands Radiohead and Pulp , among others ) for the misuse of their group 's name . ( In a deleted scene , they are simply introduced as `` the band that needs no introduction '' . ) The Canadian band also brought an injunction to stop the release of the film in its country as it contained a performance by the identically named fictional rock band . An Ontario judge dismissed this motion , and to avoid further controversy Warner Bros. rendered the band unnamed in the film and many derived products . However , the Winnipeg - based group continued to pursue the lawsuit ; lead singer Kim Baryluk stated in her claim that `` consumers will assume that the smaller and less famous Canadian band is trying to take advantage of the Harry Potter fame by copying the Harry Potter band 's name when in fact the reverse is true . '' The injunction was dismissed , and the band was ordered to pay costs . As of March 2010 , the lawsuit has been settled , the details sealed . Theatrical release ( edit ) Goblet of Fire was the second film in the series to be given a simultaneous release in conventional theatres and IMAX . Dubbed as Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire : The IMAX Experience , the film was digitally remastered for IMAX from its 35mm form to take part in a `` commercial growth strategy '' set up between IMAX and Warner Bros. Pictures . The film was released in most countries within a two - week period starting on 18 November 2005 in the United Kingdom and United States , with a 1 December 2005 release in Australia . In the United States , the film opened in a maximum of 3,858 cinemas that included several IMAX screens . The world premiere of the film took place in London , England on 6 November 2005 . One of the features of the premiere was an animatronic , fire - breathing Hungarian Horntail . The 40 - foot - long dragon , used during the scene where Hagrid leads Harry into the forest a night before the first task , was designed and built by the film 's special effects supervisor John Richardson and creature effects & makeup supervisor Nick Dudman . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD in North America on 7 March 2006 . It was available in one - and two - disc editions , as well as part of an 8 - disc box set that includes all four films made by that time . The bonus disc features three interactive games , as well as seven behind the scenes featurettes . The film was also released in UMD format for PSP . On its first day of release in North America , over 5 million copies were sold , recording a franchise high for first - day sales . Within its first week it sold over a total of 9 million units of combined sales of both the widescreen and full - screen versions of the DVD . The UK edition was released on DVD on 20 March 2006 and became the fastest selling UK DVD ever , selling six copies per second on its first day of release . According to the Official Charts Company , the DVD sold 1.4 million copies in its first week alone . It is also available in a two - disc edition with special features similar to the North American two - disc edition . Currently , the DVD holds the Guinness World Record for being the fastest selling DVD of all time . The achievement was added to the 2007 book edition of The Guinness World Records , which includes a picture of the award being presented to Dan Radcliffe on set of Order of the Phoenix at Leavesden Film Studios in April 2006 . In the United States , the first five Harry Potter films were released on HD DVD and Blu - ray disc on 11 December 2007 . The fourth film has since become available in numerous box sets containing the other films released in the series , including the Harry Potter : Complete 8 - Film Collection and Harry Potter Wizard 's Collection . An Ultimate Edition of Goblet of Fire was released on 19 October 2010 , featuring behind - the - scenes footage , trailers , additional scenes , and a feature - length special Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 4 : Sound & Music . Despite not being included in the Ultimate Edition , an extended version has been shown during certain television airings with a running time of about 167 minutes . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) After an opening day of $40 million at the North American box office and staying at number 1 for three weeks , The Goblet of Fire made a successful 20 - week run in cinemas , closing on 6 April 2006 . The film set numerous records , including the highest non-May opening weekend in the US , and earned £ 14.9 m in its opening weekend in the UK , a record which has since been beaten by the 2008 James Bond film Quantum of Solace , which took in £ 15.4 m . The Goblet of Fire drew $102.7 million its opening weekend at the North American box office , setting a new opening high for the franchise and also achieved the highest weekend debut in November , with the latter being surpassed by The Twilight Saga : New Moon in 2009 . It sold about as many tickets as Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone did in its opening weekend . The film 's franchise record was later overtaken in 2010 by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , which opened to $125 million ; Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 followed with $169.1 million in its opening weekend . The Goblet of Fire 's debut marked the fourth $100 million weekend in history and as of July 2011 , it stands as the 17th largest opening weekend ever . In Mainland China , the film generated 93 million yuan . The Goblet of Fire earned almost US $897 million worldwide , making it the highest - grossing international and worldwide release of 2005 . In IMAX theatres only , the film grossed a total of US $20,033,758 worldwide for a cumulative per screen average of $188,998 thus setting a new record and a new milestone for a digitally remastered 2 - D IMAX release . In January 2006 , The Goblet of Fire surpassed the box office takings of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) to become the eighth - highest - grossing film worldwide , and the second - highest - grossing film in the Harry Potter series , behind The Philosopher 's Stone . As of July 2011 , it has been the sixth - highest - grossing Harry Potter film behind The Philosopher 's Stone , The Order of the Phoenix and The Half - Blood Prince , The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . The film ranks third in the North American box office behind Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith and The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe for 2005 , with US $290 million , although both films rank lower than Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire in worldwide terms . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 88 % based on 246 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The main characters are maturing , and the filmmakers are likewise improving on their craft ; vibrant special effects and assured performances add up to what is the most complex yet of the Harry Potter films . '' At Metacritic , the film has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 35 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . The New York Daily News praised the film for both its humour and its dark tone . The young actors were praised for demonstrating a `` greater range of subtle emotions '' , particularly Daniel Radcliffe whom Variety described as delivering a `` dimensional and nuanced performance '' . New cast members were also praised : Brendan Gleeson 's portrayal of Mad - Eye Moody was described as `` colourful '' ; Miranda Richardson 's scenes as Rita Skeeter were described as `` wonderful '' ; and Ralph Fiennes 's portrayal of Lord Voldemort was described as `` sublime villainy '' . The maturity of Harry , Ron , and Hermione , among others , impressed most critics . While the major characters were portrayed as children in the previous films , `` they have subtly transitioned into teenagers ( in Goblet of Fire ) '' according to one USA Today reviewer . Desson Thomson of the Washington Post called the film `` Probably the most engaging film of the Potter series thus far '' . Joe Morgenstern of the Wall Street Journal stated `` The studio , like plucky Harry , passes with flying colors . The new one , directed by Mike Newell from another astute script by Mr. Kloves , is even richer and fuller , as well as dramatically darker . It 's downright scary how good this movie is '' . Negative criticism included the film 's pace which The Arizona Republic described as being `` far too episodic '' , while CNN.com described the film as `` clunky and disjointed '' . Another criticism was that the many supporting characters did not get enough screen time . The film was listed at # 36 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies praising Rowling for ingeniously blending `` two literary traditions , fantasy and coming - through - school fiction '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction at the 78th Academy Awards . At the 2006 Teen Choice Awards , the film won the award for Choice Movie Drama . The film won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design , making it the first Harry Potter film to win at the BAFTAs . At the 2006 Kids ' Choice Awards , the film won the Blimp Award for Favorite Movie , becoming the first and only Harry Potter film to do so . See also ( edit ) Book : Harry Potter Harry Potter portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 17 October 2005 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8947b5ce ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( 11 August 2003 ) . `` Ready , Aim , ' Fire ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter at Leavesden '' . Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen ( 5 August 2004 ) . `` Ralph Fiennes Ready to Scare Harry Potter '' . People Magazine . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' Production News `` . About.com. 25 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter : The past and the future '' . NYTimes. 4 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire film production notes '' . The Cinematic Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Gerard ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` Tech Support Interview : Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan on a decade of designing ' Harry Potter ' '' . HitFix.com . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ John Richardson ( March 7 , 2006 ) . In Too Deep : The Second Task ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ David Heyman ( March 7 , 2006 ) . The Maze : The Third Task ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : Harry Potter and the Goblet of FIre ( Patrick Doyle ) '' . 18 November 2005 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Utichi , Joe ( 19 December 2007 ) . `` COMPOSER PATRICK DOYLE : THE RT INTERVIEW '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Sung , Mark ( 21 October 2004 ) . `` Jarvis Cocker to write next Harry Potter soundtrack '' . Monsters and Critics . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis , John ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Jarvis Cocker on Pulp , Harry Potter and life in Paris '' . Uncut . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK rockers sip from Potter 's ' Goblet ' '' . The New Zealand Herald . 25 October 2005 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ... Mike Newell '' . November 2005 . Retrieved November 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter : Behind the Magic . Grenada Television . 19 November 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Dadds , Kimberly ; Miriam Zendle ( 9 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter : books vs. films '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( 17 November 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Movie Review '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive First Look at ' Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ' to Be Presented During Network Television Debut of ' Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , ' Airing May 7 on ABC '' . Business Week . 2 May 2005 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter four film trailer released '' . CBBC Newsround. 8 May 2005 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Anthony ( 23 August 2005 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire International Trailer ! '' . Monsters and Critics . Archived from the original on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Castaneda , Karl ( 12 April 2012 ) . `` EA Announces Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . Nintendo World Report . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Joshua ( 23 February 2005 ) . `` Toy Fair Feels the Force '' . E ! News . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Barbara Vencheri ; Sharon Eberson ( 18 November 2005 ) . `` A ' Goblet ' full of Potter movie tie - ins '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. C - 5 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goblet of Fire Classification , Australia '' . Australian Classification Board . 9 November 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winnipeg band 's Harry Potter case dismissed '' . CTV.com. 5 November 2005 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Steve ( 3 March 2008 ) . `` Wyrd Sisters still battling Potter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wyrd Sisters ' can not stop Harry Potter '' . CBC. 4 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' Winnipeg folk band that took on Harry Potter ordered to pay $140,000 court costs '' . Canada.com National Post . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Steve ( 2010 ) . `` Wyrd five - year court battle over Harry Potter movie ends with secret settlement '' . Winnipeg : Canadian Press . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Potter film to get Imax release '' . BBC News . 3 May 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Adrian ( 16 November 2005 ) . `` IMAX gains in popularity ; ' Potter , ' ' Express ' due here '' . Post-Gazette . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' Gets an IMAX Release `` . About.com. 2 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter ' cast attends London premiere '' . USA Today . 6 November 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Caroline ( 6 November 2005 ) . `` Potter premiere casts its spell '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ The World 's # 1 Harry Potter Site . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Greg . `` Harry Potter DVDs '' . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Goblet fastest selling DVD ever . News.BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ ' GoF ' DVD now a Guinness World Record holder . HPANA.com . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kenneth ( 23 October 2010 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Blu - ray Review '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` ABC Family peeks at ' Half - Blood Prince ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Joal Ryan ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` New Moon Makes a Lot of Money ( But Not Quite Batman Money ) '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ WORLDWIDE GROSSES Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . ^ Jump up to : `` A blistering Goblet of Fire '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on 14 November 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( 17 November 2005 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 19 May 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( 9 November 2005 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . Variety . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` The Young Wizard Puts Away Childish Things '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Showtimes '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( 18 November 2005 ) . `` As a Moody Johnny Cash , Phoenix Is on the Money In Masterful ' Walk the Line ' `` . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Muller , Bill ( 18 November 2005 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Clinton , Paul ( 21 November 2005 ) . `` Review : New Potter tries to do too much '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best High School Movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 78th Academy Awards ( 2006 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2006 ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Lucy Media . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta 2006 : The winners '' . BBC News . 19 February 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Release -- Nickelodeon Kid 's Choice Awards 2006 '' . Nickelodeon Press Site. 1 April 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( film ) Official website Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire on IMDb Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at AllMovie Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at Box Office Mojo Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at Rotten Tomatoes Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at Metacritic The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Category Portal Films directed by Mike Newell The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1977 ) The Awakening ( 1980 ) Bad Blood ( 1982 ) Birth of a Nation ( 1983 ) Dance with a Stranger ( 1985 ) The Good Father ( 1985 ) Amazing Grace and Chuck ( 1987 ) Soursweet ( 1988 ) Enchanted April ( 1992 ) Into the West ( 1992 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) An Awfully Big Adventure ( 1995 ) Donnie Brasco ( 1997 ) Pushing Tin ( 1999 ) Mona Lisa Smile ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Love in the Time of Cholera ( 2007 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) Great Expectations ( 2012 ) The Interestings ( 2016 ) Guernsey ( 2018 ) Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games Lego Creator : Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Book Category Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Drama Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) The Sixth Sense ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) None ( 2003 ) None ( 2004 ) The Notebook ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Blind Side ( 2010 ) Black Swan ( 2011 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2013 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2014 ) If I Stay ( 2015 ) Miracles from Heaven ( 2016 ) Everything , Everything ( 2017 ) VIAF : 186157591 LCCN : no2006000014 GND : 7525582 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)&oldid=807905927 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films Harry Potter ( film series ) 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films American films American sequel films British films British sequel films Films directed by Mike Newell Fantasy adventure films Warner Bros. films Heyday Films films IMAX films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films set in Scotland Films set in England High fantasy films Films using computer - generated imagery Mermaids in film Patricide in fiction Film scores by Patrick Doyle Films produced by David Heyman Films about dragons Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 EngvarB from June 2014 Articles needing more detailed references Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Use dmy dates from June 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 19 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the goblet of fire take place | [
"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 British-American fantasy film directed by Mike Newell and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[3] It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling. The film, which is the fourth instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. The story follows Harry Potter's fourth year at Hogwarts as he is chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the Triwizard Tournament."
] | [
"Harry Potter's fourth year at Hogwarts"
] |
6268206168284012930 | Scott Frost | Scott Frost - wikipedia Scott Frost Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Scott Frost , see Scott Frost ( disambiguation ) . Scott Frost Frost in 2017 Sport ( s ) Football Current position Title Head coach Team Nebraska Conference Big Ten Record 0 -- 0 Annual salary $5,000,000 Biographical details ( 1975 - 01 - 04 ) January 4 , 1975 ( age 43 ) Wood River , Nebraska Playing career 1993 -- 1994 Stanford 1995 -- 1997 Nebraska 1998 -- 2000 New York Jets Cleveland Browns 2001 -- 2002 Green Bay Packers 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Position ( s ) Quarterback , safety Coaching career ( HC unless noted ) 2002 Nebraska ( GA ) 2006 Kansas State ( GA ) 2007 Northern Iowa ( LB ) 2008 Northern Iowa ( co-DC / LB ) 2009 -- 2012 Oregon ( WR ) 2013 -- 2015 Oregon ( OC / QB ) 2016 -- 2017 UCF 2018 -- present Nebraska Head coaching record Overall 19 -- 7 Bowls 1 -- 1 Accomplishments and honors Championships 1 National ( 2017 ) 1 AAC ( 2017 ) 1 AAC East Division ( 2017 ) Awards AAC Coach of the Year Award ( 2017 ) AFCA Coach of the Year Award ( 2017 ) Associated Press College Football Coach of the Year Award ( 2017 ) Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award ( 2017 ) FCA Coach of the Year Award ( 2017 ) Home Depot Coach of the Year Award ( 2017 ) Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Coach of the Year Award ( 2017 ) Scott Andrew Frost ( born January 4 , 1975 ) is an American football coach and former player . He is currently the head coach at the University of Nebraska . He was previously the head coach at the University of Central Florida . He played six years in the National Football League ( NFL ) with the New York Jets , Cleveland Browns , Green Bay Packers , and Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Frost was the starting quarterback for Tom Osborne 's 1997 Nebraska team that shared the national championship with Michigan . Contents ( hide ) 1 High school 2 College career 2.1 Statistics 3 Professional career 4 Coaching career 5 Coaching tree 6 Head coaching record 7 References 8 Notes 9 External links High school ( edit ) Frost attended Wood River High School in Wood River , Nebraska from 1989 to 1993 . In four years as the team 's starting quarterback , he threw for 6,859 yards and 67 touchdowns and rushed for 4,278 yards and 72 touchdowns . He led his team to the state playoffs in his sophomore , junior , and senior seasons . In those three postseason appearances , Frost 's teams won five games and twice made it to the state semi-finals . Both of Frost 's parents , Larry and Carol Frost , coached his high school football team . In addition to football , Frost was a standout in track and field , winning a state championship in the shot put . At the state championship meet his senior year , Frost won an all - class gold medal with a throw of 17.92 m ( 58 ft 9 ⁄ in ) . His personal best from earlier that year was 18.62 m ( 61 ft 1 in ) . College career ( edit ) Frost began his collegiate career as a two - year letterman at Stanford in 1993 and 1994 before transferring to Nebraska in 1995 . In his two seasons starting for the Huskers , Frost was a 1997 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award finalist and quarterbacked his teams to a 24 - 2 record , completing 192 of 359 passes for 2,677 yards and 18 touchdowns . This includes a senior season in which he became only the tenth player in college football history to both run ( 1,095 ) and pass ( 1,237 ) for 1,000 yards . Frost 's senior season featured a now - legendary play called the Flea Kicker . In a game against Missouri , Frost threw a pass that was kicked by Shevin Wiggins and caught by Matt Davison for a touchdown . The touchdown sent the game into overtime where Frost sealed no . 1 Nebraska 's victory with a rushing touchdown . Frost and Nebraska went on to win the 1997 national championship with a 42 - 17 Orange Bowl win over Peyton Manning 's Tennessee Volunteers . Statistics ( edit ) Career statistics Season Games Starts Record Passing Rushing Comp Att Yards Pct TD Int Rating Att Yards Avg TD Stanford Cardinal 11 0 4 -- 7 9 6 22.2 0 0 27.8 15 63 4.2 0 11 0 3 -- 7 -- 1 33 77 464 42.9 5 89.1 38 193 5.1 Nebraska Cornhuskers 1995 Redshirted 13 13 11 -- 2 104 200 1,440 52.0 13 130.9 126 438 3.5 9 13 13 13 -- 0 88 159 1,237 55.3 5 126.0 176 1,095 6.22 19 Career totals 48 26 31 -- 16 -- 1 227 445 3,147 51.0 20 12 119.9 355 1,789 5.0 30 Professional career ( edit ) Following his collegiate career , Frost was selected in the third round ( 67th overall ) of the 1998 NFL Draft by the New York Jets , where he played safety and special teams from 1998 - 2000 . His professional football career included stops in Cleveland ( 2001 ) , Green Bay ( 2001 -- 02 ) , and Tampa Bay ( 2003 ) . Coaching career ( edit ) As a player , Frost was coached by Stanford 's Bill Walsh , Nebraska 's Tom Osborne , the New York Jets ' Bill Parcells and Bill Belichick , and the Buccaneers ' Mike Tomlin and Jon Gruden . In December 2002 , while on the Packers ' injured reserve list , Frost served as a temporary graduate assistant at his alma mater . He was later a graduate assistant at Kansas State in 2006 . Frost took a position at Northern Iowa in 2007 as linebackers coach before being elevated to co-defensive coordinator one year later . His defense finished the 2008 season tied for third in the FCS in takeaways ( 40 ) and ninth in scoring defense ( 17.7 points per game ) . The 12 - 3 Panthers also led the Missouri Valley Football Conference in rushing defense ( 107.1 yards per game ) and scoring defense . Frost joined Oregon 's coaching staff as its wide receivers coach on January 26 , 2009 . Working under head coach Chip Kelly and offensive coordinator Mark Helfrich , Frost was instrumental in instituting a toughness among his receivers that enhanced their ability as downfield blockers , which contributed to the success of the Ducks ' potent running game . During his four seasons as wide receivers coach , the Ducks reached four straight BCS bowls and three of his departed wide receivers have been invited to NFL camps . After the departure of Kelly , the University of Oregon promoted Helfrich to head coach and Frost was later officially announced as the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach on January 31 , 2013 . In 2014 , Frost was a finalist for the Broyles Award , given annually to the nation 's top assistant coach . That season , his protégé Marcus Mariota won the Heisman Trophy en route to a berth in the National Championship game . In his three seasons as the Ducks ' offensive coordinator , Oregon recorded a 33 - 7 record and finished every year among the nation 's top six teams in terms of both scoring offense and total offense . On December 1 , 2015 , Frost was hired as the head football coach at the University of Central Florida . Frost replaced long time UCF head coach George O'Leary and interim head coach Danny Barrett , who took over the Knights when O'Leary resigned following an 0 -- 8 start . The Knights went on to finish 0 - 12 that year . Frost immediately turned UCF around . He won six games in 2016 , taking the Knights to the 2016 Cure Bowl , where they were defeated by the Arkansas State Red Wolves . In 2017 , the Knights stormed through the regular season , finishing 12 - 0 . They won The American championship game at home against Memphis . On December 2 , 2017 , Frost accepted the head football coach position at the University of Nebraska -- Lincoln . Despite this , Frost led the Knights into the 2018 Peach Bowl -- the school 's second - ever appearance in a major bowl . In that game , they defeated 7th ranked Auburn , completing the first undefeated and untied season in school history . Following the game , the school claimed a national championship . Coaching tree ( edit ) Frost has worked for the following head coaches as an assistant / positional coach : Frank Solich : Nebraska ( 2002 ) Ron Prince : Kansas State ( 2006 ) Mark Farley : Northern Iowa ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Chip Kelly : Oregon ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Mark Helfrich : Oregon ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Head coaching record ( edit ) Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl / playoffs Coaches AP UCF Knights ( American Athletic Conference ) ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 2016 UCF 6 -- 7 4 -- 4 3rd ( East ) L Cure 2017 UCF 13 -- 0 8 -- 0 1st ( East ) W Peach 7 6 UCF : 19 -- 7 12 -- 4 Nebraska Cornhuskers ( Big Ten Conference ) ( 2018 -- present ) 2018 Nebraska 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 ( West ) Nebraska : 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Total : 19 -- 7 National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth Indicates CFP / New Years ' Six bowl . Rankings from final Coaches Poll . Rankings from final AP Poll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2017 American Athletic Conference Football Postseason Honors '' . American Athletic Conference ( Press release ) . November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ USA Today Sports ( @ usatodaysports ) ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 AFCA FBS Coach of the Year Award Scott Frost , University of Central Floridapic.twitter.com/4azpvZctfk '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Russo , Ralph D. ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` College football : Scott Frost named AP Coach of the Year after leading UCF to undefeated season '' . NCAA.com . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` UCF 's Scott Frost wins Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award '' . espn.com . December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FCA Honors Former UCF Coach Scott Frost with 2017 Grant Teaff Award '' . Fellowship of Christian Athletes ( Press release ) . January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Coach of the Year - UCF '' . UCF Athletics ( Press release ) . December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koch , Joshua ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Scott Frost wins Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Coach of Year Award `` . Miami Sun Herald . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : Plumlee , Rick ( November 10 , 1996 ) . `` For Nebraska Qb , Football Means Family '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` NSAA Football Playoffs History -- 1975 - 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska School Activities Association . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Track and Field Gold Medal Winners '' . Nebraska School Activities Association . Jump up ^ `` Boys Shot Put All - Time Bests '' . Jump up ^ Gabriel , Parker ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Frost coming home to coach Huskers '' . columbustelegram.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Frost - Pac - 12 Blog - ESPN '' . July 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Oregon Ducks announce Scott Frost as offensive coordinator '' . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frost a Knight '' ( Press release ) . UCF Knights . December 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Nebraska hiring Scott Frost as new head coach '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Romero , Iliana Limón ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Scott Frost to coach UCF in Peach Bowl despite Knights ' hire of his replacement '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Rankings , Week 17 '' . Colley Matrix . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 109 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seeley , Andy ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Knights Ranked No. 1 - UCF '' ( Press release ) . UCF Athletics . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ UCF claims a national championship for the 2017 season , and the team was ranked number 1 by the Colley Matrix , an NCAA - recognized selector of national champions . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scott Frost . Nebraska profile UCF profile Career statistics and player information from ESPN Pro-Football - Reference Databasefootball.com Current head football coaches of the Big Ten Conference East Division Tom Allen ( Indiana ) D.J. Durkin ( Maryland ) Jim Harbaugh ( Michigan ) Mark Dantonio ( Michigan State ) Urban Meyer ( Ohio State ) James Franklin ( Penn State ) Chris Ash ( Rutgers ) West Division Lovie Smith ( Illinois ) Kirk Ferentz ( Iowa ) P.J. Fleck ( Minnesota ) Scott Frost ( Nebraska ) Pat Fitzgerald ( Northwestern ) Jeff Brohm ( Purdue ) Paul Chryst ( Wisconsin ) Links to related articles Stanford Cardinal starting quarterbacks Code Harrelson Tarpey Walker Bogue Lewis Alustiza Paulman Albert Bell Shaw Kerkorian Garrett Brodie Douglas Nicolet Norman Sears Thurlow Berg DeSylvia Lewis Washington Williams Plunkett Bunce Boryla Cordova Benjamin Dils Schonert Elway Cottrell Paye Johnson Palumbis Stenstrom Frost Butterfield Hutchinson Husak Fasani Matter Lewis Edwards Ostrander Pritchard Luck Nunes Hogan Burns Chryst Costello Nebraska Cornhuskers starting quarterbacks Gerrard Morrow Pace Spooner Placek Cowgill Elliot Drain Benedict Morse Cooke Bentley Warner Potter Towle Cook Newman McGlasson Preston Hartley Lewellen Bloodgood J. Brown Marrow Bronson Russell Peaker Manley L. Brown Masterson Bauer LaNoue Howell Phelps Petsch Cooper Wilkins Dedrick Gillaspie Vacanti Wiegand C. Fischer Nagle Bordogna Erway Stinnett Harshman Tolly P. Fischer Claridge Faiman Duda Churchich Patrick Sigler Brownson Tagge Humm Luck Ferragamo Sorley Quinn Mauer Gill Mathison Sundberg Turner Clayton S. Taylor Blakeman Gdowski Joseph McCant Grant Frazier Berringer Turman Frost Christo Newcombe Crouch Lord Dailey Z . Taylor Keller Ganz Z. Lee Green Martinez Armstrong Kellogg Fyfe T. Lee UCF Knights head football coaches Don Jonas ( 1979 -- 1981 ) Sam Weir ( 1982 ) Lou Saban ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Jerry Anderson # ( 1984 ) Gene McDowell ( 1985 -- 1997 ) Mike Kruczek ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Alan Gooch # ( 2003 ) George O'Leary ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Danny Barrett # ( 2015 ) Scott Frost ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Josh Heupel ( 2018 -- ) # denotes interim head coach . Nebraska Cornhuskers head football coaches Langdon Frothingham ( 1890 ) Theron Lyman ( 1891 ) J.S. Williams ( 1892 ) Frank Crawford ( 1893 -- 1894 ) Charles Thomas ( 1895 ) Eddie N. Robinson ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Fielding H. Yost ( 1898 ) Alonzo Edwin Branch ( 1899 ) Walter C. Booth ( 1900 -- 1905 ) Amos Foster ( 1906 ) William C. `` King '' Cole ( 1907 -- 1910 ) Ewald O. Stiehm ( 1911 -- 1915 ) E.J. Stewart ( 1916 -- 1917 ) William G. Kline ( 1918 ) Henry Schulte ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Fred Dawson ( 1921 -- 1924 ) Ernest Bearg ( 1925 -- 1928 ) Dana X . Bible ( 1929 -- 1936 ) Biff Jones ( 1937 -- 1941 ) Glenn Presnell ( 1942 ) Adolph J. Lewandowski ( 1943 -- 1944 ) George Clark ( 1945 ) Bernie Masterson ( 1946 -- 1947 ) George Clark ( 1948 ) Bill Glassford ( 1949 -- 1955 ) Pete Elliott ( 1956 ) Bill Jennings ( 1957 -- 1961 ) Bob Devaney ( 1962 -- 1972 ) Tom Osborne ( 1973 -- 1997 ) Frank Solich ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Bo Pelini # ( 2003 ) Bill Callahan ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Bo Pelini ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Barney Cotton # ( 2014 ) Mike Riley ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Scott Frost ( 2018 -- ) # denotes interim coach 1995 Nebraska Cornhuskers football -- consensus national champions Brook Berringer Michael Booker Kris Brown Doug Colman Chris Dishman Jay Foreman Tommie Frazier Scott Frost Aaron Graham Ahman Green Ryan Held Jon Hesse Sheldon Jackson Bill Lafleur Joel Makovicka Mike Minter Christian Peter Jason Peter Lawrence Phillips Mike Rucker Aaron Taylor Jared Tomich Adam Treu Tony Veland Eric Warfield Jamel Williams Tyrone Williams Grant Wistrom Head coach : Tom Osborne Assistant coaches : Craig Bohl Turner Gill Tony Samuel Frank Solich 1997 Nebraska Cornhuskers football -- USA Today / ESPN national champions Dan Alexander Kris Brown Mike Brown Ralph Brown Correll Buckhalter Jay Foreman Scott Frost Ahman Green Russ Hochstein Sheldon Jackson Eric Johnson Bill Lafleur Joel Makovicka Bobby Newcombe Jason Peter Carlos Polk Mike Rucker Erwin Swiney Aaron Taylor Kyle Vanden Bosch Eric Warfield Steve Warren Grant Wistrom Head coach : Tom Osborne Assistant coaches : Craig Bohl Turner Gill Ryan Held Frank Solich New York Jets 1998 NFL draft selections Dorian Boose Scott Frost Kevin Williams Jason Fabini Casey Dailey Doug Karczewski Blake Spence Eric Bateman Eric Ogbogu Chris Brazzell Dustin Johnson Lawrence Hart Associated Press College Football Coach of the Year Award winners 1998 : Snyder 1999 : Beamer 2000 : Stoops 2001 : Friedgen 2002 : Ferentz 2003 : Saban 2004 : Tuberville 2005 : Paterno 2006 : Grobe 2007 : Mangino 2008 : Saban 2009 : Patterson 2010 : C. Kelly 2011 : Miles 2012 : B. Kelly 2013 : Malzahn 2014 : Patterson 2015 : Swinney 2016 : MacIntyre 2017 : Frost The Home Depot Coach of the Year Award winners 1994 : Brooks 1995 : Barnett 1996 : Bowden 1997 : Price 1998 : Fulmer 1999 : Solich 2000 : Stoops 2001 : Friedgen 2002 : Willingham 2003 : Carroll 2004 : Meyer 2005 : Paterno 2006 : Schiano 2007 : Mangino 2008 : Saban 2009 : Kelly 2010 : Chizik 2011 : Miles 2012 : Kelly 2013 : Malzahn 2014 : Patterson 2015 : Swinney 2016 : MacIntyre 2017 : Frost Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award winners 1986 : Paterno 1987 : MacPherson 1988 : Holtz 1989 : McCartney 1990 : Ross 1991 : James 1992 : Stallings 1993 : Bowden 1994 : Brooks 1995 : Barnett 1996 : Br . Snyder 1997 : Carr 1998 : Bi . Snyder 1999 : Beamer 2000 : Stoops 2001 : Coker 2002 : Tressel 2003 : Saban 2004 : Tuberville 2005 : Brown 2006 : Petersen 2007 : Mangino 2008 : Whittingham 2009 : Petersen 2010 : Chizik 2011 : Gundy 2012 : O'Brien 2013 : Malzahn 2014 : Patterson 2015 : Swinney 2016 : Swinney 2017 : Frost Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award winners 1957 : Hayes 1958 : Dietzel 1959 : Schwartzwalder 1960 : Warmath 1961 : Royal 1962 : McKay 1963 : Royal 1964 : Parseghian 1965 : Daugherty 1966 : Cahill 1967 : Pont 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Schembechler 1970 : Agase 1971 : Devaney 1972 : McKay 1973 : Majors 1974 : Teaff 1975 : Hayes 1976 : Majors 1977 : Holtz 1978 : Paterno 1979 : Bruce 1980 : Dooley 1981 : Ford 1982 : Paterno 1983 : Schnellenberger 1984 : Edwards 1985 : DeBerry 1986 : Paterno 1987 : MacPherson 1988 : Holtz 1989 : McCartney 1990 : Ross 1991 : James 1992 : Stallings 1993 : Bowden 1994 : Brooks 1995 : Barnett 1996 : Snyder 1997 : Price 1998 : Fulmer 1999 : Beamer 2000 : Stoops 2001 : Friedgen 2002 : Tressel 2003 : Saban 2004 : Meyer 2005 : Weis 2006 : Schiano 2007 : Mangino 2008 : Saban 2009 : Patterson 2010 : C. Kelly 2011 : Gundy 2012 : B. Kelly 2013 : Malzahn 2014 : Patterson 2015 : Ferentz 2016 : MacIntyre 2017 : Frost AFCA Division I FBS Coach of the Year winners 1935 : Waldorf 1936 : Harlow 1937 : Mylin 1938 : Kern 1939 : Anderson 1940 : Shaughnessy 1941 : Leahy 1942 : Alexander 1943 : Stagg 1944 : Widdoes 1945 : McMillin 1946 : Blaik 1947 : Crisler 1948 : Oosterbaan 1949 : Wilkinson 1950 : Caldwell 1951 : Taylor 1952 : Munn 1953 : Tatum 1954 : Sanders 1955 : Daugherty 1956 : Wyatt 1957 : Hayes 1958 : Dietzel 1959 : Schwartzwalder 1960 : Warmath 1961 : Bryant 1962 : McKay 1963 : Royal 1964 : Broyles & Parseghian 1965 : Prothro 1966 : Cahill 1967 : Pont 1968 : Paterno 1969 : Schembechler 1970 : McClendon & Royal 1971 : Bryant 1972 : McKay 1973 : Bryant 1974 : Teaff 1975 : Kush 1976 : Majors 1977 : James 1978 : Paterno 1979 : Bruce 1980 : Dooley 1981 : Ford 1982 : Paterno 1983 : Hatfield 1984 : Edwards 1985 : DeBerry 1986 : Paterno 1987 : MacPherson 1988 : Nehlen 1989 : McCartney 1990 : Ross 1991 : B. Lewis 1992 : Stallings 1993 : Alvarez 1994 : Osborne 1995 : Barnett 1996 : Br . Snyder 1997 : Carr 1998 : Fulmer 1999 : Beamer 2000 : Stoops 2001 : Coker & Friedgen 2002 : Tressel 2003 : Carroll 2004 : Tuberville 2005 : Paterno 2006 : Grobe 2007 : Mangino 2008 : Whittingham 2009 : Patterson 2010 : C. Kelly 2011 : Miles 2012 : B. Kelly 2013 : Cutcliffe 2014 : Patterson 2015 : Swinney 2016 : MacIntyre 2017 : Frost Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Frost&oldid=832433367 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people American football defensive backs American football quarterbacks Cleveland Browns players Green Bay Packers players Kansas State Wildcats football coaches Nebraska Cornhuskers football coaches Nebraska Cornhuskers football players New York Jets players Northern Iowa Panthers football coaches Oregon Ducks football coaches People from Hall County , Nebraska Players of American football from Nebraska Stanford Cardinal football players Tampa Bay Buccaneers players UCF Knights football coaches Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 00 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the university of central florida coach going | [
"Scott Andrew Frost (born January 4, 1975) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the head coach at the University of Nebraska. He was previously the head coach at the University of Central Florida. He played six years in the National Football League (NFL) with the New York Jets, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Frost was the starting quarterback for Tom Osborne's 1997 Nebraska team that shared the national championship with Michigan."
] | [
"University of Nebraska"
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1404453894944878991 | Circular flow of income | Circular flow of income - wikipedia Circular flow of income Jump to : navigation , search Basic diagram of the circular flow of income . The functioning of the free - market economic system is represented with firms and households and interaction back and forth . The circular flow of income or circular flow is a model of the economy in which the major exchanges are represented as flows of money , goods and services , etc. between economic agents . The flows of money and goods exchanged in a closed circuit correspond in value , but run in the opposite direction . The circular flow analysis is the basis of national accounts and hence of macroeconomics . The idea of the circular flow was already present in the work of Richard Cantillon . François Quesnay developed and visualized this concept in the so - called Tableau économique . Important developments of Quesnay 's tableau were Karl Marx ' reproduction schemes in the second volume of Capital : Critique of Political Economy , and John Maynard Keynes ' General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . Richard Stone further developed the concept for the United Nations ( UN ) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to the system , which is now used internationally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Cantillon 2.2 Quesnay 2.3 Marx 2.4 Further developments 3 Types of models 3.1 Two sector model 3.2 Three sector model 3.3 Four sector model 3.4 Five sector model 4 Circular flow of income topics 4.1 Leakages and injections 4.2 The state of equilibrium 5 Significance of study of circular flow of income 6 Circular flow diagram as a subsystem of the environment 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Overview ( edit ) The circular flow of income is a concept for better understanding of the economy as a whole and for example the National Income and Product Accounts ( NIPAs ) . In its most basic form it considers a simple economy consisting solely of businesses and individuals , and can be represented in a so - called `` circular flow diagram . '' In this simple economy , individuals provide the labour that enables businesses to produce goods and services . These activities are represented by the green lines in the diagram . Model of the circular flow of income and expenditure Alternatively , one can think of these transactions in terms of the monetary flows that occur . Businesses provide individuals with income ( in the form of compensation ) in exchange for their labor . That income is spent on the goods and services businesses produce . These activities are represented by the blue lines in the diagram above . The circular flow diagram illustrates the interdependence of the `` flows , '' or activities , that occur in the economy , such as the production of goods and services ( or the `` output '' of the economy ) and the income generated from that production . The circular flow also illustrates the equality between the income earned from production and the value of goods and services produced . Of course , the total economy is much more complicated than the illustration above . An economy involves interactions between not only individuals and businesses , but also Federal , state , and local governments and residents of the rest of the world . Also not shown in this simple illustration of the economy are other aspects of economic activity such as investment in capital ( produced -- or fixed -- assets such as structures , equipment , research and development , and software ) , flows of financial capital ( such as stocks , bonds , and bank deposits ) , and the contributions of these flows to the accumulation of fixed assets . History ( edit ) Cantillon ( edit ) Representation of Cantillon 's primitive circular flow model One of the earliest ideas on the circular flow was explained in the work of 18th century Irish - French economist Richard Cantillon , who was influenced by prior economists , especially William Petty . Cantillon described the concept in his 1730 Essay on the Nature of Trade in General , in chapter 11 , entitled `` The Par or Relation between the Value of Land and Labor '' to chapter 13 , entitled `` The Circulation and Exchange of Goods and Merchandise , as well as their Production , are Carried On in Europe by Entrepreneurs , and at a Risk . '' Thornton eds. ( 2010 ) further explained : Cantillon develops a circular - flow model of the economy that shows the distribution of farm production between property owners , farmers , and workers . Farm production is exchanged for the goods and services produced in the cities by entrepreneurs and artisans . While the property owners are `` independent , '' the model demonstrates the mutual interdependence between all the classes of people that Adam Smith dubbed the `` invisible hand '' in The Theory of Moral Sentiments ( 1759 ) . Cantillon distinguished at least five types of economic agents : property owners , farmers , entrepreneurs , labors and artisans , as expressed in the contemporary diagram of the Cantillon 's Circular Flow Economy . Quesnay ( edit ) Tableau économique François Quesnay further developed these concepts , and was the first to visualize these interactions over time in the so - called Tableau économique . Quesnay believed that trade and industry were not sources of wealth , and instead in his 1758 book Tableau économique ( Economic Table ) argued that agricultural surpluses , by flowing through the economy in the form of rent , wages , and purchases were the real economic movers , for two reasons . First , regulation impedes the flow of income throughout all social classes and therefore economic development . Second , taxes on the productive classes such as farmers should be reduced in favor of higher taxes for unproductive classes such as landowners , since their luxurious way of life distorts the income flow . The model Quesnay created consisted of three economic agents : The `` Proprietary '' class consisted of only landowners . The `` Productive '' class consisted of all agricultural laborers . The `` Sterile '' class is made up of artisans and merchants . The flow of production and / or cash between the three classes started with the Proprietary class because they own the land and they buy from both of the other classes . Quesnay visualised the steps in the process in the Tableau économique . Marx ( edit ) In Marxian economics , economic reproduction refers to recurrent ( or cyclical ) processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created . Economic reproduction involves the physical production and distribution of goods and services , the trade ( the circulation via exchanges and transactions ) of goods and services , and the consumption of goods and services ( both productive or intermediate consumption and final consumption ) . Karl Marx developed the original insights of Quesnay to model the circulation of capital , money , and commodities in the second volume of Das Kapital to show how the reproduction process that must occur in any type of society can take place in capitalist society by means of the circulation of capital . Marx distinguishes between `` simple reproduction '' and `` expanded ( or enlarged ) reproduction '' . In the former case , no economic growth occurs , while in the latter case , more is produced than is needed to maintain the economy at the given level , making economic growth possible . In the capitalist mode of production , the difference is that in the former case , the new surplus value created by wage - labour is spent by the employer on consumption ( or hoarded ) , whereas in the latter case , part of it is reinvested in production . Further developments ( edit ) The competitive price system adapted from Samuelson , 1961 An important development was John Maynard Keynes ' 1933 publication of the General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . Keynes ' assistant Richard Stone further developed the concept for the United Nations ( UN ) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to the systems , which is now used internationally . The first to visualize the modern circular flow of income model was Frank Knight in 1933 publication of The Economic Organization . Knight ( 1933 ) explained : ( we may view the ) economic organization as a system of prize relations . Seen in the large , free enterprise is an organization of production and distribution in which individuals or family units get their real income , their `` living , '' by selling productive power for money to `` business units '' or `` enterprises '' , and buying with the money income thus obtained the direct goods and services which they consume . This view , it will be remembered , ignores for the sake of simplicity the fact that an appreciable fraction of the productive power in use at any time is not really employed in satisfying current wants but to make provision for increased want - satisfaction in the future ; it treats society as it would be , or would tend to become , with progress absent , or in a `` static '' state . Knight pictured a circulation of money and circulation of economic value between people ( individuals , families ) and business enterprises as a group , explaining : `` The general character of an enterprise system , reduced to its very simplest terms , can be illustrated by a diagram showing the exchange of productive power for consumption goods between individuals and business units , mediated by the circulation of money , and suggesting the familiar figure of the wheel of wealth . '' Types of models ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Two sector model ( edit ) In the basic circular flow of income , or two sector circular flow of income model , the state of equilibrium is defined as a situation in which there is no tendency for the levels of income ( Y ) , expenditure ( E ) and output ( O ) to change , that is : Y = E = O Two sector circular flow diagram This means that the expenditure of buyers ( households ) becomes income for sellers ( firms ) . The firms then spend this income on factors of production such as labour , capital and raw materials , `` transferring '' their income to the factor owners . The factor owners spend this income on goods which leads to a circular flow of income . This basic circular flow of income model consists of six assumptions : The economy consists of two sectors : households and firms . Households spend all of their income ( Y ) on goods and services or consumption ( C ) . There is no saving ( S ) . All output ( O ) produced by firms is purchased by households through their expenditure ( E ) . There is no financial sector . There is no government sector . There is no foreign sector Three sector model ( edit ) It includes household sector , producing sector and government sector . It will study a circular flow income in these sectors excluding rest of the world i.e. closed economy income . Here flows from household sector and producing sector to government sector are in the form of taxes . The income received from the government sector flows to producing and household sector in the form of payments for government purchases of goods and services as well as payment of subsidies and transfer payments . Every payment has a receipt in response of it by which aggregate expenditure of an economy becomes identical to aggregate income and makes this circular flow unending . Four sector model ( edit ) A modern monetary economy comprises a network of four sector economy these are : Household sector Firms or Producing sector Government sector Financial sector . Each of the above sectors receives some payments from the other in lieu of goods and services which makes a regular flow of goods and physical services . Money facilitates such an exchange smoothly . A residual of each market comes in capital market as saving which inturn is invested in firms and government sector . Technically speaking , so long as lending is equal to the borrowing i.e. leakage is equal to injections , the circular flow will continue indefinitely . However , this job is done by financial institutions in the economy . Five sector model ( edit ) Five Sector Circular Flow of Income Model In the five sector model the economy is divided into five sectors : Household sector Firms or Producing sector Financial sector : banks and non-bank intermediaries who engage in the borrowing ( savings from households ) and lending of money Government sector : consists of the economic activities of local , state and federal governments . Rest of the world sector : transforms the model from a closed economy to an open economy . The five sector model of the circular flow of income is a more realistic representation of the economy . Unlike the two sector model where there are six assumptions the five sector circular flow relaxes all six assumptions . Since the first assumption is relaxed there are three more sectors introduced . Circular flow of income topics ( edit ) Leakages and injections ( edit ) In the five sector model , there are leakages and injections Leakage means withdrawal from the flow . When households and firms save part of their incomes it constitutes leakage . They may be in form of savings , tax payments , and imports . Leakages reduce the flow of income . Injection means introduction of income into the flow . When households and firms borrow the savings , they constitute injections . Injections increase the flow of income . Injections can take the forms of investment , government spending and exports . As long as leakages are equal to injections , the circular flow of income continues indefinitely . Financial institutions or capital market play the role of intermediaries . This means that income individuals receive from businesses and the goods and services that are sold to them do not count as injections or leakages , as no new money is being introduced to the flow and no money is being taken out of the flow . Leakages and injections can occur in the financial sector , government sector and overseas sector : In the financial sector In terms of the circular flow of income model , the leakage that financial institutions provide in the economy is the option for households to save their money . This is a leakage because the saved money can not be spent in the economy and thus is an idle asset that means not all output will be purchased . The injection that the financial sector provides into the economy is investment ( I ) into the business / firms sector . An example of a group in the finance sector includes banks such as Westpac or financial institutions such as Suncorp . In the government sector The leakage that the Government sector provides is through the collection of revenue through Taxes ( T ) that is provided by households and firms to the government . This is a leakage because it is a leakage out of the current income thus reducing the expenditure on current goods and services . The injection provided by the government sector is Government spending ( G ) that provides collective services and welfare payments to the community . An example of a tax collected by the government as a leakage is income tax and an injection into the economy can be when the government redistributes this income in the form of welfare payments , that is a form of government spending back into the economy . In the overseas sector The main leakage from this sector are imports ( M ) , which represent spending by residents into the rest of the world . The main injection provided by this sector is the exports of goods and services which generate income for the exporters from overseas residents . An example of the use of the overseas sector is Australia exporting wool to China , China pays the exporter of the wool ( the farmer ) therefore more money enters the economy thus making it an injection . Another example is China processing the wool into items such as coats and Australia importing the product by paying the Chinese exporter ; since the money paying for the coat leaves the economy it is a leakage . Summary of leakages and injections LEAKAGES INJECTIONS Saving ( S ) Investment ( I ) Taxes ( T ) Government Spending ( G ) Imports ( M ) Exports ( X ) Table 1 All leakages and injections in the five sector model The state of equilibrium ( edit ) In terms of the five sector circular flow of income model the state of equilibrium occurs when the total leakages are equal to the total injections that occur in the economy . This can be shown as : Savings + Taxes + Imports = Investment + Government Spending + Exports OR S + T + M = I + G + X . This can be further illustrated through a fictitious economy where : S + T + M = I + G + X $100 + $150 + $50 = $50 + $100 + $150 $300 = $300 Therefore , since the leakages are equal to the injections the economy is in a stable state of equilibrium . This state can be contrasted to the state of disequilibrium where unlike that of equilibrium the sum of total leakages does not equal the sum of total injections . By giving values to the leakages and injections the circular flow of income can be used to show the state of disequilibrium . Disequilibrium can be shown as : S + T + M ≠ I + G + X Therefore , it can be shown as one of the below equations where : Total leakages > Total injections $150 ( S ) + $250 ( T ) + $150 ( M ) > $75 ( I ) + $200 ( G ) + $150 ( X ) Or Total Leakages < Total injections $50 ( S ) + $200 ( T ) + $125 ( M ) < $75 ( I ) + $200 ( G ) + $150 ( X ) The effects of disequilibrium vary according to which of the above equations they belong to . If S + T + M > I + G + X the levels of income , output , expenditure and employment will fall causing a recession or contraction in the overall economic activity . But if S + T + M < I + G + X the levels of income , output , expenditure and employment will rise causing a boom or expansion in economic activity . Circular Flow of Income effects of saving To manage this problem , if disequilibrium were to occur in the five sector circular flow of income model , changes in expenditure and output will lead to equilibrium being regained . An example of this is if : S + T + M > I + G + X the levels of income , expenditure and output will fall causing a contraction or recession in the overall economic activity . As the income falls households will cut down on all leakages such as saving , they will also pay less in taxation and with a lower income they will spend less on imports . This will lead to a fall in the leakages until they equal the injections and a lower level of equilibrium will be the result . The other equation of disequilibrium , if S + T + M < I + G + X in the five sector model the levels of income , expenditure and output will greatly rise causing a boom in economic activity . As the households income increases there will be a higher opportunity to save therefore saving in the financial sector will increase , taxation for the higher threshold will increase and they will be able to spend more on imports . In this case when the leakages increase they wisituation will be a higher level of equilibrium . Significance of study of circular flow of income ( edit ) The book A General Approach to Macroeconomic Policy identifies four possible areas of significance : Measurement of National Income - National income is an estimation of aggregation of any of economic activity of the circular flow . It is either the income of all the factors of production or the expenditure of various sectors of economy . However , aggregate amount of each of the activity is identical to each other . Knowledge of Interdependence - Circular flow of income signifies the interdependence of each of activity upon one another . If there is no consumption , there will be no demand and expenditure which in fact restricts the amount of production and income . Unending Nature of Economic Activities - It signifies that production , income and expenditure are of unending nature , therefore , economic activities in an economy can never come to a halt . National income is also bound to rise in future . Injections and Leakages Circular flow diagram as a subsystem of the environment ( edit ) The circular flow diagram is an abstraction of the economy as a whole . The diagram suggests that the economy can reproduce itself . The idea is that as households spend money of goods and services from firms , the firms have the means to purchase labor from the households , which the households to then purchase goods and services . Suggesting that this process can and will continuously go on as a perpetual motion machine . However , according to the Laws of Thermodynamics perpetual motion machines do not exist . The First Laws says matter and energy can not be created or destroyed , and the Second Laws says that matter and energy move from a low entropy , useful , state towards a less useful higher entropy state . Thus , no system can continue without inputs of new energy that exit as high entropy waste . Just as no animal can live on its own waste , no economy can recycle the waste it produces without the input of new energy to reproduce itself . The economy therefore can not be the whole . It must be a subsystem of the larger ecosystem . The abstraction ignores the linear throughput of matter and energy that must power the continuous motion of money , goods and services , and factors of production . Matter and energy enter the economy in the form of low entropy natural capital , such as solar energy , oil wells , fisheries , and mines . These materials and energy are used by households and firms a like to create products and wealth . After the material are used up the energy and matter leaves the economy in the form of high entropy waste that is no longer valuable to the economy . The natural materials that power the motion of the circular flow of the economy come from the environment , and the waste must be absorbed by the larger ecosystem in which the economy exists . This is not to say that the circular flow diagram is n't useful in understanding the basics of an economy , such as leakages and injections . However , it can not be ignored that the economy intrinsically requires natural resources and the creation of waste that must be absorbed in some manner . The economy can only continuing churning if it has matter and energy to power it and the ability to absorb the waste it creates . This matter and low entropy energy and the ability to absorb waste exists in a finite amount , and thus there is a finite amount of inputs to the flow and outputs of the flow that the environment can handle , implying there is a sustainable limit to motion , and therefore growth , of the economy . See also ( edit ) History of economic thought Barter economy Free - market economy Market References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daraban , Bogdan . `` Introducing the Circular Flow Diagram to Business Students . '' Journal of Education for Business 85.5 ( 2010 ) : 274 - 279 . ^ Jump up to : Antoin E. Murphy . `` John Law and Richard Cantillon on the circular flow of income . '' Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 1.1 ( 1993 ) : 47 - 62 . ^ Jump up to : Backhouse , Roger E. , and Yann Giraud . `` Circular flow diagrams . '' in : Famous Figures and Diagrams in Economics ( 2010 ) : 221 - 230 . Chapter 23 . ^ Jump up to : Measuring the Economy : A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts , by Bureau of Economic Analysis ( BEA ) , U.S. Department of Commerce , October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cantillon 2010 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Aspromourgos , Tony . `` ' Political economy and the social division of labour : the economics of Sir William Petty . '' Scottish Journal of Political Economy 33.1 ( 1986 ) : 28 - 45 . Jump up ^ Cantillon 2010 , p. 69 : Abstract of chapter 12 . Jump up ^ In a recurrent process , the same event repeats itself on multiple occasions . In a cyclical process , a sequence of events repeats itself on a regular basis . Jump up ^ Michel Aglietta , introduction to Aglietta , A theory of capitalist regulation . London : NLB , 1979 . Jump up ^ Karl Marx , Capital , Volume II . Penguin Classics , 1992 . Jump up ^ Karl Marx , Capital , Volume I. Penguin Classics , 1990 , chapter 23 and Capital , Volume II . Penguin Classics , 1992 , chapter 20 and 21 . Jump up ^ Patinkin , Don ( December 1973 ) . `` In Search of the '' Wheel of Wealth `` : On the Origins of Frank Knight 's Circular - Flow Diagram '' . The American Economic Review . 63 ( 5 ) : 1037 -- 1046 . JSTOR 1813935 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Frank Knight . The Economic Organization , 1933 . p. 59 - 60 Jump up ^ Knight ( 1933 , p. 61 ) Jump up ^ Knight ( 1933 , p. 60 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Buultjens , Excel Preliminary Economics , Pascal Press , 2000 . p. 10 Jump up ^ A General Approach to Macroeconomic Policy . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Herman E. , and Joshua C. Farley . Ecological Economics : Principles and Applications . Washington : Island , 2011 . Print . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Drake , Gordon W.F. `` Thermodynamics . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. , 03 Apr. 2017 . Web . 04 Apr. 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Herman E. , and Joshua C. Farley . Ecological Economics : Principles and Applications . Washington : Island , 2011 . Print . p. 29 - 34 . Attribution This article incorporates text from Bureau of Economic Analysis . Measuring the Economy : A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts , 2014 , a publication now in the public domain . Further reading ( edit ) Backhouse , Roger E. , and Yann Giraud . `` Circular flow diagrams . '' in : Famous Figures and Diagrams in Economics ( 2010 ) : 221 - 230 . Chapter 23 . Richard Cantillon , Chantal Saucier ( translation ) & Mark Thornton ( editor ) ( 2010 ) ( 1755 ) . An Essay on Economic Theory . Auburn , Alabama : Ludwig von Mises Institute . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07577 - 7 . Daraban , Bogdan . `` Introducing the Circular Flow Diagram to Business Students . '' Journal of Education for Business 85.5 ( 2010 ) : 274 - 279 . Mankiw , Gregory ( 2011 ) . Principles of Economics , 6th edition . Thomson Europe . Marks , Melanie , and Gemma Kotula . `` Using the circular flow of income model to teach economics in the middle school classroom . '' The Social Studies 100.5 ( 2009 ) : 233 - 242 . Lloyd A. Metzler . `` Three Lags in the Circular Flow of Income '' , in : Income , Employment and Public ; essays in honor of Alvin H. Hansen , Lloyd A Metzler ; New York , W.W. Norton ( 1948 ) . pp. 11 -- 32 Antoin E. Murphy . `` John Law and Richard Cantillon on the circular flow of income . '' Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 1.1 ( 1993 ) : 47 - 62 . Sloman , John ( 1999 ) . Economics , 3rd edition . Prentice Economics . Europe : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 273 - 65574 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economic circular flow diagrams . Circular Flow , The Economic Lowdown Video Series at stlouisfed.org/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circular_flow_of_income&oldid=800117517 '' Categories : Economics models Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Nederlands Polski Română Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 16 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is meant by the circular flow of income | [
"The circular flow of income or circular flow is a model of the economy in which the major exchanges are represented as flows of money, goods and services, etc. between economic agents. The flows of money and goods exchanged in a closed circuit correspond in value, but run in the opposite direction. The circular flow analysis is the basis of national accounts and hence of macroeconomics."
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"The circular flow of income or circular flow is a model of the economy in which the major exchanges are represented as flows of money, goods and services, etc. between economic agents. The flows of money and goods exchanged in a closed circuit correspond in value, but run in the opposite direction. The circular flow analysis is the basis of national accounts and hence of macroeconomics."
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300644936549169030 | Wicked Twister | Wicked Twister - wikipedia Wicked Twister Wicked Twister Cedar Point Coordinates 41 ° 28 ′ 55.25 '' N 82 ° 40 ′ 47.50 '' W / 41.4820139 ° N 82.6798611 ° W / 41.4820139 ; - 82.6798611 Coordinates : 41 ° 28 ′ 55.25 '' N 82 ° 40 ′ 47.50 '' W / 41.4820139 ° N 82.6798611 ° W / 41.4820139 ; - 82.6798611 Status Operating Soft opening date May 2 , 2002 Opening date May 5 , 2002 Cost $9,000,000 USD Replaced Aquarium General statistics Type Steel -- Inverted -- Launched Manufacturer Intamin Designer Werner Stengel Model Twisted Impulse Coaster Lift / launch system LIM Launch track Height 215 ft ( 66 m ) Drop 206 ft ( 63 m ) Length 675 ft ( 206 m ) Speed 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) Inversions 0 Duration 0 : 40 Max vertical angle 90 ° Capacity 1,000 riders per hour Acceleration 0.4 G - force 2.1 Height restriction 52 -- 78 in ( 132 -- 198 cm ) Trains Single train with 8 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 32 riders per train . Fast Lane available Wicked Twister at RCDB Pictures of Wicked Twister at RCDB Wicked Twister is a second generation steel Inverted Impulse roller coaster at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . Contents 1 History 2 Ride experience 2.1 Layout 2.2 Details 3 Safety systems 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Construction on Wicked Twister started on October 15 , 2001 when the Stadium Games , formerly the Aquarium , were razed . Wicked Twister was officially announced about a month later on November 20 . The first pieces of steel were erected on December 15 and the first piece of track was installed four days later . The first test run occurred on April 2 , 2002 . Wicked Twister 's media day was held on May 2 , 2002 then it opened to the public on May 5 . Additional supports were added to the ride 's structure for the 2003 season . Two yellow supports were added to each spike to connect the track to the top of the main support structure . Ride experience ( edit ) Layout ( edit ) Train being launched At the beginning of the ride , the linear induction motors propel the train forward out of the station during its first launch at 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) , which carries the train approximately halfway up the front tower . After coming to a stop , the train falls and enters the LIM section again , where the train is accelerated during its second launch to 63 mph ( 101 km / h ) in the backward direction so that the train climbs halfway up the rear tower . The train then stops and drops forward before re-entering the LIM section where additional thrust is added as the train gains to 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) during its third launch , causing the train to reach its highest point on the front tower . Stopping and reversing , the train drops and re-enters the LIM section where the LIM launches the train for the fourth time , making the train reach a maximum speed of 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) to travel a maximum of 206 ft ( 63 m ) up the rear tower . With the one more final pass forward through the LIM section , the train goes up the front spike once more before the train reverses . As it travels back toward the station , the brakes are applied and it stops within the station platform . Unlike other Inverted roller coasters , there is no floor in the loading station that drops out underneath the train . Riders must climb into their seats when loading . Wicked Twister cars toward the top of one of the spiral towers Details ( edit ) Wicked Twister consists of two 215 feet ( 66 m ) tall spikes . Both ends of the towers ( track ) are designed with 450 - degree vertical twists which is the main difference between Wicked Twister and other Inverted Impulse roller coasters . Between the towers , a horizontal track section incorporates the load and unload area as well as the linear induction motor propulsion system . The ride was built directly on the Cedar Point Beach with its entrance plaza being in the former Aquarium location . The track is painted yellow with teal supports . The ride features one train that consists of eight cars . Riders are arranged two across in two rows for a total of 32 riders . Wicked Twister 's theme song is `` The Winner '' by the Crystal Method . Safety systems ( edit ) Wicked Twister has many additional safety systems installed because it passes the station multiple times , and at high speeds . The first of these systems is a `` light curtain '' , named for the nature in which it operates . Two emitters and two receivers are placed on each side of the ride station . Each emitter sends a thick , invisible beam of light towards the receiver on the other side . If at any time this beam is broken during ride operation , it will automatically emergency stop . Another safety system is installed under the station , attached to the automatic platform gates . If an individual places too much downward vertical force , or shakes the gates , the ride emergency stops . Yet another safety system is located on all other gates on the ride , including entrance and exit . The gates are electromagnetically sealed while the ride is in progress , to ensure guests do not enter . After the 2009 season yet another safety system was installed on the train that wirelessly communicates with the light curtain mentioned above that can stop the train anywhere on the launch / brake section of the track when the light is broken . See also ( edit ) Vertical Velocity ( roller coaster ) Possessed ( roller coaster ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` PointBuzz history '' . PointBuzz . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Twister Press Release '' . November 20 , 2002 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Andrew . `` Wicked Twister construction timeline '' . Experience the Point . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marden , Duane . `` Wicked Twister ( Cedar Point ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New support pictures '' . Magnumforcexl200. April 26 , 2003 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Twister '' . AmericaCoasters.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Twister POV '' . Sharp Productions . August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wicked Twister . Cedarpoint.com - Official Wicked Twister page Wicked Twister Photo Gallery at The Point Online Preceded by Alpengeist World 's tallest inverted roller coaster May 2002 -- present Succeeded by Current record holder Preceded by Volcano , The Blast Coaster World 's fastest inverted roller coaster May 2002 -- present Succeeded by Current record holder Cedar Point History Current attractions Former attractions Roller coasters Blue Streak Cedar Creek Mine Ride Corkscrew GateKeeper Gemini Iron Dragon Magnum XL - 200 Maverick Millennium Force Raptor Rougarou Steel Vengeance Top Thrill Dragster Valravn Wicked Twister Wilderness Run Woodstock Express Attractions Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad maXair Power Tower Skyhawk SlingShot WindSeeker Water rides Snake River Falls Thunder Canyon Resorts Camper Village Castaway Bay Cedar Point 's Express Hotel Hotel Breakers Lighthouse Point Sandcastle Suites Hotel Other Cedar Point Shores Planet Snoopy Cedar Point Light Fast Lane Dinosaurs Alive ! Camp Snoopy HalloWeekends Winterfest Former attractions Demon Drop Disaster Transport Jumbo Jet Luminosity -- Ignite the Night ! Mill Race Shoot the Rapids Space Spiral VertiGo White Water Landing WildCat Website : cedarpoint.com Intamin List of Intamin rides Current roller coaster models Accelerator Drop Coaster Giga Impulse LSM Launch Mega Mine train MotorBike Prefabricated Wooden Polercoaster ( in association with US Thrill Rides ) Spinning SurfRider Suspended Vertical Lift Wing Coaster Wing Rider Wooden ZacSpin Discontinued roller coaster models Space Diver Stand - up Swiss Bob Other current rides Bounty Flume Ride Flying Dutchman Giant Drop Gyro Drop Gyro Swing Gyro tower Hyper Splash Looping Starship Mega Splash Rapid Ride Super Splash Tow boat ride Other discontinued rides Double and triple Ferris wheels Freefall Notable rides American Eagle Colossos Colossus Demon Drop El Toro Falcon 's Fury Formula Rossa Incredicoaster Kingda Ka Kirnu Millennium Force Possessed Sky Whirl Stealth Storm Runner Superman : Escape from Krypton The Giant Drop Thirteen Top Thrill Dragster Tower of Terror II Volcano , The Blast Coaster Wicked Twister Wilderness Run Xcelerator Website : www.intaminworldwide.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Twister&oldid=860299235 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 2002 Steel roller coasters Inverted roller coasters Launched roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Intamin Hypercoasters Cedar Point Roller coasters operated by Cedar Fair Roller coasters in Ohio 2002 establishments in Ohio Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 18 : 23 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when was wicked twister built at cedar point | [
"Wicked Twister\nCedar PointCoordinates\n41°28′55.25″N 82°40′47.50″W / 41.4820139°N 82.6798611°W / 41.4820139; -82.6798611Coordinates: 41°28′55.25″N 82°40′47.50″W / 41.4820139°N 82.6798611°W / 41.4820139; -82.6798611Status\nOperatingSoft opening date\nMay 2, 2002Opening date\nMay 5, 2002Cost\n$9,000,000 USDReplaced\nAquariumGeneral statisticsType\nSteel – Inverted – LaunchedManufacturer\nIntaminDesigner\nWerner StengelModel\nTwisted Impulse CoasterLift/launch system\nLIM Launch trackHeight\n215 ft (66 m)Drop\n206 ft (63 m)Length\n675 ft (206 m)Speed\n72 mph (116 km/h)Inversions\n0Duration\n0:40Max vertical angle\n90°Capacity\n1,000 riders per hourAcceleration\n0.4G-force\n2.1Height restriction\n52–78 in (132–198 cm)Trains\nSingle train with 8 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 32 riders per train.\n Fast Lane available\nWicked Twister at RCDBPictures of Wicked Twister at RCDB"
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"May 5, 2002"
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-6293888824724979319 | List of La Liga top scorers | List of La Liga top scorers - wikipedia List of La Liga top scorers Jump to : navigation , search Lionel Messi is La Liga 's all - time top scorer . Since the 1929 formation of La Liga , Spain 's top division of association football , a total of 56 players have finished as the competition 's top goalscorer . As no official recognition exists in Spain for the league top scorer , the following data is based on official match reports provided by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional and may differ from independent research and the unofficial Pichichi Trophy awarded by the newspaper Marca . La Liga 's all - time top goalscorer is Barcelona 's Lionel Messi , who also holds the record for most goals scored in a season with 50 goals in 2011 -- 12 . Athletic Bilbao 's Telmo Zarra , who held the distinction of being the competition 's all - time top scorer until 2014 , was top scorer in six seasons between 1945 and 1953 . Three other players -- Real Madrid 's Alfredo Di Stéfano , Quini of Sporting de Gijón and Barcelona , and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid -- each finished as top scorer in five seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top scorers by season 2 All - time top scorers 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Top scorers by season ( edit ) Key Player won the European Golden Shoe Season Player Club Goals Games Ratio 1929 Bienzobas , Paco Paco Bienzobas Real Sociedad 17 18 0.94 1929 -- 30 Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza Athletic Bilbao 20 18 1.11 1930 -- 31 Bata Athletic Bilbao 27 17 1.59 1931 -- 32 Bata ( 2 ) Athletic Bilbao 13 18 0.72 1932 -- 33 Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Real Madrid 16 14 1.14 1933 -- 34 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Real Oviedo 26 18 1.44 1934 -- 35 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara ( 2 ) Real Oviedo 27 22 1.23 1935 -- 36 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara ( 3 ) Real Oviedo 28 21 1.33 1939 -- 40 Unamuno , Víctor Víctor Unamuno Athletic Bilbao 20 22 0.91 1940 -- 41 Pruden , Pruden Atlético Madrid 33 22 1.5 1941 -- 42 Mundo Valencia 27 25 1.08 1942 -- 43 Martín , Mariano Mariano Martín Barcelona 30 23 1.3 1943 -- 44 Mundo ( 2 ) Valencia 28 26 1.08 1944 -- 45 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 20 26 0.77 1945 -- 46 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra ( 2 ) Athletic Bilbao 24 18 1.33 1946 -- 47 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra ( 3 ) Athletic Bilbao 33 24 1.38 1947 -- 48 Pahiño , Pahiño Celta de Vigo 20 22 0.91 1948 -- 49 César Barcelona 27 24 1.13 1949 -- 50 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra ( 4 ) Athletic Bilbao 24 26 0.92 1950 -- 51 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra ( 5 ) Athletic Bilbao 38 30 1.27 1951 -- 52 Pahiño , Pahiño ( 2 ) Real Madrid 28 27 1.04 1952 -- 53 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra ( 6 ) Athletic Bilbao 24 29 0.83 1953 -- 54 di Stéfano , Alfredo Alfredo di Stéfano Real Madrid 27 28 0.96 1954 -- 55 Arza , Juan Juan Arza Sevilla 28 29 0.97 1955 -- 56 di Stéfano , Alfredo Alfredo di Stéfano ( 2 ) Real Madrid 24 30 0.8 1956 -- 57 di Stéfano , Alfredo Alfredo di Stéfano ( 3 ) Real Madrid 31 30 1.03 1957 -- 58 Badenes , Manuel Manuel Badenes Real Valladolid 19 29 0.66 di Stéfano , Alfredo Alfredo di Stéfano ( 4 ) Real Madrid 19 30 0.63 Alós , Ricardo Ricardo Alós Valencia 19 29 0.66 1958 -- 59 di Stéfano , Alfredo Alfredo di Stéfano ( 5 ) Real Madrid 23 28 0.82 1959 -- 60 Puskás , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 25 24 1.04 1960 -- 61 Puskás , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás ( 2 ) Real Madrid 28 28 1961 -- 62 Seminario , Juan Juan Seminario Real Zaragoza 25 30 0.83 1962 -- 63 Puskás , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás ( 3 ) Real Madrid 26 30 0.87 1963 -- 64 Puskás , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás ( 4 ) Real Madrid 21 25 0.84 1964 -- 65 Ré , Cayetano Cayetano Ré Barcelona 26 30 0.87 1965 -- 66 Luis Aragonés Atlético Madrid 18 28 0.64 1966 -- 67 Waldo Valencia 24 30 0.8 1967 -- 68 Uriarte , Fidel Fidel Uriarte Athletic Bilbao 22 24 0.92 1968 -- 69 Amancio Real Madrid 14 29 0.48 José Eulogio Gárate Atlético Madrid 14 30 0.47 1969 -- 70 Amancio ( 2 ) Real Madrid 16 29 0.55 Aragonés , Luis Luis Aragonés ( 2 ) Atlético Madrid 16 30 0.53 Gárate , José Eulogio José Eulogio Gárate ( 2 ) Atlético Madrid 16 30 0.53 1970 -- 71 Gárate , José Eulogio José Eulogio Gárate ( 3 ) Atlético Madrid 17 28 0.61 Rexach , Carles Carles Rexach Barcelona 17 28 0.61 1971 -- 72 Porta , Enrique Enrique Porta Granada 20 31 0.65 1972 -- 73 Marianín Real Oviedo 19 32 0.59 1973 -- 74 Quini Sporting de Gijón 20 34 0.59 1974 -- 75 Carlos Athletic Bilbao 19 32 0.59 1975 -- 76 Quini ( 2 ) Sporting de Gijón 21 34 0.62 1976 -- 77 Kempes , Mario Mario Kempes Valencia 24 34 0.71 1977 -- 78 Kempes , Mario Mario Kempes ( 2 ) Valencia 28 34 0.82 1978 -- 79 Krankl , Hans Hans Krankl Barcelona 29 30 0.97 1979 -- 80 Quini ( 3 ) Sporting de Gijón 24 34 0.71 1980 -- 81 Quini ( 4 ) Barcelona 20 30 0.67 1981 -- 82 Quini ( 5 ) Barcelona 27 32 0.84 1982 -- 83 Rincón , Poli Poli Rincón Real Betis 20 30 0.67 1983 -- 84 Jorge da Silva Real Valladolid 17 30 0.57 Juanito Real Madrid 17 31 0.55 1984 -- 85 Sánchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid 19 33 0.58 1985 -- 86 Sánchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez ( 2 ) Real Madrid 22 33 0.67 1986 -- 87 Sánchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez ( 3 ) Real Madrid 34 41 0.83 1987 -- 88 Sánchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez ( 4 ) Real Madrid 29 36 0.81 1988 -- 89 Baltazar Atlético Madrid 35 36 0.97 1989 -- 90 Sánchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez ( 5 ) Real Madrid 38 35 1.09 1990 -- 91 Butragueño , Emilio Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 19 35 0.54 1991 -- 92 Manolo Atlético Madrid 27 36 0.75 1992 -- 93 Bebeto Deportivo 29 37 0.78 1993 -- 94 Romário Barcelona 30 33 0.91 1994 -- 95 Zamorano , Iván Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 28 38 0.74 1995 -- 96 Pizzi , Juan Antonio Juan Antonio Pizzi Tenerife 31 41 0.76 1996 -- 97 Ronaldo Barcelona 34 37 0.92 1997 -- 98 Vieri , Christian Christian Vieri Atlético Madrid 24 24 1998 -- 99 Raúl Real Madrid 25 37 0.68 1999 -- 2000 Ballesta , Salva Salva Ballesta Racing Santander 27 36 0.75 2000 -- 01 Raúl ( 2 ) Real Madrid 24 36 0.67 2001 -- 02 Tristán , Diego Diego Tristán Deportivo 20 35 0.57 2002 -- 03 Makaay , Roy Roy Makaay Deportivo 29 38 0.76 2003 -- 04 Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 24 32 0.75 2004 -- 05 Forlán , Diego Diego Forlán Villarreal 25 38 0.66 Eto'o , Samuel Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 25 37 0.68 2005 -- 06 Eto'o , Samuel Samuel Eto'o ( 2 ) Barcelona 26 34 0.76 2006 -- 07 van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Real Madrid 25 37 0.68 2007 -- 08 Güiza , Daniel Daniel Güiza Mallorca 27 37 0.73 2008 -- 09 Forlán , Diego Diego Forlán ( 2 ) Atlético Madrid 32 33 0.97 2009 -- 10 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 34 35 0.97 2010 -- 11 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 40 34 1.18 2011 -- 12 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 50 37 1.35 2012 -- 13 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 46 32 1.44 2013 -- 14 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 31 30 1.03 2014 -- 15 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 48 35 1.37 2015 -- 16 Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Barcelona 40 35 1.11 2016 -- 17 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 37 34 1.09 All - time top scorers ( edit ) As of 9 September 2017 Rank Nat . Name Years Goals Apps Ratio Lionel Messi 2004 -- 354 385 0.92 Cristiano Ronaldo 2009 -- 285 265 1.08 Telmo Zarra 1940 -- 1955 251 278 0.9 Hugo Sánchez 1981 -- 1994 234 347 0.67 5 Raúl 1994 -- 2010 228 550 0.41 6 Alfredo Di Stéfano 1953 -- 1966 227 329 0.69 7 César Rodríguez 1939 -- 1955 223 353 0.63 8 Quini 1970 -- 1987 219 448 0.49 9 Pahiño 1943 -- 1956 210 278 0.76 10 Edmundo Suárez 1939 -- 1950 195 231 0.84 11 Carlos Santillana 1970 -- 1988 186 461 0.4 12 David Villa 2003 -- 2014 185 352 0.53 13 Juan Arza 1943 -- 1959 182 349 0.52 14 Guillermo Gorostiza 1929 -- 1945 178 256 0.7 15 Samuel Eto'o 1998 -- 2009 172 280 0.61 16 Luis Aragonés 1960 -- 1974 160 360 0.44 17 Ferenc Puskás 1958 -- 1966 156 180 0.87 18 Julio Salinas 1982 -- 2000 152 417 0.36 19 Adrián Escudero 1945 -- 1958 150 287 0.52 20 Dani 1974 -- 1986 147 303 0.49 20 Aritz Aduriz 2002 -- 147 378 0.39 20 Raúl Tamudo 1997 -- 2012 147 403 0.36 Source : World Football See also ( edit ) Pichichi Trophy References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Marca awarded the Pichichi to Guillermo Gorostiza , whom they credited with 12 goals . Jump up ^ Marca awarded the Pichichi to Vavá , whom they credited with 19 goals . Jump up ^ Marca did not award the Pichichi to Eto'o , whom they credited with 24 goals . Jump up ^ `` Primera División : All - time Topscorers '' . World Football . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Citations Liga de Fútbol Profesional historical archive Bravo , Luis Javier ; Sillipp , Bernhard ; Torre , Raúl ; Di Maggio , Roberto ( 25 June 2015 ) . `` List of all Pichichi winners '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fúbol español . De la Olimpiada de Amberes a la Guerra Civil ( 1920 - 1939 ) . ISBN 84 - 607 - 5767 - 6 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . De la Guerra Civil al Mundial de Brasil ( 1939 - 1950 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 607 - 8817 - 1 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . Del gol de Zarra al gol de Marcelino ( 1950 - 1964 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 609 - 2967 - 3 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . Del Campeonato de Europa al Mundial de España ( 1964 - 1982 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 611 - 0295 - 2 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . Del Mundial 82 a la final española de París ( 1982 - 2001 ) ISBN 978 - 84 - 612 - 2007 - 6 External links ( edit ) LFP - Historical squads for every season of the league including official goal scoring stats La Liga top scorers 1929 : Bienzobas 1930 : Gorostiza 1931 : Bata 1932 : Bata 1933 : Olivares 1934 : Lángara 1935 : Lángara 1936 : Lángara 1940 : Unamuno 1941 : Pruden 1942 : E. Suárez 1943 : Martín 1944 : E. Suárez 1945 : Zarra 1946 : Zarra 1947 : Zarra 1948 : Pahiño 1949 : César 1950 : Zarra 1951 : Zarra 1952 : Pahiño 1953 : Zarra 1954 : Di Stéfano 1955 : Arza 1956 : Di Stéfano 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Badenes , Di Stéfano & Ricardo 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Puskás 1961 : Puskás 1962 : Seminario 1963 : Puskás 1964 : Puskás 1965 : Ré 1966 : Aragonés 1967 : Waldo 1968 : Uriarte 1969 : Amancio & Gárate 1970 : Amancio , Aragonés & Gárate 1971 : Gárate & Rexach 1972 : Porta 1973 : Marianín 1974 : Quini 1975 : Carlos 1976 : Quini 1977 : Kempes 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Krankl 1980 : Quini 1981 : Quini 1982 : Quini 1983 : Rincón 1984 : Da Silva & Juanito 1985 : Sánchez 1986 : Sánchez 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Sánchez 1989 : Baltazar 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Butragueño 1992 : Manolo 1993 : Bebeto 1994 : Romário 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Pizzi 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Vieri 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Salva 2001 : Raúl 2002 : Tristán 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Forlán & Eto'o 2006 : Eto'o 2007 : Van Nistelrooy 2008 : Güiza 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : L. Suárez 2017 : Messi La Liga 2017 -- 18 clubs Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Betis Celta Vigo Deportivo La Coruña Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Las Palmas Leganés Levante Málaga Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Former clubs Albacete Alcoyano AD Almería UD Almería Arenas Getxo Atlético Tetuán Burgos Cádiz Castellón Compostela Condal Córdoba Cultural Leonesa Elche Europa Extremadura Gimnàstic Granada Hércules Jaén Lleida CD Logroñés CD Málaga Mallorca CP Mérida Rayo Vallecano Murcia Numancia Osasuna Oviedo Pontevedra Racing Santander Real Burgos Real Unión Recreativo Huelva Sabadell Salamanca Sporting Gijón Tenerife Valladolid Xerez Zaragoza Competition Clubs Seasons & winners Relegation play - offs Players foreign Managers Winners Stadia Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table LFP Awards Top Scorer ( LFP ) Top Scorer ( Pichichi ) Spanish Top Scorer ( Zarra ) Best Goalkeeper ( Zamora ) Best Manager ( Miguel Muñoz ) Best referee ( Guruceta ) Don Balón Award Player of the Month Manager of the Month Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Associated competitions Supercopa de España Copa del Rey UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League laliga.es facebook.com/LaLiga twitter.com/LaLiga Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men 's national team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women 's national team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B ( 4 groups ) Level 4 Tercera División ( 18 groups ) Levels 5 -- 10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile - La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Ceuta , Melilla ) Women 's league system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División ( 7 groups ) Levels 3 -- 5 Ligas Regionales ( Andalusia , Aragon , Asturias , Balearic , Basque , Canary , Cantabria , Castile - La Mancha , Castile and León , Catalonia , Extremadura , Galicia , La Rioja , Madrid , Murcia , Navarre , Valencia , Ceuta , Melilla ) Youth league system División de Honor Juvenil ( 7 groups ) Liga Nacional Juvenil ( 21 groups ) Domestic cups Copa del Rey Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) Copa Eva Duarte ( replaced ) Supercopa de España Copa Federación Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions ' Cup Women 's domestic cups Copa de la Reina Youth domestic cups Copa de Campeones Juvenil Copa del Rey Juvenil Clubs Stadiums Records Foreign players Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_La_Liga_top_scorers&oldid=799881326 '' Categories : La Liga players Lists of association football league top scorers in Spain Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 11 : 11 . About Wikipedia | who has the highest goal in la liga | [
"La Liga's all-time top goalscorer is Barcelona's Lionel Messi, who also holds the record for most goals scored in a season with 50 goals in 2011–12. Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who held the distinction of being the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, was top scorer in six seasons between 1945 and 1953. Three other players—Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting de Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid—each finished as top scorer in five seasons."
] | [
"Barcelona's Lionel Messi"
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-358020811722217099 | Halloween (2007 film) | Halloween ( 2007 film ) - wikipedia Halloween ( 2007 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Halloween Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Zombie Produced by Malek Akkad Andy Gould Rob Zombie Screenplay by Rob Zombie Based on Halloween by John Carpenter and Debra Hill Starring Malcolm McDowell Sheri Moon Zombie Tyler Mane Scout Taylor - Compton Brad Dourif Danielle Harris William Forsythe Music by Tyler Bates John Carpenter ( themes ) Cinematography Phil Parmet Edited by Glenn Garland Production companies Dimension Films Nightfall Productions Spectacle Entertainment Trancas International The Weinstein Company Distributed by Dimension Films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date August 31 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 31 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $80.2 million Halloween is a 2007 American slasher film written , directed , and produced by Rob Zombie . The film is a remake / reimagining of the 1978 horror film of the same name ; the first in the rebooted Halloween film series and the ninth installment of the Halloween franchise . The film stars Tyler Mane as the adult Michael Myers , Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Sam Loomis , and Scout Taylor - Compton as Laurie Strode ; Daeg Faerch portrays a ten - year - old Michael Myers . Rob Zombie 's `` reimagining '' follows the premise of John Carpenter 's original , with Michael Myers stalking Laurie Strode and her friends on Halloween night . Zombie 's film goes deeper into the character 's psyche , trying to answer the question of what drove him to kill people , whereas in Carpenter 's original film Michael did not have an explicit reason for killing . Working from Carpenter 's advice to `` make ( the film ) his own '' , Zombie chose to develop the film as both a prequel and a remake , allowing for more original content than simply re-filming the same scenes . Despite mostly negative reviews , the film , which cost $15 million to make , went on to gross $80,208,039 worldwide , making it the second highest - grossing film in the Halloween franchise in unadjusted U.S. dollars behind Halloween H20 . Zombie followed the film with a sequel , Halloween II , in 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) On Halloween in Haddonfield , Illinois , ten - year - old Michael Myers ( Daeg Faerch ) , having already exhibited signs of psychopathic tendencies , murders a school bully ( Daryl Sabara ) . Later that evening , Michael murders his older sister Judith ( Hanna R. Hall ) , his mother 's boyfriend Ronnie ( William Forsythe ) , and Judith 's boyfriend Steve ( Adam Weisman ) . Only his baby sister , Angel Myers , is spared . After one of the longest trials in the state 's history , Michael is found guilty of first - degree murder and sent to Smith 's Grove Sanitarium under the care of child psychologist Dr. Samuel Loomis ( Malcolm McDowell ) . Michael initially cooperates with Loomis , claiming no memory of the killings ; his mother Deborah ( Sheri Moon Zombie ) , visits him regularly . Over the following year , Michael becomes fixated on his papier - mâché masks , closing himself off from everyone , even his mother . When Michael kills a nurse as Deborah is leaving from one of her visits , she can no longer handle the situation and commits suicide . For the next fifteen years , Michael ( Tyler Mane ) continues making masks and not speaking to anyone . Loomis , having continued to treat Michael over the years , attempts to move on with his life and closes Michael 's case . Later , Michael kills the sanitarium employees and escapes from Smith 's Grove . He kills a truck driver for his clothes , and makes his way back to Haddonfield . On Halloween , Michael arrives at his now - abandoned childhood home , where he recovers the kitchen knife and Halloween mask he stored under the floorboards the night he killed his sister . Meanwhile , Laurie Strode ( Scout Taylor - Compton ) and her friends Annie Brackett ( Danielle Harris ) and Lynda Van Der Klok ( Kristina Klebe ) prepare for Halloween . Throughout the day , Laurie witnesses Michael watching her from a distance before going to babysit Tommy Doyle ( Skyler Gisondo ) . At Michael 's childhood home , Lynda meets up with her boyfriend Bob Simms ( Nick Mennell ) . Michael appears , murders them , and then heads to the Strode home , where he murders Laurie 's parents , Mason ( Pat Skipper ) and Cynthia ( Dee Wallace ) . Dr. Loomis , having been alerted of Michael 's escape , comes to Haddonfield looking for Michael . After obtaining a handgun , Loomis attempts to warn Sheriff Leigh Brackett ( Brad Dourif ) that Michael has returned to Haddonfield . Loomis and Brackett head to the Strode home , with Brackett explaining along the way that Laurie is really Michael 's sister , having been adopted by the Strodes following their mother 's suicide . Meanwhile , Annie convinces Laurie to babysit Lindsey Wallace ( Jenny Gregg Stewart ) , a girl Annie is supposed to be watching , so that she can meet with her boyfriend Paul ( Max Van Ville ) . Annie and Paul return to the Wallace home and have sex ; Michael kills Paul and attacks Annie . Bringing Lindsey home , Laurie finds Annie on the floor , badly hurt but still alive , and calls the police . Michael attacks Laurie and chases her back to the Doyle home . Loomis and Brackett hear the 911 call over the radio and head toward the Wallace residence . Michael kidnaps Laurie and takes her back to their old home . He tries to show Laurie that she is his sister , presenting a picture of them with their mother . Unable to understand , Laurie stabs Michael with his own knife before escaping the house ; Michael chases her , but Loomis arrives and shoots him . Recovering , Michael recaptures Laurie before she can leave and heads back to the house . Loomis again intervenes , but Michael subdues him . Laurie takes Loomis ' gun and runs upstairs , but Michael corners her on a balcony and charges her head - on , knocking both of them over the railing . Laurie finds herself on top of an unconscious Michael . Aiming Loomis ' gun at his face , she fires just as Michael awakens . Production ( edit ) On June 4 , 2006 , Dimension announced that Rob Zombie , director of House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil 's Rejects , would be creating the next installment in the Halloween film series . The plan was for Zombie to hold many positions in the production ; he would write , direct , produce , and serve as music supervisor . Bob Weinstein approached him about making the film . Zombie , who was a fan of the original Halloween and a friend of John Carpenter , jumped at the chance to make a Halloween film for Dimension Studios . Before Dimension went public with the news , Zombie felt obligated to inform Carpenter , out of respect , of the plans to remake his film . Carpenter 's request was for Zombie to `` make it his own '' . During a June 16 , 2006 interview , Zombie announced that his film would combine the elements of prequel and remake with the original concept , and insisted that there would be considerable original content in the new film as opposed to mere rehashed material . The BBC reported that the new film would disregard the numerous sequels that followed Halloween . The Myers house film location early March 2007 on Glendon Way in South Pasadena , California . Zombie 's intention was to reinvent Michael Myers because , in his opinion , the character , along with Freddy Krueger , Jason Voorhees , and Pinhead , had become more familiar to audiences , and as a result , less scary . The idea behind the new film was to delve deeper into Michael 's back story and add `` new life '' to the character . Michael 's mask will be given its own story , to provide an explanation as to why he wears it , instead of having the character simply steal a random mask from a hardware store , as in the original film . Zombie explained that he wanted Michael to be true to what a psychopath really is , and wanted the mask to be a way for Michael to hide . He also wanted the young Michael to have charisma , which would be projected onto the adult Michael . In addition , he decided that Michael 's motives for returning to Haddonfield would be more ambiguous , explaining , `` ( W ) as he trying to kill Laurie , or just find her because he loves her ? '' Moreover , Michael would not be able to drive in the new film , unlike his 1978 counterpart who stole Loomis ' car so that he could drive back to Haddonfield . The Dr. Loomis character was also to be more intertwined with that of Michael ; Zombie reasoned that the character 's role in the original was `` showing up merely to say something dramatic '' . Although Zombie added more history to the Michael Myers character , hence creating more original content for the film , he chose to keep the character 's trademark mask and Carpenter 's theme song intact for his version ( despite an apparent misinterpretation in an interview suggesting the theme would be ditched ) . Production officially began on January 29 , 2007 . Shortly before production began , Zombie reported that he had seen the first production of Michael 's signature mask and commented , `` It looks perfect , exactly like the original . Not since 1978 has The Shape looked so good '' . Filming occurred in the same neighborhood that Carpenter used for the original Halloween . On December 19 , 2006 , Zombie announced to Bloody - Disgusting that Daeg Faerch would play the part of ten - year - old Michael Myers . On December 22 , 2006 , Malcolm McDowell was officially announced to be playing Dr. Loomis . McDowell stated that he wanted a tremendous ego in Loomis , who is out to get a new book from the ordeal . On December 24 , 2006 , Zombie announced that Tyler Mane , who had previously worked with Zombie on The Devil 's Rejects , would portray the adult Michael Myers . Mane stated that it was very difficult to act only with his eyes . Scout Taylor - Compton endured a long audition process , but as director Zombie explains , `` Scout was my first choice . There was just something about her ; she had a genuine quality . She did n't seem actor - y . '' She was one of the final people to be cast for a lead role after Faerch , Mane , McDowell , Forsythe , and Harris . A contest was held for a walk - on role in the film , at the time called Halloween 9 ; it was won by Heather Bowen . She played a news reporter who covered Michael 's arrest , but her scene was cut from the film and does not appear in the deleted scenes . Release ( edit ) Approximately four days before the theatrical release of the film , a workprint version of Halloween appeared online and was circulated around various BitTorrent sites . Upon hearing of the leaked copy , Zombie stated that whatever version had been leaked was an older version of the film , unlike what was about to be released in theaters . The leak of Zombie 's workprint led to speculation that the film 's box office success could be damaged , as director Eli Roth attributed the financial failure of his film , Hostel : Part II , to the leaking of a workprint version . Dark Horizons webmaster Garth Franklin noted that watching the workprint allows a viewer to see what was changed after test screenings of the film in June 2007 . For example , one particular scene -- the rape of one of the Smith 's Grove female inmates -- was replaced in the final version . Halloween was officially released on August 31 , 2007 , to 3,472 theaters in North America , giving it the widest release of any of the previous Halloween films . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) On its opening day , Halloween grossed $10,896,610 , and immediately surpassed the opening weekend grosses for Halloween II ( 1981 ) at $7,446,508 , Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) at $6,333,259 , The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) at $6,831,250 , The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) at $5,093,428 , and The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) at $7,308,529 . From September 1 -- 2 , Halloween earned $8,554,661 and $6,911,096 , respectively , for a 3 - day opening weekend total of $26,362,367 . The film would earn an additional $4,229,392 on Labor Day for a 4 - day holiday weekend gross of $30,591,759 , making it the highest ever for that holiday . As a result , the 2007 film would immediately surpass the total box office gross for Halloween II ( 1981 ) at $25,533,818 , Halloween III ( 1982 ) at $14,400,000 , Halloween 4 ( 1988 ) at $17,768,757 , Halloween 5 ( 1989 ) at $11,642,254 , The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) at $15,116,634 , and Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) with $30,354,442 . Following its first Friday after its opening weekend , Halloween saw a 71.6 % drop in attendance , earning $3,093,679 . The film , which earned the # 1 spot at the box office in its opening weekend , earned only $9,513,770 in its second weekend -- a 63.9 % decrease -- but still claimed the # 2 spot at the box office just behind 3 : 10 to Yuma . The film continued to appear in the weekend top ten going into its third weekend , when it earned $4,867,522 to take sixth place . It was not until the film 's fourth weekend that it fell out of the top ten and into twelfth place with $2,189,266 . Halloween would fail to regain a top ten spot at the box office for the remainder of its theatrical run . Thanks to its opening weekend of $30.5 million , the film broke the box - office record for the Labor Day weekend , surpassing the record set in 2005 by Transporter 2 with $20.1 million . It still currently resides as the top Labor Day weekend grosser . Halloween was also the 8th highest - grossing R - rated film of 2007 , and finished out the year in 44th place for domestic box office gross . With its $58 million box office gross , Halloween was the second highest - grossing film among the recent slasher remakes , taken over by A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) with $63 million . However , it is third in the list which consists of When a Stranger Calls ( 2006 ) at $47.8 million , Black Christmas ( 2006 ) at $16.3 million , Prom Night ( 2008 ) at $43.8 million , My Bloody Valentine 3D ( 2009 ) with $51.4 million , and Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) leading the group with $60 million . Halloween is also ranked eleventh overall when comparing it to all of the horror remakes , as well as eighth place for all slasher films in general , in unadjusted dollars . In addition to the film 's North American box office , it opened alongside Michael Clayton and Mr. Woodcock in foreign markets on the weekend of September 29 , 2007 . Halloween led the trio with a total of $1.3 million in 372 theaters -- Michael Clayton and Mr. Woodcock took in $1.2 million from 295 screens and $1 million from 238 screens , respectively . By November 1 , 2007 , Halloween had taken in an additional $7 million in foreign markets . Ultimately , the film would earn approximately $21,981,879 overseas . By the end of the film 's theatrical run , the film had taken a worldwide total of $80,253,908 . Comparing this film to the rest of the films in the Halloween film series , Zombie 's remake is the highest - grossing film in unadjusted US dollars . When adjusting for the 2009 inflation , Zombie 's Halloween -- which adjusts to $60.4 million domestically -- is fourth , behind Carpenter 's Halloween at $166.9 million , Halloween H20 at $73.8 million , and Halloween II at $66.7 million . Critical response ( edit ) Based on 109 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , Halloween received an average 25 % overall approval rating based on 110 reviews , with the consensus `` Rob Zombie does n't bring many new ideas to the table in Halloween , making it another bloody disappointment for fans of the franchise . '' By comparison , Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a 47 out of 100 from the 18 reviews it collected . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was `` B - minus '' on an A+ to F scale ; it also reported that 62 % of the audience was male , with 57 % being 25 years or older . Various critics thought that Malcolm McDowell was perfectly cast as Loomis . Peter Hartlaub , of the San Francisco Chronicle , felt Zombie was successful in both `` ( putting ) his own spin on Halloween , while at the same time paying tribute to Carpenter 's film '' ; he thought Zombie managed to make Michael Myers almost `` sympathetic '' as a child , but that the last third of the film felt more like a montage of scenes with Halloween slipping into `` slasher - film logic '' . Nathan Lee of The Village Voice disagreed in part with Harlaub , feeling that Halloween may have placed too much emphasis on providing sympathy for Michael Myers , but that it succeeded in `` ( deepening ) Carpenter 's vision without rooting out its fear '' . The film critic Matthew Turner believed the first half of the film , which featured the prequel elements of Michael as a child , were better played than the remake elements of the second half . In short , Turner stated that performances from the cast were `` superb '' , with Malcolm McDowell being perfectly cast as Dr. Loomis , but that the film lacked the scare value of Carpenter 's original . Jamie Russell from the BBC agreed that the first half of the film worked better than the last half ; she stated that Zombie 's expanded backstory on Michael was `` surprisingly effective '' -- also agreeing that McDowell was perfectly cast as Loomis -- but that Zombie failed to deliver the `` supernatural dread '' that Carpenter created for Michael in his 1978 original . New York Daily News critic Jack Matthews believed the film lacked tension , and went more for cheap shocks -- focusing more on enhancing the `` imagery of violence '' -- than real attempts to scare the audience ; he gave the film one and a half stars out of five . Dennis Harvey , from Variety magazine , echoed Matthew 's opinion that the film failed to deliver on the suspense ; he also felt that you could not tell one teenage character from the next , whereas in Carpenter 's original each teenager had real personalities . In contrast , Rossiter Drake of The Examiner applauded Michael 's backstory , feeling that it was a `` compelling take on the mythology '' that managed to be `` unique '' and `` shocking '' at the same time . In agreement with other critics , Empire magazine 's Kim Newman felt that , because Zombie seemed less focused on the teenagers being stalked and killed by Michael , the film `` ( fell ) flat '' when it came to delivering suspense or anything `` remotely scary '' ; Newman did praise McDowell for his portrayal of the `` dogged psychiatrist '' . Ben Walter , of Time Out London , felt Zombie added `` surprising realism '' to the development of Michael Myers ' psychopathic actions , but agreed with Newman that the director replaced the original film 's `` suspense and playfulness '' with a convincing display of `` black - blooded brutality '' . Frank Scheck , of the Hollywood Reporter , believed that even though Zombie 's remake of Carpenter 's Halloween was better than getting another sequel in the long running franchise it still was not comparable to the 1978 original . For Scheck , Zombie replaced Carpenter 's building suspense , which made it so `` brilliant '' , with graphic violence and extended scenes of nudity ; he also criticized McDowell for lacking the intensity that Donald Pleasence brought to the Loomis character . By contrast , TV Guide 's Ken Fox felt that Zombie did deliver a `` scary horror movie '' , not by copying Carpenter , but by making the film his own . Fox noted that Zombie seemed to follow more in the footsteps of Wes Craven and Tobe Hooper 's `` savage , greasy - haired ' 70s '' films , which allowed him to bring Michael back to his roots and successfully terrify an audience which has grown accustomed to the recent `` torture porn '' horror films . Bill Gibron , of PopMatters , believes that audiences and critics can not compare Carpenter 's film to Zombie 's remake ; where Carpenter focused more on the citizens of Haddonfield -- with Michael acting as a true `` boogeyman '' -- Zombie focuses more on Michael himself , successfully forcing the audience to experience all of the elements that Michael went through that would result in his `` desire for death '' . Halloween won the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Award for Best Film of 2007 , drawing in 550 votes , the most ever in the history of the award . The film also won the ' Best Remake Award ' at the 2008 Spike TV Scream Awards . Dan Mathews , vice president of PETA , sent Rob Zombie a thank - you letter for what he perceived as Zombie sending a message to audiences when he depicted the young Michael Myers torturing animals , something he felt demonstrated that people who commit acts of cruelty to animals are likely to move on to humans . Mathews went on to say , `` Hopefully , with the attention focused by your movie on the link between cruelty to animals and human violence , more people will recognize the warning signs among people they know and deal with them more forcefully . We wish you continued success ! '' Home media ( edit ) The film 's soundtrack was released on August 21 , 2007 ; it includes 24 tracks , consisting of 12 dialogue tracks and 12 instrumentals . The album contained both new tracks , as well as ones recycled from the original Halloween and its sequel . Tyler Bates ' interpretation of John Carpenter 's original Halloween theme is the first musical track , with `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper , '' which appeared in the original Halloween , and `` Mr. Sandman '' , which appeared in Halloween II and Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later , performed by Nan Vernon . Writing about its selection from the 1981 film , one reviewer for the BBC commented that it worked well to `` mimic Laurie 's situation ( sleeping a lot ) '' , making `` the once innocent sounding lyrics seem threatening in a horror film '' . The album also includes Kiss 's `` God of Thunder '' , Rush 's `` Tom Sawyer '' , Alice Cooper 's `` Only Women Bleed '' , Peter Frampton 's `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' , Nazareth 's `` Love Hurts '' , Bachman -- Turner Overdrive 's `` Let It Ride '' , Misfits ' `` Halloween II '' , and an Iggy Pop live version of The Stooges ' `` 1969 '' among others . On December 18 , 2007 , the film was released on DVD in the United States ; both the theatrical ( 110 minutes ) and an unrated director 's cut ( 121 minutes ) were released as two - disc special editions containing identical bonus features . The film was released on DVD in the UK on April 28 , 2008 , known as the `` Uncut '' edition . On October 7 , 2008 , a three - disc set was released . This Collector 's Edition of Halloween features the same bonus features as the previous unrated edition , but includes Zombie 's four - and - a-half - hour `` making - of '' documentary similar to the `` 30 Days in Hell '' documentary for Zombie 's The Devil 's Rejects . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HALLOWEEN ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boo ! ' Halloween ' scares up record 4 - day debut '' . MSNBC . September 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rob Zombie to Re-Make Halloween '' . TheGauntlet.com . June 4 , 2006 . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` New `` Halloween '' film `` . HalloweenMovies.com . June 4 , 2006 . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween : On Set With Director Rob Zombie ! '' . Bloody - Disgusting . March 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Rob '' . HalloweenMovies.com . June 16 , 2006 . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zombie ' to resurrect Halloween ' '' . BBC News . June 5 , 2006 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evil Reborn : Zombie resurrects a horror classic '' . MTV . Retrieved April 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zombie Kills ' Halloween ' Theme Song , Revokes Myers ' Driver 's License '' . MTV . March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved April 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official Halloween Casting Breakdown , Synopsis '' . Bloody - Disgusting . November 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Question Answered Halloween '' . Bloody - Disgusting . January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daeg Faerch to Play a Young Michael Myers in the Next Halloween Movie '' . Movieweb.net . December 19 , 2006 . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Zombie 's MySpace '' . MySpace . December 22 , 2006 . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Myers cast in Rob Zombie 's ' Halloween ' '' . Bloody - Disgusting . November 24 , 2006 . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Cast Interview Featurette '' . Movieweb . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( September 2007 ) . `` Scout 's Horror '' . Fangoria . Jump up ^ `` Scout Taylor - Compton Is Laurie Strode in `` Halloween '' `` . Aceshowbiz . January 29 , 2007 . www.aceshowbiz.com/news/view/00006948.html . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Webmaster ( Chad ) Interviews Halloween 9 contest winner Heather Bowen ! '' . Halloween Series.com . August 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Where are they now ? : Heather Bowen '' . Horror Society.com . March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cline ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` Rob Zombie 's ' Halloween ' Remake Leaks , Rob Zombie Shrugs '' . New York Entertainment . Retrieved August 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter Sciretta ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` Rob Zombie 's Halloween Workprint Leaked Online '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Garth Franklin ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` '' Halloween '' Workprint Leaked `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Main Page Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween film series comparison chart '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daily Box Office Totals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 4 - Day Labor Day Weekends , 1982 -- present '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` August 31 -- September 3 , 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` September 7 -- 9 , 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` September 14 -- 16 , 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` September 21 -- 23 , 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend rankings for 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` '' Halloween '' pulls neat trick at box office `` . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` R - rated 2007 films '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Slasher Remake Comparison Chart '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Horror Remake Comparison Chart '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Horror Comparison Chart '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Conor Bresnan ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Around the World Roundup : ' Bourne ' Stays in Charge '' . Box Office Mojo . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Conor Bresnan ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Around the World Roundup : ' Ratatouille ' Still Served at Top Spot '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween box office total '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tom 's Inflation Calculator '' . Half Hill . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Using Tom 's Inflation Calculator based on the numbers given at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Halloween '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` ' Watchmen ' takes box office lead '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peter Hartlaub ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` Zombie 's ' Halloween ' follows Michael Myers ' psychotic roots '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nathan Lee ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` Halloween review '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Matthew Turner ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` Halloween review '' . The ViewLondon . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jamie Russell ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` BBC review '' . BBC . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jack Matthews ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` Rob Zombie hacks away at ' Halloween ' horror classic '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dennis Harvey ( August 27 , 2007 ) . `` Variety review '' . Variety . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff Report ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` ' Halloween ' : Once more , with flaying '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim Newman . `` Empire review '' . Empire . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ben Walter . `` Halloween review '' . Time Out London . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Frank Scheck ( August 31 , 2007 ) . `` Halloween review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ken Fox . `` Halloween review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bill Gibron ( August 31 , 2007 ) . `` Short Cuts - In Theaters : Halloween ( 2007 ) '' . PopMatters . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards '' . RondoAward.com . March 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Click on `` Enter Site '' and scroll down to the press release . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Scream Awards '' . slashfilm.com . October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thank you letter to Zombie '' ( PDF ) . PETA . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween soundtrack review '' . filmedge.net . August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` More of the Night He Came Home '' . BBC . October 23 , 2003 . Retrieved April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Marcheschi , Matt ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Rob Zombie 's Halloween soundtrack to include vintage recordings ... '' . soundtrack.net . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween ( Two - Disc Special Edition ) DVD release '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Uncut '' . DVDactive . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cover Art , Full Specs For 3 - Disc ' Halloween ' DVD Set '' . Bloody - Disgusting . July 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Halloween ( 2007 film ) Official website Halloween on IMDb Halloween at Box Office Mojo Halloween at Rotten Tomatoes Halloween at Metacritic Halloween Films Halloween ( 1978 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later Halloween : Resurrection Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) Characters Michael Myers Laurie Strode Samuel Loomis Jamie Lloyd Annie Brackett Rob Zombie Rob Zombie John 5 Piggy D Ginger Fish Mike Riggs John Tempesta Blasko Tommy Clufetos Joey Jordison Studio albums Hellbilly Deluxe ( 1998 ) The Sinister Urge ( 2001 ) Educated Horses ( 2006 ) Hellbilly Deluxe 2 ( 2010 ) Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor ( 2013 ) The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser ( 2016 ) Live albums Zombie Live Spookshow International Live Remix albums American Made Music to Strip By Mondo Sex Head Compilations House of 1000 Corpses Soundtrack Past , Present & Future The Best of Rob Zombie Icon Video albums The Zombie Horror Picture Show Singles `` Dragula '' `` Living Dead Girl '' `` Superbeast '' `` Feel So Numb '' `` Demon Speeding '' `` Two - Lane Blacktop '' `` Foxy Foxy '' `` What ? '' `` Sick Bubblegum '' `` Dead City Radio and the New Gods of Supertown '' `` We 're an American Band '' Promotional singles `` Scum of the Earth '' `` Dead Girl Superstar '' `` Never Gonna Stop ( The Red Red Kroovy ) '' `` American Witch '' `` Let It All Bleed Out '' Other songs `` Hands of Death ( Burn Baby Burn ) '' `` House of 1000 Corpses '' `` The Lords of Salem '' Tours Hellbilly Deluxe 2 World Tour Twins of Evil Tour Filmography House of 1000 Corpses ( 2003 ) The Devil 's Rejects ( 2005 ) Grindhouse ( `` Werewolf Women of the S.S. '' ) ( 2007 ) Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) The Haunted World of El Superbeasto ( 2009 ) The Lords of Salem ( 2012 ) 31 ( 2016 ) Related articles Discography White Zombie The Electro - Industrial Tribute to Rob Zombie Sheri Moon Zombie Spider One Powerman 5000 VIAF : 183345497 LCCN : no2007118649 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halloween_(2007_film)&oldid=803737605 '' Categories : 2007 films English - language films 2007 horror films American films American horror films American slasher films Halloween ( film series ) Films about cruelty to animals Films about psychopaths Films set in 1992 Films set in 2007 Films set in Illinois Films set in psychiatric hospitals American film remakes Horror film remakes Reboot films Sororicide in fiction The Weinstein Company films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Dimension Films films Films directed by Rob Zombie Film scores by Tyler Bates Screenplays by Rob Zombie Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from October 2016 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 09 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played michael myers in halloween in 2007 | [
"Halloween is a 2007 American slasher film written, directed, and produced by Rob Zombie. The film is a remake/reimagining of the 1978 horror film of the same name; the first in the rebooted Halloween film series and the ninth installment of the Halloween franchise. The film stars Tyler Mane as the adult Michael Myers, Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Sam Loomis, and Scout Taylor-Compton as Laurie Strode; Daeg Faerch portrays a ten-year-old Michael Myers. Rob Zombie's \"reimagining\" follows the premise of John Carpenter's original, with Michael Myers stalking Laurie Strode and her friends on Halloween night. Zombie's film goes deeper into the character's psyche, trying to answer the question of what drove him to kill people, whereas in Carpenter's original film Michael did not have an explicit reason for killing."
] | [
"Tyler Mane"
] |
-6814898836115706721 | The Rascals | The Rascals - wikipedia The Rascals For the English rock band , see The Rascals ( English band ) . The Rascals The band in 1966 . Standing in back : Dino Danelli . Sitting in front ( L-R ) : Felix Cavaliere , Eddie Brigati and Gene Cornish Background information Also known as The Young Rascals Origin Garfield , New Jersey , United States Genres Rock blue - eyed soul pop Years active 1965 -- 1972 2012 -- 2013 Labels Atlantic Columbia Associated acts Joey Dee and the Starliters Brigati Bulldog Fotomaker Website therascalsarchives.com Past members Felix Cavaliere Eddie Brigati Gene Cornish Dino Danelli David Brigati Robert Popwell Danny Weis The Rascals ( initially known as The Young Rascals ) were an American rock band , formed in Garfield , New Jersey in 1965 . Between 1966 and 1968 the New Jersey act reached the top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100 with nine singles , including the # 1s `` Good Lovin ' '' ( 1966 ) , `` Groovin ' '' ( 1967 ) , and `` People Got to Be Free '' ( 1968 ) , as well as big radio hits such as the much - covered `` How Can I Be Sure ? '' ( # 4 1967 ) and `` A Beautiful Morning '' ( # 3 1968 ) , plus another critical favorite `` A Girl Like You '' ( # 10 1967 ) . The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 . The Rascals were inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2010 and also reunited in 2012 for a series of shows in New York and New Jersey . The reunion continued on in 2013 with shows on Broadway . Contents 1 History 2 Post break - up 3 Once Upon a Dream reunion 4 Legacy 5 Membership 6 Studio Musicians 7 Discography 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Eddie Brigati ( vocals ) , Felix Cavaliere ( keyboard , vocals ) , Gene Cornish ( guitar ) and Dino Danelli ( drums ) started the band in Brigati and Danelli 's hometown of Garfield , New Jersey . Brigati , Cavaliere , and Cornish had previously been members of Joey Dee and the Starliters . Eddie 's brother , David Brigati , an original Starliter , helped arrange the vocal harmonies and sang backgrounds on many of the group 's recordings ( informally earning the designation as the `` fifth Rascal '' ) . When Atlantic Records signed them , they discovered that another group , Borrah Minnevitch 's and Johnny Puleo 's ' Harmonica Rascals ' , objected to their release of records under the name ' The Rascals ' . To avoid conflict , managers Sid Bernstein and founder Billy ( Amato ) Smith decided to rename the group ' The Young Rascals ' . The Young Rascals ' first television performance was on the program Hullabaloo on February 24 , 1966 where they performed their debut single `` I Ai n't Gonna Eat Out My Heart Anymore '' . The track reached # 23 in Canada and touched the lower reaches of the US charts . This modest success was followed by the US / Canada # 1 single `` Good Lovin ' '' ( 1966 , originally recorded by Lemme B. Good & The Olympics in 1965 with much different lyrics ) . The band 's songwriting team of Eddie Brigati and Cavaliere then began providing most of their songs , and the hits kept coming for two years . Their immediate follow - ups to `` Good Lovin ' '' , including `` You Better Run '' ( 1966 ; covered in 1980 by Pat Benatar ) and `` Come On Up '' were only modest hits . `` ( I 've Been ) Lonely Too Long '' ( 1967 ) did better , and `` Groovin ' '' ( # 1 US / Canada , 1967 ) returned them to the top of the charts . They reeled off a succession of top 20 US hits , including `` A Girl Like You '' ( 1967 ) , `` How Can I Be Sure '' ( 1967 ) , `` It 's Wonderful '' ( 1968 ) , and `` A Beautiful Morning '' ( 1968 ) . The band was exceptionally popular in Canada where `` A Girl Like You '' , `` How Can I Be Sure ? '' and `` A Beautiful Morning '' all reached # 1 . But they struggled in the UK , where they only twice reached the top 75 , with `` Groovin ' '' ( # 8 ) and `` A Girl Like You '' ( # 35 ) . The band would bill themselves as the Young Rascals for the last time with the single release of `` It 's Wonderful '' ; they were known thence forwards as simply ' the Rascals ' . Bruce Eder , writing for AllMusic , rates the band 's 1967 album Groovin ' as their best , noting the record 's soulful core and innovative use of jazz and Latin instrumental arrangements . 1968 's Once Upon A Dream was the first Rascals album designed from conception as an album , rather than as a vehicle to package their singles ( eight of Groovin ' 's eleven songs had been released as single A or B sides , most in advance of the album ) . Once Upon a Dream , which peaked at # 9 on the album charts , contained the single `` It 's Wonderful '' plus many other strong songs , including `` Easy Rollin ' , '' `` Rainy Day , '' `` My World , '' and the title track . Perhaps understandably , the album 's song `` My Hawaii '' became a top of the charts hit in Hawaii . Time Peace : The Rascals ' Greatest Hits , released in mid-1968 , topped the U.S. album chart and became the group 's best - selling album . The same year , `` People Got to Be Free '' , a horn - punctuated plea for racial tolerance ( the band was known for refusing to tour on segregated bills ) in the wake of the assassinations that year of Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Reverend Martin Luther King , Jr. , became their third and final U.S. # 1 single , and their sixth and final Canadian # 1 . It was also their final U.S. Top Ten hit , although they remained a Canadian top 10 act for the next few years . `` A Ray of Hope '' , `` Heaven '' , `` See '' , and `` Carry Me Back '' were all modest U.S. hits for the band during late 1968 and 1969 ; all entered the top 40 , but none higher than # 24 . In Canada , however , the Rascals were still major stars ; all these songs went top ten , completing a run of 11 straight Canadian top ten hits for The Rascals from 1967 to 1969 . December 1969 's `` Hold On '' broke the run of top 40 US singles for the Rascals , stalling at # 51 , as well as the run of Canadian top tens , peaking at # 22 . During their period of greatest celebrity , the band 's influence on aspiring R & B - flavored white acts was without equal , especially in the northeastern U.S. Notable bands that incorporated ( sometimes to the point of parody ) the Rascals ' full - on stage demeanor and energy as well as the intense , hyper - dramatic vocalizing , drumstick - spinning gyrations and heavy bottom - end rhythm also achieved some prominence : the Vagrants ( featuring Leslie West , later of Mountain ) , and the epitome of over-the - top funky psychedelia , the Vanilla Fudge , all owed their styles to the Rascals ' synthesis of show - biz and soul . Brigati left the group in 1970 , followed by Cornish in 1971 . Their last Rascals album was Search and Nearness ( # 198 U.S. ) , which featured Brigati 's lead vocals on the Cornish - penned `` You Do n't Know '' and a cover of The Box Tops ' hit `` The Letter '' , and drummer Danelli 's composition `` Fortunes '' . The only single release from the album to chart was the spiritually themed `` Glory , Glory '' ( # 58 U.S. , # 40 Canada ) , with backing vocals by The Sweet Inspirations . Search and Nearness would be the Rascals ' last album for Atlantic Records , with Cavaliere and Danelli taking the band to Columbia Records in mid-1971 . Cavaliere shifted towards more jazz - and gospel - influenced writing for the Rascals ' next two albums , Peaceful World ( U.S. # 122 ) and The Island Of Real ( U.S. # 180 ) , using Robert Popwell and Buzzy Feiten on bass and guitar respectively , and new singers Annie Sutton and Molly Holt . These albums did n't sell as well as their earlier work , with none of their associated singles reaching higher than # 95 on the U.S. chart . Towards the end of 1970 Danny Weis ( previously with Rhinoceros and Iron Butterfly ) then joined as a replacement for Feiten on guitar and Feiten then again replaced Weis before the group disbanded . Post break - up ( edit ) Cavaliere released several solo albums during the 1970s . Brigati , with his brother David , released Lost in the Wilderness in 1976 . Cornish and Danelli worked together in Bulldog , who released two albums -- one for MCA Records in 1973 , the second for Buddah in ' 74 -- and Fotomaker , who issued three albums on Atlantic in 1978 - 79 . In 1982 , Danelli joined Steve Van Zandt in Little Steven and the Disciples of Soul for the group 's first two albums . After appearing at Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary Celebration on May 14 , 1988 , the Rascals reunited ( with Cavaliere , Cornish , and Danelli ) for a brief reunion tour in 1988 ; Eddie Brigati opted not to participate . The reunion group featured an expanded lineup that included Mel Owens ( in Brigati 's place ) on vocals and percussion , Steve Mackey on bass , Ed Mattey on guitar , Dena Iverson & Cindy McCabe on backup vocals and a horn section from Nashville to beef up the sound . The reunion did not last beyond the end of the year . After that , Cavaliere returned to his solo career and in the 1990s there were two factions touring : The New Rascals ( featuring Cornish and Danelli ) and Cavaliere , who sometimes called his grouping Felix Cavaliere 's Rascals . The New Rascals lasted only a short time but toured again in 2006 with two new members , Bill Pascali ( formerly of Vanilla Fudge ) on vocals and keyboards and Charlie Souza on bass and vocals . The New Rascals released a concert DVD , shot at club Centro in New Jersey on Route 35 . In early 2009 , Eddie Brigati went on to put together a project of young musicians who played all the classics . Eddie performed with the group along with his brother David . Called The Boys From The Music House , the band consisted of 4 talented young boys from New Jersey . Anthony Duke Claus , a cousin of Eddie 's , sang lead vocals and played tambourine , Joseph Pomarico played lead guitar , harmonica and sang background vocals . Adam Sullivan played the piano and the classic organ along with singing some background vocals , and Matt Gazzano played the drums . On April 24 , 2010 , all four members of The Rascals reunited for the Kristen Ann Carr benefit , which was held at New York 's Tribeca Grill ; Bruce Springsteen and Stevie Van Zandt joined the band for a closing `` Good Lovin ' '' . Once Upon a Dream reunion ( edit ) The Rascals performing `` Groovin ' '' during one of their 2013 Once Upon a Dream shows . The large video screen helped accentuate song themes and also showed interviews with members and re-enactments of the group 's history . Left to right , Gene Cornish , Felix Cavaliere , Dino Danelli , Eddie Brigati , and various supporting players and singers . The group 's original lineup reunited for their first public performances in over 40 years with The Rascals : Once Upon a Dream , a combination concert / theatrical event that was produced and directed by Steven Van Zandt and Maureen Van Zandt with lighting / projection by Marc Brickman . In addition to the concert experience , the history of The Rascals , and the history of the 1960s through their music , is a combination of interviews with the four Rascals , filmed scenes of actors enacting key moments in the band 's history , news footage , and archival footage of the band . The show originally ran for six performances in December 2012 at the Capitol Theatre in Port Chester , New York . Fifteen performances of the show were subsequently delivered from April 15 to May 5 , 2013 at the Richard Rodgers Theatre on Broadway in New York City . Near the end of the show 's Broadway run , it was announced that Once Upon a Dream would be taken on the road , with performances scheduled in various cities on the East coast of North America during May -- December 2013 . Following its national tour , the show was expected to return to Broadway for a second three - week limited - run from December 2013 through January 2014 , at the Marquis Theatre , but was canceled . Legacy ( edit ) The Rascals were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on May 6 , 1997 . Steve Van Zandt gave the induction speech and presented the award . For the first time in years , all four original members appeared together . For their jam session ( including David Brigati ) , they performed `` Good Lovin ' '' , `` Groovin ' '' , `` How Can I Be Sure ? '' , and `` People Got To Be Free '' . In 2005 The Rascals were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame . In August 2007 the Rascals ' catalog of Atlantic Records albums was re-released by Atlantic Records affiliate Rhino Records . On June 18 , 2009 , Eddie Brigati and Felix Cavaliere were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame at a ceremony in New York City . Membership ( edit ) Eddie Brigati ( born Edward Brigati Jr. , October 22 , 1945 , Garfield , New Jersey ) -- vocals , percussion Felix Cavaliere ( born November 29 , 1942 , Pelham Manor , New York ) -- vocals , keyboards Gene Cornish ( born May 14 , 1944 , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada ) -- guitar , vocals Dino Danelli ( born July 23 , 1944 , Jersey City , New Jersey ) -- drums David Brigati ( born October 29 , 1940 , Garfield , New Jersey ) -- background vocals Robert Popwell ( December 29 , 1950 , Daytona Beach , Florida -- November 27 , 2017 , Lebanon , Tennessee ) -- bass Danny Weis ( born September 28 , 1948 , Huntington Park , California ) -- guitar Studio musicians ( edit ) Although the Rascals performed on all of their recordings , they often used studio musicians as well . Below is a short list of musicians who played on many of their recordings . Bass : Ron Carter , Chuck Rainey , Richard Davis , Gerald Jemmott , Harold Cowart , Robert `` Pops '' Popwell . Saxophone : King Curtis , Steve Marcus , Danny Labatte , Hubert Laws ( flute ) , Joe Young , Charles Dinwiddle , Seldon Powell Harmonica : Buddy Lucas , Michael Weinstein Trumpet : Melvin Lastie , Joe Newman , Steve Madaio , Marky Markowitz Piano : Joe Bushkin Percussion : Kwaski Dzidzornu , Ralph MacDonald , Jack Scarangella , Daniel Ben Zebolun . Harp : Louis Collin Guitar : Linc Chamberland , Howard `` Buzz '' Feiten Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Rascals discography The Young Rascals ( 1966 ) Collections ( 1967 ) Groovin ' ( 1967 ) Once Upon a Dream ( 1968 ) Freedom Suite ( 1969 ) See ( 1969 ) Search and Nearness ( 1971 ) Peaceful World ( 1971 ) The Island of Real ( 1972 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame website '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the week : Tom Petty , Cantus does the Beatles , Flint Hills Children 's Festival , more '' Minneapolis Star - Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Cavaliere 's 2009 interview on The Strange Dave Show Part 2 '' . Youtube.com. 2010 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 - The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) : UNT Digital Library '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Egan , Sean , ed. ( 2007 ) . Defining Moments in Music , Cassell , ISBN 1 - 84403 - 606 - 5 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ The Rascals Reunite for Broadway Dates Associated Press February 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael & Jones , Kenneth . `` Broadway Engagement of The Rascals : Once Upon a Dream , Directed by Steven Van Zandt , Opens April 16 '' Archived 2013 - 04 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , April 16 , 2013 Jump up ^ Playbill.com , `` The Rascals : Once Upon a Dream to Embark on North American Tour ; Dates and Cities Announced '' Archived 2013 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam & Gioia , Michael . `` Broadway Return of The Rascals : Once Upon a Dream Canceled '' Archived 2013 - 12 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , December 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Felix Cavaliere 's 2009 interview on The Strange Dave Show Part 1 '' . Youtube.com. 2010 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Book : The Rascals `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Rolling Stone : The Rascals - Rolling Stone articles Allmusic : The Rascals - Allmusic articles The Rascals : Once Upon a Dream at the Internet Broadway Database New Rascals `` The Rascals ' Struggle for Change '' , Pop Matters ; 2007 , by Tony Sclafani The Rascals Felix Cavaliere Eddie Brigati Gene Cornish Dino Danelli David Brigati Robert Popwell Danny Weis The Young Rascals The Young Rascals ( 1966 ) Collections ( 1967 ) Groovin ' ( 1967 ) The Rascals Once Upon a Dream ( 1968 ) Freedom Suite ( 1969 ) See ( 1970 ) Search and Nearness ( 1971 ) Peaceful World ( 1971 ) The Island of Real ( 1972 ) Compilations Time Peace : The Rascals ' Greatest Hits ( 1968 ) The Very Best of The Rascals ( 1993 ) Singles `` I Ai n't Gonna Eat Out My Heart Anymore '' `` Good Lovin ' '' `` You Better Run '' `` Groovin ' '' `` How Can I Be Sure '' `` It 's Wonderful '' `` A Beautiful Morning '' `` People Got to Be Free '' Book : The Rascals Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Class of 1997 Performers Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , Robin Gibb Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , Neil Young Crosby , Stills , & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , Stephen Stills The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , Tito Jackson Joni Mitchell Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , Billy Bass Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , Bernie Worrell The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , Dino Danelli Early influences Mahalia Jackson Bill Monroe Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Syd Nathan MusicBrainz : 219ce30a - 0f3a - 468c - 9a13 - 55ee358ac0f0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rascals&oldid=851293867 '' Categories : Rock music groups from New Jersey Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Vocal quartets Atlantic Records artists Musical groups established in 1965 American soul musical groups Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 09 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the lead singer for the rock group the rascals | [
"Eddie Brigati (vocals), Felix Cavaliere (keyboard, vocals),[2] Gene Cornish (guitar) and Dino Danelli (drums) started the band in Brigati and Danelli's hometown of Garfield, New Jersey. Brigati, Cavaliere, and Cornish had previously been members of Joey Dee and the Starliters.[3] Eddie's brother, David Brigati, an original Starliter, helped arrange the vocal harmonies and sang backgrounds on many of the group's recordings (informally earning the designation as the \"fifth Rascal\"). When Atlantic Records signed them, they discovered that another group, Borrah Minnevitch's and Johnny Puleo's 'Harmonica Rascals', objected to their release of records under the name 'The Rascals'. To avoid conflict, managers Sid Bernstein and founder Billy (Amato) Smith decided to rename the group 'The Young Rascals'.\n"
] | [
"Eddie Brigati"
] |
5895380370801031278 | Wayne's World 2 | Wayne 's World 2 - wikipedia Wayne 's World 2 Jump to : navigation , search Wayne 's World 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Surjik Produced by Lorne Michaels Screenplay by Mike Myers Bonnie Turner Terry Turner Based on Wayne 's World by Mike Myers Starring Mike Myers Dana Carvey Christopher Walken Tia Carrere Ralph Brown Music by Carter Burwell Cinematography Francis Kenny Edited by Malcolm Campbell Production company NBC Films Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date December 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 12 - 10 ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $48.2 million Wayne 's World 2 is a 1993 American comedy film starring Mike Myers and Dana Carvey as hosts of a public - access television cable TV show in Aurora , Illinois . The film is the sequel to Wayne 's World ( 1992 ) , which was adapted from a sketch on NBC 's Saturday Night Live . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 5 Soundtrack 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Rock - and - roll fans Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar now host their public - access television television show , Wayne 's World , from an abandoned factory in Aurora , Illinois . After an Aerosmith concert , Wayne has a dream in which he meets Jim Morrison and a `` weird naked Indian '' in a desert . Morrison convinces Wayne that his destiny is to organize a major music festival . Wayne and Garth dub the concert `` Waynestock '' and hire Morrison 's former roadie , Del Preston . Their early attempts to sign bands and sell tickets fail , and Wayne wonders if the endeavor is futile . Wayne 's girlfriend Cassandra , singer of the band Crucial Taunt , has a new producer , Bobby Cahn , who tries to pull her away from Wayne and Illinois . After Wayne admits spying on her due to his suspicion of Bobby 's ulterior motives , Cassandra breaks up with him and becomes engaged to Bobby . Garth meets a beautiful woman , Honey Hornée , who attempts to manipulate Garth into killing her ex-husband , but Garth ends the relationship . Tickets are sold for Waynestock but no bands arrive . Leaving Garth to keep the rowdy crowd in check , Wayne disrupts Cassandra 's wedding before escaping the ceremony with her . Meanwhile , Garth has stage fright during the concert . Wayne returns to find the bands have still not arrived . In the dream desert , Wayne and Garth consult Morrison , who says that the bands will not come and that all that matters is they tried . They become lost in the desert . Finding this unacceptable , Wayne and Garth reenact the ending of Thelma & Louise , driving their car off a cliff while trying to find the bands . Finally , Wayne and Garth stage an ending in which the bands arrive and Waynestock is a success . After the concert , the park is covered with trash and the `` weird naked Indian '' cries . Wayne and Garth begin to remove the litter , promising to clean the entire park . Cast ( edit ) Mike Myers as Wayne Campbell Dana Carvey as Garth Algar Tia Carrere as Cassandra Wong Christopher Walken as Robert G. `` Bobby '' Cahn Kevin Pollak as Jerry Segel Ralph Brown as Del Preston James Hong as Jeff Wong , Cassandra 's father and martial arts expert Kim Basinger as Honey Hornée Jim Downey as the dubbed voice of Jeff Wong Chris Farley as Milton , an aimless friend of Wayne and Garth 's Ed O'Neill as Glen Michael A. Nickles as Jim Morrison Larry Sellers as The Naked Indian Frank DiLeo as Frankie ' Mr. Big ' Sharp Lee Tergesen as Terry , Wayne and Garth 's bud Scott Coffey as a Metalhead Drew Barrymore as Bjergen Kjergen Olivia d'Abo as Betty Jo Charlton Heston as the `` good actor '' gas station attendant who replaces the `` bad actor '' Al Hansen Jay Leno as Himself Heather Locklear as Herself Ted McGinley as `` Mr. Scream '' Tim Meadows as Sammy Davis , Jr . Robert Smigel and Bob Odenkirk as nerds backstage at the concert Bobby Slayton as the Watermelon Guy Harry Shearer as `` Handsome '' Dan Rip Taylor as Himself Steven Tyler as Himself ( lead vocalist of Aerosmith ) Joe Perry as Himself ( lead guitarist of Aerosmith ) Brad Whitford as Himself ( rhythm guitarist of Aerosmith ) Tom Hamilton as Himself ( bassist of Aerosmith ) Joey Kramer as Himself ( drummer of Aerosmith ) Rich Fulcher as Garth 's body double when they `` travel to London '' Production ( edit ) Penelope Spheeris , who directed the first film believes that Myers encouraged the studio not to have her back for the sequel due to personality conflicts with Myers during the making of the first film . She went on to direct another TV to big screen adaptation , The Beverly Hillbillies instead and was replaced by Stephen Surjik for the sequel . Myers ' original script for Wayne 's World 2 had Wayne and Garth forming their own country and seceding from the US after finding an ancient scroll , in a story taken from the 1949 British comedy Passport to Pimlico . This version was well into pre-production before it came to light that the studio had no idea the script was based on a previous film and thus had not obtained the rights to Passport to Pimlico . Production was immediately halted -- director Surjik said : `` I could hear the chainsaws literally chopping the sets down . '' Studio executive Sherry Lansing was reportedly furious with Myers and threatened to ruin his life and career if he did n't immediately produce a new script . Reception ( edit ) Wayne 's World 2 received mixed reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 60 % `` Fresh '' rating , based on 43 reviews , with an average rating of 5.8 / 10 , with the site 's critical consensus reading , `` The characters are still endearing , but the jokes in Wayne 's World 2 are more hit - and - miss the second time around '' . Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three out of four stars , and wrote that Wayne and Garth are `` impossible to dislike '' . Box Office ( edit ) Although it was intended to be a Christmas season blockbuster , Wayne 's World 2 was only moderately successful and did not receive the box office intake or positive fan reaction that the first film did . Its final North American gross was $48 million , slightly more than its $40 million production budget , but much less than the original film 's gross of over $100 million . Wayne 's World 2 also suffered from competition from other holiday season blockbusters such as Mrs. Doubtfire , Schindler 's List , and The Pelican Brief . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Music from the Motion Picture Wayne 's World 2 See also ( edit ) Chicago portal Illinois portal Film portal 1990s portal Wayne 's World Wayne 's World ( film ) List of Saturday Night Live feature films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wayne 's World 2 ( 1993 ) -- Daily Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( June 16 , 2008 ) . `` Mike Myers : Man of Mystery '' . ew.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . `` I hated that bastard for years , '' says Spheeris , who believes Myers dissuaded Paramount from hiring her for Wayne 's World 2 . `` But when I saw Austin Powers , I went , ' I forgive you , Mike . ' '' She pauses , voice choked with emotion . `` ' You can be moody , you can be a jerk , you can be things that others of us ca n't be -- because you are profoundly talented . And I forgive you . ' '' Jump up ^ Melnychuk , Mark ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Making Wayne 's World 2 was ' traumatic ' for director Stephen Surjik '' . Regina Leader - Post . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Why Sherry Lansing Threatened Mike Myers : ' I 'll Take Your F -- ing House ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tempest , Rone ( September 11 , 1992 ) . `` Wayne 's World 2 ' : It 's Not as Good , but Still Worthy '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne 's World 2 ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 10 , 1993 ) . `` Wayne 's World 2 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( December 13 , 1993 ) . `` Wayne , Garth Party On at the Box Office Movies : ` Wayne 's World ' sequel pulls in an estimated $14.2 million to push `` Mrs. Doubtfire '' into second place . `` Sister Act 2 '' opens in third. `` . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wayne 's World 2 Wayne 's World 2 on IMDb Wayne 's World 2 at AllMovie Saturday Night Live Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 History 1975 -- 80 1980 -- 85 1985 -- 90 1990 -- 95 1995 -- 2000 2000 -- 05 2005 -- 10 2010 -- 15 2015 -- present Related lists Commercials Cast members Writers Guests A -- D E -- H I -- L M -- P Q -- T U -- Z Awards DVD releases Incidents Recurring characters and sketches Chronological Alphabetical By cast member Musical sketches TV show sketches Weekend Update characters TV Funhouse segments Characters and sketches The Barry Gibb Talk Show Bill Brasky Bill Swerski 's Superfans Blizzard Man The Blues Brothers The Boston Teens Canteen Boy Celebrity Jeopardy ! The Chris Farley Show The Church Lady Coffee Talk The Coneheads The Continental Debbie Downer Ed Grimley Emily Litella Father Guido Sarducci The Folksmen Gerald `` T - Bones '' Tibbons Hanukkah Harry Hans and Franz Happy Fun Ball The Land of Gorch Land Shark Larry the Lobster The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise MacGruber Mango Mary Katherine Gallagher Matt Foley More Cowbell Mr. Bill The Nerds Olympia Café Pat David S. Pumpkins Roseanne Roseannadanna Samurai Futaba The Spartan Cheerleaders Sprockets Stefon Stuart Smalley Theodoric of York , Medieval Barber TV Funhouse The Ambiguously Gay Duo The X-Presidents Unfrozen Caveman Lawyer Wayne 's World Weekend Update What Up with That Impersonations Bill Clinton Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Sarah Palin Digital Shorts Boombox Dick in a Box Hugs I Just Had Sex I 'm on a Boat Jizz in My Pants Lazy Sunday Like a Boss Jack Sparrow The Creep YOLO 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) Films based on sketches Mr. Mike 's Mondo Video ( 1979 ) The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) Mr. Bill 's Real Life Adventures ( 1986 ) Bob Roberts ( 1992 ) Mr. Saturday Night ( 1992 ) Wayne 's World ( 1992 ) Wayne 's World 2 ( 1993 ) Coneheads ( 1993 ) It 's Pat ( 1994 ) Stuart Saves His Family ( 1995 ) A Night at the Roxbury ( 1998 ) Blues Brothers 2000 ( 1998 ) Superstar ( 1999 ) The Ladies Man ( 2000 ) A Mighty Wind ( 2003 ) Harold ( 2008 ) MacGruber ( 2010 ) Anniversary specials 15th ( 1989 ) 25th ( 1999 ) 40th ( 2015 ) Related topics Broadway Video `` Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead '' `` A Limo For A Lame - O '' `` Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! '' The Lonely Island discography Saturday Night Saturday Night Live Band Saturday Night Live in the 2000s Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday Saturday Night Live Korea ( episodes ) SNL Milano SNL Québec SNL Studios Strategery Wayne 's World Films Wayne 's World Wayne 's World 2 Soundtracks Wayne 's World Wayne 's World 2 Miscellany Mike Myers Dana Carvey Hurler ( roller coaster ) Wayne 's World ( video game ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Films directed by Stephen Surjik Wayne 's World 2 ( 1993 ) Little Criminals ( 1995 ) Weapons of Mass Distraction ( 1997 ) I Want Candy ( 2007 ) Works by Lorne Michaels Film producer Gilda Live Nothing Lasts Forever ¡ Three Amigos ! Wayne 's World Coneheads Wayne 's World 2 Lassie Tommy Boy Stuart Saves His Family Black Sheep Kids in the Hall : Brain Candy A Night at the Roxbury Superstar The Ladies Man Enigma Mean Girls Hot Rod Baby Mama MacGruber The Guilt Trip Masterminds Film writer Gilda Live ¡ Three Amigos ! Television writer The Beautiful Phyllis Diller Show Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In Barris and Company The Hart and Lorne Terrific Hour Lily Saturday Night Live The New Show Late Night with Conan O'Brien The Colin Quinn Show Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday Television producer Lily The Hart and Lorne Terrific Hour The New Show Television creator Saturday Night Live Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne%27s_World_2&oldid=794826213 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1990s comedy films 1990s sequel films American buddy films American comedy films American films American rock music films American road movies Directorial debut films Films directed by Stephen Surjik Films set in Illinois Paramount Pictures films Saturday Night Live films American sequel films Screenplays by Bonnie and Terry Turner Screenplays by Mike Myers ( actor ) Self - reflexive films Film scores by Carter Burwell Saturday Night Live Films produced by Lorne Michaels Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 07 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the indian in wayne's world 2 | [
"Larry Sellers as The Naked Indian"
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"Larry Sellers"
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6196837388809759660 | Philippine Declaration of Independence | Philippine Declaration of independence - wikipedia Philippine Declaration of independence Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Philippine Declaration of Independence Created May -- June 1898 Ratified June 12 , 1898 ( Enacted ) September 29 , 1898 ( Ratified by Malolos Congress ) Location National Library of the Philippines Author ( s ) Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista Emilio Aguinaldo Signatories 98 delegates Purpose To proclaim the sovereignty and independence of the Philippines from the colonial rule of Spain The Philippine Declaration of Independence ( Filipino : Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Pilipinas ) was proclaimed on June 12 , 1898 in Cavite II el Viejo ( present - day Kawit , Cavite ) , Philippines . With the public reading of the Act of the Declaration of independence ( Spanish : Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino ; Filipino : Paggawa ng Proklamasyon ng Kasarinlan ng sambayanang Pilipino ) , Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the colonial rule of Spain . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 The Proclamation on June 12 1.3 Struggle for independence 1.4 Current location of the Declaration 2 The text of the `` Act of Proclamation of the Independence of the Filipino People '' 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Background ( edit ) In 1896 , the Philippine Revolution began . In December 1897 , the Spanish government and the revolutionaries signed a truce , the Pact of Biak - na - Bato , requiring that the Spanish pay the revolutionaries 800,000 pesos and that Aguinaldo and other leaders go into exile in Hong Kong . In April 1898 , at the outbreak of the Spanish -- American War , Commodore George Dewey aboard the U.S.S. Olympia sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy . On May 1 , 1898 , the United States defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay . Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the Philippines to help American forces defeat the Spaniards . The U.S. Navy agreed to transport him back aboard the USS McCulloch , and on May 19 , he arrived in Cavite . The proclamation on June 12 ( edit ) The original Flag raised by President Emilio Aguinaldo in declaring the independence in 1898 Independence was proclaimed on June 12 , 1898 between four and five in the afternoon in Cavite at the ancestral home of General Emilio Aguinaldo some 30 kilometers South of Manila . The event saw the unfurling of the National Flag of the Philippines , made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo , Lorenza Agoncillo , and Delfina Herboza , and the performance of the Marcha Filipina Magdalo , as the national anthem , now known as Lupang Hinirang , which was composed by Julián Felipe and played by the San Francisco de Malabon marching band . The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared , written , and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish . The Declaration was signed by 98 people , among them American army officer who witnessed the proclamation . The final paragraph states that there was a `` stranger '' ( stranger in English translation -- extranjero in the original Spanish , meaning foreigner ) who attended the proceedings , Mr. L.M. Johnson , described as `` a citizen of the U.S.A , a Colonel of Artillery '' . Despite his prior military experience , Johnson had no official role in the Philippines . The proclamation of Philippine independence was , however , promulgated on 1 August , when many towns had already been organized under the rules laid down by the Dictatorial Government of General Aguinaldo . Later at Malolos , Bulacan , the Malolos Congress modified the declaration upon the insistence of Apolinario Mabini who objected to that the original proclamation essentially placed the Philippines under the protection of the United States . Struggle for independence ( edit ) The declaration was never recognized by either the United States or Spain . Later in 1898 , Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish -- American War . The Philippine Revolutionary Government did not recognize the treaty or American sovereignty , and subsequently fought and lost a conflict with the United States originally referred to by the Americans as the `` Philippine Insurrection '' but now generally and officially called the Philippine -- American War , which ended when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by U.S. forces , and issued a statement acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines . This was then followed on July 2 , 1902 , by U.S. Secretary of War Elihu Root telegraphing that the insurrection the United States had come to an end and that provincial civil governments had been established everywhere except those areas inhabited by Moro tribes . Pockets of resistance continued for several years . Following the end of World War II , the United States granted independence to the Philippines on 4 July 1946 via the Treaty of Manila . July 4 was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until August 4 , 1964 when , upon the advice of historians and the urging of nationalists , President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No. 4166 designating June 12 as the country 's Independence Day . June 12 had previously been observed as Flag Day and many government buildings are urged to display the Philippine Flag in their offices . Current location of the Declaration ( edit ) The Declaration is currently housed in the National Library of the Philippines . It is not on public display but can be viewed with permission like any other document held by the National Library . During the Philippine -- American War , the American government captured and sent to the United States about 400,000 historical documents . In 1958 , the documents were given to the Philippine government along with two sets of microfilm of the entire collection , with the U.S. Federal Government keeping one set . Sometime in the 1980s or 1990s the Declaration was stolen from the National Library . As part of a larger investigation into the widespread theft of historical documents and a subsequent public appeal for the return of stolen documents , the Declaration was returned to the National Library in 1994 by historian and University of the Philippines professor Milagros Guerrero , who mediated the return of the documents . The text of the `` Act of proclamation of the independence of the Filipino people '' ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Philippine Declaration of Independence This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2012 ) The Act of Proclamation of the Independence of the Filipino People ( Spanish : Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino ; Filipino : Paggawa ng Proklamasyon ng Kasarinlan ng sambayanang Pilipino ) is part of a long line of declarations of independence including the United States Declaration of Independence . It includes a list of grievances against the Spanish government stretching back to Ferdinand Magellan 's arrival in 1521 and `` confer ( s ) upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government , including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty . '' See also ( edit ) History of the Philippines Philippine Independence Day Parade Republic Day ( Philippines ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rufo , Aries ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Court set to decide on National Library pilferage of historical documents '' . Abs-cbnNEWS.com/Newsbreak . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Around 8,183 documents , mostly classified as Philippine Revolutionary Papers , were returned to the National Library . One University of the Philippines professor returned more than 6,000 documents . Among the retrieved documents were the manuscript of Andres Bonifacio 's trial , the Declaration of Independence , the Pact of Biac - na - Bato and Leonor Rivera 's letter to Rizal 's parents dated Dec. 10 , 1893 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo , page 157 Jump up ^ Dean Conant Worcester , in his 1914 book The Philippines : Past and Present ( Worcester 1914 ) , says : `` Invitations to the ceremony of the declaration of independence were sent to Admiral Dewey ; but neither he nor any of his officers were present . It was , however , important to Aguinaldo that some American should be there whom the assembled people would consider a representative of the United States . ' Colonel ' Johnson , ex-hotel keeper of Shanghai , who was in the Philippines exhibiting a cinematograph , kindly consented to appear on this occasion as Aguinaldo 's Chief of Artillery and the representative of the North American nation . His name does not appear subsequently among the papers of Aguinaldo . It is possible that his position as colonel and chief of artillery was a merely temporary one which enabled him to appear in a uniform which would befit the character of the representative of a great people upon so solemn an occasion ! '' Worcester attributes this to `` Taylor , 26 A J . '' , referring to Major J.R.M. Taylor , who translated and compiled Insurgent records Jump up ^ Bradford , James C. ( 2016 ) . America , Sea Power , and the World . John Wiley & Sons . p. 150 . ISBN 9781118927922 . Jump up ^ Guevara , Sulpicio , ed. ( 1972 ) , `` Philippine Declaration of Independence '' , The Laws of the First Philippine Republic ( The Laws of Malolos ) 1898 - 1899. , Manila : National Historical Commission , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . ( English translation by Sulpicio Guevara ) Jump up ^ Guevara , Sulpicio , ed. ( 1972 ) , `` Facsimile of the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence at Kawit , Cavite , June 12 , 1898 '' , The Laws of the First Philippine Republic ( The Laws of Malolos ) 1898 - 1899. , Manila : National Historical Commission , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . ( Original handwritten Spanish ) Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Worcester 1914 , p. 180 Jump up ^ TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES . SIGNED AT MANILA , ON 4 JULY 1946 ( PDF ) , United Nations , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 26 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 Jump up ^ REPUBLIC ACT NO . 4166 - AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE , AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY , FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY - NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE , Chanrobles law library , August 4 , 1964 , retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 ^ Jump up to : `` Asiaweek '' . CNN . August 31 , 1999 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Philippine Declaration of Independence References ( edit ) History of the Filipino People . Teodoro A. Agoncillo National Library of the Philippines Philippine History Group of Los Angeles Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 External links ( edit ) Acta de la proclamación de la independencia del pueblo Filipino Spanish version by Corpus Juris online Philippine law library ( 1 ) English version by Corpus Juris online Philippine law library ( hide ) Philippine Revolution Battles People Events Prelude Novales Revolt Palmero Conspiracy Gomburza Concurrent Cry of Pugad Lawin Bonifacio Plan Katagalugan ( Bonifacio ) Imus Assembly Tejeros Convention Republic of Biak - na - Bato Elections Pact Spanish -- American War Declaration of Independence Malolos Congress República Filipina Negros Revolution Republic of Negros Republic of Zamboanga Epilogue Treaty of Paris Philippine -- American War Katagalugan ( Sacay ) Moro Rebellion Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 Commonwealth of the Philippines Treaty of Manila Organizations American Anti-Imperialist League Aglipayan Church Katipunan La Liga Filipina Magdalo faction Magdiwang faction Philippine Constabulary Philippine Revolutionary Army Pulajanes Propaganda Movement Documents El filibusterismo Kartilya ng Katipunan La Solidaridad Malolos Constitution Mi último adiós Noli Me Tángere Symbols Flags of the Philippine Revolution Flag of the Philippines Lupang Hinirang Spoliarium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=802806562 '' Categories : Declarations of independence Public holidays in the Philippines Philippine -- American War Philippine Revolution 1898 in international relations June 1898 events 1898 documents Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Tagalog - language text Articles to be expanded from June 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Català Cebuano Español فارسی Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Tagalog Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 16 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the philippines declare its independence from spain | [
"The Philippine Declaration of Independence (Filipino: Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Pilipinas) was proclaimed on June 12, 1898 in Cavite II el Viejo (present-day Kawit, Cavite), Philippines. With the public reading of the Act of the Declaration of independence (Spanish: Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino; Filipino: Paggawa ng Proklamasyon ng Kasarinlan ng sambayanang Pilipino), Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the colonial rule of Spain."
] | [
"June 12, 1898"
] |
3034027199598936861 | How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World | How to Train Your Dragon : the Hidden World - Wikipedia How to Train Your Dragon : the Hidden World How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World Official poster Directed by Dean DeBlois Produced by Bonnie Arnold Brad Lewis Screenplay by Dean DeBlois Based on How to Train Your Dragon by Cressida Cowell Starring Jay Baruchel America Ferrera Cate Blanchett Craig Ferguson Kit Harington F. Murray Abraham Music by John Powell Edited by John K. Carr Production company DreamWorks Animation Mad Hatter Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date March 1 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 01 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World is an upcoming 2019 American 3D computer - animated action fantasy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Universal Pictures , loosely based on the book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell . It is a sequel to 2010 's How to Train Your Dragon and 2014 's How to Train Your Dragon 2 , and is the third and final installment in the How to Train Your Dragon trilogy . The film is set to be written and directed by Dean DeBlois , and stars the voices of Jay Baruchel , Cate Blanchett , Craig Ferguson , America Ferrera , Jonah Hill , Kit Harington , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , T.J. Miller , Kristen Wiig and F. Murray Abraham . This will be the first DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by Universal Pictures , whose parent company NBCUniversal acquired DWA in 2016 , and since the end of their distribution deal with 20th Century Fox . How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World is scheduled to be released on March 1 , 2019 in the United States . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Now the chief of Berk , Hiccup has fulfilled his dream of creating a peaceful dragon utopia , while the sudden discovery of a wild , elusive mate lures Toothless away . When danger threatens their village and tests Hiccup 's reign as chief , Hiccup and Toothless are forced to leave the only home they know . As they travel to a hidden world thought to only exist in myth , both dragon and rider will fight together to the very end to protect everything they love . Cast ( edit ) Jay Baruchel as Hiccup Cate Blanchett as Valka Craig Ferguson as Gobber the Belch America Ferrera as Astrid Jonah Hill as Snotlout Jorgenson Kit Harington as Eret T.J. Miller and Kristen Wiig as Tuffnut and Ruffnut Thorston Christopher Mintz - Plasse as Fishlegs Ingerman F. Murray Abraham as Grimmel Gerard Butler as Stoick the Vast Production ( edit ) In December 2010 , DreamWorks CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg announced that there would also be a third film in the series : `` How To Train Your Dragon is at least three : maybe more , but we know there are at least three chapters to that story . '' Dean DeBlois , the writer and director of the second and the third film , said that How to Train Your Dragon 2 is being intentionally designed as the second act of the trilogy : `` There are certain characters and situations that come into play in the second film that will become much more crucial to the story by the third . '' DeBlois said in an interview that the third part will be released in 2016 . Although the series has taken a different path of telling a story of Hiccup and Vikings , Cressida Cowell has revealed that the trilogy and the book series will have similar endings ( with `` an explanation as to why dragons are no more '' ) . The film is being produced by Bonnie Arnold , and exec - produced by Dean DeBlois and Chris Sanders . Jay Baruchel , Craig Ferguson , America Ferrera , Jonah Hill , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , T.J. Miller and Kristen Wiig are set to return in the third film . Cate Blanchett will also reprise her role as Valka from the second film . On November 14 , 2017 , it was announced that Kit Harington will reprise his role as Eret and F. Murray Abraham has joined the cast . In the earlier stages of production , DeBlois has stated that Djimon Hounsou would also return as Drago Bludvist , though there has been no recent report of his character 's return . On April 17 , 2018 , DreamWorks announced that the sequel 's title has changed to How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World . Release ( edit ) In September 2012 , 20th Century Fox , the studio 's then - distributor partner , and DreamWorks Animation announced the release date for June 18 , 2016 , which was later changed to June 17 , 2016 . In September 2014 , the film 's release date was moved to June 9 , 2017 . DeBlois explained the release date shift : `` It 's just that these movies take three years . I think it was a little ambitious to say 2016 ( laughs ) . As is normally the case , they kind of throw darts out into the future and wherever they land they call that a release date until we start talking about it in practical terms , and then it 's like , ' Uh yeah that 's not enough time . So knowing that they take three years from this moment , from outlining and writing the screenplay through to the final lighting of it , it 's just a process of building models and doing tests and animating , storyboarding , the whole thing just adds up to about three years . '' In January 2015 , the release date was pushed back to June 29 , 2018 following corporate restructuring , massive lay - offs , and to maximize the company 's `` creative talent and resources , reduce costs , and drive profitability . '' On June 18 , 2016 , the release date was moved up to May 18 , 2018 , taking over the release date of Warner Animation Group 's The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part . On December 5 , 2016 , the release date was pushed back again to March 1 , 2019 . Marketing ( edit ) On May 31 , 2018 , the first poster was released and the first official trailer premiered on June 7 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam . `` Composer John Powell Talks HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 2 , the State of Film Scoring Today , His Career , Taking a Break , Hans Zimmer , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Toothless is in love ! New trailer , photos from ' How to Train Your Dragon 3 ' '' . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' How To Train Your Dragon 3 ' & ' Larrikins ' Move From Fox To Uni Release Schedule '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` How to Train Your Dragon 3 Delayed , Gets New 2019 Release Date '' . movieweb.com . Watchr Media . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . As Hiccup fulfills his dream of creating a peaceful dragon utopia , Toothless ' discovery of an untamed , elusive mate draws the dragon away . When danger mounts at home and Hiccup 's reign as village chief is tested , both dragon and rider must make impossible decisions to save their kind . Jump up ^ `` HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON : THE HIDDEN WORLD Official Trailer '' . youtube.com . DreamWorks Animation. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Now chief and ruler of Berk alongside Astrid , Hiccup has created a gloriously chaotic dragon utopia . When the sudden appearance of female Light Fury coincides with the darkest threat their village has ever faced , Hiccup and Toothless must leave the only home they 've known and journey to a hidden world thought only to exist in myth . As their true destines are revealed , dragon and rider will fight together -- to the very ends of the Earth -- to protect everything they 've grown to treasure . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Train Your Dragon 3 Pushed Back to 2017 '' . ComingSoon.net . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' How to Train Your Dragon 3 ( 2019 ) News & Info ' '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` F. Murray Abraham To Get Evil For DreamWorks Animation 's ' How To Train Your Dragon 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' How to Train Your Dragon 3 Is The Best One Yet , Says Gerard Butler ' '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Katzenberg Talks DreamWorks Sequels '' . Empire . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Storyboarding Has Begun on ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rao , Priya ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` THIS WEEK IN TORONTO -- PART 3 '' . First Weekend Club . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neish , Steven ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Author Cressida Cowell Talks How To Train Your Dragon Sequels '' . Hey U Guys . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` New Distributor Twentieth Century Fox Unveils DreamWorks Animation 's Release Slate Through 2016 '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Director Dean DeBlois Talks HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 3 at VES Awards '' . Collider . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` How To Train Your Dragon 3 : Title Announced '' . Variety . Jump up ^ White , James . `` How To Train Your Dragon 3 Is The Hidden World '' . Empire . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Monsters , ' ' Despicable Me 2 , ' ' Turbo ' : Summer 's Brutal Animation War '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . DreamWorks Animation . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Dean DeBlois Talks HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 3 and Potential Spinoffs ; Says He 's Talked Jeffrey Katzenberg Down from the Idea of DRAGON 4 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maas , Jennifer ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation cuts back to two films a year , delays ' How to Train Your Dragon 3 ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jeffrey Katzenberg on DWA 's Cutbacks : ' 3 Films a Year Was Too Ambitious ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` How to Train Your Dragon 3 Takes LEGO Movie 2 's Old Release Date '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' How To Train Your Dragon 3 ' Flies To 2019 ; Uni 's DWA To Scale ' Everest ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( @ DWAnimation ) ( 31 May 2018 ) . `` In ONE WEEK , see the trailer for How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World . # HowToTrainYourDragon '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ DreamworksTV ( 7 June 2018 ) . `` HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON : THE HIDDEN WORLD Official Trailer '' . Retrieved 7 June 2018 -- via YouTube . External links ( edit ) Official website How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World on IMDb Films directed by Dean DeBlois Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Heima ( 2007 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Go Quiet ( 2010 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) How to Train Your Dragon Books How to Train Your Dragon Films How to Train Your Dragon How to Train Your Dragon 2 How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World Short films Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon Gift of the Night Fury Book of Dragons Dawn of the Dragon Racers Television DreamWorks Dragons episodes Video games How to Train Your Dragon DreamWorks Super Star Kartz How to Train Your Dragon 2 Soundtracks How to Train Your Dragon : Music from the Motion Picture DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Abominable ( 2019 ) Trolls World Tour ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Ended Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 - 2017 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 - 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 - 2018 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Current Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( since 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( since 2018 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( since 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( since 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Kung Fu Panda : The Paws of Destiny ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) DreamWorks Theatre ( 2018 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Pearl Studio Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of productions Other programs Unproduced projects Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Train_Your_Dragon:_The_Hidden_World&oldid=854195267 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2019 films English - language films American films How to Train Your Dragon DreamWorks Animation animated films Universal Pictures films Universal Pictures animated films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters American adventure comedy films American computer - animated films Films about dragons Animated films based on children 's books Films set in the Viking Age American sequel films 2019 3D films 2010s fantasy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy - comedy films Children 's fantasy films 2010s American animated films 2019 computer - animated films Films produced by Bonnie Arnold Upcoming animated films Upcoming sequel films Films directed by Dean DeBlois Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 16 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does how to train your dragon the hidden world | [
"How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World is scheduled to be released on March 1, 2019 in the United States.\n"
] | [
"March 1, 2019"
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8033165278091535801 | Dirty Dancing | Dirty Dancing - wikipedia Dirty Dancing This article is about the 1987 romantic drama film . For other uses , see Dirty Dancing ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dirty Dancing Theatrical release poster Directed by Emile Ardolino Produced by Linda Gottlieb Written by Eleanor Bergstein Starring Patrick Swayze Jennifer Grey Jerry Orbach Cynthia Rhodes Music by John Morris Erich Bulling Cinematography Jeffrey Jur Edited by Peter C. Frank Production company Great American Films Limited Partnership Distributed by Vestron Pictures Release date May 12 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 12 ) ( Cannes ) August 21 , 1987 ( 1987 - 08 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $214 million Dirty Dancing is a 1987 American romantic drama dance film written by Eleanor Bergstein , directed by Emile Ardolino and starring Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey in the lead roles , and featuring Cynthia Rhodes and Jerry Orbach . Originally a low - budget film by a new studio , Vestron Pictures , Dirty Dancing became a box office hit . As of 2009 , it has earned over $214 million worldwide . It was the first film to sell more than a million copies on home video , and the Dirty Dancing soundtrack created by Jimmy Ienner generated two multi-platinum albums and multiple singles , including `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , which won both the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song , and a Grammy Award for best duet . The film 's popularity led to a 2004 prequel , Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights , and a stage version which has had sellout performances in Australia , Europe , and North America . A made - for - TV remake was released in 2017 . Unlike the original theatrical film , the remake received negative reviews from critics . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Production 4.1 Pre-production 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Post-production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Music 7 Legacy 8 Alternate versions 8.1 Stage version 8.2 Tours and TV show 8.3 Prequel 8.4 20th anniversary releases 9 Remake 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 1963 , 17 - year - old Frances `` Baby '' Houseman is vacationing with her family at Kellerman 's , a resort in the Catskill Mountains . Baby , the younger of two daughters , is idealistic and plans to study economics of underdeveloped countries and enter the Peace Corps . Her father , Jake , is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman , the resort proprietor . While exploring the premises one night , Baby surreptitiously observes Max instructing the dining hall waiters , all Ivy League college students , to romance the guest 's daughters , no matter how unattractive . She also glimpses Johnny , the resort 's dance instructor and Max 's condescending attitude towards him and the other entertainment staff . Johnny intrigues Baby initially and then more so when his cousin Billy takes Baby to one of the staff 's secret dirty dancing parties and Baby dances briefly with Johnny . Baby discovers that Johnny 's dance partner , Penny , is pregnant by Robbie , the Houseman 's waiter who attends Yale medical school and who flirts with Baby 's older sister Lisa . When Robbie refuses to help Penny , Baby borrows money from her father to pay for Penny 's illegal abortion without explaining what the money is really for . Penny at first turns down the money because going through with the abortion would mean that she and Johnny would miss a regular commitment to perform at a neighboring resort , costing them this season 's salary . When Baby asks if someone can fill in , Johnny scoffs at her , but Penny and Billy support the idea since Johnny is a strong partner . Eventually , Johnny agrees and throughout the course of their dance sessions , they develop a romantic attraction . A scene from the dancing finale Johnny and Baby 's performance is successful , except for a climactic lift at its end which Baby fails to perform . They return to Kellerman 's and Billy tells them that while Penny 's abortion was successful , the doctor was a quack and the procedure has left her in great pain . Baby gets her father to help and after he stabilizes Penny , he refuses to shake Johnny 's hand and orders his daughter never to see Johnny ever again , believing Johnny to be responsible for Penny 's pregnancy . In reality , Johnny took responsibility to save Penny from being fired for having a relationship with Robbie . Baby later apologizes to Johnny for her father 's behavior and declares her feelings for him . They dance seductively and spend the night together in his cabin . The next morning , Jake tells the family he wants to leave , lying that he wants to avoid traffic , but Lisa and their mother convince him to change his mind . Baby and Johnny continue to see each other , despite Baby 's hiding their relationship from her father , which hurts Johnny , and taunts from Robbie . Johnny shares with Baby that he feels used for sex by certain female vacationers and Baby convinces him to turn down an offer from a promiscuous married guest , Vivian Pressman . Vivian then has sex with Robbie , to whom Lisa wanted to lose her virginity . Vivian catches Baby leaving Johnny 's cabin one morning and attempts to get revenge by claiming Johnny had stolen her husband 's wallet . Johnny claims he was alone in his cabin to protect his relationship with Baby , but when Max prepares to fire Johnny , Baby reveals their relationship to give him an alibi . Johnny is cleared of the theft , but fired for his relationship with Baby , an act which damages Baby 's altruistic outlook on life . Before leaving Kellerman 's , Johnny attempts to apologize to Jake , but is rebuffed when Jake accuses him of tossing Penny aside and moving onto his daughter . Baby tearfully apologizes for lying to her father , but not for her relationship with Johnny . At the end of the season talent show , Jake gives Robbie money for medical school and he accidentally admits that he is the one who got Penny pregnant , not Johnny . Upon learning this , Jake snatches back the money from him . Johnny interrupts the final song by bringing Baby up on stage and declaring that she has made him a better person . They then dance a more provocative version of the dance they 'd practiced throughout the summer , ending with Baby performing the climactic lift successfully . Jake admits he was wrong about Johnny and he and Baby embrace . All the other staff and the guests join Baby and Johnny in dirty dancing to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Grey as Frances `` Baby '' Houseman Patrick Swayze as Johnny Castle Cynthia Rhodes as Penny Johnson Jerry Orbach as Doctor Jake Houseman Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman Jack Weston as Max Kellerman Lonny Price as Neil Kellerman Kelly Bishop as Marjorie Houseman Antone Pagán as The Staff Kid Max Cantor as Robbie Gould Charles Coles as Tito Suarez Neal Jones as Billy Kostecki Miranda Garrison as Vivian Pressman Garry Goodrow as Moe Pressman Wayne Knight as Stan Paula Trueman as Mrs. Schumacher Alvin Myerovich as Mr. Schumacher Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Be My Baby '' -- The Ronettes `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' -- Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons `` Where Are You Tonight ? '' -- Tom Johnston `` Do You Love Me '' -- The Contours `` Love Man '' -- Otis Redding `` Stay '' -- Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs `` Hungry Eyes '' -- Eric Carmen `` Overload '' -- Zappacosta `` Hey ! Baby '' -- Bruce Channel `` De Todo Un Poco '' -- Melon `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' -- The Drifters `` These Arms of Mine ( Otis Redding song ) '' -- Otis Redding `` Cry to Me '' -- Solomon Burke `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' -- The Shirelles `` Love Is Strange '' -- Mickey & Sylvia `` You Do n't Own Me '' -- The Blow Monkeys `` Yes '' -- Merry Clayton `` In the Still of the Night '' -- The Five Satins `` She 's Like the Wind '' -- Patrick Swayze `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes Note : Actress Jane Brucker wrote the song `` Hula Hana '' , which she performed in her role of Lisa in the show rehearsal scene . Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) Dirty Dancing is based in large part on screenwriter Eleanor Bergstein 's own childhood : she is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York , spent summers with her family in the Catskills , participated in `` Dirty Dancing '' competitions , and was herself nicknamed `` Baby '' as a girl . In 1980 , Bergstein wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film , It 's My Turn . However , the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script , much to her dismay . She then conceived a new story , focused almost exclusively on dancing . In 1984 , she pitched the idea to MGM executive Eileen Miselle , who liked it and teamed Bergstein with producer Linda Gottlieb . They set the film in 1963 , with the character of Baby based on Bergstein 's own life , and the character of Johnny based on the stories of Michael Terrace , a dance instructor whom Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985 while she was researching the story . She finished the script in November 1985 , but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround , or limbo . Bergstein then shopped the script around to other studios but was repeatedly rejected , until she brought it to Vestron Pictures , the newly formed studio division of Stamford , Connecticut , based Vestron Inc. , the leading independent home video distribution company . While honing their pitch to Vestron , Gottlieb and Bergstein chose Emile Ardolino as the film 's director , who had won the 1983 Academy Award for the documentary , He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' . Ardolino had never directed a feature film , but was extremely passionate about the project ; he even sent a message from where he was sequestered on jury duty , insisting that he was the best choice as director . The team of Gottlieb , Bergstein , and Ardolino then presented their vision for the film to Vestron 's president , Jon Peisinger , and the company 's vice president for production , Mitchell Cannold . By the end of the meeting , Peisinger had greenlighted the project to become Vestron 's first feature film production . The approved film was budgeted at the relatively low amount of $5 million , at a time when the average cost for a film was $12 million . For choreographer , Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega , who had been trained by Gene Kelly . For a location , they did not find anything suitable in the Catskills ( as many of the resorts had been shut down at that point ) , so they decided on a combination of two locations : Lake Lure , North Carolina and the Mountain Lake Hotel near Pembroke , Virginia , and with careful editing made it look like all shooting was done in the same area . Casting ( edit ) Director Ardolino was adamant that they choose dancers who could also act , as he did not want to use the `` stand - in '' method that had been used with Flashdance ( 1983 ) . For the female lead of Frances `` Baby '' Houseman , Bergstein chose the 26 - year - old Jennifer Grey , daughter of the Oscar - winning actor and dancer Joel Grey ( e.g. , of the film Cabaret ( 1972 ) ) , who , like her father , was a trained dancer . They then sought a male lead , initially considering 20 - year - old Billy Zane , who had the visual look desired ( originally the Johnny character was to be Italian and have a dark exotic look ) , but initial dancing tests when he was partnered with Grey did not meet expectations . The next choice was 34 - year - old Patrick Swayze , who had been noticed for his roles in Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) and Red Dawn ( 1984 ) . He was a seasoned dancer , with experience from the Joffrey Ballet . The producers were thrilled with him , but his agent was opposed to the idea . However , Swayze read the script , liked the multi-level character of Johnny , and took the part anyway , and Johnny was changed from being Italian to Irish . Grey was initially not happy about the choice , as she and Swayze had difficulty getting along on Red Dawn , but when they did their dancing screen test , the chemistry between them was obvious . Bergstein described it as `` breathtaking '' . Other casting choices were Broadway actor Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman , Baby 's father ; and Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman , her older sister . Bergstein also attempted to cast her friend , sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer , to play Mrs. Schumacher , and Joel Grey as her husband . However , Westheimer backed out when she learned the role involved being a thief . The role went instead to 89 - year - old Paula Trueman , and Joel Grey was not cast . Another role went to Bergstein 's friend , New York radio personality `` Cousin Brucie '' . She initially wanted him to portray the social director but then later asked him to play the part of the magician . The role of the social director went to the then unknown Wayne Knight ( of later Seinfeld and 3rd Rock from the Sun fame ) . The part of Baby 's mother was originally given to Lynne Lipton , who is briefly visible in the beginning , when the Houseman family first pulls into Kellerman 's ( she is in the front seat for a few seconds ; her blonde hair is the only indication ) , but she became ill during the first week of shooting and was replaced by actress Kelly Bishop , who had already been cast to play Vivian Pressman , the highly sexed resort guest . Bishop moved into the role of Mrs. Houseman , and the film 's assistant choreographer Miranda Garrison took on the role of Vivian . Filming ( edit ) A typical family resort in the Catskill Mountains Principal photography for Dirty Dancing took place in Lake Lure , North Carolina , and Mountain Lake , Virginia . Scenes in Lake Lure were filmed at the old Boys Camp , which is now a private , residential community known as Firefly Cove . These scenes included the interior dancing scenes , Baby carrying the watermelon and practicing on the signature stairs , Johnny 's cabin , the staff cabins , the golf scene where Baby asks her father for $250 , the `` log '' scene and the famous `` water lift '' scene . Scenes filmed at Mountain Lake included dining scenes , Kellerman 's Hotel , the beach games , Penny crying in the kitchen , and the Houseman family 's cabins . The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal and 44 days for filming , as it was already the tail end of summer . The cast stayed in the same hotel at Mountain Lake Lodge in Pembroke , Virginia and at the 1927 Lake Lure Inn & Spa in Lake Lure , N.C. Rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every cast member , even non-dancers such as Jack Weston . The dancing and drinking went on almost non-stop and , immersed in the environment , the lead actors , Grey and Swayze , began identifying with their characters . Bergstein built upon this , encouraging the actors to improvise in their scenes . She also built the sexual tension by saying that no matter how intimate or `` grinding '' the dance steps , that none of the dancers were to have any other kind of physical contact with each other for the next six months . Filming started on September 5 , 1986 but was plagued by the weather , which ranged from pouring rain to sweltering heat . The outside temperature rose to 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , and with all the additional camera and lighting equipment needed for filming , the temperature inside could be as high as 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) . According to choreographer Kenny Ortega , on one day 10 people passed out within 25 minutes of shooting . The elderly Paula Trueman collapsed and was taken to the local emergency room to be treated for dehydration . Patrick Swayze also required a hospital visit ; insisting on doing his own stunts , he repeatedly fell off the log during the `` balancing '' scene and injured his knee so badly he had to have fluid drained from the swelling . Delays in the shooting schedule pushed filming into the autumn , which required the set decorators to spray - paint the autumn leaves green . The uncooperative weather then took a different turn , plunging from oppressive heat to down near 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , causing frigid conditions for the famous swimming scene in October . The crew wore warm coats , gloves , and boots . Swayze and Grey stripped down to light summer clothing , to repeatedly dive into the cold water . Despite her character 's enjoyment , Grey later described the water as `` horrifically '' cold , and she might not have gone into the lake , except that she was `` young and hungry '' . Relations between the two main stars varied throughout production . They had already had trouble getting along in their previous project , Red Dawn ( 1984 ) , and worked things out enough to have an extremely positive screen test , but that initial cooperation soon faded , and they were soon `` facing off '' before every scene . There was concern among the production staff that the animosity between the two stars would endanger the filming of the love scenes . To address this , producer Bergstein and director Ardolino forced the stars to re-watch their initial screen - tests -- the ones with the `` breathtaking '' chemistry . This had the desired effect , and Swayze and Grey were able to return to the film with renewed energy and enthusiasm . Director Ardolino encouraged the actors to improvise and often kept the cameras rolling , even if actors went `` off script '' . One example of this was the scene where Grey was to stand in front of Swayze with her back to him and put her arm up behind his head while he trailed his fingers down her arm ( similar to the pose seen in the movie poster ) . Though it was written as a serious and tender moment , Grey was exhausted , found the move ticklish , and could not stop giggling each time Swayze tried it , no matter how many takes Ardolino asked for . Swayze was impatient to finish the scene and found Grey 's behavior annoying . However , the producers decided the scene worked as it was and put it into the film , complete with Grey 's giggling and Swayze 's annoyed expression . It became one of the most famous scenes in the movie , turning out , as choreographer Kenny Ortega put it , `` as one of the most delicate and honest moments in the film . '' Post-production ( edit ) The shooting wrapped on October 27 , 1986 , both on - time and on - budget . No one on the team , however , liked the rough cut that was put together , and Vestron executives were convinced the film was going to be a flop . Thirty - nine percent of people who viewed the film did not realize abortion was the subplot . In May 1987 , the film was screened for producer Aaron Russo . According to Vestron executive Mitchell Cannold , Russo 's reaction at the end was to say simply , `` Burn the negative , and collect the insurance . '' Further disputes arose over whether a corporate sponsor could be found to promote the film . Marketers of the Clearasil acne product liked the film , seeing it as a vehicle to reach a teen target audience . However , when they learned the film contained an abortion scene , they asked for that part of the plot to be cut . As Bergstein refused , the Clearasil promotion was dropped . Consequently , Vestron promoted the film themselves and set the premiere on August 16 , 1987 . The Vestron executives had planned to release the film in theaters for a weekend , and then send it to home video , since Vestron had been in the video distribution business before film production . Considering how many people disliked the film at that point , producer Gottlieb 's recollection of her feelings at the time was , `` I would have only been grateful , if when it was released , people did n't yell at me . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 72 % based on reviews from 61 critics and a rating average of 6.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Like its winsome characters , Dirty Dancing uses impressive choreography and the power of song to surmount a series of formidable obstacles . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . For the film 's opening , The New York Times published a review titled `` Dirty Dancing Rocks to an Innocent Beat '' . The Times reviewer called the film `` a metaphor for America in the summer of 1963 -- orderly , prosperous , bursting with good intentions , a sort of Yiddish - inflected Camelot . '' Other reviews were more mixed : Gene Siskel gave the film a `` marginal Thumbs Up '' as he liked Jennifer Grey 's acting and development of her character , while Roger Ebert gave it `` Thumbs Down '' due to its `` idiot plot '' , calling it a `` tired and relentlessly predictable story of love between kids from different backgrounds . '' TIME magazine was lukewarm , saying , `` If the ending of Eleanor Bergstein 's script is too neat and inspirational , the rough energy of the film 's song and dance does carry one along , past the whispered doubts of better judgment . '' In a retrospective review , Jezebel 's Irin Carmon called the film `` the greatest movie of all time '' as `` a great , brave movie for women '' with `` some subtle , retrospectively sharp - eyed critiques of class and gender . '' Abortion rights advocates have called the film the `` gold standard '' for cinematic portrayals of abortion , which author Yannis Tzioumakis described as offering a `` compassionate depiction of abortion in which the woman seeking an abortion was not demonized with the primary concerns being her health and preserving her capacity to bear children at a future time rather than the ethical dilemma that might or might not inform her decision , a portrayal that is not necessarily available in current films . '' The film drew adult audiences instead of the expected teens , with viewers rating the film highly . Many filmgoers , after seeing the film once , went right back into the theater to watch it a second time . Word - of - mouth promotion took the film to the number one position in the United States , and in 10 days it had broken the $10 million mark . By November , it was also achieving international fame . Within seven months of release , it had brought in $63 million in the US and boosted attendance in dance classes across America . It was one of the highest - grossing films of 1987 , earning $170 million worldwide . The film 's popularity continued to grow after its initial release . It was the number one video rental of 1988 and became the first film to sell a million copies on video . When the film was re-released in 1997 , ten years after its original release , Swayze received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and videos were still selling at the rate of over 40,000 per month . As of 2005 , it was selling a million DVDs per year , with over ten million copies sold as of 2007 . A May 2007 survey by Britain 's Sky Movies listed Dirty Dancing as number one on `` Women 's most - watched films '' , above the Star Wars trilogy , Grease , The Sound of Music , and Pretty Woman . The film 's popularity has also caused it to be called `` the Star Wars for girls . '' An April 2008 article in Britain 's Daily Mail listed Dirty Dancing as number one on a list of `` most romantic movie quotes ever '' , for Baby 's line : `` I 'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I 'm with you . '' The film 's music has also had considerable impact . The closing song , `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , has been listed as the `` third most popular song played at funerals '' in the UK . Awards and honors ( edit ) Jennifer Grey at the 1988 Academy Awards Year Award Result Ref 60th Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Original Song Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Won Best Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Grammy Awards Best Pop Performance by a Duo Won Best Song written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 93 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- # 86 `` Do You Love Me '' -- Nominated 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Johnny Castle : `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner . '' -- # 98 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Music ( edit ) See also : Dirty Dancing ( soundtrack ) Rehearsals for the dancing , and some filming , used music from Bergstein 's personal collection of gramophone records . When it came time to select actual music for the film , Vestron chose Jimmy Ienner as music supervisor . Ienner , who had previously produced albums and songs for John Lennon and Three Dog Night , opted to stick with much of the music that had already been used during filming and obtained licenses for the songs from Bergstein 's collection . He also enlisted Swayze to sing the new song `` She 's Like the Wind '' . Swayze had written the song a few years earlier with Stacy Widelitz , originally intending for it to be used in the film Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) . John Morris composed the film 's score . The lyrics for the Kellermans ' song that closes the talent show were written specifically for the film and were sung to the tune of `` Annie Lisle '' , a commonly used theme for school alma maters . Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison chose the song for the finale by going through an entire box of tapes , listening to each one . According to Ortega , literally the last tape they listened to had `` The Time of My Life '' , which they saw as the obvious choice . Ienner then insisted that Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes record it . The song won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group , an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . The film 's soundtrack started an oldies music revival , and demand for the album caught RCA Records by surprise . According to Franke Previte , before a single had even been released , there were a million albums on back - order . The Dirty Dancing album spent 18 weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 album sales charts and went platinum eleven times , selling more than 32 million copies worldwide . It spawned a follow - up multi-platinum album in February 1988 , entitled More Dirty Dancing . Songs from the album which appeared on the charts included : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , composed by Franke Previte , John deNicola , and Donald Markowitz -- this song rose to # 1 on the pop charts . `` She 's Like the Wind '' , performed by lead actor Patrick Swayze , composed by Lee and Stacy Widelitz ; this song peaked at # 3 in 1988 . `` Hungry Eyes '' , performed by Eric Carmen , composed by Franke Previte and John deNicola ; this song peaked at # 4 in 1988 . `` Yes '' , performed by Merry Clayton , composed by Neal Cavanaugh , Terry Fryer and Tom Graf ; this song peaked # 45 in 1988 . Additionally , the resurgence in popularity of the oldies contained in the movie led to a re-release of The Contours ' single `` Do You Love Me '' . `` Do You Love Me '' was featured in the movie but was omitted from the original soundtrack ; it was included on More Dirty Dancing . Upon being re-released , `` Do You Love Me '' became a surprise hit all over again , this time peaking at # 11 ( it originally hit # 3 back in 1962 ) . Legacy ( edit ) The iconic scene where Johnny says `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner . '' As for the studio , despite the film 's huge monetary success , Vestron followed it up with a series of flops and ran out of money . Vestron 's parent company , Vestron Inc. , went bankrupt in 1989 , and was bought out in January 1991 by LIVE Entertainment for $26 million . The rights to Dirty Dancing now rest with Lionsgate Entertainment , which purchased Artisan Entertainment in 2003 . Orbach , already known as a successful Broadway actor , continued in different genres . He was the voice of the candelabrum `` Lumiere '' in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , before taking on his best known role , detective Lennie Briscoe in the TV crime drama Law & Order , which he played from 1992 until his death in 2004 . Choreographer Ortega went on to choreograph and direct other major pictures such as Newsies ( 1992 ) and starting in 2006 , the High School Musical series . He also became a director of film and television , including several episodes of Gilmore Girls , in which Dirty Dancing 's Kelly Bishop had a starring role . Lake Lure celebrated its Dirty Dancing legacy in the 1980s with the Dirty Dancing Revue featuring the A-Lure Dancers , soul singer Maurice Williams ( whose song `` Stay '' was featured in the film ) , and Billy Scott and the Party Prophets . Today , Lake Lure hosts the annual Dirty Dancing Festival . Kellerman 's Hotel is the Mountain Lake Hotel , and it now offers `` Dirty Dancing Weekends '' . Various images and lines from the film have worked their way into popular culture . Johnny Castle 's line , `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' , has been used in song lyrics , as the title of the `` Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner '' episode of the TV series Veronica Mars , and as the title of a Fall Out Boy song . `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' was also quoted in Supernatural : when Dean says the line concerning his beloved Impala and his brother Sam retorts that the line is from a Swayze movie ; Dean responds : `` Swayze always gets a pass '' . The line was parodied in the webcomic Looking for Group where Richard , one of the primary characters , uttered a variation involving his own name , and in Family Guy , where the scene is parodied by Baby 's parents questioning Johnny due to her youth . In Sweden , feminist art group Sisters of Jam put the text `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' ( in English ) in white neon light at Umeå Bus Square ( 2008 ) and at Karlstad University ( 2012 ) . Family Guy also parodies the scene where Baby first sees Johnny dancing with the staff . In the TV series How I Met Your Mother , Barney Stinson attempts to pass off the Dirty Dancing story as the story of his own loss of virginity because he is ashamed of his actual story ; the original `` Love is Strange '' scene is shown with Barney replacing Johnny . The French film Heartbreaker ( 2010 ) pays homage to the film , as a plot detail , with some clips from the film shown and a `` recreation '' by the two main characters of the `` lift '' scene . In the first episode of the TV series New Girl , the female lead Jess watches the film repeatedly after her break up . Jess continues to repeatedly watch the film after various break - ups throughout the series . Since 2009 , there has been a Dirty Dancing Festival in Lake Lure , North Carolina . Alternate versions ( edit ) Stage version ( edit ) The film was adapted for the stage in 2004 as a musical , Dirty Dancing : The Classic Story on Stage . Produced by Jacobsen Entertainment in Australia for $6.5 million , it was written by Eleanor Bergstein and had the same songs as the film , plus a few extra scenes . Musical direction was by Chong Lim ( one of the composers for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney ) , and the initial production starred Kym Valentine as Baby and Sydney Dance Company 's Josef Brown as Johnny . Although reviews were mixed , the production was a commercial success , selling over 200,000 tickets during its six - month run . It has also had sellout runs in Germany and in London 's West End , where it opened at the Aldwych Theatre on October 23 , 2006 with the highest pre-sell in London history , earning £ 6 million ( $ US12 million ) . As of March 2011 , over 1 million people have seen the musical in London , selling out 6 months in advance . The original West End production closed in July 2011 after a five - year run , prior to a two - year national tour . The show returned to the West End at the Piccadilly Theatre and ran from July 13 , 2013 to February 22 , 2014 before resuming its tour of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland . A New York production was in the planning stage in 2006 , with the show first starting in other North American cities . It broke box office records in May 2007 for its first such venue , selling $2 million on the first day of ticket sales in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The production opened on November 15 , 2007 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre , with an all - Canadian cast , except for Monica West ( Baby Housman ) , Britta Lazenga ( Penny ) , and Al Sapienza ( Jake Housman ) . After Toronto , the musical opened in Chicago in previews on September 28 , 2008 and officially on October 19 , 2008 , running through January 17 , 2009 , followed by Boston ( February 7 -- March 15 , 2009 ) and Los Angeles . An official American tour began in September 2014 at The National Theatre in Washington , DC with dates scheduled in 31 cities . Previews started August 26 and the official opening night was on September 2 . Tours and TV show ( edit ) Dirty Dancing has appeared in other forms than the stage version . In 1988 , a music tour named Dirty Dancing : Live in Concert , featuring Bill Medley and Eric Carmen , played 90 cities in three months . Also in 1988 , the CBS network launched a Dirty Dancing television series , however with none of the original cast or crew . The series was canceled after only a few episodes . Prequel ( edit ) In 2004 , a prequel of the film was released , entitled Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights . It tells the story of a sheltered American teenager learning about life through dance , when her family relocates to Havana , Cuba just before the 1959 Cuban Revolution . Swayze was paid $5 million to appear in a cameo role as a dance teacher -- considerably more than the $200,000 he earned for the first film . 20th anniversary releases ( edit ) For the 20th anniversary in 2007 , the film was re-released in theatres with additional footage , while the original film version was re-released on DVD with deleted scenes , and included writer commentary . At the same time , Codemasters released Dirty Dancing : The Video Game . In the United Kingdom , the anniversary was marked by a reality TV show based on the film ; titled Dirty Dancing : The Time of Your Life , the TV show was filmed at the Mountain Lake resort . In the UK , to mark the 20th anniversary of the film , Channel Five broadcast a special documentary called Seriously Dirty Dancing . It was presented by Dawn Porter , an investigative journalist and a self - confessed Dirty Dancing addict . The documentary was very successful , being Channel Five 's highest rated documentary of 2007 . Porter visited the set of the film , met other Dirty Dancing fanatics , and learned the last dance , which she performed at the end of the documentary in front of family and friends . Remake ( edit ) Main article : Dirty Dancing ( 2017 film ) In August 2011 , Lionsgate , who owns the film rights , announced their plan to remake the film . It was confirmed that the studio had hired the film 's choreographer , Kenny Ortega , to direct . `` We believe that the timing could n't be better to modernize this story on the big screen , and we are proud to have Kenny Ortega at the helm , '' Joe Drake , president of Lionsgate 's Motion Picture Group , explained about the project . A miniseries version of `` Dirty Dancing '' had been scheduled to be shot in Western North Carolina . As of July 29 , 2015 , the miniseries has been put on hold . In December 2015 , ABC ordered a three - hour musical remake of Dirty Dancing , starring Abigail Breslin , Colt Prattes , Debra Messing , Sarah Hyland , Nicole Scherzinger , Billy Dee Williams & Shane Harper . It aired on May 24 , 2017 . It received negative reviews from a majority of critics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DIRTY DANCING ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 20 , 1987 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( September 16 , 2009 ) . `` Patrick Swayze , the man who inspired a generation of women to dance , has died '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Craughwell , Kathleen ( August 18 , 1997 ) . `` Save the Last Dirty Dance for the Revival ; Movies : ' Dirty Dancing , ' the Catskills love story with forbidden footwork , steps out again for its 10th birthday '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Desk , TV News ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` ABC Announces May Premiere Date for DIRTY DANCING Event Movie '' . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' : Where Kellerman 's Came to Life '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vernon , Polly ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Hey Baby -- we 're all Swayze now '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Winterman , Denise ( October 24 , 2006 ) . `` The Time of Your Life '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Different Moves '' . People . Jump up ^ Bergstein , Eleanor , producer ( 2007 ) . Dirty Dancing : 20th anniversary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Lions Gate . Tribute to Emile Ardolino ^ Jump up to : Hartlaub , Peter ( January 16 , 2003 ) . `` Choreographer Kenny Ortega 's ode to disco '' . 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( August 16 , 1987 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' Rocks to an Innocent Beat '' . The New York Times . p . A19 . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ; Ebert , Roger ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Video review on Siskel & Ebert and The Movies '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Review of Dirty Dancing '' . Sun Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( September 14 , 1987 ) . `` Cinema : Teenage Turmoil '' . Time . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carmon , Irin ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Dirty Dancing Is the Greatest Movie of All Time '' . Jezebel ( website ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Herold , Steph ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' Led the Way in Depicting Abortion -- If Only Other Media Would Follow '' . Rewire . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tzioumakis , Yannis ( 2013 ) . The Time of Our Lives : Dirty Dancing and Popular Culture . Wayne State University Press . p. 135 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wiams , William ( November 20 , 2004 ) . `` Baby in the Underworld : Myth and Tragic Vision in Dirty Dancing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Private Dancers '' . The Age . June 15 , 2005 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sales / Home Video Top Cassettes of 88 from Billboard magazine '' . The Orlando Sentinel . December 30 , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Kolson , Ann ( August 17 , 1997 ) . `` Fairy Tale Without an Ending '' . The New York Times . p. 2.11 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Sandy ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Lions Gate grabs Swayze Rights '' . TheStreet.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` Dirty Dancing : Baby 's Out of the Corner '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ' is top film obsession ' '' . BBC News . May 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Alaway , Nick ( January 14 , 2001 ) . `` Dirty Dancing '' . Fast Rewind . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The insider 's guide to ' Dirty Dancing ' '' . CNN . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yaqoob , Tahira ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` From Bogart to McGregor : The top ten most romantic movie quotes ever '' . Daily Mail . I 'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I 'm with you access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1988 '' . Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Mary ( Associated Press ) ( March 21 , 1988 ) . `` On the way to a singing career , he found success as a songwriter '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . ^ Jump up to : Bigelow , Bruce ( January 7 , 1988 ) . `` Three films receive five Golden Globe nominations '' . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : Hoekstra , Dave ( June 26 , 1988 ) . `` Dirty Dancing : The movie , the music , the money '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gardinier , Bob ( December 26 , 2007 ) . `` School searches for song of itself '' . Times Union . Jump up ^ Lott , M. Ray ( 2004 ) . The American Martial Arts Film . McFarland . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1836 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taneja , Nikhil ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Those chart busters '' . The Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas go Dirty Dancing - Havana Nights '' . Havana Journal . February 8 , 2004 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zuma Beach Ent . Appointments President and Completes Acquisition '' . whedon.info . March 3 , 2005 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing discography '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnny pulls Baby out of her chair , saying , `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner , '' to Jake . He and Baby take the stage , where Johnny announces , `` Sorry about the disruption , folks , but I always do the last dance of the season . This year somebody told me not to . So I 'm gon na do my kind of dancin ' with a great partner , who 's not only a terrific dancer , but somebody who taught me that there are people willing to stand up for other people no matter what it costs them . Somebody who taught me about the kind of person I want to be : Miss Frances Houseman . '' Jump up ^ `` Master actor exits to ringing applause '' . Newcastle Herald . January 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Newmark , Judith ( January 21 , 2007 ) . `` How a Disney made - for - TV movie suddenly became ... A ' high school ' craze '' . St. Louis Post Dispatch . Jump up ^ Full cast and crew for Gilmore Girls on Internet Movie Database . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HOME '' . Dirtydancingfestival.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Lodge Virginia -- Resorts in Virginia Mountain Lake Lodge '' . Mountainlakehotel.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody Puts Baby In a Corner '' . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina town hosts ' Dirty Dancing ' festival '' . USA Today . August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing to make Welsh debut at Wales Millennium Centre in 2012 - Cardiff '' . Visitcardiff.com . March 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing Closes 9 Jul , Prior to National Tour '' . Whatsonstage.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing returns to give West End audiences the time of their lives ! '' . BestofTheatre.co.uk . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing : The Classic Story on Stage '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sams , Christine ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` Dirty moves directed at US '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` Dirty Dancing , Musical Based on Hit Film , Opens in Chicago Oct. 19 '' Archived October 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , October 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` More Chances to Feel Dirty in Chicago ; Dirty Dancing Gets Six Extra Weeks '' Archived October 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , October 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk. DIRTY DANCING National Tour Opens Tonight at the National Theatre `` , broadwayworld.com , September 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( Film ) - TV Tropes '' . tvtropes.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Knight - Ridder Newspapers ( November 5 , 1989 ) . `` Movie Notes '' . Tulsa World . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing Video Game -- official site '' . Codemasters . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Susan ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` Coming soon to your PC : Dirty Dancing , the Video Game '' . Wired magazine blog network . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dirty Dancing to Film TV Miniseries in WNC Archived May 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Producers put Asheville ' Dirty Dancing ' miniseries in a corner '' . charlotteobserver . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' remake is coming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey The Next TV Musical Is Actually a Pretty Good Idea Vanity Fair . 10 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` See The Cast For The TV Remake Of ' Dirty Dancing ' '' . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Remake Adds ' Awkward ' Alum as Robbie ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' ABC Remake Adds Billy Dee Williams As Tito '' . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dirty Dancing . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dirty Dancing Dirty Dancing on IMDb Dirty Dancing at the TCM Movie Database Dirty Dancing at Box Office Mojo Dirty Dancing at Rotten Tomatoes Dirty Dancing at Metacritic hide Films directed by Emile Ardolino He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' ( 1983 ) Dirty Dancing ( 1987 ) Chances Are ( 1989 ) Three Men and a Little Lady ( 1990 ) Sister Act ( 1992 ) The Nutcracker ( 1993 ) Gypsy ( 1993 ) GND : 4703220 - 0 VIAF : 182889742 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirty_Dancing&oldid=857023294 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films American films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s dance films 1980s independent films 1980s musical films 1980s romantic drama films 1980s teen drama films 1980s teen romance films American coming - of - age films American dance films American independent films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films American teen drama films American teen romance films Borscht Belt Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Dirty Dancing films Feminist films Films about abortion Films about families Films about vacationing Films adapted into plays Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Emile Ardolino Films set in 1963 Films set in New York ( state ) Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in Virginia Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Artisan Entertainment films Lions Gate Entertainment films Vestron Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 01 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the movie dirty dancing come out | [
"Dirty Dancing\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nEmile ArdolinoProduced by\nLinda GottliebWritten by\nEleanor BergsteinStarring\n\nPatrick Swayze\nJennifer Grey\nJerry Orbach\nCynthia Rhodes\nMusic by\n\nJohn Morris\nErich Bulling\nCinematography\nJeffrey JurEdited by\nPeter C. FrankProductioncompany \nGreat American Films Limited PartnershipDistributed by\nVestron PicturesRelease date\nMay 12, 1987 (1987-05-12) (Cannes)\nAugust 21, 1987 (1987-08-21) (United States)\n\n\n\nRunning time\n100 minutes[1]Country\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBudget\n$6 millionBox office\n$214 million"
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"August 21, 1987"
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5761600347590287723 | Will Sampson | Will Sampson - wikipedia Will Sampson Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Native American actor and artist Will Sampson . For people named William Sampson , see William Sampson ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Will Sampson Will ( Sonny ) Sampson ( 1933 - 09 - 27 ) September 27 , 1933 Okmulgee , Oklahoma , U.S. June 3 , 1987 ( 1987 - 06 - 03 ) ( aged 53 ) Houston , Texas , U.S. Occupation painter , actor Years active 1975 -- 1987 William `` Will '' Sampson , Jr . ( September 27 , 1933 -- June 3 , 1987 ) was a Native American painter , actor , and rodeo performer . He is best known for his performance as the apparent deaf and mute Native American `` Chief Bromden '' in the Academy Award winning film , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , as `` Worm '' in the 1977 Charles Bronson western The White Buffalo , as well as his role as `` Taylor '' in Poltergeist II : The Other Side and `` Ten Bears '' in the Clint Eastwood 1976 classic The Outlaw Josey Wales . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Rodeo performer 3 Actor 4 Artist 5 Death 6 Legacy 7 Filmography 8 Awards and nominations 9 Notes 10 Bibliography 11 External links Life and career ( edit ) William `` Will '' Sampson , Jr. , also known by his childhood nickname , `` Sonny , '' a full - blooded Muscogee ( Creek ) Native American Indian , was born in Okmulgee County , Oklahoma to William `` Wiley '' Sampson , Sr. ( August 13 , 1904 -- May 27 , 2001 ) and Mabel Sampson ( née Lewis , 1899 -- ? ) Sampson is the father of Samsoche `` Sam , '' Lumhe `` Micco '' Sampson of the Sampson Brothers Duo and Destiny Sampson . They are known for their traditional fancy and grass dances , and often perform with Frank Waln , a notable Lakota hip - hop artist . Rodeo performer ( edit ) Sampson competed in rodeos ( his specialty being bronco busting ) , for about twenty years . He was on the rodeo circuit when producers Saul Zaentz and Michael Douglas -- of One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest -- were looking for a large Native American to play the role of Chief Bromden . Sampson stood an imposing 6'7 '' ( 2.01 m ) tall . Rodeo announcer Mel Lambert mentioned Sampson to them , and after lengthy efforts to find him , hired him on the strength of an interview . He had never acted before . Actor ( edit ) Sampson 's most notable roles were as `` Chief Bromden '' in One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , and as `` Taylor the Medicine Man '' in the horror film Poltergeist II . He had a recurring role on the TV series Vega $ , as Harlon Twoleaf , and starred in the movies Fish Hawk , The Outlaw Josey Wales , and Orca . Sampson appeared in the production of Black Elk Speaks with the American Indian Theater Company in Tulsa , Oklahoma , where David Carradine and other Native American actors ( such as Wes Studi and Randolph Mantooth ) have appeared in stage productions . He also played in The White Buffalo with Charles Bronson . Artist ( edit ) Sampson was an artist . His large painting depicting the Ribbon Dance of the Muscogee ( Creek ) is in the collection of the Creek Council House Museum in Okmulgee , Oklahoma . His artwork has been shown at the Gilcrease Museum and the Philbrook Museum of Art . In 1983 he founded and served on the board of directors of the American Indian Registry for the Performing Arts . Death ( edit ) Sampson suffered from scleroderma , a chronic degenerative condition that affected his heart , lungs , and skin . During his lengthy illness , his weight fell from 260 lb ( 120 kg ) to 140 lb ( 64 kg ) , causing complications related to malnutrition . After undergoing a heart and lung transplant at Houston Methodist Hospital in Houston , Texas , he died on June 3 , 1987 , of post-operative kidney failure . Sampson was 53 years old . Sampson was interred at Graves Creek Cemetery in Hitchita , Oklahoma . Legacy ( edit ) Will Sampson Road , in Okmulgee County ( east of Highway 75 near Preston , Oklahoma ) , is named for him . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Film Role Other notes Crazy Mama Indian at Trading Uncredited Role One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Chief Bromden 1976 Buffalo Bill and the Indians , or Sitting Bull 's History Lesson The Interpreter / William Halsey The Outlaw Josey Wales Ten Bears 1977 The White Buffalo Crazy Horse / Worm Orca Umilak 1978 Cowboysan Indian Chief Short film 1979 Fish Hawk Fish Hawk 1985 Insignificance Elevator Attendant 1986 Poltergeist II : The Other Side Taylor Firewalker Tall Eagle Television Year Title Role Notes 1977 Relentless Sam Watchman CBS TV - Movie The Hunted Lady Uncle George NBC TV - Movie 1978 Standing Tall Lonny Moon NBC TV - Movie 1978 -- 1979 Vega $ Harlon Two - Leaf 6 episodes 1979 From Here to Eternity Sgt . Cheney Not to be confused with the 1980 spinoff 1980 Alcatraz : The Whole Shocking Story Clarence 's Father NBC TV - Movie 1982 Born to the Wind Painted Bear 1983 -- 1984 The Yellow Rose John Strongheart 7 episodes 1984 The Mystic Warrior Evan Freed ABC Miniseries 1985 Wildside Fake Sitting Bull Episode : Buffalo Who ? 1986 Roanoak Wingina Miniseries Tall Tales & Legends Chief Episode : Johnny Appleseed The Gunfighters Train Passenger TV - Movie , ( final film role ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Genie Award 1980 : Nominated , `` Best Performance by a Foreign Actor '' - Fish Hawk Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Actor Will Sampson to be Honored at Checotah Art Market ; April 23 , 2015 ; Cathy Spaulding , Phoenix Staff Writer ; Muskogee Phoenix ; retrieved November 2015 Jump up ^ Sampson Brothers ; official webpage ; retrieved November 2015 Jump up ^ `` Will Sampson , 53 , Portrayed An Indian in ' Cuckoo 's Nest ' '' Jump up ^ Dick Kleiner , Will Sampson 's Acting was Instinctive In ' Cuckoo 's Nest ' ; by Newspaper Enterprise Association ; ( in the Ocala Star - Banner ) ; August 29 , 1976 . Jump up ^ Will Dies After Transplant Herald - Journal ; June 4 , 1987 ; retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Escobar Zoe . Beyond the Cuckoo 's Nest : the Art and Life of William Sonny Sampson ... Seattle : Girl Dog Publ. , 2009 . ( Ill . ) External links ( edit ) Will Sampson on IMDb Will Sampson interviews Will Sampson : Documentary Ensures Actor is Remembered . The Aboriginal Multi-Media Society ( AMMSA ) Will Sampson at Find a Grave Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Sampson&oldid=836625309 '' Categories : 1933 births 1987 deaths People from Okmulgee , Oklahoma American male film actors American male television actors Native American male actors Native American painters Male actors from Oklahoma Muscogee people Deaths from renal failure Artists from Oklahoma 20th - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the indian in one flew over the cuckoo's nest | [
"William \"Will\" Sampson, Jr. (September 27, 1933 – June 3, 1987) was a Native American painter, actor, and rodeo performer. He is best known for his performance as the apparent deaf and mute Native American \"Chief Bromden\" in the Academy Award winning film, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, as \"Worm\" in the 1977 Charles Bronson western The White Buffalo, as well as his role as \"Taylor\" in Poltergeist II: The Other Side and \"Ten Bears\" in the Clint Eastwood 1976 classic The Outlaw Josey Wales."
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"William \"Will\" Sampson, Jr."
] |
-3386554133192259308 | Houston Astros | Houston Astros - wikipedia Houston Astros Jump to : navigation , search `` Astros '' redirects here . For other uses , see Astro . Houston Astros 2017 Houston Astros season Established in 1962 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 2013 -- present ) West Division ( 2013 -- present ) National League ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Central Division ( 1994 -- 2012 ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 5 7 24 25 32 33 34 40 49 42 Colors Navy blue , orange , white Name Houston Astros ( 1965 -- present ) Houston Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Other nicknames ' Stros Ballpark Minute Maid Park ( 2000 -- present ) Astrodome ( 1965 -- 1999 ) Colt Stadium ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 1 ) 2017 AL Pennants ( 1 ) 2017 NL Pennants ( 1 ) 2005 AL West Division titles ( 1 ) 2017 NL West / Central Division titles ( 6 ) 1980 1986 1997 1998 1999 2001 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2005 2015 The Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike - split 1981 season , losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS . Front office Owner ( s ) Jim Crane Manager A.J. Hinch General Manager Jeff Luhnow President of Baseball Operations Reid Ryan The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000 . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt . 45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name -- reflecting Houston 's role as the control center of the U.S. space program -- was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the world 's first domed sports stadium . The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012 . They played in the West Division from 1969 to 1993 , and the Central Division from 1994 to 2012 . While a member of the NL , the Astros played in one World Series , in 2005 , against the Chicago White Sox , in which they were swept in four games . In 2017 , they became the first franchise in MLB history to have won a pennant in both the NL and the AL , when they defeated the New York Yankees in the ALCS . They subsequently won the 2017 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers , winning four games to three , earning the team , and Texas , its first World Series title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Major League Baseball comes to Texas 1.2 1962 -- 1964 : The Colt . 45s 1.3 1965 -- 1970 : The Great Indoors 1.4 1971 -- 1974 : The boys in orange 1.4. 1 The Big Trade 1.5 1975 -- 1979 : The rainbow era 1.6 1980 : On the Brink 1.7 1981 -- 1985 1.8 1986 : Lighting a Fire 1.9 1987 -- 1990 : Out with the old , in with the new 1.10 2000 -- 2004 : New stadium 1.11 2005 : First World Series in Texas 1.12 2006 -- 2010 : The decline 1.13 2010 -- 2014 : 100 - loss seasons , move to the AL West and rebuilding 1.14 2015 : Sudden success and a return to the playoffs 1.15 2016 : Inconsistency , missing the playoffs and struggles against the Texas Rangers 1.16 2017 : World Series champions 2 Achievements 2.1 Franchise record 2.2 Awards 2.3 Team captains 2.4 Team records 2.5 Retired numbers 2.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 3 Hall of Fame 3.1 Baseball Hall of Fame members 3.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 4 Current roster 5 Minor league affiliations 6 Radio and television 7 Mascots 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Major League Baseball comes to Texas ( edit ) See also : Houston Buffaloes From 1888 until 1961 , Houston 's professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes . Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962 , Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior . There were four men chiefly responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston : George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan , who had led a futile attempt to purchase the St. Louis Cardinals in 1952 ; R.E. `` Bob '' Smith , a prominent oilman and real estate magnate in Houston who was brought in for his financial resources ; and Judge Roy Hofheinz , a former Mayor of Houston and Harris County Judge who was recruited for his salesmanship and political style . They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston . Given MLB 's refusal to consider expansion , Kirksey , Cullinan , Smith , and Hofheinz joined forces with would - be owners from other cities and announced the formation of a new league to compete with the established National and American Leagues . They called the new league the Continental League . Wanting to protect potential new markets , both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten . However , plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner , Marty Marion , could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team . To make matters worse , the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960 . However , on October 17 , 1960 , the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season . According to the Major League Baseball Constitution , the Houston Sports Association was required to obtain territorial rights from the Houston Buffaloes in order to play in the Houston area , and again negotiations began to purchase the team . Eventually , the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes , at this point majority - owned by William Hopkins , on January 17 , 1961 . The Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the city 's NL club . The new Houston team was named the Colt . 45s after a `` Name The Team '' contest was won by William Irving Neder . The Colt . 45 was well known as `` the gun that won the west . '' The colors selected were navy blue and orange . The first team was formed mostly through an expansion draft after the 1961 season . The Colt . 45s and their expansion cousins , the New York Mets , took turns choosing players left unprotected by the other National League franchises . Many of those associated with the Houston Buffaloes organization were allowed by the ownership to continue in the major league . Manager Harry Craft , who had joined Houston in 1961 , remained in the same position for the team until the end of the 1964 season . General manager Spec Richardson also continued with the organization as business manager , but was later promoted again to the same position with the Astros from 1967 until 1975 . Although most players for the major league franchise were obtained through the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft , Buffs players J.C. Hartman , Pidge Browne , Jim Campbell , Ron Davis , Dave Giusti , and Dave Roberts were chosen to continue as major league ball players . Similarly , the radio broadcasting team remained with the new Houston major league franchise . Loel Passe worked alongside Gene Elston as a color commentator until he retired from broadcasting in 1976 . Elston continued with the Astros until 1986 . The Colt . 45s began their existence playing at Colt Stadium , a temporary venue built just north of the construction site of the indoor stadium . 1962 -- 1964 : the Colt . 45s ( edit ) Colt . 45s logo , 1962 -- 1964 The Colt . 45s started their inaugural season on April 10 , 1962 , against the Chicago Cubs with Harry Craft as the Colt . 45s ' manager . Bob Aspromonte scored the first run for the Colt . 45s on an Al Spangler triple in the first inning . They started the season with a three - game sweep of the Cubs but eventually finished eighth among the National League 's ten teams . The team 's best pitcher , Richard `` Turk '' Farrell , lost 20 games despite an ERA of 3.02 . A starter for the Colt . 45s , Farrell was primarily a relief pitcher prior to playing for Houston . He was selected to both All - Star Games in 1962 . The 1963 season saw more young talent mixed with seasoned veterans . Jimmy Wynn , Rusty Staub , and Joe Morgan all made their major league debuts in the 1963 season . However , Houston 's position in the standings did not improve . In fact , the Colt . 45s finished in ninth place with a 66 -- 96 record . The team was still building , trying to find that perfect mix to compete . The 1964 campaign began on a sad note , as relief pitcher Jim Umbricht died of cancer at the age of 33 on April 8 , just before Opening Day . Umbricht was the only Colt . 45s pitcher to post a winning record in Houston 's first two seasons . He was so well liked by players and fans that the team retired his jersey number , 32 , in 1965 . Just on the horizon , the structure of the new domed stadium was more prevalent and it would soon change the way that baseball was watched in Houston and around the league . On December 1 , 1964 , the team announced the name change from Colt . 45s to `` Astros . '' 1965 -- 1970 : the great indoors ( edit ) Astros logo , 1965 -- 1974 with the Astrodome With Judge Roy Hofheinz now the sole owner of the franchise and the new venue complete , the renamed `` Astros '' moved into their new domed stadium , the Astrodome , in 1965 . The name honored Houston 's position as the center of the nation 's space program ; NASA 's new Manned Spacecraft Center had recently opened southeast of the city . The Astrodome , coined the `` Eighth Wonder of the World '' , did little to improve the home team 's results on the field . While several `` indoor '' firsts were accomplished , the team still finished ninth in the standings . The attendance was high not because of the team accomplishments , but because people came from miles around to see the Astrodome . Just as the excitement was settling down over the Astrodome , the 1966 season found something new to put the domed stadium in the spotlight once again -- the field . Grass would not grow in the new park , since the roof panels had been painted to reduce the glare that was causing players on both the Astros and the visiting teams to miss routine pop flies . A new artificial turf was created called `` AstroTurf '' and Houston would be involved in yet another change in the way the game was played . With new manager Grady Hatton the Astros started the 1966 season strong . By May they were in second place in the National League and looked like a team that could contend . Joe Morgan was named as a starter on the All - Star Team . The success did not last as they lost Jimmy Wynn for the season after he crashed into an outfield fence in Philadelphia and Morgan had broken his knee cap . 1967 saw first baseman Eddie Mathews join the Astros . The slugger hit his 500th home run while in Houston . He would be traded late in the season and Doug Rader would be promoted to the big leagues . Rookie Don Wilson pitched a no - hitter on June 18 . Wynn also provided some enthusiasm in 1967 . The 5 ft 9 in Wynn was becoming known not only for how often he hit home runs , but also for how far he hit them . Wynn set club records with 37 home runs , and 107 RBIs . It was also in 1967 that Wynn hit his famous home run onto Interstate 75 in Cincinnati . As the season came to a close , the Astros found themselves again in ninth place and with a winning percentage below . 500 . The team looked good on paper , but could not make it work on the field . April 15 , 1968 saw a pitching duel for the ages . The Astros ' Don Wilson and the Mets ' Tom Seaver faced each other in a pitching duel that lasted six hours . Seaver went ten innings , allowing no walks and just two hits . Wilson went nine innings , allowing five hits and three walks . After the starters exited , eleven relievers ( seven for the Mets and four for the Astros ) tried to end the game . The game finally ended in the 24th inning when Aspromonte hit a shot toward Mets shortstop Al Weis . Weis had been perfect all night at short , but he was not quick enough to make the play . The ball zipped into left field , allowing Norm Miller to score . With baseball expansion and trades , the Astros had dramatically changed in 1969 . Aspromonte was sent to the Braves and Staub was traded to the expansion Montreal Expos , in exchange for outfielder Jesús Alou and first baseman Donn Clendenon . However , Clendenon refused to report to Houston , electing to retire and take job with a pen manufacturing company . The Astros asked Commissioner Bowie Kuhn to void the trade , but he refused . Instead , he awarded Jack Billingham and a left - handed relief pitcher to the Astros to complete the trade . Cuellar was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Curt Blefary . Other new players included catcher Johnny Edwards , infielder Denis Menke , and pitcher Denny Lemaster . Wilson continued to pitch brilliantly and on May 1 threw the second no - hitter of his career . In that game , he struck out 18 batters , tying what was then the all - time single - game mark . He was just 24 years of age and was second to only Sandy Koufax for career no - hit wins . Wilson 's no - hitter lit the Astros ' fire after a miserable month of April , and six days later the team tied a major league record by turning seven double plays in a game . By May 's end the Astros had put together a ten - game winning streak . The Houston infield tandem of Menke and Joe Morgan continued to improve , providing power at the plate and great defense . Morgan had 15 homers and stole 49 bases while Menke led the Astros with 90 RBIs . The Menke / Morgan punch was beginning to come alive , and the team was responding to Walker 's management style . The Astros dominated the season series against their expansion twins , the New York Mets , that season . In one game at New York , Denis Menke and Jimmy Wynn hit grand slams in the same inning , against a Mets team that would go on to win the World Series that same year . The Astros finished the 1969 season with a record of 81 wins , 81 losses , marking their first season of . 500 ball . In 1970 , the Astros were expected to be a serious threat in the National League West . In June , 19 - year - old César Cedeño was called up and immediately showed signs of being a superstar . The Dominican outfielder batted . 310 after being called up . Not to be outdone , Denis Menke batted . 304 and Jesús Alou batted . 306 . The Astros ' batting average was up by 19 points compared to the season before . The team looked good , but the Astros ' ERA was up . Larry Dierker and Don Wilson had winning records , but the pitching staff as a whole had an off season . Houston finished in fourth place in 1970 . 1971 -- 1974 : the boys in orange ( edit ) The fashion trends of the 1970s had started taking root in baseball . Long hair and loud colors were starting to appear on team uniforms , including the Astros ' . In 1971 the Astros made some changes to their uniform : they kept the same style they had in previous seasons , but inverted the colors . What was navy blue was now orange and what was orange was now a lighter shade of blue . The players ' last names were added to the back of the jerseys . In 1972 , the uniform fabric was also changed to what was at the time revolutionizing the industry -- polyester . Belts were replaced by elastic waistbands , and jerseys zipped up instead of having buttons . The uniforms became popular with fans , but would last only until 1975 , when the Astros would shock baseball and the fashion world . The uniforms were about the only thing that did change in 1971 . The acquisition of Roger Metzger from the Chicago Cubs in the off - season moved Menke to first base and Bob Watson to the outfield . The Astros got off to a slow start and the pitching and hitting averages were down . Larry Dierker was selected to the All - Star game in 1971 , but due to an arm injury he could not make it . César Cedeño led the club with 81 RBIs and the league with 40 doubles , but batted just . 264 and had 102 strikeouts in his second season with the Astros . Pitcher J.R. Richard made his debut in September of the 1971 season against the Giants . The big trade ( edit ) See also : The Big Red Machine In November 1971 the Astros and Cincinnati Reds made one of the biggest blockbuster trades in the history of the sport , and helped create The Big Red Machine of the 1970s , with the Reds getting the better end of the deal . Houston sent second baseman Joe Morgan , infielder Denis Menke , pitcher Jack Billingham , outfielder César Gerónimo and prospect Ed Armbrister to Cincinnati for first baseman Lee May , second baseman Tommy Helms and infielder Jimmy Stewart . The trade left Astros fans and the baseball world scratching their heads as to why General Manager Spec Richardson would give up so much for so little . The Reds , on the other hand , would shore up many problems . They had an off year in 1971 , but were the National League Pennant winner in 1972 . The Astros ' acquisition of Lee May added more power to the lineup in 1972 . May , Wynn , Rader and Cedeño all had 20 or more home runs and Watson hit 16 . Cedeño also led the Astros with a . 320 batting average , 55 stolen bases and made spectacular plays on the field . Cedeño made his first All - Star game in 1972 and became the first Astros player in team history to hit for the cycle in August versus the Reds . The Astros finished the strike - shortened season at 84 - 69 , their first winning season . Astros fans had hoped for more of the same in 1973 , but it was not to be . The Astros run production was down , even though the same five sluggers the year before were still punching the ball out of the park . Lee May led the Astros with 28 home runs and Cesar Cedeño batted . 320 with 25 home runs . Bob Watson hit the . 312 mark and drove in 94 runs . Doug Rader and Jimmy Wynn both had 20 or more home runs . However , injuries to their pitching staff limited the Astros to an 82 -- 80 fourth - place finish . The Astros again finished in fourth place the next year under new manager Preston Gómez . 1975 -- 1979 : the rainbow ERA ( edit ) Astros logo , 1975 -- 1993 with the Astrodome With the $38 million deficit of the Astrodome , control of the Astrodomain was passed from Judge Roy Hofheinz to GE Credit and Ford Motor Credit . This included the Astros . The creditors were just interested in preserving asset value of the team , so any money spent had to be found or saved somewhere else . Tal Smith returned to the Astros from the New York Yankees to find a team that needed a lot of work and did not have a lot of money . However , there would be some bright spots that would prove to be good investments in the near future . The year started on a sad note . Pitcher Don Wilson was found dead in the passenger seat of his car on January 5 , 1975 . Cause of death was asphyxiation by carbon monoxide . Wilson was 29 years old . Wilson 's number 40 was retired on April 13 , 1975 . The 1975 season saw the introduction of the Astros ' new uniforms . Many teams were going away from the traditional uniform and the Astros were no exception . The uniforms had multishade stripes of orange , red and yellow in front and in back behind a large dark blue star over the midsection . The same stripes ran down the pant legs . Players numbers not only appeared on the back of the jersey , but also on the pant leg . The bright stripes were meant to appear as a fiery trail like a rocket sweeping across the heavens . The uniforms were panned by critics , but the public liked them and versions started appearing at the high school and little league level . The uniform was so different from what other teams wore that the Astros wore it both at home and on the road until 1980 . Besides the bright new uniforms there were some other changes . Lee May was traded to Baltimore for much talked about rookie second baseman Rob Andrews and utility player Enos Cabell . In Baltimore , Cabell was stuck behind third baseman Brooks Robinson , but he took advantage of his opportunity in Houston and became their everyday third baseman . Cabell would go on to become a big part of the team 's success in later years . With May gone , Bob Watson was able to move to first base and was a bright spot in the line up , batting . 324 with 85 RBI . The two biggest moves the Astros made in the offseason were the acquisitions of Joe Niekro and José Cruz . The Astros bought Niekro from the Braves for almost nothing . Niekro had bounced around the big leagues with minimal success . His older brother Phil Niekro had started teaching Joe how to throw his knuckleball and Joe was just starting to use it when he came to the Astros . Niekro won six games , saved four games and had an ERA of 3.07 . José Cruz was also a steal , in retrospect , from the Cardinals . Cruz became a fixture in the Astros ' outfield for several years and would eventually have his number 25 retired . Despite high expectations , 1975 was among the Astros ' worst in franchise history . Their record of 64 -- 97 was far worse than even the expansion Colt . 45 's and would remain the worst record in franchise history until 2011 . It was the worst record in baseball and manager Preston Gómez was fired late in the season and replaced by Bill Virdon . The Astros played . 500 ball under Virdon in the last 34 games of the season . With Virdon as the manager the Astros improved greatly in 1976 finishing in third place with an 80 -- 82 record . A healthy César Cedeño was a key reason for the Astros ' success in 1976 . Bob Watson continued to show consistency and led the club with a . 313 average and 102 RBI . José Cruz became Houston 's everyday left fielder and hit . 303 with 28 stolen bases . 1976 saw the end of Larry Dierker 's playing career as an Astro , but before it was all over he would throw a no - hitter and win the 1,000 th game in the Astrodome . The Astros finished in third place again in 1977 with a record of 81 -- 81 . One of the big problems the Astros had in the late 1970s was that they were unable to compete in the free agent market . Ford Motor Credit Company was still in control of the team and was looking to sell the Astros , but they were not going to spend money on better players . Most of the talent was either farm grown or bought on the cheap . The 1979 season would prove to be a big turnaround in Astros history . During the offseason , the Astros made an effort to fix some of their problem areas . They traded Floyd Bannister to Seattle for shortstop Craig Reynolds and acquired catcher Alan Ashby from Toronto for pitcher Mark Lemongello . Reynolds and Ashby were both solid in their positions and gave Houston some much needed consistency . The season started with a boost from pitcher Ken Forsch , who threw a no - hitter the Braves the second game of the season . In May 1979 , New Jersey shipping tycoon Dr. John McMullen had agreed to buy the Astros . Now with an investor in charge , the Astros would be more likely to compete in the free agent market . The Astros were playing great baseball throughout the season . José Cruz and Enos Cabell both stole 30 bases . Joe Niekro had a great year with 21 wins and 3.00 ERA . J.R. Richard won 18 games and set a new personal strikeout record at 313 . Joe Sambito came into his own with 22 saves as the Astros closer . Things were going as they should for a team that could win the west . The Astros and Reds battled the final month of the season . The Reds pulled ahead of the Astros by a game and a half . Later that month they split a pair and the Reds kept the lead . That would be how it would end . The Astros finished with their best record to that point at 89 -- 73 and 11⁄2 games behind the NL winner Reds . With Dr. McMullen as sole owner of the Astros , the team would now benefit in ways a corporation could not give them . The rumors of the Astros moving out of Houston started to crumble and the Astros were now able to compete in the free - agent market . McMullen showed the city of Houston that he too wanted a winning team , signing nearby Alvin , Texas native Nolan Ryan to the first million - dollar - a-year deal . Ryan had four career no - hitters already and had struck out 383 in one season . 1980 : on the brink ( edit ) Joe Morgan returned in 1980 . Now back in Houston with two MVP awards and two World Series rings , Morgan wanted to help make the Astros a pennant winner . The 1980 pitching staff was one of the best Houston ever had , with the fastball of Ryan , the knuckleball of Joe Niekro and the terrifying 6 ft 8 in frame of J.R. Richard . Teams felt lucky to face Ken Forsch , who was a double - digit winner in the previous two seasons . Richard became the first Astros pitcher to start an All - Star game . After a medical examination three days later , Richard was told to rest his arm and he collapsed during a July 30 workout . He had suffered a stroke after a blood clot in the arm apparently moved to his neck and cut off blood flow to the brain . Surgery was done to save his life , but the Astros had lost their ace pitcher after a 10 -- 4 start with a stingy 1.89 ERA . Richard attempted a comeback , but would never again pitch a big league game . After the loss of Richard and some offensive struggles , the Astros slipped to third place in the division behind the Dodgers and the Reds . They bounced back to first with a ten - game winning streak , but the Dodgers had regained a two - game lead when they arrived in Houston on September 9 . The Astros won the first two games of that series and the two teams were tied for the division lead . The Astros held a three - game lead over the Dodgers with three games left in the season against the Dodgers . The Dodgers swept the series games , forcing a one - game playoff the next day . The Astros would however win the one - game playoff 7 - 1 , and advance to their first post-season . The team would face the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1980 National League Championship Series . The Phillies sent out Steve Carlton in game one of the NLCS after a six - hour flight the night before . The Phillies would win the opener after the Astros got out to a 1 - 0 third - inning lead . Ken Forsch pitched particularly strong fourth and fifth innings , but Greg Luzinski hit a sixth - inning two - run bomb to the 300 level seats of Veterans Stadium . The Phillies added an insurance run on the way to a 3 -- 1 win . Houston bounced back to win games two and three . Game four went into extra innings , with the Phillies taking the lead and the win in the tenth inning . Pete Rose started a rally with a one - out single , then Luzinski doubled off the left field wall and Rose bowled over catcher Bruce Bochy to score the go - ahead run . The Phillies got an insurance run on the way to tying the series . Rookie Phillies pitcher Marty Bystrom was sent out by Philadelphia manager Dallas Green to face veteran Nolan Ryan in Game Five . The rookie gave up a run in the first inning , then held the Astros at bay until the sixth inning . An Astros lead was lost when Bob Boone hit a two - out single in the second , but the Astros tied the game in the sixth with an Alan Ashby single scoring Denny Walling . Houston took a 5 -- 2 lead in the seventh , however the Phillies came back with five runs in the inning . The Astros came back against Tug McGraw with four singles and two two - out runs . Now in extra innings , Garry Maddox doubled in Del Unser with one out to give the Phillies an 8 -- 7 lead . The Astros failed to score in the bottom of the tenth . 1981 -- 1985 ( edit ) Astros starting pitcher Nolan Ryan in 1983 A 1981 player strike ran between June 12 and August 10 . Ultimately , the strike would help the Astros get into the playoffs . Nolan Ryan and Bob Knepper picked up steam in the second half of the season . Ryan threw his fifth no - hitter on September 26 and finished the season with a 1.69 ERA . Knepper finished with an ERA of 2.18 . In the wake of the strike , Major League Baseball took the winners of each `` half '' season and set up a best - of - five divisional playoff . The Reds won more games than any other team in the National League , but they won neither half of the strike - divided season . The Astros finished 61 -- 49 overall , which would have been third in the division behind the Reds and the Dodgers . Advancing to the playoffs as winners of the second half , Houston beat Los Angeles in their first two playoff games at home , but the Dodgers took the next three in Los Angeles to advance to the NLCS . By 1982 , only four players and three starting pitchers remained from the 1980 squad . The Astros were out of pennant contention by August and began rebuilding for the near future . Bill Virdon was fired as manager and replaced by original Colt . 45 Bob Lillis . Don Sutton asked to be traded and was sent to the Milwaukee Brewers for cash and the team gained three new prospects , including Kevin Bass . Minor league player Bill Doran was called up in September . Bass also got a look in the outfield . The Astros finished fourth in the west , but new talent was starting to appear . Before the 1983 season , the Astros traded Danny Heep to the Mets for pitcher Mike Scott , a 28 - year - old who had struggled with New York . Art Howe sat out the 1983 season with an injury , forcing Phil Garner to third and Ray Knight to first . Doran took over at second , becoming the everyday second baseman for the next seven seasons . The Astros finished third in the National League West . The 1984 season started off badly when shortstop Dickie Thon was hit in the head by a pitch and was lost for the season . In September , the Astros called up rookie Glenn Davis after he posted impressive numbers in AAA . The Astros finished in second place . In 1985 , Mike Scott learned a new pitch , the split - finger fastball . Scott , who was coming off of a 5 -- 11 season , had found his new pitch and would become one of Houston 's most celebrated hurlers . In June , Davis made the starting lineup at first base , adding power to the team . In September , Joe Niekro was traded to the Yankees for two minor league pitchers and lefty Jim Deshaies . The Astros finished in fourth place in 1985 . 1986 : lighting a fire ( edit ) After finishing fourth in 1985 , the Astros fired general manager Al Rosen and manager Bob Lillis . The former was supplanted by Dick Wagner , the man whose Reds defeated the Astros to win the 1979 NL West title . The latter was replaced by Hal Lanier who , like his manager mentor in St. Louis , Whitey Herzog , had a hard - nosed approach to managing and espoused a playing style that focused on pitching , defense , and speed rather than home runs to win games . This style of baseball , known as Whiteyball , took advantage of stadiums with deep fences and artificial turf , both of which were characteristics of the Astrodome . Lanier 's style of baseball took Houston by storm . Before Lanier took over , fans were accustomed to Houston 's occasional slow starts , but with Lanier leading the way , Houston got off to a hot start , winning 13 of their first 19 contests . Prior to the start of the season the Astros acquired outfielder Billy Hatcher from the Cubs for Jerry Mumphrey . Lainer also made a change in the pitching staff , going with a three - man rotation to start the season . This allowed Lanier to keep his three starters ( Nolan Ryan , Bob Knepper , and Mike Scott ) sharp and to slowly work in rookie hurler Jim Deshaies . Bill Doran and Glenn Davis held down the right side of the field but Lainer rotated the left side . Denny Walling and Craig Reynolds faced the right - handed pitchers while Phil Garner and Dickie Thon batted against left - handers . Lainer knew the Astros had talent and he put it to work . The Astrodome was host to the 1986 All - Star Game in which Astros Mike Scott , Kevin Bass , Glenn Davis , and Dave Smith represented the host field . The Astros kept pace with the NL West after the All - Star break . They went on a streak of five straight come - from - behind wins . Houston swept a key 3 - game series over the San Francisco Giants in late September to clinch the division title . Mike Scott took the mound in the final game of the series and pitched a no - hitter -- the only time in MLB history that any division was clinched via a no - hitter . Scott would finish the season with an 18 -- 10 record and a Cy Young Award . The 1986 National League Championship Series against the New York Mets was noted for great drama and is considered one of the best postseason series ever . In Game 3 , the Astros were ahead at Shea Stadium , 5 -- 4 , in the bottom of the 9th when closer Dave Smith gave up a two - run home run to Lenny Dykstra , giving the Mets a dramatic 6 -- 5 win . However , the signature game of the series was Game 6 . Needing a win to get to Mike Scott ( who had been dominant in the series ) in Game 7 , the Astros jumped off to a 3 -- 0 lead in the first inning but neither team would score again until the 9th inning . In the 9th , starting pitcher Bob Knepper would give up two runs , and once again the Astros would look to Dave Smith to close it out . However , Smith would walk Gary Carter and Darryl Strawberry , giving up a sacrifice fly to Ray Knight , tying the game . Despite having the go - ahead runs on base , Smith was able to escape the inning without any further damage . There was no scoring until the 14th inning when the Mets would take the lead on a Wally Backman single and an error by left fielder Billy Hatcher . The Astros would get the run back in the bottom of the 14th when Hatcher ( in a classic goat - to - hero - conversion - moment ) hit one of the most dramatic home runs in NLCS history , off the left field foul pole . In the 16th inning , Darryl Strawberry doubled to lead off the inning and Ray Knight drove him home in the next at - bat . The Mets would score a total of three runs in the inning to take what appeared an insurmountable 7 -- 4 lead . With their season on the line , the Astros would nonetheless rally for two runs to come to within 7 -- 6 . Kevin Bass came up with the tying and winning runs on base ; however Jesse Orosco would strike him out , ending the game . At the time the 16 - inning game held the record for the longest in MLB postseason history . The Mets won the series , 4 - 2 . 1987 -- 1990 : out with the old , in with the new ( edit ) After the 1986 season , the team had difficulty finding success again . Several changes occurred . The `` rainbow '' uniforms were phased out , the team electing to keep a five - stripe `` rainbow '' design on the sleeves . From 1987 to 1993 , the Astros wore the same uniform for both home and away games ; the only team in Major League Baseball to do so during that period . Its favorites Nolan Ryan and José Cruz moved on and the team entered a rebuilding phase . Craig Biggio debuted in June 1988 , joining new prospects Ken Caminiti and Gerald Young . Biggio would become the everyday catcher by 1990 . A trade acquiring Jeff Bagwell in exchange for Larry Andersen would become one of the biggest deals in Astros history . Glenn Davis was traded to Baltimore for Curt Schilling , Pete Harnisch and Steve Finley in 1990.1990 -- 1999 : Fine tuning The early 1990s were marked by the Astros ' growing discontent with their home , the Astrodome . After the Astrodome was renovated for the primary benefit of the NFL 's Houston Oilers ( who shared the Astrodome with the Astros since the 1960s ) , the Astros began to grow increasingly disenchanted with the facility . Faced with declining attendance at the Astrodome and the inability of management to obtain a new stadium , in the 1991 off - season Astros management announced its intention to sell the team and move the franchise to the Washington , D.C. area . However , the move was not approved by other National League owners , thus compelling the Astros to remain in Houston . Shortly thereafter , McMullen ( who also owned the NHL 's New Jersey Devils ) sold the team to Texas businessman Drayton McLane in 1993 , who committed to keeping the team in Houston . Shortly after McLane 's arrival , which coincided with the maturation of Bagwell and Biggio , the Astros began to show signs of consistent success . After finishing second in their division in 1994 ( in a strike year ) , 1995 , and 1996 , the Astros won consecutive division titles in 1997 , 1998 , and 1999 . In the 1998 season , the Astros set a team record with 102 victories . However , each of these titles was followed by a first - round playoff elimination , in 1998 by the San Diego Padres and in 1997 and 1999 against the Atlanta Braves . The manager of these title teams was Larry Dierker , who had previously been a broadcaster and pitcher for the Astros . During this period , Bagwell , Biggio , Derek Bell , and Sean Berry earned the collective nickname `` The Killer Bs '' . In later seasons , the name came to include other Astros , especially Lance Berkman . Coinciding with the change in ownership , the team switched uniforms and team colors after the 1993 season in order to go for a new , more serious image . The team 's trademark rainbow uniforms were retired , and the team 's colors changed to midnight blue and metallic gold . The `` Astros '' font on the team logo was changed to a more aggressive one , and the team 's traditional star logo was changed to a stylized , `` flying '' star with an open left end . It marked the first time since the team 's inception that orange was not part of the team 's colors . Despite general agreement that the rainbow uniforms identified with the team had become tired ( and looked too much like a minor league team according to the new owners ) , the new uniforms and caps were never especially popular with many Astros fans . Astros logo , 1994 -- 1999 Final Astros regular season game in the Astrodome on October 3 , 1999 Off the field , in 1994 , the Astros hired one of the first African American general managers , former franchise player Bob Watson . Watson would leave the Astros after the 1995 season to become general manager of the New York Yankees and helped to lead the Yankees to a World Championship in 1996 . He would be replaced by Gerry Hunsicker , who until 2004 would continue to oversee the building of the Astros into one of the better and most consistent organizations in the Major Leagues . However , in 1996 , the Astros again nearly left Houston . By the mid-1990s , McLane ( like McMullen before him ) wanted his team out of the Astrodome and was asking the city to build the Astros a new stadium . When things did not progress quickly toward that end , he put the team up for sale . He had nearly finalized a deal to sell the team to businessman William Collins , who planned to move them to Northern Virginia . However , Collins was having difficulty finding a site for a stadium himself , so Major League owners stepped in and forced McLane to give Houston another chance to grant his stadium wish . Houston voters , having already lost the Houston Oilers in a similar situation , responded positively via a stadium referendum and the Astros stayed put . 2000 -- 2004 : new stadium ( edit ) Astros logo , 2000 -- 2012 The 2000 season saw a move to a new stadium . Originally to be named The Ballpark at Union Station due to being located on the site of Union Station ( Houston ) , it was renamed Enron Field by the season opening after the naming rights were sold to energy corporation Enron . The stadium was to feature a retractable roof , a particularly useful feature with unpredictable Houston weather . The ballpark also featured more intimate surroundings than the Astrodome . In 2002 , naming rights were purchased by Houston - based Minute Maid , after Enron went bankrupt . The park was built on the grounds of the old Union Station . A locomotive moves across the outfield and whistles after home runs , paying homage to a Houston history which had eleven railroad company lines running through the city by 1860 . The ballpark previously contained quirks such as `` Tal 's Hill '' , which was a hill in deep center field on which a flagpole stood , all in fair territory . Tal 's Hill was replaced in the 2016 -- 2017 offseason . The wall was moved in to 409 feet , which the team hoped would generate more home runs . A similar feature was located in Crosley Field . Over the years , many highlight reel catches have been made by center fielders running up the hill to make catches . With the change in location also came a change in attire . Gone were the blue and gold uniforms of the 1990s in favor a more `` retro '' look with pinstripes , a traditional baseball font , and the colors of brick red , sand and black . These colors were chosen because ownership originally wanted to rename the team the Houston Diesels . The `` shooting star '' logo was modified but still retained its definitive look . The Astros moved into Minute Maid Park in 2000 After two fairly successful seasons without a playoff appearance , the Astros were early favorites to win the 2004 NL pennant . They added star pitcher Andy Pettitte to a roster that already included standouts like Lance Berkman and Jeff Kent as well as veterans Bagwell and Biggio . Roger Clemens , who had retired after the 2003 season with the New York Yankees , agreed to join former teammate Pettitte on the Astros for 2004 . The one - year deal included unique conditions , such as the option for Clemens to stay home in Houston on select road trips when he was n't scheduled to pitch . Despite the early predictions for success , the Astros had a mediocre 44 -- 44 record at the All - Star break . A lack of run production and a poor record in close games were major issues . After being booed at the 2004 All - Star Game held in Houston , manager Jimy Williams was fired and replaced by Phil Garner , a star on the division - winning 1986 Astros . The Astros enjoyed a 46 -- 26 record in the second half of the season under Garner and earned the NL wild card spot . The Astros defeated the Braves 3 -- 2 in the Division Series , but would lose the National League Championship Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . Clemens earned a record seventh Cy Young Award in 2004 . Additionally , the mid-season addition of Carlos Beltrán in a trade with the Kansas City Royals helped the Astros tremendously in their playoff run . Despite midseason trade rumors , Beltrán would prove instrumental to the team 's hopes , hitting eight home runs in the postseason . Though he had asserted a desire to remain with the Astros , Beltrán signed a long - term contract with the New York Mets on January 9 , 2005 . 2005 : first World Series in Texas ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Houston Astros season In 2005 , the Astros started poorly and found themselves with a 15 - 30 record in late May . The Houston Chronicle had written them off with a tombstone emblazoned with `` RIP 2005 Astros '' . However , from that low point until the end of July , Houston went 42 -- 17 and found themselves in the lead for an NL wild card spot . July saw the best single month record in the club 's history at 22 - 7 . Offensive production had increased greatly after a slow start in the first two months . The Astros had also developed an excellent pitching staff , anchored by Roy Oswalt ( 20 -- 12 , 2.94 ) , Andy Pettitte ( 17 -- 9 , 2.39 ) , and Roger Clemens ( 13 -- 8 with a league - low ERA of only 1.87 ) . The contributions of the other starters -- Brandon Backe ( 10 -- 8 , 4.76 ) and rookie starters Ezequiel Astacio ( 3 -- 6 , 5.67 ) and Wandy Rodríguez ( 10 -- 10 , 5.53 ) -- were less remarkable , but enough to push the Astros into position for a playoff run . The Astros won a wild card berth on the final day of the regular season , becoming the first team since the world champion 1914 Boston Braves to qualify for the postseason after being 15 games under . 500 . The Astros won the National League Division Series against the Atlanta Braves , 3 - 1 , with a game four that set postseason records for most innings ( 18 ) , most players used by a single team ( 23 ) , and longest game time ( 5 hours and 50 minutes ) . Trailing by a score of 6 - 1 , Lance Berkman hit an eighth inning grand slam to narrow the score to 6 -- 5 . In the bottom of the ninth , catcher Brad Ausmus , hit a game tying home run that allowed the game to continue in extra innings . In the bottom of the tenth inning , Luke Scott hit a blast to left field that had home run distance , but was inches foul . This game remained scoreless for the next eight innings . In the top of the fifteenth inning , Roger Clemens made only his second career relief appearance , pitching three shutout innings , notably striking out Julio Franco , at the time the oldest player in the MLB at 47 years old ; Clemens was himself 43 . In the bottom of the eighteenth inning , Clemens came to bat again , indicating that he would be pitching in the nineteenth inning , if it came to that . Clemens struck out , but the next batter , Chris Burke , hit a home run to left field for the Astros win , 7 -- 6 . Oddly enough , a fan in the `` Crawford Boxes '' in left field had previously caught Berkman 's grand slam and this same fan caught Burke 's home run . The National League Championship Series featured a rematch of the 2004 NLCS . The Astros lost the first game in St. Louis , but would win the next three games , with Roy Oswalt getting the win . Though the Astros were poised to close out the series in Game Five in Houston , Brad Lidge gave up a monstrous two - out three - run home run to Albert Pujols , forcing the series to a sixth game in St. Louis , where the Astros clinched a World Series appearance . Roy Oswalt was named NLCS MVP , having gone 2 -- 0 with a 1.29 ERA in the series . Current honorary NL President William Y. Giles presented the league champion Astros with the Warren C. Giles Trophy . Warren Giles , William 's father and President of the National League from 1951 to 1969 , had awarded an MLB franchise to the city of Houston in 1960 . The Astros faced the Chicago White Sox in the World Series . Chicago had been considered the slight favorite but would win all four games , the first two at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago and the final two in Houston . Game 3 marked the first World Series game held in the state of Texas , and was the longest game in World Series history , lasting 5 hours and 41 minutes . This World Series was marked by a controversy involving the Minute Maid Park roof . MLB & Commissioner Bud Selig insisted that the Astros must play with the roof open which mitigated the intensity and enthusiasm of the cheering Astros fans . 2006 -- 2010 : the decline ( edit ) In the 2006 offseason , the team signed Preston Wilson and moved Berkman to first base , ending the long tenure of Jeff Bagwell . The Astros renewed the contract with Clemens and traded two minor league prospects to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for left - handed hitter Aubrey Huff . By August , Preston Wilson complained about his playing time after the return of Luke Scott from AAA Round Rock . The Astros released Wilson and he was signed by St. Louis . A dramatic season end included wins in 10 of their last 12 games , but the Astros missed a playoff appearance when they lost the final game of the season to the Atlanta Braves . On October 31 , the Astros declined a contract option on Jeff Bagwell for 2007 , ending his 15 - year Astros career and leading to his retirement . Roger Clemens and Andy Pettitte filed for free agency . On December 12 , the Astros traded Willy Taveras , Taylor Buchholz , and Jason Hirsh to the Colorado Rockies for Rockies pitchers Jason Jennings and Miguel Asencio . A trade with the White Sox , involving the same three Astros in exchange for Jon Garland , had been nixed a few days earlier when Buchholz reportedly failed a physical . In the end , Taveras continued to develop and Hirsh had a strong 2007 rookie campaign , while Jennings was often injured and generally ineffective . Astros ' outfielder Orlando Palmeiro , 2007 On April 28 , 2007 , the Astros purchased the contract of top minor league prospect Hunter Pence . He debuted that night , getting a hit and scoring a run . By May 2007 , the Astros had suffered one of their worst recent losing streaks ( 10 games ) . On June 28 , second baseman Craig Biggio became the 27th MLB player to accrue 3,000 career hits . Biggio needed three hits to reach 3,000 and on that night he had five hits . That night , Carlos Lee hit a towering walk - off grand slam in the eleventh inning. Lee later quipped to the newsmedia that `` he had hit a walk - off grand slam and he got second billing '' , considering Biggio 's achievement . On July 24 , Biggio announced that he would retire at the end of the season . He hit a grand slam in that night 's game which broke a 3 -- 3 tie and led to an Astros win . In Biggio 's last at bat , he grounded out to Chipper Jones of the Atlanta Braves . On September 20 , Ed Wade was named General Manager . In his first move , he traded Jason Lane to the Padres on September 24 . On September 30 , Craig Biggio retired after twenty years with the team . In November , the Astros traded RHP Brad Lidge and SS Eric Bruntlett to the Philadelphia Phillies for OF Michael Bourn , RHP Geoff Geary , and minor leaguer Mike Costanzo . Utility player Mark Loretta accepted Houston 's salary arbitration and Kazuo Matsui finalized a $16.5 million , three - year contract with the team . In December the Astros traded OF Luke Scott , RHP Matt Albers , RHP Dennis Sarfate , LHP Troy Patton , and minor - league 3B Mike Costanzo , to the Baltimore Orioles for SS Miguel Tejada . On December 14 , they sent infielder Chris Burke , RHP Juan Gutiérrez , and RHP Chad Qualls to the Arizona Diamondbacks for RHP José Valverde . On December 27 , the Astros came to terms on a deal with All - star , Gold Glove winner Darin Erstad . In January and February 2008 , the Astros signed Brandon Backe , Ty Wigginton , Dave Borkowski and Shawn Chacón to one - year deals . The starting rotation would feature Roy Oswalt and Brandon Backe as numbers one and two . Wandy Rodríguez , Chacón and Chris Sampson rounded out the bottom three slots in the rotation . Woody Williams had retired after a 0 -- 4 spring training and Jason Jennings was now with Texas . On the other side of the roster , the Astros would start without Kazuo Matsui , who was on a minor league rehab assignment after a spring training injury . The Astros regressed in 2008 and 2009 , finishing with records of 86 -- 75 and 74 -- 88 , respectively . Manager Cecil Cooper was fired after the 2009 season . 2010 -- 2014 : 100 - loss seasons , move to the AL West and rebuilding ( edit ) The 2010 season was the first season as Astros manager for Brad Mills , who was previously the bench coach of the Boston Red Sox . The Astros struggled throughout a season that was marked by trade - deadline deals that sent longtime Astros to other teams . On July 29 , the Astros ' ace starting pitcher , Roy Oswalt , was dealt to the Philadelphia Phillies for J.A. Happ and two minor league players . On July 31 , outfielder Lance Berkman was traded to the New York Yankees for minor leaguers Jimmy Paredes and Mark Melancon . The Astros finished with a record of 76 - 86 . On July 30 , 2011 , the Astros traded OF Hunter Pence , the team 's 2010 leader in home runs , to the Philadelphia Phillies . On July 31 , they traded OF Michael Bourn to the Atlanta Braves . On September 17 , the Astros clinched their first 100 - loss season in franchise history , On September 28 , the Astros ended the season with an 8 -- 0 home loss to the St. Louis Cardinals . Cardinals pitcher Chris Carpenter pitched a complete game , two - hit shutout in the game , enabling the Cardinals to win the National League Wild Card , where they went on to beat the Texas Rangers in the World Series , with Lance Berkman being a key player in their championship victory . The Astros finished with a record of 56 -- 106 , the worst single - season record in franchise history ( a record which would be broken the following season ) . In November 2010 , Drayton McLane announced that the Astros were being put up for sale . McLane stated that because the Astros were one of the few franchises in Major League Baseball with only one family as the owners , he was planning his estate . McLane was 75 years old as of November 2011 . In March 2011 , local Houston businessman Jim Crane emerged as the front - runner to purchase the franchise . In the 1980s , Crane founded an air freight business which later merged with CEVA Logistics , and later founded Crane Capital Group . McLane and Crane had a previous handshake agreement for the franchise in 2008 , but Crane abruptly changed his mind and broke off discussions . Crane also attempted to buy the Chicago Cubs in 2008 and the Texas Rangers during their 2010 bankruptcy auction . Crane came under scrutiny because of previous allegations of discriminatory hiring practices regarding women and minorities , among other issues . This delayed MLB 's approval process . During the summer of 2011 , a frustrated Crane hinted that the delays might threaten the deal . In October 2011 , Crane met personally with MLB Commissioner Bud Selig , in a meeting that was described as `` constructive '' . On November 15 , 2011 , it was announced that Crane had agreed to move the franchise to the American League for the 2013 season . The move was part of an overall divisional realignment of MLB , with the National and American leagues each having 15 teams in three geographically balanced divisions . Crane was given a $70 million concession by MLB for agreeing to the switch ; the move was a condition for the sale to the new ownership group . Two days later , the Astros were officially sold to Crane after the other owners unanimously voted in favor of the sale . It was also announced that 2012 would be the last season for the Astros in the NL . After over fifty years of the Astros being a part of the National League , this move was unpopular with many Astros fans . Astros second baseman José Altuve in 2013 In 2012 , the Astros were eliminated from the playoffs before September 5 . On September 27 , the Astros named Bo Porter to be the manager for the 2013 season . On October 3 , the Astros ended over 50 years of NL play with a 5 -- 4 loss to the Chicago Cubs and began to look ahead to join the American League . Winning only 20 road games during the entire season , the Astros finished with a 55 -- 107 record , the worst record in all of Major League Baseball for the 2012 season , and surpassing the 2011 season for the worst record in Astros history . On November 2 , 2012 , the Astros unveiled their new look in preparation for their move to the American League for the 2013 season . The uniform is navy blue and orange , going back to the original 1960s team colors , as well as debuting a new version of the classic navy blue hat with a white `` H '' over an orange star . On November 6 , 2012 , the Astros hired former Cleveland Indians director of baseball operations David Stearns as the team 's new assistant general manager . The Astros would also go on to hire former St. Louis Cardinals front office executive Jeff Luhnow as their general manager . The Houston Astros played their first game as an American League team on March 31 , 2013 , where they were victorious over their in - state division competitor , the Texas Rangers , with a score of 8 -- 2 . On September 29 , the Astros completed their first year in the American League , losing 5 -- 1 in a 14 inning game to the New York Yankees . The Astros finished the season with a 51 -- 111 record ( a franchise worst ) with a season ending 15 game losing streak , again surpassing their worst record from last season . The team finished 45 games back out of the division winner Oakland Athletics , further adding to their futility . This marked three consecutive years that the Astros had lost more than 100 games in a single season . They also became the first team to have the first overall pick in the draft three years in a row . They improved on their season in 2014 , going 70 -- 92 , finishing 28 games back over the division winner Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , and placing fourth in the AL West over the Texas Rangers . 2015 : sudden success and a return to the playoffs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After a slow start , the Astros took over first place in the AL West on April 19 and stayed there until shortly before the All - Star Break in mid-July . The Astros retook first place on July 29 , but fell from first on September 15 . In September 2015 , four men died who had been closely associated with the team : Yogi Berra , Gene Elston , Milo Hamilton , and John McMullen . McMullen and Hamilton passed on the same Thursday , September 17 , 2015 , Elston on September 5th , and Berra on September 22 . McMullen , after being a co-owner of the New York Yankees , purchased the Astros in 1979 . He also brought Nolan Ryan to the Astros . In 1980 , the Astros played the Philadelphia Phillies for the NL pennant with Gene Elston on the radio . In 1985 , McMullen brought Yogi Berra in to be a bench coach for the new Astros manager Hal Lanier for the 1986 season , with Milo Hamilton on the radio . Dallas Keuchel led the AL with 20 victories , going 15 -- 0 at home , an MLB record . Key additions to the team included Scott Kazmir and SS Carlos Correa who hit 22 home runs , being called up in June 2015 . 2B José Altuve picked up where he left off as the star of the Astros ' offense . On July 30 , the Astros picked up Mike Fiers and Carlos Gómez from the Milwaukee Brewers . Fiers threw the 11th no - hitter in Astros history on August 21 against the LA Dodgers . Houston got the final AL playoff spot and faced the Yankees in the Wild Card Game on October 6 at New York . They defeated the Yankees 3 -- 0 , but lost to the Kansas City Royals in the American League Division Series . The Astros split the first two games of the ALDS best - of - five series in Kansas City . The Astros won the first game at Minute Maid to take a 2 -- 1 lead in the ALDS . In game 4 , after 7 innings , the Astros had a 6 -- 2 lead . In the top half of the eighth inning , which took about 45 minutes to end , the Royals had taken 7 -- 6 lead with a series of consecutive base hits . The Astros suffered a 9 -- 6 loss and the ALDS was tied at 2 -- 2 . Then the series went back to Kansas City , where the Royals clinched the series in the fifth game , 7 - 2 . 2016 : inconsistency , missing the playoffs and struggles against the Texas Rangers ( edit ) The Astros entered the 2016 season as the favorites to win the AL West after a promising 2015 season . After a bad start to their season , with Houston going just 7 -- 17 in April , the Astros bounced back and went on to have a winning record in their next four months , including an 18 -- 8 record in June . But after going 12 -- 15 in September , the Astros were eliminated from playoff contention . They finished in third place in the American League West Division with a final record of 84 -- 78 . On August 10 , 2016 Gómez was designated for assignment by the Astros after a dreadful campaign with the team . He was released on August 18 , 2016 . Gomez finished his Astros career batting a career low average of . 210 and only hitting 5 HR through 85 games with the club . Gómez later signed with division rival Texas . The season was marked by the Astros 4 -- 15 record against their in - state division rival ( and eventual division winner ) Texas Rangers . The Astros finished the 2016 season eleven games behind the Rangers . 2017 : World Series Champions ( edit ) Main article : 2017 World Series Many buildings in the skyline of Downtown Houston participated in cheering for the Astros during the 2017 World Series . In 2014 , Sports Illustrated predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series through their strategic rebuilding process . As of June 9 , the Astros were 41 -- 16 , which gave them a 13.5 - game lead over the rest of their division , and they had comfortable possession of the best record in the entire league . This was the best start in the Astros ' 55 - year history . As the games of June 23 concluded , the Astros had an 11.5 - game lead over the rest of the division . The Astros entered the All - Star Break with an American League best 60 -- 29 record and a 16 game lead in the division , although the overall best record in MLB had just barely slipped to the Dodgers shortly before the All - Star Break by just one game . With Hurricane Harvey causing massive flooding throughout Houston and southeast Texas , the Astros ' three - game series against the Texas Rangers for August 29 -- 31 , was relocated to Tropicana Field ( home of the Tampa Bay Rays ) , in St. Petersburg , Florida . The Astros greatly improved against the Rangers in 2017 , going 12 -- 7 against them and winning the season series . At the August 31 waiver - trade deadline GM Jeff Luhnow acquired veteran starting pitcher and Cy Young Award winner Justin Verlander to bolster the starting rotation . Verlander won each of his 5 regular season starts with the Astros , yielding only 4 runs over this stretch . He carried his success into the playoffs , posting a record of 4 - 1 in his 6 starts , and throwing a complete game shutout in Game 2 of the ALCS . Verlander was named the 2017 ALCS MVP . The Astros clinched their first division title as a member of the American League West division , and first division title overall since 2001 . They also became the first team in Major League history to win three different divisions : National League West in 1980 and 1986 , National League Central from 1997 -- 1999 and 2001 , and American League West in 2017 . On September 29 , the Astros won their 100th game of the season , the second time the Astros finished a season with over 100 wins , the first being in 1998 . They finished 101 -- 61 , with a 21 - game lead in the division , and faced the Red Sox in the first round of the AL playoffs . The Astros defeated the Red Sox three games to one , and advanced to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees . The Astros won the ALCS four games to three , and advanced to the World Series to play against the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Astros defeated the Dodgers in the deciding seventh game of the World Series , winning the first championship in franchise history . The city of Houston celebrated the team 's accomplishment with a parade on the afternoon of November 3 , 2017 . Houston 's Independent School District gave the students and teachers the day off to watch the parade . On November 16 , 2017 Jose Altuve was named the American League Most Valuable Player , capping off a historic season in which he accumulated 200 hits for the fourth consecutive season , led the majors with a . 346 BA , and was the unquestioned clubhouse leader of the World Series Champions . Achievements ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros seasons Franchise record ( edit ) As of the completion of the 2017 season Team name Games Wins Losses Ties W-L % Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) 486 196 288 . 405 NL Astros ( 1965 -- 2012 ) 7652 3803 3846 . 497 AL Astros ( 2013 -- present ) 810 392 418 -- . 484 Overall total 8948 4391 4552 5 . 491 Playoff record 80 35 45 -- . 438 Source : Awards ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders Darryl Kile Award See also : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders § Darryl Kile Award Two awards are presented each year , one to a Houston Astro and one to a St. Louis Cardinal , each of whom exemplifies Kile 's virtues of being `` a good teammate , a great friend , a fine father and a humble man . '' The winner is selected by each local chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Team captains ( edit ) 23 Enos Cabell , 3B / 1B , 1984 -- 1985 Team records ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros team records Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers Jeff Bagwell 1B Coach Retired August 26 , 2007 Craig Biggio C , OF , 2B Retired August 17 , 2008 Jimmy Wynn OF Retired June 25 , 2005 José Cruz OF Coach Retired October 3 , 1992 Jim Umbricht Retired April 12 , 1965 Mike Scott Retired October 3 , 1992 Nolan Ryan Retired September 29 , 1996 Don Wilson Retired April 13 , 1975 Larry Dierker Manager Retired May 19 , 2002 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 The number 42 is retired by Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson . Source : Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) 57 : Has not been reissued since former Astros pitcher Darryl Kile died as an active player with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2002 . 17 : Has not been reissued since Lance Berkman was traded in 2010 . Hall of Fame ( edit ) Baseball Hall of Fame members ( edit ) Houston Astros Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Houston Colt . 45s Nellie Fox Houston Astros Jeff Bagwell Craig Biggio Leo Durocher Randy Johnson Eddie Mathews Joe Morgan Robin Roberts Iván Rodríguez Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Colt . 45s or Astros cap insignia . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( edit ) Houston Astros Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Gene Elston Milo Hamilton Harry Kalas Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Colt . 45s or Astros . Texas Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Astros in the Texas Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Lee Ballanfant Scout 1961 -- 1970 Born in Waco Pete Runnels IF 1963 -- 1964 Born in Lufkin 5 Jeff Bagwell 1B Coach 1991 -- 2005 7 Craig Biggio 2B / C 1988 -- 2007 8 , 12 , 18 , 35 Joe Morgan 2B 1963 -- 1971 1980 Played mainly with the Cincinnati Reds ; born in Bonham 11 Eddie Mathews 3B 1967 Played mainly with the Boston / Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves ; born in Texarkana 12 , 77 Iván Rodríguez 2009 Played mainly with the Texas Rangers 17 Lance Berkman OF / 1B 1999 -- 2010 Born and raised in Waco , attended Rice University 21 Andy Pettitte 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the New York Yankees ; grew up in Houston 22 Roger Clemens 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the Boston Red Sox ; grew up in Houston , attended the University of Texas at Austin 34 Nolan Ryan 1980 -- 1988 Born in Refugio , grew up in Alvin 38 Robin Roberts 1965 -- 1966 Played mainly with the Philadelphia Phillies 49 Larry Dierker Manager 1964 -- 1977 1997 -- 2001 Current roster ( edit ) Houston Astros 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers -- Dean Deetz 47 Chris Devenski 45 Michael Feliz 53 Ken Giles -- Anthony Gose 64 Reymin Guduan 61 Jandel Gustave 36 Will Harris 51 James Hoyt 60 Dallas Keuchel 58 Francis Martes 43 Lance McCullers 31 Collin McHugh 50 Charlie Morton 59 Joe Musgrove 63 David Paulino 41 Brad Peacock -- Cionel Pérez 62 Brady Rodgers 56 Héctor Rondón 29 Tony Sipp 38 Joe Smith 35 Justin Verlander Catchers 11 Evan Gattis 16 Brian McCann 12 Max Stassi Infielders 27 José Altuve 2 Alex Bregman 1 Carlos Correa 28 J.D. Davis 10 Yulieski Gurriel † -- Colin Moran 23 A.J. Reed 13 Tyler White Outfielders 21 Derek Fisher 9 Marwin González 18 Tony Kemp 6 Jake Marisnick 22 Josh Reddick 4 George Springer Catchers -- Tim Federowicz Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Coaches -- Jeff Albert ( assistant hitting ) 85 Javier Bracamonte ( bullpen catcher ) 37 Alex Cintrón ( first base ) -- Joe Espada ( bench ) 39 Dave Hudgens ( hitting ) 8 Gary Pettis ( third base ) 56 Brent Strom ( pitching ) -- Doug White ( bullpen ) 96 Carlos Munoz ( bullpen catcher ) 40 active , 0 inactive , 1 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated December 15 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Minor League affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Fresno Grizzlies Pacific Coast League Fresno , California AA Corpus Christi Hooks Texas League Corpus Christi , Texas Advanced A * Buies Creek Astros Carolina League Buies Creek , North Carolina Quad Cities River Bandits Midwest League Davenport , Iowa Short Season A Tri-City ValleyCats New York -- Penn League Troy , New York Rookie GCL Astros Gulf Coast League West Palm Beach , Florida DSL Astros Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic * In December 2016 , the Astros agreed to a 30 - year deal to field a Class - A Advanced team in Fayetteville , North Carolina , beginning in 2019 . The team will play the 2017 and 2018 seasons in Buies Creek while a new stadium is built in Fayetteville . Radio and television ( edit ) See also : Houston Astros Radio Network As of 2013 , the Astros ' new flagship radio station is KBME , Sportstalk 790AM ( a Fox Sports Radio affiliate ) , leaving KTRH , 740AM after a partnership with them since 1999 ( both stations are owned by iHeartMedia ) . This change suddenly made it difficult for listeners outside of Houston itself to hear the Astros , as KTRH runs 50 kilowatts of power day and night , and KBME runs only five kilowatts . As a result , KTRH is audible across much of Central , East , and South Texas , whereas KBME can only be heard in Houston , especially after dark . Milo Hamilton , a veteran voice who was on the call for Hank Aaron 's 715th career home run in 1974 , retired at the end of the 2012 season , after broadcasting play - by - play for the Astros since 1985 . Dave Raymond and Brett Dolan shared play - by play duty for road games , while Raymond additionally worked as Hamilton 's color analyst ( while Hamilton called home games only for the past few seasons before his retirement ) ; they were not retained and instead brought in Robert Ford and Steve Sparks to begin broadcasting for the 2013 season . Spanish language radio play - by - play is handled by Francisco Romero , and his play - by - play partner is Alex Treviño , a former backup catcher for the club . During the 2012 season Astros games on television were announced by Bill Brown and Jim Deshaies . In the seven seasons before then , Astros games were broadcast on television by Fox Sports Houston , with select games shown on broadcast TV by KTXH . As part of a ten - year , $1 billion deal with Comcast that includes a majority stake jointly held by the Astros and the Houston Rockets , Houston Astros games moved to the new Comcast SportsNet Houston at the beginning of the 2013 season . On September 27 , 2013 CSN Houston filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and surprising the Astros who own the largest stake . After being brought out of bankruptcy by DirecTV Sports Networks and AT&T , the channel 's name was changed to Root Sports Southwest then later AT&T SportsNet Southwest . The current television team consists of Todd Kalas and Geoff Blum . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Orbit ( mascot ) Orbit , Houston Astros mascot from 1990 -- 1999 , 2013 -- present Orbit is the name given to MLB 's Houston Astros mascot , a lime - green outer - space creature wearing an Astros jersey with antennae extending into baseballs . Orbit was the team 's official mascot from the 1990 through the 1999 seasons until the 2000 season , where Junction Jack was introduced as the team 's mascot with the move from the Astrodome to then Enron Field . Orbit returned on November 2 , 2012 at the unveiling of the Astros new look for their 2013 debut in the American League . The name Orbit pays homage to Houston 's association with NASA and nickname Space City . The Astros had been represented by a trio of rabbit mascots named Junction Jack , Jesse and Julie from 2000 through 2012 . In April 1977 the Houston Astros introduced their very first mascot , Chester Charge . Created by Ed Henderson , Chester Charge was a Texas cavalry soldier on a horse . Chester appeared on the field at the beginning of each home game , during the seventh inning stretch and then ran around the bases at the conclusion of each win . At the blast of a bugle , the scoreboard would light up and the audience would yell , `` Charge ! '' References ( edit ) General A Six - Gun Salute : An Illustrated History of the Houston Colt . 45s , by Robert Reed ( Rowman - Littlefield Publishing , Boston , 1999 ) In - line citations Jump up ^ `` Astros officially launch new identity '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . November 2 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Haller , Dave ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Prospectus Notebook : Astros , Blue Jays '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris . `` Astros rebrand in 2013 ? History says , Yes ! '' . thescore.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam . `` THE ROOF STAYS OPEN AS MLB CLOSES CASE '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Oswalt headed to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Oswalt accepts trade to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankees make Berkman Deal Official '' . Yankees.lhblogs.com . July 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Astros finalize Berkman deal with Yankees '' . Pressbox.mlb.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Owner Drayton McLane officially puts the Houston Astros up for sale abc13.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2010 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` McLane ' close ' in deal to sell Astros to Jim Crane -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2011 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Frustrated Jim Crane ' offended ' by speculation about delays in Astros sale process '' . Blog.chron.com. 2011 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Levine , Zachary ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Jim Crane has ' constructive ' meeting with Bud Selig '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros To The American League : MLB Gives New Owner A $70 Million Discount , According To Reports '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Astros bring welcome change to American League West astros.com : News '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Astros ' sale finalized ; 2 more for playoffs '' . ESPN.com . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Steve ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Local attorney says Astros ' move to AL violates lease agreement '' . Houston Chronicle ( Ultimate Astros blog ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Astros , fans celebrate unveiling of team 's new look '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stearns hired as Astros ' assistant GM '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 2012 - 11 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated has very , very , very high hopes for the 2017 Astros '' . Jump up ^ `` TEX - HOU moved to Rays ' park ; millions donated '' . MLB.com . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Astros ' Justin Verlander trade came together at the last second '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander Stats Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ AP Newswire ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Astros win 1st World Series crown , top Dodgers 5 - 1 in Game 7 '' . statesman.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Team History & Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Darryl Kile Award . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Retired Numbers '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retired Numbers : Houston Astros - Baseball Essential '' . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pope , Thomas ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Buies Creek to be home to Astros ' Carolina League team the next two seasons '' . Fayeteville Observer . Jump up ^ Barksdale , Andrew . `` Fayetteville , Houston Astros sign 30 - year agreement to bring baseball to downtown '' . FayObserver.com . The Fayetteville Observer . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , David ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Astros Announce New Radio Team '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comcast SportsNet Houston plans October launch '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CSN Houston bankruptcy filing surprises Astros '' . 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Mascot -- Orbit '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at Astros Mascots '' . AstrosTalk. 2013 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Houston Astros . Baseball portal Houston portal Official website Houston Astros news from the Houston Chronicle Astros team page on Baseball-Reference.com Houston Astros Video on ESPN Video Archive Houston Astros history Preceded by Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series Champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals National League Champions Houston Astros 2005 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2006 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 2016 American League Champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Reid Ryan General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Houston Astros managers Harry Craft ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Lum Harris ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Grady Hatton ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Harry Walker ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Salty Parker ( 1972 ) Leo Durocher ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Preston Gómez ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bill Virdon ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Bob Lillis ( 1982 -- 1985 ) Hal Lanier ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Art Howe ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Terry Collins ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Larry Dierker ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Jimy Williams ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil Garner ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Cecil Cooper ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Dave Clark ( 2009 ) Brad Mills ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tony DeFrancesco ( 2012 ) Bo Porter ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Tom Lawless ( 2014 ) A.J. Hinch ( 2015 -- ) Houston Astros retired numbers 5 Jeff Bagwell 7 Craig Biggio 24 Jimmy Wynn 25 José Cruz 32 Jim Umbricht 33 Mike Scott 34 Nolan Ryan 40 Don Wilson 49 Larry Dierker Houston Astros 2017 World Series champions 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 3 Cameron Maybin 4 George Springer ( World Series MVP ) 9 Marwin González 10 Yuli Gurriel 11 Evan Gattis 15 Carlos Beltrán 16 Brian McCann 21 Derek Fisher 22 Josh Reddick 27 José Altuve ( AL MVP ) 30 Juan Centeno 31 Collin McHugh 35 Justin Verlander ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Will Harris 41 Brad Peacock 43 Lance McCullers Jr . 44 Luke Gregerson 46 Francisco Liriano 47 Chris Devenski 50 Charlie Morton 53 Ken Giles 59 Joe Musgrove 60 Dallas Keuchel Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Bench Coach 26 Alex Cora First Base Coach 48 Rich Dauer Third Base Coach 8 Gary Pettis Pitching Coach 56 Brent Strom Hitting Coach 39 Dave Hudgens Assistant Hitting Coach 55 Alonzo Powell Bullpen Coach 52 Craig Bjornson Bullpen Catcher 85 Javier Bracamonte Bullpen Catcher 96 Carlos Muñoz Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . 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"\n\nHouston Astros\n\n\n 2017 Houston Astros season\n\n\nEstablished in 1962\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam logo\nCap insignia\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league affiliations\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerican League (2013–present)\n\nWest Division (2013–present)\n\n\n\nNational League (1962–2012)\n\nCentral Division (1994–2012)\nWest Division (1969–1993)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRetired numbers\n\n\n\n5\n7\n24\n25\n32\n33\n34\n40\n49\n42\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\n\n\n\n\n\nNavy blue, orange, white[1]\n\n \n\n\n\nName\n\n\n\n\n\nHouston Astros (1965–present)\nHouston Colt .45s (1962–1964)\n\n\n\n\n\nOther nicknames\n\n\n\n\n\n'Stros\n\n\n\n\n\nBallpark\n\n\n\n\n\nMinute Maid Park (2000–present)\nAstrodome (1965–1999)\nColt Stadium (1962–1964)\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league titles\n\n\nWorld Series titles (1)\n2017\n\n\nAL Pennants (1)\n2017\n\n\nNL Pennants (1)\n2005\n\n\nAL West Division titles (1)\n2017\n\n\nNL West/Central Division titles (6)\n\n\n\n1980\n1986\n1997\n\n\n\n\n1998\n1999\n2001\n\n\n\n\n\nWild card berths (3)\n\n\n\n2004\n2005\n2015\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike-split 1981 season, losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS.\n\n\n\nFront office\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJim Crane\n\n\nManager\nA. J. Hinch\n\n\nGeneral Manager\nJeff Luhnow\n\n\nPresident of Baseball Operations\nReid Ryan\n\n"
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3885667214694111254 | Mexican Train | Mexican train - wikipedia Mexican train Jump to : navigation , search A typical game of Mexican Train with the branching doubles variation Mexican Train is a game played with dominoes . The object of the game is for a player to play all the dominoes from his or her hand onto one or more chains , or `` trains '' , emanating from a central hub or `` station '' . The game 's most popular name comes from a special optional train that belongs to all players . However , the game can be played without the Mexican Train ; such variants are generally called `` Private Trains '' or `` Domino Trains '' . It is related to the game Chicken Foot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Equipment 2 Objective 3 Setup 4 Gameplay 4.1 Public Trains 4.2 The Mexican Train 4.3 Playing doubles 4.4 Scoring 4.5 Partnerships 4.6 Elements of strategy 5 Variations 6 References Equipment ( edit ) A double - twelve set of dominoes is marketed as the standard for Mexican Train , and accommodates up to 8 players . Other sets are commonly used as well . The following alternate sets are common , depending on the number of people playing : Double - Six ( 2 players ) Double - Nine ( 2 -- 4 players ) Double - Twelve ( 5 -- 8 players ) Double - Fifteen ( 9 -- 12 players ) Double - Eighteen ( 13 + players ) In addition to dominoes , the game also requires : One token or marker for each player A special spacer , known as the `` station '' or `` hub '' , used to evenly space the trains around the central domino ( optional ) . Pencil and paper to keep score Many sets of dominoes include a station and special train - shaped tokens for markers , and packaged games with a central `` station '' and custom tokens are available . However , the station piece is not strictly needed , and anything from coins to poker chips to even pieces of candy or slips of paper can be used as markers . Objective ( edit ) The object of all Trains games is to be the first player to place all of their dominoes . Dominoes may be placed onto the player 's train , onto the Mexican train if available , or on the trains of other players under special circumstances. The middle tile counts as the start of your multiple tile train . Setup ( edit ) At the start of each round , the dominoes are placed face side down , shuffled , and drawn by players to form their hands . Using the double - nine set , players draw dominoes as follows : 2 -- 4 players : 10 dominoes each 5 -- 6 players : 9 dominoes each 7 -- 8 players : 7 dominoes each Any remaining dominoes are placed to one side , forming the `` boneyard '' . Gameplay ( edit ) With a standard double - twelve set the double twelve is placed in the station . In each successive round the next lower double is used until all doubles are used . The double - blank is the final round . Play continues to the left . Each person lays one legally placed domino per turn , or two if the player 's first domino is a double . If they are unable to , they must draw a domino from the boneyard . If they are able to lay that domino , they must do so immediately . Otherwise , their turn is over and play continues to the left , each player trying to place all their dominoes by playing matching dominoes one at a time , end to end . A train can be as long as the players can make it ; it only ends when all dominoes that could match its endpoint have already been played . As a result , trains can become quite long , especially with an extended domino set . It is acceptable to `` bend '' the train 90 ° or 180 ° to keep the train on the playing surface , as long as it does not interfere with the endpoints of other trains . Public trains ( edit ) All trains begin the game as `` private '' , and only the player who owns the train may play on it . When a player draws a domino and is unable play it , they must mark their train as `` public '' by placing a marker on their train . If a player is deemed to have made a strategic error the highest score of that round is added to theirs . Players have the option , whether they can play on their own train or not , of playing a domino on any train currently marked `` public '' . When a player with a `` public '' train adds a domino to it , it becomes `` private '' again and may not be played on except by the train 's owner . The Mexican train ( edit ) The Mexican Train is an additional train that anyone may play on during their turn . They can start the train by playing a domino matching the engine ( i.e. the double played at the beginning of the round ) or add to the train . Mexican trains can be added as long as a space remains . Playing doubles ( edit ) When a double is played , it is placed perpendicular to the train . Subsequently , adding a domino to the double is called `` finishing '' , `` satisfying the double '' or `` covering the double '' . The player who played the double must take another turn . This additional turn follows exactly the same rules as any normal turn . They may play anywhere they like , and do not have to `` finish the double '' on this turn . They may play elsewhere and , provided they make a legal play , do not have to mark their train for not finishing the double ( unless the double was played on their own train ) . Like any other turn , if they can not play they must draw a domino and mark their train as `` public '' . If a double remains unfinished after it has been played , the train becomes a `` public '' train . No other train can be added to by any player until someone `` finishes the double '' . Play passes to the next player who can legally play on this train ( if the train is theirs , or if they can legally play on `` public '' trains ) . If they can not `` finish the double '' , they must draw a domino , and if they can not play it on the double , their own train becomes `` public '' . Play continues like this until someone `` finishes the double '' . Branching on doubles as in Chicken Foot is allowed as an option ( see Variations below ) . Scoring ( edit ) At the end of each round , the player going out receives 0 points , while all other players receive the sum of all pips ( dots ) on their dominoes . The person with the fewest points after all thirteen rounds have been played is the winner . In the case of a tie , the person with the most 0 - point rounds is the winner . ( If this is still a tie , the person with the lowest round total other than 0 is the winner ) . Partnerships ( edit ) With four , six or eight players , the game can be played in teams of two , with partners sitting opposite each other . Rules are identical except that a player 's train and his partner 's train are considered one and the same ( they will usually extend from opposite sides of the station ) , and thus a player can play on his own end or his partner 's , and neither end becomes public until neither partner can play a tile . Scoring is also handled in pairs , with the player who went out scoring zero for his team ( even though his partner will have dominoes remaining ) and other teams summing their scores for a team score . Elements of strategy ( edit ) It is generally in a player 's best interest to keep their train private . By making a train public , the player allows other players to break an impasse in extending the train , but the player loses all other options except to attempt to play on the endpoint of their own train . While public trains offer additional options , the player 's own private train should be considered first . Trains usually are public because their owners can not play on them ; if that train 's endpoint does not change , its owner has no options until they draw a domino they can play on it . A player may choose to dump unmatched tiles on public trains first , before starting their own train , to trick the other players into believing that the player can not start a train . If one or more players played on a public train and the endpoint value has changed , play another tile that will change the endpoint value back to its original value or to a value the player is thought not to have . It is sometimes advantageous to play a double on one 's own train and intentionally leave it unfinished . If the value of the double has been heavily played elsewhere , other players may be unable to finish it , which will cause many players to have to mark their own trains . This is a good defensive play when subsequent players are low on dominoes ; they are unlikely to have a matching domino , and must draw and mark their trains until someone can finish the double . Because a player playing an unfinished double on someone else 's train does not have to mark their own train as public , it is recommended that players play doubles on public trains whenever possible . Not only does this remove a major disadvantage to playing an unfinished double , it does not change the endpoint value of the train meaning its owner probably will not be able to play , and other players do have to mark their trains if they can not finish the double . However double on another player 's train gives that player and everyone else ( if public ) more options . Variations ( edit ) There are a number of other versions of the rules for Mexican Train , varying the number of dominoes drawn by each player , the rules for playing doubles , or the number of tiles that can be played during one turn . For example : Fast Game variation : After the starting double has been placed , turns are ignored , and each player focuses on making their own train as long as possible . Once everyone has made as long of a train as they can , play reverts to turns , using the rules listed above . This speeds up the game , but eliminates some of the strategies of playing doubles . Delayed First Turn variation : Similar to the Fast Game variation listed above , instead of simultaneously , each person takes turns playing as many dominoes on their train as possible . Any player that is unable to play on their first turn draws a domino , and may then begin their first turn or pass . When a player who has passed finally starts their train , they may play as many dominoes as they can string together . After starting their train , players are only permitted to play one domino at a time as usual , unless playing a double . This version allows a player to save their `` first turn '' string of dominoes for when they have a chance , instead of being stuck with all dominoes from the beginning . Branching Doubles variation : Once a double has been satisfied , players may continue to branch off of the double in two more directions , meaning the double will have a matching endpoint on all four sides . Often , players like to angle these branches at a 45 - degree angle to accommodate for more room . This variant gives players more choice and speeds up the game . Swan Drive variation : A player who can play on their own train may also play one tile on each subsequent public train in clockwise order . Each public train must be played on in order to continue in this manner , and only one tile per train may be played ( unless a double must be finished ) . Once a player can not play on the next public train , or has looped around to their own train , their turn ends . While playing on each public train , the player may choose to play on the Mexican train or skip it when he comes to it , making the placement of the train somewhat strategical . This version makes for a much faster game . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Jennifer A. , Great Book of Domino Games . Sterling 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0806942599 . ^ Jump up to : McLeod , John , ed. , Mexican Train , Card Games Website Mexican Train on BoardGameGeek Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Train&oldid=787211519 '' Categories : Domino games Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 02 : 56 . About Wikipedia | how many dominoes per person in mexican train | [
"\n2–4 players: 10 dominoes each\n5–6 players: 9 dominoes each\n7–8 players: 7 dominoes each\n",
"\n2–4 players: 10 dominoes each\n5–6 players: 9 dominoes each\n7–8 players: 7 dominoes each\n",
"\n2–4 players: 10 dominoes each\n5–6 players: 9 dominoes each\n7–8 players: 7 dominoes each\n"
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130189851739078979 | Atomic theory | Atomic theory - wikipedia Atomic theory Jump to : navigation , search `` Atomic model '' redirects here . For the unrelated term in mathematical logic , see Atomic model ( mathematical logic ) . This article is about the historical models of the atom . For a history of the study of how atoms combine to form molecules , see History of molecular theory . The current theoretical model of the atom involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic `` cloud '' of electrons In chemistry and physics , atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter , which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms . It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms . The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos , meaning `` indivisible '' . 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the growing number of irreducible chemical elements . While seemingly apropos , around the turn of the 20th century , through various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity , physicists discovered that the so - called `` uncuttable atom '' was actually a conglomerate of various subatomic particles ( chiefly , electrons , protons and neutrons ) which can exist separately from each other . In fact , in certain extreme environments , such as neutron stars , extreme temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all . Since atoms were found to be divisible , physicists later invented the term `` elementary particles '' to describe the `` uncuttable '' , though not indestructible , parts of an atom . The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics , and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental nature of matter . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Philosophical atomism 1.2 John Dalton 1.3 Avogadro 1.4 Brownian Motion 1.5 Discovery of subatomic particles 1.6 Discovery of the nucleus 1.7 First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom 1.8 Discovery of isotopes 1.9 Discovery of nuclear particles 1.10 Quantum physical models of the atom 2 See also 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External links History Philosophical atomism Main article : Atomism The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old one , appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India . However , these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation . Because of this , they could not convince everybody , so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter . It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists , as the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that could easily be explained using the concept of atoms . John Dalton Near the end of the 18th century , two laws about chemical reactions emerged without referring to the notion of an atomic theory . The first was the law of conservation of mass , formulated by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 , which states that the total mass in a chemical reaction remains constant ( that is , the reactants have the same mass as the products ) . The second was the law of definite proportions . First proven by the French chemist Joseph Louis Proust in 1799 , this law states that if a compound is broken down into its constituent elements , then the masses of the constituents will always have the same proportions , regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance . John Dalton studied and expanded upon this previous work and developed the law of multiple proportions : if two elements can be combined to form a number of possible compounds , then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will be ratios of small whole numbers . For example : Proust had studied tin oxides and found that their masses were either 88.1 % tin and 11.9 % oxygen or 78.7 % tin and 21.3 % oxygen ( these were tin ( II ) oxide and tin dioxide respectively ) . Dalton noted from these percentages that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5 g or 27g of oxygen ; 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1 : 2 . Dalton found that an atomic theory of matter could elegantly explain this common pattern in chemistry . In the case of Proust 's tin oxides , one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms . Dalton believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbed different gases in different proportions - for example , he found that water absorbed carbon dioxide far better than it absorbed nitrogen . Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences in mass and complexity of the gases ' respective particles . Indeed , carbon dioxide molecules ( CO ) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules ( N ) . Dalton proposed that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single , unique type , and though they can not be altered or destroyed by chemical means , they can combine to form more complex structures ( chemical compounds ) . This marked the first truly scientific theory of the atom , since Dalton reached his conclusions by experimentation and examination of the results in an empirical fashion . Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton 's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ) . In 1803 Dalton orally presented his first list of relative atomic weights for a number of substances . This paper was published in 1805 , but he did not discuss there exactly how he obtained these figures . The method was first revealed in 1807 by his acquaintance Thomas Thomson , in the third edition of Thomson 's textbook , A System of Chemistry . Finally , Dalton published a full account in his own textbook , A New System of Chemical Philosophy , 1808 and 1810 . Dalton estimated the atomic weights according to the mass ratios in which they combined , with the hydrogen atom taken as unity . However , Dalton did not conceive that with some elements atoms exist in molecules -- e.g. pure oxygen exists as O. He also mistakenly believed that the simplest compound between any two elements is always one atom of each ( so he thought water was HO , not H O ) . This , in addition to the crudity of his equipment , flawed his results . For instance , in 1803 he believed that oxygen atoms were 5.5 times heavier than hydrogen atoms , because in water he measured 5.5 grams of oxygen for every 1 gram of hydrogen and believed the formula for water was HO . Adopting better data , in 1806 he concluded that the atomic weight of oxygen must actually be 7 rather than 5.5 , and he retained this weight for the rest of his life . Others at this time had already concluded that the oxygen atom must weigh 8 relative to hydrogen equals 1 , if one assumes Dalton 's formula for the water molecule ( HO ) , or 16 if one assumes the modern water formula ( H O ) . Avogadro The flaw in Dalton 's theory was corrected in principle in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro . Avogadro had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases , at equal temperature and pressure , contain equal numbers of molecules ( in other words , the mass of a gas 's particles does not affect the volume that it occupies ) . Avogadro 's law allowed him to deduce the diatomic nature of numerous gases by studying the volumes at which they reacted . For instance : since two liters of hydrogen will react with just one liter of oxygen to produce two liters of water vapor ( at constant pressure and temperature ) , it meant a single oxygen molecule splits in two in order to form two particles of water . Thus , Avogadro was able to offer more accurate estimates of the atomic mass of oxygen and various other elements , and made a clear distinction between molecules and atoms . Brownian motion In 1827 , the British botanist Robert Brown observed that dust particles inside pollen grains floating in water constantly jiggled about for no apparent reason . In 1905 , Albert Einstein theorized that this Brownian motion was caused by the water molecules continuously knocking the grains about , and developed a hypothetical mathematical model to describe it . This model was validated experimentally in 1908 by French physicist Jean Perrin , thus providing additional validation for particle theory ( and by extension atomic theory ) . Discovery of subatomic particles Main articles : Electron and Plum pudding model The cathode rays ( blue ) were emitted from the cathode , sharpened to a beam by the slits , then deflected as they passed between the two electrified plates . Atoms were thought to be the smallest possible division of matter until 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays . A Crookes tube is a sealed glass container in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum . When a voltage is applied across the electrodes , cathode rays are generated , creating a glowing patch where they strike the glass at the opposite end of the tube . Through experimentation , Thomson discovered that the rays could be deflected by an electric field ( in addition to magnetic fields , which was already known ) . He concluded that these rays , rather than being a form of light , were composed of very light negatively charged particles he called `` corpuscles '' ( they would later be renamed electrons by other scientists ) . He measured the mass - to - charge ratio and discovered it was 1800 times smaller than that of hydrogen , the smallest atom . These corpuscles were a particle unlike any other previously known . Thomson suggested that atoms were divisible , and that the corpuscles were their building blocks . To explain the overall neutral charge of the atom , he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge ; this was the plum pudding model as the electrons were embedded in the positive charge like plums in a plum pudding ( although in Thomson 's model they were not stationary ) . Discovery of the nucleus Main article : Rutherford model The Geiger - Marsden experiment Left : Expected results : alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection . Right : Observed results : a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus . Thomson 's plum pudding model was disproved in 1909 by one of his former students , Ernest Rutherford , who discovered that most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a very small fraction of its volume , which he assumed to be at the very center . In the Geiger -- Marsden experiment , Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden ( colleagues of Rutherford working at his behest ) shot alpha particles at thin sheets of metal and measured their deflection through the use of a fluorescent screen . Given the very small mass of the electrons , the high momentum of the alpha particles , and the low concentration of the positive charge of the plum pudding model , the experimenters expected all the alpha particles to pass through the metal foil without significant deflection . To their astonishment , a small fraction of the alpha particles experienced heavy deflection . Rutherford concluded that the positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in a very tiny volume to produce an electric field sufficiently intense to deflect the alpha particles so strongly . This led Rutherford to propose a planetary model in which a cloud of electrons surrounded a small , compact nucleus of positive charge . Only such a concentration of charge could produce the electric field strong enough to cause the heavy deflection . First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom Main article : Bohr model The planetary model of the atom had two significant shortcomings . The first is that , unlike planets orbiting a sun , electrons are charged particles . An accelerating electric charge is known to emit electromagnetic waves according to the Larmor formula in classical electromagnetism . An orbiting charge should steadily lose energy and spiral toward the nucleus , colliding with it in a small fraction of a second . The second problem was that the planetary model could not explain the highly peaked emission and absorption spectra of atoms that were observed . The Bohr model of the atom Quantum theory revolutionized physics at the beginning of the 20th century , when Max Planck and Albert Einstein postulated that light energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts known as quanta ( singular , quantum ) . In 1913 , Niels Bohr incorporated this idea into his Bohr model of the atom , in which an electron could only orbit the nucleus in particular circular orbits with fixed angular momentum and energy , its distance from the nucleus ( i.e. , their radii ) being proportional to its energy . Under this model an electron could not spiral into the nucleus because it could not lose energy in a continuous manner ; instead , it could only make instantaneous `` quantum leaps '' between the fixed energy levels . When this occurred , light was emitted or absorbed at a frequency proportional to the change in energy ( hence the absorption and emission of light in discrete spectra ) . Bohr 's model was not perfect . It could only predict the spectral lines of hydrogen ; it could n't predict those of multielectron atoms . Worse still , as spectrographic technology improved , additional spectral lines in hydrogen were observed which Bohr 's model could n't explain . In 1916 , Arnold Sommerfeld added elliptical orbits to the Bohr model to explain the extra emission lines , but this made the model very difficult to use , and it still could n't explain more complex atoms . Discovery of isotopes Main article : Isotope While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay , in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one element at each position on the periodic table . The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for these elements . That same year , J.J. Thomson conducted an experiment in which he channeled a stream of neon ions through magnetic and electric fields , striking a photographic plate at the other end . He observed two glowing patches on the plate , which suggested two different deflection trajectories . Thomson concluded this was because some of the neon ions had a different mass . The nature of this differing mass would later be explained by the discovery of neutrons in 1932 . Discovery of nuclear particles Main articles : Atomic nucleus and Discovery of the neutron In 1917 Rutherford bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles and observed hydrogen nuclei being emitted from the gas ( Rutherford recognized these , because he had previously obtained them bombarding hydrogen with alpha particles , and observing hydrogen nuclei in the products ) . Rutherford concluded that the hydrogen nuclei emerged from the nuclei of the nitrogen atoms themselves ( in effect , he had split a nitrogen ) . From his own work and the work of his students Bohr and Henry Moseley , Rutherford knew that the positive charge of any atom could always be equated to that of an integer number of hydrogen nuclei . This , coupled with the atomic mass of many elements being roughly equivalent to an integer number of hydrogen atoms - then assumed to be the lightest particles - led him to conclude that hydrogen nuclei were singular particles and a basic constituent of all atomic nuclei . He named such particles protons . Further experimentation by Rutherford found that the nuclear mass of most atoms exceeded that of the protons it possessed ; he speculated that this surplus mass was composed of previously - unknown neutrally charged particles , which were tentatively dubbed `` neutrons '' . In 1928 , Walter Bothe observed that beryllium emitted a highly penetrating , electrically neutral radiation when bombarded with alpha particles . It was later discovered that this radiation could knock hydrogen atoms out of paraffin wax . Initially it was thought to be high - energy gamma radiation , since gamma radiation had a similar effect on electrons in metals , but James Chadwick found that the ionization effect was too strong for it to be due to electromagnetic radiation , so long as energy and momentum were conserved in the interaction . In 1932 , Chadwick exposed various elements , such as hydrogen and nitrogen , to the mysterious `` beryllium radiation '' , and by measuring the energies of the recoiling charged particles , he deduced that the radiation was actually composed of electrically neutral particles which could not be massless like the gamma ray , but instead were required to have a mass similar to that of a proton . Chadwick now claimed these particles as Rutherford 's neutrons . For his discovery of the neutron , Chadwick received the Nobel Prize in 1935 . Quantum physical models of the atom Main article : Atomic orbital The five filled atomic orbitals of a neon atom separated and arranged in order of increasing energy from left to right , with the last three orbitals being equal in energy . Each orbital holds up to two electrons , which most probably exist in the zones represented by the colored bubbles . Each electron is equally present in both orbital zones , shown here by color only to highlight the different wave phase . In 1924 , Louis de Broglie proposed that all moving particles -- particularly subatomic particles such as electrons -- exhibit a degree of wave - like behavior . Erwin Schrödinger , fascinated by this idea , explored whether or not the movement of an electron in an atom could be better explained as a wave rather than as a particle . Schrödinger 's equation , published in 1926 , describes an electron as a wavefunction instead of as a point particle . This approach elegantly predicted many of the spectral phenomena that Bohr 's model failed to explain . Although this concept was mathematically convenient , it was difficult to visualize , and faced opposition . One of its critics , Max Born , proposed instead that Schrödinger 's wavefunction described not the electron but rather all its possible states , and thus could be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron at any given location around the nucleus . This reconciled the two opposing theories of particle versus wave electrons and the idea of wave -- particle duality was introduced . This theory stated that the electron may exhibit the properties of both a wave and a particle . For example , it can be refracted like a wave , and has mass like a particle . A consequence of describing electrons as waveforms is that it is mathematically impossible to simultaneously derive the position and momentum of an electron . This became known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle after the theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg , who first described it and published it in 1927 . This invalidated Bohr 's model , with its neat , clearly defined circular orbits . The modern model of the atom describes the positions of electrons in an atom in terms of probabilities . An electron can potentially be found at any distance from the nucleus , but , depending on its energy level , exists more frequently in certain regions around the nucleus than others ; this pattern is referred to as its atomic orbital . The orbitals come in a variety of shapes - sphere , dumbbell , torus , etc. - with the nucleus in the middle . See also Physics portal Spectroscopy History of the molecule Discoveries of the chemical elements Introduction to quantum mechanics Kinetic theory of gases Atomism The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory Notes Jump up ^ Berryman , Sylvia , `` Ancient Atomism '' , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2008 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Lavoisier , Antoine ( 1743 - 1794 ) '' . scienceworld.wolfram.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proust , Joseph Louis . `` Researches on Copper '' , excerpted from Ann . chim. 32 , 26 - 54 ( 1799 ) ( as translated and reproduced in Henry M. Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein , A Source Book in Chemistry , 1400 -- 1900 ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard , 1952 ) ) . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Andrew G. van Melsen ( 1952 ) . From Atomos to Atom . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 49584 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton , John . `` On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids '' , in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester . 1803 . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris . `` Avogadro - his contribution to chemistry '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Rocke ( 1984 ) . Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century . Columbus : Ohio State University Press . Jump up ^ Avogadro , Amedeo ( 1811 ) . `` Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies , and the Proportions in Which They Enter into These Compounds '' . Journal de Physique. 73 : 58 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Einstein , A. ( 1905 ) . `` Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen '' . Annalen der Physik. 322 ( 8 ) : 549 . Bibcode : 1905AnP ... 322 ... 549E . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19053220806 . hdl : 10915 / 2785 . Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1897 ) . `` Cathode rays '' ( ( facsimile from Stephen Wright , Classical Scientific Papers , Physics ( Mills and Boon , 1964 ) ) ) . Philosophical Magazine . 44 ( 269 ) : 293 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786449708621070 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , E.T. ( 1951 ) , A history of the theories of aether and electricity . Vol 1 , Nelson , London Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1904 ) . `` On the Structure of the Atom : an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle ; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure '' . Philosophical Magazine . 7 ( 39 ) : 237 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440409463107 . Jump up ^ Geiger , H ( 1910 ) . `` The Scattering of the α - Particles by Matter '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . A 83 : 492 -- 504 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest ( 1911 ) . `` The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 21 ( 4 ) : 669 . Bibcode : 2012PMag ... 92 ... 379R . doi : 10.1080 / 14786435.2011. 617037 . ^ Jump up to : Bohr , Niels ( 1913 ) . `` On the constitution of atoms and molecules '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 26 ( 153 ) : 476 -- 502 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634993 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Soddy , The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1913 ) . `` Rays of positive electricity '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . A 89 ( 607 ) : 1 -- 20 . Bibcode : 1913RSPSA ... 89 ... 1T . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1913.0057 . ( as excerpted in Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz , The World of the Atom , Vol. 1 ( New York : Basic Books , 1966 ) ) . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest ( 1919 ) . `` Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV . An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen '' . Philosophical Magazine . 37 ( 222 ) : 581 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440608635919 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , James ( 1932 ) . `` Possible Existence of a Neutron '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 129 ( 3252 ) : 312 . Bibcode : 1932Natur. 129Q. 312C . doi : 10.1038 / 129312a0 . Jump up ^ Schrödinger , Erwin ( 1926 ) . `` Quantisation as an Eigenvalue Problem '' . Annalen der Physik. 81 ( 18 ) : 109 -- 139 . Bibcode : 1926AnP ... 386 ... 109S . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19263861802 . Jump up ^ Mahanti , Subodh . `` Erwin Schrödinger : The Founder of Quantum Wave Mechanics '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mahanti , Subodh . `` Max Born : Founder of Lattice Dynamics '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Greiner , Walter . `` Quantum Mechanics : An Introduction '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Heisenberg , W. ( 1927 ) . `` Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik '' . Zeitschrift für Physik ( in German ) . 43 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 172 -- 198 . Bibcode : 1927ZPhy ... 43 ... 172H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01397280 . Jump up ^ Milton Orchin ; Roger Macomber ; Allan Pinhas ; R. Wilson . `` The Vocabulary and Concepts of Organic Chemistry , Second Edition , '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading Bernard Pullman ( 1998 ) The Atom in the History of Human Thought , trans . by Axel Reisinger . Oxford Univ . Press . Eric Scerri ( 2007 ) The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , New York . Charles Adolphe Wurtz ( 1881 ) The Atomic Theory , D. Appleton and Company , New York . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Atomic theory Atomism by S. Mark Cohen . Atomic Theory - detailed information on atomic theory with respect to electrons and electricity . ( hide ) Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Atoms in solids Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in liquids Liquid helium Atoms in gases Noble gas Nascent hydrogen Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr John Dalton Paul Drude Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. Thomson Book : Atomic models Category : Atoms Portal : Physics / Chemistry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_theory&oldid=809030444 '' Categories : Atomic physics Statistical mechanics Chemistry theories Foundational quantum physics Amount of substance Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar മലയാളം 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 18 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who combined the idea of elements with earlier theories of the atom | [
"Dalton proposed that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single, unique type, and though they cannot be altered or destroyed by chemical means, they can combine to form more complex structures (chemical compounds). This marked the first truly scientific theory of the atom, since Dalton reached his conclusions by experimentation and examination of the results in an empirical fashion."
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-530819133683065500 | Nick Fallon | Nick Fallon - Wikipedia Nick Fallon Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not follow Wikipedia 's guidelines on the use of different tenses . Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic , present tense if not time - based ( e.g. fiction ) , or future tense if upcoming . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nick Fallon Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Blake Berris Duration 2006 -- 09 , 2012 -- 14 First appearance November 7 , 2006 Last appearance May 12 , 2014 Created by Hogan Sheffer Meg Kelly Introduced by Ken Corday Stephen Wyman Classification Former , regular Profile Occupation Researcher for Mad World Cosmetics ( 2014 ) Freelance consultant for Mad World Cosmetics ( 2014 ) Associate for Mad World Cosmetics ( 2013 ) Dishwasher at the Brady Pub ( 2012 ) Associate Professor at Salem University Salem Hospital Lab Technician Worker for the Horton Foundation at Salem University Hospital ( show ) Family Family Horton Parents Joshua Fallon Jessica Blake Spouse Cassandra Arvin ( 2007 ) Gabi Hernandez ( 2013 ) Grandparents John Talbot Sunny Chisholm Alex Marshall Marie Horton Aunts and uncles Tod Chandler Nick Fallon is a fictional character on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives . The role was played by Blake Berris from November 7 , 2006 , to January 15 , 2009 . In May 2012 , it was announced that Berris would return to the series . He returned on August 27 , 2012 . His final air date was May 12 , 2014 , when the character was killed in a whodunit murder mystery . Storylines ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nick , the son of Joshua Fallon and Jessica Blake ( the daughter of Marie Horton and the granddaughter of Alice Horton ) , came to Salem to get to know his Horton relatives . His medical knowledge and intelligence were put to the test when he was asked to help save Kayla Brady , who was suffering from a rare ailment . He succeeded in saving Kayla , and found himself intrigued by Chelsea Brady . Nick created an online identity to chat with Chelsea in an attempt to get her to fall for him , and provided a picture of a handsome colleague of his when she pushes to know what he looks like . Later , Nick helped Chelsea get money to Shawn and Belle who were on the run with their daughter Claire in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Nick 's clever and brave actions on this mission caused Chelsea to take interest in Nick as more than a friend . However , shortly after returning from Canada , Chelsea discovered that Nick was her online love . She was devastated and saw Nick 's actions as a malicious trick , thinking that Nick used the online lover to secretly mock her while she revealed her inner thoughts and feelings for the first time . She tearfully told Nick that she never wanted to see him again . Hurt , Nick had an affair with Chelsea 's mother Billie Reed , who , under the influence of alcohol seduced him . Billie and he both regretted it , and swore never to tell anyone . When Nick saved Chelsea from getting raped by Dr. Reibert , whom she had been dating to spite Nick , she forgave him . Nick began tutoring her in math and this led to them dating . Unfortunately , Chelsea soon discovered Nick and Billie 's one - night stand and their relationship was again in turmoil . Then , when Willow Stark accidentally set Bo and Hope 's house on fire , she panicked and attempted to frame Chelsea by planting her hairbrush at the crime scene . At Chelsea 's cry of innocence , Nick risked his medical career by stealing the hairbrush out of the forensics lab . Chelsea was so grateful , she was able to forgive Nick for his indiscretion with Billie , and they soon rekindled their romance . Later , Willow emerged as a threat to Nick and Chelsea 's happiness . When Nick stole the hairbrush , it left Willow as the only suspect for the fire . Nick felt sorry for Willow and lent her money . Willow asked for more money , and Nick leased an apartment for her and gave her his credit card to use for her and her baby . Willow used Nick 's credit card excessively , then she called Nick and blackmailed him into giving her more money , credit cards , and all kinds of stuff . Nick later went to the beach to meet Willow and they got in an argument and a struggle that lead to Willow falling , and hitting her head on a log . Nick tried to revive her but Willow died . He found the hairbrush in Willow 's possession and buried it in the sand on the beach before calling for help . While Nick was investigated by detective Roman Brady , he convinced Chelsea to go to the beach and destroy the hairbrush . Roman eventually learned the truth , and gave both Chelsea and Nick a pass by closing the investigation . Nick was also blackmailed by Kate Roberts into making Sami 's amniocentesis say that EJ was the father of Sami 's twins . Nick saved Sami Brady and Lucas Roberts from a bomb that Dr. Rolf planted , sustaining head injuries in the process . While suffering from a concussion , Nick went to Las Vegas and married a woman named Cassandra Arvin , who was using the alias `` China Lee '' . Arvin was eventually persuaded to sign annulment papers . Then she was arrested and went to jail for soliciting , leaving Nick with custody of her two sons , Artemis and Demarquette . Nick deduced that Artemis and Demarquette were not really China Lee 's children , which she confirmed upon her release from jail . She had been hired to protect the boys , but refused to retake custody of them . A man named Umar Maboud came to Nick 's home and claimed that he worked for the boys ' parents and had been sent to bring them home . Nick did not trust Maboud , and Jeremy Horton ( who was staying with Nick at the time ) successfully fought him off . Weeks later , Chelsea was abducted and was permitted to use her cell phone only to contact Nick , who was directed to come to a designated location , alone . When he did , the kidnapper offered a hostage exchange : Artemis and Demarquette for Chelsea . Unbeknownst to the man , the boys had followed Nick to the warehouse , but were able to escape . While Nick worked to avert the detonation of what turned out to be a fake bomb , Artemis and Demarquette were rescued by Umar Maboud . Maboud really was in the employ of the boys ' parents , who were wealthy foreigners with many enemies . Having secured political asylum , they wanted to be reunited with their sons ; Chelsea 's abduction had been a ploy by the family 's enemies . Nick agreed to let Artemis and Demarquette go . Nick and Chelsea got back together . He helped Chelsea find proof that Ford Decker was the campus rapist by breaking into Ford 's room in order to take photographs of his drugs and journal . After the campus rapist situation was resolved , Chelsea and Nick grew apart because of her attraction to Dr. Daniel Jonas , and the two eventually broke up . Nick then began working on a research project involving alternative fuel sources and began a relationship with Max Brady 's half sister , Melanie Layton . Nick ultimately began stalking her and was then revealed to be the killer of Trent Robbins , Max and Melanie 's father . On January 14 , 2009 , Nick was tried for the murder of Trent Robbins . Maggie and Melanie gave testimony as to why Nick should not be put in jail for the rest of his life . The judge agreed and gave Nick the sentence of 2 to 5 years in a facility and 18 months for good behavior . Nick was thankful to Melanie for her testimony as Melanie told Nick that she forgave him because deep down he was a good person . On January 15 , 2009 , Chelsea comes from the hospital to the courthouse . Nick tells Chelsea he 's sorry for everything and tells her to move on with her life . Chelsea tearfully tells Nick that he will always have a piece of her heart and that he can focus on getting better . On August 27 , 2012 , Nick returned to Salem and , still in jail , had a parole hearing . Having been recently kidnapped , Melanie did not know how she felt . Against the advice of her family , Melanie decided that Nick really had changed , but wanted him to stay away from her . Nick was released and threatened by Chad to stay away . Caroline forgave Nick and gave him a job at the Brady Pub . Chad beat Nick up after believing that he had Melanie , since he had her scarf . Later , Nick met Melanie 's former friend Gabi , and they started dating . On November 14 , Gabi found out she was pregnant with her gay ex-boyfriend Will Horton 's baby . Nick agreed with Gabi and Will that he would raise the child , and that he and Gabi would get married . Nick and Gabi had a church wedding , but before they could be pronounced husband and wife , Chad objected , saying that Nick was not the father of Gabi 's baby , and it finally came out that Will was the father . At a later date , Nick blackmailed Will to give up his parental rights to Gabi 's baby , by threatening to tell that Will was the one who shot EJ . With several other people around , including Sami , Lucas , EJ , Sonny , and an attorney Nick brought , Will signed the agreement . Nick and Gabi married in a private ceremony . Only later did Gabi learn that Will gave up rights to the baby , but she did not learn about the blackmail , though Will tells her he did not want to do it . Nick had memories of something terrible that happened in jail , possibly involving another inmate , Vargas , who was recently released and getting help from the church to adjust to regular life . The terrible thing is later revealed to be repeated prison rape by another inmate named Jensen . Nick was kidnapped , along with Gabi , and held hostage by Jensen . Will and Sonny saved them , with Will getting shot in the process . Nick then tried to make things right , considering that Will almost died to save him , and agreed to have Will 's name on Arianna 's birth certificate . Nick told Gabi the truth about his rape and about blackmailing Will . Nick was fired by Kate in June 2013 . In August 2013 , when his parole was up , he was told to vacate the Kiriakis mansion immediately by Victor Kiriakis . Nick became obsessed with Gabi and got her a modeling job in New York , where he would be as well , hoping that they could be together . After Gabi yelled at him for interfering in her life , he followed her to the park where he tried to rape her . Gabi hit him in the head with a rock and Sami and Kate helped her drag Nick 's body to the river where he briefly awoke before apparently drowning on November 27 . On January 24 , 2014 , Nick arrived at Gabi and Will 's daughter 's baptism revealing that he had not drowned . He appeared reformed but soon blackmailed Kate into hiring him . Nick also manipulated Gabi into giving him another chance , and she felt that she must do so or risk going to jail for trying to murder Nick . Nick later manipulated EJ and Sami into giving Gabi a modeling contract with Countess Wilhelmina . Later , Nick got involved in a custody agreement of Will and Gabi 's daughter Ari , pushing Gabi to only let Will see his daughter at times she allowed it . Will and Sonny felt that Nick would manipulate Gabi until he had Gabi and Ari to himself . In the meantime , EJ DiMera found out that someone had pictures of him and Abigail Deveraux kissing sent to his house . EJ and Abigail later found out that Nick was behind it . On May 9 , 2014 , Nick was shot three times , once in the back and twice in the chest , and he died on May 12 with an open investigation into who was responsible . On May 30 , 2014 , It was revealed that it was Gabi Hernandez who shot Nick . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Blake Berris DAYS Return '' . Soap Opera Digest . May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Nick Fallon from soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Reed Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_Fallon&oldid=808950521 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional murderers Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional American people of English descent Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 06 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played nick on days of our lives | [
"Nick Fallon is a fictional character on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives. The role was played by Blake Berris from November 7, 2006, to January 15, 2009. In May 2012, it was announced that Berris would return to the series.[1] He returned on August 27, 2012. His final air date was May 12, 2014, when the character was killed in a whodunit murder mystery."
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"Blake Berris"
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7484922787641542097 | Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol | Layer 2 tunneling protocol - wikipedia Layer 2 tunneling protocol Jump to : navigation , search In computer networking , Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) is a tunneling protocol used to support virtual private networks ( VPNs ) or as part of the delivery of services by ISPs . It does not provide any encryption or confidentiality by itself . Rather , it relies on an encryption protocol that it passes within the tunnel to provide privacy . Internet protocol suite Application layer BGP DHCP DNS FTP HTTP IMAP LDAP MGCP NNTP NTP POP ONC / RPC RTP RTSP RIP SIP SMTP SNMP SSH Telnet TLS / SSL XMPP more ... Transport layer TCP UDP DCCP SCTP RSVP more ... Internet layer IP IPv4 IPv6 ICMP ICMPv6 ECN IGMP IPsec more ... Link layer ARP NDP OSPF Tunnels L2TP PPP MAC Ethernet DSL ISDN FDDI more ... Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 3 Tunneling models 4 L2TP packet structure 5 L2TP packet exchange 6 L2TP / IPsec 7 Windows implementation 8 L2TP in ISPs ' networks 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 11.1 Implementations 11.2 Internet standards and extensions 11.3 Other History ( edit ) Published in 1999 as proposed standard RFC 2661 , L2TP has its origins primarily in two older tunneling protocols for point - to - point communication : Cisco 's Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol ( L2F ) and Microsoft 's Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol ( PPTP ) . A new version of this protocol , L2TPv3 , appeared as proposed standard RFC 3931 in 2005 . L2TPv3 provides additional security features , improved encapsulation , and the ability to carry data links other than simply Point - to - Point Protocol ( PPP ) over an IP network ( for example : Frame Relay , Ethernet , ATM , etc . ) . Description ( edit ) The entire L2TP packet , including payload and L2TP header , is sent within a User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ) datagram . It is common to carry PPP sessions within an L2TP tunnel . L2TP does not provide confidentiality or strong authentication by itself . IPsec is often used to secure L2TP packets by providing confidentiality , authentication and integrity . The combination of these two protocols is generally known as L2TP / IPsec ( discussed below ) . The two endpoints of an L2TP tunnel are called the LAC ( L2TP Access Concentrator ) and the LNS ( L2TP Network Server ) . The L2TP LNS waits for new tunnels . Once a tunnel is established , the network traffic between the peers is bidirectional . To be useful for networking , higher - level protocols are then run through the L2TP tunnel . To facilitate this , an L2TP session ( or ' call ' ) is established within the tunnel for each higher - level protocol such as PPP . Either the LAC or LNS may initiate sessions . The traffic for each session is isolated by L2TP , so it is possible to set up multiple virtual networks across a single tunnel . MTU should be considered when implementing L2TP . The packets exchanged within an L2TP tunnel are categorized as either control packets or data packets . L2TP provides reliability features for the control packets , but no reliability for data packets . Reliability , if desired , must be provided by the nested protocols running within each session of the L2TP tunnel . L2TP allows the creation of a virtual private dialup network ( VPDN ) to connect a remote client to its corporate network by using a shared infrastructure , which could be the Internet or a service provider 's network . Tunneling models ( edit ) A L2TP tunnel can extend across an entire PPP session or only across one segment of a two - segment session . This can be represented by four different tunneling models , namely : voluntary tunnel compulsory tunnel -- incoming call compulsory tunnel -- remote dial L2TP multihop connection L2TP packet structure ( edit ) An L2TP packet consists of : Bits 0 -- 15 Bits 16 -- 31 Flags and Version Info Length ( opt ) Tunnel ID Session ID Ns ( opt ) Nr ( opt ) Offset Size ( opt ) Offset Pad ( opt ) ... Payload data Field meanings : Flags and version control flags indicating data / control packet and presence of length , sequence , and offset fields . Length ( optional ) Total length of the message in bytes , present only when length flag is set . Tunnel ID Indicates the identifier for the control connection . Session ID Indicates the identifier for a session within a tunnel . Ns ( optional ) sequence number for this data or control message , beginning at zero and incrementing by one ( modulo 2 ) for each message sent . Present only when sequence flag set . Nr ( optional ) sequence number for expected message to be received . Nr is set to the Ns of the last in - order message received plus one ( modulo 2 ) . In data messages , Nr is reserved and , if present ( as indicated by the S bit ) , MUST be ignored upon receipt ... Offset Size ( optional ) Specifies where payload data is located past the L2TP header . If the offset field is present , the L2TP header ends after the last byte of the offset padding . This field exists if the offset flag is set . Offset Pad ( optional ) Variable length , as specified by the offset size . Contents of this field are undefined . Payload data Variable length ( Max payload size = Max size of UDP packet − size of L2TP header ) L2TP packet exchange ( edit ) At the time of setup of L2TP connection , many control packets are exchanged between server and client to establish tunnel and session for each direction . One peer requests the other peer to assign a specific tunnel and session id through these control packets . Then using this tunnel and session id , data packets are exchanged with the compressed PPP frames as payload . The list of L2TP Control messages exchanged between LAC and LNS , for handshaking before establishing a tunnel and session in voluntary tunneling method are L2TP / IPsec ( edit ) Because of the lack of confidentiality inherent in the L2TP protocol , it is often implemented along with IPsec . This is referred to as L2TP / IPsec , and is standardized in IETF RFC 3193 . The process of setting up an L2TP / IPsec VPN is as follows : Negotiation of IPsec security association ( SA ) , typically through Internet key exchange ( IKE ) . This is carried out over UDP port 500 , and commonly uses either a shared password ( so - called `` pre-shared keys '' ) , public keys , or X. 509 certificates on both ends , although other keying methods exist . Establishment of Encapsulating Security Payload ( ESP ) communication in transport mode . The IP protocol number for ESP is 50 ( compare TCP 's 6 and UDP 's 17 ) . At this point , a secure channel has been established , but no tunneling is taking place . Negotiation and establishment of L2TP tunnel between the SA endpoints . The actual negotiation of parameters takes place over the SA 's secure channel , within the IPsec encryption . L2TP uses UDP port 1701 . When the process is complete , L2TP packets between the endpoints are encapsulated by IPsec . Since the L2TP packet itself is wrapped and hidden within the IPsec packet , no information about the internal private network can be gathered from the encrypted packet . Also , it is not necessary to open UDP port 1701 on firewalls between the endpoints , since the inner packets are not acted upon until after IPsec data has been decrypted and stripped , which only takes place at the endpoints . A potential point of confusion in L2TP / IPsec is the use of the terms tunnel and secure channel . The term tunnel refers to a channel which allows untouched packets of one network to be transported over another network . In the case of L2TP / PPP , it allows L2TP / PPP packets to be transported over IP . A secure channel refers to a connection within which the confidentiality of all data is guaranteed . In L2TP / IPsec , first IPsec provides a secure channel , then L2TP provides a tunnel . Windows implementation ( edit ) Windows Vista provides two new configuration utilities that attempt to make using L2TP without IPsec easier , both described in sections that follow below : an MMC snap - in called `` Windows Firewall with Advanced Security '' ( WFwAS ) , located in Control Panel → Administrative Tools the `` netsh advfirewall '' command - line tool Both these configuration utilities are not without their difficulties , and unfortunately , there is very little documentation about both `` netsh advfirewall '' and the IPsec client in WFwAS . One of the aforementioned difficulties is that it is not compatible with NAT . Another problem is that servers must be specified only by IP address in the new Vista configuration utilities ; the hostname of the server can not be used , so if the IP address of the IPsec server changes , all clients will have to be informed of this new IP address ( which also rules out servers that addressed by utilities such as DynDNS ) . L2TP in ISPs ' networks ( edit ) L2TP is often used by ISPs when internet service over for example ADSL or cable is being resold . From the end user , packets travel over a wholesale network service provider 's network to a server called a Broadband Remote Access Server ( BRAS ) , a protocol converter and router combined . On legacy networks the path from end user customer premises ' equipment to the BRAS may be over an ATM network . From there on , over an IP network , an L2TP tunnel runs from the BRAS ( acting as LAC ) to an LNS which is an edge router at the boundary of the ultimate destination ISP 's IP network . See example of reseller ISPs using L2TP . See also ( edit ) IPsec Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol Point - to - Point Protocol Shortest Path Bridging References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IETF ( 1999 ) , RFC 2661 , Layer Two Tunneling Protocol `` L2TP '' Jump up ^ `` Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol ( PPTP ) '' . TheNetworkEncyclopedia.com. 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 28 . Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol ( PPTP ) ( : ) A data - link layer protocol for wide area networks ( WANs ) based on the Point - to - Point Protocol ( PPP ) and developed by Microsoft that enables network traffic to be encapsulated and routed over an unsecured public network such as the Internet . Jump up ^ Cisco Support : Understanding VPDN -- Updated Jan 29 , 2008 Jump up ^ IBM Knowledge Center : L2TP multi-hop connection External links ( edit ) Implementations ( edit ) Cisco : Cisco L2TP documentation , also read Technology brief from Cisco Open source and Linux : xl2tpd , Linux RP - L2TP , OpenL2TP , l2tpns , l2tpd ( inactive ) , Linux L2TP / IPsec server , FreeBSD multi-link PPP daemon , OpenBSD npppd ( 8 ) , ACCEL - PPP - PPTP / L2TP / PPPoE server for Linux Microsoft : built - in client included with Windows 2000 and higher ; Microsoft L2TP / IPsec VPN Client for Windows 98 / Windows Me / Windows NT 4.0 Apple : built - in client included with Mac OS X 10.3 and higher . VPDN on Cisco.com Internet standards and extensions ( edit ) RFC 2341 Cisco Layer Two Forwarding ( Protocol ) `` L2F '' ( a predecessor to L2TP ) RFC 2637 Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol ( PPTP ) RFC 2661 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol `` L2TP '' RFC 2809 Implementation of L2TP Compulsory Tunneling via RADIUS RFC 2888 Secure Remote Access with L2TP RFC 3070 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) over Frame Relay RFC 3145 L2TP Disconnect Cause Information RFC 3193 Securing L2TP using IPsec RFC 3301 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) : ATM access network RFC 3308 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) Differentiated Services RFC 3355 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) Over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 ( AAL5 ) RFC 3371 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol `` L2TP '' Management Information Base RFC 3437 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol Extensions for PPP Link Control Protocol Negotiation RFC 3438 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) Internet Assigned Numbers : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) Considerations Update RFC 3573 Signaling of Modem - On - Hold status in Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) RFC 3817 Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) Active Discovery Relay for PPP over Ethernet ( PPPoE ) RFC 3931 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol - Version 3 ( L2TPv3 ) RFC 4045 Extensions to Support Efficient Carrying of Multicast Traffic in Layer - 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) RFC 4951 Fail Over Extensions for Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) `` failover '' Other ( edit ) IANA assigned numbers for L2TP L2TP Extensions Working Group ( l2tpext ) - ( where future standardization work is being coordinated ) Using Linux as an L2TP / IPsec VPN client L2TP / IPSec with OpenBSD and npppd Comparison of L2TP , PPTP and OpenVPN ( hide ) Virtual private networking Communications protocol SSTP IPsec L2TP L2TPv3 PPTP Split tunneling SSL / TLS ( Opportunistic : tcpcrypt ) Free software Cloudvpn FreeLAN FreeS / WAN Libreswan n2n OpenConnect OpenIKED Openswan OpenVPN Social VPN SoftEther VPN strongSwan tcpcrypt tinc VTun Shadowsocks Vendor - driven protocols Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol DirectAccess Proprietary software Avast SecureLine Check Point VPN - 1 Cisco Systems VPN Client LogMeIn Hamachi Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway Risk Vectors Content - control software Deep content inspection Deep packet inspection IP address blocking Network enumeration Stateful firewall TCP Reset VPN blocking Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Layer_2_Tunneling_Protocol&oldid=793969665 '' Categories : Internet protocols Internet Standards Tunneling protocols Virtual private networks Hidden categories : Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2017 , at 00 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what protocol is used for setting up the administrative tunnel in ipsec | [
"In computer networking, Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a tunneling protocol used to support virtual private networks (VPNs) or as part of the delivery of services by ISPs. It does not provide any encryption or confidentiality by itself. Rather, it relies on an encryption protocol that it passes within the tunnel to provide privacy.[1]"
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"Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol"
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257481629797320809 | The Rookie (TV series) | The Rookie ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Rookie ( TV series ) This article is about the 2018 drama series . For the 1972 drama series , see The Rookies . For the reality series , see Rookies ( TV series ) . The Rookie Genre Crime drama Comedy - drama Police procedural Created by Alexi Hawley Starring Nathan Fillion Afton Williamson Eric Winter Melissa O'Neil Richard T. Jones Titus Makin Alyssa Diaz Mercedes Mason Composer ( s ) Jordan Gagne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 2 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Alexi Hawley Nathan Fillion Mark Gordon Nicholas Pepper Michelle Chapman Jonathan E. Steinberg Liz Friedlander Bill Norcross Producer ( s ) Michele Greco Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Doug Emmett Editor ( s ) C. Chi - Yoon Chung Emily E. Greene Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Studios Entertainment One Perfectman Pictures Distributor Entertainment One Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release October 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 16 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website The Rookie is an American crime drama television series created for ABC by Alexi Hawley . The series follows John Nolan , a forty - year - old man , who becomes the oldest rookie at the Los Angeles Police Department . The series is produced by ABC Studios and The Mark Gordon Company . The series stars Nathan Fillion , Afton Williamson , Eric Winter , Melissa O'Neil , Richard T. Jones , Titus Makin , Alyssa Diaz , and Mercedes Mason . In October 2017 , The Rookie received a series order from ABC , and premiered on October 16 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows John Nolan , a forty - year - old construction worker fresh from a divorce with a son in college who , after inadvertently helping police officers during a bank robbery , moves to Los Angeles to pursue a new career as a police officer in the Los Angeles Police Department . As the oldest rookie on the force , John must navigate the dangerous , unpredictable nature of his job and is determined to make it in his new career despite the challenges . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Nathan Fillion as Police Officer I John Nolan : The oldest rookie at the Los Angeles Police Department , who is assigned to Wilshire Division . Afton Williamson as Police Officer III Talia Bishop : A newly promoted training officer whose first assignment is Nolan . She is really working hard to make detective and work her way up to chief of police . Eric Winter as Police Officer III Tim Bradford : An overbearing training officer . He is assigned to Chen as a boot and gives her a hard time . He has a soon - to - be ex-wife who is a drug addict . Melissa O'Neil as Police Officer I Lucy Chen : A rookie cop , who struggles with a domineering training officer , and who is in a secret relationship with Nolan , despite it being against the rules . Alyssa Diaz as Police Officer III Angela Lopez : An LAPD Training Officer on the cusp of making detective - trainee , a situation which gets threatened when she is assigned to West . She also gives West a hard time . Richard T. Jones as Police Sergeant II Wade Grey : The watch commander of Wilshire Area , who is openly against Nolan because he feels that he is just having a midlife crisis and that being a police officer is n't his true calling . Titus Makin as Police Officer I Jackson West : An eager rookie officer and the son of the commander of the LAPD 's Internal Affairs Division . Mercedes Mason as Captain Zoe Andersen : Nolan 's confident and irreverent commanding officer . Recurring ( edit ) Danny Nucci as Sanford Motta : A tough major assault crimes detective . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Liz Friedlander Alexi Hawley October 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 16 ) TBA 5.43 John Nolan is a forty year old man who , after witnessing a bank robbery in his small town , packs up his entire life to move to Los Angeles and becomes a cop . His assignment to the force is met with skepticism from his fellow officers , particularly his watch commander , Sergeant Wade Gray , and his training officer Talia Bishop . Nolan 's first few days as a cop are marked by a domestic dispute that quickly escalates out of hand ( during which Nolan witnesses his first death ) , an unbalanced father who leaves his child in a locked car on a hot day , and an escaped felon who quickly tests Nolan in ways he never expected . Also joining Nolan as rookie officers are Jackson West , son of a high ranking LAPD officer and eager to live up to the legacy , and Lucy Chen , who became a cop against the wishes of her therapist parents and is carrying on a secret affair with Nolan despite the risk it poses to her career . Gray informs Nolan that he will do everything in his power to discourage him from continuing to serve , as he fears that Nolan 's inexperience will endanger the lives of his officers . `` Crash Course '' Adam Davidson Alexi Hawley October 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 23 ) TBA 4.54 `` The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' Greg Beeman Liz Alper & Ally Seibert October 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 30 ) TBA TBD `` The Switch '' Toa Fraser Vincent Angell November 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 13 ) TBA TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On October 26 , 2017 , ABC announced a straight - to - series order for The Rookie , starring Nathan Fillion , and written by Castle executive producer and co-showrunner Alexi Hawley . Fillion and Hawley will serve as executive producers , along with Mark Gordon , Nicholas Pepper , Michelle Chapman , and Jon Steinberg . The series is produced by ABC Studios and The Mark Gordon Company , and premiered on October 16 , 2018 . Casting ( edit ) With the series order in October 2017 , Fillion was cast as John Nolan . On February 7 , 2018 , Afton Williamson and Eric Winter were cast as Talia Bishop and Tim Bradford , respectively . They were shortly followed by Melissa O'Neil as Lucy , Richard T. Jones as sergeant Wade Grey , Titus Makin as Jackson West , Alyssa Diaz as Angela , and Mercedes Mason as captain Zoe Andersen . Filming ( edit ) In January 2018 , Liz Friedlander signed on to direct and executive produce the pilot . Production on the pilot began on March 7 , 2018 , with filming taking place in Los Angeles and New York . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds an approval rating of 68 % based on 19 reviews , with an average rating of 6.33 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Nathan Fillion 's reliably likable presence makes The Rookie worth tuning in , even if the show around him is n't particularly memorable . '' On Metacritic the series has a score of 64 out of 100 , based on reviews from 12 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 16 , 2018 1.0 / 5 5.43 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Crash Course '' October 23 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.54 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ White , Peter ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` Nathan Fillion Cop Drama ' The Rookie ' Sells To 160 Territories Including UK 's Sky & France 's M6 Via eOne '' . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion To Star In ' The Rookie ' : ABC Lands Cop Dramedy From Alexi Hawley & The Mark Gordon Co . With Series Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ABC Drama ' The Rookie ' Casts Afton Williamson , Eric Winter '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Rookie ' : Melissa O'Neil to Co-Star In Nathan Fillion 's ABC Light Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Rookie ' : Alyssa Diaz Cast In Nathan Fillion 's ABC Light Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Rookie ' : Richard T. Jones Cast In Nathan Fillion 's ABC Light Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Rookie ' ABC Casts Titus Makin ; Xavier De Guzman In ' Take Two ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Rookie ' : Mercedes Mason Cast In Nathan Fillion 's ABC Light Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Rookie ' : Danny Nucci To Recur On ABC 's Crime Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2018 . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Conners , ' ' The Flash , ' and more adjust up , ' Splitting Up Together ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 24 , 2018 ) . `` World Series and ' New Amsterdam ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 103 ) `` The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 104 ) `` The Switch '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : ' Roseanne ' Spinoff ' The Conners ' Sets Debut '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Rookie ' : Liz Friedlander To Direct First Episode Of ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New TV series ' The Rookie ' shoots scenes for pilot episode in downtown Oxnard '' . Ventura County Star . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2018 : New York Business Booming , Chicago Gains As Atlanta Slips '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Rookie : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Rookie : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Rookie on IMDb ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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"The series stars Nathan Fillion, Afton Williamson, Eric Winter, Melissa O'Neil, Richard T. Jones, Titus Makin, Alyssa Diaz, and Mercedes Mason. In October 2017, The Rookie received a series order from ABC, and premiered on October 16, 2018.\n"
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-3757341478208777904 | Eagle | Eagle - wikipedia Eagle Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the bird . For other uses , see Eagle ( disambiguation ) . `` Eagles '' redirects here . For other uses , see Eagles ( disambiguation ) . Eagle Bald eagle Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Accipitriformes Family : Accipitridae Golden eagle Eagle is a common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae ; it belongs to several groups of genera that are not necessarily closely related to each other . Most of the 60 species of eagles are from Eurasia and Africa . Outside this area , just 14 species can be found -- two in North America , nine in Central and South America , and three in Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Groups 3.1 Fish eagles 3.2 Booted eagles 3.3 Snake eagles 3.4 Harpy eagles 4 Species 5 Eagles in culture 5.1 Etymology 5.2 Religion and folklore 5.3 Heraldry 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Description Eagles are large , powerfully built birds of prey , with heavy heads and beaks . Even the smallest eagles , such as the booted eagle ( Aquila pennata ) , which is comparable in size to a common buzzard ( Buteo buteo ) or red - tailed hawk ( B. jamaicensis ) , have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings , and more direct , faster flight -- despite the reduced size of aerodynamic feathers . Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from some vultures . The smallest species of eagle is the South Nicobar serpent eagle ( Spilornis klossi ) , at 450 g ( 0.99 lb ) and 40 cm ( 16 in ) . The largest species are discussed below . Like all birds of prey , eagles have very large , hooked beaks for ripping flesh from their prey , strong , muscular legs , and powerful talons . The beak is typically heavier than that of most other birds of prey . Eagles ' eyes are extremely powerful , having up to 3.6 times human acuity for the martial eagle , which enables them to spot potential prey from a very long distance . This keen eyesight is primarily attributed to their extremely large pupils which ensure minimal diffraction ( scattering ) of the incoming light . The female of all known species of eagles is larger than the male . Eagles normally build their nests , called eyries , in tall trees or on high cliffs . Many species lay two eggs , but the older , larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched . The dominant chick tends to be a female , as they are bigger than the male . The parents take no action to stop the killing . Due to the size and power of many eagle species , they are ranked at the top of the food chain as apex predators in the avian world . The type of prey varies by genus . The Haliaeetus and Ichthyophaga eagles prefer to capture fish , though the species in the former often capture various animals , especially other water birds , and are powerful kleptoparasites of other birds . The snake and serpent eagles of the genera Circaetus , Terathopius , and Spilornis predominantly prey on the great diversity of snakes found in the tropics of Africa and Asia . The eagles of the genus Aquila are often the top birds of prey in open habitats , taking almost any medium - sized vertebrate they can catch . Where Aquila eagles are absent , other eagles , such as the buteonine black - chested buzzard - eagle of South America , may assume the position of top raptorial predator in open areas . Many other eagles , including the species - rich Spizaetus genus , live predominantly in woodlands and forest . These eagles often target various arboreal or ground - dwelling mammals and birds , which are often unsuspectingly ambushed in such dense , knotty environments . Hunting techniques differ among the species and genera , with some individual eagles having engaged in quite varied techniques based their environment and prey at any given time . Most eagles grab prey without landing and take flight with it , so the prey can be carried to a perch and torn apart . The bald eagle is noted for having flown with the heaviest load verified to be carried by any flying bird , since one eagle flew with a 6.8 kg ( 15 lb ) mule deer fawn . However , a few eagles may target prey considerably heavier than themselves ; such prey is too heavy to fly with , thus it is either eaten at the site of the kill or taken in pieces back to a perch or nest . Golden and crowned eagles have killed ungulates weighing up to 30 kg ( 66 lb ) and a martial eagle even killed a 37 kg ( 82 lb ) duiker , 7 -- 8 times heavier than the preying eagle . Authors on birds David Allen Sibley , Pete Dunne , and Clay Sutton described the behavioral difference between hunting eagles and other birds of prey thus ( in this case the bald and golden eagles as compared to other North American raptors ) : They have at least one singular characteristic . It has been observed that most birds of prey look back over their shoulders before striking prey ( or shortly thereafter ) ; predation is after all a two - edged sword . All hawks seem to have this habit , from the smallest kestrel to the largest Ferruginous -- but not the Eagles . Among the eagles are some of the largest birds of prey : only the condors and some of the Old World vultures are markedly larger . It is regularly debated which should be considered the largest species of eagle . They could be measured variously in total length , body mass , or wingspan . Different lifestyle needs among various eagles result in variable measurements from species to species . For example , many forest - dwelling eagles , including the very large Harpy eagle , have relatively short wingspans , a feature necessary for being able to maneuver in quick , short bursts through densely forested habitats . Eagles in the genus Aquila , though found almost strictly in open country , are superlative soarers , and have relatively long wings for their size . These lists of the top five eagles are based on weight , length , and wingspan , respectively . Unless otherwise noted by reference , the figures listed are the median reported for each measurement in the guide Raptors of the World in which only measurements that could be personally verified by the authors were listed . Rank Common name Scientific name Body mass Steller 's sea eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus 6.7 kilograms ( 15 lb ) Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi 6.35 kg ( 14.0 lb ) Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja 5.95 kg ( 13.1 lb ) White - tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla 4.8 kg ( 11 lb ) 5 Martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus 4.6 kg ( 10 lb ) Rank Common name Scientific name Total length Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi 100 cm ( 3 ft 3 in ) Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja 98.5 cm ( 3 ft 3 in ) Wedge - tailed eagle Aquila audax 95.5 cm ( 3 ft 2 in ) Steller 's sea eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus 95 cm ( 3 ft 1 in ) 5 Crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus 87.5 cm ( 2 ft 10 in ) Rank Common name Scientific name Median wingspan Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi 220 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) White - tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla 218.5 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Steller 's sea eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus 212.5 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Wedge - tailed eagle Aquila audax 210 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) 5 Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos 207 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) 6 Martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus 206.5 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Distribution Australasian Australia : wedge - tailed eagle ( range extends into southern New Guinea ) , white - bellied sea - eagle ( range extends into Asia ) , little eagle . New Guinea : Papuan eagle , white - bellied sea - eagle , pygmy eagle . Nearctic ( USA and Canada ) : golden eagle ( also found in Palearctic ) , bald eagle . Neotropical ( Central and South America ) : Spizaetus ( four species ) , solitary eagles ( two spp . ) , harpy eagle , crested eagle , black - chested buzzard - eagle . Palearctic Eurasia : Golden eagle , White - tailed eagle . Groups Eagles are often informally divided into four groups . The snake eagles are placed in the subfamily Circaetinae . The fish eagles , booted eagles , and harpy eagles have traditionally been placed in the subfamily Buteoninae together with the buzzard - hawks ( buteonine hawks ) and harriers . Some authors may treat these groups as tribes of the Buteoninae ; Lerner & Mindell proposed separating the eagle groups into their own subfamilies of Accipitridae . Fish eagles Sea eagles or fish eagles take fish as a large part of their diets , either fresh or as carrion . Proposed subfamily Haliaeetinae . Genera : Haliaeetus , Ichthyophaga . Some authors include Gypohierax angolensis , the `` vulturine fish eagle '' ( also called the palm - nut vulture ) in this group . However , genetic analyses indicate it is related to a grouping of Neophron -- Gypaetus -- Eutriorchis ( Egyptian vulture , bearded vulture ( lammergeier ) , and Madagascan serpent eagle ) . The fish eagles have a close genetic relationship with Haliastur and Milvus ; the whole group is only distantly related to the Buteo group . Booted eagles For the species Hieraaetus pennatus ( Aquila pennata ) , see booted eagle . Booted eagles or `` true eagles '' have feathered tarsi ( lower legs ) . Tribe Aquililae or proposed subfamily Aquilinae . Genera : Aquila , Hieraaetus ; Spizaetus , Oroaetus , Spizastur ; Nisaetus ; Ictinaetus , Lophoaetus ; Polemaetus ; and Stephanoaetus . See comments under eagle species for changes to the composition of these genera . Snake eagles Snake or serpent eagles are , as the name suggests , adapted to hunting reptiles . Subfamily Circaetinae . Genera : Circaetus , Spilornis , Dryotriorchis , Terathopius . Eutriorchis ( subfamily Gypaetinae or Circaetinae ) . Despite filling the niche of a snake eagle , genetic studies suggest that the Madagascan serpent eagle Eutriorchis is not related . Harpy eagles Harpy eagles or `` giant forest eagles '' are large eagles that inhabit tropical forests . The group contains two to six species , depending on the author . Although these birds occupy similar niches , and have traditionally been grouped together , they are not all related : the solitary eagles are related to the black - hawks , and the Philippine eagle to the snake eagles . Harpy eagles ( proposed subfamily Harpiinae ) Harpia harpyja , harpy eagle ― Central and South America . Morphnus guianensis , crested eagle ― Central and South America . Harpyopsis novaeguineae , Papuan eagle ― New Guinea . Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi , Philippine eagle ― Philippines . Solitary eagles Chaco eagle or crowned solitary eagle , Buteogallus ( formerly Harpyhaliaetus ) coronatus ― South America . Solitary eagle or montane solitary eagle , Buteogallus ( formerly Harpyhaliaetus ) solitarius ― South America . Species Martial eagle in Namibia . Philippine eagle , Pithecophaga jefferyi in Southern Philippines . Wedge - tailed eagle in Australia . Eastern imperial eagle -- in Israel Major new research into eagle taxonomy suggests that the important genera Aquila and Hieraaetus are not composed of nearest relatives , and it is likely that a reclassification of these genera will soon take place , with some species being moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus . Bonelli 's eagle and the African hawk - eagle have been moved from Hieraaetus to Aquila . Either the greater spotted eagle and lesser spotted eagle should move from Aquila to join the long - crested eagle in Lophaetus , or , perhaps better , all three of these species should move to Ictinaetus with the black eagle . The steppe eagle and tawny eagle , once thought to be conspecific , are not even each other 's nearest relatives . Family Accipitridae Main article : Accipitridae Subfamily Buteoninae -- hawks ( buzzards ) , true eagles and seaeagles Genus Geranoaetus Black - chested buzzard - eagle , Geranoaetus melanoleucus Genus Harpyhaliaetus Chaco eagle , Harpyhaliaetus coronatus Solitary eagle , H. solitarius Genus Morphnus Crested eagle , Morphnus guianensis Genus Harpia Harpy eagle , Harpia harpyja Genus Pithecophaga Philippine eagle , Pithecophaga jefferyi Genus Harpyopsis Papuan eagle , Harpyopsis novaeguineae Genus Spizaetus Black hawk - eagle , S. tyrannus Ornate hawk - eagle , S. ornatus Black - and - white hawk - eagle , S. melanoleucus -- formerly Spizastur Black - and - chestnut eagle , S. isidori -- formerly Oroaetus Genus Nisaetus -- previously included in Spizaetus Changeable or crested hawk - eagle , N. cirrhatus Flores hawk - eagle N. floris -- earlier a subspecies , S. c. floris Sulawesi hawk - eagle , N. lanceolatus Mountain hawk - eagle , N. nipalensis Legge 's hawk - eagle , Nisaetus kelaarti -- previously a race of S. nipalensis Blyth 's hawk - eagle , N. alboniger Javan hawk - eagle , N. bartelsi ( Northern ) Philippine hawk - eagle , N. philippensis Pinsker 's hawk - eagle ( Southern Philippine hawk - eagle ) , Nisaetus pinskeri -- earlier S. philippensis pinskeri Wallace 's hawk - eagle , N. nanus Genus Lophaetus Long - crested eagle , Lophaetus occipitalis -- possibly belongs in Ictinaetus Genus Stephanoaetus Crowned eagle , Stephanoaetus coronatus Malagasy crowned eagle , Stephanoaetus mahery ( extinct ) Genus Polemaetus Martial eagle , Polemaetus bellicosus Genus Hieraaetus Ayres 's hawk - eagle , H. ayresii Little eagle , H. morphnoides Pygmy eagle , H. weiskei -- previously subspecies H. m. weiskei Booted eagle , H. pennatus Genus Harpagornis ( extinct ) Haast 's eagle , † Harpagornis moorei -- possibly belongs in either Hieraaetus or Aquila Genus Lophotriorchis Rufous - bellied eagle , L. kienerii A steppe eagle in Lahore Zoo , Pakistan Genus Aquila Bonelli 's eagle , Aquila fasciata -- formerly Hieraaetus fasciatus African hawk - eagle , A. spilogaster -- formerly in Hieraaetus Cassin 's hawk - eagle , A. africana -- formerly in Hieraaetus or Spizaetus genera Golden eagle , A. chrysaetos Eastern imperial eagle , A. heliaca Spanish imperial eagle A. adalberti Steppe eagle , A. nipalensis Tawny eagle , A. rapax Greater spotted eagle , A. clanga -- to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus Lesser spotted eagle , A. pomarina -- to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus Indian spotted eagle , A. hastata -- to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus Verreaux 's eagle , A. verreauxii Gurney 's eagle , A. gurneyi Wahlberg 's eagle , A. wahlbergi -- to be moved to Hieraaetus Wedge - tailed eagle , A. audax Genus Ictinaetus Black eagle , Ictinaetus malayensis Genus Haliaeetus White - tailed eagle , Haliaeetus albicilla Bald eagle , H. leucocephalus Steller 's sea eagle , H. pelagicus African fish eagle , H. vocifer White - bellied sea eagle , H. leucogaster Sanford 's sea eagle , H. sanfordi Madagascar fish eagle , H. vociferoides Pallas ' sea eagle , H. leucoryphus Genus Ichthyophaga Lesser fish eagle , Ichthyophaga humilis Grey - headed fish eagle , I. ichthyaetus Short - toed snake eagle in flight Subfamily Circaetinae : snake - eagles Genus Terathopius Bateleur , Terathopius ecaudatus Genus Circaetus Short - toed snake eagle , Circaetus gallicus Black - chested snake eagle , C. pectoralis Brown snake eagle , C. cinereus Fasciated snake eagle , C. fasciolatus Western banded snake eagle , C. cinerascens Genus Dryotriorchis Congo serpent eagle , D. spectabilis Genus Spilornis Crested serpent eagle , Spilornis cheela Central Nicobar serpent eagle , S. minimus ( subspecies or species ) Great Nicobar serpent eagle , S. klossi Mountain serpent eagle , S. kinabaluensis Sulawesi serpent eagle , S. rufipectus Philippine serpent eagle , S. holospilus Andaman serpent eagle , S. elgini Genus Eutriorchis Madagascar serpent eagle , Eutriorchis astur Eagles in culture The sculpture of eagle at the top of the fountain at Plac Orła Białego in Szczecin , Poland Etymology The modern English term for the bird is derived from Latin : aquila by way of French : aigle . The origin of aquila is unknown , but it is believed to possibly derive from either aquilus ( meaning dark - colored , swarthy , or blackish ) as a reference to the plumage of eagles or from aquilo ( meaning north wind ) . Old English used the term earn , related to Scandinavia 's ørn / örn . It is similar to other Indo - European terms for `` bird '' or `` eagle '' , including Greek : ὄρνις ( ornís ) , Russian : орёл ( orël ) , and Welsh : eryr . In Britain before 1678 , eagle referred specifically to the golden eagle , with the other native species , the white - tailed eagle , being known as erne . The modern name `` golden eagle '' for aquila chrysaetos was introduced by the naturalist John Ray . Religion and folklore Representation of an eagle at Rio Carnival , 2014 In ancient Sumerian mythology , the mythical king Etana was said to have been carried into heaven by an eagle . Classical writers such as Lucan and Pliny the Elder claimed that the eagle was able to look directly at the sun , and that they forced their fledglings to do the same . Those that blinked would be cast from the nest . This belief persisted until the Medieval era . Garuda , the Vahana of Lord Vishnu , depicted with an eagle 's beak and wings The eagle is the patron animal of the ancient Greek god Zeus . In particular , Zeus was said to have taken the form of an eagle in order to abduct Ganymede , and there are numerous artistic depictions of the eagle Zeus bearing Ganymede aloft , from Classical times up to the present ( see illustrations in the Ganymede ( mythology ) page . ) Psalm 103 mentions renewing one 's youth `` as the eagle '' . Augustine of Hippo gives a curious explanation of this in his commentary on the Psalms . Moses , who spoke on Gods behalf , also expressed that an Eagle is unclean for consumption in Leviticus 11 : 13 . The eagle is a common form in the Anglican tradition , often used to support the Bible because of the symbolism of spreading the gospel over the world . Additional symbolic meanings for `` eagle '' include the pronouncements to the Israelites in Exodus 19 : 4 ; Psalms 103 : 5 and Isaiah 40 : 31 . The United States eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or spiritual reasons . In Canada , the poaching of eagle feathers for the booming U.S. market has sometimes resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime . The Moche people of ancient Peru worshiped the eagle and often depicted eagles in their art . Heraldry Main article : Eagle ( heraldry ) Coat of Arms of Austria This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eagles are an exceptionally common symbol in heraldry , being considered the `` King of Birds '' in contrast to the lion , the `` King of Beasts '' . They are particularly popular in Germanic countries such as Austria , due to their association with the Holy Roman Empire . The eagle of the Holy Roman Empire was two - headed , supposedly representing the two divisions , East and West , of the old Roman Empire . Heraldic eagles are most often found displayed , i.e. with their wings and legs extended . They can also occur close , i.e. with their wings folded , or rising , i.e. about to take flight . The heads , wings , and legs of eagles can also be found independently . Notes Jump up ^ `` There are four major groups of eagles : fish eagles , booted eagles , snake eagles and giant forest eagles . '' References Jump up ^ del Hoyo , J. ; Elliot , A. & Sargatal , J. ( editors ) . ( 1994 ) . Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 2 : New World Vultures to Guineafowl . Lynx Edicions . ISBN 84 - 87334 - 15 - 6 Jump up ^ Shlaer , Robert ( 1972 ) . `` An Eagle 's Eye : Quality of the Retinal Image '' ( PDF ) . Science . 176 ( 4037 ) : 920 -- 922 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 176.4037. 920 . PMID 5033635 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Leclerc , Georges ; Louis , Comte de Buffon ( 2010 ) . The Natural History of Birds : From the French of the Count de Buffon ; Illustrated with Engravings , and a Preface , Notes , and Additions , by the Translator . Cambridge University Press . pp. 60 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 02298 - 9 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Grambo , Rebecca L. ( 2003 ) . Eagles . Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89658 - 363 - 4 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Grambo , Rebecca L ( 2003 ) . Eagles . Voyageur Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89658 - 363 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Christopher H ( 1979 ) . `` On the Selective Advantage of Fratricide in Raptors '' . Evolution. 33 ( 4 ) : 1219 -- 1225 . doi : 10.2307 / 2407480 . JSTOR 2407480 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson - Lees , J. ; Christie , D. ( 2001 ) . Raptors of the World . London : Christopher Helm . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 8026 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Amazing Bird Records '' . Trails.com . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Watson , Jeff ( 2011 ) . The Golden Eagle ( Second ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 30017 - 019 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sutton , C. ; Dunne , P. ; Sibley , D. ( 1989 ) . Hawks in Flight : The Flight Identification of North American Migrant Raptors . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 3955 - 1022 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ferguson - Lees , et al . ) ^ Jump up to : del Hoyo , J ; Elliot , A ; Sargatal , J ( 1996 ) . Handbook of the Birds of the World . 3 . Barcelona : Lynx Edicions . ISBN 84 - 87334 - 20 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gamauf , A. ; Preleuthner , M. & Winkler , H. ( 1998 ) . `` Philippine Birds of Prey : Interrelations among habitat , morphology and behavior '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 115 ( 3 ) : 713 -- 726 . doi : 10.2307 / 4089419 . JSTOR 4089419 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgan , A.M. `` The spread and weight of the Wedge - tailed Eagle '' ( PDF ) . South Australian Ornithologist. 11 : 156 -- 157 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gerald ( 1983 ) . The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 235 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` European Raptors : Golden Eagle '' . www.europeanraptors.org ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stalcup , Carolyn . `` All About Eagles '' . The American Eagle Foundation . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rutledge , Hope . `` Eagles of the World '' . American Bald Eagle Information . Archived from the original on 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . from Grambo , Rebecca L. ( 1999 ) . Eagles . Voyageur Press , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Lerner , H.R.L. ; Mindell , D.P. ( 2005 ) . `` Phylogeny of eagles , Old World vultures , and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 346 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.04. 010 . PMID 15925523 . ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Heather R.L. ; Mindell , David P. ( 9 May 2006 ) . `` Accipitridae '' . The Tree of Life Web Project . Archived from the original on 23 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bouglouan , Nicole . `` The booted eagles throughout the world : introduction '' . Oiseaux - birds . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Bunce , M. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Ancient DNA Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of New Zealand 's Extinct Giant Eagle '' . PLoS Biol. 3 ( 1 ) : e9 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0030009 . PMC 539324 . PMID 15660162 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Wayne ( 1998 ) . Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography . Winona Lake , Indiana : Eisenbrauns . pp. 43 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 931464 - 99 - 4 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Badke , David . The Medieval Bestiary Archived 22 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , John ( 1749 ) . Philosophical and Theological Works of the Late Truly Learned John Hutchinson . London , UK : James Hidges . p. 402 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Psalm 103 Archived 8 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine . in Augustine 's commentary . Jump up ^ Office of Law Enforcement . `` National Eagle Repository '' . Mountain - Prairie Region . United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Archived from the original on 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Sin , Lena ( 30 April 2006 ) . `` Charges laid in eagle - poaching case '' . The Province . CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc . Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 20 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Larco Herrera , Rafael and Berrin , Kathleen ( 1997 ) The Spirit of Ancient Peru Thames and Hudson , New York , ISBN 0500018022 Further reading Collinson , Martin . `` Splitting headaches ? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists '' . British Birds , vol. 99 ( June 2006 ) , pp. 306 -- 323 . External links Look up eagle in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Eagles Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Eagle . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eagles . PBS Nature : Eagles Eagle photos on Oriental Bird Images Eagle videos on the Internet Bird Collection Web of the Conservation Biology Team - Bonelli 's Eagle , of the University of Barcelona Decorah Eagles : 24 / 7 Live Webcam from The Raptor Resource Project EagleCAM : White - bellied Sea Eagles Live Webcam at Discovery Centre in Sydney , Australia `` Eagle '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Subfamily : Buteoninae Genus Species ( extinctions : † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct ) Geranoaetus Black - chested buzzard - eagle Variable hawk White - tailed hawk Buteo Common buzzard Eastern buzzard Himalayan buzzard Cape Verde buzzard Socotra buzzard Red - tailed hawk Long - legged buzzard Rough - legged buzzard Ferruginous hawk Red - shouldered hawk Broad - winged hawk Swainson 's hawk Ridgway 's hawk White - rumped hawk Short - tailed hawk White - throated hawk Galápagos hawk Gray hawk Zone - tailed hawk Hawaiian hawk Rufous - tailed hawk Mountain buzzard Madagascar buzzard Upland buzzard Red - necked buzzard Jackal buzzard Archer 's buzzard Augur buzzard Rupornis Roadside hawk Parabuteo Harris 's hawk White - rumped hawk Buteogallus Rufous crab hawk Common black hawk Cuban black hawk Great black hawk Savanna hawk Busarellus Black - collared hawk Leucopternis White - browed hawk White - necked hawk Black - faced hawk Plumbeous hawk Barred hawk Slate - colored hawk Semiplumbeous hawk Pseudastur Gray - backed hawk White hawk Mantled hawk Kaupifalco Lizard buzzard Butastur Rufous - winged buzzard Grasshopper buzzard White - eyed buzzard Grey - faced buzzard Harpyhaliaetus Chaco eagle Solitary eagle Eagle Buzzard GND : 4141431 - 7 NDL : 00574162 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle&oldid=814031260 '' Categories : Eagles Accipitridae Birds by common name Birds of prey Birds on stamps Vultures National symbols of Armenia National symbols of Austria National symbols of the Czech Republic National symbols of Germany National symbols of Ghana National symbols of Liechtenstein National symbols of Mexico National symbols of Nigeria National symbols of Poland National symbols of Romania National symbols of Serbia National symbols of Spain National symbols of Syria National symbols of Yemen National symbols of Zambia Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2015 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Old English - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Welsh - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Kirundi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Лакку Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Picard Plattdüütsch Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 14 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is another name for an eagles nest | [
"Eagles normally build their nests, called eyries, in tall trees or on high cliffs. Many species lay two eggs, but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched. The dominant chick tends to be a female, as they are bigger than the male. The parents take no action to stop the killing.[5][6]"
] | [
"eyries"
] |
-4908994099796402366 | The Wind in the Willows | The Wind in the Willows - wikipedia The Wind in the Willows Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Wind in the Willows ( disambiguation ) . The Wind in the Willows Cover of the first edition Author Kenneth Grahame Illustrator Ernest H. Shepard ( 1931 ) Arthur Rackham ( 1940 ) Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Children 's novel Publisher Methuen Publication date 15 June 1908 Text The Wind in the Willows at Wikisource The Wind in the Willows is a children 's novel by Kenneth Grahame , first published in 1908 . Alternately slow - moving and fast - paced , it focuses on four anthropomorphised animals in a pastoral version of Edwardian England . The novel is notable for its mixture of mysticism , adventure , morality and camaraderie , and celebrated for its evocation of the nature of the Thames Valley . In 1908 , Grahame retired from his position as secretary of the Bank of England . He moved back to Berkshire , where he had lived as a child , and spent his time by the River Thames doing much as the animal characters in his book do -- as the book says , `` simply messing about in boats '' -- and expanding the bedtime stories he had earlier told his son Alastair into a manuscript for the book . The novel was in its 31st printing when playwright A.A. Milne adapted part of it for the stage as Toad of Toad Hall in 1929 . Almost a century later , it was adapted again for the stage as a musical by Julian Fellowes. 1946 saw the first of several film adaptions . In 2003 , The Wind in the Willows was listed at number 16 in the BBC 's survey The Big Read . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot summary 2.1 Mole meets Rat 2.2 Toad 2.3 Badger 2.4 Toad and motorcars 2.5 Toad escapes from prison 2.6 Recapture of Toad Hall 2.7 Short stories 3 Main characters 4 Supporting characters 5 Editions 6 Reception 7 Adaptations 7.1 Stage 7.2 Film and television 7.3 Radio 7.4 Sequels and alternative versions 8 Awards 9 Inspiration 10 In popular culture 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Works Background ( edit ) Main article : Kenneth Grahame Kenneth Grahame was born on 8 March 1859 in Edinburgh . When he was 5 , his mother died from puerperal fever , and his father , who had a drinking problem , gave the care of his four children over to their grandmother , who lived in Cookham Dean in Berkshire . There they lived in a spacious but dilapidated home , `` The Mount '' , in extensive grounds by the River Thames , and were introduced to the riverside and boating by their uncle , David Ingles , curate at Cookham Dean church . At Christmas 1865 the chimney of the house collapsed and the children moved to Fern Hill Cottage in Cranbourne , Berkshire . In 1866 , their father tried to overcome his drinking problem and took the children back to live with him in Argyll , Scotland , but after a year they returned to their grandmother 's house in Cranbourne , where Kenneth lived until he entered St Edward 's School , Oxford in 1868 . During his early years at St. Edwards the boys had freedom to explore the old city with its quaint shops , historic buildings , and cobbled streets , St Giles ' Fair , the idyllic upper reaches of the River Thames , and the nearby countryside . Grahame married Elspeth Thomson in 1899 ; they had only one child , a boy named Alastair ( whose nickname was `` Mouse '' ) born blind in one eye and plagued by health problems throughout his life . When Alastair was about four years old , Grahame would tell him bedtime stories , some of which were about a toad , and when he holidayed alone he would write further tales of Toad , Mole , Ratty and Badger in letters to Alastair . In 1908 Grahame took early retirement from his job at the Bank of England and moved with his wife and son to an old farmhouse in Blewbury , where he used the bedtime stories he had told Alastair as a basis for the manuscript of The Wind in the Willows . Plot summary ( edit ) Mole meets Rat ( edit ) With the arrival of spring and fine weather outside , the good - natured Mole loses patience with spring cleaning . He flees his underground home , emerging to take in the air and ends up at the river , which he has never seen before . Here he meets Rat ( a water vole ) , who at this time of year spends all his days in , on and close by the river . Rat takes Mole for a ride in his rowing boat . They get along well and spend many more days boating , with Rat teaching Mole the ways of the river . Toad ( edit ) One summer day , Rat and Mole disembark near the grand Toad Hall and pay a visit to Toad . Toad is rich , jovial , friendly and kind - hearted , but aimless and conceited ; he regularly becomes obsessed with current fads , only to abandon them abruptly . Having recently given up boating , Toad 's current craze is his horse - drawn caravan . He persuades the reluctant Rat and willing Mole to join him on a trip . Toad soon tires of the realities of camp life , and sleeps in the following day to avoid chores . Later that day , a passing motorcar scares the horse , causing the caravan to overturn into a ditch . Rat threatens to have the law on the car driver , while Mole calms the horse , but Toad 's craze for caravan travel is immediately replaced by an obsession with motorcars . Badger ( edit ) Mole wants to meet the respected but elusive Badger , who lives deep in the Wild Wood , but Rat -- knowing that Badger does not appreciate visits -- tells Mole to be patient and wait for Badger to pay them a visit himself . Nevertheless , on a snowy winter 's day , while the seasonally somnolent Rat dozes , Mole impulsively goes to the Wild Wood to explore , hoping to meet Badger . He gets lost in the woods , sees many `` evil faces '' among the wood 's less - welcoming denizens , succumbs to fright and panic and hides , trying to stay warm , among the sheltering roots of a tree . Rat , finding Mole gone , guesses his mission from the direction of Mole 's tracks and , equipping himself with two pistols and a stout cudgel , goes in search , finding him as snow begins to fall in earnest . Attempting to find their way home , Rat and Mole quite literally stumble across Badger 's home -- Mole barks his shin on the boot scraper on Badger 's doorstep . Badger -- en route to bed in his dressing - gown and slippers -- nonetheless warmly welcomes Rat and Mole to his large and cosy underground home , providing them with hot food , dry clothes and reassuring conversation : `` It takes all sorts to make a world '' . Toad and motorcars ( edit ) Badger learns from his visitors that Toad has crashed seven cars , has been in hospital three times , and has spent a fortune on fines . Though nothing can be done at the moment ( it being winter ) , they resolve that when the time is right they will make a plan to protect Toad from himself ; they are , after all , his friends , and are worried about his well - being . With the arrival of spring , Badger visits Mole and Rat to take action over Toad 's self - destructive obsession . The three of them go to Toad Hall , and Badger tries talking Toad out of his behaviour , to no avail . They put Toad under house arrest , with themselves as the guards , until Toad changes his mind . Feigning illness , Toad bamboozles the Water Rat ( who is on guard duty at the time ) and escapes . Badger and Mole are cross with Rat for his gullibility , but draw comfort because they need no longer waste their summer guarding Toad . However , Badger and Mole continue to live in Toad Hall in the hope that Toad may return . Meanwhile , Toad orders lunch at The Red Lion Inn , and then sees a motorcar pull into the courtyard . Taking the car , he drives it recklessly and is caught by the police . He is sent to prison for 20 years . Toad escapes from prison ( edit ) In prison , Toad gains the sympathy of the gaoler 's daughter , who helps him to escape disguised as a washerwoman . Though free again , Toad is without money or possessions other than the clothes upon his back . He manages to board a railway engine manned by a sympathetic driver , which is then pursued by a special train loaded with policemen , detectives and prison warders . Toad jumps from the train and , still disguised as a washerwoman , comes across a horse - drawn barge . The barge 's female owner offers him a lift in exchange for Toad 's services as a washerwoman . After botching the wash , Toad gets into a fight with the barge - woman , who tosses him into the canal . In revenge , Toad makes off with the barge horse , which he then sells to a gypsy . Toad subsequently flags down a passing car , which happens to be the very one he stole earlier . The car owners , not recognising Toad in his disguise , permit him to drive their car . Once behind the wheel , he is repossessed by his former passion and drives furiously , declaring his true identity to the passengers who try to seize him . This leads to the car landing in a horse - pond , after which Toad flees once more . Pursued by police , he runs accidentally into a river , which carries him by sheer chance to the house of Rat . Recapture of Toad Hall ( edit ) Toad now hears from Rat that Toad Hall has been taken over by weasels and stoats from the Wild Wood , who have driven out Mole and Badger . Although upset at the loss of his house , Toad realises what good friends he has and how badly he has behaved . Badger then arrives and announces that he knows of a secret tunnel into Toad Hall through which the enemies may be attacked . Armed to the teeth , Badger , Rat , Mole and Toad enter via the tunnel and pounce upon the unsuspecting Wild Wooders who are holding a celebratory party . Having driven away the intruders , Toad holds a banquet to mark his return , during which ( for a change ) he behaves both quietly and humbly . He makes up for his earlier excesses by seeking out and compensating those he has wronged , and the four friends live out their lives happily ever after . Short stories ( edit ) In addition to the main narrative , the book contains several independent short stories featuring Rat and Mole . These appear for the most part between the chapters chronicling Toad 's adventures , and are often omitted from abridgements and dramatisations . The chapter `` Dulce Domum '' describes Mole 's return to his home , accompanied by Rat , in which , despite finding it in a terrible mess after his abortive spring clean , he rediscovers , with Rat 's help , a familiar comfort . `` The Piper at the Gates of Dawn '' tells how Mole and Rat search for Otter 's missing son Portly , whom they find in the care of the god Pan . ( Pan removes their memories of this meeting `` lest the awful remembrance should remain and grow , and overshadow mirth and pleasure '' . ) Finally , in `` Wayfarers All '' , Ratty shows a restless side to his character when he is sorely tempted to join a Sea Rat on his travelling adventures . Main characters ( edit ) Mole : Known as `` Moly '' to his friends . An altruistic , humble , loyal , polite , home - loving animal , and the first character introduced in the story . Fed up with spring cleaning in his secluded home , he ventures into the outside world . Initially overawed by the hustle and bustle of the riverbank , he eventually adapts . He proves intelligent as shown with his trickery on stoat then tries to prevent them from reinforcing the weasels during the fight with Toad Hall . Rat : Known as `` Ratty '' to his friends ( though actually a water vole ) , he is cultured , relaxed and friendly , and enjoys a life of leisure ; when not spending time on the river , he composes doggerel . Ratty loves the river and takes charge of Mole . He can be stubborn when it comes to doing things outside his riverside lifestyle , but can do which must be done as shown when he risks his safety to help Mole in the Wild Wood and to help free Toad Hall from the weasels . Mr. Toad : Known as `` Toady '' to his friends , The wealthy scion of Toad Hall who inherited his wealth from his late father . Although good - hearted and optimistic , he is also arrogant , conceited , and impulsive . He is prone to obsessions and crazes ( such as punting , houseboats , and horse - drawn caravans ) . He gets bored with each of these in turn , and drops them . His motoring craze eventually sees him imprisoned for theft , dangerous driving , and gross impertinence to the police . Several chapters of the book chronicle his daring escape from prison . Mr. Badger : A gruff but benevolent soul , Badger embodies the `` wise hermit '' figure . A friend of Toad 's deceased father , he is uncompromising with the irresponsible Toad , yet hopes that his good qualities will prevail . He lives in a vast underground sett , part of which incorporates the remains of a buried Roman settlement . A brave and a skilled fighter , Badger helps clear the Wild Wooders from Toad Hall with his large stick . Supporting characters ( edit ) Otter and Portly : A friend of Ratty with a stereotypical `` Cockney costermonger '' character , the extrovert Otter is tough and self - sufficient . Portly is his young son . The Weasels , Ferrets and the Stoats : The story 's main antagonists . They plot to take over Toad Hall . Pan : A benevolent and wise god of the wild who makes a single , anomalous appearance in Chapter 7 , `` The Piper at the Gates of Dawn '' when he helps Portly and looks after him until Ratty and Mole come . The Gaoler 's Daughter : The only major human character ; a `` good , kind , clever girl '' , she helps Toad escape from prison . The Wayfarer : A vagabond seafaring rat , who also makes a single appearance . Ratty briefly considers following his example , before Mole persuades him otherwise . Squirrels and rabbits , who are generally good ( although rabbits are described as `` a mixed lot '' ) . Inhabitants of the Wild Wood : Weasels , Stoats and Foxes who are described by Ratty thus : `` all right in a way but well , you ca n't really trust them '' . Editions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Piper at the Gates of Dawn , frontispiece to a 1913 edition by Paul Bransom The book was originally published as plain text with a frontispiece illustrated by Graham Robertson , but many illustrated , comic and annotated versions have been published over the years . Notable illustrators include Paul Bransom ( 1913 ) , Wyndham Payne ( 1927 ) , Ernest H. Shepard ( 1931 ) , Arthur Rackham ( 1940 ) , Tasha Tudor ( 1966 ) , Michael Hague ( 1980 ) , Scott McKowen ( 2005 ) , and Robert Ingpen ( 2007 ) . The most popular illustrations are probably by E.H. Shepard , originally published in 1931 , and believed to be authorised as Grahame was pleased with the initial sketches , though he did not live to see the completed work . The Wind in the Willows was the last work illustrated by Arthur Rackham . The book with his illustrations was issued posthumously in a limited edition by the Folio Society with 16 colour plates in 1940 in the US . It was not issued with the Rackham illustrations in the UK until 1950 . The Folio Society 2006 edition featured 85 illustrations , 35 in colour , by Charles van Sandwyk . A fancier centenary edition was produced two years later . Michel Plessix created a Wind in the Willows watercolour comic album series , which helped to introduce the stories to France . They have been translated into English by Cinebook Ltd . Patrick Benson re-illustrated the story in 1994 and HarperCollins published it in 1994 together with the William Horwood sequels The Willows in Winter , Toad Triumphant and The Willows and Beyond . It was published in the US in 1995 by St Martin 's Press . Inga Moore 's abridged edition features text and illustrations paced so that a line of text , such as `` oh my oh my '' , also serves as a caption . Barnes & Noble Classics featured an introduction by Gardner McFall in 2007 . New York , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59308 - 265 - 9 Egmont Press produced a 100th Anniversary paperback edition , with Shepard 's illustrations , in 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4052 - 3730 - 7 Belknap Press , of Harvard University Press , published Seth Lerer 's annotated edition in 2009 . W.W. Norton published Annie Gauger and Brian Jacques 's annotated edition in 2009 . Jamie Hendry Productions published a special edition of the novel in 2015 and donated it to schools in Plymouth and Salford to celebrate the World Premiere of the musical version of The Wind in the Willows by Julian Fellowes , George Stiles and Anthony Drewe . IDW Publishing published an illustrated edition of the novel in 2016 . The hardcover novel features illustrations from Eisner Award - winning artist David Petersen , who is best known for creating and drawing the comic series Mouse Guard . Reception ( edit ) A number of publishers rejected the manuscript . It was published in the UK by Methuen and Co. , and later in the US by Scribner . The critics , who were hoping for a third volume in the style of Graham 's earlier works ; The Golden Age and Dream Days , generally gave negative reviews . The public loved it , however , and within a few years it sold in such numbers that many reprints were required . In 1909 , then sitting US President Theodore Roosevelt wrote to Grahame to tell him that he had `` read it and reread it , and have come to accept the characters as old friends '' . In The Enchanted Places , Christopher Robin Milne wrote of The Wind in the Willows : A book that we all greatly loved and admired and read aloud or alone , over and over and over : The Wind in the Willows . This book is , in a way , two separate books put into one . There are , on the one hand , those chapters concerned with the adventures of Toad ; and on the other hand there are those chapters that explore human emotions -- the emotions of fear , nostalgia , awe , wanderlust . My mother was drawn to the second group , of which `` The Piper at the Gates of Dawn '' was her favourite , read to me again and again with always , towards the end , the catch in the voice and the long pause to find her handkerchief and blow her nose . My father , on his side , was so captivated by the first group that he turned these chapters into the children 's play , Toad of Toad Hall . In this play one emotion only is allowed to creep in : nostalgia . Adaptations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stage ( edit ) Toad of Toad Hall by A.A. Milne , produced in 1929 Wind in the Willows , a 1985 Tony - nominated Broadway musical with book by Jane Iredale , lyrics by Roger McGough and music by William P. Perry , starring Nathan Lane The Wind in the Willows by Alan Bennett ( who also appeared as Mole ) in 1991 Mr. Toad 's Mad Adventures by Vera Morris Wind in the Willows ( UK National Tour ) by Ian Billings The Wind in the Willows , two stage adaptations -- a full musical adaptation and a small - scale , shorter , stage play version -- by David Gooderson . The Wind in the Willows , a musical theatre adaption by Scot Copeland and Paul Carrol Binkley . The Wind in the Willows by George Stiles , Anthony Drewe and Julian Fellowes which opened at Theatre Royal Plymouth in October 2016 before playing at The Lowry , Salford and then the West End . Film and Television ( edit ) See also : The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad § The Wind in the Willows Toad of Toad Hall , the first live action film of the novel . Adapted by Michael Barry for BBC Television and transmitted live in 1946 . The film featured ( in alphabetical order ) Julia Braddock as Marigold , Kenneth More as Mr. Badger , Jack Newmark as Mole , Andrew Osborn as Water Rat , Jon Pertwee as the Judge , Alan Reid as Mr. Toad , John Thomas and Victor Woolf as Alfred the Horse , Madoline Thomas as Mother , and an uncredited Pat Pleasanse as various Rats , Weasels and Mice . The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , a 1949 animated adaptation produced by Walt Disney Productions for RKO Radio Pictures , narrated by Basil Rathbone . One half of the animated feature was based on the unrelated short story , The Legend of Sleepy Hollow . The Wind in the Willows , a 1969 adaptation of the story produced by Anglia Television , told by still illustrations by artist John Worsley . The story was adapted , produced and narrated by Paul Honeyman and directed by John Salway . The Reluctant Dragon and Mr. Toad Show , a 1970 -- 1971 TV series produced by Rankin / Bass Productions and animated overseas by Mushi Production in Tokyo , Japan , based on both The Reluctant Dragon and The Wind in the Willows . The Wind in the Willows , a 1983 animated film version with stop - motion puppets , produced by Cosgrove Hall Films . The Wind in the Willows , a 1984 -- 1990 TV series following the 1983 film , using the same sets and characters in mostly original stories but also including some chapters from the book that were omitted in the film , notably `` The Piper at the Gates of Dawn '' . The cast included David Jason , Sir Michael Hordern , Peter Sallis , Richard Pearson and Ian Carmichael . The Wind in the Willows , a 1985 / 1987 animated musical film version for television , produced by Rankin / Bass Productions with animation by Wang Film Productions ( also known as Cuckoo 's Nest Studios ) in Taiwan . This version was very faithful to the book and featured a number of original songs , including the title , `` Wind in the Willows '' , performed by folk singer Judy Collins . Voice actors included Eddie Bracken as Mole , Jose Ferrer as Badger , Roddy McDowell as Ratty , and Charles Nelson Reilly as Toad . Wind in the Willows , a 1988 animated made - for - TV film by Burbank Films Australia and adapted by Leonard Lee . The Adventures of Mole , a 1995 animated made - for - TV film with a cast including Hugh Laurie as Toad , Richard Briers and Peter Davison as Ratty and Mole respectively and Paul Eddington as Badger . Was followed by The Adventures of Toad . The Wind in the Willows , a 1995 animated film adaptation narrated by Vanessa Redgrave ( in the live action scenes ) with a cast led by Michael Palin and Alan Bennett as Ratty and Mole , Rik Mayall as Toad and Michael Gambon as Badger ; followed by an adaptation of The Willows in Winter produced by the now defunct TVC ( Television Cartoons ) in London . The Wind in the Willows , a 1996 live - action film written and directed by Terry Jones starring Steve Coogan as Mole , Eric Idle as Rat , and Terry Jones as Mr. Toad . The Wind in the Willows , another live - action film in 2006 with Lee Ingleby as Mole , Mark Gatiss as Ratty , Matt Lucas as Toad , Bob Hoskins as Badger , and also featuring Imelda Staunton , Anna Maxwell Martin , Mary Walsh and Michael Murphy In 2003 , Guillermo del Toro was working on an adaptation for Disney . It was to mix live action with CG animation , and the director explained why he had to leave the helm . `` It was a beautiful book , and then I went to meet with the executives and they said , ' Could you give Toad a skateboard and make him say , ' radical dude ' things , ' and that 's when I said , ' It 's been a pleasure ... ' '' In 2014 , Classic Alice took the titular character on a 6 episode reimagining of The Wind in the Willows . Reid Cox played Toad , Kate Hackett and Tony Noto served as loose Badger / Ratty / Mole characters . Radio ( edit ) The BBC has broadcast a number of radio productions of the story . Dramatisations include : Eight episodes from 4 to 14 April 1955 , BBC Home Service . With Richard Goolden , Frank Duncan , Olaf Pooley and Mary O'Farrell . episodes from 27 September to 15 November 1965 , BBC Home Service . With Leonard Maguire , David Steuart and Douglas Murchie . Single 90 - minute play , dramatised by A.A. Milne under the name Toad of Toad Hall , on 21 April 1973 , BBC Radio 4 . With Derek Smith , Bernard Cribbins , Richard Goolden and Cyril Luckham . Six episodes from 28 April to 9 June 1983 , BBC Schools Radio , Living Language series . With Paul Darrow as Badger . Six episodes , dramatised by John Scotney , from 13 February to 20 March 1994 , BBC Radio 5 . With Martin Jarvis , Timothy Bateson , Willie Rushton , George Baker and Dinsdale Landen . Single two - hour play , dramatised by Alan Bennett , on 27 August 1994 , BBC Radio 4 . Abridged readings include : Ten - part reading by Alan Bennett from 31 July to 11 August 1989 , BBC Radio 4 . Twelve - part reading by Bernard Cribbins from 22 December 1983 to 6 January 1984 , BBC channel unknown . Three - hour reading by June Whitfield , Nigel Anthony , James Saxon , and Nigel Lambert ; Puffin audiobook , 1996 . Kenneth Williams also did a version of the book for radio . In 2002 Paul Oakenfold produced a Trance Soundtrack for the story , aired on the Galaxy FM show Urban Soundtracks . These mixes blended classic stories with a mixture of dance and contemporary music . Sequels and alternative versions ( edit ) In 1983 Dixon Scott published A Fresh Wind in the Willows , which not only predates Horwood 's sequels ( see below ) by several years but also includes some of the same incidents , including a climax in which Toad steals a Bleriot monoplane . William Horwood created several sequels to The Wind in the Willows : The Willows in Winter , Toad Triumphant , The Willows and Beyond , and The Willows at Christmas . Jacqueline Kelly 's sequel Return to the Willows was published in 2012 . Jan Needle 's Wild Wood was published in 1981 with illustrations by William Rushton ( ISBN 0 - 233 - 97346 - X ) . It is a re-telling of the story of The Wind in the Willows from the point of view of the working - class inhabitants of the Wild Wood . For them , money is short and employment hard to find . They have a very different perspective on the wealthy , easy , careless lifestyle of Toad and his friends . Kij Johnson published The River Bank in 2017 . If Wild Wood reimagined Grahame 's work through a shift of class , Johnson 's work may be said to do the same thing through shift of gender . Awards ( edit ) Mr. Toad was voted Number 38 among the 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900 by Book magazine in their March / April 2002 issue . Inspiration ( edit ) Mapledurham House in Oxfordshire was an inspiration for Toad Hall , although Hardwick House and Fawley Court also make this claim . The village of Lerryn , Cornwall claims to be the setting for the book . Simon Winchester suggested that the character of Ratty was based on Frederick Furnivall , a keen oarsman and acquaintance of Kenneth Grahame . However , Grahame himself said that this character was inspired by his good friend , the writer Sir Arthur Quiller - Couch . Grahame mentions this in a signed copy he gave to Quiller - Couch 's daughter , Foy Felicia . The Scotsman and Oban Times suggested The Wind in the Willows was inspired by the Crinan Canal because Grahame spent some of his childhood in Ardrishaig . There is a theory that the idea for the story arose when its author saw a water vole beside the River Pang in Berkshire , southern England . A 29 hectare extension to the nature reserve at Moor Copse , near Tidmarsh Berkshire , was acquired in January 2007 by the Berks , Bucks and Oxon Wildlife Trust . In popular culture ( edit ) Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride is the name of a ride at Disneyland in Anaheim , California and a former attraction at Disney 's Magic Kingdom in Orlando , Florida , inspired by Toad 's motorcar adventure . It is the only ride with an alternate Latin title , given as the inscription on Toad 's Hall : Toadi Acceleratio Semper Absurda ( `` Toad 's Ever - Absurd Acceleration '' ) . The first album by psychedelic rock group Pink Floyd , The Piper at the Gates of Dawn ( 1967 ) , was named by former member Syd Barrett after chapter 7 of The Wind in the Willows . However , the songs on the album are not directly related to the contents of the book . The same chapter was the basis for the name and lyrics of `` Piper at the Gates of Dawn '' , a song by Irish singer - songwriter Van Morrison from his 1997 album The Healing Game . The song `` The Wicker Man '' by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden also includes the phrase . British extreme metal band Cradle of Filth released a special edition of their album Thornography , called Harder , Darker , Faster : Thornography Deluxe ; on the song `` Snake - Eyed and the Venomous '' , a pun is made in the lyrics `` ... all vipers at the gates of dawn '' referring to Chapter 7 of the book . The song `` Power Flower '' on Stevie Wonder 's 1979 album Stevie Wonder 's Journey Through `` The Secret Life of Plants '' , co-written with Michael Sembello , mentions `` the piper at the gates of dawning '' . Wind in the Willows is a fantasy for flute , oboe , clarinet and bassoon , narrated by John Frith ( 2007 ) . Dutch composer Johan de Meij wrote a music piece for concert band in four movements , named after and based on The Wind in the Willows . The Edinburgh - based record label Song , by Toad Records takes its name from a passage in The Wind in the Willows . In 2016 , a historian , who owned a rare first edition , was tortured and murdered in his home by a thief intent on finding the book 's location hidden somewhere in the house . In 2018 , English professor emeritus Peter Hunt makes the claim that The Wind in the Willows is about Grahame 's alleged homosexuality References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Big Read Top 200 '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Peter ( 1983 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Dragons and Pterodactyles 1859 -- 67 '' . Beyond the Wild Wood : The World of Kenneth Grahame Author of The Wind in the Willows . New York : Facts on File . pp. 9 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 740 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography '' . kennethgrahamesociety.net . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Peter ( 1983 ) . `` Chapter 2 : The Spell of Oxford '' . Beyond the Wild Wood : The World of Kenneth Grahame Author of The Wind in the Willows . New York : Facts on File . pp. 29 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 740 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robin & Valerie Bootle ( 1990 ) . The Story of Cookham . private , Cookham . p. 188 . ISBN 0 - 9516276 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ E.H. Shepard ill . ed , Charles Scribner 's Sons , US , introduction . Jump up ^ Grahame 2009b . Jump up ^ Grahame 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wind in the Willows musical set for world premiere '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` The Wind in the Willows ( Illustrated by David Petersen ) '' . IDW Publishing . Jump up ^ `` First edition of The Wind in the Willows sells for £ 32,400 '' . The Guardian . 24 March 2010 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 ... Jump up ^ `` The Wind in the Willows : short play or musical adaptation for children '' . David-gooderson.co.uk. 30 July 2005 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Wind in the Willows ( Musical , Copeland ) '' . Dramatic Publishing Company . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julian Fellowes to write Wind in the Willows Musical '' . Jump up ^ `` The Wind in the Willows ( 1987 ) ( TV ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb '' ... Jump up ^ `` Rotten Tomatoes : del Toro on Why Wind in the Willows Went Away '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 9 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Christine Paik ( 19 March 2002 ) . `` NPR report '' . NPR . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ West , Mark ( 2003 ) . A Children 's Literature Tour of Great Britain . Scarecrow Press Inc . pp. 49 to 51 . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Winn , Christopher ( 2010 ) . I Never Knew That About the River Thames . Ebury Publishing . pp. 84 to 85 . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The animals of Wind in the Willows '' . Inside Out . BBC . 10 January 2005 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Simon . The Meaning of Everything : The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ Auctioned by Bonhams on Tuesday 23 March 2010 for £ 32,400 : Flood , Alison ( 24 March 2010 ) . `` First edition of The Wind in the Willows sells for £ 32,400 '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wind whispered in the Scottish willows first '' . The Scotsman. 16 April 2005 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Was Crinan the seed for Wind in the Willows ? '' . Oban Times . 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratty 's Paradise joins eight new reserves '' , Natural World , p. 10 , Spring 2007 . Jump up ^ Travis M. Andrews ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Historian tortured , killed for first edition of ' Wind in the Willows , ' prosecutor tells British jury '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Malvern , Jack ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Wind in the Willows ' is a gay manifesto ' '' . The Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Grahame , Kenneth ( 1944 ) , Grahame , Elspeth , ed. , First Whisper of ' The Wind in the Willows ' , Philadelphia & New York : JB Lippincott . Telling how the stories evolved from bedtime stories ( and letters , in his absence ) for his son Alastair , then known as `` Mouse '' . -- -- -- ( 2009 ) , Gauger , Annie ; Jacques , Brian , eds. , The Annotated Wind in the Willows , Norton Annotated Series , Norton , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05774 - 4 . -- -- -- ( 2009b ) , Lerer , Seth , ed. , The Wind in the Willows ( annotated ed . ) , Belknap Press / Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03447 - 1 . Hunt , Peter ( 1994 ) . The Wind in the Willows : A Fragmented Arcadia . New York City : Twayne Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8057 - 8816 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Wind in the Willows Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wind in the Willows . Bodleian Library , Oxford , online display of original manuscript , books and drawings Pictures and song excerpts from the American stage production Works ( edit ) The Wind in the Willows at Project Gutenberg illustrated by Paul Bransom ( 1913 ) The Wind in the Willows , scanned books from Internet Archive The Wind in the Willows adapted in 10 parts by BBC School Radio . Read by Bernard Cribbins . Site also contains teaching resources and episode transcripts . The Wind in the Willows public domain audiobook at LibriVox Children 's literature portal The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame Characters Mr. Toad Film and TV Adaptations The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad 1946 TV Version 1983 film 1984 -- 1987 TV series 1987 film 1988 film 1995 film 1996 film 2006 film Stage Adaptations Toad of Toad Hall The Wind in the Willows ( musical ) Related works Mole 's Christmas A Tale Of Two Toads Oh , Mr. Toad Tales of the Willows by William Horwood Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride Laurence Olivier Award for Best Entertainment 1991 - 2000 Five Guys Named Moe ( 1991 ) Talking Heads ( 1992 ) Travels with My Aunt ( 1993 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Maria Friedman ( 1995 ) Slava 's Snowshow ( 1998 ) Do You Come Here Often ? ( 1999 ) Defending the Caveman ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Shockheaded Peter ( 2002 ) Play Without Words ( 2003 ) Duckie 's C'est Barbican ! ( 2004 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 2006 ) La Clique ( 2009 ) Morecambe ( 2010 ) The Railway Children ( 2011 ) Derren Brown - Svengali ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mister Tom ( 2013 ) The Wind in the Willows ( 2014 ) La Soirée ( 2015 ) Showstopper ! The Improvised Musical ( 2016 ) The Red Shoes ( 2017 ) Dick Whittington ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wind_in_the_Willows&oldid=843449995 '' Categories : 1908 British novels 20th - century British children 's literature Books about friendship British children 's novels British novels adapted into films Culture associated with the River Thames Fictional badgers Fictional frogs and toads Fictional mice and rats Fictional moles Fictional otters Fictional weasels Books illustrated by Arthur Rackham Books illustrated by E.H. Shepard Children 's novels about animals Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Methuen Publishing books Novels set in Berkshire Novels set in England Novels set in Oxfordshire 1908 children 's books Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles that link to Wikisource Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 07 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the main characters in the wind in the willows | [
"\nMole: Known as \"Moly\" to his friends. An altruistic, humble, loyal, polite, home-loving animal, and the first character introduced in the story. Fed up with spring cleaning in his secluded home, he ventures into the outside world. Initially overawed by the hustle and bustle of the riverbank, he eventually adapts. He proves intelligent as shown with his trickery on stoat then tries to prevent them from reinforcing the weasels during the fight with Toad Hall.\nRat: Known as \"Ratty\" to his friends (though actually a water vole), he is cultured, relaxed and friendly, and enjoys a life of leisure; when not spending time on the river, he composes doggerel. Ratty loves the river and takes charge of Mole. He can be stubborn when it comes to doing things outside his riverside lifestyle, but can do which must be done as shown when he risks his safety to help Mole in the Wild Wood and to help free Toad Hall from the weasels.\nMr. Toad: Known as \"Toady\" to his friends, The wealthy scion of Toad Hall who inherited his wealth from his late father. Although good-hearted and optimistic, he is also arrogant, conceited, and impulsive. He is prone to obsessions and crazes (such as punting, houseboats, and horse-drawn caravans). He gets bored with each of these in turn, and drops them. His motoring craze eventually sees him imprisoned for theft, dangerous driving, and gross impertinence to the police. Several chapters of the book chronicle his daring escape from prison.\nMr. Badger: A gruff but benevolent soul, Badger embodies the \"wise hermit\" figure. A friend of Toad's deceased father, he is uncompromising with the irresponsible Toad, yet hopes that his good qualities will prevail. He lives in a vast underground sett, part of which incorporates the remains of a buried Roman settlement. A brave and a skilled fighter, Badger helps clear the Wild Wooders from Toad Hall with his large stick.\n",
"\nMole: Known as \"Moly\" to his friends. An altruistic, humble, loyal, polite, home-loving animal, and the first character introduced in the story. Fed up with spring cleaning in his secluded home, he ventures into the outside world. Initially overawed by the hustle and bustle of the riverbank, he eventually adapts. He proves intelligent as shown with his trickery on stoat then tries to prevent them from reinforcing the weasels during the fight with Toad Hall.\nRat: Known as \"Ratty\" to his friends (though actually a water vole), he is cultured, relaxed and friendly, and enjoys a life of leisure; when not spending time on the river, he composes doggerel. Ratty loves the river and takes charge of Mole. He can be stubborn when it comes to doing things outside his riverside lifestyle, but can do which must be done as shown when he risks his safety to help Mole in the Wild Wood and to help free Toad Hall from the weasels.\nMr. Toad: Known as \"Toady\" to his friends, The wealthy scion of Toad Hall who inherited his wealth from his late father. Although good-hearted and optimistic, he is also arrogant, conceited, and impulsive. He is prone to obsessions and crazes (such as punting, houseboats, and horse-drawn caravans). He gets bored with each of these in turn, and drops them. His motoring craze eventually sees him imprisoned for theft, dangerous driving, and gross impertinence to the police. Several chapters of the book chronicle his daring escape from prison.\nMr. Badger: A gruff but benevolent soul, Badger embodies the \"wise hermit\" figure. A friend of Toad's deceased father, he is uncompromising with the irresponsible Toad, yet hopes that his good qualities will prevail. He lives in a vast underground sett, part of which incorporates the remains of a buried Roman settlement. A brave and a skilled fighter, Badger helps clear the Wild Wooders from Toad Hall with his large stick.\n",
"\nMole: Known as \"Moly\" to his friends. An altruistic, humble, loyal, polite, home-loving animal, and the first character introduced in the story. Fed up with spring cleaning in his secluded home, he ventures into the outside world. Initially overawed by the hustle and bustle of the riverbank, he eventually adapts. He proves intelligent as shown with his trickery on stoat then tries to prevent them from reinforcing the weasels during the fight with Toad Hall.\nRat: Known as \"Ratty\" to his friends (though actually a water vole), he is cultured, relaxed and friendly, and enjoys a life of leisure; when not spending time on the river, he composes doggerel. Ratty loves the river and takes charge of Mole. He can be stubborn when it comes to doing things outside his riverside lifestyle, but can do which must be done as shown when he risks his safety to help Mole in the Wild Wood and to help free Toad Hall from the weasels.\nMr. Toad: Known as \"Toady\" to his friends, The wealthy scion of Toad Hall who inherited his wealth from his late father. Although good-hearted and optimistic, he is also arrogant, conceited, and impulsive. He is prone to obsessions and crazes (such as punting, houseboats, and horse-drawn caravans). He gets bored with each of these in turn, and drops them. His motoring craze eventually sees him imprisoned for theft, dangerous driving, and gross impertinence to the police. Several chapters of the book chronicle his daring escape from prison.\nMr. Badger: A gruff but benevolent soul, Badger embodies the \"wise hermit\" figure. A friend of Toad's deceased father, he is uncompromising with the irresponsible Toad, yet hopes that his good qualities will prevail. He lives in a vast underground sett, part of which incorporates the remains of a buried Roman settlement. A brave and a skilled fighter, Badger helps clear the Wild Wooders from Toad Hall with his large stick.\n",
"\nMole: Known as \"Moly\" to his friends. An altruistic, humble, loyal, polite, home-loving animal, and the first character introduced in the story. Fed up with spring cleaning in his secluded home, he ventures into the outside world. Initially overawed by the hustle and bustle of the riverbank, he eventually adapts. He proves intelligent as shown with his trickery on stoat then tries to prevent them from reinforcing the weasels during the fight with Toad Hall.\nRat: Known as \"Ratty\" to his friends (though actually a water vole), he is cultured, relaxed and friendly, and enjoys a life of leisure; when not spending time on the river, he composes doggerel. Ratty loves the river and takes charge of Mole. He can be stubborn when it comes to doing things outside his riverside lifestyle, but can do which must be done as shown when he risks his safety to help Mole in the Wild Wood and to help free Toad Hall from the weasels.\nMr. Toad: Known as \"Toady\" to his friends, The wealthy scion of Toad Hall who inherited his wealth from his late father. Although good-hearted and optimistic, he is also arrogant, conceited, and impulsive. He is prone to obsessions and crazes (such as punting, houseboats, and horse-drawn caravans). He gets bored with each of these in turn, and drops them. His motoring craze eventually sees him imprisoned for theft, dangerous driving, and gross impertinence to the police. Several chapters of the book chronicle his daring escape from prison.\nMr. Badger: A gruff but benevolent soul, Badger embodies the \"wise hermit\" figure. A friend of Toad's deceased father, he is uncompromising with the irresponsible Toad, yet hopes that his good qualities will prevail. He lives in a vast underground sett, part of which incorporates the remains of a buried Roman settlement. A brave and a skilled fighter, Badger helps clear the Wild Wooders from Toad Hall with his large stick.\n"
] | [
"Mole",
"Rat",
"Mr. Badger",
"Mr. Toad"
] |
-2038812075671965561 | Pokémon | Pokémon - Wikipedia Pokémon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Pokémon ( disambiguation ) . Pokémon The official logo of Pokémon for its international releases ; Pokémon is short for the original Japanese title of Pocket Monsters . Created by Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Game Freak Nintendo Original work Pocket Monsters Red and Green ( 1996 ) ( 21 years ago ) Owner Nintendo Creatures Game Freak Print publications Short stories Pokémon Junior Comics Various Pokémon manga Films and television Film ( s ) See list of Pokémon films Short film ( s ) Various Pikachu shorts Animated series Pokémon ( anime ) ( 1997 -- present ) Pokémon Chronicles ( 2006 ) Television special ( s ) Mewtwo Returns ( 2000 ) The Legend of Thunder ( 2001 ) The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon ( 2006 ) Television film ( s ) Pokémon Origins ( 2013 ) Theatrical presentations Musical ( s ) Pokémon Live ! ( 2000 ) Games Traditional Pokémon Trading Card Game Pokémon Trading Figure Game Video game ( s ) Pokémon video game series Super Smash Bros . Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Pokémon 2. B.A. Master ( 1999 ) See also list of Pokémon theme songs Miscellaneous Theme park Poképark Official website Japan United States United Kingdom This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . This article contains Japanese text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of kanji and kana . This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Pokémon ( Japanese : ポケモン , Hepburn : Pokemon , Japanese pronunciation : ( po̞. ke̞. mo̞ɴ ) ; English : / ˈpoʊkeɪˌmɒn / POH - kay - mon or / ˈpoʊkɪˌmɒn / POH - ki - mon ) is a media franchise managed by The Pokémon Company , a Japanese consortium between Nintendo , Game Freak , and Creatures . The franchise copyright is shared by all three companies , but Nintendo is the sole owner of the trademark . The franchise was created by Satoshi Tajiri in 1995 , and is centered on fictional creatures called `` Pokémon '' , which humans , known as Pokémon Trainers , catch and train to battle each other for sport . The franchise began as a pair of video games for the original Game Boy that were developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo . It now spans video games , trading card games , animated television shows and movies , comic books , and toys . Pokémon is the second best - selling video game franchise , behind only Nintendo 's Mario franchise and the highest - grossing media franchise of all time . The franchise is also represented in other Nintendo media , such as the Super Smash Bros. series . Cumulative sales of the video games ( including home console games , such as Hey You , Pikachu ! for the Nintendo 64 ) have reached more than 290 million copies . In November 2005 , 4Kids Entertainment , which had managed the non-game related licensing of Pokémon , announced that it had agreed not to renew the Pokémon representation agreement . The Pokémon Company International ( formerly Pokémon USA Inc . ) , a subsidiary of Japan 's Pokémon Co. , oversees all Pokémon licensing outside Asia . As of March 2017 , the Pokémon franchise has grossed revenues of ¥ 6.0 trillion worldwide ( equivalent to US $ 55.15 billion ) . The franchise celebrated its tenth anniversary in 2006 . 2016 marks the 20th anniversary of the release of the original games , with the company celebrating by airing an ad during Super Bowl 50 , issuing re-releases of Pokémon Red , Blue , and Yellow , and completely redesigning the way the newest games are played . The mobile augmented reality game Pokémon Go was released in July 2016 . The first seventh - generation games Pokémon Sun and Moon were released worldwide on November 18 , 2016 . A live - action film adaptation based on Great Detective Pikachu began production in 2017 . The English slogan for the franchise is `` Gotta Catch ' Em All '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Concept 3 Video games 3.1 Generations 3.1. 1 Generation 1 3.1. 2 Generation 2 3.1. 3 Generation 3 3.1. 4 Generation 4 3.1. 5 Generation 5 3.1. 6 Generation 6 3.1. 7 Generation 7 3.2 Game mechanics 3.2. 1 Starter Pokémon 3.2. 2 Pokédex 4 In other media 4.1 Anime series 4.2 Films 4.3 Soundtracks 4.4 Pokémon Trading Card Game 4.5 Manga 4.6 Monopoly 5 Criticism and controversy 5.1 Morality and religious beliefs 5.2 Animal cruelty 5.3 Health 5.4 Monster in My Pocket 5.5 Pokémon Go 6 Cultural influence 6.1 Fan community 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Name The name Pokémon is the romanized contraction of the Japanese brand Pocket Monsters ( ポケットモンスター , Poketto Monsutā ) . The term Pokémon , in addition to referring to the Pokémon franchise itself , also collectively refers to the 802 fictional species that have made appearances in Pokémon media as of the release of the seventh generation titles Pokémon Sun and Moon . `` Pokémon '' is identical in both the singular and plural , as is each individual species name ; it is grammatically correct to say `` one Pokémon '' and `` many Pokémon '' , as well as `` one Pikachu '' and `` many Pikachu '' . Concept Play media An animated history of how Satoshi Tajiri came to conceive Pokémon Tajiri first thought of Pokémon , albeit with a different concept and name , around 1989 , when the Game Boy was first released . The concept of the Pokémon universe , in both the video games and the general fictional world of Pokémon , stems from the hobby of insect collecting , a popular pastime which Pokémon executive director Satoshi Tajiri enjoyed as a child . Players are designated as Pokémon Trainers and have three general goals : to complete the regional Pokédex by collecting all of the available Pokémon species found in the fictional region where a game takes place , to complete the national Pokédex by transferring Pokémon from other regions , and to train a team of powerful Pokémon from those they have caught to compete against teams owned by other Trainers so they may eventually win the Pokémon League and become the regional Champion . These themes of collecting , training , and battling are present in almost every version of the Pokémon franchise , including the video games , the anime and manga series , and the Pokémon Trading Card Game . In most incarnations of the Pokémon universe , a Trainer who encounters a wild Pokémon is able to capture that Pokémon by throwing a specially designed , mass - producible spherical tool called a Poké Ball at it . If the Pokémon is unable to escape the confines of the Poké Ball , it is officially considered to be under the ownership of that Trainer . Afterwards , it will obey whatever commands it receives from its new Trainer , unless the Trainer demonstrates such a lack of experience that the Pokémon would rather act on its own accord . Trainers can send out any of their Pokémon to wage non-lethal battles against other Pokémon ; if the opposing Pokémon is wild , the Trainer can capture that Pokémon with a Poké Ball , increasing his or her collection of creatures . Pokémon already owned by other Trainers can not be captured , except under special circumstances in certain side games . If a Pokémon fully defeats an opponent in battle so that the opponent is knocked out ( `` faints '' ) , the winning Pokémon gains experience points and may level up . When leveling up , the Pokémon 's battling aptitude statistics ( `` stats , such as Attack and Speed '' ) increase . At certain levels , the Pokémon may also learn new moves , which are techniques used in battle . In addition , many species of Pokémon can undergo a form of metamorphosis and transform into a similar but stronger species of Pokémon , a process called evolution . In the main series , each game 's single - player mode requires the Trainer to raise a team of Pokémon to defeat many non-player character ( NPC ) Trainers and their Pokémon . Each game lays out a somewhat linear path through a specific region of the Pokémon world for the Trainer to journey through , completing events and battling opponents along the way ( including foiling the plans of an ' evil ' team of Pokémon Trainers who serve as antagonists to the player ) . Each game ( excluding Sun and Moon ) features eight especially powerful Trainers , referred to as Gym Leaders , that the Trainer must defeat in order to progress . As a reward , the Trainer receives a Gym Badge , and once all eight badges are collected , that Trainer is eligible to challenge the region 's Pokémon League , where four immensely talented trainers ( referred to collectively as the `` Elite Four '' ) challenge the Trainer to four Pokémon battles in succession . If the trainer can overcome this gauntlet , he or she must then challenge the Regional Champion , the master Trainer who had previously defeated the Elite Four . Any Trainer who wins this last battle becomes the new champion . In Sun and Moon , however , the Gym Leaders are not present , and are instead replaced with `` Trial Captains '' , a NPC who gives the Trainer a challenge to complete so as to earn a special item . Once the player completes all of these on an island , the Trainer must take on the Island Kahuna , the strongest Trainer on the island . Once the player beats all the Kahunas , he must travel to the recently built Pokémon League , where he must re-defeat two of the Kahunas and two strong Trainers , who now form the Elite Four , and then defend his newly received title against challengers . Video games Main article : Pokémon ( video game series ) Generations The original Pokémon games were role - playing games ( RPGs ) with an element of strategy , and were created by Satoshi Tajiri for the Game Boy . These RPGs , and their sequels , remakes , and English language translations , are still considered the `` main '' Pokémon games , and the games which most fans of the series are referring to when they use the term `` Pokémon games '' . All of the licensed Pokémon properties overseen by The Pokémon Company International are divided roughly by generation . These generations are roughly chronological divisions by release ; every several years , when an official sequel in the main RPG series is released that features new Pokémon , characters , and gameplay concepts , that sequel is considered the start of a new generation of the franchise . The main games and their spin - offs , the anime , manga , and trading card game are all updated with the new Pokémon properties each time a new generation begins . The franchise began the seventh generation on November 18 , 2016 . A rival battle between a Bulbasaur and a Charmander in Pokémon Red and Blue Generation 1 The Pokémon franchise started off in its first generation with its initial release of Pocket Monsters Aka and Midori ( `` Red '' and `` Green '' , respectively ) for the Game Boy in Japan on February 27 , 1996 . When these games proved extremely popular , an enhanced Ao ( `` Blue '' ) version was released sometime after , and the Ao version was reprogrammed as Pokémon Red and Blue for international release . The games launched in the United States on September 30 , 1998 . The original Aka and Midori versions were never released outside Japan . Afterwards , a further enhanced version titled Pokémon Yellow : Special Pikachu Edition was released to partially take advantage of the color palette of the Game Boy Color , as well as to feature more elements from the popular Pokémon anime . This first generation of games introduced the original 151 species of Pokémon , in National Pokédex order , encompassing all Pokémon from Bulbasaur to Mew . It also introduced the basic game concepts of capturing , training , battling , and trading Pokémon with both computer and human players . These versions of the games take place within the fictional Kanto region , inspired by the real world Kantō region of Japan , though the name `` Kanto '' was not used until the second generation . Generation 2 The second generation of Pokémon began in 1999 with the release of Pokémon Gold and Silver for Game Boy Color . Like the previous generation , an enhanced version titled Pokémon Crystal was later released . The second generation introduced 100 new species of Pokémon , starting with Chikorita and ending with Celebi . The Pokédex totaled 251 Pokémon to collect , train , and battle , set in Johto , inspired by Japan 's Kansai region . The Pokémon mini is a handheld game console released in November 2001 in North America , December 2001 in Japan , and 2002 in Europe . Generation 3 Pokémon entered its third generation with the 2002 release of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire for Game Boy Advance and continued with the Game Boy Advance remakes of Pokémon Red and Blue , Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen , and an enhanced version of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire titled Pokémon Emerald . The third generation introduced 135 new Pokémon , starting with Treecko and ending with Deoxys , for a total of 386 species . Pokémon Ruby , Sapphire and Emerald are set in Hoenn , inspired by Japan 's Kyushu region . However , this generation also garnered some criticism for leaving out several gameplay features , including the day - and - night system introduced in the previous generation . It was also the first installment that encouraged the player to collect merely a selected assortment of the total number of Pokémon rather than every existing species . By contrast , 202 out of 386 species are catchable in the Ruby and Sapphire versions . Generation 4 In 2006 , Japan began the fourth generation of the franchise with the release of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl for Nintendo DS . The fourth generation introduced another 107 new species of Pokémon , starting with Turtwig and ending with Arceus , bringing the total of Pokémon species to 493 . The Nintendo DS `` touch screen '' allows new features to the game such as cooking poffins with the stylus and using the `` Pokétch '' . New gameplay concepts include a restructured move - classification system , online multiplayer trading and battling via Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection , the return and expansion of the second generation 's day - and - night system , the expansion of the third generation 's Pokémon Contests into `` Super Contests '' , and the new region of Sinnoh . This region was inspired by Japan 's Hokkaido region and part of Russia 's Sakhalin , and has an underground component for multiplayer gameplay in addition to the main overworld . Pokémon Platinum , the enhanced version of Diamond and Pearl -- much like Pokémon Yellow , Crystal , and Emerald -- was released in September 2008 in Japan , March 2009 in North America , and May 2009 in Australia and Europe . Spin - off titles in the fourth generation include the Pokémon Stadium follow - up Pokémon Battle Revolution for Wii , which has Wi - Fi connectivity as well . Nintendo announced in May 2009 that enhanced remakes of Pokémon Gold and Silver , entitled Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver , would be released for the Nintendo DS system . HeartGold and SoulSilver are set in the Johto region and were released in September 2009 in Japan and March 2010 in North America . Generation 5 The fifth generation of Pokémon began on September 18 , 2010 , with the release of Pokémon Black and White in Japan for Nintendo DS . The games were originally announced by the Pokémon Company on January 29 , 2010 , with a tentative release later that year . The final release date of September 18 was announced on June 27 , 2010 . This version is set in the Unova region ( イッシュ 地方 , Isshu - chihō , Isshu region ) , inspired by New York City , and utilizes the Nintendo DS 's 3 - D rendering capabilities to a greater extent than Platinum , HeartGold , and SoulSilver , as shown in game footage of the player walking through the Castelia City ( ヒウンシティ , Hiun Shiti ) metropolis . A total of 156 new Pokémon were introduced , starting with Victini and ending with Genesect , bringing the franchise 's total to 649 . This is currently the only time that the number of Pokémon introduced surpasses the number introduced in the first generation . It also deployed new game mechanics such as the C Gear ( C ギア , C Gia ) wireless interactivity features and the ability to upload game data to the Internet and to the player 's own computer . Pokémon Black and White was released in Europe on March 4 , 2011 , in North America on March 6 , 2011 , and in Australia on March 10 , 2011 . On June 23 , 2012 , Nintendo released Pokémon Black 2 and Pokémon White 2 in Japan for Nintendo DS , with early October releases in North America and Europe . Black 2 and White 2 are sequels to Black and White , with several events in the second games referencing events in the first ; they also allow players to link their previous Black or White with their Black 2 or White 2 , introducing several events based on how they played their previous game . Generation 6 Officially announced on January 8 , 2013 , and released simultaneously worldwide on October 12 , 2013 , Pokémon X and Pokémon Y for the Nintendo 3DS are part of the sixth generation of games . Introducing the France - inspired Kalos region , these are the first Pokémon games rendered in 3D , and the first released worldwide together . A total of 72 new Pokémon were introduced , starting with Chespin and ending with Volcanion , bringing the franchise 's total to 721 . The fewest new Pokémon in a single generation so far ; however , the new Mega Evolution feature was added to the games to balance out the lack of new characters . Another addition was the Fairy typing , the first new type since Dark and Steel in the second generation . On May 7 , 2014 , Nintendo announced remakes of the third generation games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire titled Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire which were released in Japan , North America , Australia , and South Korea on November 21 , 2014 , and in Europe on November 28 , 2014 . Generation 7 Officially announced on February 26 , 2016 , Pokémon Sun and Moon for the Nintendo 3DS are part of the seventh generation of games , and the celebrations for the 20th anniversary of the franchise , introducing the Hawaii - inspired Alola region . Both games were released worldwide on November 18 , 2016 , in nine languages ; Japanese , English , French , Italian , German , Spanish , Korean , and , for the first time , Chinese ( Traditional and Simplified ) . A total of 81 new Pokémon were introduced , bringing the total to 802 . Though no new mega evolutions were added , a new type of form was added for specific Pokémon , changing their types and move sets . A new type of move was added as well , called the Z - move . Usable by any Pokémon , Z - moves are extremely powerful and as such can only be used once per battle . Game mechanics Main article : Gameplay of Pokémon The main staple of the Pokémon video game series revolves around the catching and battling of Pokémon . Starting with a starter Pokémon , the player can catch wild Pokémon by weakening them and catching them with Poké Balls . Conversely , they can choose to defeat them in battle in order to gain experience for their Pokémon , raising their levels and teaching them new moves . Most Pokémon have ' evolution families ' , a term which refers to the Pokémon to evolve into or be evolved into more powerful forms by raising their levels or using certain items . Throughout the game , players will have to battle other trainers in order to progress , with the main goal to defeat various Gym Leaders / Trials and earn the right to become the regional champion . Subsequent games in the series have introduced various side games and side quests , including the Battle Frontiers that display unique battle types and the Pokémon Contests where visual appearance is put on display . Starter Pokémon One of the consistent aspects of the Pokémon games -- spanning from Pokémon Red and Blue on the Game Boy to the Nintendo 3DS games Pokémon Sun and Moon -- is the choice of one of three different Pokémon at the start of the player 's adventures ; these three are often labeled `` starter Pokémon '' . Players can choose a Grass - type , a Fire - type , or a Water - type . For example , in Pokémon Red and Blue ( and their respective remakes , Pokémon FireRed and Pokémon LeafGreen ) , the player has the choice of starting with Bulbasaur , Charmander , or Squirtle . The exception to this rule is Pokémon Yellow ( a remake of the original games that loosely follows the story of the Pokémon anime ) , where players are given a Pikachu , an Electric - type mouse Pokémon , famous for being the mascot of the Pokémon media franchise ; in this game , however , the three starter Pokémon from Red and Blue can be obtained by meeting certain requirements in game , such as Pikachu having full happiness . Another consistent aspect is that the player 's rival will always choose as his or her starter Pokémon the one that has a type advantage over the player 's Pokémon . For instance , if the player picks a Grass - type Pokémon , the rival will always pick the Fire - type starter . An exception to this is again Pokémon Yellow , in which the rival picks an Eevee , but whether this Eevee evolves into Vaporeon , Jolteon , or Flareon is decided by when the player wins and loses to the rival through the journey . Pokémon Sun and Moon are also an exception where the rival will pick the starter weak toward the players , with the remaining starter used elsewhere . The GameCube games Pokémon Colosseum and Pokémon XD : Gale of Darkness also contain an exception ; whereas in most games the player 's initial Pokémon starts at Level 5 , in these two games the player 's initial Pokémon starts at Levels 10 and 25 , respectively . In Colosseum the player 's starter Pokémon are Espeon and Umbreon , while in Gale of Darkness the player 's starter is Eevee . Pokédex The Pokédex is an electronic device featured in the Pokémon video game and anime series . In the games , whenever a Pokémon is first captured , its data will be added to a player 's Pokédex , but in the anime or manga , the Pokédex is a comprehensive electronic reference encyclopedia , usually referred to in order to deliver exposition . `` Pokédex '' is also used to refer to a list of Pokémon , usually a list of Pokémon by number . In the video games , a Pokémon Trainer is issued a blank device at the start of the journey . A trainer must then attempt to fill the Pokédex by encountering and at least briefly obtaining each of the different species of Pokémon . A player will receive the name and image of a Pokémon after encountering one that was not previously in the Pokédex , typically after battling said Pokémon either in the wild or in a trainer battle ( with the exceptions of link battles and tournament battles , such as in the Battle Frontier ) . In Pokémon Red and Blue , some Pokémon 's data is added to the Pokédex simply by viewing the Pokémon , such as in the zoo outside the Safari Zone . Also , certain NPC characters may add to the Pokédex by explaining what a Pokémon looks like during conversation . More detailed information is available after the player obtains a member of the species , either through capturing the Pokémon in the wild , evolving a previously captured Pokémon , hatching a Pokémon egg ( from the second generation onwards ) , or through a trade with another trainer ( either an NPC or another player ) . This information includes height , weight , species type , typing , and a short description of the Pokémon . Later versions of the Pokédex have more detailed information , like the size of a certain Pokémon compared to the player character , or Pokémon being sorted by their habitat ( so far , the latter feature is only in the FireRed and LeafGreen versions ) . The most current forms of Pokédex are capable of containing information on all Pokémon currently known . The GameCube games , Pokémon Colosseum and Pokémon XD : Gale of Darkness , have a Pokémon Digital Assistant ( P DA ) which is similar to the Pokédex , but also tells what types are effective against a Pokémon and gives a description of its abilities . In other Media Ash Ketchum holding Pikachu in the pilot episode , `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' Anime series Main article : Pokémon ( anime ) The Pokémon anime series and films are a meta - series of adventures usually separate from the canon that most of the Pokémon video games follow ( with the exception of Pokémon Yellow , a game based loosely on the anime storyline ) . The anime follows the quest of the main character , Ash Ketchum ( known as Satoshi in Japan ) , a Pokémon Master in training , as he and a small group of friends travel around the world of Pokémon along with their Pokémon partners . The original series , titled Pocket Monsters , or simply Pokémon in Western countries ( often referred to as Pokémon : Gotta Catch ' Em All to distinguish it from the later series ) , begins with Ash 's first day as a Pokémon trainer . His first ( and signature ) Pokémon is a Pikachu , differing from the games , where only Bulbasaur , Charmander , or Squirtle could be chosen . The series follows the storyline of the original games , Pokémon Red and Blue , in the region of Kanto . Accompanying Ash on his journeys are Brock , the Pewter City Gym Leader , and Misty , the youngest of the Gym Leader sisters from Cerulean City . Pokémon : Adventures in the Orange Islands follows Ash 's adventures in the Orange Islands , a place unique to the anime , and replaces Brock with Tracey Sketchit , an artist and `` Pokémon watcher '' . The next series , based on the second generation of games , include Pokémon : Johto Journeys , Pokémon : Johto League Champions , and Pokémon : Master Quest , following the original trio of Ash , Brock , and Misty in the western Johto region . The saga continues in Pokémon : Advanced , based on the third generation games . Ash and company travel to Hoenn , a southern region in the Pokémon World . Ash takes on the role of a teacher and mentor for a novice Pokémon trainer named May . Her brother Max accompanies them , and though he is n't a trainer , he knows large amounts of handy information . Brock ( from the original series ) soon catches up with Ash , but Misty has returned to Cerulean City to tend to her duties as a gym leader ( Misty , along with other recurring characters , appears in the spin - off series Pokémon Chronicles ) . The Advanced series concludes with the Battle Frontier saga , based on the Emerald version and including aspects of FireRed and LeafGreen . It ended with Max leaving to pick his starter Pokémon and May going to the Grand Festival in Johto . In the Diamond and Pearl series , based on the fourth generation games , Ash , Brock , and a new companion , an aspiring Pokémon coordinator named Dawn , travel through the region of Sinnoh . At the end of the series , Ash and Brock return to Kanto where Brock begins to follow his newfound dream of becoming a Pokémon doctor himself . Pocket Monsters : Best Wishes ! , based on the fifth generation games , features Ash and Pikachu traveling through the region of Unova ( Isshu in Japan ) alongside two new companions , Iris and Cilan ( Dent in Japan ) who part ways with them after returning to Kanto . Pocket Monsters : XY ( ポケットモンスター XY , Poketo Monsutā Ekkusu Wai ) , is the current airing series based on the sixth generation games , following Ash and Pikachu 's journey through the region of Kalos , accompanied by Ash 's childhood friend Serena and the siblings Clemont and Bonnie . In addition to the TV series , nineteen Pokémon films have been made , with the pair of films , Pokémon the Movie : Black -- Victini and Reshiram and White -- Victini and Zekrom considered together as one . A twentieth is also in production . Collectible bonuses , such as promotional trading cards , have been available with some of the films . Various children 's books , collectively known as Pokémon Junior , are also based on the anime . Films Given release years are the original Japanese release years . The twenieth addition on this list is yet to be released . Pokémon : The First Movie -- Mewtwo Strikes Back ( 1998 ) Pokémon : The Movie 2000 -- The Power of One ( 1999 ) Pokémon 3 : The Movie -- Spell of the Unown ( 2000 ) Pokémon 4Ever -- Celebi : Voice of the Forest ( 2001 ) Pokémon Heroes -- Latios and Latias ( 2002 ) Pokémon : Jirachi Wish Maker ( 2003 ) Pokémon : Destiny Deoxys ( 2004 ) Pokémon : Lucario and the Mystery of Mew ( 2005 ) Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea ( 2006 ) Pokémon : The Rise of Darkrai ( 2007 ) Pokémon : Giratina and the Sky Warrior ( 2008 ) Pokémon : Arceus and the Jewel of Life ( 2009 ) Pokémon : Zoroark : Master of Illusions ( 2010 ) Pokémon the Movie : Black -- Victini and Reshiram & Pokémon the Movie : White -- Victini and Zekrom ( 2011 ) Pokémon the Movie : Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice ( 2012 ) Pokémon the Movie : Genesect and the Legend Awakened ( 2013 ) Pokémon the Movie : Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction ( 2014 ) Pokémon the Movie : Hoopa and the Clash of Ages ( 2015 ) Pokémon the Movie : Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel ( 2016 ) Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! ( 2017 ) It was announced by The Hollywood Reporter that Warner Bros. Pictures , Sony Pictures , and Legendary Pictures are in negotiations for a live action Pokémon movie . Deadline reports that Legendary are closing a deal for the film after Pokémon Go 's success and will also make a live Detective Pikachu movie as well with Universal Pictures distributing outside Japan . Nicole Perlman and Alex Hirsch are penning the script . Dean Israelite , Robert Rodriguez , Tim Miller , Mark A.Z. Dippé , Shane Acker and Chris Wedge were being considered as potential directors . Toho will distribute the film in Japan , while Universal Pictures will distribute it outside Japan . On November 30 , 2016 , Deadline reveals that Legendary Entertainment has chosen Rob Letterman to direct the film . It was announced that the film 's titled will be called Pokémon 's Detective Pikachu . Soundtracks Pokémon CDs have been released in North America , most of them in conjunction with the theatrical releases of the first three Pokémon films . These releases were commonplace until late 2001 . On March 27 , 2007 , a tenth anniversary CD was released containing 18 tracks from the English dub ; this was the first English - language release in over five years . Soundtracks of the Pokémon feature films have been released in Japan each year in conjunction with the theatrical releases . Year Title June 29 , 1999 Pokémon 2. B.A. Master November 9 , 1999 Pokémon : The First Movie February 8 , 2000 Pokémon World May 9 , 2000 Pokémon : The First Movie Original Motion Picture Score July 18 , 2000 Pokémon : The Movie 2000 Unknown Pokémon : The Movie 2000 Original Motion Picture Score January 23 , 2001 Totally Pokémon April 3 , 2001 Pokémon 3 : The Ultimate Soundtrack October 9 , 2001 Pokémon Christmas Bash March 27 , 2007 Pokémon X : Ten Years of Pokémon November 12 , 2013 Pokémon X & Pokémon Y : Super Music Collection December 10 , 2013 Pokémon FireRed & Pokémon LeafGreen : Super Music Collection January 14 , 2014 Pokémon HeartGold & Pokémon SoulSilver : Super Music Collection February 11 , 2014 Pokémon Ruby & Pokémon Sapphire : Super Music Collection March 11 , 2014 Pokémon Diamond & Pokémon Pearl : Super Music Collection April 8 , 2014 Pokémon Black & Pokémon White : Super Music Collection May 13 , 2014 Pokémon Black 2 & Pokémon White 2 : Super Music Collection December 21 , 2014 Pokémon Omega Ruby & Pokémon Alpha Sapphire : Super Music Collection April 27 , 2016 Pokémon Red and Green Super Music Collection November 30 , 2016 Pokémon Sun & Pokémon Moon : Super Music Collection ^ 1 The exact date of release is unknown . Pokémon Trading Card game Main article : Pokémon Trading Card Game Palkia , the Spacial Pokémon Trading Card Game card from Pokémon TCG Diamond and Pearl The Pokémon Trading Card Game ( TCG ) is a collectible card game with a goal similar to a Pokémon battle in the video game series . Players use Pokémon cards , with individual strengths and weaknesses , in an attempt to defeat their opponent by `` knocking out '' his or her Pokémon cards . The game was first published in North America by Wizards of the Coast in 1999 . However , with the release of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire Game Boy Advance video games , The Pokémon Company took back the card game from Wizards of the Coast and started publishing the cards themselves . The Expedition expansion introduced the Pokémon - e Trading Card Game , where the cards ( for the most part ) were compatible with the Nintendo e-Reader . Nintendo discontinued its production of e-Reader compatible cards with the release of ' ex ' FireRed & LeafGreen . In 1998 , Nintendo released a Game Boy Color version of the trading card game in Japan ; Pokémon Trading Card Game was subsequently released to the US and Europe in 2000 . The game included digital versions cards from the original set of cards and the first two expansions ( Jungle and Fossil ) , as well as several cards exclusive to the game . A Japan - exclusive sequel was released in 2001 . Manga Main article : List of Pokémon manga There are various Pokémon manga series , four of which were released in English by Viz Media , and seven of them released in English by Chuang Yi . The manga series vary from game - based series to being based on the anime and the Trading Card Game . Original stories have also been published . As there are several series created by different authors most Pokémon manga series differ greatly from each other and other media , such as the anime . Pokémon Pocket Monsters and Pokémon Adventures are the only two manga never stopped since the first generation . Manga released in English The Electric Tale of Pikachu ( a.k.a. Dengeki Pikachu ) , a shōnen manga created by Toshihiro Ono . It was divided into four tankōbon , each given a separate title in the North American and English Singapore versions : The Electric Tale of Pikachu , Pikachu Shocks Back , Electric Pikachu Boogaloo , and Surf 's Up , Pikachu . The series is based loosely on the anime . Pokémon Adventures ( Pocket Monsters SPECIAL in Japan ) by Hidenori Kusaka ( story ) , Mato ( art formerly ) , and Satoshi Yamamoto ( art currently ) , the most popular Pokémon manga based on the video games . The story series around the Pokémon Trainers who called `` Pokédex holders '' . Magical Pokémon Journey ( a.k.a. Pocket Monsters PiPiPi Adventures ) , a shōjo manga Pikachu Meets the Press ( newspaper style comics , not released by Chuang Yi ) Ash & Pikachu ( a.k.a. Satoshi to Pikachu , not released by Viz ) Pokémon Gold & Silver ( not released by Viz ) Pokémon Ruby - Sapphire and Pokémon Pocket Monsters ( not released by Viz ) Pokémon : Jirachi Wish Maker ( not released by Viz ) Pokémon : Destiny Deoxys ( not released by Viz ) Pokémon : Lucario and the Mystery of Mew ( the third movie - to - comic adaptation ) Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea ( the fourth movie - to - comic adaption ) Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! Pokémon Adventures : Diamond and Pearl / Platinum Pokémon : The Rise of Darkrai ( the fifth movie - to - comic adaption ) Pokémon : Giratina and the Sky Warrior ( the sixth movie - to - comic adaption ) Pokémon : Arceus and the Jewel of Life ( the seventh movie - to - comic adaption ) Pokémon : Zoroark : Master of Illusions ( the eighth movie - to - comic adaption ) Pokémon The Movie : White : Victini and Zekrom ( the ninth movie - to - comic adaption ) Pokémon Black and White Manga not released in English Pokémon Pocket Monsters by Kosaku Anakubo , the first Pokémon manga . It is chiefly a gag manga series stars a Pokémon Trainer named Red , his rude Clefairy , and Pikachu . Pokémon Card ni Natta Wake ( How I Became a Pokémon Card ) by Kagemaru Himeno , an artist for the Trading Card Game . There are six volumes and each includes a special promotional card . The stories tell the tales of the art behind some of Himeno 's cards . Pokémon Get aa ze ! by Miho Asada Pocket Monsters Chamo - Chamo Pretty ♪ by Yumi Tsukirino , who also made Magical Pokémon Journey . Pokémon Card Master Pocket Monsters Emerald Chōsen ! ! Battle Frontier by Ihara Shigekatsu Pocket Monsters Zensho by Satomi Nakamura Monopoly A Monopoly board game was released in August 2014 . Criticism and controversy Morality and religious beliefs Pokémon has been criticized by some Christians over perceived occult and violent themes and the concept of `` Pokémon evolution '' , which they feel goes against the Biblical creation account in Genesis . However , Sat2000 , a satellite television station based in Vatican City , has countered that the Pokémon Trading Card Game and video games are `` full of inventive imagination '' and have no `` harmful moral side effects '' . In the United Kingdom , the `` Christian Power Cards '' game was introduced in 1999 by David Tate who stated , `` Some people are n't happy with Pokémon and want an alternative , others just want Christian games . '' The game was similar to the Pokémon Trading Card Game but used Biblical figures . In 1999 , Nintendo stopped manufacturing the Japanese version of the `` Koga 's Ninja Trick '' trading card because it depicted a manji , a traditionally Buddhist symbol with no negative connotations . The Jewish civil rights group Anti-Defamation League complained because the symbol is the reverse of a swastika , which is considered offensive to Jewish people . The cards were intended for sale in Japan only , but the popularity of Pokémon led to importation into the United States with approval from Nintendo . The Anti-Defamation League understood that the issue symbol was not intended to offend and acknowledged the sensitivity that Nintendo showed by removing the product . In 1999 , two nine - year - old boys from Merrick , New York sued Nintendo because they claimed the Pokémon Trading Card Game caused their problematic gambling . In 2001 , Saudi Arabia banned Pokémon games and cards , alleging that the franchise promoted Zionism by displaying the Star of David in the trading cards ( a six - pointed star is featured in the card game ) as well as other religious symbols such as crosses they associated with Christianity and triangles they associated with Freemasonry ; the games also involved gambling , which is in violation of Muslim doctrine . Pokémon has also been accused of promoting materialism . Animal cruelty In 2012 , PETA publicly criticized the concept of Pokémon as supporting cruelty to animals . PETA compared the game 's concept , of capturing animals and forcing them to fight , to cockfights , dog fighting rings and circuses , all events frequently criticized for cruelty to animals . PETA released a game spoofing Pokémon where the Pokémon battle their trainers to win their freedom . PETA reaffirmed their objections in 2016 with the release of Pokémon Go , promoting the hashtag # GottaFreeThemAll . Health Main article : Dennō Senshi Porygon On December 16 , 1997 , more than 635 Japanese children were admitted to hospitals with epileptic seizures . It was determined the seizures were caused by watching an episode of Pokémon `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' , ( most commonly translated `` Electric Soldier Porygon '' , season 1 , episode 38 ) ; as a result , this episode has not been aired since . In this particular episode , there were bright explosions with rapidly alternating blue and red color patterns . It was determined in subsequent research that these strobing light effects cause some individuals to have epileptic seizures , even if the person had no previous history of epilepsy . This incident is a common focus of Pokémon - related parodies in other media , and was lampooned by the Simpsons episode `` Thirty Minutes over Tokyo '' and the South Park episode `` Chinpokomon '' , among others . Monster in My Pocket In March 2000 , Morrison Entertainment Group , a small toy developer based at Manhattan Beach , California , sued Nintendo over claims that Pokémon infringed on its own Monster in My Pocket characters . A judge ruled there was no infringement , so Morrison appealed the ruling . On February 4 , 2003 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the decision by the District Court to dismiss the suit . Pokémon Go See also : Pokémon Go § Criticism and incidents Within its first two days of release , Pokémon Go raised safety concerns among players . Multiple people also suffered minor injuries from falling while playing the game due to being distracted . Multiple police departments in various countries have issued warnings , some tongue - in - cheek , regarding inattentive driving , trespassing , and being targeted by criminals due to being unaware of one 's surroundings . People have suffered various injuries from accidents related to the game , and Bosnian players have been warned to stay out of minefields left over from the 1990s Bosnian War . On July 20 , 2016 , it was reported that an 18 - year - old boy in Chiquimula , Guatemala was shot and killed while playing the game in the late evening hours . This was the first reported death in connection with the app . The boy 's 17 - year - old cousin , who was accompanying the victim , was shot in the foot . Police speculated that the shooters used the game 's GPS capability to find the two . Cultural influence All Nippon Airways Boeing 747 - 400 in Pokémon livery , dubbed a Pokémon Jet . Pokémon , being a globally popular franchise , has left a significant mark on today 's pop culture . The Pokémon characters themselves have become pop culture icons ; examples include two different Pikachu balloons in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , Pokémon Jets operated by All Nippon Airways , thousands of merchandise items , and a traveling theme park that was in Nagoya , Japan in 2005 and in Taipei in 2006 . Pokémon also appeared on the cover of the U.S. magazine Time in 1999 . The Comedy Central show Drawn Together has a character named Ling - Ling who is a direct parody of Pikachu . Several other shows such as ReBoot , The Simpsons , South Park , The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy , Robot Chicken , All Grown Up ! , and Johnny Test have made references and spoofs of Pokémon , among other series . Pokémon was also featured on VH1 's I Love the ' 90s : Part Deux . A live action show called Pokémon Live ! toured the United States in late 2000 . It was based on the popular Pokémon anime , but had some continuity errors relating to it . Jim Butcher cites Pokémon as one of the inspirations for the Codex Alera series of novels . In November 2001 , Nintendo opened a store called the Pokémon Center in New York , in New York 's Rockefeller Center , modeled after the two other Pokémon Center stores in Tokyo and Osaka and named after a staple of the videogame series ; Pokémon Centers are fictional buildings where Trainers take their injured Pokémon to be healed after combat . The store sold Pokémon merchandise on a total of two floors , with items ranging from collectible shirts to stuffed Pokémon plushies . The store also featured a Pokémon Distributing Machine in which players would place their game to receive an egg of a Pokémon that was being given out at that time . The store also had tables that were open for players of the Pokémon Trading Card Game to duel each other or an employee . The store was closed and replaced by the Nintendo World Store on May 14 , 2005 . Three Pokémon Center kiosks were put in malls in Washington , with one in Tacoma and one in Seattle currently remaining . The Pokémon Center online store was relaunched on August 6 , 2014 . Meitetsu 2200 series train Giratina & Shaymin Joseph Jay Tobin theorizes that the success of the franchise was mainly due to the long list of names that could be learned by children and repeated in their peer groups . The rich fictional universe provided a lot of opportunities for discussion and demonstration of knowledge in front of their peers . In the French version Nintendo took care to translate the name of the creatures so that they reflected the French culture and language . In all cases the names of the creatures were linked to its characteristics , which converged with the children 's belief that names have symbolic power . Children could pick their favourite Pokémon and affirm their individuality while at the same time affirming their conformance to the values of the group , and they could distinguish themselves from other kids by asserting what they liked and what they did n't like from every chapter . Pokémon gained popularity because it provided a sense of identity to a wide variety of children , and lost it quickly when many of those children found that the identity groups were too big and searched for identities that would distinguish them into smaller groups . Shinkansen E3 Series train in Pokémon livery Pokémon 's history has been marked at times by rivalry with the Digimon media franchise that debuted at a similar time . Described as `` the other ' mon ' '' by IGN 's Juan Castro , Digimon has not enjoyed Pokémon 's level of international popularity or success , but has maintained a dedicated fanbase . IGN 's Lucas M. Thomas stated that Pokémon is Digimon 's `` constant competition and comparison '' , attributing the former 's relative success to the simplicity of its evolution mechanic as opposed to Digivolution . The two have been noted for conceptual and stylistic similarities by sources such as GameZone . A debate among fans exists over which of the two franchises came first . In actuality , the first Pokémon media , Pokémon Red and Green , were released initially on February 27 , 1996 ; whereas the Digimon virtual pet was released on June 26 , 1997 . Fan community While Pokémon 's target demographic is young boys , early purchasers of Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire were in their 20 's . Many fans are adults who originally played the games as children and later returned to the series . Bulbapedia , a wiki - based encyclopedia associated with longtime fan site Bulbagarden , is the `` Internet 's most detailed Pokémon database project '' . Bulbapedia finally received a mobile makeover with the release of BulbaGo , the app for Bulbapedia . The app 's developer , Jonathan Zarra , was the same that created the location based chat app GoChat for Pokémon Go . The Bulbapedia App was so successful that within 3 days of its release , it was acquired by Bulbapedia and turned into its official app . A significant community around the Pokémon video games ' metagame has existed for a long time , analyzing the best ways to use each Pokémon to their full potential in competitive battles . The most prolific competitive community is Smogon University , which has created a widely accepted tier - based battle system . In early 2014 , an anonymous video streamer on Twitch launched Twitch Plays Pokémon , an experiment trying to crowdsource playing subsequent Pokémon games starting with Pokémon Red . A challenge called the Nuzlocke Challenge was created in order for older players of the series to enjoy Pokémon again , but with a twist . When a Pokémon faints it is considered `` dead '' and must be released or stored in the PC permanently . If the player blacks out / whites out the game is considered over and the player must restart . The original idea only consisted of 2 to 3 rules that the community has since built upon . There are many fan made Pokémon games made that contains a game mode similar to the Nuzlocke Challenge , such as Pokémon Uranium . An online Pokémon game was created called Pokémon Showdown , in which players create a team and battle against other players around the world . See also Pokémon portal Nintendo portal Video games portal Japan portal List of Pokémon List of Pokémon chapters List of Pokémon characters List of Pokémon episodes List of Pokémon video games Pokémon episodes removed from rotation References Jump up ^ `` The ABC Book , A Pronunciation Guide '' . NLS Other Writings . NLS / BPH . January 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . 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Archived from the original on May 19 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Micheal G. Ryan , ed. ( 2011 ) . `` Unova Region Pokédex '' . Pokémon Black and White Versions : The Official Unova Pokédex & Guide : Volume 2 . The Pokémon Company . pp. 12 -- 89 . Jump up ^ `` C ギア 『 ポケットモンスター ブラック ・ ホワイト 』 公式 サイト '' ( in Japanese ) . Nintendo . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Web で 広がる 遊び 『 ポケットモンスター ブラック ・ ホワイト 』 公式 サイト '' ( in Japanese ) . Nintendo . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon X and Y Arrives on 3DS Worldwide in October '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon X and Pokémon Y Developer Roundtable Recap '' . Pokémon ( YouTube ) . June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Sun & Moon Unveiled for 3DS in Holiday 2016 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Padilla , Raymond ( March 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pokémon Ruby review '' . Gamespy.com . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved May 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig ( October 19 , 1999 ) . `` Pokemon Yellow : Special Pikachu Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved March 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Official Pokémon Scenario Guide Diamond and Pearl version . pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon anime overview '' . Psypokes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pokémon 10th Anniversary , Vol. 1 -- Pikachu . Viz Video . June 6 , 2006 . OCLC 68967936 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ポケットモンスター XY 」 10 月 17 日 放送 開始 待望 の 最新 アニメ シリーズ 製作 決定 アニメ ! アニメ ! '' . Animeanime.jp . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` アニメ 『 ポケモン 』 が 新 章 『 ポケットモンスター XY 』 として 10 月 スタート ! ホビー マイ ナビ ニュース '' . News.mynavi.jp . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon XY TV Anime to Debut on October 17 with Satoshi / Ash '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Junior Chapter Book Series '' . WebData Technology Corporation . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Pokemon Movie Rights Bidding War as China 's Legendary Makes Big Play for Japanese Property '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Is Legendary Going To Catch Pokemon ? Movie Deal in Offing For Hot Franchise Property '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' and ' Gravity Falls ' Writers to Pen ' Pokemon ' Movie ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Rob Letterman To Direct Pokemon Film ' Detective Pikachu ' For Legendary '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Legendary Taps Herbert W. Gains As EVP Physical Production , Hires Two SVPs '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon 2. B.A. Master Soundtrack CD '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon : The First Movie Soundtrack CD '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Trading Card Game `` How to play '' guide `` . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Pokemon-tcg.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Huebner , Chuck ( March 12 , 2003 ) . `` RE : Pokémon Ruby & Sapphire TCG Releases '' . Wizards.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Card GB2 info on GameFAQs '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved June 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pokemon : Ranger and the Temple of the Sea . Viz Media . 2008 . ISBN 1421522888 . Jump up ^ Pokémon Adventures : Diamond and Pearl / Platinum , Vol. 2 . Viz Media . 2011 . ISBN 1421538172 . Jump up ^ Pokémon : The Rise of Darkrai . Viz Media . 2008 . ISBN 1421522896 . Jump up ^ Pokemon : Giratina and the Sky Warrior ! . Viz Media . 2009 . ISBN 1421527014 . Jump up ^ Pokémon : Arceus and the Jewel of Life . Viz Media . 2011 . ISBN 1421538024 . Jump up ^ Pokémon : Zoroark : Master of Illusions . Viz Media . 2011 . ISBN 1421542218 . Jump up ^ Pokémon the Movie : White : Victini and Zekrom . Viz Media . 2012 . ISBN 1421549549 . Jump up ^ Pokémon Black and White , Vol. 1 ( 9781421540900 ) : Hidenori Kusaka , Satoshi Yamamoto . Viz Media . 2011 . ISBN 1421540908 . Jump up ^ Pokémon Black and White , Vol. 2 ( 9781421540917 ) : Hidenori Kusaka , Satoshi Yamamoto . Viz Media . 2011 . ISBN 1421540916 . Jump up ^ Pokémon Black and White , Vol. 3 ( 9781421540924 ) : Hidenori Kusaka , Satoshi Yamamoto . Viz Media . 2011 . ISBN 1421540924 . Jump up ^ Pokémon Black and White , Vol. 4 ( 9781421541143 ) : Hidenori Kusaka , Satoshi Yamamoto . Viz Media . 2011 . ISBN 1421541149 . Jump up ^ Pokémon Black and White , Vol. 5 ( 9781421542805 ) : Hidenori Kusaka , Satoshi Yamamoto . Viz Media . 2012 . ISBN 1421542803 . Jump up ^ Pokémon Black and White , Vol. 6 ( 9781421542812 ) : Hidenori Kusaka , Satoshi Yamamoto . Viz Media . 2012 . ISBN 1421542811 . Jump up ^ Pokémon Black and White , Vol. 7 ( 9781421542829 ) : Hidenori Kusaka , Satoshi Yamamoto . Viz Media . 2012 . ISBN 142154282X . Jump up ^ USAopoly . `` MONOPOLY ® : Pokémon Kanto Edition TM '' . USAopoly . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon : The Movie ( 1999 ) '' . ChildCare Action Project . 1999 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( December 9 , 1997 ) . `` Pokemon Gets Religion '' . People . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Devlin . `` POKEMON EARNS PAPAL BLESSING '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2000 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon trumped by pocket saints '' . BBC . June 27 , 2000 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Jim ( December 3 , 1999 ) . `` ' Swastika ' Pokemon card dropped '' . Chicago Sun - Times -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Crowley , Kieran ( October 1999 ) . `` Lawsuit Slams Pokemon As Bad Bet for Addicted Kids '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi bans Pokemon '' . CNN . March 26 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia bans Pokemon '' . BBC News . March 26 , 2001 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ramlow , Todd R. ( 2000 ) . `` Pokemon , or rather , Pocket Money '' . Popmatters . Jump up ^ `` PETA wages war on Pokemon for virtual animal cruelty '' . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # GottaFreeEmAll : Pokémon Go criticised by PETA for ' animal cruelty ' parallels '' . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ferlazzo , Edoardo ; Zifkin , Benjamin G. ; Andermann , Eva ; Andermann , Frederick ( 2005 ) . `` REVIEW ARTICLE : Cortical triggers in generalized reflex seizures and epilepsies '' ( PDF ) . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon ( episode # 38 ) Packs a Punch '' . March 11 , 2000 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Color Changes in TV Cartoons Cause Seizures '' . ScienceDaily . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty Minutes Over Tokyo '' . The Simpsons Archive . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` South Park Goes Global : Reading Japan in Pokemon '' . University of Auckland . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 4Licensing Corporation Legal Proceedings '' . brand.edgar-online.com . March 31 , 2003 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Nakashinma ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Players in hunt for Pokemon Go monsters feel real - world pain '' . Miami Herald . Los Angeles . Associated Press . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Irby , Kate ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Police : Pokemon Go leading to increase in local crime '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OPP warn Pokémon Go players of ' potential risk and harm ' while searching for monsters '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mom says teenage daughter hit by car in Tarentum after playing ' Pokemon Go ' '' . WPXI . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auburn police : Driver crashes into tree while playing ' Pokemon Go ' '' . auburnpub.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pokemon Go ' players fall off 90 - foot ocean bluff '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stortstrom , Mary ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Police : Do n't fall ' catching them all ' '' . The Journal . Martinsburg , West Virginia . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . A 12 - year - old Jefferson County boy suffered a broken femur bone Tuesday night while playing the Pokemon game just off Shipley School Road . A Harpers Ferry first - responder said Wednesday morning the boy was running in the dark and fell off a five - foot - high storm sewer and suffered the leg injury . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Go : Bosnia players warned of minefields '' . BBC . July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Go sees its first death : Teenager , 18 , is killed and his cousin injured while playing game in Guatemal '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Teenager shot and killed while searching for creatures in Pokemon Go '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Sightings and Rip - offs '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steiner , Ina ( November 18 , 2001 ) . `` Pokemon Center Opens in NYC '' . EcommerceBytes.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Raichu 526 . `` PokeZam.com -- Pokemon Center NY -- PokeZam '' . PokeZam . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fun for Kids '' . Big Apple Visitors Center . 2010 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Center NY '' . ManhattanLivingMag.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Center ( store ) '' . bulbagarden.net . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Pokémon Center online store opening Aug. 6 in US , soft launch today '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Jump up ^ Joseph Jay Tobin ( 2004 ) . Pikachu 's global adventure : the rise and fall of Pokémon . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3287 - 6 . Jump up ^ Castro , Juan ( May 20 , 2005 ) . `` E3 2005 : Digimon World 4 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Lucas M. ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Cheers & Tears : DS Fighting Games '' . IGN . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bedigian , Louis ( July 12 , 2002 ) . `` Digimon World 3 Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeVries , Jack ( November 22 , 2006 ) . `` Digimon World DS Review '' . IGN . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Related Games '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon 's Audience Is Growing Older '' . Siliconera . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neiburger , Eli ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` Games ... in the Library ? '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Players can refer ( or contribute ) to Bulbapedia , a wiki - style encyclopedia of the Pokémon universe , to learn about the attributes , strengths , and weaknesses of over 500 different characters ; the literacy required for success extends beyond the game itself . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Mathieu ( 2009 ) . Cyberchiefs : autonomy and authority in online tribes ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . London : Pluto Press . p. 148 . ISBN 0745327974 . Bulbapedia is a MediaWiki installation run by Pokémon fansite Bulbagarden.net for the purpose of creating a Pokémon - focused encyclopedia . This project is overseen by the Bulbapedia editorial board , and Bulbagarden 's executive staff . Bulbapedia also incorporates the Bulbanews wiki , a news organization run by Bulbagarden as a means of publishing Pokémon news quickly and effectively . Bulbapedia is a founding member of Encyclopaediae Pokémonis , a multilingual , open - content Pokémon encyclopedia project . Jump up ^ Khaw , Cassandra ( October 19 , 2013 ) . `` More Starter Pokemon , Less Starting Pokemon : We Can Make Pokémon X & Y 's Wonder Trade Better ! '' . USgamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKinley Noble . `` Major Pokemon game to be announced May 10 '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . According to Pokemon Japan and Bulbapedia , the Internet 's most detailed Pokemon database project ... Jump up ^ Alex Magdaleno ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Inside the Secret World of Competitive Pokémon '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ Andrew Cunningham ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` The bizarre , mind - numbing , mesmerizing beauty of `` Twitch Plays Pokémon '' `` . Condé Nast . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Megan Farokhmanesh ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Twitch Plays Pokemon will continue as long as it has an active following '' . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Nuzlocke Challenge ? '' . Nuzlocke.com. 2010 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Phillip ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Pokémon Nuzlocke Challenge : 20 Years Of Playing Pokémon And This Is The Most Stressful Experience Ever '' . iDigitalTimes . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buzzi , Matthew ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Check Out Pokemon Uranium , A Downloadable Fan Project About Angry Nuclear - Type Pokemon in an Original World '' . Gamenguide . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( May 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Popular Pokémon Used By Top Players , In One Image '' . Kotaku . Univision Communications . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Tobin , Joseph , ed . ( February 2004 ) . Pikachu 's Global Adventure : The Rise and Fall of Pokémon . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3287 - 6 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pokémon Look up pokémon in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pokémon . Official Japanese website of Pokémon ( in Japanese ) Official US website of Pokémon Official UK website of Pokémon Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc . The Pokémon Company Video games ( Video games list ) Main series Red & Blue Yellow Gold , Silver , & Crystal Ruby & Sapphire Emerald Diamond & Pearl Platinum Black & White X & Y Sun & Moon Remakes FireRed & LeafGreen HeartGold & SoulSilver Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire Console games Snap Stadium Stadium 2 Colosseum XD : Gale of Darkness Battle Revolution Pokkén Tournament Other Go Mystery Dungeon TCG Online Shuffle Duel Television series ( seasons 1 -- 13 , 14 -- current ) Original Indigo League `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' Adventures on the Orange Islands The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Advanced Generation Advanced Advanced Challenge Advanced Battle Battle Frontier Diamond and Pearl Diamond and Pearl DP : Battle Dimension DP : Galactic Battles DP : Sinnoh League Victors Best Wishes Black & White BW : Rival Destinies BW : Adventures in Unova BW : Adventures in Unova and Beyond XY XY Kalos Quest XY & Z Sun and Moon Sun and Moon Specials Mewtwo Returns Chronicles The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon Origins Generations Films Original The First Movie 2000 4Ever Heroes Advanced Generation Jirachi Wish Maker Destiny Deoxys Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea Diamond and Pearl The Rise of Darkrai Giratina and the Sky Warrior Arceus and the Jewel of Life Zoroark : Master of Illusions Best Wishes Black -- Victini and Reshiram & White -- Victini and Zekrom Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Genesect and the Legend Awakened XY Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel Sun and Moon I Choose You ! Manga series ( Volume list ) Pocket Monsters Pokémon Adventures Magical Pokémon Journey The Electric Tale of Pikachu Battle Frontier Ginji 's Rescue Team Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! Pocket Monsters RéBURST Pokémon Black and White Characters TV series Ash Ketchum Pikachu Brock Misty Team Rocket Meowth Others Pokémon Adventures Pokémon species Controversies Burger King recall Black and Blue Controversial episodes `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' Fandom Pokémon Apokélypse Pokémon Sage Pokémon Uranium Twitch Plays Pokémon Other Gameplay of Pokémon Pikachu ( sculpture ) Pokémon Live ! Trading Card Game Trading Figure Game Universe Theme songs `` Pokémon Theme '' Lavender Town Play ! Pokémon Poképark Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary Pokémon Junior Super Smash Bros . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the second generation of pokemon come out | [
"The second generation of Pokémon began in 1999 with the release of Pokémon Gold and Silver for Game Boy Color. Like the previous generation, an enhanced version titled Pokémon Crystal was later released. The second generation introduced 100 new species of Pokémon, starting with Chikorita and ending with Celebi. The Pokédex totaled 251 Pokémon to collect, train, and battle, set in Johto, inspired by Japan's Kansai region. The Pokémon mini is a handheld game console released in November 2001 in North America, December 2001 in Japan, and 2002 in Europe."
] | [
"The second generation of Pokémon began in 1999 with the release of Pokémon Gold and Silver for Game Boy Color"
] |
-1776891268092889098 | SEC Men's Basketball Tournament | SEC Men 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia SEC Men 's Basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search SEC Men 's Basketball Tournament Conference Basketball Championship SEC logo Sport College basketball Conference Southeastern Conference Number of teams 14 Format Single - elimination tournament Current stadium Rotates ( Scottrade Center in 2018 ) Current location Rotates ( St. Louis , Missouri in 2018 ) Played 1933 -- 34 , 1936 -- 1952 , 1979 -- present Last contest 2018 Current champion Kentucky Wildcats Most championships Kentucky Wildcats ( 31 ) TV partner ( s ) ESPN / SEC Network Official website SECSports.com Men 's Basketball The SEC Men 's Basketball Tournament is the conference tournament in basketball for the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . It is a single - elimination tournament that involves all league schools ( currently 14 ) . Its seeding is based on regular season records . The winner receives the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA men 's basketball tournament , however the official conference championship is awarded to the team or teams with the best regular season record . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 History 2.1 Tournaments 2.1. 1 Notes 2.2 Television coverage 2.3 Tournament championships by school 2.4 Venues 2.4. 1 Notes 3 References Format ( edit ) With the abandonment of divisions in SEC men 's basketball starting in 2011 -- 12 , the top four teams in the conference standings received first - round byes . Bracketing was identical to that of the SEC Women 's Basketball Tournament -- note that SEC women 's basketball has long been organized in a single league table without divisions . Since the SEC expanded to 14 schools with the arrival of Missouri and Texas A&M in 2012 , the 2013 tournament was the first with a new format . Both men 's and women 's tournaments have the four bottom seeds ( # 11 throughout # 14 ) playing opening - round games , with the top four seeds receiving a `` double - bye '' into the quarterfinals . Before 2012 , the top two teams in both the Eastern and Western Divisions received byes in the first round , while # 3 in the East played # 6 from the West , # 4 played # 5 , etc . The brackets were set up so that # 2 would play the winner of the game involving # 3 from the other division , and # 1 would play the winner of the game involving # 4 from the other division . Barring an upset , the semi-finals would pit # 1 from one division against # 2 from the other division , and the championship game would feature the regular season winners of the two divisions , although this rarely happened in practice . History ( edit ) Throughout its history , the SEC Championship basketball game has been held at various sites , including the Georgia Dome , Louisiana Superdome , Bridgestone Arena , the BJCC Coliseum , the Pyramid , Rupp Arena , Louisville Gardens and ( in an emergency relocation ) Alexander Memorial Coliseum at Georgia Tech . From 1933 -- 50 , the SEC Champion was determined by a tournament , except for 1935 . Beginning in 1951 , a round - robin schedule was introduced and the SEC title was awarded to the team with the highest in - conference winning percentage . From 1951 -- 64 , the round - robin consisted of 14 games . In 1965 and 1966 , it was expanded to 16 games with the departure of Georgia Tech from the league . From 1967 -- 91 , the round - robin schedule was 18 games due to Tulane 's departure . In 1992 , the SEC split into an Eastern and Western Division with the re-expansion to 12 members , but continued to recognize an SEC Champion based on a winning percentage over the new 16 - game conference schedule . The league also began awarding division championships . In 1979 , the tournament was renewed with the winner receiving the SEC 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament , but the official league champion remained the team ( s ) with the best regular season record . In 2000 , the Arkansas Razorbacks became the first team since the league expansion in 1992 to win the conference tournament by playing all four days , beating Georgia , Kentucky , LSU and Auburn to receive the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA Basketball Championships . Auburn was the first SEC team to accomplish this feat in 1985 when they defeated Ole Miss , LSU , Florida and Alabama to win their only SEC tournament . Since then , the feat has been accomplished twice , first in 2008 by Georgia . In 2009 , Mississippi State repeated that feat , defeating Georgia , South Carolina , LSU and Tennessee to receive the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA Basketball Championships . The first seven games of the 2008 Men 's Tournament were played at the Georgia Dome . During overtime of Game 7 between Mississippi State and Alabama , a tornado struck the downtown Atlanta area , damaging the Georgia Dome and several buildings surrounding it , including CNN Center . MSU and Alabama returned after a 64 - minute delay to finish their game , but the last quarterfinal game of the day , between Georgia and Kentucky , was postponed until the next day , and the remaining four games of the tournament were moved to Alexander Memorial Coliseum at Georgia Tech . Only credentialed individuals were allowed to attend , including players ' families , bands , cheerleaders , and media . No other spectators were allowed in the building . Tournaments ( edit ) Year Champion Score Runner - up MVP Venue 1933 Kentucky 46 -- 27 Mississippi State None Atlanta Athletic Club ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 1934 Alabama 41 -- 25 Florida None Atlanta Athletic Club ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 1936 Tennessee 41 -- 25 Alabama None Alumni Memorial Gym ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) 1937 Kentucky 39 -- 25 Tennessee None Alumni Memorial Gym ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) 1938 Georgia Tech 58 -- 47 Mississippi None Huey Long Field House ( Baton Rouge , Louisiana ) 1939 Kentucky 46 -- 38 Tennessee None Alumni Memorial Gym ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) 1940 Kentucky 51 -- 43 Georgia None Alumni Memorial Gym ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) 1941 Tennessee 36 -- 33 Kentucky None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1942 Kentucky 36 -- 34 Alabama None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1943 Tennessee 33 -- 30 Kentucky None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1944 Kentucky 62 -- 46 Tulane None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1945 Kentucky 39 -- 35 Tennessee None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1946 Kentucky 59 -- 36 LSU None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1947 Kentucky 55 -- 38 Tulane None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1948 Kentucky 54 -- 43 Georgia Tech None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1949 Kentucky 68 -- 52 Tulane None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1950 Kentucky 95 -- 58 Tennessee None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1951 Vanderbilt 61 -- 57 Kentucky None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1952 Kentucky 44 -- 43 LSU None Louisville Gardens ( Louisville , Kentucky ) 1979 Tennessee 75 -- 69OT Kentucky Kyle Macy , UK BJCC Coliseum ( Birmingham , Alabama ) 1980 LSU 80 -- 78 Kentucky DeWayne Scales , LSU BJCC Coliseum ( Birmingham , Alabama ) 1981 Mississippi 66 -- 62 Georgia Dominique Wilkins , UGA BJCC Coliseum ( Birmingham , Alabama ) 1982 Alabama 48 -- 46 Kentucky Dirk Minniefield , UK Rupp Arena ( Lexington , Kentucky ) Georgia 86 -- 71 Alabama Vern Fleming , UGA BJCC Coliseum ( Birmingham , Alabama ) 1984 Kentucky 51 -- 49 Auburn Charles Barkley , AUB Memorial Gymnasium ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 1985 Auburn 53 -- 49OT Alabama Chuck Person , AUB BJCC Coliseum ( Birmingham , Alabama ) 1986 Kentucky 83 -- 72 Alabama John Williams , LSU Rupp Arena ( Lexington , Kentucky ) Alabama 69 -- 62 LSU Derrick McKey , ALA Omni Coliseum ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 1988 Kentucky 62 -- 57 Georgia Rex Chapman , UK Pete Maravich Assembly Center ( Baton Rouge , Louisiana ) 1989 Alabama 72 -- 60 Florida Livingston Chatman , UF Thompson -- Boling Arena ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) 1990 Alabama 70 -- 51 Mississippi Melvin Cheatum , ALA Orlando Arena ( Orlando , Florida ) 1991 Alabama 88 -- 69 Tennessee Allan Houston , UT Memorial Gymnasium ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 1992 Kentucky 80 -- 54 Alabama Jamal Mashburn , UK BJCC Coliseum ( Birmingham , Alabama ) 1993 Kentucky 82 -- 65 LSU Travis Ford , UK Rupp Arena ( Lexington , Kentucky ) 1994 Kentucky 73 -- 60 Florida Travis Ford , UK The Pyramid ( Memphis , Tennessee ) 1995 Kentucky 95 -- 93OT Arkansas Antoine Walker , UK Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Mississippi State 84 -- 73 Kentucky Dontae ' Jones , MSU Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) 1997 Kentucky 95 -- 68 Georgia Ron Mercer , UK The Pyramid ( Memphis , Tennessee ) 1998 Kentucky 86 -- 56 South Carolina Wayne Turner , UK Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 1999 Kentucky 76 -- 63 Arkansas Scott Padgett , UK Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 2000 Arkansas 75 -- 67 Auburn Brandon Dean , ARK Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 2001 Kentucky 77 -- 55 Mississippi Tayshaun Prince , UK Gaylord Entertainment Center ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2002 Mississippi State 61 -- 58 Alabama Mario Austin , MSU Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 2003 Kentucky 64 -- 57 Mississippi State Keith Bogans , UK Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Kentucky 89 -- 73 Florida Gerald Fitch , UK Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 2005 Florida 70 -- 53 Kentucky Matt Walsh , UF Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 2006 Florida 49 -- 47 South Carolina Taurean Green , UF Gaylord Entertainment Center ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2007 Florida 77 -- 56 Arkansas Al Horford , UF Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 2008 Georgia 66 -- 57 Arkansas Sundiata Gaines , UGA Georgia Dome / Alexander Memorial Coliseum ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 2009 Mississippi State 64 -- 61 Tennessee Jarvis Varnado , MSU St. Pete Times Forum ( Tampa , Florida ) Kentucky 75 -- 74OT Mississippi State John Wall , UK Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2011 Kentucky 70 -- 54 Florida Darius Miller , UK Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 2012 Vanderbilt 71 -- 64 Kentucky John Jenkins , VAN New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) 2013 Mississippi 66 -- 63 Florida Marshall Henderson , MISS Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2014 Florida 61 -- 60 Kentucky Scottie Wilbekin , UF Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) 2015 Kentucky 78 -- 63 Arkansas Willie Cauley - Stein , UK Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2016 Kentucky 82 -- 77OT Texas A&M Tyler Ulis , UK Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2017 Kentucky 82 -- 65 Arkansas De'Aaron Fox , UK Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2018 Kentucky 77 -- 72 Tennessee Shai Gilgeous - Alexander , UK Scottrade Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) 2019 Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2020 Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2021 Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2022 Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) 2023 Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2024 Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) 2025 Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) Notes ( edit ) Note A : No tournament was held in 1935 . Note B : No tournament was held from 1953 -- 1978 . Note C : No MVP Selection made from 1933 -- 1952 . Television coverage ( edit ) Main article : SEC Tournament Finals broadcasters Tournament Championships by school ( edit ) School # of Tournament Championships Last Tournament Championship Kentucky 31 2018 Alabama 6 1991 Florida 2014 Tennessee 1979 Mississippi State 2009 Mississippi 2013 Vanderbilt 2012 Georgia 2008 Arkansas 2000 Auburn 1985 LSU 1980 Georgia Tech 1938 Missouri 0 - South Carolina 0 - Texas A&M 0 - Tulane 0 - Former member of the SEC Kentucky defeated Georgia in the 1988 SEC Tournament final , but the tournament title was vacated later because of NCAA violations . Venues ( edit ) Venue City State Appearances Last Years Notes Georgia Dome Atlanta Georgia 12 2014 1995 , 1998 -- 2000 , 2002 , 2004 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 , 2011 , 2014 Louisville Gardens Louisville Kentucky 12 1952 1941 -- 52 Bridgestone Arena Nashville Tennessee 7 2017 2001 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 -- 17 , 2019 -- 21 , 2023 -- 25 Legacy Arena Birmingham Alabama 6 1992 1979 -- 81 , 1983 , 1985 , 1992 Alumni Memorial Gym Knoxville Tennessee 1940 1936 -- 37 , 1939 -- 40 Rupp Arena Lexington Kentucky 1993 1982 , 1986 , 1993 Atlanta Athletic Club Atlanta Georgia 1934 1933 -- 34 Memorial Gymnasium Nashville Tennessee 1991 1984 , 1991 Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans Louisiana 2003 1996 , 2003 , The Pyramid Memphis Tennessee 1997 1994 , 1997 Hank McCamish Pavilion Atlanta Georgia 2008 2008 Amalie Arena Tampa Florida 2009 2009 , 2022 Huey Long Field House Baton Rouge Louisiana 1938 1938 Smoothie King Center New Orleans Louisiana 2012 2012 Orlando Arena Orlando Florida 1990 1990 Pete Maravich Assembly Center Baton Rouge Louisiana 1988 1988 Thompson -- Boling Arena Knoxville Tennessee 1989 1989 Scottrade Center St. Louis Missouri 2018 2018 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Georgia Dome hosted the 2008 SEC Tournament , but became uninhabitable after a tornado in downtown Atlanta . The semifinals and finals were played at Hank McCamish Pavilion , then known as Alexander Memorial Coliseum . Jump up ^ Bridgestone Arena was known as the Gaylord Entertainment Center when it hosted the 2001 and 2006 tournaments . It was also previously known as Sommet Center and Nashville Arena , but never hosted an SEC Men 's Tournament under either name . ( It hosted the SEC Women 's Tournament in 2008 as Sommet Center . ) Jump up ^ Legacy Arena was known as the BJCC Coliseum ( or , more completely , the `` Birmingham -- Jefferson Convention Complex Coliseum '' ) when it hosted all of its tournaments . It was later known as the BJCC Arena , but did not host an SEC Tournament under that name . Jump up ^ In the 1930s , the Atlanta Athletic Club owned two properties -- a building in downtown Atlanta which hosted the 1933 and 1934 tournaments , and a golf course at the eastern edge of the city . The club sold both properties in 1967 and moved to its current site in what is now Johns Creek , Georgia . Jump up ^ The Mercedes - Benz Superdome was previously known as the Louisiana Superdome . Jump up ^ `` The Pyramid '' has never been the official name of this venue , but it has been the standard local name since its opening in 1991 . In order , it has officially been known as the Great American Pyramid , Pyramid Arena , and the Memphis Pyramid . Jump up ^ Amalie Arena was known as the St. Pete Times Forum when it hosted the 2009 tournament . It was originally known as the Ice Palace , and was later known as Tampa Bay Times Forum , but never hosted an SEC Tournament under either name . Jump up ^ The Smoothie King Center was known as New Orleans Arena when it hosted the 2012 tournament . References ( edit ) College basketball portal Jump up ^ `` Through the Years : SEC Champions '' ( PDF ) . 2012 -- 13 SEC Men 's Basketball Media Guide . Southeastern Conference . p. 67 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Since 1951 , when the round - robin schedule was introduced , the title has been decided by a winning percentage on the conference schedule . Jump up ^ `` Destin Recap : Day Two '' ( Press release ) . Southeastern Conference . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ SEC Men 's Basketball Tournament History Jump up ^ Unofficial Result . Kentucky defeated Georgia in the tournament final , but the championship was vacated later because of NCAA violations . Jump up ^ 2008 SEC Men 's Basketball Tournament # Game delays and relocation Jump up ^ Because of a tornado that struck the Atlanta area , the Georgia Dome was declared unsafe to finish the tournament midway through Friday 's session . The fourth quarterfinal , semifinals , and final were moved to Alexander Memorial Coliseum with only a few hundred spectators permitted at each game . '' Jump up ^ Kentucky defeated Georgia in the 1988 SEC Tournament final , but the tournament title was vacated later because of NCAA violations . Southeastern Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 -- 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Broadcasters Southeastern Conference men 's basketball Teams Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers Florida Gators Georgia Bulldogs Kentucky Wildcats LSU Tigers Mississippi State Bulldogs Missouri Tigers Ole Miss Rebels South Carolina Gamecocks Tennessee Volunteers Texas A&M Aggies Vanderbilt Commodores Championships & awards List of champions SEC Men 's Basketball Tournament Player of the Year Rookie of the Year Big 12 / SEC Challenge SEC -- Big East Challenge Seasons 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA men 's college basketball tournaments Division I Pre-season 2K Sports Classic Puerto Rico Tip - Off Charleston Classic The Islands of the Bahamas Showcase Paradise Jam Hall of Fame Tip Off Legends Classic CBE Hall of Fame Classic Maui Invitational MGM Resorts Main Event Cayman Islands Classic Gulf Coast Showcase Cancún Challenge Battle 4 Atlantis Savannah Invitational NIT Season Tip - Off Las Vegas Invitational AdvoCare Invitational Phil Knight Invitational Wooden Legacy Emerald Coast Classic Barclays Center Classic Jimmy V Classic Las Vegas Classic Diamond Head Classic Vancouver Showcase Conference postseason ACC America East The American American South American West Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Eight Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA East Coast Great Midwest Great West Horizon Ivy League MAAC MEAC Metro Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Southwest SWAC Sun Belt Summit WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament National Invitation Tournament Vegas 16 College Basketball Invitational CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament National Commissioners Invitational Tournament 1922 National Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament Division II Conference postseason CCAA CACC Carolinas East Coast GLIAC GLVC G - MAC Great Northwest Gulf South Heartland Lone Star Mountain East Northeast - 10 Northern Sun Pacific West Peach Belt PSAC RMAC South Atlantic Sunshine State Postseason NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament Division III Conference postseason Allegheny Mountain American Southwest Capital Centennial CCIW CSAC HCAC Landmark Little East Middle Atlantic NEWMAC NJAC Northwest OAC ODAC SAA SCIAC SCAC USA South WIAC Postseason NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament ECAC Tournaments Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEC_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=831475268 '' Categories : SEC Men 's Basketball Tournament Recurring sporting events established in 1933 1933 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most sec championships in basketball | [
"\n\nSEC Men's Basketball Tournament\n\n\nConference Basketball Championship\n\n\n\nSEC logo\n\n\n\nSport\nCollege basketball\n\n\nConference\nSoutheastern Conference\n\n\nNumber of teams\n14\n\n\nFormat\nSingle-elimination tournament\n\n\nCurrent stadium\nRotates (Scottrade Center in 2018)\n\n\nCurrent location\nRotates (St. Louis, Missouri in 2018)\n\n\nPlayed\n1933–34, 1936–1952, 1979–present\n\n\nLast contest\n2018\n\n\nCurrent champion\nKentucky Wildcats\n\n\nMost championships\nKentucky Wildcats (31)\n\n\nTV partner(s)\nESPN/SEC Network\n\n\nOfficial website\nSECSports.com Men's Basketball\n\n"
] | [
"Kentucky Wildcats"
] |
2755939368726305405 | Koine Greek | Koine Greek - wikipedia Koine Greek Jump to : navigation , search `` Koine '' redirects here . For other uses , see Koine ( disambiguation ) . Koine Greek Ἡ ΚΟΙΝῊ ΔΙΆΛΕΚΤΟΣ Ἡ ἈΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΈΩΝ ΔΙΆΛΕΚΤΟΣ Region Eastern Roman Empire Era 300 BC -- 300 AD ( Byzantine official use until 1453 ) Language family Indo - European Hellenic Greek Attic -- Ionic Koine Greek Early forms Proto - Greek Ancient Greek Writing system Greek alphabet ( manuscript ) Language codes ISO 639 - 2 grc ISO 639 - 3 grc ( includes all pre-modern stages ) Linguist List grc - koi Glottolog None Koine Greek ( UK English / ˈkɔɪniː / , US English / kɔɪˈneɪ / , / ˈkɔɪneɪ / or / kiːˈniː / ; from Koine Greek ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος , `` the common dialect '' ) , also known as Alexandrian dialect , common Attic , Hellenistic or Biblical Greek ( Modern Greek : Ελληνιστική Κοινή , `` Hellenistic Koiné '' , in the sense of `` Hellenistic supraregional language '' ) , was the common supra - regional form of Greek spoken and written during Hellenistic and Roman antiquity and the early Byzantine era , or Late Antiquity . It evolved from the spread of Greek following the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC , and served as the lingua franca of much of the Mediterranean region and the Middle East during the following centuries . It was based mainly on Attic and related Ionic speech forms , with various admixtures brought about through dialect levelling with other varieties . Koine Greek included styles ranging from more conservative literary forms to the spoken vernaculars of the time . As the dominant language of the Byzantine Empire , it developed further into Medieval Greek , which then turned into Modern Greek . Koine remained the court language of the Byzantine Empire until its ending in 1453 , while Medieval and eventually Modern Greek were everyday languages . Literary Koine was the medium of much of post-classical Greek literary and scholarly writing , such as the works of Plutarch and Polybius . Koine is also the language of the Christian New Testament , of the Septuagint ( the 3rd - century BC Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible ) , and of most early Christian theological writing by the Church Fathers . In this context , Koine Greek is also known as `` Biblical '' , `` New Testament '' , `` ecclesiastical '' or `` patristic '' Greek . It continues to be used as the liturgical language of services in the Greek Orthodox Church . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Origins and history 3 Sources 4 Types 4.1 Biblical Koine 4.1. 1 Septuagint Greek 4.1. 2 New Testament Greek 4.2 Patristic Greek 5 Differences between Attic and Koine Greek 5.1 Differences in grammar 5.2 Phonology 5.2. 1 New Testament Greek phonology 6 Sample Koine texts 6.1 Sample 1 -- A Roman decree 6.2 Sample 2 -- Greek New Testament 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Name ( edit ) The word koinē ( κοινή ) is the Greek word for `` common '' , and is here understood as referring to `` the common dialect '' ( ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος ) . The word is pronounced / kɔɪˈneɪ / , / ˈkɔɪneɪ / or / kiːˈniː / in US English and / ˈkɔɪniː / in UK English . The pronunciation of the word in Koine gradually changed from Greek pronunciation : ( koinéː ) ( close to the Classical Attic pronunciation Greek pronunciation : ( koinɛ́ː ) ) to Greek pronunciation : ( kyˈni ) . Its pronunciation in Modern Greek is ( ciˈni ) . The term was applied in several different senses by ancient scholars . A school of scholars such as Apollonius Dyscolus and Aelius Herodianus maintained the term Koine to refer to the Proto - Greek language , while others used it to refer to any vernacular form of Greek speech which differed somewhat from the literary language . When Koine Greek became a language of literature by the 1st century BC , some people distinguished it into two forms : written ( Greek ) as the literary post-classical form ( which should never be confused with Atticism ) , and vernacular as the day to day spoken form . Others chose to refer to Koine as the Alexandrian dialect ( ἡ Ἀλεξανδρέων διάλεκτος ) or the dialect of Alexandria , or even the universal dialect of its time . The former was often used by modern classicists . Origins and history ( edit ) Greek - speaking areas during the Hellenistic period ( 323 to 31 BC ) . Dark blue : areas where Greek speakers probably were a majority . Light blue : areas that were Hellenized . Koine Greek arose as a common dialect within the armies of Alexander the Great . Under the leadership of Macedon , their newly formed common variety was spoken from the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt to the Seleucid Empire of Mesopotamia . It replaced existing ancient Greek dialects with an everyday form that people anywhere could understand . Though elements of Koine Greek took shape in Classical Greece , the post-Classical period of Greek is defined as beginning with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC , when cultures under Greek sway in turn began to influence the language . The passage into the next period , known as Medieval Greek , dates from the foundation of Constantinople by Constantine the Great in 330 . The post-Classical period of Greek thus refers to the creation and evolution of Koine Greek throughout the entire Hellenistic and Roman eras of history until the start of the Middle Ages . The linguistic roots of the Common Greek dialect had been unclear since ancient times . During the Hellenistic period , most scholars thought of Koine as the result of the mixture of the four main Ancient Greek dialects , `` ἡ ἐκ τῶν τεττάρων συνεστῶσα '' ( the composition of the Four ) . This view was supported in the early twentieth century by Paul Kretschmer in his book Die Entstehung der Koine ( 1901 ) , while Ulrich von Wilamowitz - Moellendorff and Antoine Meillet , based on the intense Ionic elements of the Koine -- such as σσ instead of ττ and ρσ instead of ρρ ( θάλασσα -- θάλαττα , ἀρσενικός -- ἀρρενικός ) -- considered Koine to be a simplified form of Ionic . The view accepted by most scholars today was given by the Greek linguist Georgios Hatzidakis , who showed that , despite the `` composition of the Four '' , the `` stable nucleus '' of Koine Greek is Attic . In other words , Koine Greek can be regarded as Attic with the admixture of elements especially from Ionic , but also from other dialects . The degree of importance of the non-Attic linguistic elements on Koine can vary depending on the region of the Hellenistic World . In that respect , the varieties of Koine spoken in the Ionian colonies of Anatolia ( e.g. Pontus ) would have more intense Ionic Greek characteristics than others and those of Laconia and Cyprus would preserve some Doric and Arcadocypriot characteristics , respectively . The literary Koine of the Hellenistic age resembles Attic in such a degree that it is often mentioned as Common Attic . Sources ( edit ) The first scholars who studied Koine , both in Alexandrian and contemporary times , were classicists whose prototype had been the literary Attic Greek of the Classical period and frowned upon any other variety of Ancient Greek . Koine Greek was therefore considered a decayed form of Greek which was not worthy of attention . The reconsideration on the historical and linguistic importance of Koine Greek began only in the early 19th century , where renowned scholars conducted a series of studies on the evolution of Koine throughout the entire Hellenistic period and Roman Empire . The sources used on the studies of Koine have been numerous and of unequal reliability . The most significant ones are the inscriptions of the post-Classical periods and the papyri , for being two kinds of texts which have authentic content and can be studied directly . Other significant sources are the Septuagint , the somewhat literal Greek translation of the Old Testament , and the Greek New Testament . The teaching of the Testaments was aimed at the most common people , and for that reason they use the most popular language of the era . Information can also be derived from some Atticist scholars of the Hellenistic and Roman periods , who , in order to fight the evolution of the language , published works which compared the `` correct '' Attic against the `` wrong '' Koine by citing examples . For example , Phrynichus Arabius during the second century AD wrote : Βασίλισσα οὐδείς τῶν Ἀρχαίων εἶπεν , ἀλλὰ βασίλεια ἢ βασιλίς . Basilissa ( queen ) none of the Ancients said , but basileia ( queen ) or basilis ( queen ) . Διωρία ἐσχάτως ἀδόκιμον , ἀντ ' αυτοῦ δὲ προθεσμίαν ἐρεῖς . Dioria ( deadline ) is extremely disreputable , instead you will say prothesmia ( appointed time ) . Πάντοτε μὴ λέγε , ἀλλὰ ἑκάστοτε καὶ διὰ παντός . Do not say pantote ( always ) , but hekastote ( every time ) and dia pantos ( continually ) . Other sources can be based on random findings such as inscriptions on vases written by popular painters , mistakes made by Atticists due to their imperfect knowledge of Attic Greek or even some surviving Greco - Latin glossaries of the Roman period , e.g. : Καλήμερον , ἦλθες ; Bono die , venisti ? Good day , you came ? Ἐὰν θέλεις , ἐλθὲ μεθ ' ἡμῶν . Si vis , veni mecum . If you want , come with us . Ποῦ ; Ubi ? Where ? Πρὸς φίλον ἡμέτερον Λεύκιον . Ad amicum nostrum Lucium . To our friend Lucius . Τί γὰρ ἔχει ; Quid enim habet ? Indeed , what does he have ? What is it with him ? Ἀρρωστεῖ . Aegrotat . He 's sick . Finally , a very important source of information on the ancient Koine is the modern Greek language with all its dialects and its own Koine form , which have preserved some of the ancient language 's oral linguistic details which the written tradition has lost . For example , Pontic and Cappadocian Greek preserved the ancient pronunciation of η as ε ( νύφε , συνέλικος , τίμεσον , πεγάδι for standard Modern Greek νύφη , συνήλικος , τίμησον , πηγάδι etc . ) , while the Tsakonian language preserved the long α instead of η ( ἁμέρα , ἀστραπά , λίμνα , χοά etc . ) and the other local characteristics of Doric Greek . Dialects from the Southern part of the Greek - speaking regions ( Dodecanese , Cyprus etc . ) , preserve the pronunciation of the double similar consonants ( ἄλ - λος , Ἑλ - λάδα , θάλασ - σα ) , while others pronounce in many words υ as ου or preserve ancient double forms ( κρόμμυον -- κρεμ - μυον , ράξ -- ρώξ etc . ) . Linguistic phenomena like the above imply that those characteristics survived within Koine , which in turn had countless variations in the Greek - speaking world . Types ( edit ) Papyrus 46 is one of the oldest extant New Testament manuscripts in Greek , written on papyrus , with its ' most probable date ' between 175 - 225 . Biblical Koine ( edit ) `` Biblical Koine '' refers to the varieties of Koine Greek used in Bible translations into Greek and related texts . Its main sources are : The Septuagint , a 3rd - century BC Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible and texts not included in the Hebrew Bible ; The Greek New Testament , compiled originally in Greek . Septuagint Greek ( edit ) There has been some debate to what degree biblical Greek represents the mainstream of contemporary spoken Koine and to what extent it contains specifically Semitic substratum features . These could have been induced either through the practice of translating closely from Biblical Hebrew or Aramaic originals , or through the influence of the regional non-standard Greek spoken by originally Aramaic - speaking Jews . Some of the features discussed in this context are the Septuagint 's normative absence of the particles μέν and δέ , and the use of ἐγένετο to denote `` it came to pass . '' Some features of biblical Greek which are thought to have originally been non-standard elements eventually found their way into the main of the Greek language . New Testament Greek ( edit ) The Greek of the New Testament is less distinctively Semitic than that of the Septuagint because it is largely a de novo composition in Greek , not primarily a translation from Hebrew and Aramaic . Patristic Greek ( edit ) The term patristic Greek is sometimes used for the Greek written by the Greek Church Fathers , the Early Christian theologians in late antiquity . Christian writers in the earliest time tended to use a simple register of Koiné , relatively close to the spoken language of their time , following the model of the Bible . After the 4th century , when Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire , more learned registers of Koiné also came to be used . Differences between Attic and Koine Greek ( edit ) The study of all sources from the six centuries which are symbolically covered by Koine reveals linguistic changes from ancient Greek on elements of the spoken language including , grammar , word formation , vocabulary and phonology ( sound system ) . Most new forms start off as rare and gradually become more frequent until they are established . As most of the changes between modern and ancient Greek were introduced via Koine , Koine is largely familiar and at least partly intelligible to most writers and speakers of Modern Greek . Differences in grammar ( edit ) Main article : Koine Greek grammar Phonology ( edit ) Main articles : Koine Greek phonology , Ancient Greek phonology , and Modern Greek phonology During the period generally designated as Koine Greek a great deal of phonological change occurred . At the start of the period pronunciation was virtually identical to Ancient Greek phonology , whereas in the end it had much more in common with Modern Greek phonology . The three most significant changes were the loss of vowel length distinction , the replacement of the pitch accent system by a stress accent system , and the monophthongization of several diphthongs : The ancient distinction between long and short vowels was gradually lost , and from the second century BC all vowels were isochronic ( all vowels having equal length ) . From the second century BC , the Ancient Greek pitch accent was replaced with a stress accent . Psilosis : loss of rough breathing , / h / . Rough breathing had already been lost in the Ionic Greek varieties of Anatolia and the Aeolic Greek of Lesbos . ᾱͅ , ῃ , ῳ / aːi eːi oːi / were simplified to ᾱ , η , ω / aː eː oː / . The diphthongs αι , ει , and οι became monophthongs . αι , which had already been pronounced as / ɛː / by the Boeotians since the 4th century BC and written η ( e.g. πῆς , χῆρε , μέμφομη ) , became in Koine , too , first a long vowel / ɛː / and then , with the loss of distinctive vowel length and openness distinction / e / , merging with ε . The diphthong ει had already merged with ι in the 5th century BC in Argos , and by the 4th century BC in Corinth ( e.g. ΛΕΓΙΣ ) , and it acquired this pronunciation also in Koine . The diphthong οι fronted to / y / , merging with υ . The diphthong υι came to be pronounced ( yj ) , but eventually lost its final element and also merged with υ . The diphthong ου had been already raised to / u / in the 6th century BC , and remains so in Modern Greek . The diphthongs αυ and ευ came to be pronounced ( av ev ) ( via ( aβ eβ ) ) , but are partly assimilated to ( af ef ) before the voiceless consonants θ , κ , ξ , π , σ , τ , φ , χ , and ψ . Simple vowels mostly preserved their ancient pronunciations . η / e / ( classically pronounced / ɛː / ) was raised and merged with ι . In the 10th century AD , υ / οι / y / unrounded to merge with ι . These changes are known as iotacism . The consonants also preserved their ancient pronunciations to a great extent , except β , γ , δ , φ , θ , χ and ζ . Β , Γ , Δ , which were originally pronounced / b ɡ d / , became the fricatives / v / ( via ( β ) ) , / ɣ / , / ð / , which they still are today , except when preceded by a nasal consonant ( μ , ν ) ; in that case , they retain their ancient pronunciations ( e.g. γαμβρός > γαμπρός ( ɣamˈbros ) , ἄνδρας > άντρας ( ˈandras ) , ἄγγελος > άγγελος ( ˈaŋɟelos ) ) . The latter three ( Φ , Θ , Χ ) , which were initially pronounced as aspirates ( / ph th kh / respectively ) , developed into the fricatives / f / ( via ( ɸ ) ) , / θ / , and / x / . Finally ζ , which is still metrically categorised as a double consonant with ξ and ψ because it may have initially been pronounced as σδ ( zd ) or δσ ( dz ) , later acquired its modern - day value of / z / . New Testament Greek phonology ( edit ) The Koine Greek in the table represents a reconstruction of New Testament Koine Greek , deriving to some degree from the dialect spoken in Judea and Galilee during the first century and similar to the dialect spoken in Alexandria , Egypt . The realizations of certain phonemes differ from the more standard Attic dialect of Koine . Note that γ has spirantized , with palatal allophone before front - vowels and a plosive allophone after nasals , while β is beginning to develop a fricative articulation intervocalically . φ , θ and χ still preserve their ancient aspirated plosive values , while the unasipirated stops π , τ , κ have perhaps begun to develop voiced allophones after nasals . Initial aspiration has also likely become an optional sound for many speakers of the popular variety . Monophthongization ( including the initial stage in the fortition of the second element in the αυ / ευ diphthongs ) and the loss of vowel - timing distinctions are carried through , but there is still a distinction between the four front vowels / e / , / e̝ / , / i / , and / y / ( which is still rounded ) . letter Greek transliteration IPA Alpha α / a / Beta β / b / ( ( b , β ) ) Gamma γ g / ɣ / ( ( ɣ , g , ʝ ) ) Delta δ d / d / Epsilon ε / e / Zeta ζ z / z / Eta η ē / e̝ / Theta θ th / th / Iota ι i / i / ( ( i , j ) ) Kappa κ k / k / ( ( k , g ) ) Lambda λ l / l / Mu μ m / m / Nu ν n / n / ( ( n , m ) ) Xi ξ x / ks / Omicron ο o / o / Pi π p / p / ( ( p , b ) ) Rho ρ r / r / Sigma σ ( - σ - / - σσ - ) s ( - s - / - ss - ) / s / ( ( s , z ) ) Tau τ / t / ( ( t , d ) ) Upsilon υ y / y / Phi φ ph / ph / Chi χ ch / kh / Psi ψ ps / ps / Omega ω ō / o / . αι ai / e / . ει ei / i / ( ( i , j ) ) . οι oi / y / . υι yi / yi / ( or / y / ) . αυ au ( aɸw , aβw ) . ευ eu ( eɸw , eβw ) . ου ou / u / . αι ( ᾳ ) āi / a / . ηι ( ῃ ) ēi / i / . ωι ( ῳ ) ōi / o / . _̔ h ( / h / ) Sample Koine texts ( edit ) The following texts show differences from Attic Greek in all aspects -- grammar , morphology , vocabulary and can be inferred to show differences in phonology . The following comments illustrate the phonological development within the period of Koine . The phonetic transcriptions are tentative , and are intended to illustrate two different stages in the reconstructed development , an early conservative variety still relatively close to Classical Attic , and a somewhat later , more progressive variety approaching Modern Greek in some respects . Sample 1 -- a Roman decree ( edit ) The following excerpt , from a decree of the Roman Senate to the town of Thisbae in Boeotia in 170 BC , is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a hypothetical conservative variety of mainland Greek Koiné in the early Roman period . The transcription shows raising of η to / eː / , partial ( pre-consonantal / word - final ) raising of ῃ and ει to / iː / , retention of pitch accent , and retention of word - initial / h / ( the rough breathing ) . περὶ ὧν Θισ ( β ) εῖς λόγους ἐποιήσαντο περὶ τῶν καθ _̓ αὑ ( τ ) οὺς πραγμάτων , οἵτινες ἐν τῇ φιλίᾳ τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἐνέμειναν , ὅπως αὐτοῖς δοθῶσιν ( ο ) ἷς τὰ καθ _̓ αὑτοὺς πράγματα ἐξηγήσωνται , περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν ὅπως Κόιντος Μαίνιος στρατηγὸς τῶν ἐκ τῆς συνκλήτου ( π ) έντε ἀποτάξῃ οἳ ἂν αὐτῷ ἐκ τῶν δημοσίων πρα ( γμ ) άτων καὶ τῆς ἰδίας πίστεως φαίνωνται . ( peri hoːn thizbîːs lóɡuːs epojéːsanto ; peri toːn kath hautûːs praːɡmátoːn , hoítines en tiː philíaːi tiː heːmetéraːi enémiːnan , hópoːs autois dothôːsin hois ta kath hautùːs práːɡmata ekseːɡéːsoːntai , peri túːtuː tuː práːɡmatos húːtoːs édoksen ; hópoːs ˈkwintos ˈmainios strateːɡòs toːn ek teːs syŋkléːtuː pénte apotáksiː , hoi an autoːi ek toːn deːmosíoːn praːɡmátoːn kai teːs idíaːs písteoːs phaínoːntai ) Concerning those matters about which the citizens of Thisbae made representations . Concerning their own affairs : the following decision was taken concerning the proposal that those who remained true to our friendship should be given the facilities to conduct their own affairs ; that our praetor / governor Quintus Maenius should delegate five members of the senate who seemed to him appropriate in the light of their public actions and individual good faith . Sample 2 -- Greek New Testament ( edit ) The following excerpt , the beginning of the Gospel of John , is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a progressive popular variety of Koiné in the early Christian era . Modernizing features include the loss of vowel length distinction , monophthongization , transition to stress accent , and raising of η to / i / . Also seen here are the bilabial fricative pronunciation of diphthongs αυ and ευ , loss of initial / h / , fricative values for β and γ , and partial post-nasal voicing of voiceless stops . Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος , καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν , καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος . οὗτος ἦν ἐν ἀρχῇ πρὸς τὸν θεόν . πάντα δι _̓ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο , καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἕν ὃ γέγονεν . ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἦν , καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἦν τὸ φῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων . καὶ τὸ φῶς ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ φαίνει , καὶ ἡ σκοτία αὐτὸ οὐ κατέλαβεν . ( ˈen arˈkhi in o ˈloɣos , ke o ˈloɣos im bros to ( n ) theˈo ( n ) , ke theˈos in o ˈloɣos . ˈutos in en arˈkhi pros to ( n ) theˈo ( n ) . ˈpanda di aɸˈtu eˈjeneto , ke khoˈris aɸˈtu eˈjeneto ude ˈen o ˈjeɣonen . en aɸˈto zoˈi in , ke i zoˈi in to phos ton anˈthropon ; ke to phos en di skoˈtia ˈpheni , ke i skoˈti ( a ) a ( ɸ ) ˈto u kaˈtelaβen ) In the beginning was the Word , and the Word was with God , and the Word was God . He was in the beginning with God . All things were made by him ; and without him was not anything made that was made . In him was life , and the life was the light of men . And the light shines in darkness ; and the darkness comprehended it not . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Koine '' . Collins Dictionary . n.d . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` koine '' , Merriam - Webster . Jump up ^ `` Koine '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . ^ Jump up to : Bubenik , V. ( 2007 ) . `` The rise of Koiné '' . In A.F. Christidis . A history of Ancient Greek : from the beginnings to late antiquity . Cambridge : University Press . pp. 342 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Horrocks , Geoffrey ( 1997 ) . `` 4 -- 6 '' . Greek : a history of the language and its speakers . London : Longman . Jump up ^ Horrocks , Geoffrey C. ( 2010 ) . Greek : a history of the language and its speakers ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Longman . p. xiii . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 3415 - 6 . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ A history of ancient Greek by Maria Chritē , Maria Arapopoulou , Centre for the Greek Language ( Thessalonikē , Greece ) pg 436 ISBN 0 - 521 - 83307 - 8 Jump up ^ Victor Roudometof and Vasilios N. Makrides , eds . Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece , Ashgate Publishing , 2010 . `` A proposal to introduce Modern Greek into the Divine Liturgy was rejected in 2002 '' ^ Jump up to : Andriotis , Nikolaos P. History of the Greek Language . Jump up ^ Pollard , Elizabeth ( 2015 ) . Worlds Together Worlds Apart . 500 Fifth Ave New York , NY : W.W. Norton& Company Inc. p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 91847 - 2 . Jump up ^ Augsburg . Jump up ^ The Latin gloss in the source erroneously has `` with me '' , while the Greek means `` with us '' . Jump up ^ On the other hand , not all scholars agree that the Pontic pronunciation of η as ε is an archaism . Apart from the improbability that the sound change / ɛː / > / e̝ ( ː ) / > / i / did not occur in this important region of the Roman Empire , Horrocks notes that ε can be written in certain contexts for any letter or digraph representing / i / in other dialects -- -- e.g. ι , ει , οι , or υ , which never pronounced / ɛː / in Ancient Greek -- -- not just η ( c.f. óvερov , κoδέσπεvα , λεχάρι for standard óvειρo , oικoδέσπoιvα , λυχάρι . ) He therefore attributes this feature of East Greek to vowel weakening , paralleling the omission of unstressed vowels . Horrocks ( 2010 : 400 ) Jump up ^ Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare ( 1856 - 1924 ) Grammar of Septuagint Greek Jump up ^ Horrocks ( 1997 : ch. 5.11 . ) Jump up ^ Horrocks ( 2010 : 162 ) Jump up ^ Horrocks ( 2010 : 167 ) citing Teodorsson , S. - T. ( 1974 ) The phonology of Ptolemaic Koine , Göteborg . Jump up ^ For evidence c.f. Gignac , Francis T . `` The Pronunciation of Greek Stops in the Papyri '' . The Johns Hopkins University Press . JSTOR 2936047 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Horrocks ( 2010 ) : 111 , 170 - 1 Jump up ^ Horrocks ( 2010 ) : 171 , 179 . Jump up ^ For convenience , the rough breathing mark represents / h / , even if it was not commonly used in contemporary orthography . Parentheses denote the loss of the sound . Jump up ^ For convenience , the mid-vowel value of ε / αι is transcribed here as / e / , rather than / e̞ / or / ɛ̝ / . The two mid vowels ε and η were apparently still distinguished in quality , as they are far less confused than ει is with ι , ω with o and οι with υ . η perhaps represented a near - close vowel / e̝ / , not fully merged with / i / , cf . Horrocks ( 2010 : 118 , 168 . ) Jump up ^ G. Horrocks ( 1997 ) , Greek : A history of the language and its speakers , p. 87 , cf. also pp. 105 - 109 . Jump up ^ Horrocks ( 1997 : 94 ) . References ( edit ) Abel , F. - M. Grammaire du grec biblique . Allen , W. Sidney , Vox Graeca : a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek -- 3rd ed. , Cambridge University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 33555 - 8 Andriotis , Nikolaos P. History of the Greek Language Buth , Randall , Ἡ κοινὴ προφορά : Koine Greek of Early Roman Period Bruce , Frederick F. The Books and the Parchments : Some Chapters on the Transmission of the Bible . 3rd ed . Westwood , NJ : Revell , 1963 . Chapters 2 and 5 . Conybeare , F.C. and Stock , St. George . Grammar of Septuagint Greek : With Selected Readings , Vocabularies , and Updated Indexes . Horrocks , Geoffrey C. ( 2010 ) . Greek : A history of the language and its speakers ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Blackwell . Smyth , Herbert Weir ( 1956 ) , Greek Grammar , Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 36250 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Stevens , Gerald L. New Testament Greek Primer . ISBN 0 - 7188 - 9206 - 2 Stevens , Gerald L. New Testament Greek Intermediate . From Morphology to Translation . ISBN 0 - 7188 - 9200 - 3 Easterling , P & Handley , C. Greek Scripts : An illustrated introduction . London : Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 902984 - 17 - 9 External links ( edit ) Look up Κοινή in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . New Testament Greek Lessons ( free online through the Linguistics Research Center at UT Austin ) Free Koine Greek Keyboard A unicode keyboard originally developed by Char Matejovsky for use by Westar Institute scholars The Biblical Greek Forum An online community for biblical Greek Greek-Language.com Dictionaries , manuscripts of the Greek New Testament , and tools for applying linguistics to the study of Hellenistic Greek Diglot A daily di - glot or tri-glot ( Vulgate ) reading Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - 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"Literary Koine was the medium of much of post-classical Greek literary and scholarly writing, such as the works of Plutarch and Polybius.[4] Koine is also the language of the Christian New Testament, of the Septuagint (the 3rd-century BC Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible), and of most early Christian theological writing by the Church Fathers. In this context, Koine Greek is also known as \"Biblical\", \"New Testament\", \"ecclesiastical\" or \"patristic\" Greek.[7] It continues to be used as the liturgical language of services in the Greek Orthodox Church.[8]"
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"Koine"
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-6637600724820117842 | List of tallest buildings in Australia | List of tallest buildings in Australia - wikipedia List of tallest buildings in Australia Sydney , home to the most high - rise buildings in the country . Melbourne , home to the most skyscrapers in the country with a height of over 150 metres . These are lists of the tallest buildings in Australia . Australia has more skyscrapers per person than any other country in the world with a population greater than five million , and was one of the first countries in the world to play host to the skyscraper boom along with the United States and Canada . Australia 's first skyscraper as then defined was Melbourne 's now demolished APA Building , completed in 1889 , which was among the tallest buildings in the world at the time . The nation 's first skyscraper as defined today by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat as buildings exceeding 150 metres was the Australia Square Tower in Sydney , completed in 1967 . The vast majority of Australia 's buildings which exceed 150 metres in height are located in the eastern states of New South Wales , Queensland and Victoria , with a smaller number in Western Australia . While Australia 's other states and territories contain no skyscrapers as defined , they all play host to numerous high - rise buildings . Contents 1 Tallest buildings 2 Tallest buildings under construction or proposed 3 Tallest buildings by state or territory 4 Cities with the most skyscrapers 5 See also 6 References Tallest buildings ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in Adelaide , List of tallest buildings in Brisbane , List of tallest buildings in Chatswood , List of tallest buildings in Cairns , List of tallest buildings in Canberra , List of tallest buildings in Darwin , List of tallest buildings on the Gold Coast , List of tallest buildings in Hobart , List of tallest buildings in Melbourne , List of tallest buildings in Parramatta , List of tallest buildings in Perth , List of tallest buildings in Sydney , List of tallest buildings in Townsville , and List of tallest buildings in Wollongong This list includes the tallest completed and topped out buildings in Australia that reach a height of at least 200 metres ( 656.2 feet ) , ranked by their official heights as defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) . An equal sign ( = ) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings ( in such cases , the building with the highest number of floors is listed first ) . The `` Year '' column indicates the year of completion . The list includes only habitable buildings , as opposed to structures such as observation towers , radio masts , transmission towers and chimneys . Official heights ( denoted by ' O ' ) are also known as ' architectural heights ' , as they include spires but exclude communications masts and antennae . This is because spires form an integral part of a building 's design while masts and antennae do not , being purely functional . Also included are heights ' excluding spires ' ( denoted by ' ES ' ) , which as used here include the entire architectural structure save for architectural spires . Whilst this is not a measure used by CTBUH , the concept is nonetheless frequently referred to by skyscraper aficionados . Was Australia 's tallest building when completed Rank Name Image Location Height : m ( ft ) Floors Year Notes Reference ES Q1 Gold Coast 322.5 ( 1,058 ) 275 ( 902 ) 78 2005 Tallest building on the Gold Coast and Australia since 2005 . Sixth - tallest residential building in the world . Q1 was short for Queensland Number One . Eureka Tower Melbourne 297.3 ( 975 ) 91 2006 Tallest building in Melbourne since 2006 . Tallest building in Australia to roof 120 Collins Street Melbourne 265 ( 869 ) 222.15 ( 729 ) 52 1991 Tallest office building in Australia . Tallest building in Australia from 1991 to 2005 . 101 Collins Street Melbourne 260 ( 853 ) 195 ( 640 ) 50 1991 23rd - tallest building in Australia to roof . Tallest building in Australia in 1991 . 5 1 William Street Brisbane 259.8 ( 852 ) 224 ( 735 ) 46 2016 Tallest building in Brisbane since 2016 . 6 Prima Pearl Melbourne 254 ( 833 ) 72 2014 2nd - tallest building in Australia to roof . 7 Rialto Towers Melbourne 251.1 ( 824 ) 63 1986 Tallest office building in Australia to roof . Tallest building in Australia from 1986 to 1991 . = 8 Infinity Tower Brisbane 249 ( 817 ) 81 2013 Tallest building in Brisbane from 2013 until 2016 . = 8 Central Park Perth 249 ( 817 ) 226 ( 741 ) 51 1992 Tallest building in Perth since 1992 10 Chifley Tower Sydney 244 ( 801 ) 216 ( 709 ) 53 1992 Tallest building in Sydney since 1992 = 11 Soleil Brisbane 243 ( 797 ) 74 2011 2nd - tallest building in Australia including basements = 11 Citigroup Centre Sydney 243 ( 797 ) 206 ( 676 ) 50 2000 Second - tallest building in Sydney 13 Soul Gold Coast 242.6 ( 796 ) 77 2012 4th - tallest building in Australia to roof 14 Deutsche Bank Place Sydney 240 ( 787 ) 193 ( 633 ) 39 2005 Shortest building to roof of top 30 15 Brookfield Place Perth 234.4 ( 769 ) 46 2011 Also known as City Square or BHP City Square 16 World Tower Sydney 230 ( 755 ) 73 Won the bronze Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2004 17 Vision Apartments Melbourne 229 ( 751 ) 70 2016 Topped -- out in July 2016 . 18 MLC Centre Sydney 228 ( 748 ) 60 1977 Tallest building in Australia from 1977 to 1986 . 19 Governor Phillip Tower Sydney 227 ( 745 ) 54 Incorporates the site of Australia 's first Government House = 20 568 Collins Street Melbourne 224 ( 735 ) 68 2015 Topped - out in April , 2015 = 20 Bourke Place Melbourne 224 ( 735 ) 49 1991 A 30 m communications mast sits atop the building 22 Ernst & Young Tower at Latitude Sydney 222 ( 728 ) 192 ( 630 ) 45 23 Circle on Cavill North Tower Gold Coast 219.5 ( 720 ) 70 2007 24 Aurora Place Sydney 218.9 ( 718 ) 188 ( 617 ) 41 = 25 Light House Melbourne Melbourne 218 ( 715 ) 69 2018 Topped - out in February 2017 . = 25 Telstra Corporate Centre Melbourne 218 ( 715 ) 193 ( 633 ) 47 1992 27 International Towers 1 Sydney 217 ( 711 ) 49 2016 28 BankWest Tower Perth 214 ( 702 ) 50 1988 A 33 m communications mast sits atop the building . 29 The Tower at Melbourne Central Melbourne 211 ( 692 ) 54 1991 Part of a major shopping , office and public transport hub in Melbourne . 30 Aurora Brisbane 207 ( 679 ) 69 2006 31 Freshwater Place Melbourne 205 ( 673 ) 63 2005 The residential part of an office / residential building complex 32 Eq . Tower Melbourne 202.7 ( 665 ) 63 2017 Topped - out in October 2016 . 33 Riparian Plaza Brisbane 200 ( 656 ) 53 2005 A 50 m communications mast stands atop the building . Tallest buildings under construction or proposed ( edit ) This list includes the tallest buildings over 200 m that are currently under construction , approved or proposed in Australia according to the CTBUH , save for those which have already topped out . Status : Under Construction Approved Proposed Australia 108 under construction in April 2018 . The project is expected to be completed in 2020 . Brisbane Skytower under construction in March 2018 . The project is expected to be completed in 2019 . Aurora Melbourne Central under construction in December 2016 . The project is expected to be completed in 2019 . Brisbane Quarter under construction in January 2018 . The project is expected to be completed in 2019 . Name Height Storeys Purpose City Completion Status m ft Green Spine Tower 1 356.2 1,169 100 + Mixed Use Melbourne TBA Proposed Magic Tower 330 1,080 60 Mixed Use Melbourne TBA Proposed Orion Tower 1 328 1,076 103 Residential Gold Coast TBA Approved One Queensbridge 323 1,060 90 Mixed Use Melbourne TBA Approved Australia 108 317 1,040 100 Residential Melbourne 2020 Under Construction Spirit 298 978 89 Residential Gold Coast 2019 Under Construction Cienna Square Tower 2 280 920 88 Residential Gold Coast TBA Proposed 25 - 35 Power Street 280 920 71 Mixed Use Melbourne TBA Approved No. 1 Brisbane 274 899 82 Residential Brisbane TBA Proposed 505 George Street 274 899 80 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed 640 Bourke Street 273 896 85 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed Crown Sydney 271 889 75 Mixed Use Sydney 2020 Under Construction 30 Albert Street 270 890 91 Residential Brisbane TBA Approved Brisbane Skytower 270 890 89 Residential Brisbane 2018 Under Construction West Side Place Tower 1 270 890 81 Residential Melbourne 2022 Under Construction Aurora Melbourne Central 269 883 88 Residential Melbourne 2019 Under Construction 171 Edward Street 265 869 81 Residential Brisbane TBA Approved 182 George Street 263 863 55 Office Sydney TBA Proposed Brisbane Quarter 262 860 81 Residential Brisbane 2018 Under Construction 280 Queen Street 252 827 80 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed 197 Church Street 250 820 80 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed St Andrews Place 249.5 819 62 Residential Perth TBA Proposed Queens Place Tower 2 251 823 79 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved Queens Place Tower 1 250 820 79 Residential Melbourne 2020 Under Construction Premier Tower 249 817 78 Residential Melbourne 2020 Under Construction One Sydney Harbour Tower 1 247 810 71 Residential Sydney 2023 Approved Elysium 244 801 75 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved Aspire Parramatta ( Phase 1 ) 243 797 70 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed West Side Place Tower 2 240 790 75 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved Swanston Central 237 778 72 Residential Melbourne TBA Under Construction Greenland Centre Sydney 237 778 68 Residential Sydney 2019 Under Construction 338 Pitt Street 235 771 68 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed 85 - 93 Lorimer Street 234 768 74 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed 600 Collins Street 234 768 74 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed Ritz - Carlton Hotel 231 758 65 Hotel Sydney 2021 Proposed West Side Place Tower 4 230 750 68 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved 295 City Road 228 748 70 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed Tower Melbourne 226 741 71 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved 71 - 87 City Road 225 738 67 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed Grand Markwell Tower 2 221 725 67 Residential Gold Coast TBA Proposed 380 Lonsdale Street ( North tower ) 218 715 67 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved 158 City Road 218 715 65 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed 97 Franklin Street 216 709 62 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved Quay Quarter Tower 216 709 54 Office Sydney 2020 Under Construction 295 - 309 King Street 215 705 63 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed 293 - 303 La Trobe Street 213 699 66 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed 32 - 44 Flinders Street 212 696 67 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed West Side Place Tower 3 211 692 63 Residential Melbourne 2022 Under Construction 111 - 125 A'Beckett Street 210 690 65 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed 272 Queen Street 210 690 62 Mixed Use Melbourne TBA Approved 48 Macquarie Street 210 690 61 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed One Sydney Harbour Tower 2 207 679 60 Residential Sydney 2023 Approved 183 - 189 A'Beckett Street 206 676 67 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed 4 - 6 Bligh Street 205 673 55 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed Tallest buildings by state or territory ( edit ) The following table provides the tallest building in each state given that only New South Wales , Queensland , Victoria , and Western Australia are currently featured in the lists of tallest buildings to architectural detail and to roof . Heights to architectural detail are used . Current State / Territory Building Height Floor count Year Queensland Q1 323 m ( 1059.7 ft ) 78 2005 Victoria Eureka Tower 297 m ( 974.4 ft ) 91 2006 Western Australia Central Park 249 m ( 816.9 ft ) 52 1992 New South Wales Chifley Tower 244 m ( 800.5 ft ) 53 1992 South Australia Westpac House 132 m ( 433.0 ft ) 31 1988 Northern Territory Evolution on Gardiner 99 m ( 324.8 ft ) 33 2008 Australian Capital Territory Lovett Tower 93 m ( 305.1 ft ) 25 1973 Tasmania Wrest Point Hotel Casino 73 m ( 239.5 ft ) 19 1973 The following table lists future tallest buildings that when completed , will become the tallest buildings in their respective state or territory . All buildings listed are either under construction or have topped - out . Future State / Territory Building Height Floor count Status Year Victoria Australia 108 317 m ( 1040.0 ft ) 100 Under Construction 2020 New South Wales Crown Sydney 271 m ( 889.1 ft ) 75 Under Construction 2019 South Australia Frome Central Tower One 135 m ( 442.9 ft ) 36 Under Construction 2019 Cities with the most skyscrapers ( edit ) This table shows Australian cities with at least one skyscraper over 150 metres in height , completed , topped -- out or under construction . Rank City State 150 m+ ( 492.1 ft+ ) 200 m+ ( 656.1 ft+ ) 250 m+ ( 820.2 ft+ ) 300 m+ ( 984.2 ft+ ) Total Melbourne Victoria 58 22 10 58 Sydney New South Wales 45 12 -- 45 Brisbane Queensland 17 7 -- 17 Gold Coast Queensland 10 10 5 Perth Western Australia 6 -- -- 6 Notes N1 . Of a total 58 skyscrapers , 18 are under construction or have topped - out N2 . Of a total 45 skyscrapers , 12 are under construction or have topped - out N3 . Of a total 17 skyscrapers , 3 are under construction or have topped - out N4 . Of a total 10 skyscrapers , 2 are under construction or have topped - out N5 . Of a total 6 skyscrapers , 2 are under construction or have topped - out A cumulative line graph of skyscrapers above 150 metres in height ( completed and under construction , as of January 2018 in Australian cities . Data is according to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ) . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Architecture portal List of tallest buildings and structures in Australia List of tallest buildings in Oceania References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.ctbuh.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=VMmQZXBEBMQ%3d&tabid=2160&language=en-US Jump up ^ `` CTBUH Database '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 Tower '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka Tower '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=131515 Jump up ^ `` 120 Collins Street '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 120 Collins Street '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Collins Street '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Collins Street '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ 1 William Street - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center Jump up ^ Prima Pearl - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center Jump up ^ `` Rialto Towers '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rialto Towers '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/brisbane/infinity/8762/ Jump up ^ `` Central Park '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Central Park '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=building&building_id=938 Jump up ^ http://www.emporis.com/building/485501adelaidestreet-brisbane-australia Jump up ^ http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/citigroup-centre/954 Jump up ^ http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=soul-goldcoastcity-australia Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bank Place '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bank Place '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/brookfield-place/686 Jump up ^ `` World Tower '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Vision Apartments - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MLC Centre '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MLC Centre '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Phillip Tower '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Phillip Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ 568 Collins Street - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 26 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` 568 Collins : A Hickory Construction Project '' . Hickory . Retrieved 26 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` Bourke Place '' . Emporis . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bourke Place '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ernst & Young Tower at Latitude '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ernst & Young Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Circle on Cavill '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Circle on Cavill - North Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aurora Place '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aurora Place '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Lighthouse - The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=building&building_id=1298 Jump up ^ `` Telstra Corporate Building '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` International Towers Tower 1 '' . Skyscraper Centre . Jump up ^ `` BankWest Tower '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BankWest Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Central Office Tower '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Central '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aurora '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aurora '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Freshwater Place Residential Tower '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Freshwater Place North '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ EQ Tower - The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Riparian Plaza '' . Emporis . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Riparian Plaza '' . SkyscraperPage . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=create Jump up ^ `` ' Magic ' Melbourne Tower would be Australia 's Tallest Building '' . Retrieved 13 May 2018 Jump up ^ `` 103 - storey Surfers Paradise high - rise Orion Towers to win backing by Gold Coast Council '' . Retrieved 24 May 2017 Jump up ^ Masanauskas , James . ( 18 October 2015 ) . `` Crown 's 90 - storey $1.5 b Queensbridge Hotel Tower to reshape Melbourne CBD '' . Herald Sun . 18 October 2015 Jump up ^ Queensbridge Tower - The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 21 October 2015 Jump up ^ Queensbridge Tower - 1 Queensbridge Street , Southbank . UrbanMelbourne.info . Retrieved 6 June 2016 Jump up ^ `` Second - tallest skyscraper heralds high - rise era for Melbourne '' . Herald Sun . 18 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` 1 Queensbridge street approved '' . urban. melbourne. 9 February 2017 Jump up ^ Australia 108 - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Centre Jump up ^ Australia 108 - 70 Southbank Boulevard , Southbank . UrbanMelbourne.info . Retrieved 20 February 2015 Jump up ^ Spirit - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 2 April 2018 Jump up ^ Cienna Square II - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Ball gown - inspired $400 m super tower proposed for Southbank gets green light '' . Herald Sun . 16 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` New proposals seek to join the 200m club '' . UrbanMelbourne.info Jump up ^ No. 1 Brisbane - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 22 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` 505 George Street '' . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ 640 Bourke Street - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ Crown Sydney Hotel and Resort -- The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Packer 's Barangaroo tower receives final approval despite critical PAC report '' . Jump up ^ 30 Albert Street - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 26 August 2015 Jump up ^ Brisbane Skytower -- The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ West Side Place Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 2 April 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` The Dawn of a New Age ... and Melbourne 's new tallest building ? '' . UrbanMelbourne.info. 21 November 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Site of former Age building to house Melbourne 's tallest skyscraper '' . The Age . 23 November 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` New super tower will match Eureka '' . 3AW. 31 July 2014 Jump up ^ ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` The CBD 's tallest building officially begins construction '' . UrbanMelbourne.info . Retrieved 23 October 2015 Jump up ^ Aurora Melbourne Central - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Building approvals surge most since 2002 on low rates '' . Australian Financial Review . 4 March 2014 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . The Courier Mail . Retrieved 27 June 2016 Jump up ^ 182 George Street - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ Brisbane Quarter at 300 George Street Complex -- The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 18 June 2016 Jump up ^ 280 Queen Street - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` 197 Church Street '' ( PDF ) . Parramatta City Council . Jump up ^ `` New Skyscraper to be Perths Tallest '' . Business News Western Australia . Retrieved 20 January 2017 Jump up ^ `` Gold skyscraper planned for site at Perth 's historic St Andrew 's Church '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 20 January 2017 Jump up ^ `` St Andrews Place - The Skyscraper Center '' . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 20 January 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Mega apartment project gets green light in Melbourne CBD '' . Australian Financial Review . Retrieved 12 March 2016 Jump up ^ 350 Queen Street Tower 2 - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 2 April 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` City apartment boom drives twin skyscrapers plan for Queen Street site '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 22 May 2015 Jump up ^ 350 Queen Street Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 2 April 2018 Jump up ^ Premier Tower - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 24 January 2017 Jump up ^ One Sydney Harbour ( Tower 1 ) - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Doyle slams approval of mega-tower '' . The Age . 13 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` New Southbank plans '' . The Age . 24 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` ' Sculptural twist ' for Southbank apartment tower '' . Herald Sun . 30 January 2013 Jump up ^ Swanston Central - 168 Victoria Street , Carlton . UrbanMelbourne.info . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Sydney Greenland Centre - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` 338 Pitt Street '' . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ 85 - 93 Lorimer Street , Docklands . UrbanMelbourne.info . Retrieved 22 May 2015 Jump up ^ 600 Collins Street - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Construction of a new hotel and residential tower and alterations to existing building '' . NSW Government . Planning and Environment . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ritz Carlton @ The Star '' . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ 295 City Road - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ 295 City Road , Southbank . UrbanMelbourne.info . Retrieved 22 May 2015 Jump up ^ Tower Melbourne - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center Jump up ^ `` State Government approval for 68 - storey city tower '' . Herald Sun . 10 December 2012 Jump up ^ `` Melbourne CBD 's Controversial Highrise Gets Green Light '' . Architecture Source . 22 January 2013 Jump up ^ 71 - 87 City Road - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ Grand Markwell Tower 2 - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` High - rise apartment and hotel complex includes laneway in Melbourne CBD '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 11 March 2015 Jump up ^ 380 Lonsdale Street , Melbourne . Urban Melbourne Jump up ^ `` Hiap Hoe supersize their 380 Lonsdale Street development '' . UrbanMelbourne.info. 11 August 2014 Jump up ^ 158 City Road , Southbank . UrbanMelbourne.info . Retrieved 22 May 2015 Jump up ^ 97 Franklin Street , Melbourne . UrbanMelbourne.info. 18 September 2014 Jump up ^ Quay Quarter Tower - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 26 November 2015 Jump up ^ 295 - 309 King Street , Melbourne . UrbanMelbourne.info . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ 293 - 303 La Trobe Street - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ 32 - 44 Flinders Street , Melbourne . UrbanMelbourne.info . Retrieved 22 May 2015 Jump up ^ 111 - 125 A'Beckett Street , Melbourne . UrbanMelbourne.info . Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Revised 272 Queen Street for sale '' . UrbanMelbourne.info. 27 March 2014 Jump up ^ `` $190 million crowning glory for Queen Street '' . Jump up ^ `` 48 Macquarie Street '' ( PDF ) . Parramatta City Council . Jump up ^ One Sydney Harbour ( Tower 2 ) - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ 183 - 189 A'Beckett Street , Melbourne . UrbanMelbourne.info . Retrieved 27 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` 4 - 6 Bligh Street '' . The Skyscraper Centre . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Frome Central Tower One - The Skyscraper Center . The Skyscraper Center . Retrieved 20 March 2018 Jump up ^ Melbourne - The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 31 January 2018 Jump up ^ Sydney - The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 31 January 2018 Jump up ^ Brisbane - The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 31 January 2018 Jump up ^ Gold Coast - The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 31 January 2018 Jump up ^ Perth - The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 31 January 2018 Jump up ^ Buildings in Australia . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 25 May 2017 Links to related articles Lists of tallest buildings in Australia List of cities in Australia with the most skyscrapers List of tallest structures in Australia List of tallest buildings in Oceania List of tallest buildings ACT Canberra NSW Sydney ( Chatswood Parramatta ) Wollongong NT Darwin QLD Brisbane Cairns Gold Coast Townsville SA Adelaide TAS Hobart VIC Melbourne WA Perth Skyscrapers in Brisbane over 150 metres in height Completed Over 200 m 1 William Street ( 259.8 m , 2016 ) Infinity ( 249 m , 2014 ) Soleil ( 243 m , 2012 ) Aurora Tower ( 207 m , 2006 ) Riparian Plaza ( 200 m , 2005 ) 150 -- 199 m One One One Eagle Street ( 194.7 m , 2012 ) Central Plaza One ( 174 m , 1988 ) 275 George Street ( 171 m , 2009 ) Waterfront Place ( 162 m , 1989 ) 480 Queen Street ( 153 m , 2016 ) 180 Brisbane ( 152 m , 2015 ) Brisbane Square ( 151 m , 2006 ) Skyline Apartments ( 150 m , 2007 ) 400 George Street ( 150 m , 2009 ) Brisbane skyline in 2013 Under construction Brisbane Skytower ( 270 m , 2018 ) The One ( 263 m , 2018 ) 300 George Street ( 182 m , 2018 ) Approved No. 1 Brisbane ( 274.3 m , TBA ) 30 Albert Street ( 270 m , TBA ) 171 Edward Street ( 265 m , TBA ) 195 - 199 Elizabeth Street ( 196.2 m , TBA ) 443 Queen Street ( 184.5 m , TBA ) Full list of approved projects Proposed Queen 's Tower ( 545 Queen Street ) ( 250 m , TBA ) 500 George Street ( 191 m , TBA ) Brisbane Square Tower 2 ( 170.7 m , TBA ) Regent Towers ( 158 m , TBA ) Full list of proposed projects Buildings listed in order of height and with year of completion Building data source : Skyscraper Center See also : List of tallest buildings in Brisbane Category : Buildings and structures in Brisbane Category : Skyscrapers in Brisbane Skyscrapers on the Gold Coast over 150 metres in height Completed Over 250 m Q1 Tower ( 323 m , 2005 ) 200 -- 249 m Soul Surfers Paradise ( 243 m , 2011 ) Circle on Cavill North Tower ( 220 m , 2007 ) 150 -- 199 m Hilton Surfers Hotel & Residences Orchid Tower ( 194 m , 2011 ) The Oracle Beach Tower ( 165 m , 2010 ) Skyline North Tower ( 158 m , 2004 ) Circle on Cavill South Tower ( 158 m , 2006 ) Gold Coast skyline in 2015 . Under construction Spirit ( 297 m , 2019 ) Sundale Apartments ( 180 m , 2016 ) Jewel Tower 1 ( 170 m , 2018 ) Approved Full list of approved projects Proposed Full list of proposed projects Buildings listed in order of height and with year of completion Building data source : Skyscraper Center See also : List of tallest buildings on the Gold Coast , Queensland Category : Buildings and structures on the Gold Coast , Queensland Category : Skyscrapers on the Gold Coast , Queensland Buildings in Perth over 100 metres in height Completed : Over 200 m Central Park ( 249 m , 1992 ) Brookfield Place ( 244 m , 2012 ) 108 St Georges Terrace ( 214 m , 1988 ) 100 -- 199 m QV. 1 ( 163 m , 1991 ) Cathedral Square ( 155 m , 2015 ) Exchange Plaza ( 146 m , 1992 ) St Martins Tower ( 140 m , 1977 ) Woodside Plaza ( 137 m , 2003 ) Allendale Square ( 132 m , 1976 ) 140 St Georges Terrace ( 131 m , 1975 ) Capital Square Tower One ( 130 m , 2017 ) Equus ( 111 m , 2011 ) 221 St Georges Terrace ( 110 m , 1990 ) Governor Stirling Tower ( 110 m , 1978 ) Bankwest Place ( 106 m , 2012 ) 100 St Georges Terrace ( 103 m , 2009 ) Elevation Apartment ( 103 m , 2010 ) See also : List of tallest buildings in Perth Category : Buildings and structures in Perth Category : Skyscrapers in Perth Perth skyline in 2016 Skyscrapers in Melbourne over 150 metres in height Completed Over 250 m Eureka Tower ( 297 m , 2006 ) 120 Collins Street ( 265 m , 1991 ) 101 Collins Street ( 260 m , 1991 ) Prima Pearl ( 254 m , 2014 ) Rialto Towers ( 251 m , 1986 ) 200 -- 249 m Victoria One ( 247 m , 2018 ) Vision Apartments ( 229 m , 2016 ) 568 Collins Street ( 224 m , 2015 ) Bourke Place ( 224 m , 1991 ) Light House Melbourne ( 218 m , 2017 ) Telstra Corporate Centre ( 218 m , 1992 ) Melbourne Central ( 211 m , 1991 ) Freshwater Place North ( 205 m , 2005 ) Eq . Tower ( 203 m , 2017 ) 150 -- 199 m Empire Melbourne ( 198 m , 2017 ) Abode318 ( 187 m , 2015 ) Sofitel Hotel ( 185 m , 1980 ) ANZ Tower ( 185 m , 1978 ) Nauru House ( 182 m , 1977 ) MY80 ( 173 m , 2014 ) Upper West Side Tower 5 ( 170 m , 2016 ) 385 Bourke Street ( 169 m , 1983 ) Zen Apartments ( 168 m , 2012 ) Platinum Tower One ( 167 m , 2016 ) Australian Stock Exchange Building ( 167 m , 1991 ) Casselden Place ( 166 m , 1992 ) 35 Spring Street ( 166 m , 2017 ) The Fifth ( 166 m , 2017 ) Ernst & Young Tower ( 165 m , 2005 ) SX Stage 1 ( 163 m , 2005 ) Royal Domain Tower ( 162 m , 2005 ) ANZ World Headquarters ( 162 m , 1993 ) National Bank House ( 161 m , 1978 ) 2 Southbank Boulevard ( 161 m , 2005 ) Verve 501 ( 159 m , 2006 ) Upper West Side Tower 2 ( 156 m , 2014 ) Southbank Central ( 153 m , 2017 ) Optus Centre ( 153 m , 1975 ) Crown Towers ( 152 m , 1997 ) 140 William Street ( 152 m , 2005 ) Urban Workshop Lonsdale ( 150 m , 2005 ) Melbourne skyline in 2015 Under construction Over 250 m Australia 108 ( 317 m , 2020 ) West Side Place Tower A ( 270 m , 2022 ) Aurora Melbourne Central ( 270 m , 2019 ) Queens Place North Tower ( 250 m , 2020 ) 200 -- 249 m Premier Tower ( 249 m , 2020 ) Victoria One ( 247 m , 2018 ) Swanston Central ( 237 m , 2019 ) Melbourne Square Tower 1 ( 226 m , 2021 ) 380 Melbourne ( 218 m , 2020 ) West Side Place Tower B ( 211 m , 2022 ) 150 -- 199 m Collins House ( 190 m , 2018 ) 80 - 82 Collins Street ( 187 m , 2019 ) Capitol Grand ( 178 m , 2019 ) Melbourne Square Tower 3 ( 175 m , 2021 ) Victoria Police Centre Tower 2 ( 171 m , 2020 ) Avant ( 167 m , 2018 ) Southbank Place ( 166 m , 2018 ) 477 Collins Street ( 158 m , 2019 ) Shadow Play ( 153 m , 2018 ) Approved Over 250 m One Queensbridge ( 323 m , TBA ) 25 -- 35 Power Street ( 280 m , TBA ) 200 -- 249 m Queens Place South Tower ( 251 m , TBA ) Elysium ( 244 m , TBA ) West Side Place Tower 2 ( 240 m , TBA ) West Side Place Tower 4 ( 230 m , TBA ) Melbourne Square Tower 2 ( 226 m , TBA ) 150 -- 199 m Melbourne Square Tower 5 ( 180 m , TBA ) Melbourne Square Tower 4 ( 175 m , TBA ) Full list of approved projects Proposed Full list of proposed projects Buildings listed in order of height and with year of completion Building data source : Skyscraper Center See also : List of tallest buildings in Melbourne Category : Buildings and structures in Melbourne Category : Skyscrapers in Melbourne Skyscrapers in Sydney over 150 metres in height Completed Over 200 m Chifley Tower ( 244 m , 1992 ) Citigroup Centre ( 243 m , 2000 ) Deutsche Bank Place ( 240 m , 2005 ) Meriton World Tower ( 230 m , 2004 ) MLC Centre ( 228 m , 1977 ) Governor Phillip Tower ( 227 m , 1993 ) Ernst & Young Tower ( 222 m , 2004 ) RBS Tower ( 219 m , 2000 ) International Tower 1 ( 217 m , 2016 ) 150 -- 199 m ANZ Tower ( 195 m , 2013 ) Suncorp Place ( 193 m , 1982 ) AMP Centre ( 188 m , 1976 ) Century Tower ( 183 m , 1997 ) Grosvenor Place ( 180 m , 1988 ) International Tower 2 ( 178 m , 2015 ) Capita Centre ( 173 m , 1989 ) Australia Square Tower ( 170 m , 1967 ) Meriton Tower ( 170 m , 2006 ) Metro Grand ( 170 m , 2014 ) The Peak ( 168 m , 1996 ) International Tower 3 ( 168 m , 2016 ) 1 O'Connell Street ( 166 m , 1991 ) Westpac Place ( 166 m , 2005 ) 201 Elizabeth Street ( 166 m , 1978 ) Gateway Plaza ( 164 m , 1989 ) HSBC Centre ( 162 m , 1988 ) The Cove ( 158 m , 2003 ) Hordern Towers ( 156 m , 1999 ) 200 George Street ( 155 m , 2015 ) Metro Spire ( 155 m , 2014 ) Angel Place ( 152 m , 2000 ) Sydney Central ( 152 m , 1992 ) 85 Castlereagh Street ( 151 m , 2011 ) Lumière Residences ( 151 m , 2007 ) Sydney skyline in 2014 Under construction Crown Sydney ( 271 m , 2019 ) Greenland Centre Sydney ( 236 m , 2019 ) International Tower 1 ( 217 m , 2017 ) Altitude Apartments Tower A ( 177 m , 2017 ) 189 Macquarie Street North Tower ( 167 m , 2017 ) 33 Bligh Street ( 165 m , TBA ) Approved Quay Quarter Sydney ( 216 m , 2020 ) Full list of approved projects Proposed Full list of proposed projects Buildings listed in order of height and with year of completion Building data source : Skyscraper Center See also : List of tallest buildings in Sydney Category : Buildings and structures in Sydney Category : Skyscrapers in Sydney Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia Indian subcontinent Southeast Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Central America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia , Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Eastern Orthodox Mosques Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Wood Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Kosovo Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Crosses Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Australia&oldid=855154271 '' Categories : Lists of tallest buildings in Australia Lists of buildings and structures in Australia Lists of tallest buildings in Oceania Skyscrapers in Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Русский Simple English Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 09 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many stories is the tallest building in australia | [
"\n\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nImage\n\nLocation\n\nHeight:m (ft)\n\nFloors\n\nYear\n\nNotes\n\nReference\n\nO\n\nES\n\n\n\n1\nQ1\n\nGold Coast\n322.5(1,058)\n275(902)\n78\n2005\nTallest building on the Gold Coast and Australia since 2005. Sixth-tallest residential building in the world. Q1 was short for Queensland Number One.\n[3][4]\n\n\n2\nEureka Tower\n\nMelbourne\n297.3(975)\n91\n2006\nTallest building in Melbourne since 2006. Tallest building in Australia to roof\n[5][6][7]\n\n\n3\n120 Collins Street\n\nMelbourne\n265(869)\n222.15(729)\n52\n1991\nTallest office building in Australia. Tallest building in Australia from 1991 to 2005.\n[8][9]\n\n\n4\n101 Collins Street\n\nMelbourne\n260(853)\n195(640)\n50\n1991\n23rd-tallest building in Australia to roof. Tallest building in Australia in 1991.\n[10][11]\n\n\n5\n1 William Street\n\nBrisbane\n259.8(852)\n224(735)\n46\n2016\nTallest building in Brisbane since 2016.\n[12]\n\n\n6\nPrima Pearl\n\nMelbourne\n254(833)\n72\n2014\n2nd-tallest building in Australia to roof.\n[13]\n\n\n7\nRialto Towers\n\nMelbourne\n251.1(824)\n63\n1986\nTallest office building in Australia to roof. Tallest building in Australia from 1986 to 1991.\n[14][15]\n\n\n=8\nInfinity Tower\n\nBrisbane\n249(817)\n81\n2013\nTallest building in Brisbane from 2013 until 2016.\n[16]\n\n\n=8\nCentral Park\n\nPerth\n249(817)\n226(741)\n51\n1992\nTallest building in Perth since 1992\n[17][18]\n\n\n10\nChifley Tower\n\nSydney\n244(801)\n216(709)\n53\n1992\nTallest building in Sydney since 1992\n[19]\n\n\n=11\nSoleil\n\nBrisbane\n243(797)\n74\n2011\n2nd-tallest building in Australia including basements\n\n[20]\n\n\n\n=11\nCitigroup Centre\n\nSydney\n243(797)\n206(676)\n50\n2000\nSecond-tallest building in Sydney\n[21]\n\n\n13\nSoul\n\nGold Coast\n242.6(796)\n77\n2012\n4th-tallest building in Australia to roof\n[22]\n\n\n14\nDeutsche Bank Place\n\nSydney\n240(787)\n193(633)\n39\n2005\nShortest building to roof of top 30\n[23][24]\n\n\n15\nBrookfield Place\n\nPerth\n234.4(769)\n46\n2011\nAlso known as City Square or BHP City Square\n[25]\n\n\n16\nWorld Tower\n\nSydney\n230(755)\n73\n2004\nWon the bronze Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2004\n[26][27]\n\n\n17\nVision Apartments\n\nMelbourne\n229(751)\n70\n2016\nTopped–out in July 2016.\n[28]\n\n\n18\nMLC Centre\n\nSydney\n228(748)\n60\n1977\nTallest building in Australia from 1977 to 1986.\n[29][30]\n\n\n19\nGovernor Phillip Tower\n\nSydney\n227(745)\n54\n1993\nIncorporates the site of Australia's first Government House\n[31][32]\n\n\n=20\n568 Collins Street\n\nMelbourne\n224(735)\n68\n2015\nTopped-out in April, 2015\n[33][34]\n\n\n=20\nBourke Place\n\nMelbourne\n224(735)\n49\n1991\nA 30 m communications mast sits atop the building\n[35][36]\n\n\n22\nErnst & Young Tower at Latitude\n\nSydney\n222(728)\n192(630)\n45\n2004\n\n[37][38]\n\n\n23\nCircle on Cavill North Tower\n\nGold Coast\n219.5(720)\n70\n2007\n\n[39][40]\n\n\n24\nAurora Place\n\nSydney\n218.9(718)\n188(617)\n41\n2001\n\n[41][42]\n\n\n=25\nLight House Melbourne\n\nMelbourne\n218(715)\n69\n2018\nTopped-out in February 2017.\n[43]\n\n\n=25\nTelstra Corporate Centre\n\nMelbourne\n218(715)\n193(633)\n47\n1992\n\n[44][45]\n\n\n27\nInternational Towers 1\n\nSydney\n217(711)\n49\n2016\n\n[46]\n\n\n28\nBankWest Tower\n\nPerth\n214(702)\n50\n1988\nA 33 m communications mast sits atop the building.\n[47][48]\n\n\n29\nThe Tower at Melbourne Central\n\nMelbourne\n211(692)\n54\n1991\nPart of a major shopping, office and public transport hub in Melbourne.\n[49][50]\n\n\n30\nAurora\n\nBrisbane\n207(679)\n69\n2006\n\n[51][52]\n\n\n31\nFreshwater Place\n\nMelbourne\n205(673)\n63\n2005\nThe residential part of an office/residential building complex\n[53][54]\n\n\n32\nEq. Tower\n\nMelbourne\n202.7(665)\n63\n2017\nTopped-out in October 2016.\n[55]\n\n\n33\nRiparian Plaza\n\nBrisbane\n200(656)\n53\n2005\nA 50 m communications mast stands atop the building.\n[56][57]\n\n"
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-3278984592890399013 | Shiva | Shiva - Wikipedia Shiva Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Hindu deity . For Jewish period of mourning , see Shiva ( Judaism ) . For other uses , see Shiva ( disambiguation ) . Shiva Statue of Shiva at Murudeshwar Affiliation Parabrahman ( Shaivism ) , Trimurti , Deva , Ishvara Abode Mount Kailash Mantra Om Namah Shivaya Weapon Trishula , Pashupatastra , Parashu ( Axe ) , Rudra Astra , Pinaka ( bow ) Symbols Lingam Mount Nandi Festivals Maha Shivaratri , Shravan month Consort Parvati ( also known as Sati , Gauri , Kali , and Durga ) Children Ganesha and Kartikeya Regional : Ayyappan ( Aiyanar , Shasta ) , Ashokasundari , Manasa , Vishnumaya and others This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . Shiva ( / ˈʃiːvə , ˈʃɪ - / ; Sanskrit : शिव , IAST : Śiva , lit . the auspicious one ) is one of the principal deities of Hinduism . He is the Supreme Being within Shaivism , one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism . Shiva is the `` destroyer of evil and the transformer '' within the Trimurti , the Hindu trinity that includes Brahma and Vishnu . In Shaivism tradition , Shiva is the Supreme being who creates , protects and transforms the universe . In the goddess tradition of Hinduism called Shaktism , the goddess is described as supreme , yet Shiva is revered along with Vishnu and Brahma . A goddess is stated to be the energy and creative power ( Shakti ) of each , with Parvati the equal complementary partner of Shiva . He is one of the five equivalent deities in Panchayatana puja of the Smarta tradition of Hinduism . According to the Shaivism sect , the highest form of Shiva is formless , limitless , transcendent and unchanging absolute Brahman , and the primal Atman ( soul , self ) of the universe . Shiva has many benevolent and fearsome depictions . In benevolent aspects , he is depicted as an omniscient Yogi who lives an ascetic life on Mount Kailash as well as a householder with wife Parvati and his two children , Ganesha and Kartikeya . In his fierce aspects , he is often depicted slaying demons . Shiva is also known as Adiyogi Shiva , regarded as the patron god of yoga , meditation and arts . The iconographical attributes of Shiva are the serpent around his neck , the adorning crescent moon , the holy river Ganga flowing from his matted hair , the third eye on his forehead , the trishula as his weapon and the damaru . He is usually worshipped in the aniconic form of Lingam . Shiva is a pan-Hindu deity , revered widely by Hindus , in India , Nepal and Sri Lanka . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and other names 2 Historical development and literature 2.1 Indus Valley origins 2.2 Vedic origins 2.2. 1 Rudra 2.2. 2 Agni 2.2. 3 Indra 2.3 Later literature 2.4 Assimilation of traditions 3 Position within Hinduism 3.1 Shaivism 3.2 Vaishnavism 3.3 Shaktism 3.4 Smarta Tradition 3.5 Yoga 3.6 Trimurti 4 Attributes 5 Forms and depictions 5.1 Destroyer and Benefactor 5.2 Ascetic and householder 5.3 Iconographic forms 5.4 Lingam 5.5 The five mantras 5.6 Avatars 6 Festivals 7 Beyond Indian subcontinent and Hinduism 8 In contemporary culture 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Etymology and other names Main article : Shiva Sahasranama A sculpture of Shiva at the Elephanta Caves A sculpture of siva with Moustache at Archaeological Museum GOA The Sanskrit word `` Śiva '' ( Devanagari : शिव , transliterated as Shiva or Siva ) means , states Monier Monier - Williams , `` auspicious , propitious , gracious , benign , kind , benevolent , friendly '' . The roots of Śiva in folk etymology is śī which means `` in whom all things lie , pervasiveness '' and va which means `` embodiment of grace '' . The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the Rig Veda ( approximately 1700 - 1100 BC ) , as an epithet for several Rigvedic deities , including Rudra . The term Shiva also connotes `` liberation , final emancipation '' and `` the auspicious one '' , this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic layers of literature . The term evolved from the Vedic Rudra - Shiva to the noun Shiva in the Epics and the Puranas , as an auspicious deity who is the `` creator , reproducer and dissolver '' . Sharma presents another etymology with the Sanskrit root śarv - , which means `` to injure '' or `` to kill '' , interprets the name to connote `` one who can kill the forces of darkness '' . The Sanskrit word śaiva means `` relating to the god Shiva '' , and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect . It is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices , such as Shaivism . Some authors associate the name with the Tamil word śivappu meaning `` red '' , noting that Shiva is linked to the Sun ( śivan , `` the Red one '' , in Tamil ) and that Rudra is also called Babhru ( brown , or red ) in the Rigveda . The Vishnu sahasranama interprets Shiva to have multiple meanings : `` The Pure One '' , and `` the One who is not affected by three Guṇas of Prakṛti ( Sattva , Rajas , and Tamas ) '' . Shiva is known by many names such Viswanatha ( lord of the universe ) , Mahadeva , Mahandeo , Mahasu , Mahesha , Maheshvara , Shankara , Shambhu , Rudra , Hara , Trilochana , Devendra ( chief of the gods ) , Neelakanta , Subhankara , Trilokinatha ( lord of the three realms ) , and Ghrneshwar ( lord of compassion ) . The highest reverence for Shiva in Shaivism is reflected in his epithets Mahādeva ( `` Great god '' ; mahā `` Great '' and deva `` god '' ) , Maheśvara ( `` Great Lord '' ; mahā `` great '' and īśvara `` lord '' ) , and Parameśvara ( `` Supreme Lord '' ) . Sahasranama are medieval Indian texts that list a thousand names derived from aspects and epithets of a deity . There are at least eight different versions of the Shiva Sahasranama , devotional hymns ( stotras ) listing many names of Shiva . The version appearing in Book 13 ( Anuśāsanaparvan ) of the Mahabharata provides one such list . Shiva also has Dasha - Sahasranamas ( 10,000 names ) that are found in the Mahanyasa . The Shri Rudram Chamakam , also known as the Śatarudriya , is a devotional hymn to Shiva hailing him by many names . Historical development and literature See also : History of Shaivism The Shiva - related tradition is a major part of Hinduism , found all over India , Nepal , Sri Lanka , and Bali ( Indonesia ) . Scholars have interpreted early prehistoric paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters , carbon dated to be from pre-10,000 BCE period , as Shiva dancing , Shiva 's trident , and his mount Nandi . Rock paintings from Bhimbetka , depicting a figure with a trishul , have been described as Nataraja by Erwin Neumayer , who dates them to the mesolithic . Indus Valley origins Main article : Pashupati seal Seal discovered during excavation of the Indus Valley archaeological site in the Indus Valley has drawn attention as a possible representation of a `` yogi '' or `` proto - Shiva '' figure . Of several Indus valley seals that show animals , one seal that has attracted attention shows a large central figure , either horned or wearing a horned headdress and possibly ithyphallic , seated in a posture reminiscent of the Lotus position , surrounded by animals . This figure was named by early excavators of Mohenjo - daro as Pashupati ( Lord of Animals , Sanskrit paśupati ) , an epithet of the later Hindu deities Shiva and Rudra . Sir John Marshall and others suggested that this figure is a prototype of Shiva , with three faces , seated in a `` yoga posture '' with the knees out and feet joined . Semi-circular shapes on the head were interpreted as two horns . Scholars such as Gavin Flood , John Keay and Doris Meth Srinivasan have expressed doubts about this suggestion . Gavin Flood states that it is not clear from the seal that the figure has three faces , is seated in a yoga posture , or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure . He characterizes these views as `` speculative '' , but adds that it is nevertheless possible that there are echoes of Shaiva iconographic themes , such as half - moon shapes resembling the horns of a bull . John Keay writes that `` he may indeed be an early manifestation of Lord Shiva as Pashu - pati '' , but a couple of his specialties of this figure does not match with Rudra . Writing in 1997 , Srinivasan interprets what John Marshall interpreted as facial as not human but more bovine , possibly a divine buffalo - man . The interpretation of the seal continues to be disputed . McEvilley , for example , states that it is not possible to `` account for this posture outside the yogic account '' . Asko Parpola states that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000 - 2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as `` seated bull '' and not a yogi , and the bovine interpretation is likely more accurate . Gregory L. Possehl in 2002 , associated it with the water buffalo , and concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognize the figure as a deity , and its posture as one of ritual discipline , regarding it as a proto - Shiva would `` go too far '' . Vedic origins The Vedic literature refers to a minor atmospheric deity , with fearsome powers called Rudra . The Rigveda , for example , has 3 out of 1,028 hymns dedicated to Rudra , and he finds occasional mention in other hymns of the same text . The term Shiva also appears in the Rigveda , but simply as an epithet that means `` kind , auspicious '' , one of the adjectives used to describe many different Vedic deities . While fierce ruthless natural phenomenon and storm - related Rudra is feared in the hymns of the Rigveda , the beneficial rains he brings are welcomed as Shiva aspect of him . This healing , nurturing , life - enabling aspect emerges in the Vedas as Rudra - Shiva , and in post-Vedic literature ultimately as Shiva who combines the destructive and constructive powers , the terrific and the pacific , as the ultimate recycler and rejuvenator of all existence . The similarities between the iconography and theologies of Shiva with Greek and European deities have led to proposals for an Indo - European link for Shiva , or lateral exchanges with ancient central Asian cultures . His contrasting aspects such as being terrifying or blissful depending on the situation , are similar to those of the Greek god Dionysus , as are their iconic associations with bull , snakes , anger , bravery , dancing and carefree life . The ancient Greek texts of the time of Alexander the Great call Shiva as `` Indian Dionysus '' , or alternatively call Dionysus as `` god of the Orient '' . Similarly , the use of phallic symbol as an icon for Shiva is also found for Irish , Nordic , Greek ( Dionysus ) and Roman deities , as was the idea of this aniconic column linking heaven and earth among early Indo - Aryans , states Roger Woodward . Others contest such proposals , and suggest Shiva to have emerged from indigenous pre-Aryan tribal origins . Shiva standing on Apasmara , carved on the lingam in Gudimallam , 1st century BC Rudra Three - headed Shiva , Gandhara , 2nd century AD Shiva as we know him today shares many features with the Vedic god Rudra , and both Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in Hindu scriptures . The two names are used synonymously . Rudra , the god of the roaring storm , is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce , destructive deity . The oldest surviving text of Hinduism is the Rig Veda , which is dated to between 1700 and 1100 BC based on linguistic and philological evidence . A god named Rudra is mentioned in the Rig Veda . The name Rudra is still used as a name for Shiva . In RV 2.33 , he is described as the `` Father of the Rudras '' , a group of storm gods . The hymn 10.92 of the Rigveda states that deity Rudra has two natures , one wild and cruel ( rudra ) , another that is kind and tranquil ( shiva ) . The Vedic texts do not mention bull or any animal as the transport vehicle ( vahana ) of Rudra or other deities . However , post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata and the Puranas state the Nandi bull , the Indian zebu , in particular , as the vehicle of Rudra and of Shiva , thereby unmistakably linking them as same . Agni Rudra and Agni have a close relationship . The identification between Agni and Rudra in the Vedic literature was an important factor in the process of Rudra 's gradual development into the later character as Rudra - Shiva . The identification of Agni with Rudra is explicitly noted in the Nirukta , an important early text on etymology , which says , `` Agni is also called Rudra . '' The interconnections between the two deities are complex , and according to Stella Kramrisch : The fire myth of Rudra - Śiva plays on the whole gamut of fire , valuing all its potentialities and phases , from conflagration to illumination . In the Śatarudrīya , some epithets of Rudra , such as Sasipañjara ( `` Of golden red hue as of flame '' ) and Tivaṣīmati ( `` Flaming bright '' ) , suggest a fusing of the two deities . Agni is said to be a bull , and Lord Shiva possesses a bull as his vehicle , Nandi . The horns of Agni , who is sometimes characterized as a bull , are mentioned . In medieval sculpture , both Agni and the form of Shiva known as Bhairava have flaming hair as a special feature . Indra Vima Kadphises with ithyphallic Shiva . Coin of the Kushan Empire ( 1st - century BCE to 2nd - century CE ) . The right image has been interpreted as Shiva with trident and bull . According to Wendy Doniger , the Puranic Shiva is a continuation of the Vedic Indra . Doniger gives several reasons for her hypothesis . Both are associated with mountains , rivers , male fertility , fierceness , fearlessness , warfare , transgression of established mores , the Aum sound , the Supreme Self . In the Rig Veda the term śiva is used to refer to Indra. ( 2.20. 3 , 6.45. 17 , and 8.93. 3 . ) Indra , like Shiva , is likened to a bull . In the Rig Veda , Rudra is the father of the Maruts , but he is never associated with their warlike exploits as is Indra . The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto - Indo - European religion , and the pre-Islamic Indo - Iranian religion . The earliest iconic artworks of Shiva may be from Gandhara and northwest parts of ancient India . There is some uncertainty as the artwork that has survived is damaged and they show some overlap with meditative Buddha - related artwork , but the presence of Shiva 's trident and phallic symbolism in this art suggests it was likely Shiva . Numismatics research suggests that numerous coins of the ancient Kushan Empire that have survived , were images of a god who is probably Shiva . The Shiva in Kushan coins is referred to as Oesho of unclear etymology and origins , but the simultaneous presence of Indra and Shiva in the Kushan era artwork suggest that they were revered deities by the start of the Kushan Empire . The texts and artwork of Jainism show Indra as a dancer , although not identical but generally resembling the dancing Shiva artwork found in Hinduism , particularly in their respective mudras . For example , in the Jain caves at Ellora , extensive carvings show dancing Indra next to the images of Tirthankaras in a manner similar to Shiva Nataraja . The similarities in the dance iconography suggests that there may be a link between ancient Indra and Shiva . Later literature Rudra 's evolution from a minor Vedic deity to a supreme being is first evidenced in the Shvetashvatara Upanishad ( 400 -- 200 BC ) , according to Gavin Flood . Prior to it , the Upanishadic literature is monistic , and the Shvetashvatara text presents the earliest seeds of theistic devotion to Rudra - Shiva . Here Rudra - Shiva is identified as the creator of the cosmos and liberator of souls from the birth - rebirth cycle . The period of 200 BC to 100 AD also marks the beginning of the Shaiva tradition focused on the worship of Shiva as evidenced in other literature of this period . Shaiva devotees and ascetics are mentioned in Patanjali 's Mahābhāṣya ( 2nd - century BC ) and in the Mahabharata . Other scholars such as Robert Hume and Doris Srinivasan state that the Shvetashvatara Upanishad presents pluralism , pantheism , or henotheism , rather than being a text just on Shiva theism . Self - realization and Shaiva Upanishads He who sees himself in all beings , And all beings in him , attains the highest Brahman , not by any other means . -- Kaivalya Upanishad 10 The Shaiva Upanishads are a group of 14 minor Upanishads of Hinduism variously dated from the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE through the 17th century . These extol Shiva as the metaphysical unchanging reality Brahman and the Atman ( soul , self ) , and include sections about rites and symbolisms related to Shiva . A few texts such as Atharvashiras Upanishad mention Rudra , and assert all gods are Rudra , everyone and everything is Rudra , and Rudra is the principle found in all things , their highest goal , the innermost essence of all reality that is visible or invisible . The Kaivalya Upanishad similarly , states Paul Deussen -- a German Indologist and professor of Philosophy , describes the self - realized man as who `` feels himself only as the one divine essence that lives in all '' , who feels identity of his and everyone 's consciousness with Shiva ( highest Atman ) , who has found this highest Atman within , in the depths of his heart . The Shaiva Puranas , particularly the Shiva Purana and the Linga Purana , present the various aspects of Shiva , mythologies , cosmology and pilgrimage ( Tirtha ) associated with him . The Shiva - related Tantra literature , composed between the 8th and 11th centuries , are regarded in devotional dualistic Shaivism as Sruti . Dualistic Shaiva Agamas which consider soul within each living being and Shiva as two separate realities ( dualism , dvaita ) , are the foundational texts for Shaiva Siddhanta . Other Shaiva Agamas teach that these are one reality ( monism , advaita ) , and that Shiva is the soul , the perfection and truth within each living being . In Shiva related sub-traditions , there are ten dualistic Agama texts , eighteen qualified monism - cum - dualism Agama texts and sixty four monism Agama texts . Shiva - related literature developed extensively across India in the 1st millennium CE and through the 13th century , particularly in Kashmir and Tamil Shaiva traditions . The monist Shiva literature posit absolute oneness , that is Shiva is within every man and woman , Shiva is within every living being , Shiva is present everywhere in the world including all non-living being , and there is no spiritual difference between life , matter , man and Shiva . The various dualistic and monist Shiva - related ideas were welcomed in medieval southeast Asia , inspiring numerous Shiva - related temples , artwork and texts in Indonesia , Myanmar , Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam , Thailand and Malaysia , with syncretic integration of local pre-existing theologies . Assimilation of traditions See also : Roots of Hinduism The figure of Shiva as we know him today may be an amalgamation of various older deities into a single figure . How the persona of Shiva converged as a composite deity is not understood , a challenge to trace and has attracted much speculation . According to Vijay Nath , for example : Vishnu and Siva ( ... ) began to absorb countless local cults and deities within their folds . The latter were either taken to represent the multiple facets of the same god or else were supposed to denote different forms and appellations by which the god came to be known and worshipped . ( ... ) Siva became identified with countless local cults by the sheer suffixing of Isa or Isvara to the name of the local deity , e.g. , Bhutesvara , Hatakesvara , Chandesvara . '' An example of assimilation took place in Maharashtra , where a regional deity named Khandoba is a patron deity of farming and herding castes . The foremost center of worship of Khandoba in Maharashtra is in Jejuri . Khandoba has been assimilated as a form of Shiva himself , in which case he is worshipped in the form of a lingam . Khandoba 's varied associations also include an identification with Surya and Karttikeya . Position within Hinduism Lingodbhava is a Shaiva sectarian icon where Shiva is depicted rising from the Lingam ( an infinite fiery pillar ) that narrates how Shiva is the foremost of the Trimurti ; Brahma and Vishnu are depicted bowing to Lingodbhava Shiva in the centre . Shaivism Main articles : Shaivism and History of Shaivism Part of a series on Shaivism Deities ( show ) Paramashiva ( Supreme being ) Shiva - Shakti Sadasiva Rudra Bhairava Parvati Durga Kali Ganesha Murugan Others Scriptures and texts ( show ) Agamas and Tantras Vedas Svetasvatara Tirumurai Shivasutras Vachanas Philosophy ( show ) Three Components Pati Pashu Pasam Three bondages Anava Karma Maya 36 Tattvas Yoga Practices ( show ) Vibhuti Rudraksha Panchakshara Bilva Maha Shivaratri Yamas - Niyamas Guru - Linga - Jangam Schools ( show ) Adi Margam Pashupata Kalamukha Kapalika Mantra Margam Saiddhantika Siddhantism Non - Saiddhantika Kashmir Shaivism Pratyabhijna Vama Dakshina Kaula : Trika - Yamala - Kubjika - Netra Others Veerashaiva - Lingayatism Nath Siddhar Srouta Nusantara Agama Siwa Scholars ( show ) Lakulisa Abhinavagupta Vasugupta Utpaladeva Nayanars Meykandar Nirartha Basava Sharana Srikantha Appayya Navnath Related ( show ) Nandi Tantrism Jyotirlinga Shiva Temples Shaivism is one of the four major sects of Hinduism , the others being Vaishnavism , Shaktism and the Smarta Tradition . Followers of Shaivism , called `` Shaivas '' , revere Shiva as the Supreme Being . Shaivas believe that Shiva is All and in all , the creator , preserver , destroyer , revealer and concealer of all that is . He is not only the creator in Shaivism , he is the creation that results from him , he is everything and everywhere . Shiva is the primal soul , the pure consciousness and Absolute Reality in the Shaiva traditions . The Shaivism theology is broadly grouped into two : the popular theology influenced by Shiva - Rudra in the Vedas , Epics and the Puranas ; and the esoteric theology influenced by the Shiva and Shakti - related Tantra texts . The Vedic - Brahmanic Shiva theology includes both monist ( advaita ) and devotional traditions ( dvaita ) such as Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta and Lingayatism with temples featuring items such as linga , Shiva - Parvati iconography , bull Nandi within the premises , relief artwork showing mythologies and aspects of Shiva . The Tantric Shiva tradition ignored the mythologies and Puranas related to Shiva , and depending on the sub-school developed a spectrum of practices . For example , historical records suggest the tantric Kapalikas ( literally , the `` skull - men '' ) co-existed with and shared many Vajrayana Buddhist rituals , engaged in esoteric practices that revered Shiva and Shakti wearing skulls , begged with empty skulls , used meat , alcohol and sexuality as a part of ritual . In contrast , the esoteric tradition within Kashmir Shaivism has featured the Krama and Trika sub-traditions . The Krama sub-tradition focussed on esoteric rituals around Shiva - Kali pair . The Trika sub-tradition developed a theology of triads involving Shiva , combined it with an ascetic lifestyle focusing on personal Shiva in the pursuit of monistic self liberation . Vaishnavism The Vaishnava ( Vishnu - oriented ) literature acknowledges and discusses Shiva . Like Shaiva literature that presents Shiva as supreme , the Vaishnava literature presents Vishnu as supreme . However , both traditions are pluralistic and revere both Shiva and Vishnu ( along with Devi ) , their texts do not show exclusivism , and Vaishnava texts such as the Bhagavata Purana while praising Krishna as the Ultimate Reality , also present Shiva and Shakti as a personalized form and equivalent to the same Ultimate Reality . The texts of Shaivism tradition similarly praise Vishnu . The Skanda Purana , for example , states : Vishnu is nobody but Shiva , and he who is called Shiva is but identical with Vishnu . -- Skanda Purana , 1.8. 20 -- 21 Mythologies of both traditions include legends about who is superior , about Shiva paying homage to Vishnu , and Vishnu paying homage to Shiva . However , in texts and artwork of either tradition , the mutual salutes are symbolism for complementarity . The Mahabharata declares the unchanging Ultimate Reality ( Brahman ) to be identical to Shiva and to Vishnu , that Vishnu is the highest manifestation of Shiva , and Shiva is the highest manifestation of Vishnu . Shaktism Ardhanarishvara sculpture , Khajuraho , depicting Shiva with goddess Parvati as his equal half . The goddess - oriented Shakti tradition of Hinduism is based on the premise that the Supreme Principle and the Ultimate Reality called Brahman is female ( Devi ) , but it treats the male as her equal and complementary partner . This partner is Shiva . The earliest evidence of the tradition of reverence for the feminine with Rudra - Shiva context , is found in the Hindu scripture Rigveda , in a hymn called the Devi Sukta : I am the Queen , the gatherer - up of treasures , most thoughtful , first of those who merit worship . Thus gods have established me in many places with many homes to enter and abide in . Through me alone all eat the food that feeds them , -- each man who sees , breathes , hears the word outspoken . They know it not , yet I reside in the essence of the Universe . Hear , one and all , the truth as I declare it . I , verily , myself announce and utter the word that gods and men alike shall welcome . I make the man I love exceeding mighty , make him nourished , a sage , and one who knows Brahman . I bend the bow for Rudra ( Shiva ) , that his arrow may strike , and slay the hater of devotion . I rouse and order battle for the people , I created Earth and Heaven and reside as their Inner Controller . ( ... ) -- Devi Sukta , Rigveda 10.125. 3 -- 10.125. 8 , The Devi Upanishad in its explanation of the theology of Shaktism , mentions and praises Shiva such as in its verse 19 . Shiva , along with Vishnu , is a revered god in the Devi Mahatmya , a text of Shaktism considered by the tradition to be as important as the Bhagavad Gita . The Ardhanarisvara concept co-mingles god Shiva and goddess Shakti by presenting an icon that is half man and half woman , a representation and theme of union found in many Hindu texts and temples . Smarta tradition Oleograph by Raja Ravi Varma depicting a Shiva - centric Panchayatana . A bearded Shiva sits in the centre with his wife Parvati and their infant son Ganesha ; surrounded by ( clockwise from left upper corner ) Ganesha , Devi , Vishnu and Surya . Shiva 's mount is the bull Nandi below Shiva . Main article : Panchayatana puja In the Smarta tradition of Hinduism , Shiva is a part of its Panchayatana puja . This practice consists of the use of icons or anicons of five deities considered equivalent , set in a quincunx pattern . Shiva is one of the five deities , others being Vishnu , Devi ( such as Parvati ) , Surya and Ganesha or Skanda or any personal god of devotee 's preference ( Ishta Devata ) . Philosophically , the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols ( murti ) are icons to help focus on and visualize aspects of Brahman , rather than distinct beings . The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons , recognize the Absolute symbolized by the icons , on the path to realizing the nondual identity of one 's Atman ( soul , self ) and the Brahman . Popularized by Adi Shankara , many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the Gupta Empire period , and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand ( about 24 kilometers from Ajmer ) has been dated to belong to the Kushan Empire era ( pre-300 CE ) . The Kushan period set includes Shiva , Vishnu , Surya , Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear . Yoga Shiva is considered the Great Yogi who is totally absorbed in himself -- the transcendental reality . He is the Lord of Yogis , and the teacher of Yoga to sages . As Shiva Dakshinamurthi , states Stella Kramrisch , he is the supreme guru who `` teaches in silence the oneness of one 's innermost self ( atman ) with the ultimate reality ( brahman ) . '' The theory and practice of Yoga , in different styles , has been a part of all major traditions of Hinduism , and Shiva has been the patron or spokesperson in numerous Hindu Yoga texts . These contain the philosophy and techniques for Yoga . These ideas are estimated to be from or after the late centuries of the 1st millennium CE , and have survived as Yoga texts such as the Isvara Gita ( literally , `` Shiva 's song '' ) , which Andrew Nicholson -- a professor of Hinduism and Indian Intellectual History -- states have had `` a profound and lasting influence on the development of Hinduism '' . Other famed Shiva - related texts influenced Hatha Yoga , integrated monistic ( Advaita Vedanta ) ideas with Yoga philosophy and inspired the theoretical development of Indian classical dance . These include the Shiva Sutras , the Shiva Samhita , and those by the scholars of Kashmir Shaivism such as the 10th - century scholar Abhinavagupta . Abhinavagupta writes in his notes on the relevance of ideas related to Shiva and Yoga , by stating that `` people , occupied as they are with their own affairs , normally do nothing for others '' , and Shiva and Yoga spirituality helps one look beyond , understand interconnectedness , and thus benefit both the individual and the world towards a more blissful state of existence . Trimurti Main article : Trimurti The Trimurti is a concept in Hinduism in which the cosmic functions of creation , maintenance , and destruction are personified by the forms of Brahma the creator , Vishnu the maintainer or preserver and Shiva the destroyer or transformer . These three deities have been called `` the Hindu triad '' or the `` Great Trinity '' . However , the ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism feature many triads of gods and goddesses , some of which do not include Shiva . Attributes Shiva with Parvati . Shiva is depicted three - eyed , the Ganges flowing through his matted hair , wearing ornaments of serpents and a skull garland , covered in ashes , and seated on a tiger skin A seated Shiva holds an axe and deer in his hands . Third eye : Shiva is often depicted with a third eye , with which he burned Desire ( Kāma ) to ashes , called `` Tryambakam '' ( Sanskrit : त्र्यम्बकम् ) , which occurs in many scriptural sources . In classical Sanskrit , the word ambaka denotes `` an eye '' , and in the Mahabharata , Shiva is depicted as three - eyed , so this name is sometimes translated as `` having three eyes '' . However , in Vedic Sanskrit , the word ambā or ambikā means `` mother '' , and this early meaning of the word is the basis for the translation `` three mothers '' . These three mother - goddesses who are collectively called the Ambikās . Other related translations have been based on the idea that the name actually refers to the oblations given to Rudra , which according to some traditions were shared with the goddess Ambikā . Crescent moon : Shiva bears on his head the crescent moon . The epithet Candraśekhara ( Sanskrit : चन्द्रशेखर `` Having the moon as his crest '' -- candra = `` moon '' ; śekhara = `` crest , crown '' ) refers to this feature . The placement of the moon on his head as a standard iconographic feature dates to the period when Rudra rose to prominence and became the major deity Rudra - Shiva . The origin of this linkage may be due to the identification of the moon with Soma , and there is a hymn in the Rig Veda where Soma and Rudra are jointly implored , and in later literature , Soma and Rudra came to be identified with one another , as were Soma and the moon . Ashes : Shiva iconography shows his body covered with ashes ( bhasma , vibhuti ) . The ashes represent a reminder that all of material existence is impermanent , comes to an end becoming ash , and the pursuit of eternal soul and spiritual liberation is important . Matted hair : Shiva 's distinctive hair style is noted in the epithets Jaṭin , `` the one with matted hair '' , and Kapardin , `` endowed with matted hair '' or `` wearing his hair wound in a braid in a shell - like ( kaparda ) fashion '' . A kaparda is a cowrie shell , or a braid of hair in the form of a shell , or , more generally , hair that is shaggy or curly . Blue throat : The epithet Nīlakaṇtha ( Sanskrit नीलकण्ठ ; nīla = `` blue '' , kaṇtha = `` throat '' ) . Since Shiva drank the Halahala poison churned up from the Samudra Manthan to eliminate its destructive capacity . Shocked by his act , Parvati squeezed his neck and stopped it in his neck to prevent it from spreading all over the universe , supposed to be in Shiva 's stomach . However the poison was so potent that it changed the color of his neck to blue . Meditating yogi : his iconography often shows him in a Yoga pose , meditating , sometimes on a symbolic Himalayan Mount Kailasha as the Lord of Yoga . Sacred Ganga : The epithet Gangadhara , `` Bearer of the river Ganga '' ( Ganges ) . The Ganga flows from the matted hair of Shiva . The Gaṅgā ( Ganga ) , one of the major rivers of the country , is said to have made her abode in Shiva 's hair . Tiger skin : Shiva is often shown seated upon a tiger skin . Serpents : Shiva is often shown garlanded with a snake . Trident : Shiva typically carries a trident called Trishula . The trident is a weapon or a symbol in different Hindu texts . As a symbol , the Trishul represents Shiva 's three aspects of `` creator , preserver and destroyer '' , or alternatively it represents the equilibrium of three Gunas of `` sattva , rajas and tamas '' . Drum : A small drum shaped like an hourglass is known as a damaru . This is one of the attributes of Shiva in his famous dancing representation known as Nataraja . A specific hand gesture ( mudra ) called ḍamaru - hasta ( Sanskrit for `` ḍamaru - hand '' ) is used to hold the drum . This drum is particularly used as an emblem by members of the Kāpālika sect . Axe ( Parashu ) and Deer are held in Shiva 's hands in south Indian icons . Rosary beads : he is garlanded with or carries a string of rosary beads in his right hand , typically made of Rudraksha . This symbolises grace , mendicant life and meditation . Nandī : Nandī , also known as `` Nandin '' , is the name of the bull that serves as Shiva 's mount ( Sanskrit : vāhana ) . Shiva 's association with cattle is reflected in his name Paśupati , or Pashupati ( Sanskrit : पशुपति ) , translated by Sharma as `` lord of cattle '' and by Kramrisch as `` lord of animals '' , who notes that it is particularly used as an epithet of Rudra . Mount Kailāsa : Mount Kailash in the Himalayas is his traditional abode . In Hindu mythology , Mount Kailāsa is conceived as resembling a Linga , representing the center of the universe . Gaṇa : The Gaṇas are attendants of Shiva and live in Kailash . They are often referred to as the bhutaganas , or ghostly hosts , on account of their nature . Generally benign , except when their lord is transgressed against , they are often invoked to intercede with the lord on behalf of the devotee . His son Ganesha was chosen as their leader by Shiva , hence Ganesha 's title gaṇa - īśa or gaṇa - pati , `` lord of the gaṇas '' . Varanasi : Varanasi ( Benares ) is considered to be the city specially loved by Shiva , and is one of the holiest places of pilgrimage in India . It is referred to , in religious contexts , as Kashi . Forms and depictions According to Gavin Flood , `` Shiva is a god of ambiguity and paradox , '' whose attributes include opposing themes . The ambivalent nature of this deity is apparent in some of his names and the stories told about him . Destroyer and benefactor Shiva is represented in his many aspects . Left : Bhairava icon of the fierce form of Shiva , from 17th / 18th century Nepal ; Right : Shiva as a meditating yogi in Rishikesh . In Yajurveda , two contrary sets of attributes for both malignant or terrifying ( Sanskrit : rudra ) and benign or auspicious ( Sanskrit : śiva ) forms can be found , leading Chakravarti to conclude that `` all the basic elements which created the complex Rudra - Śiva sect of later ages are to be found here '' . In the Mahabharata , Shiva is depicted as `` the standard of invincibility , might , and terror '' , as well as a figure of honor , delight , and brilliance . The duality of Shiva 's fearful and auspicious attributes appears in contrasted names . The name Rudra reflects Shiva 's fearsome aspects . According to traditional etymologies , the Sanskrit name Rudra is derived from the root rud - , which means `` to cry , howl '' . Stella Kramrisch notes a different etymology connected with the adjectival form raudra , which means `` wild , of rudra nature '' , and translates the name Rudra as `` the wild one '' or `` the fierce god '' . R.K. Sharma follows this alternate etymology and translates the name as `` terrible '' . Hara is an important name that occurs three times in the Anushasanaparvan version of the Shiva sahasranama , where it is translated in different ways each time it occurs , following a commentorial tradition of not repeating an interpretation . Sharma translates the three as `` one who captivates '' , `` one who consolidates '' , and `` one who destroys '' . Kramrisch translates it as `` the ravisher '' . Another of Shiva 's fearsome forms is as Kāla `` time '' and Mahākāla `` great time '' , which ultimately destroys all things . The name Kāla appears in the Shiva Sahasranama , where it is translated by Ram Karan Sharma as `` ( the Supreme Lord of ) Time '' . Bhairava `` terrible '' or `` frightful '' is a fierce form associated with annihilation . In contrast , the name Śaṇkara , `` beneficent '' or `` conferring happiness '' reflects his benign form . This name was adopted by the great Vedanta philosopher Adi Shankara ( c. 788 -- 820 ) , who is also known as Shankaracharya . The name Śambhu ( Sanskrit : शम्भु swam - on its own ; bhu - burn / shine ) `` self - shining / shining on its own '' , also reflects this benign aspect . Ascetic and householder Shiva is depicted both as an ascetic yogi , and as a householder with goddess Parvati . Shiva is depicted as both an ascetic yogi and as a householder ( grihasta ) , roles which have been traditionally mutually exclusive in Hindu society . When depicted as a yogi , he may be shown sitting and meditating . His epithet Mahāyogi ( `` the great Yogi : Mahā = `` great '' , Yogi = `` one who practices Yoga '' ) refers to his association with yoga . While Vedic religion was conceived mainly in terms of sacrifice , it was during the Epic period that the concepts of tapas , yoga , and asceticism became more important , and the depiction of Shiva as an ascetic sitting in philosophical isolation reflects these later concepts . As a family man and householder , he has a wife , Parvati and two sons , Ganesha and Kartikeya . His epithet Umāpati ( `` The husband of Umā '' ) refers to this idea , and Sharma notes that two other variants of this name that mean the same thing , Umākānta and Umādhava , also appear in the sahasranama . Umā in epic literature is known by many names , including the benign Pārvatī . She is identified with Devi , the Divine Mother ; Shakti ( divine energy ) as well as goddesses like Tripura Sundari , Durga , Kali , Kamakshi and Minakshi . The consorts of Shiva are the source of his creative energy . They represent the dynamic extension of Shiva onto this universe . His son Ganesha is worshipped throughout India and Nepal as the Remover of Obstacles , Lord of Beginnings and Lord of Obstacles . Kartikeya is worshipped in South India ( especially in Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Karnataka ) by the names Subrahmanya , Subrahmanyan , Shanmughan , Swaminathan and Murugan , and in Northern India by the names Skanda , Kumara , or Karttikeya . Some regional deities are also identified as Shiva 's children . As one story goes , Shiva is enticed by the beauty and charm of Mohini , Vishnu 's female avatar , and procreates with her . As a result of this union , Shasta -- identified with regional deities Ayyappan and Aiyanar -- is born . In outskirts of Ernakulam in Kerala , a deity named Vishnumaya is stated to be offspring of Shiva and invoked in local exorcism rites , but this deity is not traceable in Hindu pantheon and is possibly a local tradition with `` vaguely Chinese '' style rituals , states Saletore . In some traditions , Shiva has daughters like the serpent - goddess Manasa and Ashokasundari . According to Doniger , two regional stories depict demons Andhaka and Jalandhara as the children of Shiva who war with him , and are later destroyed by Shiva . Iconographic forms Chola dynasty statue depicting Shiva dancing as Nataraja ( Los Angeles County Museum of Art ) The depiction of Shiva as Nataraja ( Sanskrit : naṭarāja , `` Lord of Dance '' ) is popular . The names Nartaka ( `` dancer '' ) and Nityanarta ( `` eternal dancer '' ) appear in the Shiva Sahasranama . His association with dance and also with music is prominent in the Puranic period . In addition to the specific iconographic form known as Nataraja , various other types of dancing forms ( Sanskrit : nṛtyamūrti ) are found in all parts of India , with many well - defined varieties in Tamil Nadu in particular . The two most common forms of the dance are the Tandava , which later came to denote the powerful and masculine dance as Kala - Mahakala associated with the destruction of the world . When it requires the world or universe to be destroyed , Shiva does it by the Tandava , and Lasya , which is graceful and delicate and expresses emotions on a gentle level and is considered the feminine dance attributed to the goddess Parvati . Lasya is regarded as the female counterpart of Tandava . The Tandava - Lasya dances are associated with the destruction - creation of the world . Dakshinamurthy ( Dakṣiṇāmūrti ) literally describes a form ( mūrti ) of Shiva facing south ( dakṣiṇa ) . This form represents Shiva in his aspect as a teacher of yoga , music , and wisdom and giving exposition on the shastras . This iconographic form for depicting Shiva in Indian art is mostly from Tamil Nadu . Elements of this motif can include Shiva seated upon a deer - throne and surrounded by sages who are receiving his instruction . An iconographic representation of Shiva called Ardhanarishvara ( Ardhanārīśvara ) shows him with one half of the body as male and the other half as female . According to Ellen Goldberg , the traditional Sanskrit name for this form is best translated as `` the lord who is half woman '' , not as `` half - man , half - woman '' . Shiva is often depicted as an archer in the act of destroying the triple fortresses , Tripura , of the Asuras . Shiva 's name Tripurantaka ( Tripurāntaka ) , `` ender of Tripura '' , refers to this important story . Shiva Lingam with tripundra . Lingam Main article : Lingam Apart from anthropomorphic images of Shiva , he is also represented in aniconic form of a lingam . These are depicted in various designs . One common form is the shape of a vertical rounded column in the centre of a lipped , disk - shaped object , the yoni , symbolism for the goddess Shakti . In Shiva temples , the linga is typically present in its sanctum sanctorum and is the focus of votary offerings such as milk , water , flower petals , fruit , fresh leaves , and rice . According to Monier Williams and Yudit Greenberg , linga literally means `` mark , sign or emblem '' , and also refers to a `` mark or sign from which the existence of something else can be reliably inferred '' . It implies the regenerative divine energy innate in nature , symbolized by Shiva . Some scholars , such as Wendy Doniger , view linga merely as an erotic phallic symbol , although this interpretation is disputed by others , including Swami Vivekananda , Sivananda Saraswati , and S.N. Balagangadhara . According to Moriz Winternitz , the linga in the Shiva tradition is `` only a symbol of the productive and creative principle of nature as embodied in Shiva '' , and it has no historical trace in any obscene phallic cult . The worship of the lingam originated from the famous hymn in the Atharva - Veda Samhitâ sung in praise of the Yupa - Stambha , the sacrificial post . In that hymn , a description is found of the beginningless and endless Stambha or Skambha , and it is shown that the said Skambha is put in place of the eternal Brahman . Just as the Yajna ( sacrificial ) fire , its smoke , ashes , and flames , the Soma plant , and the ox that used to carry on its back the wood for the Vedic sacrifice gave place to the conceptions of the brightness of Shiva 's body , his tawny matted hair , his blue throat , and the riding on the bull of the Shiva , the Yupa - Skambha gave place in time to the Shiva - Linga . In the text Linga Purana , the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories , meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the superiority of Shiva as Mahadeva . The oldest known archaeological linga as an anicon of Shiva is the Gudimallam lingam from 3rd - century BCE . In Shaivism pilgrimage tradition , twelve major temples of Shiva are called Jyotirlinga , which means `` linga of light '' , and these are located across India . The five mantras The 10th century five headed Shiva , Sadashiva , Cambodia . Five is a sacred number for Shiva . One of his most important mantras has five syllables ( namaḥ śivāya ) . Shiva 's body is said to consist of five mantras , called the pañcabrahmans . As forms of God , each of these have their own names and distinct iconography : Sadyojāta Vāmadeva Aghora Tatpuruṣa Īsāna These are represented as the five faces of Shiva and are associated in various texts with the five elements , the five senses , the five organs of perception , and the five organs of action . Doctrinal differences and , possibly , errors in transmission , have resulted in some differences between texts in details of how these five forms are linked with various attributes . The overall meaning of these associations is summarized by Stella Kramrisch : Through these transcendent categories , Śiva , the ultimate reality , becomes the efficient and material cause of all that exists . According to the Pañcabrahma Upanishad : One should know all things of the phenomenal world as of a fivefold character , for the reason that the eternal verity of Śiva is of the character of the fivefold Brahman . ( Pañcabrahma Upanishad 31 ) Avatars Puranic scriptures contain occasional references to `` ansh '' -- literally portion , or avatars of Shiva , but the idea of Shiva avatars is not universally accepted in Saivism . The Linga Purana mentions twenty - eight forms of Shiva which are sometimes seen as avatars , however such mention is unusual and the avatars of Shiva is relatively rare in Shaivism compared to the well emphasized concept of Vishnu avatars in Vaishnavism . Some Vaishnava literature reverentially link Shiva to characters in its mythologies . For example , in the Hanuman Chalisa , Hanuman is identified as the eleventh avatar of Shiva . The Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana claim sage Durvasa to be a portion of Shiva . Some medieval era writers have called the Advaita Vedanta philosopher Adi Shankara an incarnation of Shiva . Festivals Main article : Maha Shivaratri Maha Sivaratri festival is observed in the night , usually in lighted temples or special prabha ( above ) . There is a Shivaratri in every lunar month on its 13th night / 14th day , but once a year in late winter ( February / March ) and before the arrival of spring , marks Maha Shivaratri which means `` the Great Night of Shiva '' . Maha Shivaratri is a major Hindu festival , but one that is solemn and theologically marks a remembrance of `` overcoming darkness and ignorance '' in life and the world , and meditation about the polarities of existence , of Shiva and a devotion to humankind . It is observed by reciting Shiva - related poems , chanting prayers , remembering Shiva , fasting , doing Yoga and meditating on ethics and virtues such as self - restraint , honesty , noninjury to others , forgiveness , introspection , self - repentance and the discovery of Shiva . The ardent devotees keep awake all night . Others visit one of the Shiva temples or go on pilgrimage to Jyotirlingam shrines . Those who visit temples , offer milk , fruits , flowers , fresh leaves and sweets to the lingam . Some communities organize special dance events , to mark Shiva as the lord of dance , with individual and group performances . According to Jones and Ryan , Maha Sivaratri is an ancient Hindu festival which probably originated around the 5th - century . Another major festival involving Shiva worship is Kartik Purnima , commemorating Shiva 's victory on the demons Tripurasura . Across India , various Shiva temples are illuminated throughout the night . Shiva icons are carried in procession in some places . Regional festivals dedicated to Shiva include the Chittirai festival in Madurai around April / May , one of the largest festivals in South India , celebrating the wedding of Minakshi ( Parvati ) and Shiva . The festival is one where both the Vaishnava and Shaiva communities join the celebrations , because Vishnu gives away his sister Minakshi in marriage to Shiva . Some Shaktism - related festivals revere Shiva along with the goddess considered primary and Supreme . These include festivals dedicated to Annapurna such as Annakuta and those related to Durga . In Himalayan regions such as Nepal , as well as in northern , central and western India , the festival of Teej is celebrated by girls and women in the monsoon season , in honor of goddess Parvati , with group singing , dancing and by offering prayers in Parvati - Shiva temples . The ascetic , Vedic and Tantric sub-traditions related to Shiva , such as those that became ascetic warriors during the Islamic rule period of India , celebrate the Kumbha Mela festival . This festival cycles every 12 years , in four pilgrimage sites within India , with the event moving to the next site after a gap of three years . The biggest is in Prayaga ( renamed Allahabad during the Mughal rule era ) , where millions of Hindus of different traditions gather at the confluence of rivers Ganges and Yamuna . In the Hindu tradition , the Shiva - linked ascetic warriors ( Nagas ) get the honor of starting the event by entering the sangam first for bathing and prayers . Beyond Indian subcontinent and Hinduism Shiva has been adopted and merged with Buddhist deities . Left : Daikokuten is a Shiva - Ōkuninushi fusion deity in Japan ; Right : Acala is a fierce Shiva adaptation . In Shaivism of Indonesia , the popular name for Shiva has been Batara Guru , which is derived from Sanskrit Bhattaraka which means `` noble lord '' . He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher , the first of all Gurus in Indonesian Hindu texts , mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the Indian subcontinent . However , the Batara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva , as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him . Batara Guru 's wife in southeast Asia is the same Hindu deity Durga , who has been popular since ancient times , and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations , each visualized with different names such as Uma , Sri , Kali and others . Shiva has been called Sadasiva , Paramasiva , Mahadeva in benevolent forms , and Kala , Bhairava , Mahakala in his fierce forms . The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivism traditions found on the subcontinent . However , among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era , the more common are of those of Shaiva Siddhanta ( locally also called Siwa Siddhanta , Sridanta ) . In the pre-Islamic period on the island of Java , Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions , though not identical religions . The medieval era Indonesian literature equates Buddha with Siwa ( Shiva ) and Janardana ( Vishnu ) . This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali Indonesia in the modern era , where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva . The worship of Shiva became popular in Central Asia through the Hephthalite Empire , and Kushan Empire . Shaivism was also popular in Sogdia and the Kingdom of Yutian as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan . In this depiction , Shiva is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread ( `` Yajnopavita '' ) . He is clad in tiger skin while his attendants are wearing Sogdian dress . A panel from Dandan Oilik shows Shiva in His Trimurti form with Shakti kneeling on her right thigh . Another site in the Taklamakan Desert depicts him with four legs , seated cross-legged on a cushioned seat supported by two bulls . It is also noted that Zoroastrian wind god Vayu - Vata took on the iconographic appearance of Shiva . Daikokuten , one of the Seven Lucky Gods in Japan , is considered to be evolved from Shiva . The god enjoys an exalted position as a household deity in Japan and is worshipped as the god of wealth and fortune . The name is the Japanese equivalent of Mahākāla , the Buddhist name for Shiva . Shiva is also mentioned in Buddhist Tantra . Shiva as Upaya and Shakti as Prajna . In cosmologies of Buddhist tantra , Shiva is depicted as passive , with Shakti being his active counterpart . The statue of Shiva as Nataraja at CERN in Geneva . The Japuji Sahib of the Guru Granth Sahib says , `` The Guru is Shiva , the Guru is Vishnu and Brahma ; the Guru is Paarvati and Lakhshmi . '' In the same chapter , it also says , `` Shiva speaks , and the Siddhas listen . '' In Dasam Granth , Guru Gobind Singh has mentioned two avtars of Rudra : Dattatreya Avtar and Parasnath Avtar . In contemporary culture In contemporary culture , Shiva is depicted in films , books , tattoos and art . He has been referred to as `` the god of cool things '' and a `` bonafide rock hero '' . Popular films include the Gujarati language movie Har Har Mahadev and well - known books include Amish Tripathi 's Shiva Trilogy , which has sold over a million copies . On television , Devon Ke Dev ... Mahadev , a mythological drama about Shiva on the Life OK channel was among the most watched shows at its peak popularity . In the Final Fantasy videogame series , Shiva is often depicted as a benevolent ancient being of Ice Element who frequently aids the heroes against mighty foes ( via summoning ) . Shiva is also a character in the video game Dark Souls , with the name Shiva of the East . References ^ Jump up to : Zimmer ( 1972 ) pp. 124 - 126 ^ Jump up to : Fuller , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Javid , Ali ( January 2008 ) . World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India . Algora Publishing . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 484 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Roshen Dalal ( 2010 ) . Hinduism : An Alphabetical Guide . Penguin Books . pp. 137 , 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 341421 - 6 . Jump up ^ Joanna Gottfried Williams ( 1981 ) . Kalādarśana : American Studies in the Art of India . BRILL Academic . p. 62 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 06498 - 2 . Jump up ^ Denise Cush ; Catherine A. Robinson ; Michael York ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Routledge . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 1267 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : McDaniel , June ( 2004 ) . Offering Flowers , Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Benegal . Oxford University Press , US . p. 156 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516790 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : RN Saletore ( 1981 ) . Indian Witchcraft . Abhinav Publications . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 391 - 02480 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : David Kinsley 1988 , p. 50 , 103 -- 104 . ^ Jump up to : Flood 1996 , pp. 17 , 153 Jump up ^ K. Sivaraman ( 1973 ) . Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective : A Study of the Formative Concepts , Problems , and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1771 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jan Gonda ( 1969 ) , The Hindu Trinity , Anthropos , Bd 63 / 64 , H 1 / 2 , pages 212 -- 226 ^ Jump up to : Arvind Sharma 2000 , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Issitt & Main 2014 , pp. 147 , 168 . Jump up ^ Flood 1996 , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Tracy Pintchman 2015 , pp. 113 , 119 , 144 , 171 . Jump up ^ Kramrisch 1981 , pp. 184 -- 188 Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ William K. Mahony 1998 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Shiva Samhita , e.g. translation by Mallinson . Jump up ^ Varenne , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Marchand for Jnana Yoga . ^ Jump up to : Flood 1996 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Keay , p. xxvii . ^ Jump up to : Monier Monier - Williams ( 1899 ) , Sanskrit to English Dictionary with Etymology , Oxford University Press , pages 1074 -- 1076 Jump up ^ Karen Pechilis Prentiss ( 2000 ) . The Embodiment of Bhakti . Oxford University Press . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 535190 - 3 . Jump up ^ For use of the term śiva as an epithet for other Vedic deities , see : Chakravarti , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chakravarti 1986 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Chakravarti 1986 , pp. 1 , 7 , 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ For root śarv - see : Apte , p. 910 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma 1996 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Apte , p. 927 Jump up ^ For the definition `` Śaivism refers to the traditions which follow the teachings of Śiva ( śivaśāna ) and which focus on the deity Śiva ... '' see : Flood ( 1996 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ van Lysebeth , Andre ( 2002 ) . Tantra : Cult of the Feminine . Weiser Books . p. 213 . ISBN 9780877288459 . Jump up ^ Tyagi , Ishvar Chandra ( 1982 ) . Shaivism in Ancient India : From the Earliest Times to C.A.D. 300 . Meenakshi Prakashan . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Sri Vishnu Sahasranama , Ramakrishna Math edition , pg. 47 and pg. 122 . Jump up ^ Swami Chinmayananda 's translation of Vishnu sahasranama , p. 24 , Central Chinmaya Mission Trust . Jump up ^ Powell , Robert ( 15 April 2016 ) . Himalayan Drawings . Taylor & Francis . p. 27 . ISBN 9781317709091 . Jump up ^ Berreman , Gerald Duane ( 1963 ) . Hindus of the Himalayas . University of California Press . p. 385 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ For translation see : Dutt , Chapter 17 of Volume 13 . Jump up ^ For translation see : Ganguli , Chapter 17 of Volume 13 . Jump up ^ Chidbhavananda , `` Siva Sahasranama Stotram '' . Jump up ^ Lochtefeld , James G. ( 2002 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism : A-M . Rosen Publishing Group . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 3179 - X . ^ Jump up to : Kramrisch , p. 476 . Jump up ^ For appearance of the name महादेव in the Shiva Sahasranama see : Sharma 1996 , p. 297 Jump up ^ Kramrisch , p. 477 . Jump up ^ For appearance of the name in the Shiva Sahasranama see : Sharma 1996 , p. 299 Jump up ^ For Parameśhvara as `` Supreme Lord '' see : Kramrisch , p. 479 . Jump up ^ Sir Monier Monier - Williams , sahasranAman , A Sanskrit - English Dictionary : Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo - European Languages , Oxford University Press ( Reprinted : Motilal Banarsidass ) , ISBN 978 - 8120831056 Jump up ^ Sharma 1996 , p. viii -- ix Jump up ^ This is the source for the version presented in Chidbhavananda , who refers to it being from the Mahabharata but does not explicitly clarify which of the two Mahabharata versions he is using . See Chidbhavananda , p. 5 . Jump up ^ For an overview of the Śatarudriya see : Kramrisch , pp. 71 -- 74 . Jump up ^ For complete Sanskrit text , translations , and commentary see : Sivaramamurti ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ James A. Boon ( 1977 ) . The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597 -- 1972 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 143 , 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21398 - 1 . Jump up ^ Klaus K. Klostermaier ( 2007 ) , A Survey of Hinduism , 3rd Edition , State University of University Press , pp. 24 -- 25 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7082 - 4 , ... prehistoric cave paintings at Bhimbetka ( from ca . 100,000 to ca . 10,000 BCE ) which were discovered only in 1967 ... Jump up ^ Mathpal , Yashodhar ( 1984 ) . Prehistoric Rock Paintings of Bhimbetka , Central India . Abhinav Publications . p. 220 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 193 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rajarajan , R.K.K. ( 1996 ) . `` Vṛṣabhavāhanamūrti in Literature and Art '' . Annali del Istituto Orientale , Naples. 56.3 : 56.3 : 305 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Neumayer , Erwin ( 2013 ) . Prehistoric Rock Art of India . OUP India . p. 104 . ISBN 9780198060987 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1 in : Flood ( 1996 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Singh , S.P. , Rgvedic Base of the Pasupati Seal of Mohenjo - Daro ( Approx 2500 -- 3000 BC ) , Puratattva 19 : 19 -- 26 . 1989 Jump up ^ Kenoyer , Jonathan Mark . Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization . Karachi : Oxford University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ For translation of paśupati as `` Lord of Animals '' see : Michaels , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Ranbir Vohra ( 2000 ) . The Making of India : A Historical Survey . M.E. Sharpe . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Grigoriĭ Maksimovich Bongard - Levin ( 1985 ) . Ancient Indian Civilization . Arnold - Heinemann . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Steven Rosen ; Graham M. Schweig ( 2006 ) . Essential Hinduism . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Flood ( 1996 ) , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Flood 1996 , pp. 28 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : Flood 2003 , pp. 204 -- 205 . ^ Jump up to : Srinivasan , Doris Meth ( 1997 ) . Many Heads , Arms and Eyes : Origin , Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art . Brill . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 9004107588 . Jump up ^ Flood ( 2003 ) , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ John Keay . India : A History . Grove Press . p. 14 . Jump up ^ McEvilley , Thomas ( 1981 - 03 - 01 ) . `` An Archaeology of Yoga '' . Res : Anthropology and aesthetics. 1 : 51 . doi : 10.1086 / RESv1n1ms20166655 . ISSN 0277 - 1322 . Jump up ^ Asko Parpola ( 2009 ) , Deciphering the Indus Script , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0521795661 , pages 240 - 250 Jump up ^ Possehl , Gregory L. ( 11 November 2002 ) . The Indus Civilization : A Contemporary Perspective . Rowman Altamira . pp. 140 -- 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 1642 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chakravarti 1986 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Chakravarti 1986 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Chakravarti 1986 , pp. 1 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Roger D. Woodard ( 2010 ) . Indo - European Sacred Space : Vedic and Roman Cult . University of Illinois Press . pp. 60 -- 67 , 79 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 09295 - 4 . Jump up ^ Alain Daniélou ( 1992 ) . Gods of Love and Ecstasy : The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus . Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 49 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89281 - 374 - 2 . , Quote : `` The parallels between the names and legends of Shiva , Osiris and Dionysus are so numerous that there can be little doubt as to their original sameness '' . Jump up ^ Namita Gokhale ( 2009 ) . The Book of Shiva . Penguin Books . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 306761 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pierfrancesco Callieri ( 2005 ) , A Dionysian Scheme on a Seal from Gupta India , East and West , Vol. 55 , No. 1 / 4 ( December 2005 ) , pages 71 -- 80 Jump up ^ Long , J. Bruce ( 1971 ) . `` Siva and Dionysos : Visions of Terror and Bliss '' . Numen. 18 ( 3 ) : 180 . doi : 10.2307 / 3269768 . ^ Jump up to : Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty ( 1980 ) , Dionysus and Siva : Parallel Patterns in Two Pairs of Myths , History of Religions , Vol. 20 , No. 1 / 2 ( Aug . -- Nov. , 1980 ) , pages 81 -- 111 Jump up ^ Patrick Laude ( 2005 ) . Divine Play , Sacred Laughter , and Spiritual Understanding . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 41 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8058 - 8 . Jump up ^ Walter Friedrich Otto ; Robert B. Palmer ( 1965 ) . Dionysus : Myth and Cult . Indiana University Press . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20891 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dineschandra Sircar ( 1998 ) . The Śākta Pīṭhas . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 3 with footnote 2 , 102 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0879 - 9 . Jump up ^ Michaels , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Flood ( 2003 ) , p. 73 . Jump up ^ For dating based on `` cumulative evidence '' see : Oberlies , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Doniger , pp. 221 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Stella Kramrisch ( 1993 ) . The Presence of Siva . Princeton University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01930 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stella Kramrisch ( 1993 ) . The Presence of Siva . Princeton University Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01930 - 4 . Jump up ^ For general statement of the close relationship , and example shared epithets , see : Sivaramamurti , p. 11 . Jump up ^ For an overview of the Rudra - Fire complex of ideas , see : Kramrisch , pp. 15 -- 19 . Jump up ^ For quotation `` An important factor in the process of Rudra 's growth is his identification with Agni in the Vedic literature and this identification contributed much to the transformation of his character as Rudra - Śiva . '' see : Chakravarti , p. 17 . Jump up ^ For translation from Nirukta 10.7 , see : Sarup ( 1927 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Kramrisch , p. 18 . Jump up ^ For `` Note Agni - Rudra concept fused '' in epithets Sasipañjara and Tivaṣīmati see : Sivaramamurti , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Rig Veda : Rig - Veda , Book 6 : HYMN XLVIII . Agni and Others '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ For the parallel between the horns of Agni as bull , and Rudra , see : Chakravarti , p. 89 . Jump up ^ RV 8.49 ; 10.155 . Jump up ^ For flaming hair of Agni and Bhairava see : Sivaramamurti , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Hans Loeschner ( 2012 ) , Victor Mair ( Editor ) , The Stūpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great Sino - Platonic Papers , No. 227 , pages 11 , 19 Jump up ^ Doniger , Wendy ( 1973 ) . `` The Vedic Antecedents '' . Śiva , the erotic ascetic . Oxford University Press US . pp. 84 -- 9 . Jump up ^ For text of RV 2.20. 3a as स नो युवेन्द्रो जोहूत्रः सखा शिवो नरामस्तु पाता । and translation as `` May that young adorable Indra , ever be the friend , the benefactor , and protector of us , his worshipper '' see : Arya & Joshi ( 2001 ) , p. 48 , volume 2 . Jump up ^ For text of RV 6.45. 17 as यो गृणतामिदासिथापिरूती शिवः सखा । स त्वं न इन्द्र मृलय ॥ and translation as `` Indra , who has ever been the friend of those who praise you , and the insurer of their happiness by your protection , grant us felicity '' see : Arya & Joshi ( 2001 ) , p. 91 , volume 3 . Jump up ^ For translation of RV 6.45. 17 as `` Thou who hast been the singers ' Friend , a Friend auspicious with thine aid , As such , O Indra , favour us '' see : Griffith 1973 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ For text of RV 8.93. 3 as स न इन्द्रः सिवः सखाश्चावद् गोमद्यवमत् । उरूधारेव दोहते ॥ and translation as `` May Indra , our auspicious friend , milk for us , like a richly - streaming ( cow ) , wealth of horses , kine , and barley '' see : Arya & Joshi ( 2001 ) , p. 48 , volume 2 . Jump up ^ For the bull parallel between Indra and Rudra see : Chakravarti , p. 89 . Jump up ^ RV 7.19 . Jump up ^ For the lack of warlike connections and difference between Indra and Rudra , see : Chakravarti , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Roger D. Woodard ( 18 August 2006 ) . Indo - European Sacred Space : Vedic and Roman Cult . University of Illinois Press . pp. 242 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 09295 - 4 . Jump up ^ Beckwith 2009 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ T. Richard Blurton ( 1993 ) . Hindu Art . Harvard University Press . pp. 84 , 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 39189 - 5 . Jump up ^ T. Richard Blurton ( 1993 ) . Hindu Art . Harvard University Press . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 39189 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pratapaditya Pal ( 1986 ) . Indian Sculpture : Circa 500 B.C. - A.D. 700 . University of California Press . pp. 75 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05991 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : C. Sivaramamurti ( 2004 ) . Satarudriya : Vibhuti Or Shiva 's Iconography . Abhinav Publications . pp. 41 , 59 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 038 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa Owen ( 2012 ) . Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora . BRILL Academic . pp. 25 -- 29 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 20629 - 9 . Jump up ^ Flood 1996 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Flood 2003 , p. 205 , for date of Mahabhasya see : Peter M. Scharf ( 1996 ) , The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy : Grammar , Nyāya , and Mīmāṃsā , American Philosophical Society , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87169 - 863 - 6 , page 1 with footnote 2 . Jump up ^ Robert Hume , Shvetashvatara Upanishad , The Thirteen Principal Upanishads , Oxford University Press , pages 399 , 403 Jump up ^ M. Hiriyanna ( 2000 ) , The Essentials of Indian Philosophy , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120813304 , pages 32 -- 36 Jump up ^ ( a ) A Kunst , Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Vol. 31 , Issue 02 , June 1968 , pages 309 -- 314 ; doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00146531 ; ( b ) Doris Srinivasan ( 1997 ) , Many Heads , Arms , and Eyes , Brill , ISBN 978 - 9004107588 , pages 96 -- 97 and Chapter 9 ^ Jump up to : Deussen 1997 , pp. 792 -- 793 . Jump up ^ Sastri 1898 , pp. 80 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Deussen 1997 , p. 556 , 769 footnote 1 . ^ Jump up to : Deussen 1997 , p. 769 . Jump up ^ Klostermaier 1984 , pp. 134 , 371 . Jump up ^ Radhakrishnan 1953 , p. 929 . Jump up ^ Flood 2003 , pp. 205 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Rocher 1986 , pp. 187 -- 188 , 222 -- 228 . ^ Jump up to : Flood 2003 , pp. 208 -- 212 . Jump up ^ DS Sharma ( 1990 ) , The Philosophy of Sadhana , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791403471 , pages 9 -- 14 Jump up ^ Richard Davis ( 2014 ) , Ritual in an Oscillating Universe : Worshipping Siva in Medieval India , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0691603087 , page 167 note 21 , Quote ( page 13 ) : `` Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics , while others are decidedly dualist . Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment , while others assert that knowledge is more important '' . Jump up ^ Mark Dyczkowski ( 1989 ) , The Canon of the Śaivāgama , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120805958 , pages 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ JS Vasugupta ( 2012 ) , Śiva Sūtras , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120804074 , pages 252 , 259 ^ Jump up to : Flood 1996 , pp. 162 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Ganesh Tagare ( 2002 ) , The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120818927 , pages 16 -- 19 Jump up ^ Jan Gonda ( 1975 ) . Handbook of Oriental Studies . Section 3 Southeast Asia , Religions . BRILL Academic . pp. 3 -- 20 , 35 -- 36 , 49 -- 51 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 04330 - 6 . Jump up ^ Upendra Thakur ( 1986 ) . Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture . Abhinav Publications . pp. 83 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 207 - 9 . Jump up ^ Phyllis Granoff ( 2003 ) , Mahakala 's Journey : from Gana to God , Rivista degli studi orientali , Vol. 77 , Fasc. 1 / 4 ( 2003 ) , pages 95 -- 114 Jump up ^ For Shiva as a composite deity whose history is not well documented , see : Keay , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Nath 2001 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Courtright , p. 205 . Jump up ^ For Jejuri as the foremost center of worship see : Mate , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Biroba , Mhaskoba und Khandoba : Ursprung , Geschichte und Umwelt von pastoralen Gottheiten in Maharastra , Wiesbaden 1976 ( German with English Synopsis ) pp. 180 -- 98 , `` Khandoba is a local deity in Maharashtra and been Sanskritised as an incarnation of Shiva . '' Jump up ^ For worship of Khandoba in the form of a lingam and possible identification with Shiva based on that , see : Mate , p. 176 . Jump up ^ For use of the name Khandoba as a name for Karttikeya in Maharashtra , see : Gupta , Preface , and p. 40 . Jump up ^ Michaels 2004 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Michaels 2004 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Surendranath Dasgupta ( 1973 ) . A History of Indian Philosophy . Cambridge University Press . pp. 17 , 48 -- 49 , 65 -- 67 , 155 -- 161 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0416 - 6 . Jump up ^ David N. Lorenzen ( 1972 ) . The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas : Two Lost Śaivite Sects . University of California Press . pp. 2 -- 5 , 15 -- 17 , 38 , 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 01842 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Narendranath B. Patil ( 2003 ) . The Variegated Plumage : Encounters with Indian Philosophy . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 125 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1953 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mark S.G. Dyczkowski ( 1987 ) . The Doctrine of Vibration : An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism . State University of New York Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 431 - 9 . Jump up ^ Michaels 2004 , pp. 215 -- 216 . Jump up ^ David Lawrence , Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy , University of Manitoba , Canada , IEP , Section 1 ( d ) Jump up ^ Edwin Bryant ( 2003 ) , Krishna : The Beautiful Legend of God : Srimad Bhagavata Purana , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0141913377 , pages 10 -- 12 , Quote : `` ( ... ) accept and indeed extol the transcendent and absolute nature of the other , and of the Goddess Devi too '' Jump up ^ Ludo Rocher ( 1986 ) , The Puranas , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3447025225 , page 23 with footnotes Jump up ^ EO James ( 1997 ) , The Tree of Life , BRILL Academic , ISBN 978 - 9004016125 , pages 150 -- 153 Jump up ^ Gregor Maehle ( 2009 ) , Ashtanga Yoga , New World , ISBN 978 - 1577316695 , page 17 ; for Sanskrit , see : Skanda Purana Shankara Samhita Part 1 , Verses 1.8. 20 -- 21 ( Sanskrit ) Jump up ^ Saroj Panthey ( 1987 ) . Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings . Mittal Publications . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 016 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barbara Holdrege ( 2012 ) . Hananya Goodman , ed . Between Jerusalem and Benares : Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism . State University of New York Press . pp. 120 -- 125 with footnotes . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 0437 - 0 . Jump up ^ Charles Johnston ( 1913 ) . The Atlantic Monthly . CXII . Riverside Press , Cambridge . pp. 835 -- 836 . Jump up ^ Constance Jones ; James D. Ryan ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7564 - 5 . Jump up ^ Coburn 2002 , pp. 1 , 53 -- 56 , 280 . Jump up ^ Lochtefeld 2002 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ David Kinsley 1988 , pp. 101 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Tracy Pintchman 2014 , pp. 85 -- 86 , 119 , 144 , 171 . Jump up ^ Coburn 1991 , pp. 19 -- 24 , 40 , 65 , Narayani p. 232 . ^ Jump up to : McDaniel 2004 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Brown 1998 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Rig Veda '' -- via Wikisource . Jump up ^ Brown 1998 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Warrier 1967 , pp. 77 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Rocher 1986 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ David R. Kinsley ( 1975 ) . The Sword and the Flute : Kālī and Kṛṣṇa , Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology . University of California Press . pp. 102 with footnote 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02675 - 9 . , Quote : `` In the Devi Mahatmya , it is quite clear that Durga is an independent deity , great in her own right , and only loosely associated with any of the great male deities . And if any one of the great gods can be said to be her closest associate , it is Visnu rather than Siva '' . Jump up ^ Gupteshwar Prasad ( 1994 ) . I.A. Richards and Indian Theory of Rasa . Sarup & Sons . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85431 - 37 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jaideva Vasugupta ( 1991 ) . The Yoga of Delight , Wonder , and Astonishment . State University of New York Press . p. xix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 1073 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Gudrun Bühnemann ( 2003 ) . Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions . BRILL Academic . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 9004129023 . Jump up ^ James C. Harle ( 1994 ) . The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent . Yale University Press . pp. 140 -- 142 , 191 , 201 -- 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06217 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gavin D. Flood ( 1996 ) . An Introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge University Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43878 - 0 . Jump up ^ J.N. Farquhar ( 1984 ) . Outline of the Religious Literature of India . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 2086 - 9 . Jump up ^ Edwin F. Bryant ( 2007 ) . Krishna : A Sourcebook . Oxford University Press . pp. 313 -- 314 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972431 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Frederick Asher ( 1981 ) . Joanna Gottfried Williams , ed . Kalādarśana : American Studies in the Art of India . BRILL Academic . pp. 1 -- 4 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 06498 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kramrisch , Stella ( 1981 ) . Manifestations of Shiva . Philadelphia Museum of Art . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Kramrisch , Stella ( 1981 ) . Manifestations of Shiva . Philadelphia Museum of Art . p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : ( a ) Vasugupta ; Jaideva ( 1979 ) . Śiva Sūtras . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. xv -- xx . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0407 - 4 . ; ( b ) James Mallinson ( 2007 ) . The Shiva Samhita : A Critical Edition . Yoga . pp. xiii -- xiv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9716466 - 5 - 0 . OCLC 76143968 . ^ Jump up to : ( a ) Jaideva Vasugupta ( 1991 ) . The Yoga of Delight , Wonder , and Astonishment : A Translation of the Vijnana - bhairava with an Introduction and Notes by Jaideva Singh . State University of New York Press . pp. xii -- xvi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 1073 - 8 . ; ( b ) Vasugupta ; Jaideva ( 1980 ) . The Yoga of Vibration and Divine Pulsation : A Translation of the Spanda Karika with Ksemaraja 's Commentary , the Spanda Nirnaya . State University of New York Press . pp. xxv -- xxxii , 2 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 1179 - 7 . Jump up ^ Andrew J. Nicholson ( 2014 ) . Lord Siva 's Song : The Isvara Gita . State University of New York Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 5102 - 2 . Jump up ^ David Smith ( 2003 ) . The Dance of Siva : Religion , Art and Poetry in South India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 237 -- 239 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52865 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jaideva Vasugupta ; Mark S.G. Dyczkowski ( 1992 ) . The Aphorisms of Siva : The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara 's Commentary , the Varttika . State University of New York Press . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 1264 - 0 . Jump up ^ For quotation defining the trimurti see Matchett , Freda . `` The Purāṇas '' , in : Flood ( 2003 ) , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Ralph Metzner ( 1986 ) . Opening to Inner Light : The Transformation of Human Nature and Consciousness . J.P. Tarcher . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87477 - 353 - 8 . ; David Frawley ( 2009 ) . Inner Tantric Yoga : Working with the Universal Shakti : Secrets of Mantras , Deities and Meditation . Lotus . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 940676 - 50 - 3 . Jump up ^ For definition of trimurti as `` the unified form '' of Brahmā , Viṣṇu and Śiva and use of the phrase `` the Hindu triad '' see : Apte , p. 485 . Jump up ^ For the term `` Great Trinity '' in relation to the Trimurti see : Jansen , p. 83 . Jump up ^ The Trimurti idea of Hinduism , states Jan Gonda , `` seems to have developed from ancient cosmological and ritualistic speculations about the triple character of an individual god , in the first place of Agni , whose births are three or threefold , and who is threefold light , has three bodies and three stations '' . See : Jan Gonda ( 1969 ) , The Hindu Trinity , Anthropos , Bd 63 / 64 , H 1 / 2 , pages 218 -- 219 ; Other trinities , beyond the more common `` Brahma , Vishnu , Shiva '' , mentioned in ancient and medieval Hindu texts include : `` Indra , Vishnu , Brahmanaspati '' , `` Agni , Indra , Surya '' , `` Agni , Vayu , Aditya '' , `` Mahalakshmi , Mahasarasvati , and Mahakali '' , and others . See : ( a ) David White ( 2006 ) , Kiss of the Yogini , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 978 - 0226894843 , pages 4 , 29 ( b ) Jan Gonda ( 1969 ) , The Hindu Trinity , Anthropos , Bd 63 / 64 , H 1 / 2 , pages 212 -- 226 Jump up ^ For Shiva as depicted with a third eye , and mention of the story of the destruction of Kama with it , see : Flood ( 1996 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ For a review of 4 theories about the meaning of tryambaka , see : Chakravarti , pp. 37 -- 39 . Jump up ^ For usage of the word ambaka in classical Sanskrit and connection to the Mahabharata depiction , see : Chakravarti , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ For translation of Tryambakam as `` having three mother eyes '' and as an epithet of Rudra , see : Kramrisch , p. 483 . Jump up ^ For vedic Sanskrit meaning Lord has three mother eyes which symbolize eyes are the Sun , Moon and Fire . Jump up ^ For discussion of the problems in translation of this name , and the hypothesis regarding the Ambikās see : Hopkins ( 1968 ) , p. 220 . Jump up ^ For the Ambikā variant , see : Chakravarti , pp. 17 , 37 . Jump up ^ For the moon on the forehead see : Chakravarti , p. 109 . Jump up ^ For śekhara as crest or crown , see : Apte , p. 926 . Jump up ^ For Candraśekhara as an iconographic form , see : Sivaramamurti ( 1976 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ For translation `` Having the moon as his crest '' see : Kramrisch , p. 472 . Jump up ^ For the moon iconography as marking the rise of Rudra - Shiva , see : Chakravarti , p. 58 . Jump up ^ For discussion of the linkages between Soma , Moon , and Rudra , and citation to RV 7.74 , see : Chakravarti , pp. 57 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Flood ( 1996 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ This smearing of cremation ashes emerged into a practice of some Tantra - oriented ascetics , where they would also offer meat , alcohol and sexual fluids to Bhairava ( a form of Shiva ) , and these groups were probably not of Brahmanic origin . These ascetics are mentioned in the ancient Pali Canon of Thervada Buddhism . See : Flood ( 1996 ) , pp. 92 , 161 . Jump up ^ Antonio Rigopoulos ( 2013 ) , Brill 's Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Volume 5 , Brill Academic , ISBN 978 - 9004178960 , pages 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Paul Deussen ( 1980 ) . Sechzig Upaniṣad 's des Veda . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 775 -- 776 , 789 -- 790 , 551 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1467 - 7 . Jump up ^ Chidbhavananda , p. 22 . Jump up ^ For translation of Kapardin as `` Endowed with matted hair '' see : Sharma 1996 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Kramrisch , p. 475 . Jump up ^ For Kapardin as a name of Shiva , and description of the kaparda hair style , see , Macdonell , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Sharma 1996 , p. 290 Jump up ^ See : name # 93 in Chidbhavananda , p. 31 . Jump up ^ For Shiva drinking the poison churned from the world ocean see : Flood ( 1996 ) , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Kramrisch , p. 473 . Jump up ^ For alternate stories about this feature , and use of the name Gaṅgādhara see : Chakravarti , pp. 59 and 109 . Jump up ^ For description of the Gaṅgādhara form , see : Sivaramamurti ( 1976 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ For Shiva supporting Gaṅgā upon his head , see : Kramrisch , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Flood ( 1996 ) , p. 151 Jump up ^ Wayman & Singh 1991 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Suresh Chandra 1998 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Sitansu S. Chakravarti 1991 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Michaels , p. 218 . Jump up ^ For definition and shape , see : Apte , p. 461 . Jump up ^ Jansen , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Jansen , p. 25 . Jump up ^ For use by Kāpālikas , see : Apte , p. 461 . Jump up ^ C. Sivaramamurti ( 1963 ) . South Indian Bronzes . Lalit Kalā Akademi . p. 41 . Jump up ^ John A. Grimes ( 1996 ) . A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy : Sanskrit Terms Defined in English . State University of New York Press . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3067 - 5 . Jump up ^ Prabhavati C. Reddy ( 2014 ) . Hindu Pilgrimage : Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India . Routledge . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 80631 - 8 . Jump up ^ For a review of issues related to the evolution of the bull ( Nandin ) as Shiva 's mount , see : Chakravarti , pp. 99 -- 105 . Jump up ^ For spelling of alternate proper names Nandī and Nandin see : Stutley , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Sharma 1996 , p. 291 Jump up ^ Kramrisch , p. 479 . Jump up ^ For the name Kailāsagirivāsī ( Sanskrit कैलासिगिरवासी ) , `` With his abode on Mount Kailāsa '' , as a name appearing in the Shiva Sahasranama , see : Sharma 1996 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ For identification of Mount Kailāsa as the central linga , see : Stutley ( 1985 ) , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend ( ISBN 0 - 500 - 51088 - 1 ) by Anna L. Dallapiccola Jump up ^ Keay , p. 33 . Jump up ^ For quotation `` Shiva is a god of ambiguity and paradox '' and overview of conflicting attributes see : Flood ( 1996 ) , p. 150 . Jump up ^ George Michell ( 1977 ) . The Hindu Temple : An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms . University of Chicago Press . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 53230 - 1 . Jump up ^ For quotation regarding Yajur Veda as containing contrary sets of attributes , and marking point for emergence of all basic elements of later sect forms , see : Chakravarti , p. 7 . Jump up ^ For summary of Shiva 's contrasting depictions in the Mahabharata , see : Sharma 1988 , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ For rud - meaning `` cry , howl '' as a traditional etymology see : Kramrisch , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Citation to M. Mayrhofer , Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary , s.v. `` rudra '' , is provided in : Kramrisch , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Sharma 1996 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Sharma 1996 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Kramrisch , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Sharma 1996 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Apte , p. 727 , left column . Jump up ^ Kramrisch , p. 481 . Jump up ^ Flood ( 1996 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Chakravarti 1986 , pp. 28 ( note 7 ) , and p. 177 . Jump up ^ For the contrast between ascetic and householder depictions , see : Flood ( 1996 ) , pp. 150 -- 151 . Jump up ^ For Shiva 's representation as a yogi , see : Chakravarti , p. 32 . Jump up ^ For name Mahāyogi and associations with yoga , see , Chakravarti , pp. 23 , 32 , 150 . Jump up ^ For the ascetic yogin form as reflecting Epic period influences , see : Chakravarti , p. 32 . Jump up ^ For Umāpati , Umākānta and Umādhava as names in the Shiva Sahasranama literature , see : Sharma 1996 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ For Umā as the oldest name , and variants including Pārvatī , see : Chakravarti , p. 40 . Jump up ^ For Pārvatī identified as the wife of Shiva , see : Kramrisch , p. 479 . Jump up ^ Search for Meaning By Antonio R. Gualtieri Jump up ^ For regional name variants of Karttikeya see : Gupta , Preface . Jump up ^ Doniger , Wendy ( 1999 ) . Splitting the difference : gender and myth in ancient Greece and India . London : University of Chicago Press . pp. 263 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 15641 - 5 . Jump up ^ Vanita , Ruth ; Kidwai , Saleem ( 2001 ) . Same - sex love in India : readings from literature and history . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 29324 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pattanaik , Devdutt ( 2001 ) . The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore . Routledge . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56023 - 181 - 3 . Jump up ^ See Mohini # Relationship with Shiva for details Jump up ^ Vettam Mani ( 1975 ) . Puranic Encyclopaedia : a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . pp. 62 , 515 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8426 - 0822 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wendy Doniger ( 2005 ) . The Bedtrick : Tales of Sex and Masquerade . University of Chicago Press . pp. 72 , 206 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 15643 - 9 . Jump up ^ For description of the nataraja form see : Jansen , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ For interpretation of the naṭarāja form see : Zimmer , pp. 151 -- 157 . Jump up ^ For names Nartaka ( Sanskrit नर्तक ) and Nityanarta ( Sanskrit नित्यनर्त ) as names of Shiva , see : Sharma 1996 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ For prominence of these associations in puranic times , see : Chakravarti , p. 62 . Jump up ^ For popularity of the nṛtyamūrti and prevalence in South India , see : Chakravarti , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Kramrisch , Stella ( 1994 ) . `` Siva 's Dance '' . The Presence of Siva . Princeton University Press . p. 439 . Jump up ^ Klostermaier , Klaus K. `` Shiva the Dancer '' . Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India . Wilfrid Laurier Univ . Press . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Massey , Reginald . `` India 's Kathak Dance '' . India 's Kathak Dance , Past Present , Future . Abhinav Publications . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Moorthy , Vijaya ( 2001 ) . Romance of the Raga . Abhinav Publications . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Leeming , David Adams ( 2001 ) . A Dictionary of Asian Mythology . Oxford University Press . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Radha , Sivananda ( 1992 ) . `` Mantra of Muladhara Chakra '' . Kuṇḍalinī Yoga . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 304 . Jump up ^ `` Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 2 Verse 23 '' . 23 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ For iconographic description of the Dakṣiṇāmūrti form , see : Sivaramamurti ( 1976 ) , p. 47 . Jump up ^ For description of the form as representing teaching functions , see : Kramrisch , p. 472 . Jump up ^ For characterization of Dakṣiṇāmūrti as a mostly south Indian form , see : Chakravarti , p. 62 . Jump up ^ For the deer - throne and the audience of sages as Dakṣiṇāmūrti , see : Chakravarti , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Goldberg specifically rejects the translation by Frederique Marglin ( 1989 ) as `` half - man , half - woman '' , and instead adopts the translation by Marglin as `` the lord who is half woman '' as given in Marglin ( 1989 , 216 ) . Goldberg , p. 1 . Jump up ^ For evolution of this story from early sources to the epic period , when it was used to enhance Shiva 's increasing influence , see : Chakravarti , p. 46 . Jump up ^ For the Tripurāntaka form , see : Sivaramamurti ( 1976 ) , pp. 34 , 49 . Jump up ^ Michaels , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Flood ( 1996 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Tattwananda , pp. 49 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Lingam : Hindu symbol Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Monier Williams ( 1899 ) , Sanskrit to English Dictionary , लिङ्ग , page 901 Jump up ^ Yudit Kornberg Greenberg ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions . ABC - CLIO . pp. 572 -- 573 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 980 - 1 . Jump up ^ O'Flaherty , Wendy Doniger ( 1981 ) . Śiva , the erotic ascetic . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520250 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sen , Amiya P. ( 2006 ) . `` Editor 's Introduction '' . The Indispensable Vivekananda . Orient Blackswan . pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Sivananda , Swami ( 1996 ) . `` Worship of Siva Linga '' . Lord Siva and His Worship . The Divine Life Trust Society . Jump up ^ Balagangadhara , S.N. , Sarah Claerhout ( Spring 2008 ) . `` Are Dialogues Antidotes to Violence ? Two Recent Examples From Hinduism Studies '' ( PDF ) . Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies. 7 ( 19 ) : 118 -- 143 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Winternitz , Moriz ; V. Srinivasa Sarma ( 1981 ) . A History of Indian Literature , Volume 1 . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 543 footnote 4 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0264 - 3 . Jump up ^ Harding , Elizabeth U. ( 1998 ) . `` God , the Father '' . Kali : The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1450 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Vivekananda , Swami . `` The Paris congress of the history of religions '' . The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. 4 . Jump up ^ Swati Mitra ( 2011 ) . Omkareshwar and Maheshwar . Eicher Goodearth and Madhya Pradesh Government . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80262 - 24 - 6 . Jump up ^ For five as a sacred number , see : Kramrisch , p. 182 . Jump up ^ It is first encountered in an almost identical form in the Rudram . For the five syllable mantra see : Kramrisch , p. 182 . Jump up ^ For discussion of these five forms and a table summarizing the associations of these five mantras see : Kramrisch , pp. 182 -- 189 . Jump up ^ For distinct iconography , see Kramrisch , p. 185 . Jump up ^ For association with the five faces and other groups of five , see : Kramrisch , p. 182 . Jump up ^ For the epithets pañcamukha and pañcavaktra , both of which mean `` five faces '' , as epithets of Śiva , see : Apte , p. 578 , middle column . Jump up ^ For variation in attributions among texts , see : Kramrisch , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Kramrisch , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Quotation from Pañcabrahma Upanishad 31 is from : Kramrisch , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Parrinder , Edward Geoffrey ( 1982 ) . Avatar and incarnation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520361 - 5 . Jump up ^ Winternitz , Moriz ; V. Srinivasa Sarma ( 1981 ) . A History of Indian Literature , Volume 1 . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 543 -- 544 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0264 - 3 . Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) , `` Shiva '' in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 2 : N-Z , Rosen Publishing , ISBN 0 - 8239 - 2287 - 1 , page 635 Jump up ^ Constance Jones ; James D. Ryan ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase . p. 474 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7564 - 5 . Jump up ^ Parrinder , Edward Geoffrey ( 1982 ) . Avatar and incarnation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520361 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lutgendorf , Philip ( 2007 ) . Hanuman 's tale : the messages of a divine monkey . Oxford University Press US . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530921 - 8 . Jump up ^ Catherine Ludvík ( 1994 ) . Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1122 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sri Ramakrishna Math ( 1985 ) `` Hanuman Chalisa '' p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Footnote 70 : 1 to Horace Hayman Wilson 's English translation of The Vishnu Purana : Book I -- Chapter IX '' . Jump up ^ `` Footnote 83 : 4 to Horace Hayman Wilson 's English translation of The Vishnu Purana : Book I -- Chapter X '' . Jump up ^ `` Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 4 Chapter 1 -- English translation by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sengaku Mayeda ( Translator ) ( 1979 ) . A Thousand Teachings : The Upadesasahasri of Sankara . State University of New York Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 0943 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Karen Pechilis ( 2012 ) . Selva J. Raj , ed . Dealing with Deities : The Ritual Vow in South Asia . State University of New York Press . pp. 152 -- 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 8200 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Constance Jones ; James D. Ryan ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase Publishing . p. 269 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7564 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bruce Long ( 1982 ) . Guy Richard Welbon and Glenn E. Yocum , ed . Religious Festivals in South India and Sri Lanka ( Chapter : `` Mahāśivaratri : the Saiva festival of repentance '' ) . Manohar . pp. 189 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Cath Senker ( 2007 ) . My Hindu Year . The Rosen Publishing Group . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4042 - 3731 - 5 . Jump up ^ Muriel Marion Underhill ( 1991 ) . The Hindu Religious Year . Asian Educational Services . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 81 - 206 - 0523 - 3 . Jump up ^ Constance Jones ; James D. Ryan ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7564 - 5 . Jump up ^ Constance Jones ; James D. Ryan ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 39 , 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7564 - 5 . Jump up ^ Manju Bhatnagar ( 1988 ) . `` The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan '' . Asian Folklore Studies . 47 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 72 . JSTOR 1178252 . Jump up ^ Skinner , Debra ; Holland , Dorothy ; Adhikari , G.B. ( 1994 ) . `` The Songs of Tij : A Genre of Critical Commentary for Women in Nepal '' . Asian Folklore Studies . 53 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 305 . Jump up ^ David N. Lorenzen ( 1978 ) , Warrior Ascetics in Indian History , Journal of the American Oriental Society , 98 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 75 Jump up ^ William Pinch ( 2012 ) , Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1107406377 ^ Jump up to : Constance Jones ; James D. Ryan ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase Publishing . p. 301 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7564 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ronald Morse ( 2015 ) . Folk Legends from Tono : Japan 's Spirits , Deities , and Phantastic Creatures . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 4823 - 6 . Jump up ^ Charles Russell Coulter ; Patricia Turner ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities . Routledge . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 96390 - 3 . Jump up ^ R. Ghose ( 1966 ) , Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu - Javanese period , The University of Hong Kong Press , pages 16 , 123 , 494 - 495 , 550 - 552 Jump up ^ R. Ghose ( 1966 ) , Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu - Javanese period , The University of Hong Kong Press , pages 130 - 131 , 550 - 552 Jump up ^ Hariani Santiko ( 1997 ) , The Goddess Durgā in the East - Javanese Period , Asian Folklore Studies , Vol. 56 , No. 2 , pp. 209 - 226 ^ Jump up to : R. Ghose ( 1966 ) , Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu - Javanese period , The University of Hong Kong Press , pages 15 - 17 Jump up ^ R. Ghose ( 1966 ) , Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu - Javanese period , The University of Hong Kong Press , pages 155 - 157 , 462 - 463 Jump up ^ R. Ghose ( 1966 ) , Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu - Javanese period , The University of Hong Kong Press , pages 160 - 165 Jump up ^ J.L. Moens ( 1974 ) , Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods , T.B.G. , pp. 522 - 539 , 550 ; OCLC 10404094 Jump up ^ R. Ghose ( 1966 ) , Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu - Javanese period , The University of Hong Kong Press , pages 4 - 6 , 14 - 16 , 94 - 96 , 160 - 161 , 253 Jump up ^ P. 377 Classical Hinduism By Mariasusai Dhavamony ^ Jump up to : Puri , P. 133 Buddhism in Central Asia ^ Jump up to : `` Religions and Religious Movements -- II , p. 427 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jeremy ( 2009 ) . Japanese Mythology A to Z . Infobase Publishing . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Pal , Pratapaditya . Indian Sculpture : 700 -- 1800 . Los Angeles County Museum of Art . p. 180 . Jump up ^ David Kalupahana ( 2001 ) . Buddhist Thought and Ritual . Motilal Banarsidass Publications . p. 95 . ISBN 8120817737 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnaby B. Dhs . What Is Tantric Practice ? . p. 43 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Winfried Corduan . Neighboring Faiths : A Christian Introduction to World Religions . InterVarsiry Press . p. 377 . Jump up ^ `` Dasam Granth '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Shiva , the god of cool things '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Shiva , the brand God who never fails '' . Economic Times Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Rachel ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) . Filming the Gods : Religion and Indian Cinema . Routledge . ISBN 9781134380701 . Jump up ^ `` Mahadev tops TRP charts with a new record of 8.2 TVR - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' Final Fantasy 15 ' Summons List : How to unlock and summon all the Astrals '' . Mic. 6 December 2016 . Sources Apte , Vaman Shivram ( 1965 ) . The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary ( Fourth revised and enlarged ed . ) . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0567 - 4 . Arya , Ravi Prakash & K.L. Joshi . Ṛgveda Saṃhitā : Sanskrit Text , English Translation . Parimal Publications , Delhi , 2001 , ISBN 81 - 7110 - 138 - 7 ( Set of four volumes ) . Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45 ; 2003 reprint : 81 -- 7020 - 070 - 9 . Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 2009 ) , Empires of the Silk Road , Princeton University Press Brown , Cheever Mackenzie ( 1998 ) . The Devi Gita : The Song of the Goddess : A Translation , Annotation , and Commentary . SUNY Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3939 - 5 . Chakravarti , Mahadev ( 1986 ) . The Concept of Rudra - Śiva Through The Ages ( Second Revised ed . ) . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0053 - 2 . Sitansu S. Chakravarti ( 1991 ) . Hinduism , a Way of Life . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0899 - 7 . Suresh Chandra ( 1998 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses . Sarup & Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 039 - 9 . Chatterji , J.C. ( 1986 ) . Kashmir Shaivism . Albany , NY : State University of New York Press . ISBN 8176254274 . Chidbhavananda , Swami ( 1997 ) . Siva Sahasranama Stotram : With Navavali , Introduction , and English Rendering . Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0567 - 4 . ( Third edition ) . The version provided by Chidbhavananda is from chapter 17 of the Anuśāsana Parva of the Mahābharata . Coburn , Thomas B. ( 1991 ) . Encountering the Goddess : A translation of the Devi - Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation . State University of New York Press . ISBN 0791404463 . Coburn , Thomas B. ( 2002 ) . Devī Māhātmya , The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition . South Asia Books . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0557 - 7 . Courtright , Paul B. ( 1985 ) . Gaṇeśa : Lord of Obstacles , Lord of Beginnings . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505742 - 2 . Davidson , Ronald M. ( 2004 ) . Indian Esoteric Buddhism : Social History of the Tantric Movement . Motilal Banarsidass . Davis , Richard H. ( 1992 ) . Ritual in an Oscillating Universe : Worshipping Śiva in Medieval India . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691073866 . Debnath , Sailen ( 2009 ) . The Meanings of Hindu Gods , Goddesses and Myths . New Delhi : Rupa & Co . ISBN 812911481X . Deussen , Paul ( 1997 ) . Sixty Upanishads of the Veda . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 978 - 8120814677 . Dutt , Manmatha Nath ( 1905 ) . A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata : ( translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text ) ... Anushasana Parva , Volume 13 . Beadon Street , Calcutta : Dass , Elysium Press . Flood , Gavin ( 1996 ) . An Introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43878 - 0 . Flood , Gavin ( 2003 ) . `` The Śaiva Traditions '' . In Flood , Gavin . The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3251 - 5 . Frawley , David . 2015 . Shiva : the lord of yoga . Twin Lakes , WI : Lotus Press . Fuller , Christopher John ( 2004 ) . The Camphor Flame : Popular Hinduism and society in India . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691120485 . Ganguli , Kisari Mohan ( 2004 ) . Mahabharata of Krishna - Dwaipayana Vyasa . Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd . ISBN 8121505933 . Goldberg , Ellen ( 2002 ) . The Lord Who is Half Woman : Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective . Albany , New York : State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5326 - X . Griffith , T.H. ( 1973 ) . The Hymns of the Ṛgveda ( New Revised ed . ) . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0046 - X . Goswami Tulsidas ; original text , transliteration , English translation and notes . ( 1985 ) . Hanuman Chalisa . Chennai , India : Sri Ramakrishna Math . ISBN 81 - 7120 - 086 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Gupta , Shakti M. ( 1988 ) . Karttikeya : The Son of Shiva . Bombay : Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 81 - 7039 - 186 - 5 . Hopkins , E. Washburn ( 1969 ) . Epic Mythology . New York : Biblo and Tannen . Originally published in 1915 . Issitt , Micah Lee ; Main , Carlyn ( 2014 ) . Hidden Religion : The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World 's Religious Beliefs . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 478 - 0 . Jansen , Eva Rudy ( 1993 ) . The Book of Hindu Imagery . Havelte , Holland : Binkey Kok Publications BV . ISBN 90 - 74597 - 07 - 6 . Keay , John ( 2000 ) . India : A History . New York , USA : Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 . David Kinsley ( 1988 ) . Hindu Goddesses : Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 90883 - 3 . Klostermaier , Klaus K. ( 1984 ) . Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India . Wilfrid Laurier University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 158 - 3 . Kramrisch , Stella ( 1981 ) . The Presence of Śiva . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01930 - 4 . Lochtefeld , James ( 2002 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 1 & 2 . Rosen Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0823931798 . Macdonell , Arthur Anthony ( 1996 ) . A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary . New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers . ISBN 81 - 215 - 0715 - 4 . William K. Mahony ( 1998 ) . The Artful Universe : An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3579 - 3 . Mallinson , James ( 2007 ) . The Shiva Samhita , A critical edition and English translation by James Mallinson . Woodstock , NY : YogVidya . ISBN 9780971646650 . Marchand , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Yoga of Truth : Jnana : The Ancient Path of Silent Knowledge . Rochester , VT : Destiny Books . ISBN 9781594771651 . Marshall , John ( 1996 ) . Mohenjo - Daro and the Indus Civilization . Asian Educational Services ; Facsimile of 1931 ed edition . ISBN 8120611799 . Mate , M.S. ( 1988 ) . Temples and Legends of Maharashtra . Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . McDaniel , June ( 9 July 2004 ) . Offering Flowers , Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 534713 - 5 . Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) . Hinduism : Past and Present . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0691089522 . Nath , Vijay ( March -- April 2001 ) , `` From ' Brahmanism ' to ' Hinduism ' : Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition '' , Social Scientist : 19 -- 50 , doi : 10.2307 / 3518337 , JSTOR 3518337 Parmeshwaranand , Swami ( 2004 ) . Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism , in three volumes . New Delhi : Sarup & Sons . ISBN 8176254274 . Tracy Pintchman ( 2015 ) . The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 1618 - 2 . Tracy Pintchman ( 2014 ) . Seeking Mahadevi : Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 9049 - 5 . Radhakrishnan , Sarvapalli ( 1953 ) , The Principal Upanishads , New Delhi : HarperCollins Publishers India ( 1994 Reprint ) , ISBN 81 - 7223 - 124 - 5 Rocher , Ludo ( 1986 ) . The Puranas . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3447025225 . Sastri , A Mahadeva ( 1898 ) . Amritabindu and Kaivalya Upanishads with Commentaries . Thomson & Co . Sarup , Lakshman ( 2002 ) ( 1927 ) . The Nighaṇṭu and The Nirukta . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 8120813812 . Arvind Sharma ( 2000 ) . Classical Hindu Thought : An Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 564441 - 8 . Sharma , Ram Karan ( 1988 ) . Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata ( Second ed . ) . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0544 - 5 . Sharma , Ram Karan ( 1996 ) . Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam : Eight Collections of Hymns Containing One Thousand and Eight Names of Śiva . Delhi : Nag Publishers . ISBN 81 - 7081 - 350 - 6 . This work compares eight versions of the Śivasahasranāmāstotra with comparative analysis and Śivasahasranāmākoṣa ( A Dictionary of Names ) . The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit . Sivaramamurti , C. ( 1976 ) . Śatarudrīya : Vibhūti of Śiva 's Iconography . Delhi : Abhinav Publications . Stutley , Margaret ( 1985 ) . The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography . First Indian Edition : Munshiram Manoharlal , 2003 , ISBN 81 - 215 - 1087 - 2 . Tattwananda , Swami ( 1984 ) . Vaisnava Sects , Saiva Sects , Mother Worship . Calcutta : Firma KLM Private Ltd . First revised edition . Varenne , Jean ( 1976 ) . Yoga and the Hindu Tradition . Chicago , Illinois : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226851168 . Warrier , AG Krishna ( 1967 ) . Śākta Upaniṣads . Adyar Library and Research Center . ISBN 978 - 0835673181 . OCLC 2606086 . Wayman , Alex ; Singh , Jaideva ( 1991 ) . `` Review : A Trident of Wisdom : Translation of Paratrisika - vivarana of Abhinavagupta '' . Philosophy East and West . 41 ( 2 ) : 266 -- 268 . doi : 10.2307 / 1399778 . Zimmer , Heinrich ( 1946 ) . Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01778 - 6 . First Princeton - Bollingen printing , 1972 . 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"Rudra's evolution from a minor Vedic deity to a supreme being is first evidenced in the Shvetashvatara Upanishad (400–200 BC), according to Gavin Flood.[68][119] Prior to it, the Upanishadic literature is monistic, and the Shvetashvatara text presents the earliest seeds of theistic devotion to Rudra-Shiva.[68] Here Rudra-Shiva is identified as the creator of the cosmos and liberator of souls from the birth-rebirth cycle. The period of 200 BC to 100 AD also marks the beginning of the Shaiva tradition focused on the worship of Shiva as evidenced in other literature of this period.[68] Shaiva devotees and ascetics are mentioned in Patanjali's Mahābhāṣya (2nd-century BC) and in the Mahabharata.[120] Other scholars such as Robert Hume and Doris Srinivasan state that the Shvetashvatara Upanishad presents pluralism, pantheism, or henotheism, rather than being a text just on Shiva theism.[121][122][123]"
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8506676261691462945 | Chlorophyll | Chlorophyll - wikipedia Chlorophyll Jump to : navigation , search Chlorophyll at different scales Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of many plants and algae . Seen through a microscope , chlorophyll is concentrated within organisms in structures called chloroplasts . There are several types of chlorophyll , but all share the chlorin magnesium ligand which forms the right side of this diagram . Chlorophyll ( also chlorophyl ) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants . Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός , chloros ( `` green '' ) and φύλλον , phyllon ( `` leaf '' ) . Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis , allowing plants to absorb energy from light . Chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as the red portion . Conversely , it is a poor absorber of green and near - green portions of the spectrum , which it reflects , producing the green color of chlorophyll - containing tissues . Two types of chlorophyll exist in the photosystems of green plants : chlorophyll a and b . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Photosynthesis 3 Chemical structure 4 Measurement of chlorophyll content 5 Biosynthesis 6 Complementary light absorbance of anthocyanins with chlorophylls 7 Distribution 8 Culinary use 9 See also 10 References History ( edit ) Chlorophyll was first isolated and named by Joseph Bienaimé Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier in 1817 . The presence of magnesium in chlorophyll was discovered in 1906 , and was the first time that magnesium had been detected in living tissue . After initial work done by German chemist Richard Willstätter spanning from 1905 to 1915 , the general structure of chlorophyll a was elucidated by Hans Fischer in 1940 . By 1960 , when most of the stereochemistry of chlorophyll a was known , Robert Burns Woodward published a total synthesis of the molecule . In 1967 , the last remaining stereochemical elucidation was completed by Ian Fleming , and in 1990 Woodward and co-authors published an updated synthesis . Chlorophyll f was announced to be present in cyanobacteria and other oxygenic microorganisms that form stromatolites in 2010 ; a molecular formula of C H O N Mg and a structure of ( 2 - formyl ) - chlorophyll a were deduced based on NMR , optical and mass spectra . Photosynthesis ( edit ) Absorption maxima of chlorophylls against the spectrum of white light . Chlorophyll absorbs energy from light strongly at visible frequencies . Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis , which allows plants to absorb energy from light . Chlorophyll molecules are arranged in and around photosystems that are embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts . In these complexes , chlorophyll serves three functions . The function of the vast majority of chlorophyll ( up to several hundred molecules per photosystem ) is to absorb light . Having done so , these same centers execute their second function : the transfer of that light energy by resonance energy transfer to a specific chlorophyll pair in the reaction center of the photosystems . This pair effects the final function of chlorophylls , charge separation , leading to biosynthesis . The two currently accepted photosystem units are photosystem II and photosystem I , which have their own distinct reaction centres , named P680 and P700 , respectively . These centres are named after the wavelength ( in nanometers ) of their red - peak absorption maximum . The identity , function and spectral properties of the types of chlorophyll in each photosystem are distinct and determined by each other and the protein structure surrounding them . Once extracted from the protein into a solvent ( such as acetone or methanol ) , these chlorophyll pigments can be separated into chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b . The function of the reaction center of chlorophyll is to absorb light energy and transfer it to other parts of the photosystem . The absorbed energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in a process called charge separation . The removal of the electron from the chlorophyll is an oxidation reaction . The chlorophyll donates the high energy electron to a series of molecular intermediates called an electron transport chain . The charged reaction center of chlorophyll ( P680 ) is then reduced back to its ground state by accepting an electron stripped from water . The electron that reduces P680 ultimately comes from the oxidation of water into O and H through several intermediates . This reaction is how photosynthetic organisms such as plants produce O gas , and is the source for practically all the O in Earth 's atmosphere . Photosystem I typically works in series with Photosystem II ; thus the P700 of Photosystem I is usually reduced as it accepts the electron , via many intermediates in the thylakoid membrane , by electrons coming , ultimately , from Photosystem II . Electron transfer reactions in the thylakoid membranes are complex , however , and the source of electrons used to reduce P700 can vary . The electron flow produced by the reaction center chlorophyll pigments is used to pump H ions across the thylakoid membrane , setting up a chemiosmotic potential used mainly in the production of ATP ( stored chemical energy ) or to reduce NADP to NADPH . NADPH is a universal agent used to reduce CO into sugars as well as other biosynthetic reactions . Reaction center chlorophyll -- protein complexes are capable of directly absorbing light and performing charge separation events without the assistance of other chlorophyll pigments , but the probability of that happening under a given light intensity is small . Thus , the other chlorophylls in the photosystem and antenna pigment proteins all cooperatively absorb and funnel light energy to the reaction center . Besides chlorophyll a , there are other pigments , called accessory pigments , which occur in these pigment -- protein antenna complexes . Chemical structure ( edit ) Space - filling model of the chlorophyll a molecule Chlorophylls are numerous types , but all are defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole - like rings . Most chlorophylls are classified as chlorins , which are reduced relatives to porphyrins ( found in hemoglobin ) . They share a common biosynthetic pathway as porphyrins , including the precursor uroporphyrinogen III . Unlike hemes , which feature iron at the center of the tetrapyrrole ring , chlorophylls bind magnesium . For the structures depicted in this article , some of the ligands attached to the Mg center are omitted for clarity . The chlorin ring can have various side chains , usually including a long phytol chain . The most widely distributed form in terrestrial plants is chlorophyll a . The structures of chlorophylls are summarized below : Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c1 Chlorophyll c2 Chlorophyll d Chlorophyll f Molecular formula C H O N Mg C H O N Mg C H O N Mg C H O N Mg C H O N Mg C H O N Mg C2 group - CH - CH - CH - CH - CH - CHO C3 group - CH = CH - CH = CH - CH = CH - CH = CH - CHO - CH = CH C7 group - CH - CHO - CH - CH - CH - CH C8 group - CH CH - CH CH - CH CH - CH = CH - CH CH - CH CH C17 group - CH CH COO - Phytyl - CH CH COO - Phytyl - CH = CHCOOH - CH = CHCOOH - CH CH COO - Phytyl - CH CH COO - Phytyl C17 - C18 bond Single ( chlorin ) Single ( chlorin ) Double ( porphyrin ) Double ( porphyrin ) Single ( chlorin ) Single ( chlorin ) Occurrence Universal Mostly plants Various algae Various algae Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria Structure of chlorophyll a Structure of chlorophyll b Structure of chlorophyll d Structure of chlorophyll c1 Structure of chlorophyll c2 Structure of chlorophyll f When leaves degreen in the process of plant senescence , chlorophyll is converted to a group of colourless tetrapyrroles known as nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites ( NCC 's ) with the general structure : These compounds have also been identified in several ripening fruits . Measurement of chlorophyll content ( edit ) Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a ( blue ) and b ( red ) in a solvent . The spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment - protein interactions . Because it absorbs red and blue light strongly but is transparent to green light , pure chlorophyll has a strong green colour . Measurement of the absorption of light is complicated by the solvent used to extract the chlorophyll from plant material , which affects the values obtained , In diethyl ether , chlorophyll a has approximate absorbance maxima of 430 nm and 662 nm , while chlorophyll b has approximate maxima of 453 nm and 642 nm . The absorption peaks of chlorophyll a are at 665 nm and 465 nm . Chlorophyll a fluoresces at 673 nm ( maximum ) and 726 nm . The peak molar absorption coefficient of chlorophyll a exceeds 10 M cm , which is among the highest for small - molecule organic compounds . In 90 % acetone - water , the peak absorption wavelengths of chlorophyll a are 430 nm and 664 nm ; peaks for chlorophyll b are 460 nm and 647 nm ; peaks for chlorophyll c1 are 442 nm and 630 nm ; peaks for chlorophyll c2 are 444 nm and 630 nm ; peaks for chlorophyll d are 401 nm , 455 nm and 696 nm . By measuring the absorption of light in the red and far red regions , it is possible to estimate the concentration of chlorophyll within a leaf . Ratio fluorescence emission can be used to measure chlorophyll content . By exciting chlorophyll `` a '' fluorescence at a lower wavelength , the ratio of chlorophyll fluorescence emission at 705 nm + / - 10 nm and 735 nm + / - 10 nm can provide a linear relationship of chlorophyll content when compared to chemical testing . The ratio F735 / F700 provided a correlation value of r 0.96 compared to chemical testing in the range from 41 mg m up to 675 mg m . Gitelson also developed a formula for direct readout of chlorophyll content in mg m . The formula provided a reliable method of measuring chlorophyll content from 41 mg m up to 675 mg m with a correlation r value of 0.95 . Biosynthesis ( edit ) Further information : Protochlorophyllide In plants , chlorophyll may be synthesized from succinyl - CoA and glycine , although the immediate precursor to chlorophyll a and b is protochlorophyllide . In Angiosperm plants , the last step , the conversion of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyll , is light - dependent and such plants are pale ( etiolated ) if grown in darkness . Non-vascular plants and green algae have an additional light - independent enzyme and grow green even in darkness . Chlorophyll itself is bound to proteins and can transfer the absorbed energy in the required direction . Protochlorophyllide occurs mostly in the free form and , under light conditions , acts as a photosensitizer , forming highly toxic free radicals . Hence , plants need an efficient mechanism of regulating the amount of chlorophyll precursor . In angiosperms , this is done at the step of aminolevulinic acid ( ALA ) , one of the intermediate compounds in the biosynthesis pathway . Plants that are fed by ALA accumulate high and toxic levels of protochlorophyllide ; so do the mutants with the damaged regulatory system . Further information : Chlorosis Chlorosis is a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll , turning them yellow . Chlorosis can be caused by a nutrient deficiency of iron -- called iron chlorosis -- or by a shortage of magnesium or nitrogen . Soil pH sometimes plays a role in nutrient - caused chlorosis ; many plants are adapted to grow in soils with specific pH levels and their ability to absorb nutrients from the soil can be dependent on this . Chlorosis can also be caused by pathogens including viruses , bacteria and fungal infections , or sap - sucking insects . Complementary light absorbance of anthocyanins with chlorophylls ( edit ) Superposition of spectra of chlorophyll a and b with oenin ( malvidin 3O glucoside ) , a typical anthocyanidin , showing that , while chlorophylls absorb in the blue and yellow / red parts of the visible spectrum , oenin absorbs mainly in the green part of the spectrum , where chlorophylls do n't absorb at all . Anthocyanins are other plant pigments . The absorbance pattern responsible for the red color of anthocyanins may be complementary to that of green chlorophyll in photosynthetically active tissues such as young Quercus coccifera leaves . It may protect the leaves from attacks by plant eaters that may be attracted by green color . Distribution ( edit ) Play media Animation depicting nearly four years worth of SeaWiFS ocean chlorophyll concentration . The chlorophyll maps show milligrams of chlorophyll per cubic meter of seawater each month . Places where chlorophyll amounts were very low , indicating very low numbers of phytoplankton , are blue . Places where chlorophyll concentrations were high , meaning many phytoplankton were growing , are yellow . The observations come from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS ) on NASA 's Aqua satellite . Land is dark gray , and places where MODIS could not collect data because of sea ice , polar darkness , or clouds are light gray. The highest chlorophyll concentrations , where tiny surface - dwelling ocean plants are thriving , are in cold polar waters or in places where ocean currents bring cold water to the surface , such as around the equator and along the shores of continents . It is not the cold water itself that stimulates the phytoplankton . Instead , the cool temperatures are often a sign that the water has welled up to the surface from deeper in the ocean , carrying nutrients that have built up over time . In polar waters , nutrients accumulate in surface waters during the dark winter months when plants can not grow . When sunlight returns in the spring and summer , the plants flourish in high concentrations . Culinary use ( edit ) Chlorophyll is registered as a food additive ( colorant ) , and its E number is E140 . Chefs use chlorophyll to color a variety of foods and beverages green , such as pasta and absinthe . Chlorophyll is not soluble in water , and it is first mixed with a small quantity of vegetable oil to obtain the desired solution . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlorophyll . Bacteriochlorophyll , related compounds in phototrophic bacteria Chlorophyll a , an essential chlorophyll pigment Chlorophyll b , also an essential chlorophyll pigment Chlorophyllin , a semi-synthetic derivative of chlorophyll Deep chlorophyll maximum Grow light , a lamp that promotes photosynthesis Chlorophyll fluorescence , to measure plant stress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ May , Paul . `` Chlorophyll '' . University of Bristol . Jump up ^ `` chlorophyll '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Muneer , Sowbiya ; Kim , Eun Jeong ; Park , Jeong Suk ; Lee , Jeong Hyun ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Influence of Green , Red and Blue Light Emitting Diodes on Multiprotein Complex Proteins and Photosynthetic Activity under Different Light Intensities in Lettuce Leaves ( Lactuca sativa L . ) '' . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 15 ( 3 ) : 4657 -- 4670 . doi : 10.3390 / ijms15034657 . ISSN 1422 - 0067 . PMC 975419 . PMID 24642884 . Jump up ^ Speer , Brian R. ( 1997 ) . `` Photosynthetic Pigments '' . UCMP Glossary ( online ) . University of California Museum of Paleontology . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ See : Delépine , Marcel ( September 1951 ) . `` Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 28 ( 9 ) : 454 . Bibcode : 1951JChEd ... 28 ... 454D . doi : 10.1021 / ed028p454 . Pelletier and Caventou ( 1817 ) `` Notice sur la matière verte des feuilles '' ( Notice on the green material in leaves ) , Journal de Pharmacie , 3 : 486 - 491 . On p. 490 , the authors propose a new name for chlorophyll . From p. 490 : `` Nous n'avons aucun droit pour nommer une substance connue depuis long - temps , et à l'histoire de laquelle nous n'avons ajouté que quelques faits ; cependant nous proposerons , sans y mettre aucune importance , le nom de chlorophyle , de chloros , couleur , et φυλλον , feuille : ce nom indiquerait le rôle qu'elle joue dans la nature . '' ( We have no right to name a substance ( that has been ) known for a long time , and to whose story we have added only a few facts ; however , we will propose , without giving it any importance , the name chlorophyll , from chloros , color , and φυλλον , leaf : this name would indicate the role that it plays in nature . ) Jump up ^ Willstätter , Richard ( 1906 ) `` Zur Kenntniss der Zusammensetzung des Chlorophylls '' ( ( Contribution ) to the knowledge of the composition of chlorophyll ) , Annalen der Chemie , 350 : 48 - 82 . From p. 49 : `` Das Hauptproduct der alkalischen Hydrolyse bilden tiefgrüne Alkalisalze . In ihnen liegen complexe Magnesiumverbindungen vor , die das Metall in einer gegen Alkali auch bei hoher Temperatur merkwürdig widerstandsfähigen Bindung enthalten . '' ( Deep green alkali salts form the main product of alkali hydrolysis . In them , complex magnesium compounds are present , which contain the metal in a bond that 's extraordinarily resistant to alkali even at high temperature . ) ^ Jump up to : Motilva , Maria - José ( 2008 ) . `` Chlorophylls -- from functionality in food to health relevance '' . 5th Pigments in Food congress - for quality and health ( Print ) . University of Helsinki . ISBN 978 - 952 - 10 - 4846 - 3 . Jump up ^ Woodward , R.B. ; Ayer , W.A. ; Beaton , J.M. ; Bickelhaupt , F. ; Bonnett , R. ; Buchschacher , P. ; Closs , G.L. ; Dutler , H. ; Hannah , J. ; et al. ( July 1960 ) . `` The total synthesis of chlorophyll '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 82 ( 14 ) : 3800 -- 3802 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01499a093 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Ian ( 14 October 1967 ) . `` Absolute Configuration and the Structure of Chlorophyll '' . Nature . 216 ( 5111 ) : 151 -- 152 . Bibcode : 1967Natur. 216 ... 151F . doi : 10.1038 / 216151a0 . Jump up ^ Woodward , R.B. ; Ayer , William A. ; Beaton , John M. ; Bickelhaupt , Friedrich ; Bonnett , Raymond ; Buchschacher , Paul ; Closs , Gerhard L. ; Dutler , Hans ; Hannah , John ; et al. ( 1990 ) . `` The total synthesis of chlorophyll a '' ( PDF ) . Tetrahedron. 46 ( 22 ) : 7599 -- 7659 . doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 4020 ( 90 ) 80003 - Z . Jump up ^ Jabr , Ferris ( August 19 , 2010 ) A New Form of Chlorophyll ? . Scientific American . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Infrared chlorophyll could boost solar cells . New Scientist . August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Chen , Min ; Schliep , Martin ; Willows , Robert D. ; Cai , Zheng - Li ; Neilan , Brett A. ; Scheer , Hugo ( September 2010 ) . `` A Red - Shifted Chlorophyll '' . Science . 329 ( 5997 ) : 1318 -- 1319 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 329.1318 C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1191127 . PMID 20724585 . Jump up ^ Carter , J. Stein ( 1996 ) . `` Photosynthesis '' . University of Cincinnati . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nature ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Unit 1.3 . Photosynthetic Cells '' . Essentials of Cell Biology . nature.com . Jump up ^ Marker , A.F.H. ( 1972 ) . `` The use of acetone and methanol in the estimation of chlorophyll in the presence of phaeophytin '' . Freshwater Biology . 2 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 385 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2427.1972. tb00377. x . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , S.W. ; Shibata , Kazuo ( February 1969 ) . `` Some Spectral Characteristics of Chlorophyll c from Tridacna crocea Zooxanthellae '' . Biological Bulletin . Marine Biological Laboratory . 136 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 62 . doi : 10.2307 / 1539668 . JSTOR 1539668 . Jump up ^ Gilpin , Linda ( 21 March 2001 ) . `` Methods for analysis of benthic photosynthetic pigment '' . School of Life Sciences , Napier University . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Müller , Thomas ; Ulrich , Markus ; Ongania , Karl - Hans ; Kräutler , Bernhard ( 2007 ) . `` Colorless Tetrapyrrolic Chlorophyll Catabolites Found in Ripening Fruit Are Effective Antioxidants '' . Angewandte Chemie. 46 ( 45 ) : 8699 -- 8702 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200703587 . PMC 2912502 . PMID 17943948 . Jump up ^ Gross , Jeana ( 1991 ) . Pigments in vegetables : chlorophylls and carotenoids . Van Nostrand Reinhold , ISBN 0442006578 . Jump up ^ Porra , R.J. ( 1989 ) . `` Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents : verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Bioenergetics. 975 ( 3 ) : 384 , 394 . doi : 10.1016 / S0005 - 2728 ( 89 ) 80347 - 0 -- via Elsevier Science Direct . Jump up ^ Larkum , edited by Anthony W.D. Larkum , Susan E. Douglas & John A. Raven ( 2003 ) . Photosynthesis in algae . London : Kluwer . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6333 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cate , Thomas ; Perkins , T.D. ( September 2003 ) . `` Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou '' . Journal of Tree Physiology. 23 ( 15 ) : 1077 -- 1079 . doi : 10.1093 / treephys / 23.15. 1077 . Jump up ^ Gitelson A.A. , Buschmann C. , Lichtenthaler H.K. ( 1999 ) `` The Chlorophyll Fluorescence Ratio F735 / F700 as an Accurate Measure of Chlorophyll Content in Plants '' Remote Sens. Enviro. 69 : 296 - 302 ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Meskauskiene R ; Nater M ; Goslings D ; Kessler F ; op den Camp R ; Apel K. ( 23 October 2001 ) . `` FLU : A negative regulator of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 98 ( 22 ) : 12826 -- 12831 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 9812826M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 221252798 . JSTOR 3056990 . PMC 60138 . PMID 11606728 . Jump up ^ Duble , Richard L. `` Iron Chlorosis in Turfgrass '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Karageorgou , P. ; Manetas , Y. ( 2006 ) . `` The importance of being red when young : Anthocyanins and the protection of young leaves of Quercus coccifera from insect herbivory and excess light '' . Tree Physiology. 26 ( 5 ) : 613 -- 21 . doi : 10.1093 / treephys / 26.5. 613 . PMID 16452075 . Jump up ^ Chlorophyll : Global Maps . Earthobservatory.nasa.gov . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Adams , Jad ( 2004 ) . Hideous absinthe : a history of the devil in a bottle . United Kingdom : I.B. Tauris , 2004 . p. 22 . ISBN 1860649203 . Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Commons Portal WikiProject Types of plant pigments Betalains Betacyanins Betaxanthins Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c Chlorophyll d Chlorophyll f Curcuminoids 1 , 7 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) - 1 , 4 , 6 - heptatrien - 3 - one Bisdemethoxycurcumin Desmethoxycurcumin Curcumin Flavonoids Anthocyanins Anthocyanidins Anthoxanthins Flavans Condensed tannins Carotenoids Carotenes Retinoids Xanthophylls Other Allophycocyanin Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin Phycoerythrocyanin Quinones Xanthonoids Plants portal Molecular and Cellular Biology portal NDL : 00574346 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyll&oldid=815454299 '' Categories : Tetrapyrroles Photosynthetic pigments Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 22 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is most of the chlorophyll in a plant located | [
"Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.[1] Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός, chloros (\"green\") and φύλλον, phyllon (\"leaf\").[2] Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb energy from light.",
"Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.[1] Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός, chloros (\"green\") and φύλλον, phyllon (\"leaf\").[2] Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb energy from light."
] | [
"cyanobacteria",
"chloroplasts"
] |
-2441632972014750048 | Gerald's Game (film) | Gerald 's Game ( film ) - wikipedia Gerald 's Game ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2017 Netflix film . For information about the Pixar animated short , see Geri 's Game . Gerald 's Game Film poster Directed by Mike Flanagan Produced by Trevor Macy Written by Jeff Howard Mike Flanagan Based on Gerald 's Game by Stephen King Starring Carla Gugino Bruce Greenwood Music by The Newton Brothers Cinematography Michael Fimognari Edited by Mike Flanagan Production company Intrepid Pictures Distributed by Netflix Streaming Services Release date September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) ( Fantastic Fest ) September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Gerald 's Game is a 2017 American psychological horror film directed and edited by Mike Flanagan and written by Jeff Howard and Flanagan . It is based on Stephen King 's novel of the same name . The film stars Carla Gugino and Bruce Greenwood . It was released on September 29 , 2017 , by Netflix . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Jessie and Gerald arrive at an isolated lake house in Fairhope , Alabama , for some time away . While he takes a Viagra , Jessie feeds a stray dog outside , but when re-entering the house notices the door is left ajar . Jessie changes into a new night dress , placing the tag on a shelf above the bed , and practices sexy poses . Gerald takes a second Viagra and leaves his glass of water on the same shelf . He restrains Jessie with one handcuff on each wrist locked to the bedposts ; she seems a bit surprised by this , but goes along . He begins to enact a stranger rape fantasy , telling her to scream for help , knowing no one will hear . She half heartedly plays along but soon becomes uncomfortable , telling him to stop and uncuff her ; he replies , `` What if I wo n't ? '' After a heated argument where he accuses her of not even trying to rekindle their relationship , Gerald dies of a heart attack , falling onto the floor , leaving Jessie in handcuffs . The dog enters and Jessie tries to scare it away , but it bites a chunk out of Gerald 's arm and eats it . Gerald stands up and begins talking , but Jessie notices his body remains on the floor . He taunts Jessie about the truths of their strained marriage and his erectile dysfunctions . He then informs her that she has wasted hours already doing nothing , and she is beginning to suffer from de-hydration and fatigue . Jessie miraculously pulls a hand out of a cuff and breaks free . She gloats to Gerald , but then turns around and tells herself , the one still trapped , that it is easy to escape . Gerald and the self - assured Jessie tell things about herself and Gerald that she never had the courage to acknowledge . They trigger her to remember the glass of water above the bed , which she is able to reach but can not bring all the way to her mouth . The hallucinations remind her of the tag she put on the shelf , which she rolls into a straw in order to reach the water . Jessie falls asleep , wakes up in the dark , and sees a tall , deformed , obscured figure who reveals a bag of various bones and trinkets . She closes her eyes saying `` You 're not real . '' But Gerald appears to say that the figure is Death waiting to take her . Gerald begins to call Jessie `` Mouse '' , which unsettles her . This triggers a memory of her father , Tom , who affectionately referred to her as `` Mouse . '' She is 12 years old , vacationing at a lake house with her family . As Jessie and her father sit alone outside to watch a solar eclipse , he suggests she sit on his lap , as she did when she was younger . Once on his lap , he masturbates . The handcuffed Jessie awakes to intense pain due to her circulation being cut off and cramping . Gerald and the confident Jessie are skeptical about her claims that she dealt with the pressure of keeping such a secret , and her claims that it had nothing to do with her marriage , even though she married a man just like her father . Gerald teases Jessie about the disfigured man she saw , whom he calls `` the man made of moonlight '' , and points out what he suspects is a bloody footprint on the floor . After the eclipse , her father tells her he was ashamed of what he did , and manipulates her into agreeing never to tell anyone . Jessie remembers cutting her hand that night , when she squeezed a glass too hard when her mother asked her about the eclipse . The adult Jessie smashes the water glass and cuts her wrist in a way that enables her to peel back the skin , allowing her bloody hand to slip through the cuff . She drags the bed to the key , unlocking her other hand . She drinks water and bandages herself , but then passes out on the floor from blood loss and fatigue . When she wakes , the `` man made of moonlight '' is at the end of the hall , and she gives him her wedding ring for his trinket bag . She makes to her car and drives away , but sees the man again in the back seat . The car crashes into a tree , but people from a nearby house come out . Six months later , Jessie is writing a letter to her 12 year old self , struggling to write with her hand that needed skin grafts . Voice overs and scenes describe how she had pretended to have amnesia over the whole ordeal of being trapped , avoiding painful questions . She used some of Gerald 's life insurance to start a foundation for victims of sexual abuse . But each night the `` man made of moonlight '' still appears before her as she falls asleep . Her wedding ring was never found in the house , and she learned from the news that a man who has acromegaly , causing disfiguration of his head , is a serial killer who dug up crypts , stealing bones and jewels , and occasionally eating the faces of male corpses . This explains why he did not harm Jessie in the house and also why Gerald 's face was disfigured . Jessie arrives at court as the moonlight man is being sentenced , and calls for his attention . Seeing also Gerald 's and Tom 's face where his face is , she says `` You 're so much smaller than I remember , '' and walks triumphantly out into the street with the sunlight gleaming down on her . Cast ( edit ) Carla Gugino as Jessie Burlingame , Gerald 's wife Chiara Aurelia as Young Jessie Bruce Greenwood as Gerald Burlingame , Jessie 's husband Carel Struycken as `` Moonlight Man '' / Raymond Andrew Joubert Henry Thomas as Tom , Jessie 's father Kate Siegel as Sally , Jessie 's mother Production ( edit ) On May 19 , 2014 , Deadline.com reported that Mike Flanagan had been set to direct a film adaptation of Stephen King 's suspense thriller novel Gerald 's Game , scripted by Jeff Howard . Trevor Macy would produce the film through Intrepid Pictures . In an interview with Rue Morgue in September 2016 , Mike Flanagan reported that a film adaptation would premiere on Netflix . He did not state when the film would premiere or whether Stephen King would be involved . Carla Gugino and Bruce Greenwood were cast in the film to play Jessie and Gerald Burlingame , along with Henry Thomas , Carel Struycken , Kate Siegel , and Chiara Aurelia . Principal photography on the film began on October 17 , 2016 , in Mobile , Alabama . Release ( edit ) The film was released on September 29 , 2017 , by Netflix . Reception ( edit ) On the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 91 % based on 53 reviews , and an average rating of 7.5 / 10 with the consensus stating : `` Carla Gugino carries Gerald 's Game 's small - scale suspense with a career - defining performance '' . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Stephen King himself called the film `` hypnotic , horrifying and terrific '' after watching the rough cut . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring eclipses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Cannes : Stephen King Novel ' Gerald 's Game ' To Be Adapted By ' Oculus ' Helmer Mike Flanagan And Intrepid Pictures '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Flanagan looks forward to doing justice to Stephen King '' . Rue Morgue . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Mike Fleming ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Carla Gugino & Bruce Greenwood Star In Stephen King 's ' Gerald 's Game ' For Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Jared ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Producer confirms Stephen King film production in Mobile '' . AL.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ S , C ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix September 2017 Movie and TV Titles Announced '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald 's Game reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/stephen-king-netflix-geralds-game-movie/ External links ( edit ) Gerald 's Game on IMDb Gerald 's Game at Netflix Films directed by Mike Flanagan Absentia ( 2011 ) Oculus ( 2013 ) Hush ( 2016 ) Before I Wake ( 2016 ) Ouija : Origin of Evil ( 2016 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Runaway ( 2018 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) It It ( 2017 ) It : Chapter Two ( 2019 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald%27s_Game_(film)&oldid=842688967 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 horror films 2010s horror thriller films 2010s psychological horror films 2010s psychological thriller films American films American horror thriller films Films based on American horror novels Films based on American thriller novels Films based on works by Stephen King Films directed by Mike Flanagan Films shot in Mobile , Alabama Intrepid Pictures films Netflix original films Psychological horror films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Nederlands Norsk Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 01 : 22 . 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"Principal photography on the film began on October 17, 2016, in Mobile, Alabama.[3][4]"
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-5203848350427891212 | Star Wars (film) | Star Wars ( film ) - Wikipedia Star Wars ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search `` A New Hope '' redirects here . For other uses , see A New Hope ( disambiguation ) . Star Wars Theatrical release poster by Tom Jung Directed by George Lucas Produced by Gary Kurtz Written by George Lucas Starring Mark Hamill Harrison Ford Carrie Fisher Peter Cushing Alec Guinness Music by John Williams Cinematography Gilbert Taylor Edited by Paul Hirsch Marcia Lucas Richard Chew Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 121 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $11 million Box office $775.4 million Star Wars ( later retitled Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope ) is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas . It is the first film in the original Star Wars trilogy and the beginning of the Star Wars franchise . Starring Mark Hamill , Harrison Ford , Carrie Fisher , Peter Cushing , Alec Guinness , David Prowse , James Earl Jones , Anthony Daniels , Kenny Baker , and Peter Mayhew , the film focuses on the Rebel Alliance , led by Princess Leia ( Fisher ) , and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empire 's space station , the Death Star . Star Wars was released in theatres in the United States on May 25 , 1977 . It earned $461 million in the U.S. and $314 million overseas , totaling $775 million . It surpassed Jaws ( 1975 ) to become the highest - grossing film of all time until the release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . When adjusted for inflation , Star Wars is the second - highest - grossing film in North America , and the third - highest - grossing film in the world . It received ten Academy Award nominations ( including Best Picture ) , winning seven . It was among the first films to be selected as part of the U.S. Library of Congress ' National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . At the time , it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s . In 2005 , the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . Its soundtrack was added to the U.S. National Recording Registry in 2004 . Today , it is regarded as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures . It launched an industry of tie - in products , including TV series spinoffs , novels , comic books , video games , amusement park attractions , and merchandise including toys , games , and clothing . The film has been reissued multiple times at Lucas ' behest , incorporating many changes including modified computer - generated effects , altered dialogue , re-edited shots , remixed soundtracks and added scenes . The film 's success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels , The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 and Return of the Jedi in 1983 , and later to a prequel trilogy , a sequel trilogy , and anthology films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Soundtrack 5 Cinematic and literary allusions 6 Title 7 Marketing 8 Release 8.1 Premiere and initial release 8.2 Later releases 8.3 Home media 8.4 3D re-release 9 Reception 9.1 Box office 9.2 Critical response 9.3 Accolades 10 Legacy 10.1 In popular culture 10.2 Cinematic influence 10.3 Recognition 11 Merchandising 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Plot ( edit ) The galaxy is in the midst of a civil war . Spies for the Rebel Alliance have stolen plans to the Galactic Empire 's Death Star , a space station capable of destroying an entire planet . Rebel leader Princess Leia has the plans , but her ship is captured by Imperial forces under the command of the ruthless Sith Lord , Darth Vader . Before she is captured , Leia hides the plans in the memory of an astromech droid , R2 - D2 , along with a holographic recording . R2 - D2 flees to the desert planet Tatooine with C - 3PO , a protocol droid . The droids are captured by Jawa traders , who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars , and their nephew Luke Skywalker . While cleaning R2 - D2 , Luke accidentally triggers part of Leia 's message , in which she requests help from Obi - Wan Kenobi . The next morning , Luke finds R2 - D2 missing , and meets Ben Kenobi , an old hermit who lives in the hills , and reveals himself to be Obi - Wan . Obi - Wan tells Luke of his days as one of the Jedi Knights , former Galactic Republic peacekeepers with supernatural powers derived from an energy called the Force , who were all but wiped out by the Empire . Contrary to his uncle 's statements , Luke learns that his father fought alongside Obi - Wan as a Jedi Knight . Obi - Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil , who turned to the dark side of the Force and murdered Luke 's father . Obi - Wan then presents to Luke his father 's weapon -- a lightsaber . Obi - Wan views Leia 's complete message , in which she begs him to take the Death Star plans to her home planet of Alderaan and give them to her father for analysis . Obi - Wan invites Luke to accompany him to Alderaan and learn the ways of the Force . Luke declines , but changes his mind after discovering that Imperial stormtroopers have destroyed the moisture farm , killing his aunt and uncle . Obi - Wan and Luke travel to Mos Eisley , where they meet smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee first mate Chewbacca at a Cantina . They join forces and board the Millennium Falcon . Upon the Falcon 's arrival at the location of Alderaan , the group discovers that the planet has been destroyed by the Death Star 's superlaser on order of the commanding officer , Grand Moff Tarkin , as a show of power . The Falcon is captured by the Death Star 's tractor beam , and brought into its hangar bay . While Obi - Wan goes to disable the tractor beam , Luke discovers that Leia is imprisoned aboard , and with the help of Han and Chewbacca , Luke rescues her . After several escapes , the group makes its way back to the Falcon . On the way back to the Falcon , Obi - Wan engages in a lightsaber duel with Vader . To ensure the rest of the team escapes the Death Star alive , Obi - Wan sacrifices himself at the hands of Darth Vader . The Falcon escapes from the Death Star , unknowingly carrying a tracking beacon , which the Empire follows to the Rebels ' hidden base on Yavin IV . The Rebels analyze the Death Star 's plans and identify a vulnerable exhaust port that connects to the station 's main reactor , and that the Death Star can be destroyed through a chain reaction . Luke joins the Rebel 's squadron , while Han collects his payment for the transport and intends to leave , despite Luke 's request that he should stay and help . In the ensuing battle , the Rebels suffer heavy losses after several unsuccessful attack runs , leaving Luke as one of the few surviving pilots . Vader leads a squadron of TIE fighters and prepares to attack Luke 's X-wing fighter , but Han returns and fires at the Imperials , sending Vader spiraling away . Helped by guidance from Obi - Wan 's spirit , Luke uses the Force to destroy the Death Star seconds before it can fire on the Rebel base . Back on Yavin IV , Leia awards Luke and Han with medals for their heroism . Cast ( edit ) From left to right : Luke Skywalker ( Mark Hamill ) , Princess Leia ( Carrie Fisher ) , and Han Solo ( Harrison Ford ) See also : List of Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope characters and List of Star Wars cast members Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker : a young man raised by his aunt and uncle on Tatooine , who dreams of something more than his current life and learns the way of a Jedi . Lucas favored casting young actors who lacked long experience . To play Luke ( then known as Luke Starkiller ) , Lucas sought actors who could project intelligence and integrity . While reading for the character , Hamill found the dialogue to be extremely odd because of its universe - embedded concepts . He chose to simply read it sincerely , and he was selected instead of William Katt , who was subsequently cast in the Brian De Palma - directed Carrie ( Lucas shared a joint casting session with De Palma , a longtime friend ) . Harrison Ford as Han Solo : a cynical smuggler hired by Obi - Wan and Luke to take them to Alderaan in his ship , the Millennium Falcon , co-piloted with Chewbacca . Lucas initially rejected casting Ford for the role , as he `` wanted new faces '' ; Ford had previously worked with the director on American Graffiti . Instead , Lucas asked the actor to assist in the auditions by reading lines with the other actors and explaining the concepts and history behind the scenes that they were reading . Lucas was eventually won over by Ford 's portrayal and cast him instead of Kurt Russell , Nick Nolte , Sylvester Stallone , Bill Murray , Christopher Walken , Burt Reynolds , Jack Nicholson , Al Pacino , Steve Martin , Chevy Chase , Billy Dee Williams ( who later played Lando Calrissian in the sequels ) , or Perry King ( who later played Han Solo in the radio plays ) . Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia : a member of the Imperial Senate and leader of the Rebel Alliance . Many young actresses in Hollywood auditioned for the role of Princess Leia , including Amy Irving , Terri Nunn ( also a singer ) , Cindy Williams , Karen Allen , and Jodie Foster . Foster , for one , turned down the role because she was already under contract with Disney and working on two films at the time . Carrie Fisher was cast under the condition that she lose 10 pounds for the role . Peter Cushing as Grand Moff Tarkin : Governor of the Imperial Outland Regions and commander of the Death Star . Lucas originally had Cushing in mind for the role of Obi - Wan Kenobi , but Lucas believed that `` his lean features '' would be better employed in the role of Grand Moff Tarkin instead . Lucas commended Cushing 's performance , saying `` ( He ) is a very good actor . Adored and idolized by young people and by people who go to see a certain kind of movie . I feel he will be fondly remembered for the next 350 years at least . '' Cushing , commenting on his role , joked : `` I 've often wondered what a ' Grand Moff ' was . It sounds like something that flew out of a cupboard . '' Alec Guinness as Obi - Wan `` Ben '' Kenobi : an aging Jedi Master and former mentor of Darth Vader who introduces Luke to the Force . Lucas 's decision to cast `` unknowns '' was not taken favorably by his friend Francis Ford Coppola and the studio . Lucas needed an established actor to play the important Obi - Wan Kenobi character . Producer Gary Kurtz said , `` The Alec Guinness role required a certain stability and gravitas as a character ... which meant we needed a very , very strong character actor to play that part . '' Before Guinness was cast , Japanese actor Toshiro Mifune ( who starred in Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress ) was considered for the role . According to Mifune 's daughter , Mika Kitagawa , her father turned down Lucas ' offers for Kenobi and Darth Vader because `` he was concerned about how the film would look and that it would cheapen the image of samurai ... At the time , sci - fi movies still looked quite cheap as the effects were not advanced and he had a lot of samurai pride . '' Guinness was one of the few cast members who believed that the film would be successful ; he negotiated a deal for 2 % of the one - fifth gross royalties paid to George Lucas , which made him quite wealthy in later life . He agreed to take the part of Kenobi on the condition that he would not have to do any publicity to promote the film . Lucas credited him with inspiring the cast and crew to work harder , saying that Guinness contributed significantly to the completion of the filming . Harrison Ford said , `` It was , for me , fascinating to watch Alec Guinness . He was always prepared , always professional , always very kind to the other actors . He had a very clear head about how to serve the story . '' Anthony Daniels ( pictured here in 2005 ) was convinced to take the role of the droid C - 3PO after seeing a design drawing of the character 's face . Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO : a protocol droid who is fluent in over six million forms of communication . Daniels auditioned for and was cast as C - 3PO ; he has said that he wanted the role after he saw a Ralph McQuarrie drawing of the character and was struck by the vulnerability in the robot 's face . Initially , Lucas did not intend to use Daniels ' voice for C - 3PO . Thirty well - established voice actors read for the voice of the droid . According to Daniels , one of the major voice actors , believed by some sources to be Stan Freberg , recommended Daniels 's voice for the role . Kenny Baker as R2 - D2 : an astromech droid who is carrying the Death Star plans and a secret message for Obi - Wan from Princess Leia . While Lucas was filming in London , where additional casting took place , Baker , performing a musical comedy act with his acting partner Jack Purvis , learned that the film crew was looking for a small person to fit inside a robot suit and maneuver it ; Baker , who was 3 feet 8 inches ( 1.12 m ) tall , was cast immediately after meeting George Lucas . He said , `` He saw me come in and said ' He 'll do ' because I was the smallest guy they 'd seen up until then . '' He initially turned down the role three times , hesitant to appear in a film where his face would not be shown and hoping to continue the success of his comedy act , which had recently started to be televised . R2 - D2 's recognizable beeps and squeaks were made by sound designer Ben Burtt and Lucas imitating `` baby noises '' , recording these voices as they were heard on an intercom , and creating the final mix using a synthesizer . Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca : a 200 - year - old Wookiee , Han Solo 's sidekick , and first mate of the Millennium Falcon . Mayhew learned of a casting call for Star Wars , which was filming in London , and decided to audition . The 7 feet 3 inches ( 2.21 m ) tall actor was immediately cast as Chewbacca after he stood up to greet Lucas . He said , `` I sat down on one of the sofas , waiting for George . Door opened , and George walked in with Gary behind him . So , naturally , what did I do ? I 'm raised in England . Soon as someone comes in through the door , I stand up . George goes ' Hmm ( looked up ) . ' Virtually turned to Gary , and said ' I think we 've found him . ' '' He was actually eligible for either of the two roles : Chewbacca or Darth Vader . He chose the former because he wanted to play a hero ; British actor David Prowse took the other . Mayhew modeled his performance of Chewbacca after the mannerisms of animals he saw at public zoos . David Prowse as Darth Vader ( voiced by James Earl Jones ) : A Sith lord , second in command of the Galactic Empire , who hopes to destroy the Rebel Alliance . Lucas originally intended for Orson Welles to voice Vader ( after dismissing using Prowse 's own voice due to his English West Country accent , leading to the rest of the cast nicknaming him `` Darth Farmer '' ) . After deciding that Welles ' voice would be too recognizable , he cast the lesser - known James Earl Jones instead . Other actors include Phil Brown and Shelagh Fraser , respectively , as Owen and Beru , Luke 's uncle and aunt ; Jack Purvis , Kenny Baker 's partner in his London comedy act , as the Chief Jawa in the film ; Eddie Byrne as Vanden Willard , a Rebel general ; Denis Lawson and Garrick Hagon as rebel pilots Wedge Antilles and Biggs Darklighter ( Luke 's childhood friend ) , respectively ; and Don Henderson and Leslie Schofield as Imperial Generals Cassio Tagge and Moradmin Bast , respectively . Richard LeParmentier plays an admiral , named Conan Antonio Motti , who dares mock Darth Vader 's faith in the force and his failure to locate the rebel base and the stolen Death Star plans , and is nearly force choked to death by Vader , only saved by Tarkin intervening and ordering Vader to release him . Alex McCrindle portrays General Jan Dodonna , Alfie Curtis portrays Dr. Evazan and Peter Geddis portrays Captain Raymus Antilles . Michael Leader plays a minor role as a Stormtrooper known for accidentally hitting his helmet against a door . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) George Lucas , the director and writer of Star Wars , shown here in 2007 . He was unsuccessful in pitching his idea to several major Hollywood studios because it was `` a little strange '' . Eventually , Lucas presented the treatment to 20th Century Fox , and the film was approved . Elements of the history of Star Wars are commonly disputed , as George Lucas ' statements about it have changed over time . One of the claims is that he intended to make the film a space western . Lucas has said that it was early as 1971 -- after he completed directing his first full - length feature , THX 1138 -- that he first had an idea for a space fantasy film , though he has also claimed to have had the idea long before then . In the 2010 coffee table book Star Wars : Year by Year : A Visual Chronicle produced by DK Publishing and Lucasfilm , Lucas is said to have made Star Wars as a direct contrast to THX 1138 . He felt that the bleak tone of the film led to it being poorly received , and therefore chose to make Star Wars more optimistic . This is what led to the fun and adventurous tone of the space opera . Originally , Lucas wanted to adapt the Flash Gordon space adventure comics and serials into his own films , having been fascinated by them since he was young . In 1979 , he said , `` I especially loved the Flash Gordon serials ... Of course I realize now how crude and badly done they were ... loving them that much when they were so awful , I began to wonder what would happen if they were done really well . '' At the Cannes Film Festival following the completion of THX 1138 , Lucas was granted a two - film development deal with United Artists ; the two films were American Graffiti , and an untitled Flash Gordon-esque space fantasy film . He pushed towards buying the Flash Gordon rights . He said : I wanted to make a Flash Gordon movie , with all the trimmings , but I could n't obtain the rights to the characters . So I began researching and went right back and found where Alex Raymond ( who had done the original Flash Gordon comic strips in newspapers ) had got his idea from . I discovered that he 'd got his inspiration from the works of Edgar Rice Burroughs ( author of Tarzan ) and especially from his John Carter of Mars series books . I read through that series , then found that what had sparked Burroughs off was a science - fantasy called Gulliver on Mars , written by Edwin Arnold and published in 1905 . That was the first story in this genre that I have been able to trace . Jules Verne had got pretty close , I suppose , but he never had a hero battling against space creatures or having adventures on another planet . A whole new genre developed from that idea . Director Francis Ford Coppola , who accompanied Lucas in trying to buy the Flash Gordon rights , recounted in 1999 : `` ( George ) was very depressed because he had just come back and they would n't sell him Flash Gordon . And he says , ' Well , I 'll just invent my own . ' '' Lucas envisioned his own space opera and called it The Star Wars . After his failed attempt to gain the Flash Gordon rights , Lucas went to United Artists and showed the script for American Graffiti , but they passed on the film , which was then picked up by Universal Pictures . United Artists also passed on Lucas 's The Star Wars concept , which he shelved for the time being . After spending the next two years completing American Graffiti , Lucas turned his attention to The Star Wars . Lucas began writing in January 1973 , `` eight hours a day , five days a week '' , by taking small notes , inventing odd names and assigning them possible characterizations . Lucas would discard many of these by the time the final script was written , but he included several names and places in the final script or its sequels . He revived others decades later when he wrote his prequel trilogy . He used these initial names and ideas to compile a two - page synopsis titled Journal of the Whills , which told the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a `` Jedi - Bendu '' space commando by the legendary Mace Windu . Frustrated that his story was too difficult to understand , Lucas then began writing a 13 - page treatment called The Star Wars on April 17 , 1973 , which had thematic parallels with Akira Kurosawa 's 1958 film The Hidden Fortress . After United Artists declined to budget the film , Lucas and producer Gary Kurtz presented the film treatment to Universal Pictures , the studio that financed American Graffiti ; however , it rejected its options for the film because the concept was `` a little strange '' , and it said that Lucas should follow American Graffiti with more consequential themes . Lucas said , `` I 've always been an outsider to Hollywood types . They think I do weirdo films . '' According to Kurtz , Lew Wasserman , the studio 's head , `` just did n't think much of science fiction at that time , did n't think it had much of a future then , with that particular audience . '' He said that `` science fiction was n't popular in the mid - ' 70s ... what seems to be the case generally is that the studio executives are looking for what was popular last year , rather than trying to look forward to what might be popular next year . '' Lucas explained in 1977 that the film is not `` about the future '' and that it `` is a fantasy much closer to the Brothers Grimm than it is to 2001 '' . He added : `` My main reason for making it was to give young people an honest , wholesome fantasy life , the kind my generation had . We had westerns , pirate movies , all kinds of great things . Now they have The Six Million Dollar Man and Kojak . Where are the romance , the adventure , and the fun that used to be in practically every movie made ? '' Kurtz said , `` Although Star Wars was n't like ( then - current science fiction ) at all , it was just sort of lumped into that same kind of category . '' There were also concerns regarding the project 's potentially high budget . Lucas and Kurtz , in pitching the film , said that it would be `` low - budget , Roger Corman style , and the budget was never going to be more than -- well , originally we had proposed about 8 million , it ended up being about 10 . Both of those figures are very low budget by Hollywood standards at the time . '' After Walt Disney Productions rejected the project , Lucas and Kurtz persisted in securing a studio to support the film because `` other people had read it and said , ' Yeah , it could be a good idea ... ' '' Lucas pursued Alan Ladd Jr. , the head of 20th Century Fox , and in June 1973 completed a deal to write and direct the film . Although Ladd did not grasp the technical side of the project , he believed that Lucas was talented . Lucas later stated that Ladd `` invested in me , he did not invest in the movie . '' The deal gave Lucas $150,000 to write and direct the film . Writing ( edit ) `` It 's the flotsam and jetsam from the period when I was twelve years old . All the books and films and comics that I liked when I was a child . The plot is simple -- good against evil -- and the film is designed to be all the fun things and fantasy things I remember . The word for this movie is fun . '' -- George Lucas , 1977 Since commencing his writing process in January 1973 , Lucas had done `` various rewrites in the evenings after the day 's work . '' He would write four different screenplays for Star Wars , `` searching for just the right ingredients , characters and storyline . It 's always been what you might call a good idea in search of a story . '' By May 1974 , he had expanded the film treatment into a rough draft screenplay , adding elements such as the Sith , the Death Star , and a general by the name of Annikin Starkiller . He changed Starkiller to an adolescent boy , and he shifted the general into a supporting role as a member of a family of dwarfs . Lucas envisioned the Corellian smuggler , Han Solo , as a large , green - skinned monster with gills . He based Chewbacca on his Alaskan Malamute dog , Indiana ( whom he would later use as namesake for his character Indiana Jones ) , who often acted as the director 's `` co-pilot '' by sitting in the passenger seat of his car . Lucas began researching the science fiction genre by watching films and reading books and comics . His first script incorporated ideas from many new sources . The script would also introduce the concept of a Jedi Master father and his son , who trains to be a Jedi under his father 's friend ; this would ultimately form the basis for the film and , later , the trilogy . However , in this draft , the father is a hero who is still alive at the start of the film . Lucas completed a second draft of The Star Wars in January 1975 , making heavy simplifications and introducing the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller . Annikin became Luke 's father , a wise Jedi knight . `` The Force '' was also introduced as a mystical energy field . This second draft still had some differences from the final version in the characters and relationships . For example , Luke had several brothers , as well as his father , who appears in a minor role at the end of the film . The script became more of a fairy tale quest as opposed to the action - adventure of the previous versions . This version ended with another text crawl , previewing the next story in the series . This draft was also the first to introduce the concept of a Jedi turning to the dark side : the draft included a historical Jedi who became the first to ever fall to the dark side , and then trained the Sith to use it . Impressed with his works , Lucas hired conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie to create paintings of certain scenes around this time . When Lucas delivered his screenplay to the studio , he included several of McQuarrie 's paintings . A third draft , dated August 1 , 1975 , was titled The Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Starkiller . This third draft had most of the elements of the final plot , with only some differences in the characters and settings . The draft characterized Luke as an only child , with his father already dead , replacing him with a substitute named Ben Kenobi . This script would be re-written for the fourth and final draft , dated January 1 , 1976 , as The Adventures of Luke Starkiller as taken from the Journal of the Whills , Saga I : The Star Wars . Lucas worked with his friends Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck to revise the fourth draft into the final pre-production script . 20th Century Fox approved a budget of $8.25 million ; American Graffiti 's positive reception afforded Lucas the leverage necessary to renegotiate his deal with Alan Ladd Jr. and request the sequel rights to the film . For Lucas , this deal protected Star Wars 's unwritten segments and most of the merchandising profits . Lucas finished writing his script in March 1976 , when the crew started filming . He said , `` What finally emerged through the many drafts of the script has obviously been influenced by science - fiction and action - adventure I 've read and seen . And I 've seen a lot of it . I 'm trying to make a classic sort of genre picture , a classic space fantasy in which all the influences are working together . There are certain traditional aspects of the genre I wanted to keep and help perpetuate in Star Wars . '' During production , he changed Luke 's name from Starkiller to Skywalker and altered the title to The Star Wars and later Star Wars . He would also continue to tweak the script during filming , including adding the death of Obi - Wan after realizing he served no purpose in the ending of the film . For the film 's opening crawl , Lucas originally wrote a composition consisting of six paragraphs with four sentences each . He said , `` The crawl is such a hard thing because you have to be careful that you 're not using too many words that people do n't understand . It 's like a poem . '' Lucas showed his draft to his friends . Director Brian De Palma , who was there , described it : `` The crawl at the beginning looks like it was written on a driveway . It goes on forever . It 's gibberish . '' Lucas recounted what De Palma said the first time he saw it : `` George , you 're out of your mind ! Let me sit down and write this for you . '' De Palma helped to edit the text into the form used in the film . Design ( edit ) George Lucas recruited many conceptual designers , including Colin Cantwell , who worked on 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) , to conceptualize the initial spacecraft models ; Alex Tavoularis to create the preliminary conceptual storyboard sketches of early scripts ; and Ralph McQuarrie to visualize the characters , costumes , props and scenery . McQuarrie 's pre-production paintings of certain scenes from Lucas 's early screenplay drafts helped 20th Century Fox visualize the film , which positively influenced their decision to fund the project . After McQuarrie 's drawings for Lucas 's colleagues Hal Barwood and Matthew Robbins ( who were collaborating for a film ) caught his interest , Lucas met with McQuarrie to discuss his plans for the then - untitled space fantasy film he wanted to make . Two years later , after completing American Graffiti , Lucas approached McQuarrie and asked him if he would be interested `` in doing something for Star Wars . '' McQuarrie produced a series of artworks from simple sketches ; these set a visual tone for the film , and for the rest of the original trilogy . `` Star Wars has no points of reference to Earth time or space , with which we are familiar , and it is not about the future but some galactic past or some extra-temporal present , it is a decidedly inhabited and used place where the hardware is taken for granted . '' -- Lucas on his `` used future '' backdrop The film was ambitious as Lucas wanted to create fresh prop prototypes and sets ( based on McQuarrie 's paintings ) that had never been realized before in science fiction films . He commissioned production designers John Barry and Roger Christian , who were working on the sets of the film Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) when Lucas first approached them , to work on the production sets . Christian recounted in 2014 : `` George came to the set I was doing , it was an old salt factory design and he helped me shovel salt , just like two students in plaid shirts and sneakers . And we spoke and he looked at the set and could n't believe it was n't real . '' They had a conversation with Lucas on what he would like the film to appear like , with them creating the desired sets . Christian said that Lucas `` did n't want anything ( in Star Wars ) to stand out , he wanted it ( to look ) all real and used . And I said , ' Finally somebody 's doing it the right way . ' '' Lucas described a `` used future '' concept to the production designers in which all devices , ships , and buildings looked aged and dirty . Instead of following the traditional sleekness and futuristic architecture of science fiction films that came before , the Star Wars sets were designed to look inhabited and used . Barry said that the director `` wants to make it look like it 's shot on location on your average everyday Death Star or Mos Eisley Spaceport or local cantina . '' Lucas believed that `` what is required for true credibility is a used future '' , opposing the interpretation of `` future in most futurist movies '' that `` always looks new and clean and shiny . '' Christian supported Lucas 's vision , saying `` All science fiction before was very plastic and stupid uniforms and Flash Gordon stuff . Nothing was new . George was going right against that . '' The designers started working with the director before Star Wars was approved by 20th Century Fox . For four to five months , in a studio in Kensal Rise , England , they attempted to plan the creation of the props and sets with `` no money '' . Although Lucas initially provided funds using his earnings from American Graffiti , it was inadequate . As they could not afford to dress the sets , Christian was forced to use unconventional methods and materials to achieve the desired look . He suggested that Lucas use scrap in making the dressings , and the director agreed . Christian said , `` I 've always had this idea . I used to do it with models when I was a kid . I 'd stick things on them and we 'd make things look old . '' Barry , Christian , and their team began designing the props and sets at Elstree Studios . According to Christian , the Millennium Falcon set was the most difficult to build . Christian wanted the interior of the Falcon to look like that of a submarine . He found scrap airplane metal `` that no one wanted in those days and bought them '' . He began his creation process by breaking down jet engines into scrap pieces , giving him the chance to `` stick it in the sets in specific ways '' . It took him several weeks to finish the chess set ( which he described as `` the most encrusted set '' ) in the hold of the Falcon . The garbage compactor set `` was also pretty hard , because I knew I had actors in there and the walls had to come in , and they had to be in dirty water and I had to get stuff that would be light enough so it would n't hurt them but also not bobbing around '' . A total of 30 sets consisting of planets , starships , caves , control rooms , cantinas , and the Death Star corridors were created ; all of the nine sound stages at Elstree were used to accommodate them . The massive rebel hangar set was housed at a second sound stage at Shepperton Studios ; the stage was the largest in Europe at the time . Filming ( edit ) In 1975 , Lucas formed his own visual effects company Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) after discovering that 20th Century Fox 's visual effects department had been disbanded . ILM began its work on Star Wars in a warehouse in Van Nuys , California . Most of the visual effects used pioneering digital motion control photography developed by John Dykstra and his team , which created the illusion of size by employing small models and slowly moving cameras . George Lucas tried `` to get a cohesive reality '' for his feature . However , since the film is a fairy tale , as he had described , `` I still wanted it to have an ethereal quality , yet be well composed and , also , have an alien look . '' He designed the film to have an `` extremely bizarre , Gregg Toland - like surreal look with strange over-exposed colors , a lot of shadows , a lot of hot areas . '' Lucas wanted Star Wars to embrace the combination of `` strange graphics of fantasy '' and `` the feel of a documentary '' to impress a distinct look . To achieve this , he hired the British cinematographer Gilbert Taylor . Originally , Lucas 's first choice for the position was Geoffrey Unsworth , who also provided the cinematography for Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 : A Space Odyssey . Unsworth was interested in working with the director , and initially accepted the job when it was offered to him by Lucas and Kurtz . However , he eventually withdrew to work on the Vincente Minnelli - directed A Matter of Time ( 1976 ) instead , which `` really annoy ( ed ) '' Kurtz . Lucas called up for other cinematographers , and eventually chose Taylor , basing his choice on Taylor 's cinematography for Dr. Strangelove and A Hard Day 's Night ( both 1964 ) . On his decision , Lucas said : `` I thought they were good , eccentrically photographed pictures with a strong documentary flavor '' . Taylor said that Lucas , who was consumed by the details of the complicated production , `` avoided all meetings and contact with me from day one , so I read the extra-long script many times and made my own decisions as to how I would shoot the picture . '' He also `` took it upon myself to experiment with photographing the lightsabers and other things onstage before we moved on to our two weeks of location work in Tunisia '' . Taylor was aware of the `` enormous amount of process work '' to follow principal photography and believed `` a crisp result would help '' . During production , Lucas and Taylor -- whom Kurtz called `` old - school '' and `` crotchety '' -- had disputes over filming . With a background in independent filmmaking , Lucas was accustomed to creating most of the elements of the film himself . His lighting suggestions were rejected by Taylor , who felt that Lucas was overstepping his boundaries by giving specific instructions , sometimes even moving lights and cameras himself . Taylor refused to use the soft - focus lenses and gauze Lucas wanted after Fox executives complained about the look . Kurtz stated that `` In a couple of scenes ( ... ) rather than saying , ' It looks a bit over lit , can you fix that ? ' , ( Lucas would ) say , ' turn off this light , and turn off that light . ' And Gil would say , ' No , I wo n't do that , I 've lit it the way I think it should be -- tell me what 's the effect that you want , and I 'll make a judgment about what to do with my lights . ' '' Hotel Sidi Driss , the underground building in Matmata , Tunisia , used to film Luke 's home Originally , Lucas envisioned the planet of Tatooine , where much of the film would take place , as a jungle planet . Gary Kurtz traveled to the Philippines to scout locations ; however , because of the idea of spending months filming in the jungle would make Lucas `` itchy '' , the director refined his vision and made Tatooine a desert planet instead . Kurtz then researched all American , North African , and Middle Eastern deserts , and found Tunisia , near the Sahara desert , as the ideal location . In the director 's commentary of the 2004 DVD edition of A New Hope , Lucas said he wanted to also make it look more `` spacy '' or outer space - like in style . When principal photography began on March 22 , 1976 , in the Tunisian desert for the scenes on Tatooine , the project faced several problems . Lucas fell behind schedule in the first week of shooting due to malfunctioning props and electronic breakdowns . Moreover , a rare Tunisian rainstorm struck the country , which further disrupted filming . Taylor said , `` you could n't really see where the land ended and the sky began . It was all a gray mess , and the robots were just a blur . '' Given this situation , Lucas requested for heavy filtration , which Taylor rejected , who said : `` I thought the look of the film should be absolutely clean ... But George saw it differently , so we tried using nets and other diffusion . He asked to set up one shot on the robots with a 300mm , and the sand and sky just mushed together . I told him it would n't work , but he said that was the way he wanted to do the entire film , all diffused . '' This difference was later settled by 20th Century Fox executives , who backed Taylor 's suggestion . Filming began in Chott el Djerid , while a construction crew in Tozeur took eight weeks to transform the desert into the desired setting . Other locations included the sand dunes of the Tunisian desert near Nafta , where a scene featuring a giant skeleton of a creature lying in the background as R2 - D2 and C - 3PO make their way across the sands was filmed . When actor Anthony Daniels wore the C - 3PO outfit for the first time in Tunisia , the left leg piece shattered down through the plastic covering his left foot , stabbing him . He also could not see through his costume 's eyes , which was covered with gold to prevent corrosion . Abnormal radio signals caused by the Tunisian sands made the radio - controlled R2 - D2 models run out of control . Kenny Baker , who portrayed R2 - D2 , said : `` I was incredibly grateful each time an ( R2 ) would actually work right . '' After several scenes were filmed against the volcanic canyons outside Tozeur , production moved to Matmata to film Luke 's home on Tatooine . Lucas chose Hotel Sidi Driss , which is larger than the typical underground dwellings , to shoot the interior of Luke 's homestead . Additional scenes for Tatooine were filmed at Death Valley in North America . After completing two and a half weeks of filming in Tunisia , the cast and crew moved into the more controlled environment of Elstree Studios , near London . Difficulties encountered in Tunisia were assumed to cease ; however , due to strict British working conditions adhered to on set , a new problem arose : filming had to finish by 5 : 30 pm , unless Lucas was in the middle of a scene . The interiors were shot in London due to its proximity to North Africa and because of the availability of top technical crews at Elstree Studios . The film studio was the only one of its kind in Britain or America that could cater nine large stages at the same time and allow the company complete freedom to use its own personnel . Despite Lucas ' efforts , his crew had little interest in the film and did not take the project seriously . Most of the crew considered the project a `` children 's film '' , rarely took their work seriously , and often found it unintentionally humorous . Actor Baker later confessed that he thought the film would be a failure . Harrison Ford found it strange that `` there 's a princess with weird buns in her hair '' , and he called Chewbacca a `` giant in a monkey suit '' . The Elstree sets designed by John Barry , according to Gilbert Taylor , `` were like a coal mine '' . He said that `` they were all black and gray , with really no opportunities for lighting at all '' . To resolve the problem , he worked the lighting into the sets by chopping in its walls , ceiling and floors . This would result in `` a ' cut - out ' system of panel lighting '' , with quartz lamps that could be placed in the holes in the walls , ceiling and floors . His idea was supported by the Fox studio , which agreed that `` we could n't have this ' black hole of Calcutta ' '' . The lighting approach Taylor devised `` allowed George to shoot in almost any direction without extensive relighting , which gave him more freedom . '' In total , filming the scenes in Britain took 14 and a half weeks . Tikal , Guatemala , which served as the setting of the rebel base . The moon Yavin 4 , which acted as the rebel base in the film , was filmed in the Mayan temples at Tikal , Guatemala . Lucas selected the location as a potential filming site after seeing a poster of it hanging at a travel agency while he was filming in Britain . This inspired him to send a film crew to Guatemala in March 1977 to shoot scenes . While filming in Tikal , the crew paid locals with a six pack of beer to watch over the camera equipment for several days . Lucas rarely spoke to the actors , who felt that he expected too much of them while providing little direction . His directions to the actors usually consisted of the words `` faster '' and `` more intense '' . Kurtz stated that `` it happened a lot where he would just say , ' Let 's try it again a little bit faster . ' That was about the only instruction he 'd give anybody . A lot of actors do n't mind -- they do n't care , they just get on with it . But some actors really need a lot of pampering and a lot of feedback , and if they do n't get it , they get paranoid that they might not be doing a good job . '' Kurtz has said that Lucas `` was n't gregarious , he 's very much a loner and very shy , so he did n't like large groups of people , he did n't like working with a large crew , he did n't like working with a lot of actors . '' Ladd offered Lucas some of the only support from the studio ; he dealt with scrutiny from board members over the rising budget and complex screenplay drafts . Initially , Fox approved $8 million for the project ; Gary Kurtz said : `` we proceeded to pick a production plan and do a more final budget with a British art department and look for locations in North Africa , and kind of pulled together some things . Then , it was obvious that 8 million was n't going to do it -- they had approved 8 million . '' After requests from the team that `` it had to be more '' , the executives `` got a bit scared '' . For two weeks , Lucas and his crew `` did n't really do anything except kind of pull together new budget figures '' . At the same time , after production fell behind schedule , Ladd told Lucas he had to finish production within a week or he would be forced to shut down production . Kurtz said that `` it came out to be like 9.8 or . 9 or something like that , and in the end they just said , ' Yes , that 's okay , we 'll go ahead . ' '' The crew split into three units , with those units led by Lucas , Kurtz , and production supervisor Robert Watts . Under the new system , the project met the studio 's deadline . During production , the cast attempted to make Lucas laugh or smile , as he often appeared depressed . At one point , the project became so demanding that Lucas was diagnosed with hypertension and exhaustion and was warned to reduce his stress level . Post-production was equally stressful due to increasing pressure from 20th Century Fox . Moreover , Mark Hamill 's car accident left his face visibly scarred , which restricted re-shoots . Post-production ( edit ) Steven Spielberg claimed to have been the only person in the audience to have enjoyed the film in its early cut screening . Star Wars was originally slated for release on Christmas 1976 ; however , its production delays pushed the film 's release to summer 1977 . Already anxious about meeting his deadline , Lucas was shocked when editor John Jympson 's first cut of the film was a `` complete disaster '' . According to an article in Star Wars Insider No. 41 by David West Reynolds , this first edit of Star Wars contained about 30 -- 40 % different footage from the final version . After attempting to persuade Jympson to cut the film his way , Lucas replaced him with Paul Hirsch and Richard Chew . He also allowed his then - wife , Marcia Lucas , to aid the editing process while she was cutting the film New York , New York ( 1977 ) with Lucas 's friend Martin Scorsese . Richard Chew found the film to have a lethargic pace and to have been cut in a by - the - book manner : scenes were played out in master shots that flowed into close - up coverage . He found that the pace was dictated by the actors instead of the cuts . Hirsch and Chew worked on two reels simultaneously . Jympson 's original assembly contained a large amount of footage which differed from the final cut of the film , including several alternate takes and a number of scenes which were subsequently deleted to improve the narrative pace . The most significant material cut was a series of scenes from the first part of the film which served to introduce the character of Luke Skywalker . These early scenes , set in Anchorhead on the planet Tatooine , presented the audience with Luke 's everyday life among his friends as it is affected by the space battle above the planet ; they also introduced the character of Biggs Darklighter , Luke 's closest friend who departs to join the Rebellion . Chew explained the rationale behind removing these scenes as a narrative decision : `` In the first five minutes , we were hitting everybody with more information than they could handle . There were too many story lines to keep straight : the robots and the Princess , Vader , Luke . So we simplified it by taking out Luke and Biggs '' . After viewing a rough cut , Alan Ladd likened these Anchorhead scenes to `` American Graffiti in outer space '' . Lucas was looking for a way of accelerating the storytelling , and removing Luke 's early scenes would distinguish Star Wars from his earlier teenage drama and `` get that American Graffiti feel out of it '' . Lucas also stated that he wanted to move the narrative focus to C - 3PO and R2 - D2 : `` At the time , to have the first half - hour of the film be mainly about robots was a bold idea . '' Meanwhile , Industrial Light & Magic was struggling to achieve unprecedented special effects . The company had spent half of its budget on four shots that Lucas deemed unacceptable . Moreover , theories surfaced that the workers at ILM lacked discipline , forcing Lucas to intervene frequently to ensure that they were on schedule . With hundreds of uncompleted shots remaining , ILM was forced to finish a year 's work in six months . Lucas inspired ILM by editing together aerial dogfights from old war films , which enhanced the pacing of the scenes . During the chaos of production and post-production , the team made decisions about character voicing and sound effects . Sound designer Ben Burtt had created a library of sounds that Lucas referred to as an `` organic soundtrack '' . Blaster sounds were a modified recording of a steel cable , under tension , being struck . The lightsaber sound effect was developed by Burtt as a combination of the hum of idling interlock motors in aged movie projectors and interference caused by a television set on a shieldless microphone . Burtt discovered the latter accidentally as he was looking for a buzzing , sparking sound to add to the projector - motor hum . For Chewbacca 's growls , Burtt recorded and combined sounds made by dogs , bears , lions , tigers , and walruses to create phrases and sentences . Lucas and Burtt created the robotic voice of R2 - D2 by filtering their voices through an electronic synthesizer . Darth Vader 's breathing was achieved by Burtt breathing through the mask of a scuba regulator implanted with a microphone . In February 1977 , Lucas screened an early cut of the film for Fox executives , several director friends , along with Roy Thomas and Howard Chaykin of Marvel Comics who were preparing a Star Wars comic book . The cut had a different crawl from the finished version and used Prowse 's voice for Darth Vader . It also lacked most special effects ; hand - drawn arrows took the place of blaster beams , and when the Millennium Falcon fought TIE fighters , the film cut to footage of World War II dogfights . The reactions of the directors present , such as Brian De Palma , John Milius , and Steven Spielberg , disappointed Lucas . Spielberg , who claimed to have been the only person in the audience to have enjoyed the film , believed that the lack of enthusiasm was due to the absence of finished special effects . Lucas later said that the group was honest and seemed bemused by the film . In contrast , Ladd and the other studio executives loved the film ; Gareth Wigan told Lucas : `` This is the greatest film I 've ever seen '' and cried during the screening . Lucas found the experience shocking and rewarding , having never gained any approval from studio executives before . The delays increased the budget from $8 million to $11 million . With the project $2 million over budget , Lucas was forced to make numerous artistic compromises to complete Star Wars . Ladd reluctantly agreed to release an extra $20,000 funding and in early 1977 second unit filming completed a number of sequences including exterior desert shots for Tatooine in Death Valley and China Lake Acres in California , and exterior Yavin jungle shots in Guatemala , along with additional studio footage to complete the Mos Eisley Cantina sequence . Lucas had planned to rework a confrontation scene between Han Solo and Jabba the Hutt in Mos Eisley Spaceport by compositing a stop - motion animated model of Jabba to replace the actor Declan Mulholland , but with time and money running out , Lucas reluctantly decided to cut the scene entirely . The sequence was later re-instated in the 1997 Special Edition with a computer - generated version of Jabba . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars ( soundtrack ) Original vinyl release On the recommendation of his friend Steven Spielberg , Lucas hired composer John Williams . Williams had worked with Spielberg on the film Jaws , for which he won an Academy Award . Lucas felt that the film would portray visually foreign worlds , but that the musical score would give the audience an emotional familiarity ; he wanted a grand musical sound for Star Wars , with leitmotifs to provide distinction . Therefore , he assembled his favorite orchestral pieces for the soundtrack , until Williams convinced him that an original score would be unique and more unified . However , a few of Williams ' pieces were influenced by the tracks given to him by Lucas : the `` Main Title Theme '' was inspired by the theme from the 1942 film Kings Row , scored by Erich Wolfgang Korngold ; and the track `` Dune Sea of Tatooine '' drew from the soundtrack of Bicycle Thieves , scored by Alessandro Cicognini . In March 1977 , Williams conducted the London Symphony Orchestra to record the Star Wars soundtrack in 12 days . The original soundtrack was released as a double LP in 1977 by 20th Century Records . 20th Century Records also released The Story of Star Wars that same year , a narrated audio drama adaptation of the film utilizing some of its original music , dialogue , and sound effects . The American Film Institute 's list of best film scores ranks the Star Wars soundtrack at number one . Cinematic and literary allusions ( edit ) See also : Star Wars sources and analogues War films such as The Dam Busters and 633 Squadron , which used aircraft like the Avro Lancaster ( top ) and the Mosquito ( bottom ) , respectively , were inspirations for the battle sequences According to Lucas , different concepts of the film were inspired by numerous sources , such as Beowulf and King Arthur for the origins of myth and religion . Lucas had originally intended to remake the 1930s Flash Gordon film serials , but was unable to obtain the rights ; thus , he resorted to drawing from Akira Kurosawa 's 1958 film The Hidden Fortress , and Joseph Campbell 's The Hero with a Thousand Faces . Star Wars features many elements derived from Flash Gordon , such as the conflict between Rebels and Imperial Forces , the wipes between scenes , the fusion of futuristic technology and traditional mythology , and the famous opening crawl that begins each film . The film has also been compared to The Wizard of Oz . The influence of The Hidden Fortress can be seen in the relationship between C - 3PO and R2 - D2 , which evolved from the two bickering peasants , Tahei and Matashichi , and a Japanese family crest seen in the earlier film is similar to the Imperial Crest . Star Wars also borrows heavily from another Kurosawa film , Yojimbo . In both films , several men threaten the hero , bragging about how wanted they are by the authorities , and have an arm being cut off by a blade ; Kuwabatake Sanjuro ( portrayed by Toshiro Mifune ) is offered `` ... twenty - five ryo now , twenty - five when you complete the mission ... '' , whereas Han Solo is offered `` Two thousand now , plus fifteen when we reach Alderaan . '' Tatooine is similar to Arrakis from Frank Herbert 's Dune series . Arrakis is the only known source of a longevity spice called Melange . References to `` spice '' , various illegal stimulant drugs , occur throughout the last three films of the Star Wars saga . In the original film , Han Solo is a smuggler who has been through the spice mines of Kessel . In the conversation at Obi - Wan Kenobi 's home , between Obi - Wan and Luke , Luke expresses a belief that his father was a navigator on a spice freighter . Other similarities include those between Princess Leia and Princess Alia , and between Jedi mind tricks and `` The Voice '' , a controlling ability used by the Bene Gesserit . In passing , Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru are `` moisture farmers '' ; in Dune , dew collectors are used by Fremen to `` provide a small but reliable source of water . '' Frank Herbert reported that `` David Lynch , ( director of the 1984 film Dune ) had trouble with the fact that Star Wars used up so much of Dune . '' The pair found `` sixteen points of identity '' and they calculated that `` the odds against coincidence produced a number larger than the number of stars in the universe . '' The Death Star assault scene was modeled after the World War II film The Dam Busters ( 1955 ) , in which Royal Air Force Lancaster bombers fly along heavily defended reservoirs and aim bouncing bombs at dams , in order to cripple the heavy industry of Germany 's Ruhr region . Some of the dialogue in The Dam Busters is repeated in the Star Wars climax ; Gilbert Taylor also filmed the special effects sequences in The Dam Busters . In addition , the sequence was partially inspired by the climax of the film 633 Squadron ( 1964 ) , directed by Walter Grauman , in which RAF de Havilland Mosquitos attack a German heavy water plant by flying down a narrow fjord to drop special bombs at a precise point , while avoiding anti-aircraft guns and German fighters . Clips from both films were included in Lucas 's temporary dogfight footage version of the sequence . The opening shot of Star Wars , in which a detailed spaceship fills the screen overhead , is a reference to the scene introducing the interplanetary spacecraft Discovery One in Stanley Kubrick 's seminal 1968 film 2001 : A Space Odyssey . The earlier big - budget science fiction film influenced the look of Star Wars in many other ways , including the use of EVA pods and hexagonal corridors . The Death Star has a docking bay reminiscent of the one on the orbiting space station in 2001 . Although golden and male , C - 3PO was inspired by the silver female robot Maria , the Maschinenmensch from Fritz Lang 's 1927 film Metropolis . Title ( edit ) The opening crawl of Star Wars , after the addition of the subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope , with Suzy Rice 's logotype The film was originally released in 1977 with the title `` Star Wars '' . The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were only added to the opening crawl in subsequent re-releases . Accounts differ as to when this designation was first added ; some date the change at the theatrical re-release of April 10 , 1981 , while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978 . The retroactive addition of these subtitles was intended to bring the film into line with the introduction to its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , which was released in 1980 bearing the designation `` Episode V '' . It is uncertain if the introduction of an episodic naming convention was an indicator of Lucas 's original intent , or if this was simply a later redraft of the narrative . According to some accounts , Lucas has claimed that he was discouraged by Twentieth Century Fox from using an episode number on a new film because it would confuse audiences . Gary Kurtz has stated that he and Lucas had originally considered using an episode number for Star Wars to emulate the chapter numbering used in the 1936 Flash Gordon installments , but they were uncertain whether they should designate it Episode III , IV or V. However , some of Lucas 's early script drafts bear titles such as `` The Adventures of the Starkiller ( Episode One ) : The Star Wars '' ( 1975 ) or `` The Adventures of Luke Starkiller as Taken from the Journal of the Whills : Saga One : Star Wars '' ( 1976 ) . The Revised Fourth Draft of the script dated January 1975 acquired the subtitle `` Episode IV -- A New Hope -- from the Journal of the Whills '' when published in the 1979 book The Art of Star Wars . Marketing ( edit ) Dan Perri 's original Star Wars logotype While the film was in production , a logo was commissioned from Dan Perri , a title sequence designer who had worked on the titles for films such as The Exorcist ( 1973 ) , Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) . Perri devised a foreshortened STAR WARS logotype consisting of block - capital letters filled with stars and skewed towards a vanishing point . This logo design was originally conceived to follow the same perspective as the film 's opening crawl . In the end , Perri 's logo was not used for the film 's opening title sequence , although it was used widely on pre-release print advertising and on cinema marquees . The logotype eventually selected for on - screen use originated in a promotional brochure that was distributed by Fox to cinema owners in 1976 . This brochure was designed by Suzy Rice , a young art director at the Los Angeles advertising agency Seiniger Advertising . On a visit to ILM in Van Nuys , Rice was instructed by Lucas to produce a logo that would intimidate the viewer , and he reportedly asked for the logo to appear `` very fascist '' in style . Rice 's response to her brief was to use an outlined , modified Helvetica Black . After some feedback from Lucas , Rice decided to join the S and T of STAR and the R and S of WARS . Lucas signed off on the brochure in between takes while filming inserts for the Mos Eisley Cantina scene . Gary Kurtz was impressed with Rice 's logo and selected it over Perri 's design for the film 's opening titles , after modifying the letter W to flatten the pointed tips originally designed by Rice . This finalised the design of one of the most recognisable logos in cinema design , although Rice 's contribution was not credited in the film . For the US release in 1977 , 20th Century Fox commissioned a promotional film poster from the advertising agency Smolen , Smith and Connolly . They used the freelance artist Tom Jung who was given the brief of `` good over evil '' . His poster , known as Style ' A ' , depicted Luke Skywalker standing in a heroic pose , brandishing a shining lightsaber above his head , with Princess Leia below him , and a large , ghostly image of Darth Vader 's helmet looming behind them . Some Fox executives considered this poster `` too dark '' and commissioned the Brothers Hildebrandt , a pair of well - known fantasy artists , to rework the poster for the UK release . When the film opened in British theaters , the Hildebrandts ' Style ' B ' poster was used in cinema billboards . Fox and Lucasfilm subsequently decided that they wanted to promote the new film with a less stylised and more realistic depiction of the lead characters . Producer Gary Kurtz turned to the film poster artist Tom Chantrell , who was already well known for his prolific work for Hammer horror films , and commissioned a new version . Two months after Star Wars opened , the Hildebrandts ' poster was replaced by Chantrell 's Style ' C ' poster in UK cinemas . Release ( edit ) Premiere and initial release ( edit ) Lucasfilm hired Charles Lippincott as marketing director for Star Wars . As 20th Century Fox gave little support for marketing beyond licensing T - shirts and posters , Lippincott was forced to look elsewhere . He secured deals with Marvel Comics for a comic book adaptation , and with Del Rey Books for a novelization . A fan of science fiction , he used his contacts to promote the film at the San Diego Comic - Con and elsewhere within science fiction fandom . Worried that Star Wars would be beaten out by other summer films , such as Smokey and the Bandit , 20th Century Fox moved the release date to May 25 , the Wednesday before Memorial Day . However , fewer than 40 theaters ordered the film to be shown . In response , the studio demanded that theaters order Star Wars if they wanted the eagerly anticipated The Other Side of Midnight based on the novel by the same name . `` On opening day I ... did a radio call - in show ... this caller , was really enthusiastic and talking about the movie in really deep detail . I said , ' You know a lot about the film . ' He said , ' Yeah , yeah , I 've seen it four times already . ' '' -- Producer Gary Kurtz , on when he realized Star Wars had become a cultural phenomenon Star Wars debuted on Wednesday , May 25 , 1977 , in fewer than 32 theaters , and eight more on Thursday and Friday . Kurtz said in 2002 , `` That would be laughable today . '' It immediately broke box office records , effectively becoming one of the first blockbuster films , and Fox accelerated plans to broaden its release . Lucas himself was not able to predict how successful Star Wars would be . After visiting the set of the Steven Spielberg film Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Lucas was sure Close Encounters would outperform the yet - to - be-released Star Wars at the box office . Spielberg disagreed , and felt Star Wars would be the bigger hit . Lucas proposed they trade 2.5 % of the profit on each other 's films ; Spielberg took the trade , and still receives 2.5 % of the profits from Star Wars . Fox initially had doubts if Star Wars would emerge successful . The Other Side of Midnight was supposed to be the studio 's big summer hit , while Lucas ' movie was considered the `` B track '' for theater owners nationwide . While Fox requested Mann 's Chinese Theatre , the studio promised that the film only needed two weeks . Fearing that the film would fail , Lucas had made plans to be in Hawaii with his wife Marcia . Having forgotten that the film would open that day , he spent most of Wednesday in a sound studio in Los Angeles . When Lucas went out for lunch with Marcia , they encountered a long line of people along the sidewalks leading to Mann 's Chinese Theatre , waiting to see Star Wars . He was still skeptical of the film 's success despite Ladd and the studio 's enthusiastic reports . While in Hawaii , it was not until he watched Walter Cronkite discuss the gigantic crowds for Star Wars on the CBS Evening News that Lucas realized he had become very wealthy ( Francis Ford Coppola , who needed money to finish Apocalypse Now , sent a telegram to Lucas 's hotel asking for funding ) . Even technical crew members , such as model makers , were asked for autographs , and cast members became instant household names ; when Ford visited a record store to buy an album , enthusiastic fans tore half his shirt off . The film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox , and was credited for reinvigorating the company . Within three weeks of the film 's release , the studio 's stock price had doubled to a record high . Prior to 1977 , 20th Century Fox 's greatest annual profits were $37 million , while in 1977 , the company broke that record by posting a profit of $79 million . Although the film 's cultural neutrality helped it to gain international success , Ladd became anxious during the premiere in Japan . After the screening , the audience was silent , leading him to fear that the film would be unsuccessful . Ladd was later told by his local contacts that , in Japan , silence was the greatest honor to a film , and the subsequent strong box office returns confirmed its popularity . After two weeks William Friedkin 's Sorcerer replaced Star Wars at Mann 's Chinese Theatre because of contractual obligations ; Mann Theatres moved the film to a less - prestigious location after quickly renovating it . When Star Wars made an unprecedented second opening at Mann 's Chinese Theatre on August 3 , 1977 , after Sorcerer failed , thousands of people attended a ceremony in which C - 3PO , R2 - D2 and Darth Vader placed their footprints in the theater 's forecourt . At that time Star Wars was playing in 1,096 theaters in the United States . Approximately 60 theaters played the film continuously for over a year ; in 1978 , Lucasfilm distributed `` Birthday Cake '' posters to those theaters for special events on May 25 , the one - year anniversary of the film 's release . Star Wars premiered in the UK on December 27 , 1977 . Later releases ( edit ) The 1997 theatrical release poster of the new Special Edition version of the film ( art by Drew Struzan ) Star Wars was re-released theatrically in 1978 , 1979 , 1981 and 1982 . After ILM used computer - generated effects for Steven Spielberg 's 1993 film Jurassic Park , Lucas claimed that digital technology had caught up to his `` original vision '' for Star Wars . For the film 's 20th anniversary in 1997 , Star Wars was digitally remastered and re-released to movie theaters , along with The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , under the campaign title Star Wars Trilogy : Special Edition . This version of the film runs 124 minutes . The Special Edition contains visual shots and scenes that were unachievable in the original release due to financial , technological , and time constraints ; one such scene involves a meeting between Han Solo and Jabba the Hutt . The process of creating the new visual effects for Star Wars was featured in the documentary film , Special Effects : Anything Can Happen , directed by Star Wars sound designer , Ben Burtt . Although most changes are minor or cosmetic in nature , many fans and critics believe that Lucas degraded the film with the additions . A particularly controversial change in which a bounty hunter named Greedo shoots first when confronting Han Solo has inspired T - shirts brandishing the phrase `` Han Shot First '' . Star Wars required extensive recovery of misplaced footage and restoration of the whole , before Lucas 's Special Edition modifications could be attempted . It was discovered that in addition to the negative motion picture stocks commonly used on feature films , Lucas had also used internegative film , a reversal stock which deteriorated faster than negative stocks did . This meant that the entire printing negative had to be disassembled , and the CRI ( color reversal internegative ) portions cleaned separately from the negative portions . Once the cleaning was complete , the film was scanned into the computer for restoration . In many cases , entire scenes had to be reconstructed from their individual elements . Digital compositing technology allowed them to correct for problems such as alignment of mattes , `` blue - spill '' , and so forth . The 1977 theatrical version of Star Wars was selected by the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress in 1989 . While it was initially unclear which version of the film had been archived by the Library , it was subsequently revealed that the Library possessed a copyright deposit print of the original theatrical release , sans A New Hope titling and other later changes . Although the agency has a mandate to register films for preservation , it has no authority to secure its selections from modification by authors or copyright holders . Home Media ( edit ) In the United States , France , Germany , Italy and Japan , parts of or the whole film were released on Super 8 movie film . The whole film was released for all these countries ( including silent editions and an American Spanish - language edition ) , except for Italy , where it was released as seven brief scenes : Battaglia spaziale ( `` Space battle '' , the Battle of Yavin ) , Duello col laser ( `` Duel with the laser '' , Obi - Wan and Darth Vader 's duel ) , La liberazione di Leia ( `` Leia 's liberation '' , the adventure on the Death Star ) , Messaggio dallo spazio ( `` Message from space '' , Leia giving R2 - D2 the plans ) , SOS nella galassia ( `` SOS in the galaxy '' ) and Trappola mortale ( `` Deadly trap '' ) . Star Wars debuted on Betamax , CED , LaserDisc , Video 2000 , and VHS between the 1980s and 1990s by CBS / Fox Video . The final issue of the original theatrical release ( pre-Special Edition ) to VHS format occurred in 1995 , as part of `` Last Chance to Own the Original '' campaign , available as part of a trilogy set and as a standalone purchase . The film was released for the first time on DVD on September 21 , 2004 , in a box set with The Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , and a bonus disc of supplementary material . The films were digitally restored and remastered , and more changes were made by George Lucas . The DVD features a commentary track from Lucas , Ben Burtt , Dennis Muren , and Carrie Fisher . The bonus disc contains the documentary Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy , three featurettes , teasers , theatrical trailers , TV spots , still galleries , an exclusive preview of Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , a playable Xbox demo of the LucasArts game Star Wars : Battlefront , and a `` Making Of '' documentary on the Episode III video game . The set was reissued in December 2005 as part of a three - disc limited edition boxed set without the bonus disc . The trilogy was re-released on separate two - disc limited edition DVD sets from September 12 to December 31 , 2006 , and again in a limited edition tin box set on November 4 , 2008 ; the original versions of the films were added as bonus material . The release was met with criticism as the unaltered versions were from the 1993 non-anamorphic LaserDisc masters and were not re-transferred using modern video standards . The transfer led to problems with colors and digital image jarring . All six Star Wars films were released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu - ray Disc on September 16 , 2011 in three different editions , with A New Hope available in both a box set of the original trilogy and with the other five films on Star Wars : The Complete Saga , which includes nine discs and over 40 hours of special features . The original theatrical versions of the films were not included in the box set ; however , the new 2011 revisions of the trilogy were leaked a month prior to release , inciting controversy the new changes made to these movies and causing an online uproar against Lucas . On April 7 , 2015 , Walt Disney Studios , 20th Century Fox , and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films . Fox released A New Hope for digital download on April 10 , 2015 and Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the other five films . In December 2016 , an interview done by Rogue One : A Star Wars Story director Gareth Edwards revealed that Lucasfilm had recently completed a 4K restoration of the film , but did not elaborate on whether the restored version was based on the 1977 original or a subsequent re-release . 3D re-release ( edit ) In 2010 , George Lucas announced that all six previously released Star Wars films would be scanned and transferred to 3D , with a corresponding theatrical release . The Phantom Menace was the first of these films and saw its theatrical release in 2012 . However , due to The Force Awakens , Lucas delayed the releases of the rest of the saga . While both Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith 3D versions were screened at the 2013 and 2015 Star Wars Celebration , Lucas never released the original trilogy in 3D before Disney bought the franchise in December 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Star Wars remains one of the most financially successful films of all time . The film earned $1,554,475 through its opening weekend ( $6.28 million in 2017 dollars ) , building up to $7 million weekends as it entered wide release ( $28.3 million in 2017 dollars ) . It replaced Jaws as the highest - earning film in North America just six months into release , eventually earning over $220 million during its initial theatrical run ( $888 million in 2017 dollars ) . Star Wars entered international release towards the end of the year , and in 1978 added the worldwide record to its domestic one , earning $410 million in total . On July 21 , 1978 while still in current release in 38 theatres in the U.S. , the film expanded into a 1,744 theatre national saturation windup of release and set a new U.S. weekend record of $10,202,726 . The gross prior to the expansion was $221,280,994 . The expansion added a further $43,774,911 to take its gross to $265,055,905 . Reissues in 1979 ( $22,455,262 ) , 1981 ( $17,247,363 ) , and 1982 ( $17,981,612 ) brought its cumulative gross in the U.S and Canada to $323 million , and extended its global earnings to $530 million . The film remained the highest - grossing film of all time until E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial broke that record in 1983 . Following the release of the Special Edition in 1997 , Star Wars briefly reclaimed the North American record before losing it again the following year to Titanic . In total , the film has earned $775,398,007 worldwide ( including $460,998,007 in North America alone ) . Adjusted for inflation , it has earned over $2.5 billion worldwide at 2011 prices , making it the most successful franchise film of all time . According to Guinness World Records , the film ranks as the third - highest - grossing film when adjusting for inflation ; at the North American box office , it ranks second behind Gone with the Wind on the inflation - adjusted list . Critical response ( edit ) `` What makes the Star Wars experience unique , though , is that it happens on such an innocent and often funny level . It 's usually violence that draws me so deeply into a movie -- violence ranging from the psychological torment of a Bergman character to the mindless crunch of a shark 's jaws . Maybe movies that scare us find the most direct route to our imaginations . But there 's hardly any violence at all in Star Wars ( and even then it 's presented as essentially bloodless swashbuckling ) . Instead , there 's entertainment so direct and simple that all of the complications of the modern movie seem to vaporize . '' -- Roger Ebert , in his review for the Chicago Sun - Times The film was met with critical acclaim upon its release . In his 1977 review , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times called the film `` an out - of - body experience '' , compared its special effects to those of 2001 : A Space Odyssey , and opined that the true strength of the film was its `` pure narrative '' . Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film `` the movie that 's going to entertain a lot of contemporary folk who have a soft spot for the virtually ritualized manners of comic - book adventure '' and `` the most elaborate , most expensive , most beautiful movie serial ever made . '' A.D. Murphy of Variety described the film as `` magnificent '' and claimed George Lucas had succeeded in his attempt to create the `` biggest possible adventure fantasy '' based on the serials and older action epics from his childhood . Writing for The Washington Post , Gary Arnold gave the film a positive review , writing that the film `` is a new classic in a rousing movie tradition : a space swashbuckler . '' However , the film was not without its detractors : Pauline Kael of The New Yorker criticized Star Wars , stating that `` there 's no breather in the picture , no lyricism '' , and that it had no `` emotional grip '' . John Simon of New York magazine also panned the film and wrote , `` Strip Star Wars of its often striking images and its highfalutin scientific jargon , and you get a story , characters , and dialogue of overwhelming banality . '' Stanley Kauffmann , reviewing the film in The New Republic , opined that it `` was made for those ( particularly males ) who carry a portable shrine within them of their adolescence , a chalice of a Self that was Better Then , before the world 's affairs or -- in any complex way -- sex intruded . '' When Star Wars opened in the UK , stating that Lucas 's earlier films were better , Derek Malcolm of The Guardian concluded that it `` plays enough games to satisfy the most sophisticated . '' The Daily Telegraph 's science correspondent Adrian Berry said that Star Wars `` is the best such film since 2001 and in certain respects it is one of the most exciting ever made . '' He described the plot as `` unpretentious and pleasantly devoid of any ' message . ' '' The film continues to receive critical acclaim from modern critics . The film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes rates it 93 % positive based on 104 reviews with an overall rating of 8.6 / 10 . Its consensus states in summary , `` A legendary expansive and ambitious start to the sci - fi saga , George Lucas opens our eyes to the possibilities of blockbuster film - making and things have never been the same . '' Metacritic reports an aggregate score of 92 out of 100 ( based on 14 reviews ) , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . In his 1997 review of the film 's 20th anniversary release , Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune gave the film four out of four stars , saying , `` A grandiose and violent epic with a simple and whimsical heart . '' A San Francisco Chronicle staff member described the film as `` a thrilling experience . '' In 2001 Matt Ford of the BBC awarded the film five out of five stars and wrote , `` Star Wars is n't the best film ever made , but it is universally loved . '' CinemaScore reported that audiences for Star Wars 's 1999 re-release gave the film a `` A + '' grade . Gene Siskel , writing for the Chicago Tribune in 1999 , said , `` What places it a sizable cut above the routine is its spectacular visual effects , the best since Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 . '' Andrew Collins of Empire magazine awarded the film five out of five and said , `` Star Wars ' timeless appeal lies in its easily identified , universal archetypes -- goodies to root for , baddies to boo , a princess to be rescued and so on -- and if it is most obviously dated to the 70s by the special effects , so be it . '' In his 2009 review , Robert Hatch of The Nation called the film `` an outrageously successful , what will be called a ' classic , ' compilation of nonsense , largely derived but thoroughly reconditioned . I doubt that anyone will ever match it , though the imitations must already be on the drawing boards . '' In a more critical review , Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader stated , `` None of these characters has any depth , and they 're all treated like the fanciful props and settings . '' Peter Keough of the Boston Phoenix said , `` Star Wars is a junkyard of cinematic gimcracks not unlike the Jawas ' heap of purloined , discarded , barely functioning droids . '' Accolades ( edit ) Alec Guinness , shown here in 1973 , received multiple award nominations , including one from the Academy , for his performance as Jedi Master Obi - Wan Kenobi . The film garnered numerous accolades after its release . Star Wars won six competitive Academy Awards at the 50th Academy Awards : Best Art Direction , Best Costume Design , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , Best Sound and Best Visual Effects . A Special Achievement for Sound Effects Editing went to sound designer Ben Burtt and a Scientific and Engineering Award went to John Dykstra for the development of the Dykstraflex Camera ( shared with Alvah J. Miller and Jerry Jeffress , who were both granted for the engineering of the Electronic Motion Control System ) . Additional nominations included Alec Guinness for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , which went to Jason Robards for Julia and George Lucas for Best Original Screenplay , Best Director , and Best Picture , which were instead awarded to Woody Allen 's Annie Hall . At the 35th Golden Globe Awards , the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director , Best Supporting Actor ( Alec Guinness ) , and it won the award for Best Score . It received six British Academy Film Awards nominations : Best Film , Best Editing , Best Costume Design , Best Production / Art Design , Best Sound , and Best Score ; the film won in the latter two categories . John Williams ' soundtrack album won the Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score for a Motion Picture or Television Program , and the film attained the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . The film also received twelve nominations at the Saturn Awards , winning nine : Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction and Best Writing for George Lucas , Best Supporting Actor for Alec Guinness , Best Music for John Williams , Best Costume for John Mollo , Best Make - up for Rick Baker and Stuart Freeborn , Best Special Effects for John Dykstra and John Stears , and Outstanding Editing for Paul Hirsch , Marcia Lucas and Richard Chew . Legacy ( edit ) The original Star Wars trilogy is considered one of the best film trilogies in history . Lucas has often stated that the entire trilogy was intended to be considered one film . However , he said that his story material for Star Wars was too long for a single film , prompting Lucas to split the story into multiple films . Lucas also stated that the story evolved over time and that `` There was never a script completed that had the entire story as it exists now ( in 1983 ) ... As the stories unfolded , I would take certain ideas and save them ... I kept taking out all the good parts , and I just kept telling myself I would make other movies someday . '' In early interviews , it was suggested the series might comprise nine or twelve films . Star Wars launched the careers of Mark Hamill , Harrison Ford , and Carrie Fisher . Ford , who subsequently starred in the Indiana Jones series ( 1981 -- 2008 ) , Blade Runner ( 1982 ) , and Witness ( 1985 ) after working on the film , told the Daily Mirror that Star Wars `` boosted my career '' , and said , `` I think the great luck of my career is that I 've made these family movies which are introduced to succeeding generations of kids by their families at the time it seems appropriate . '' The film has spawned a series of films consisting of three trilogies ( including the original film ) , anthology films and an extensive media franchise called the Star Wars expanded universe including books , television series , computer and video games , and comic books . All of the main films have been box office successes , with the overall box office revenue generated by the Star Wars films ( including the theatrical The Clone Wars ) totaling over $6.5 billion , making it the third highest - grossing film series . The film also spawned the Star Wars Holiday Special , which debuted on CBS on November 17 , 1978 and is often considered a failure ; Lucas himself disowned it . The special has never been aired after its original broadcast , and it has never been officially released on home video . However , many bootleg copies exist , and the special has consequently become something of an underground legend . A radio drama adaptation of the film was broadcast on the American National Public Radio network in 1981 . The adaptation was written by Brian Daley and directed by John Madden , and was produced with cooperation from George Lucas , who donated the rights to NPR . John Williams ' music and Ben Burtt 's sound design were retained for the show , and Mark Hamill ( Luke Skywalker ) and Anthony Daniels ( C - 3PO ) reprised their roles . The radio drama narrative began with a version of the backstory to the film which relates Princess Leia 's acquisition of the secret Death Star plans . It also featured scenes not seen in the final cut of the film , such as Luke Skywalker 's observation of the space battle above Tatooine through binoculars , a skyhopper race , and Darth Vader 's interrogation of Princess Leia . The radio version was originally considered to be part of the official Star Wars canon , but has since been supplanted by revised canonical narratives . In popular culture ( edit ) See also : Cultural impact of Star Wars Star Wars and its ensuing film installments have been explicitly referenced and satirized across a wide range of media . Hardware Wars , released in 1978 , was one of the first fan films to parody Star Wars . It received positive critical reaction , went to earn over $1 million , and is one of Lucas 's favorite Star Wars spoofs . Writing for The New York Times , Frank DeCaro said , `` Star Wars littered pop culture of the late 1970s with a galaxy of space junk . '' He cited Quark ( a short - lived 1977 sitcom that parodied the science fiction genre ) and Donny & Marie ( a 1970s variety show that produced a 10 - minute musical adaptation of Star Wars guest starring Daniels and Mayhew ) as `` television 's two most infamous examples '' . Mel Brooks 's Spaceballs , a satirical comic science fiction parody , was released in 1987 to mixed reviews . Lucas permitted Brooks to make a spoof of the film under `` one incredibly big restriction : no action figures . '' Contemporary animated comedy TV series Family Guy , Robot Chicken , and The Simpsons have produced episodes satirizing the film series . Star Wars , together with Lucas , was also the subject of the 2010 documentary film The People vs. George Lucas that details the issues of filmmaking and fanaticism pertaining to the film franchise and its creator . Many elements of the film have also endured presence in popular culture . The iconic weapon of choice of the Jedi , the lightsaber , was voted as the most popular weapon in film history in a survey of approximately 2,000 film fans . Characters such as Darth Vader , Han Solo and Yoda have become iconic , and all three were named in the top twenty of the British Film Institute 's `` Best Sci - Fi Characters of All - Time '' list . The expressions `` Evil empire '' and `` May the Force be with you '' have become part of the popular lexicon . A pun on the latter phrase has led to May 4 being regarded by many fans of the franchise as an unofficial Star Wars Day . To commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary in May 2007 , the United States Postal Service issued a set of 15 stamps depicting the characters of the franchise . Approximately 400 mailboxes across the country were also designed to look like R2 - D2 . Cinematic influence ( edit ) Film critic Roger Ebert wrote in his book The Great Movies , `` Like The Birth of a Nation and Citizen Kane , Star Wars was a technical watershed that influenced many of the movies that came after . '' It began a new generation of special effects and high - energy motion pictures . The film was one of the first films to link genres together to invent a new , high - concept genre for filmmakers to build upon . Finally , along with Steven Spielberg 's Jaws , it shifted the film industry 's focus away from personal filmmaking of the 1970s and towards fast - paced , big - budget blockbusters for younger audiences . Filmmakers who have said to have been influenced by Star Wars include James Cameron , J.J. Abrams , Damon Lindelof , Dean Devlin , Gareth Edwards , Roland Emmerich , John Lasseter , David Fincher , Peter Jackson , Joss Whedon , Christopher Nolan , Ridley Scott , John Singleton , and Kevin Smith . Scott , Cameron , and Jackson were influenced by Lucas 's concept of the `` used future '' ( where vehicles and culture are obviously dated ) and extended the concept for their films , such as Scott 's science fiction films Alien ( 1979 ) and Blade Runner ( 1982 ) , Cameron 's acclaimed sequel Aliens ( 1986 ) and his earlier breakthrough film The Terminator ( 1984 ) . Jackson used the concept for his production of The Lord of the Rings trilogy to add a sense of realism and believability . Christopher Nolan cited Star Wars as an influence when making the 2010 blockbuster film , Inception . Some critics have blamed Star Wars , as well as Jaws , for ruining Hollywood by shifting its focus from `` sophisticated '' films such as The Godfather , Taxi Driver , and Annie Hall to films about spectacle and juvenile fantasy . One such critic , Peter Biskind , complained , `` When all was said and done , Lucas and Spielberg returned the 1970s audience , grown sophisticated on a diet of European and New Hollywood films , to the simplicities of the pre-1960s Golden Age of movies ... They marched backward through the looking - glass . '' In an opposing view , Tom Shone wrote that through Star Wars and Jaws , Lucas and Spielberg `` did n't betray cinema at all : they plugged it back into the grid , returning the medium to its roots as a carnival sideshow , a magic act , one big special effect '' , which was `` a kind of rebirth '' . Recognition ( edit ) In its May 30 , 1977 issue , the film 's year of release , Time magazine named Star Wars the `` Movie of the Year '' . The publication claimed it was a `` big early supporter '' of the vision which would become Star Wars . In an article intended for the cover of the issue , Time 's Gerald Clarke wrote that Star Wars is `` a grand and glorious film that may well be the smash hit of 1977 , and certainly is the best movie of the year so far . The result is a remarkable confection : a subliminal history of the movies , wrapped in a riveting tale of suspense and adventure , ornamented with some of the most ingenious special effects ever contrived for film . '' Each of the subsequent films of the Star Wars saga has appeared on the magazine 's cover . AFI 100 Years ... series * AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 1998 ) -- # 15 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills ( 2001 ) -- # 27 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains ( 2003 ) : Han Solo -- # 14 Hero Obi - Wan Kenobi -- # 37 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes ( 2004 ) : `` May the Force be with you . '' -- # 8 AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores ( 2005 ) -- # 1 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers ( 2006 ) -- # 39 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) ( 2007 ) -- # 13 AFI 's 10 Top 10 ( 2008 ) -- # 2 Sci - Fi Film American Film Institute Star Wars was voted the second most popular film by Americans in a 2008 nationwide poll conducted by the market research firm , Harris Interactive . Star Wars has also been featured in several high - profile audience polls : in 1997 , it ranked as the 10th Greatest American Film on the Los Angeles Daily News Readers ' Poll ; in 2002 , the film and its sequel The Empire Strikes Back were voted as the greatest films ever made in Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Films poll ; in 2011 , it ranked as Best Sci - Fi Film on Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , a primetime special aired by ABC that counted down the best films as chosen by fans , based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People magazine ; in 2014 the film placed 11th in a poll undertaken by The Hollywood Reporter , which balloted every studio , agency , publicity firm , and production house in the Hollywood region . Reputable publications also have included Star Wars in their best films lists : in 2008 , Empire magazine ranked Star Wars at No. 22 on its list of the `` 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' ; in 2010 , the film ranked among the `` All - Time 100 '' list of the greatest films as chosen by Time magazine film critic Richard Schickel ; the film was also placed on a similar list created by The New York Times , `` The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' ; in 2012 , the film was included in Sight & Sound 's prestigious decennial critics poll `` Critics ' Top 250 Films '' , ranking at 171st on the list , and in their directors poll at 224th . Lucas 's original screenplay was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 68th greatest of all time . In 1989 , the United States Library of Congress named Star Wars among its first selections to the National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' ; at the time , it was the most recent film to be selected and it was the only film from the 1970s to be chosen . Although Lucas declined to provide the Library with a workable copy of the original film upon request ( instead offering the Special Edition ) , a viewable scan was made of the original copyright deposit print . The soundtrack was added to the United States National Recording Registry 15 years later ( in 2004 ) . The lack of a commercially available version of the 1977 original theatrical edit of the film since early ' 80s VHS releases has spawned numerous restorations by disgruntled fans over the years , such as Harmy 's Despecialized Edition . In addition to the film 's multiple awards and nominations , Star Wars has also been recognized by the American Film Institute on several of its lists . The film ranks first on 100 Years of Film Scores , second on Top 10 Sci - Fi Films , 15th on 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( ranked 13th on the updated 10th anniversary edition ) , 27th on 100 Years ... 100 Thrills , and 39th on 100 Years ... 100 Cheers . In addition , the quote `` May the Force be with you '' is ranked eighth on 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes , and Han Solo and Obi - Wan Kenobi are ranked as the 14th and 37th greatest heroes respectively on 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains . Merchandising ( edit ) Main articles : Kenner Star Wars action figures , Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , and Star Wars comics Little Star Wars merchandise was available for several months after the film 's debut , as only Kenner Products had accepted marketing director Charles Lippincott 's licensing offers . Kenner responded to the sudden demand for toys by selling boxed vouchers in its `` empty box '' Christmas campaign . Television commercials told children and parents that vouchers within a `` Star Wars Early Bird Certificate Package '' could be redeemed for four action figures between February and June 1978 . Jay West of the Los Angeles Times said that the boxes in the campaign `` became the most coveted empty box ( es ) in the history of retail . '' In 2012 , the Star Wars action figures were inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame . The novelization of the film was published in December 1976 , six months before the film was released . The credited author was George Lucas , but the book was revealed to have been ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster , who later wrote the first Star Wars expanded universe novel , Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) . The book was first published as Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker ; later editions were titled simply Star Wars ( 1995 ) and , later , Star Wars : A New Hope ( 1997 ) , to reflect the retitling of the film . Marketing director Charles Lippincott secured the deal with Del Rey Books to publish the novelization in November 1976 . By February 1977 , a half - million copies had been sold . Marvel Comics also adapted the film as the first six issues of its licensed Star Wars comic book , with the first issue sold in April 1977 . Roy Thomas was the writer and Howard Chaykin was the artist of the adaptation . Like the novelization , it contained certain elements , such as the scene with Luke and Biggs , that appeared in the screenplay but not in the finished film . The series was so successful that , according to Jim Shooter , it `` single - handedly saved Marvel '' . In 2013 , Dark Horse Comics published a comic adaption of the original screenplay 's plot . Lucasfilm adapted the story for a children 's book - and - record set . Released in 1979 , the 24 - page Star Wars read - along book was accompanied by a 331⁄3 rpm 7 - inch phonograph record . Each page of the book contained a cropped frame from the movie with an abridged and condensed version of the story . The record was produced by Buena Vista Records , and its content was copyrighted by Black Falcon , Ltd. , a subsidiary of Lucasfilm `` formed to handle the merchandising for Star Wars '' . The Story of Star Wars was a 1977 record album presenting an abridged version of the events depicted in Star Wars , using dialogue and sound effects from the original film . The recording was produced by George Lucas and Alan Livingston , and was narrated by Roscoe Lee Browne . The script was adapted by E. Jack Kaplan and Cheryl Gard . An audio CD boxed set of the Star Wars radio series was released in 1993 , containing the original 1981 radio drama along with the radio adaptations of the sequels , The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi . See also ( edit ) List of films considered the best List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of films featuring space stations Star Wars portal Film in the United States portal 1970s portal Science Fiction portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Wars '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cyriaque Lamar ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Behold , the 1977 budget breakdown for Star Wars '' . io9 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy . Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary . 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'' Jump up ^ `` Interview with Benn Burtt '' . Silicon Valley Radio . Retrieved October 3 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( June 1 , 2007 ) . `` Star Wars : The Comic Book That Saved Marvel ! '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Box Office History '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2005 , pp. 109 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 256 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Film Scores '' . American Film Institute . 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robey , Tim ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` 10 films that influenced Star Wars '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Speed ' And Other Movies Inspired By Akira Kurosawa On His 100th Birthday '' . MTV . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) '' . Cineman Syndicate . 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Star Wars FAQ : Everything Left to Know About the Trilogy That Changed the Movies . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 9781495046087 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2005 , pp. 124 . Jump up ^ ( Taylor 2014 , 11 . The First Reel ) Jump up ^ Lingwood , J.W. Rinzler ; edited by Jake ( 2008 ) . The making of Star Wars : the definitive story behind the original film ( Reprinted ed . ) . London : Ebury . p. 400 . ISBN 9780091924997 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . Star Wars : the Annotated Screenplays ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 3 . ISBN 9780345409812 . Jump up ^ Titelman , Carol ; Hoffman , Valerie , eds. ( 1979 ) . The Art of Star wars ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 9780345282736 . ^ Jump up to : ( Taylor 2014 , 11 . The First Reel ) Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) '' . Art of the Title . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sansweet , Stephen J. ; Vilmur , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Star Wars poster book . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 9780811848831 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of the Star Wars Poster '' . PhotoSecrets.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dass , William ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` The History of Star Wars Posters '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A short history of the first British Star Wars posters '' . www.sci-fimovieposters.co.uk . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( August 12 , 2010 ) . `` Did Star Wars become a toy story ? Producer Gary Kurtz looks back '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Coate , Michael ( September 21 , 2004 ) . `` May 25 , 1977 : A Day Long Remembered '' . The Screening Room . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` How Steven Spielberg Made Millions Off ' Star Wars ' After A 1977 Bet With George Lucas '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Flashback : When No Theater Wanted to Show the Movie in 1977 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Biskind , Peter ( 1998 ) . `` Star Bucks '' . Easy Riders , Raging Bulls : How the Sex - Drugs - and - Rock ' N ' Roll Generation Saved Hollywood . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster . p. 336 - 337,343 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80996 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) -- Weekly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoldessy , Michael ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrating the Original STAR WARS on its 35th Anniversary '' . CinemaTreasures.org . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` MoviePosterCollectors.com Authentication Star Wars Birthday Cake / First Anniversary One Sheet Movie Poster '' . MoviePosterCollectors.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newbold , Mark . `` Star Wars in the UK : 1977 , the First Star Wars Christmas '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Ep. IV : A New Hope -- Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kwinn , Ann ( July 4 , 1996 ) . `` Special Effects : Anything Can Happen '' . Boxoffice . Boxoffice Media . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Changes '' . DVDActive.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sagers , Aaron , `` An unbelievable day in the life of Jack Bauer '' , The Morning Call , February 15 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Restoring Star Wars '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . 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Prior to the Company 's acquisition , Lucasfilm produced six Star Wars films ( Episodes 1 through 6 ) . Lucasfilm retained the rights to consumer products related to all of the films and the rights related to television and electronic distribution formats for all of the films , with the exception of the rights for Episode 4 , which are owned by a third - party studio . All of the films are distributed by a third - party studio in the theatrical and home video markets . The theatrical and home video distribution rights for these films revert to Lucasfilm in May 2020 with the exception of Episode 4 , for which these distribution rights are retained in perpetuity by the third - party studio . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , David . `` Gareth Edwards : The Last Detail '' . Little White Lies . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . 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( July 21 , 1978 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Proves There 's Plenty of Life in Deluxers '' . Daily Variety . p. 1 Jump up ^ `` ' Wars ' Domestic Weekend B.O. Hits $10.2 Mil For New Record '' . Daily Variety . July 26 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Records Through the Years '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' B.O. History '' . Variety . May 17 , 1999 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles ( AP ) ( February 15 , 1997 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' takes box office lead over ' E.T. ' '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Morris Communications . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wuntch , Philip ( July 19 , 1985 ) . `` Return of E.T. '' The Dallas Morning News . A.H. Belo Corporation . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Top Films of All - Time : Part 1 -- Box - Office Blockbusters '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Greatest Movie Series Franchises of All Time : The Star Wars Trilogy -- Part IV '' . Filmsite.org . 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'' The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Murphy , A.D. ( May 24 , 1977 ) . `` Star Wars '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Gary ( May 25 , 1977 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : A Spectacular Intergalactic Joyride '' . The Washington Post . Nash Holdings LLC . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kael , Pauline ( September 26 , 1977 ) . `` Contrasts '' . The New Yorker . Advance Publications . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2006 . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Simon , John ( June 20 , 1977 ) . `` Looking Back at New York 's Critical 1977 Review of Star Wars '' . New York . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kauffmann , Stanley ( June 18 , 1977 ) . `` Innocences '' . The New Republic . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Derek ( December 27 , 1977 ) . `` Lucas in the sky with diamonds '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . 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Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Griffin , Michael ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Good Things Come In Threes : Great Movie Trilogies '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Ellwood , Gregory ; Eggersten , Chris ; Fienberg , Dan ; McWeeny , Drew ; Lewis , Dave ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` 10 of the best movie trilogies of all - time 1 . Star Wars Episodes IV -- VI '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas : Mapping the mythology '' . CNN . May 8 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thank the Maker : George Lucas '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm. April 19 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Worrell , Denise . Icons : Intimate Portraits . p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas ' Galactic Empire -- Get ready for Star Wars II , III , IV , V ... '' Time . Time Inc . March 6 , 1978 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ford : Star Wars boosted my career '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Box Office History '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars on TV '' . TV Party . Retrieved September 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ DiGiacomo , Frank . `` The Han Solo Comedy Hour ! '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John , Derek . `` That Time NPR Turned ' Star Wars ' Into A Radio Drama -- And It Actually Worked '' . NPR.org . All Things Considered , National Public Radio . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Canon '' . Canon Wars . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eberl , Jason T. ; Decker , Kevin S. ( 2015 ) . The Ultimate Star Wars and Philosophy : You Must Unlearn What You Have Learned . John Wiley & Sons . p. 298 . ISBN 9781119038061 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' and the Death Star Plans : Revisiting the 1981 Origin Story '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars , Episode IV : A New Hope ( 1977 ) '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wineke , Andrew ( May 20 , 2005 ) . `` Beloved sci - fi fairy tale has spawned a slew of Star Wars parodies , spinoffs '' . The Gazette . Clarity Media Group . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Brinn , David ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` The right place at the right time '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Vaughan , John ; Lucas , George ( July 16 , 1999 ) . `` July 16 , 1999 Episode '' . The Big Breakfast . 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Celebrating the Star Wars / Simpsons Connection '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- When the fans hit the Sith '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Borland , Sophie ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Sci - Fi Characters of All Time : the verdict '' . British Film Institute . Jump up ^ Caro , Mark ( May 8 , 2005 ) . `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` May the 4th '' . Starwars.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two Legendary Forces Unite to Honor 30th Anniversary of Star Wars '' . United States Postal Service . March 2007 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 28 , 1999 ) . `` Great Movies : Star Wars '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Shone , Tom ( 2004 ) . Blockbuster : How Hollywood Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Summer . London , England : Simon & Schuster . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6838 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Jessica ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` The film that changed my life : Gareth Edwards '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Why Disney Fired John Lasseter -- And How He Came Back to Heal the Studio '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Nolan 's Star Wars Inspiration '' . ContactMusic.com . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Greydanus , Steven D. `` An American Mythology : Why Star Wars Still Matters '' . Decent Films Guide . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Star Wars Turns 35 : How TIME Covered the Film Phenomenon '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . 1998 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' . American Film Institute . 2001 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' . American Film Institute . 2003 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' . American Film Institute . 2004 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' . American Film Institute . 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Top 10 Sci - Fi '' . American Film Institute . 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... The Complete Lists '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Frankly My Dear , The Force is With Them as Gone With the Wind and Star Wars are the Top Two All Time Favorite Movies '' ( PDF ) . Rochester , NY : Harris Interactive . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest American Films -- Daily News '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Films '' . Channel 4 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2006 . Retrieved September 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood 's 100 Favorite Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of all Time 100 -- 1 '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard . `` ALL - TIME 100 Movies : Star Wars '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Nichols , Peter ( February 21 , 2004 ) . The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made ( revised ed . ) . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312326111 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Film Poll : Star Wars '' . British Film Institute . 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Greatest Screenplays : The List '' . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` The National Recording Registry 2004 '' . Library of Congress . 2004 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hosie , Ewen ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Despecialized Edition ' Restores the Original , Unedited Trilogy '' . Vice . New York City . ISSN 1077 - 6788 . OCLC 30856250 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ West , Jay ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Star Wars flashback : Christmas ' 77 left fans with empty feeling '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Star Wars action figures , dominoes enter Toy Hall of Fame '' . CBS . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Michael ( October 6 , 2000 ) . `` Jim Shooter Interview : Part 1 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Star Wars # 1 ( Nick Runge Cover ) '' . Dark Horse Comics . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vilmur , Pete ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` The Flight and Fall of Black Falcon '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wells , Stuart W. A Universe of Star Wars Collectibles : Identification and Price Guide . Krause Publications . p. 239 . ISBN 0873494156 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Bibliography Baxter , John ( 1999 ) . Mythmaker : The Life and Work of George Lucas ( 1st ed . ) . New York : William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 97833 - 5 . Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays . New York : Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Brooker , Will ( 2009 ) . BFI Film Classics : Star Wars . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1844575543 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Guinness , Alec ( 1986 ) . Blessings in Disguise . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0394552377 . Hearn , Marcus ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : ABRAMS Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2008 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars : The Art of Storytelling and the Making of a Modern Epic . Kingston , Ont. : Legacy Books Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 0 . Pollock , Dale ( 1999 ) . Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80904 - 4 . Rinzler , J.W. ( 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49476 - 4 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Taylor , Chris ( 2014 ) . How Star Wars Conquered the Universe : The Past , Present , and Future of a Multibillion Dollar Franchise . Head of Zeus . ISBN 9781784970451 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Westfahl , Gary ( January 30 , 2000 ) . Space and Beyond : The Frontier Theme in Science Fiction . California : Greenwood Press . ISBN 9780313308468 . Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , T.J. ( 2005 ) . Devising a Dream : A Book of Star Wars Facts and Production Timeline . Louisville , KY : Wasteland Press . ISBN 1 - 933265 - 55 - 8 . Blackman , W. Haden ( 2004 ) . The New Essential Guide to Weapons and Technology , Revised Edition ( Star Wars ) . New York : Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 44903 - 7 . Sansweet , Stephen ( 1992 ) . Star Wars : From Concept to Screen to Collectible . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0101 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Star Wars Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Star Wars ( category ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope . Star Wars at StarWars.com Star Wars at Lucasfilm.com Star Wars at AllMovie Star Wars at the American Film Institute Catalog Star Wars at Box Office Mojo Star Wars at Filmsite.org Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope on IMDb Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope at Metacritic Star Wars at The Numbers Star Wars at Rotten Tomatoes Star Wars at the TCM Movie Database Star Wars : Episode IV A New Hope on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Resistance Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Films produced The Rain People ( 1969 , associate ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Television Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 86 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 86 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 96 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries ( 2007 - 08 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 14 ) Star Wars Detours ( Cancelled ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Resistance ( 2018 ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Awards for Star Wars Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) Nebula Award for Best Script / Ray Bradbury Award Nebula Award for Best Script Soylent Green -- Stanley R. Greenberg ( 1973 ) Sleeper -- Woody Allen ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein -- Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder ( 1975 ) Star Wars -- George Lucas ( 1977 ) The Sixth Sense -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest -- David Howard and Robert Gordon ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon James Schamus , Kuo Jung Tsai , and Hui - Ling Wang ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Stephen Sinclair , and Peter Jackson ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2004 ) Serenity -- Joss Whedon ( 2005 ) Howl 's Moving Castle -- Hayao Miyazaki , Cindy Davis Hewitt , and Donald H. Hewitt ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth -- Guillermo del Toro ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton , Jim Reardon , and Pete Docter ( 2008 ) Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Terminator 2 : Judgment Day -- James Cameron ( 1992 ) Babylon 5 -- J. Michael Straczynski ( 1999 ) 2000X -- Tales of the Next Millennia -- Yuri Rasovsky and Harlan Ellison ( 2001 ) Joss Whedon ( 2008 ) District 9 -- Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell ( 2009 ) Inception -- Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) Doctor Who : `` The Doctor 's Wife '' -- Richard Clark and Neil Gaiman ( 2011 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild -- Benh Zeitlin , Lucy Alibar ( 2012 ) Gravity -- Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy -- James Gunn and Nicole Perlman ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- George Miller , Brendan McCarthy , and Nico Lathouris ( 2015 ) Arrival -- Eric Heisserer ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) BNF : cb14438637z ( data ) LCCN : n78001095 VIAF : 185100833 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars_(film)&oldid=843641321 '' Categories : 1977 films English - language films Star Wars ( film ) 1970s science fiction films American science fantasy films 20th Century Fox films American epic films American films American robot films American science fiction action films American science fiction war films American space adventure films Cyborg films Fictional - language films Films about twins Films adapted into radio programs Films scored by John Williams Films directed by George Lucas Films produced by Gary Kurtz Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California Films shot in England Films shot in Guatemala Films shot in Tunisia Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films using computer - generated imagery Films using stop - motion animation Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works Lucasfilm films Nebula Award for Best Script - winning works Rebellions in fiction Science fiction adventure films Screenplays by George Lucas Star Wars films United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 13 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the original title of star wars a new hope | [
"Star Wars (later retitled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope) is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. It is the first film in the original Star Wars trilogy and the beginning of the Star Wars franchise. Starring Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, Alec Guinness, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew, the film focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia (Fisher), and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empire's space station, the Death Star."
] | [
"Star Wars"
] |
8652281700809717012 | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Wikipedia Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Jump to : navigation , search Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Established Location 1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard ( East Ninth Street at Lake Erie ) Cleveland , Ohio 44114 United States 41 ° 30 ′ 30.2 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 43.8 '' W / 41.508389 ° N 81.695500 ° W / 41.508389 ; - 81.695500 Visitors 441,290 ( 2013 ) President Greg Harris Public transit access North Coast station ( RTA Rapid Transit ) Website rockhall.com The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , recognizes and archives the history of the best - known and most influential artists , producers , engineers , and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20 , 1983 , by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun . In 1986 , Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame 's permanent home . Since opening in September 1995 , the `` Rock Hall '' -- part of the city 's redeveloped North Coast Harbor -- has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Foundation and museum 1.1 Economic impact 1.2 Layout 1.3 Architecture 2 Exhibit history 2.1 Public programs 2.2 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll 2.2. 1 Artists with four or more songs 2.3 25th anniversary concert 3 Inductees 3.1 Performers 3.2 Early Influences 3.3 Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement 3.4 Award for Musical Excellence 4 Library and archives 5 Criticism 5.1 2007 vote controversy 5.2 The Monkees controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Foundation and museum ( edit ) Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans , Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner , attorney Allen Grubman , and record executives Seymour Stein , Bob Krasnow , and Noreen Woods . The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986 , but the Hall of Fame still had no home . The search committee considered several cities , including Philadelphia ( home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand ) , Memphis ( home of Sun Studios and Stax Records ) , Detroit ( home of Motown Records ) , Cincinnati ( home of King Records ) , New York City , and Cleveland . Cleveland lobbied for the museum , citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term `` rock and roll '' and heavily promoted the new genre -- and that Cleveland was the location of Freed 's Moondog Coronation Ball , the first major rock and roll concert . In addition , Cleveland cited radio station WMMS , which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s , including artist David Bowie , who began his first U.S. tour in the city , Bruce Springsteen , Roxy Music , and Rush among many others . Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands . Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction . A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis , and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located . On May 5 , 1986 , the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland . `` The hall of fame should 've been in Memphis , certainly , '' wrote Peter Guralnick , author of an acclaimed two - volume Elvis Presley biography . Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization 's site because the city offered the best financial package . As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted , `` It was $65 million ... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money . '' Co-founder Jann Wenner later said , `` One of the small sad things is we did n't do it in New York in the first place , '' but then added , `` I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland . '' During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum , the Foundation 's board considered the Cuyahoga River . Ultimately , the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie , east of Cleveland Stadium . At one point in the planning phase when a financing gap existed , planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then - vacant May Company Building , but finally decided to commission architect I.M. Pei to design a new building . Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I.M. Pei in designs for the site . Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it . The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft ( 61 m ) high , but had to be cut down to 162 ft ( 49 m ) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport . The building 's base is approximately 150,000 square feet ( 14,000 m2 ) . The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7 , 1993 . Pete Townshend , Chuck Berry , Billy Joel , Sam Phillips , Ruth Brown , Sam Moore of Sam and Dave , Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking . The museum was dedicated on September 1 , 1995 , with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard , among others , before a crowd of more than 10,000 people . The following night an all - star concert was held at the stadium . It featured Chuck Berry , Bob Dylan , Al Green , Jerry Lee Lewis , Aretha Franklin , Bruce Springsteen , Iggy Pop , John Fogerty , John Mellencamp , and many others . In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees , the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll , regardless of induction status . Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie . Economic impact ( edit ) Since 1986 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees . The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 26 times ( 1986 -- 92 , 1994 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) ; twice in Los Angeles ( 1993 and 2013 ) ; and four times in the Hall of Fame 's home in Cleveland ( 1997 , 2009 , 2012 and 2015 ) . Beginning in 2018 , the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York . The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public -- private partnership between the City of Cleveland , the State of Ohio , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and local foundations , corporations , civic organizations and individuals . Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events , including free concerts , a gospel celebration , exhibition openings , free admission to the museum , and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall . Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions ; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction - related events . The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million , and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region . The 2012 induction week yielded similar results . Layout ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( left ) sits on the Lake Erie shore next to the Great Lakes Science Center ( right ) in Cleveland 's North Coast Harbor . There are seven levels in the building . On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall , the museum 's main gallery . It includes exhibits on the roots of rock and roll ( gospel , blues , rhythm & blues and folk , country and bluegrass ) . It also features exhibits on cities that have had a major impact on rock and roll : Memphis , Detroit , London and Liverpool , San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York and Seattle . There are exhibits about soul music , the Fifties , Sun Records , Atlantic Records , hip hop music , Cleveland 's rock and roll legacy , the music of the Midwest , rock and roll radio and dee - jays , and the many protests against rock and roll . This gallery also has exhibits that focus on individual artists , including the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , Jimi Hendrix and others . Finally , the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall includes two theaters , one of which features a film about the roots of rock and roll and one that features films on various subjects . The first floor of the museum is the entrance level . It includes a cafe , a stage that the museum uses for various special performances and events throughout the year , and a section called `` Backstage Stories . '' The second floor includes several interactive kiosks that feature programs on one - hit wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . This level also includes a gallery with artifact - filled exhibits about Les Paul , Alan Freed , Sam Phillips and the evolution of audio technology . Visitors enter the Hall of Fame section of the museum on the third floor . This section includes `` The Power of Rock Experience , '' which includes one of Jonathan Demme 's final works , a film shown in the Connor Theater . The film includes musical highlights from some of the Hall 's induction ceremonies . Visitors exit the Hall of Fame section on the fourth floor . That level features the Foster Theater , a state - of - the - art 3 - D theater that is used for special events and programs . Finally , the top two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large , temporary exhibits . Over the years , numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels , including exhibits about Elvis Presley , hip - hop , the Supremes , the Who , U2 , John Lennon , the Clash , Bruce Springsteen , Women Who Rock , and the Rolling Stones . Architecture ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , showing Lake Erie in the foreground Designed by I.M. Pei and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates , the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie . It is a combination of bold geometric forms and dynamic cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162 - foot tower . The tower supports a dual - triangular - shaped glass `` tent '' that extends ( at its base ) onto a 65,000 - square - foot plaza that provides a main entry facade . The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space , as well as administrative offices , a store , and a café . `` In designing this building , '' Pei said , `` it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll . I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new , and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world . '' Exhibit history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since 1997 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary exhibits that range in size from major exhibits that fill the top two floors of the museum to smaller exhibits that are often installed in the main exhibition hall on the lower level . The museum 's first major exhibit opened on May 10 , 1997 . It was called I Want to Take You Higher : The Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1969 . It included artifacts from numerous artists , including John Lennon , Eric Clapton , John Sebastian , the Jefferson Airplane , and Janis Joplin , as well as artifacts related to the Monterey International Pop Festival and Woodstock . That exhibit was followed by Elvis is in the Building , an exhibit about the `` King of Rock and Roll '' , which ran from August 8 , 1998 , to September 5 , 1999 . This year - long tribute was the first ever special exhibit devoted to a single artist , Elvis Presley , the first inductee into the RRHOF in 1986 . Graceland supplied a significant selection of representative artifacts for this special tribute spanning Elvis ' life and legendary career . Next , the museum curated Roots , Rhymes and Rage : The Hip - Hop Story . That was the first major museum exhibit to focus on hip - hop . It ran from November 11 , 1999 , to August 6 , 2000 . It was followed by Rock Style , an exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion . It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper , from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone . After it closed in Cleveland , Rock Style traveled to other museums in the U.S. The former Annex in Soho in New York City ( now closed ) Other temporary exhibits have included Lennon : His Life and Work , which ran from October 20 , 2000 , to January 1 , 2003 . It was followed by In the Name of Love : Two Decades of U2 and then Reflections : The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection . A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in 2016 was Louder than Words : Rock , Power , Politics . Other large temporary exhibits have focused on the Clash ( Revolution Rock : The Story of the Clash ) , the Doors ( Break on Through : The Lasting Legacy of the Doors ) , the Who 's Tommy ( Tommy : The Amazing Journey ) , and Bruce Springsteen ( From Asbury Park to the Promised Land : The Life and Music of Bruce Springsteen ) . Another thematic temporary exhibit focused on the role of women in rock and roll ( Women Who Rock : Vision , Passion , Power ) . Many of these exhibits travel to other museums after closing in Cleveland . The museum 's current major temporary exhibit is about the history of the magazine Rolling Stone . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also curates many smaller temporary exhibits . Over the years , these exhibits have focused on such topics as the Vans Warped Tour , the Concert for Bangladesh , Woodstock 's 40th anniversary , Austin City Limits , the Monterey International Pop Festival , Roy Orbison , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , Marty Stuart , Paul Simon , Graham Nash , and John Mellencamp . The museum also devotes exhibits to photography and artwork related to rock and roll . Among the photographers whose work has been featured at the Hall of Fame are George Kalinsky , Alfred Wertheimer , Tommy Edwards , Kevin Mazur , Janet Macoska , Lynn Goldsmith , Mike McCartney , Robert Alford , and George Shuba . The museum also featured the artwork of Philip Burke in one of its temporary exhibits , and a later exhibit featured Herb Ritts . Public programs ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum produces numerous public programs , including concerts , interviews , lectures , film screenings , and other events that help tell the story of rock and roll . Every February , the museum celebrates Black History Month by hosting concerts , film screenings and lectures that illustrate the important role African - Americans have played in the history of rock and roll . Since the program began in 1996 , such artists as Robert Lockwood , Jr. , the Temptations , Charles Brown , Ruth Brown , the Ohio Players , Lloyd Price , Little Anthony and the Imperials , and Al Green have appeared at the museum during Black History Month . Another program is the Hall of Fame Series . This series began in April 1996 and features interviews with Hall of Fame inductees in a rare and intimate settings , most often in the Museum 's Foster Theater . The interviews are usually followed by a question - and - answer session with the audience and , often , a performance by the inductee . Among the inductees who have taken part in this series are Darryl `` DMC '' McDaniels of Run - D.M.C. , Lloyd Price , Marky Ramone , Seymour Stein , Ray Manzarek of the Doors , Ronnie Spector , Bootsy Collins , Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart , and Jorma Kaukonen of the Jefferson Airplane . A similar program is the Legends Series . The only real difference between this program and the Hall of Fame Series is that it features artists who have not yet been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Peter Hook of Joy Division , Spinderella of Salt n Pepa , Tommy James , and the Chi - Lites are among the artists who have participated in the Legends Series . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series . Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall 's inductees with a week - long series of programs that include interviews , film screenings , and , often , a special exhibit . The celebration ends with an all - star concert held at a Cleveland theater . The concerts include a diverse mix of artists , from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians . The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with Hard Travelin ' : The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger . Since then , the programs have honored the following inductees : Jimmie Rodgers ( 1997 ) , Robert Johnson ( 1998 ) , Louis Jordan ( 1999 ) , Muddy Waters ( 2000 ) , Bessie Smith ( 2001 ) , Hank Williams ( 2002 ) , Buddy Holly ( 2003 ) , Lead Belly ( 2004 ) , Sam Cooke ( 2005 ) , Roy Orbison ( 2006 ) , Jerry Lee Lewis ( 2007 ) , Les Paul ( 2008 ) , Janis Joplin ( 2009 ) , Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew ( 2010 ) , Aretha Franklin ( 2011 ) , and Chuck Berry ( 2012 ) . Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll ( edit ) Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke , along with `` the museum 's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts '' , created an unordered list of `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum , and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995 . It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s . The Beatles with seven songs was the most represented on the 500 -- song list . The oldest song on the list is `` Wabash Cannonball '' , written circa 1882 and credited to J.A. Roff . Since then , however , an additional 155 songs have been added , and the list is now simply referred to as `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . '' The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' and My Chemical Romance 's `` Welcome to the Black Parade , '' both released in 2006 . The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 655 -- song list , with eight songs each . Artists with four or more songs ( edit ) 8 The Beatles 8 The Rolling Stones 7 Elvis Presley 5 The Beach Boys 5 Chuck Berry 5 Bob Dylan 5 Led Zeppelin 5 Bruce Springsteen 5 Stevie Wonder 4 David Bowie 4 James Brown 4 Ray Charles 4 The Drifters 4 Aretha Franklin 4 Jimi Hendrix 4 Robert Johnson 4 The Kinks 4 Bob Marley 4 The Miracles 4 Prince 4 U2 4 Muddy Waters 4 The Who 25th anniversary concert ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30 , 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York . The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis , U2 , Patti Smith , Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band , Simon & Garfunkel , Dion DiMucci , Metallica , James Taylor , Bonnie Raitt , Fergie , Mick Jagger , Lou Reed , Ray Davies , Ozzy Osbourne , Paul Simon , Jeff Beck , Buddy Guy , Aretha Franklin , Stevie Wonder , Sting , Little Anthony & the Imperials , and Crosby , Stills and Nash . The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty , Darlene Love , Tom Morello , Sam Moore , Jackson Browne , Peter Wolf , and Billy Joel . Inductees ( edit ) English guitarist , singer , and songwriter Eric Clapton is the only three - time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame See also : List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at an annual induction ceremony . Over the years , the majority of the ceremonies have been held at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City . However , on January 12 , 1993 , the ceremony was held in Los Angeles , and was held there again in 2013 . On May 6 , 1997 , about a year and a half after the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum , the ceremony was held in Cleveland . It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012 . Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years . Generally , the number of inductees ranges from about a half - dozen to a dozen . Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies , and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee 's music . Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies , which also include numerous musical performances , by both the inductees and the presenters . The first group of inductees , inducted on January 23 , 1986 , included Elvis Presley , James Brown , Little Richard , Fats Domino , Ray Charles , Chuck Berry , Sam Cooke , the Everly Brothers , Buddy Holly , and Jerry Lee Lewis . Robert Johnson , Jimmie Rodgers , and Jimmy Yancey were inducted as Early Influences , John Hammond received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Alan Freed and Sam Phillips were inducted as Non-Performers . Performers ( edit ) A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the `` Performers '' category ( singers , vocal groups , bands , and instrumentalists of all kinds ) , which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world . Those selected to vote include academics , journalists , producers , and others with music industry experience . Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record . Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists ' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . To be selected for induction , performers must receive the highest number of votes , and also greater than 50 % of the votes . Around five to seven performers are inducted each year . In 2012 , six additional groups , the Miracles , the Famous Flames , the Comets , the Blue Caps , the Midnighters , and the Crickets , were inducted as performers by a special committee due to the controversial exclusions when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Early Influences ( edit ) Early Influences includes artists from earlier eras , primarily country , folk , and blues , whose music inspired and influenced rock and roll artists . Other notable artists that have been inducted as Early Influences include Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots , country musicians Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams , blues musicians Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters , and jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong . After Nat King Cole and Billie Holiday in 2000 , no one was inducted in this category until 2009 , when rockabilly singer Wanda Jackson was selected . Unlike earlier inductees in this category , Jackson 's career almost entirely took place after the traditional 1955 start of the `` rock era '' . Ahmet Ertegun award for Lifetime Achievement ( edit ) Formerly the `` Non-Performers '' award , this category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry , including record label executives , songwriters , record producers , disc jockeys , concert promoters and music journalists . This category has had at least one inductee every year except 2007 and 2009 . Following the death of the Hall of Fame 's co-founder Ahmet Ertegun , this award was renamed in his honor in 2008 . Award for musical Excellence ( edit ) Formerly the `` Sidemen '' award , this category was introduced in 2000 and honors veteran session and concert players who are selected by a committee composed primarily of producers . The category was dormant from 2004 through 2007 and re-activated in 2008 . This honor was renamed the `` Award for Musical Excellence '' in 2010 . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' Library and Archives ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland , Ohio November 2015 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's Library and Archives is the world 's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll . The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland 's Campus District . The Library and Archives ' mission is to collect , preserve and provide access to these materials . The Library and Archives operates on two levels : people may come into the library and read the books and magazines , listen to music and other recordings , and watch videos and films . More serious scholars , historians and journalists may also make an appointment for access to the archival collections under the supervision of the staff archivists . The library is composed of books , academic dissertations , and other references . It also includes popular magazines , scholarly journals and trade publications ; commercial audio and video recordings , and research databases . The archival collections include music - business records from record executives , artist managers , labels , historic venues , recording studios , specialists in stage design and lighting , and long - running concert tours . The collections also contain important individual items , such as personal letters penned by Aretha Franklin and Madonna , handwritten working lyrics by Jimi Hendrix and LL Cool J , papers from music journalists such as Sue Cassidy Clark , and rare concert recordings from CBGB in the 1970s . Criticism ( edit ) The most frequent criticism of the Hall of Fame is that the nomination process is controlled by a few individuals who are not themselves musicians , such as founder Jann Wenner ( co-founder and editor - in - chief of Rolling Stone magazine ) , former foundation director Suzan Evans , and writer Dave Marsh , reflecting their personal tastes rather than the views of the rock world as a whole . A former member of the nominations board once commented that `` At one point Suzan Evans lamented the choices being made because there were n't enough big names that would sell tickets to the dinner . That was quickly remedied by dropping one of the doo - wop groups being considered in favor of a ' name ' artist ... I saw how certain pioneering artists of the ' 50s and early ' 60s were shunned because there needed to be more name power on the list , resulting in ' 70s superstars getting in before the people who made it possible for them . Some of those pioneers still are n't in today . '' Sister Rosetta Tharpe is often considered `` The Godmother / Grandmother of Rock & Roll '' , but was not chosen for induction until 2017 . Also , the influential soul / funk group Tower of Power has not yet been honored . Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker has dismissed the Hall of Fame as the `` Hall of Lame '' . There is also controversy in the lack of transparency in the selection process . Janet Morrissey of The New York Times wrote : `` With fame and money at stake , it 's no surprise that a lot of backstage lobbying goes on . Why any particular act is chosen in any particular year is a mystery to performers as well as outsiders -- and committee members say they want to keep it that way . '' Jon Landau , the chairman of the nominating committee , says they prefer it that way . `` We 've done a good job of keeping the proceedings nontransparent . It all dies in the room . '' According to Fox News , petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were also being ignored , and some groups that were signed with certain labels or companies or were affiliated with various committee members have even been put up for nomination with no discussion at all . The committee has also been accused of largely ignoring certain genres . According to author Brett Milano , `` entire genres get passed over , particularly progressive rock , ' 60s Top 40 , New Orleans funk and a whole lot of black music . '' In contrast , since the mid-2000s ( decade ) , numerous hip hop artists have been inducted , including Tupac Shakur ( class of 2017 ) , N.W.A ( class of 2016 ) and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five ( class of 2007 ) . Another criticism is that too many artists are inducted . In fifteen years , 97 different artists were inducted . A minimum of 50 % of the vote is needed to be inducted ; although , the final percentages are not announced and a certain number of inductees ( five in 2011 ) is set before the ballots are shipped . The committee usually nominates a small number of artists ( 12 in 2010 ) from an increasing number of different genres . Several voters , including Joel Selvin , himself a former member of the nominating committee , did not submit their ballots in 2007 because they did not feel that any of the candidates were truly worthy . Members of the British punk rock band The Sex Pistols , inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum `` a piss stain '' and `` urine in wine '' . In BBC Radio 6 Music 's Annual John Peel Lecture in 2013 , the singer Charlotte Church accused the museum of gender bias , stating , `` Out of 295 acts and artists in the Rock n ' Roll Hall of Fame , 259 are entirely male , meaning that Tina Weymouth 's part in Talking Heads makes them one of the 36 female acts . '' In fact , the actual percentage of woman inductees is 8.5 % . Combining all the categories , there have been 719 inductees , out of which only 61 have been women , none of which has been inducted more than once or awarded the Lifetime Achievement . 2015 inductee Steve Miller voiced a litany of criticisms directed at the hall , both during his induction speech and , especially , in interviews after it . His complaints included a lack of female inductees , not enough support by the hall for music education , and treatment of inductees at the award ceremony . 2007 vote controversy ( edit ) On March 14 , 2007 , two days after that year 's induction ceremony , Roger Friedman of Fox News published an article claiming that the Dave Clark Five should have been the fifth inductee , as they had more votes than inductee Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five . The article went on to say `` Jann Wenner used a technicality about the day votes were due in . In reality , The Dave Clark Five got six more votes than Grandmaster Flash . But he felt we could n't go another year without a rap act . '' The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation would later deny fixing the vote , although they did not deny that late votes were received , saying , `` No . There is a format and rules and procedure . There is a specific time when the votes have to be in , and then they are counted . The bands with the top five votes got in . '' The Dave Clark Five was subsequently nominated again and then inducted the following year . The Monkees controversy ( edit ) In June 2007 , Monkee Peter Tork complained to the New York Post that Wenner had blackballed the Monkees , commenting : ( Wenner ) does n't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit . It is an abuse of power . I do n't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame , but it 's pretty clear that we 're not in there because of a personal whim . Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else , and now , 40 years later , everybody says , ' What 's the big deal ? Everybody else does it . ' ( Uses studio artists or backing bands . ) Nobody cares now except him . He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007 . In a Facebook post , fellow Monkee Michael Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside , and further stated : `` I can see the HOF ( Hall of Fame ) is a private enterprise . It seems to operate as a business , and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise . The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner 's pleasure . This seems proper to me . It is their business in any case . It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate , nor should it be compelled to conform to one . '' Various magazines and news outlets , such as Time , NPR radio , The Christian Science Monitor , Goldmine magazine , Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . See also ( edit ) Rock and Roll portal Cleveland portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 Annual Report to the Community '' ( PDF ) . RockHall.com . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . 2014 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Lee . `` The house the rock built celebrates 15 years with a redesign of exhibit galleries and new library '' . Article . WEWS TV / ABC . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame welcomes 10 millionth visitor '' . The Plain Dealer via Cleveland.com . Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WMMS : A Cleveland Legend Turns 40 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Rockhall.com . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Guralnick ( author of Sam Phillips : The Man Who Invented Rock ' n ' Roll ) , an interview , `` Bostonia , '' Winter - Spring 2016 , pp. 52 - 54 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Timeline : 1995 -- 2010 '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grzegorek , Vince ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rock Hall President : Induction to Take Place in Cleveland Every Other Year Beginning in 2018 '' . CleveScene.com . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is going strong , 15 years after opening '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions , done ' the Cleveland way , ' are a hit '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` A look inside the redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum : Interactive Graphic '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Swank , Niki . `` Rock & Roll Hall of Fame : the heart of rock and roll '' . Builders Exchange Magazine . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Hall premieres its spellbinding ' The Power of Rock Experience ' '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGregor , Ellen ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` First Major redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nears completion '' . Scripps Media / News Net 5 / ABC News ( Cleveland ) . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Redesigned Rock Hall opens exhibit on The Beatles '' . Article . NBC News / AP . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ AISC Marketing , Inc . `` The House That Steel Built : A Showcase of Interesting and Aesthetic Projects '' ( PDF ) . Business Literature . American Institute of Steel Construction . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( see Larry G. Keeter , `` Elvis Is In the Building , '' `` Elvis International Forum , '' Summer 2000 , pp. 28 -- 29 ) Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall announces ' Rock , Power and Politics ' exhibit to coincide with Republican National Convention '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall exhibit lays out Rolling Stone magazine 's remarkable impact '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` '' Just Ca n't Get Enough : The Photography of Robert Alford '' opens Sept. 19 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum `` . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum / Past Exhibits '' . Official Website . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` ' Herb Ritts : The Rock Portraits ' : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's captivating exhibit spotlights photographer 's skill at capturing stars ' essence ( review ) '' . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hake , A. `` Rock Hall Announces Black History Month Events '' . Article . WOIO / 19 Action News . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D.X. , Ferris . `` Slash , Billy Gibbons Jam for Les Paul at Rock Hall 's American Music Master 's Concert '' . Article . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura . `` Rock Hall to honor Janis Joplin in American Music Masters series '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Aretha Franklin Honored in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame American Music Masters Tribute '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick . `` Chuck Berry Praises Obama , Laments Fading Health '' . Article . Rolling Stones Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ - The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock '' . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artcom Museums Tour : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum , Cleveland , OH - Moving Companies '' . Jump up ^ `` Experience The Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel is surprise guest at Rock and Roll Hall of Fame concert '' . NJ.com . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / Ap . `` Jagger , Springsteen , Black Eyed Peas jam with U2 at rock hall concert '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / AP . `` Songs for HBO 's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame special announced '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Induction Process . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ WENN . `` Late Ertegun Honoured With New Hall Of Fame Award '' . Contactmusic.com . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Opens Archives to the Public '' . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary . `` Rock Hall Opening Library and Archives This Week '' . Article . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock Hall Library and Archives set to open Tuesday '' . article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Godmother of Rock & Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . BBC Four . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godmother of Rock and Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . PBS . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Yule - Story '' . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , Janet ( December 3 , 2011 ) . `` Battle of the Bands ( and Egos ) for the Rock Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Mike ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Getting progressive : The Rock Hall votes in Genesis . Is Yes or Procol Harum next ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Dispute rocks the hall '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` Three strikes , they 're in '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Sex Pistols -- The Filth and the Fury . February 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Transcript : Paul Resnikoff , `` I 'm Charlotte Church . And This Is How Women Are Routinely Demoralized by the Music Industry ... , '' Digital Media News , October 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 6 Music - The John Peel Lecture - Downloads '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Chapa , Yuridia , `` Misogyny in Rock '' Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : Inductees '' . Jump up ^ https://pitchfork.com/news/64693-steve-miller-rips-the-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame/ Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall denies vote fix report '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna leads list of Rock Hall inductees '' . CNN . Associated Press . 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nesmith , Michael . `` '' Should The Monkees be included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ? `` , you ask '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCombs , Joseph ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Hey , Hey Let Them In : 10 Reasons The Monkees Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirsh , Marc . `` NOW Can We Induct The Monkees Into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame ? '' . NPR Radio . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : The top 5 biggest omissions '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill . `` No Monkee business allowed in the Rock Hall of Fame ? '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill. `` 10 more bands snubbed by the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns , Barney . `` Why Are n't the Monkees In the Rock and Roll of Fame ? '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sclafani , Tony . `` Hey hey , it 's the fans who want the Monkees in the Rock Hall '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who votes in rock and roll hall of fame | [
"A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the \"Performers\" category (singers, vocal groups, bands, and instrumentalists of all kinds), which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world. Those selected to vote include academics, journalists, producers, and others with music industry experience. Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record. Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll. To be selected for induction, performers must receive the highest number of votes, and also greater than 50% of the votes. Around five to seven performers are inducted each year.[34]"
] | [
"roughly five hundred experts across the world"
] |
6971665841936848118 | Sandra Day O'Connor | Sandra Day O'Connor - wikipedia Sandra Day O'Connor Sandra Day O'Connor Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States In office September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 Nominated by Ronald Reagan Preceded by Potter Stewart Succeeded by Samuel Alito 23rd Chancellor of the College of William and Mary In office October 4 , 2005 -- February 3 , 2012 President Gene Nichol Taylor Reveley Preceded by Henry Kissinger Succeeded by Robert Gates Judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals for Division One In office December 1979 -- September 25 , 1981 Nominated by Bruce Babbitt Preceded by Mary Schroeder Succeeded by Sarah D. Grant Judge of the Maricopa County Superior Court for Division 31 In office January 1975 -- December 1979 Preceded by David Perry Succeeded by Cecil Patterson Member of the Arizona Senate from the 24th district In office January 8 , 1973 -- January 13 , 1975 Preceded by Howard S. Baldwin Succeeded by John Pritzlaff Member of the Arizona Senate from the 20th district In office January 11 , 1971 -- January 8 , 1973 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by Bess Stinson Member of the Arizona Senate from the 8 - E district In office October 30 , 1969 -- January 11 , 1971 Preceded by Isabel Burgess Succeeded by Constituency abolished Personal details Sandra Day ( 1930 - 03 - 26 ) March 26 , 1930 ( age 88 ) El Paso , Texas , U.S. Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) John Jay O'Connor ( m . 1952 ; d . 2009 ) Children Relatives Ann Day ( sister ) Education Stanford University ( BA , LLB ) Signature Sandra Day O'Connor ( born March 26 , 1930 ) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States , who served from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006 . She is the first woman to serve on the Court . Prior to O'Connor's tenure on the Court , she was an elected official and judge in Arizona serving as the first female Majority Leader of a state senate as the Republican leader in the Arizona Senate . Upon her nomination to the Court , O'Connor was confirmed unanimously by the Senate . On July 1 , 2005 , she announced her intention to retire effective upon the confirmation of a successor . Samuel Alito was nominated to take her seat in October 2005 , and joined the Court on January 31 , 2006 . Considered a federalist and a moderate Republican , O'Connor tended to approach each case narrowly without arguing for sweeping precedents . She most frequently sided with the Court 's conservative bloc , although in the latter years of her tenure , she was regarded as having the swing opinion in many cases . She often wrote concurring opinions that limited the reach of the majority holding . Her majority opinions in landmark cases include Grutter v. Bollinger and Hamdi v. Rumsfeld . She also wrote in part the per curiam majority opinion in Bush v. Gore , and was one of three co-authors of the lead opinion in Planned Parenthood v. Casey . From 2005 to 2012 , O'Connor was Chancellor of The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg . Several publications have named her among the most powerful women in the world . On August 12 , 2009 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian honor of the United States , by President Barack Obama . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Early career and marriage 3 Supreme Court career 3.1 Appointment 3.2 Supreme Court jurisprudence 3.2. 1 Voting record and deciding votes 3.2. 2 First Amendment 3.2. 3 Fourth Amendment 3.2. 4 Cases involving race 3.2. 5 Abortion 3.2. 6 Foreign law 3.2. 7 Commentary and analysis 3.3 Response to being first woman on the Supreme Court 3.4 Other activities while serving on the Court 4 Retirement 5 Post -- Supreme Court career 5.1 Commentary 5.2 Activities and memberships 5.2. 1 Teaching 5.2. 2 Publishing 5.2. 3 Public speaking engagements 5.2. 4 Non-profits and philanthropic activity 6 Personal life 7 Legacy and awards 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Sandra Day was born in El Paso , Texas , the daughter of Harry Alfred Day , a rancher , and Ada Mae ( Wilkey ) . She grew up on a 198,000 - acre cattle ranch near Duncan , Arizona . The ranch was nine miles from the nearest paved road . The family home did not have running water or electricity until Sandra was seven years old . She hunted from a young age , using a . 22 - caliber rifle to shoot jackrabbits for food . She began driving as soon as she could see over the dashboard and had to learn to change flat automobile tires herself . Sandra had two younger siblings , a sister and a brother , respectively eight and ten years her junior . Her sister was Ann Day , who served in the Arizona Legislature . She later wrote a book with her brother , H. Alan Day , Lazy B : Growing up on a Cattle Ranch in the American West ( 2002 ) , about her childhood experiences on the ranch . For most of her early schooling , O'Connor lived in El Paso with her maternal grandmother , and attended school at the Radford School for Girls , a private school . The family cattle ranch was too far from schools , although O'Connor was able to return to the ranch for holidays and the summer . O'Connor spent her eighth - grade year living at the ranch and riding a bus 32 miles to school . She graduated sixth in her class at Austin High School in El Paso in 1946 . Sandra Day attended Stanford University , where she received her B.A. in Economics in 1950 . She continued at the Stanford Law School for her law degree in 1952 . There , she served on the Stanford Law Review with its presiding editor - in - chief , future Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist , who was the class valedictorian and whom she briefly dated during law school . She has stated that she graduated third in her law school class , though Stanford 's official position is that the law school did not rank students in 1952 . Early career and marriage ( edit ) On December 20 , 1952 , six months after graduating from law school , she married John Jay O'Connor III , whom she had met at Stanford Law School . Upon graduation from law school , her classmate Rehnquist went on to clerk for the Supreme Court , O'Connor had difficulty finding a paying job as an attorney because of her gender . O'Connor found employment as a deputy county attorney in San Mateo , California , after she offered to work for no salary and without an office , sharing space with a secretary . She worked with San Mateo County district attorney Louis Dematteis and deputy district attorney Keith Sorensen . When her husband was drafted , O'Connor decided to pick up and go with him to work in Germany as a civilian attorney for the Army 's Quartermaster Corps . They remained there for three years before returning to the states where they settled in Maricopa County , Arizona , to begin their family . They had three sons : Scott ( born 1958 ) , Brian ( born 1960 ) , and Jay ( born 1962 ) . Following Brian 's birth , O'Connor took a five - year hiatus from the practice of law . She volunteered in various political organizations , such as the Maricopa County Young Republicans , and served on the presidential campaign for Arizona Senator Barry M. Goldwater in 1964 . O'Connor served as assistant Attorney General of Arizona from 1965 to 1969 . In 1969 , the governor of Arizona appointed O'Connor to fill a vacancy in the Arizona Senate . She ran for and won the election for the seat the following year . By 1973 , she became the first woman to serve as Arizona 's or any state 's Majority Leader . She developed a reputation as a skilled negotiator and a moderate . After serving two full terms , O'Connor decided to leave the Senate . In 1974 , O'Connor was elected to the Maricopa County Superior Court serving from 1975 to 1979 when she was elevated to the Arizona State Court of Appeals . She served on the Court of Appeals - Division One until 1981 when she was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Ronald Reagan . Supreme Court career ( edit ) Appointment ( edit ) Supreme Court Justice - nominee Sandra Day O'Connor talks with President Ronald Reagan outside the White House , July 15 , 1981 . On July 7 , 1981 , Reagan -- who had pledged during his 1980 presidential campaign to appoint the first woman to the Court -- announced he would nominate O'Connor as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court to replace the retiring Potter Stewart . O'Connor received notification from President Reagan of her nomination on the day prior to the announcement and did not know that she was a finalist for the position . Reagan wrote in his diary on July 6 , 1981 : `` Called Judge O'Connor and told her she was my nominee for supreme court . Already the flak is starting and from my own supporters . Right to Life people say she is pro abortion . She declares abortion is personally repugnant to her . I think she 'll make a good justice . '' O'Connor told Reagan she did not remember whether she had supported the view of repealing Arizona 's law banning abortion . However , she had cast a preliminary vote in the Arizona State Senate in 1970 in favor of a bill to repeal the state 's criminal - abortion statute . In 1974 , O'Connor had opined against a measure to prohibit abortions in some Arizona hospitals . Pro-life and religious groups opposed O'Connor's nomination because they suspected , correctly , she would not be willing to overturn Roe v Wade . U.S. Senate Republicans , including Don Nickles of Oklahoma , Steve Symms of Idaho , and Jesse Helms of North Carolina called the White House to express their discontent over the nomination ; Nickles said he and `` other profamily Republican senators would not support '' O'Connor . Helms , Nickles , and Symms nevertheless voted for confirmation . Reagan formally nominated O'Connor on August 19 , 1981 . O'Connor being sworn in by Chief Justice Warren Burger Conservative activists such as the Reverend Jerry Falwell , Howard Phillips , and Peter Gemma also spoke out against the nomination . Gemma called the nomination `` a direct contradiction of the Republican platform to everything that candidate Reagan said and even President Reagan has said in regard to social issues . '' Gemma , the executive director of the National Pro-Life Political Action Committee , had sought to delay O'Connor's confirmation by challenging her record , including support for the Equal Rights Amendment . O'Connor's confirmation hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee began on September 9 , 1981 . It was the first televised confirmation hearing for a Supreme Court Justice . The confirmation hearing lasted three days and largely focused on the issue of abortion . When asked , O'Connor refused to telegraph her views on abortion , and she was careful not to leave the impression that she supported abortion rights . The Judiciary Committee approved O'Connor with seventeen votes in favor and one vote of present . On September 21 , O'Connor was confirmed by the U.S. Senate with a vote of 99 -- 0 ; Senator Max Baucus of Montana was absent from the vote , and sent O'Connor a copy of A River Runs Through It by way of apology . In her first year on the Court she received over 60,000 letters from the public , more than any other justice in history . Supreme Court jurisprudence ( edit ) Voting record and deciding votes ( edit ) Justice O'Connor presents Alberto Gonzales to the audience after swearing him in as U.S. Attorney General , as Mrs. Becky Gonzales looks on . O'Connor was part of the federalism movement and approached each case as narrowly as possible , avoiding generalizations that might later `` paint her into a corner '' for future cases . Initially , her voting record aligned closely with the conservative William Rehnquist ( voting with him 87 % of the time her first three years at the Court ) . From that time until 1998 , O'Connor's alignment with Rehnquist ranged from 93.4 % to 63.2 % , hitting above 90 % in three of those years . In nine of her first sixteen years on the Court , O'Connor voted with Rehnquist more than with any other justice . Later on , as the Court 's make - up became more conservative ( e.g. , Anthony Kennedy replacing Lewis Powell , and Clarence Thomas replacing Thurgood Marshall ) , O'Connor often became the swing vote on the Court . However , she usually disappointed the Court 's more liberal bloc in contentious 5 -- 4 decisions : from 1994 to 2004 , she joined the traditional conservative bloc of Rehnquist , Antonin Scalia , Anthony Kennedy , and Thomas 82 times ; she joined the liberal bloc of John Paul Stevens , David Souter , Ruth Bader Ginsburg , and Stephen Breyer only 28 times . O'Connor's relatively small shift away from conservatives on the Court seems to have been due at least in part to Thomas 's views . When Thomas and O'Connor were voting on the same side , she would typically write a separate opinion of her own , refusing to join his . In the 1992 term , O'Connor did not join a single one of Thomas ' dissents . Some notable cases in which O'Connor joined the majority in a 5 - 4 decision were : McConnell v. FEC , 540 U.S. 93 ( 2003 ) , upholding the constitutionality of most of the McCain - Feingold campaign - finance bill regulating `` soft money '' contributions . Grutter v. Bollinger , 539 U.S. 306 ( 2003 ) and Gratz v. Bollinger , 539 U.S. 244 ( 2003 ) , O'Connor wrote the opinion of the Court in Grutter and joined the majority in Gratz . In this pair of cases , the University of Michigan 's undergraduate admissions program was held to have engaged in unconstitutional reverse discrimination , but the more - limited type of affirmative action in the University of Michigan Law School 's admissions program was held to have been constitutional . Lockyer v. Andrade , 538 U.S. 63 ( 2003 ) : O'Connor wrote the majority opinion , with the four conservative justices concurring , that a 50 - year to life sentence without parole for petty shoplifting a few children 's videotapes under California 's three strikes law was not cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment because there was no `` clearly established '' law to that effect . Leandro Andrade , a Latino nine year Army veteran and father of three , will be eligible for parole in 2046 at age eighty - seven . Zelman v. Simmons - Harris , 536 U.S. 639 ( 2002 ) , O'Connor joined the majority holding that the use of school vouchers for religious schools did not violate the First Amendment 's Establishment Clause . United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 ( 1995 ) : O'Connor joined a majority holding unconstitutional the Gun - Free School Zones Act as beyond Congress 's Commerce Clause power . Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , O'Connor joined with four other justices on December 12 , 2000 , to rule on the Bush v. Gore case that ceased challenges to the results of the 2000 presidential election ( ruling to stop the ongoing Florida election recount and to allow no further recounts ) . This case effectively ended Gore 's hopes to become president . Some legal scholars have argued that she should have recused herself from this case , citing several reports that she became upset when the media initially announced that Gore had won Florida , with her husband explaining that they would have to wait another four years before retiring to Arizona . O'Connor played an important role in other notable cases , such as : Webster v. Reproductive Health Services , 492 U.S. 490 ( 1989 ) : This decision upheld as constitutional state restrictions on second trimester abortions that are not necessary to protect maternal health , contrary to the original trimester requirements in Roe v. Wade . Although O'Connor joined the majority , which also included Rehnquist , Scalia , Kennedy and Byron White , in a concurring opinion she refused to explicitly overturn Roe . On February 22 , 2005 , with Rehnquist and Stevens ( who were senior to her ) absent , she became the senior justice presiding over oral arguments in the case of Kelo v. City of New London and becoming the first woman to do so before the Court . First Amendment ( edit ) Sandra Day O'Connor was unpredictable in many of her court decisions , especially those regarding First Amendment Establishment Cause issues . This might be due to the fact that instead of letting herself be guided by her conservative ideologies , she decided on a case - by - case basis and voted with careful deliberation in a way that she felt benefited individual rights and the Constitution ( which she viewed to be `` an ever changing work in progress . '' ) Barry Lynn , executive director of Americans United for Separation of Church and State , said , `` O'Connor was a conservative , but she saw the complexity of church - state issues and tried to choose a course that respected the country 's religious diversity '' ( Hudson 2005 ) . O'Connor voted in favor of religious institutions , such as in Zelman v. Simmons - Harris , Mitchell v. Helms , and Rosenberger v. University of Virginia . Conversly , in Lee v. Weisman she was part of the majority in the case that saw religious prayer and pressure to stand in silence at a graduation ceremony as part of a religious act that coerced people to support or to participate in religion , which is strictly prohibited by the Establishment Clause . This is consistent with a similar case , Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe , involving prayer at a school football game . In this case O'Connor joined the majority opinion that stated prayer at school football games violates the Establishment Clause ( Oyez , 2016 ) . O'Connor was the first justice to articulate the `` no endorsement '' standard for the Establishment Clause . In Lynch v. Donnelly , O'Connor wrote for a 5 -- 4 majority that a nativity scene in a public Christmas display did not violate the First Amendment because it was not expressing an endorsement or disapproval of any religion . Fourth Amendment ( edit ) According to George Washington University law professor Jeffrey Rosen , `` O'Connor was an eloquent opponent of intrusive group searches that threatened privacy without increasing security . In a 1983 opinion upholding searches by drug - sniffing dogs , she recognized that a search is most likely to be considered constitutionally reasonable if it is very effective at discovering contraband without revealing innocent but embarrassing information . '' Washington College of Law law professor Andrew Taslitz , referencing O'Connor's dissent in a 2001 case , said of her Fourth Amendment jurisprudence : `` O'Connor recognizes that needless humiliation of an individual is an important factor in determining Fourth Amendment reasonableness . '' O'Connor once quoted the social contract theory of John Locke as influencing her views on the reasonableness and constitutionality of government action . Cases involving race ( edit ) In the 1990 and 1995 Missouri v. Jenkins rulings , O'Connor voted with the majority that district courts had no authority to require the state of Missouri to increase school funding in order to counteract racial inequality . In the 1991 Freeman v. Pitts case , O'Connor joined a concurring opinion in a plurality , agreeing that a school district that had formerly been under judicial review for racial segregation could be freed of this review , even though not all desegregation targets had been met . Law professor Herman Schwartz criticized these rulings , writing that in both cases `` both the fact and effects of segregation were still present . '' In 1987 's McCleskey v. Kemp , O'Connor joined a 5 -- 4 majority that voted to uphold the death penalty for an African American man , Warren McCleskey , convicted of killing a white police officer , despite statistical evidence that black defendants were more likely to receive the death penalty than others both in Georgia and in the U.S. as a whole . In 1996 's Shaw v. Hunt and Shaw v. Reno , O'Connor joined a Rehnquist opinion , following an earlier precedent from an opinion she authored in 1993 , in which the Court struck down an electoral districting plan designed to facilitate the election of two black representatives out of twelve from North Carolina , a state that had not had any black representative since Reconstruction , despite being approximately 20 % black -- the Court held that the districts were unacceptably gerrymandered and O'Connor called the odd shape of the district in question , North Carolina 's 12th , `` bizarre '' . Law Professor Herman Schwartz called O'Connor `` the Court 's leader in its assault on racially oriented affirmative action , '' although she joined with the Court in upholding the constitutionality of race - based admissions to universities . In 2003 , she authored a majority Supreme Court opinion ( Grutter v. Bollinger ) saying racial affirmative action should n't be constitutional permanently , but long enough to correct past discrimination -- with an approximate limit of around 25 years . Abortion ( edit ) In her confirmation hearings and early days on the Court , O'Connor was carefully ambiguous on the issue of abortion , as some conservatives questioned her pro-life credentials on the basis of some of her votes in the Arizona legislature . O'Connor generally dissented from 1980s opinions which took an expansive view of Roe v. Wade ; she criticized that decision 's `` trimester approach '' sharply in her dissent in 1983 's City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health . She criticized Roe in Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists : `` ... I dispute not only the wisdom but also the legitimacy of the Court 's attempt to discredit and pre-empt state abortion regulation regardless of the interests it serves and the impact it has . '' In 1989 , O'Connor stated during the deliberations over the Webster case that she would not overrule Roe . While on the Court , O'Connor did not vote to strike down any restrictions on abortion until Hodgson v. Minnesota in 1990 . O'Connor allowed certain limits to be placed on access to abortion , but supported the fundamental right to abortion protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In Planned Parenthood v. Casey , O'Connor used a test she had originally developed in City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health to limit the holding of Roe v. Wade , opening up a legislative portal where a State could enact measures so long as they did not place an `` undue burden '' on a woman 's right to an abortion . Casey revised downward the standard of scrutiny federal courts would apply to state abortion restrictions , a major departure from Roe . However it preserved Roe 's core constitutional precept : that the Fourteenth Amendment implies and protects a fundamental right to control the outcomes of one 's reproductive actions . Writing the plurality opinion for the Court , O'Connor , along with Justices Kennedy and Souter , famously declared : `` At the heart of liberty is the right to define one 's own concept of existence , of meaning , of the universe , and of the mystery of human life . Beliefs about these matters could not define the attributes of personhood were they formed under compulsion of the State . '' Foreign law ( edit ) O'Connor was a vigorous defender of the citing of foreign laws in judicial decisions . In a well - publicized October 28 , 2003 , speech at the Southern Center for International Studies , O'Connor said : The impressions we create in this world are important and can leave their mark ... ( T ) here is talk today about the `` internationalization of legal relations '' . We are already seeing this in American courts , and should see it increasingly in the future . This does not mean , of course , that our courts can or should abandon their character as domestic institutions . But conclusions reached by other countries and by the international community , although not formally binding upon our decisions , should at times constitute persuasive authority in American courts -- what is sometimes called `` transjudicialism '' . In the speech she noted the 2002 Court case Atkins v. Virginia , in which the majority decision ( which included her ) cited disapproval of the death penalty in Europe as part of its argument . This speech , and the general concept of relying on foreign law and opinion , was widely criticized by conservatives . In May 2004 , a committee in the U.S. House of Representatives responded by passing a non-binding resolution , the `` Reaffirmation of American Independence Resolution '' , stating that `` U.S. judicial decisions should not be based on any foreign laws , court decisions , or pronouncements of foreign governments unless they are relevant to determining the meaning of American constitutional and statutory law . '' O'Connor once quoted the constitution of the Middle Eastern nation of Bahrain , which states that `` ( n ) o authority shall prevail over the judgement of a judge , and under no circumstances may the course of justice be interfered with . '' Further , `` ( i ) t is in everyone 's interest to foster the rule - of - law evolution . '' O'Connor proposed that such ideas be taught in American law schools , high schools and universities . Critics contend that such thinking is contrary to the U.S. Constitution and establishes a rule of man , rather than law . In her retirement , she has continued to speak and organize conferences on the issue of judicial independence . Commentary and analysis ( edit ) O'Connor's case - by - case approach routinely placed her in the center of the Court and drew both criticism and praise . The Washington Post columnist Charles Krauthammer , for example , described her as lacking a judicial philosophy and instead displaying `` political positioning embedded in a social agenda '' . Conservative commentator , Ramesh Ponnuru , wrote that , even though O'Connor `` has voted reasonably well '' , her tendency to issue very case - specific rulings `` undermines the predictability of the law and aggrandizes the judicial role '' . Response to being first woman on the Supreme Court ( edit ) O'Connor has said she felt a responsibility to demonstrate women could do the job of justice . She faced some practical concerns , including the lack of a woman 's restroom near the Courtroom . Two years after O'Connor joined the Court , The New York Times published an editorial which mentioned the `` nine men '' of the `` SCOTUS '' , or Supreme Court of the United States . O'Connor responded with a letter to the editor reminding the Times that the Court was no longer composed of nine men and referred to herself as FWOTSC ( First Woman On The Supreme Court ) . In several speeches broadcast nationally on the cable network C - SPAN , she mentioned feeling some relief from the media clamor when Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined her as an Associate Justice of the Court in 1993 . In May 2010 , O'Connor warned female Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan about the `` unpleasant '' process of confirmation hearings . Other activities while serving on the Court ( edit ) In 2003 , she wrote a book titled The Majesty of the Law : Reflections of a Supreme Court Justice ( ISBN 0 - 375 - 50925 - 9 ) . In 2005 , she wrote a children 's book , Chico , named for her favorite horse , which gives an autobiographical description of her childhood . Retirement ( edit ) On December 12 , 2000 , The Wall Street Journal reported that O'Connor was reluctant to retire with a Democrat in the presidency : `` At an Election Night party at the Washington , D.C. home of Mary Ann Stoessel , widow of former Ambassador Walter Stoessel , the justice 's husband , John O'Connor , mentioned to others her desire to step down , according to three witnesses . But Mr. O'Connor said his wife would be reluctant to retire if a Democrat were in the White House and would choose her replacement . Justice O'Connor declined to comment . '' Justice O'Connor and her husband John O'Connor with President George W. Bush in May 2004 . Justice O'Connor's letter to Bush , dated July 1 , 2005 , announcing her retirement By 2005 , the composition of the Court had been unchanged for eleven years , the second - longest period in American history without any such change . Rehnquist was widely expected to be the first justice to retire during Bush 's term , owing to his age and his battle with cancer , although rumors of O'Connor's possible retirement circulated as well . Before deciding to retire , O'Connor consulted Rehnquist on his plans in an attempt to avoid having two retirements at the same time . On July 1 , 2005 , O'Connor announced her intention to retire . In her letter to Bush , she stated that her retirement from active service would take effect upon the confirmation of her successor . Her letter did not provide a reason for her departure ; however , a Supreme Court spokeswoman confirmed O'Connor was leaving to spend time with her husband , who was suffering from Alzheimer 's disease . At her retirement she was still in good health , an exception to the usual practice of justices serving until death or nearly incapacitated . On July 19 , Bush nominated D.C. Circuit Judge John Roberts to succeed O'Connor . O'Connor heard the news over the car radio on the way back from a fishing trip . She felt he was an excellent and highly qualified choice -- he had argued numerous cases before the Court during her tenure . However , she was disappointed her replacement was not a woman . O'Connor had expected to leave the Court before the next term started on October 3 , 2005 . However , Rehnquist died on September 3 , creating an immediate vacancy on the Court . Two days later , Bush withdrew Roberts as his nominee for her seat and instead appointed him to fill the vacant office of Chief Justice . O'Connor agreed to stay on the Court until her replacement was named and confirmed . She spoke at the late Chief Justice 's funeral . On October 3 , Bush nominated White House Counsel Harriet Miers to replace O'Connor . After much criticism and controversy over her nomination , on October 27 , Miers asked Bush to withdraw her nomination . Bush accepted , reopening the search for O'Connor's successor . The continued delays in confirming a successor further extended O'Connor's time on the Court . She continued to hear oral argument on cases , including cases dealing with controversial issues such as physician - assisted suicide and abortion . O'Connor's last Court opinion , Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England , written for a unanimous court , was a procedural decision that involved a challenge to a New Hampshire abortion law . On October 31 , Bush nominated Third Circuit Judge Samuel Alito to replace O'Connor ; Alito was confirmed and sworn in on January 31 , 2006 . Since retiring , she has continued to hear cases and rendered over a dozen opinions in federal appellate courts across the country , filling in as a substitute judge when vacations or vacancies leave their three - member panels understaffed . Post -- Supreme Court career ( edit ) O'Connor in 2008 with then Harvard Law School Dean Elena Kagan . Kagan became the fourth female Justice on the Court . Commentary ( edit ) During a March 2006 speech at Georgetown University , O'Connor said some political attacks on the independence of the Courts pose a direct threat to the constitutional freedoms of Americans . She said `` any reform of the system is debatable as long as it is not motivated by ' nakedly partisan reasoning ' retaliation because congressmen or senators dislike the result of the cases . Courts interpret the law as it was written , not as the congressmen might have wished it was written '' , and `` it takes a lot of degeneration before a country falls into dictatorship , but we should avoid these ends by avoiding these beginnings . '' She echoed her concerns for an independent judiciary during the dedication address at the Elon University School of Law in September of that same year . On November 19 , 2008 , O'Connor published an introductory essay to a themed issue on judicial accountability in the Denver University Law Review . She calls for a better public understanding of judicial accountability . On November 7 , 2007 , at a conference on her landmark opinion in Strickland v. Washington ( 1984 ) sponsored by the Constitution Project , highlighted the lack of proper legal representation for many of the poorest defendants . O'Connor also urged the creation of a system for `` merit selection for judges , '' a cause for which she had frequently advocated . On August 7 , 2008 , O'Connor and Abdurrahman Wahid , former President of Indonesia , wrote an editorial in the Financial Times stating concerns about the threatened imprisonment of Malaysian opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim . Following the Court 's Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission decision on corporate political spending , O'Connor offered measured criticism of the decision , telling Georgetown law students and lawyers , `` that the Court has created an unwelcome new path for wealthy interests to exert influence on judicial elections . '' O'Connor argued in favor of President Barack Obama naming the replacement for Antonin Scalia in February 2016 , mere days after Scalia 's death , opposing Republican arguments that the next president should get to fill the vacancy . She said , `` I think we need somebody there to do the job now and let 's get on with it '' ; and that `` ( y ) ou just have to pick the best person you can under the circumstances , as the appointing authority must do . It 's an important position and one that we care about as a nation and as a people . And I wish the president well as he makes choices and goes down that line . It 's hard . '' Judge William H. Pryor , Jr. , a conservative jurist , has criticized O'Connor's speeches and op - eds for hyperbole and factual inaccuracy , based in part on O'Connor's opinions as to whether judges face a rougher time in the public eye today than in the past . O'Connor has reflected on her time on the Supreme Court by saying that she regrets the Court hearing the Bush v. Gore case in 2000 because it `` stirred up the public '' and `` gave the Court a less - than - perfect reputation . '' The former justice told the Chicago Tribune that `` Maybe the Court should have said , ' We 're not going to take it , goodbye , ' ... It turned out the election authorities in Florida had n't done a real good job there and kind of messed it up . And probably the Supreme Court added to the problem at the end of the day . '' Activities and memberships ( edit ) As a Retired Supreme Court Justice ( roughly equivalent to senior status for judges of lower federal courts ) , O'Connor continued to receive a full salary , maintained a staffed office with at least one law clerk , and heard cases on a part - time basis in federal district courts and courts of appeals as a visiting judge . By 2008 , O'Connor had sat for cases with the 2nd , 8th , and 9th Circuits . O'Connor heard an Arizona voting rights case which the Supreme Court later reviewed . In Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona , a 7 - 2 majority affirmed O'Connor and the rest of 9th Circuit panel , and struck down a provision of Arizona 's voting registration law . O'Connor hired a law clerk for the October 2015 term , but did not hire a law clerk for the subsequent term . She stated that she planned to travel , spend time with family , and , because of her fear of the attacks on judges by legislators , would work with the American Bar Association on a commission to help explain the separation of powers and the role of judges . She also announced that she was working on a new book , which will focus on the early history of the Court . She is a trustee on the board of the Rockefeller Foundation . On October 4 , 2005 , President Gene Nichol of the College of William & Mary announced that O'Connor had accepted the largely ceremonial role of becoming the 23rd Chancellor of the College , replacing Henry Kissinger , and following in the position held by Margaret Thatcher , Chief Justice Warren Burger , and President George Washington . The Investiture Ceremony was held April 7 , 2006 . O'Connor continued tin the role until 2012 when former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates succeeded her in that post . O'Connor was a member of the 2006 Iraq Study Group , appointed by the U.S. Congress . In October 2006 , O'Connor sat as a member of panels of the United States Courts of Appeals for the Second , Eighth , and Ninth Circuits , to hear arguments in one - day 's cases in each court . O'Connor chaired the Jamestown 2007 celebration , commemorating the 400th anniversary of the founding of the colony at Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 . Her appearances in Jamestown dovetailed with her appearances and speeches as chancellor at The College of William & Mary nearby . The four women who have served on the Court ( from left to right : O'Connor and Justices Sonia Sotomayor , Ruth Bader Ginsburg , and Elena Kagan ) on October 1 , 2010 , prior to Justice Kagan 's Investiture Ceremony . Teaching ( edit ) As of Spring 2006 , O'Connor taught a two - week course called `` The Supreme Court '' at the University of Arizona 's James E. Rogers College of Law every spring semester . In the fall of 2007 , O'Connor and W. Scott Bales taught a course at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University . Publishing ( edit ) She wrote the 2013 book Out of Order : Stories from the History of the Supreme Court . Public Speaking engagements ( edit ) On May 15 , 2006 , O'Connor gave the commencement address at the William & Mary School of Law , where she said that judicial independence is `` under serious attack at both the state and national level '' . In 2008 , O'Connor was named an inaugural Harry Rathbun Visiting Fellow by the Office for Religious Life at Stanford University . On April 22 , 2008 , she gave `` Harry 's Last Lecture on a Meaningful Life '' in honor of the former Stanford Law professor who shaped her undergraduate and law careers . On September 17 , 2014 , O'Connor appeared on the television show Jeopardy ! and provided a couple of video answers to the category ' Supreme Court ' which appeared on the show . On the same day in Concord , New Hampshire , she gave a talk alongside her former colleague Justice David Souter about the importance of meaningful civics education in the United States . Nonprofits and philanthropic activity ( edit ) In February 2009 , O'Connor launched Our Courts , a website she created to offer interactive civics lessons to students and teachers because she was concerned about the lack of knowledge among most young Americans about how their government works . She also serves as a co-chair with Lee H. Hamilton for the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools . On March 3 , 2009 , O'Connor appeared on the satirical television program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart to promote the website . In August 2009 , the website added two online interactive games . The initiative expanded , becoming iCivics in May 2010 , and continues to offer free lessons plans , games , and interactive videogames for middle and high school educators . She served on the Board of Trustees of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia , a museum dedicated to the U.S. Constitution . By November 2015 , O'Connor had transitioned to being a Trustee Emeritus for the Center . She was a member of the Junior League of Phoenix . In 2009 , O'Connor founded the 501 ( c ) 3 non-profit organization , O'Connor House , dedicated to solving complex issues through civil discourse and collaborative action . The organization moved the O'Connor family home to Arizona Historical Society Museum at Papago Park in Tempe . In March 2015 , O'Connor's non-profit organization , O'Connor House , became the Sandra Day O'Connor Institute . O'Connor serves as Founder and Advisor to the O'Connor Institute . In April 2013 , the Board of Directors of Justice at Stake , a national judicial reform advocacy organization , announced that O'Connor would be joining the organization as Honorary Chair . '' O'Connor is the Co-Chair of the National Advisory Board at the National Institute for Civil Discourse ( NICD ) . The institute was created at the University of Arizona after the shooting of former Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords in 2011 , that killed 6 people and wounded 13 others . Personal Life ( edit ) Upon her appointment to the Supreme Court , O'Connor and her husband moved to the Kalorama area of Washington , D.C . The O'Connors became active parts of the Washington D.C. social scene . Sandra Day O'Connor played tennis and golf in her spare time . She is a baptized member of The Episcopal Church . O'Connor was successfully treated for breast cancer in 1988 ( she also had her appendix removed that year ) . That same year , John O'Connor left the Washington , D.C. law firm of Miller & Chevalier for a practice which required him to split his time between Washington , D.C. and Phoenix . Her husband suffered from Alzheimer 's disease for nearly 20 years , until his death in 2009 , and she became involved in raising awareness of the disease . After retiring from the Court , O'Connor moved to Phoenix , Arizona . In October 2018 , O'Connor announced her effective retirement from public life after disclosing that she had been diagnosed with the early stages of Alzheimer 's - like dementia . Legacy and awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and honors received by Sandra Day O'Connor See also ( edit ) Biography portal List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of United States Chief Justices by time in office List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office United States Supreme Court cases during the Burger Court United States Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court United States Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court List of female state supreme court justices Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Current Members '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Jump up ^ The date a Member of the Court took his / her Judicial oath ( the Judiciary Act provided `` That the Justices of the Supreme Court , and the district judges , before they proceed to execute the duties of their respective offices , shall take the following oath ... `` ) is here used as the date of the beginning of his / her service , for until that oath is taken he / she is not vested with the prerogatives of the office . '' Source : https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ https://www.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov/LawLibrary/docs/PDF/Judges/SuperiorCourtJudgesrev4.pdf Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( July 7 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Nominating Woman , an Arizona Appeals Judge , to Serve on Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` O'Connor , Sandra Day '' . Federal Judicial Center . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2004 . Retrieved March 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , R.W. ( July 1 , 2005 ) O'Connor , First Woman Supreme Court Justice , Resigns After 24 Years , The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2005 Jump up ^ McCaslin , John ( November 7 , 2001 ) . `` Power Women '' . McCaslin 's Beltway Beat . Washington , D.C. : Townhall.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 ... Ladies ' Home Journal , ... ranks the 30 Most Powerful Women based on cultural clout , financial impact , achievement , visibility , influence , intellect , political know - how and staying power . Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton ranks 5th on the list behind Miss Winfrey , Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor , Martha Stewart and Barbara Walters Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Powerful Women '' . Forbes . August 20 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sandra Day O'Connor '' . Oyez . ^ Jump up to : `` Book Discussion on Sisters in Law '' Presenter : Linda Hirshman , author . Politics and Prose Bookstore . BookTV , Washington . September 3 , 2015 . 13 minutes in . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 C - Span website ^ Jump up to : Heilpern , John ( April 2013 ) . `` Sandra Day O'Connor on Growing Up with Guns and Her Views on Assault Weapons '' . The Hive . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kamen , Al ; Williams , Marjorie ( June 11 , 1989 ) . `` How Sandra Day O'Connor became the most powerful woman in 1980s America '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , News 4 Tucson . `` Former Pima County Supervisor Ann Day dies at the age of 77 '' . Jump up ^ Washington Valdez , Diana ( July 2 , 2005 ) . `` Hometown stars -- Sandra Day O'Connor '' . El Paso Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cool , Kevin ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Front and Center '' . Stanford Alumni Magazine . Stanford University . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : O'Connor on Fox '' . Fox News Channel . July 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan . Sandra Day O'Connor : How the First Woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice . New York : Harper Collins , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Q & A : Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Debbie Kornmiller , `` O'Connor's class rank an error that will not die '' , Arizona Daily Star ( July 10 , 2005 ) . Archived at `` O'Connor's class rank an error that will not die '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sandra Day O'Connor's Peninsula Ties '' . San Mateo Daily Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Haag , Matt ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` Sandra Day O'Connor , First Woman on Supreme Court , Reveals Dementia Diagnosis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Out Of Order ' At The Court : O'Connor On Being The First Female Justice '' . Fresh Air . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baughman , J. ( Ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . O'Connor , Sandra Day 1930 - . American Decades , 9 . 21 . Sept. 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` John J. O'Connor III , 79 ; husband of Supreme Court justice '' . The Washington Post . November 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Phelps , S. ( Ed . ) . ( 2002 ) . O'Connor , Sandra Day ( 1930 - ) . World of Criminal Justice , 20 . Sept. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LAPR - State Library of Arizona '' . apps.azlibrary.gov . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Marjorie ; Williams , Marjorie ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) . `` How Sandra Day O'Connor became the most powerful woman in 1980s America '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` General Election Canvass , 1974 , p. 5 '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Secretary of State . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SANDRA D. O'CONNOR '' . www.azcourts.gov . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James Taranto ; Leonard Leo ( 2004 ) . Presidential Leadership . Wall Street Journal Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7226 - 1 . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1981 Year in Review : Reagan Foreign Policy Speech / O'Connor Appointed to Supreme Court '' . Jump up ^ Transcript ( January 30 , 2008 ) . `` Transcript of GOP debate at Reagan Library '' . CNN . June 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greenburg ( 2007 ) , p. 223 ^ Jump up to : Greenhouse , Linda . Becoming Justice Blackmun . Times Books ( 2005 ) ; p. 141 ^ Jump up to : Greenburg ( 2007 ) , p. 222 Jump up ^ `` CQ Senate Votes 271 -- 278 '' ( PDF ) . CQ Almanac. 47 - S. 1981 . Jump up ^ U.S. National Archives . `` Reagan 's Nomination of O'Connor '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Julia Malone ( July 8 , 1981 ) . `` A closer look at nation 's first woman high court nominee '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Julia Malone ( September 3 , 1981 ) . `` New Right strategy : let 's drag out O'Connor's confirmation hearing ; Focus : abortion , women 's rights , school prayer '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 10 , 1981 ) . `` O'Connor Hearings Open on a Note of Friendship '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cameras in the Court '' . c-span.org . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greenhouse , Linda ( September 16 , 1981 ) . `` Panel Approves Judge O'Connor '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenburg ( 2007 ) , pp. 222 -- 223 Jump up ^ `` Reagan 's Nomination of O'Connor '' . archives.gov . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Rebecca ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Supremely confident : the legacy of Sandra Day O'Connor '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 1 , 2005 ) . `` Sandra Day O'Connor : The reluctant justice '' . nbc.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenburg ( 2007 ) , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Op - ed essay Schwartz , Herman ( April 12 , 1998 ) . `` O'Connor as a ' Centrist ' ? Not When Minorities Are Involved '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nine Justices , Ten Years : A Statistical Retrospective '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Law Review . 118 ( 1 ) : 521 . November 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2006 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( November 1 , 2004 ) . `` Justices Too Tightlipped on Their Health ? '' . The Washington Post . p . A19 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenburg ( 2007 ) , pp. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Greenburg ( 2007 ) , pp. 123 , 134 Jump up ^ Greenburg ( 2007 ) , p. 123 Jump up ^ Neumann , Richard K. , Jr. ( 2003 ) . `` Conflicts of interest in Bush v. Gore : Did some justices vote illegally ? '' . Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics : 34 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : S.M. ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Endorsing the endorsement test '' . The Economist . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( November 28 , 2010 ) . `` The TSA is invasive , annoying -- and unconstitutional '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Taslitz , Andrew Reconstructing the Fourth Amendment : a history of search and seizure , 1789 -- 1868 , p. 83 Jump up ^ `` Regula Pro Lege , Si Deficit Lex : The Latin Sapience of High Judges '' . The Federal Bar Association . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor as a ' Centrist ' ? Not When Minorities Are Involved , Herman Schwartz , Los Angeles Times , April 12 , 1988 . Jump up ^ McCleskey v. Kemp , New Georgia Encyclopedia Jump up ^ David Baldus , et al. , In The Post-Furman Era : An Empirical And Legal Overview , With Recent Findings From Philadelphia , 83 Cornell L. Rev. 1638 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Justice O'Connor : affirmative action should continue , archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 , retrieved March 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda . Becoming Justice Blackmun . Times Books . 2005 . p. 183 Jump up ^ Greenburg ( 2007 ) , p. 80 Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( 2005 ) , Becoming Justice Blackmun , Times Books , pp. 196 -- 197 Jump up ^ Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey , 505 U.S. 833 , 851 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Il diritto straniero e la Corte suprema statunitense , in Quaderni costituzionali , giugno 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Remarks at the Southern Center for International Studies , Sandra Day O'Connor , October 28 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Reaffirmation of American Independence Resolution Approved '' , May 13 , 2004 Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles ( July 8 , 2005 ) . `` Philosophy for a Judge '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Ponnuru , Ramesh ( June 30 , 2003 ) . `` Sandra 's Day '' . National Review . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2005 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Topics : In the Name of the LawOPICS : Legal ABC 's '' . The New York Times . September 29 , 1983 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High Court 's ' 9 Men ' Were a Surprise to One '' . The New York Times . October 12 , 1983 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Suzan ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Retired Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Backs Elena Kagan Nomination '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ABC News ( June 1 , 2006 ) . `` Sandra Day O'Connor Writes Children 's Book '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics : `` Conflicts of interest in Bush v. Gore : Did some justices vote illegally ? '' `` . The Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics. 2003 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved November 18 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Deane , Daniela ; Branigin , William ; Barbash , Fred ( July 1 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice O'Connor Resigns '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( February 5 , 2007 ) . `` Former Justice O'Connor : ' I Would Have Stayed Longer ' '' . The Associated Press via NewsMax Media . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Landers , Rich ( October 2005 ) . `` Guiding Sandra Day O'Connor '' . Field & Stream . CX : 21 -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Lodge , Sally ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Q & A with Sandra Day O'Connor '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 1 , 2005 ) . `` First woman to serve as US supreme court justice retires '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` O'Connor to remain crucial vote in major cases '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice Rehnquist dies of thyroid cancer '' . The Denver Post . September 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandalow , Marc ( September 5 , 2005 ) . `` The Supreme Court in Transition : The death of William Rehnquist / Chief justice 's passing provides Bush with major opportunity '' . SFGate . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bush nominates Roberts as chief justice '' . www.cnn.com . September 6 , 2005 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alfano , Sean ( September 7 , 2005 ) . `` Rehnquist Given Final Farewell '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bush picks White House counsel for Supreme Court '' . www.cnn.com . October 4 , 2005 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Babington , Charles ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` Miers , Under Fire From Right , Withdrawn as Court Nominee '' . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court 2005 Term -- Leading Cases '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Law Review . 120 : 295 . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bush nominates Alito to Supreme Court '' . www.cnn.com . November 1 , 2005 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Alito sworn in as nation 's 110th Supreme Court justice '' . www.cnn.com . February 1 , 2006 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bravin , Jess ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Change of Venue : In Retirement , Justice O'Connor Still Rules '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` O'Connor Decries Republican Attacks on Courts '' . Jump up ^ Judicial Accountability Must Safeguard , Not Threaten , Judicial Independence : An Introduction , 86 Denv . U.L. Rev. 1 ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Justice O'Connor's Wish : a Wand , not a Gavel '' , U.S. News & World Report , November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` O'Connor and Her Clerk '' . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` To defend Anwar is to defend Malaysian democracy '' , Sandra Day O'Connor and Abdurrahman Wahid , Financial Times , August 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Mosk , Matthew ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` O'Connor Calls Citizens United Ruling A Problem '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cristian Farias , `` Sandra Day O'Connor Says Obama Should Get To Replace Justice Scalia '' , Huffington Post , ( February 17 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Pryor Jr , William H. ( October 4 , 2006 ) . `` Neither Force Nor Will , But Merely Judgment '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Judge Pryor on Judicial Independence '' Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Harvard Law Record , March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O'Connor questions court 's decision to take Bush v. Gore '' . Chicago Tribune . April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Granite State Ins. Co. v. Am. Bldg . Materials , Inc. , No. 12 - 10979 , 11th Circuit , 2013 Jump up ^ http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=thirdcircuit_2014 ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` Retired Supreme Court justices still judge -- and get judged '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brust , Richard ( April 2008 ) . `` A Cowgirl Rides the Circuits '' . ABA Journal . Richard Brust . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Justices strike down citizenship provision in Arizona voter law - CNN '' . CNN . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lat , David ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Clerk Hiring Watch : Who Is NOT Retiring From SCOTUS ? '' . Above the Law . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lat , David ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Clerk Hiring Watch : The Official List '' . Above the Law . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The College of William and Mary announcement of O'Connor's appointment to Chancellor post '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Whitson , Brian . `` Former Defense Secretary Robert Gates ' 65 to Serve as W&M Chancellor '' . College of William & Mary . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq Study Group Members '' . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy , Ned ( October 7 , 2006 ) . `` Paper Chase : O'Connor to hear Second Circuit cases '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bumpy Start for a Court Cloaked in Grandeur '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitson , Brian . `` Maintain Judicial Independence O'Connor Tells Law Graduates '' . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2006 . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Office for Religious Life at Stanford University '' . Jump up ^ `` Constitutionally Speaking New Hampshire '' . Constitutionallyspeakingnh.org . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign Steering Committee '' . Civicmissionofschools.org . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zehr , Mary Ann ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Celebrities Lend Weight to Promote Civics Education '' . Education Week . Retrieved September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` iCivics ( formerly Our Courts ) homepage '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Constitution Center , Board of Trustees '' . National Constitution Center Web Site . National Constitution Center . July 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Trustees - National Constitution Center '' . constitutioncenter.org . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Trustees - National Constitution Center '' . constitutioncenter.org . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.ajli.org/?nd=p-do-civldr-bio-sandra-day-oconnor Jump up ^ `` Sandra Day O'Connor Institute - Alliance of Arizona Nonprofits '' . arizonanonprofits.org . Archived from the original on 2018 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Kara G. ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Historic O'Connor house rebuilt in Papago Park '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Joins Justice at Stake as Honorary Chair '' . Justiceatstake.org. April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Sandra Day O'Connor became the most powerful woman in 1980s America '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` O'Connor Has Breast Surgery To Stop Cancer '' , The New York Times , Linda Greenhouse . October 22 , 1988 Bibliography ( edit ) Greenburg , Jan Crawford ( 2007 ) . Supreme Conflict : the Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court . Penguin Books . Further reading ( edit ) Montini , E.J. ( 2005 ) `` Rehnquist is No. 1 , O'Connor is No. 3 , Baloney is No. 2 . '' The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . O'Connor , Sandra Day & Day , H. Alan ( 2002 ) . Lazy B : Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50724 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Sandra Day O'Connor Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Sandra Day O'Connor Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sandra Day O'Connor Wikisource has original works written by or about : Sandra Day O'Connor Sandra Day O'Connor at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges , a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center . Sandra Day O'Connor at Ballotpedia Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues Appearances on C - SPAN Booknotes interview with O'Connor on Lazy B : Growing Up On a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest , January 27 , 2002 . iCivics.org , project to teach children civics , O'Connor is Chairman of the Board Sandra Day O'Connor Video produced by Makers : Women Who Make America Additional information Works related to Works by Sandra Day O'Connor at Wikisource Read Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) Reports regarding Justice O'Connor `` O'Connor not bothered by delayed retirement '' , The Associated Press September 28 , 2005 . `` Sandra Day O'Connor prepares for final days on Supreme Court '' , Associated Press , September 19 , 2005 . Cases in which O'Connor has been the deciding vote ( July 1 , 2005 ) Farewell comments from her fellow justices ( July 1 , 2005 ) Centrist justice sought ' social stability ' An Interview with Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Third Branch ( August 2009 ) Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Sandra Day O'Connor in September 1981 United States Government Publishing Office Legal offices Preceded by Potter Stewart Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 1981 -- 2006 Succeeded by Samuel Alito Academic offices Preceded by Henry Kissinger Chancellor of the College of William and Mary 2005 -- 2012 Succeeded by Robert Gates Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by John Paul Stevens as Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Order of Precedence of the United States as Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Succeeded by Anthony Kennedy as Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Order of precedence in the United States of America * The President The Vice President The Governor ( of the state in which the event is held ) The Speaker of the House The Chief Justice Former President Carter Former President G.H.W. Bush Former President Clinton Former President G.W. Bush Former President Obama Ambassadors of the United States The Secretary of State The Associate Justices Retired Justice Stevens Retired Justice O'Connor Retired Justice Kennedy Retired Justice Souter The President 's Cabinet The President Pro Tempore of the Senate The Senate The Governors of the States ( by order of statehood ) Former Vice President Mondale Former Vice President Quayle Former Vice President Gore Former Vice President Cheney Former Vice President Biden The House of Representatives * not including acting officeholders , visiting dignitaries , auxiliary executive and military personnel and most diplomats Members of the Iraq Study Group Chairs James Baker ( Co-chair ) Lee Hamilton ( Co-chair ) Members Vernon Jordan , Jr . Edwin Meese Sandra Day O'Connor Leon Panetta William Perry Chuck Robb Alan Simpson Lawrence Eagleburger Resigned prior to final report Robert Gates Rudy Giuliani Texas Women 's Hall of Fame 1984 Christia Adair Kate Atkinson Bell Vivian Castleberry Lila Cockrell Clotilde Garcia Jeane Porter Hester Oveta Culp Hobby Mary Evelyn Blagg Huey Sarah T. Hughes Lady Bird Johnson Barbara Jordan Amy Freeman Lee 1985 Benjy Frances Brooks Patricia Happ Buffler Liz Carpenter Grace Woodruff Cartwright Helen Farabee Maria Elena Flood Willie Lee Glass Lydia Mendoza Jenny Lind Porter Louise Raggio Ann Richards Edna Gardner Whyte 1986 Anne Armstrong Mary Kay Ash Caro Crawford Brown Alicia Chacon Jody Conradt Margaret Cousins ( Texas ) Wilhelmina Ruth Delco Frances Goff Mary Lavinia Griffith May Owen Sally Ride Ada Simond Hermine Tobolowsky Lucy G. Acosta Ruth Sharp Altshuler Margaret Harris Amsler Johnnie Benson Tommie Clack Kim Dawson Lillian Dunlap Elithe Hamilton Kirkland Donna Lopiano Katie Sherrod Donnya Stephens Dora Dougherty Strother Mary Nan West 1988 Nancy Brinker Margaret Pease Harper Ninfa Laurenzo Lane Murray Louise Ritter Ruth Taubert Seeger Bert Kruger Smith Eleanor Tinsley 1989 Barbara Bush Judith Craven Gussie Nell Davis Margaret Swan Forbes L. Ruth Guy Terry Hershey Lucia Rede Madrid Jane Wetzel 1993 Linda Louise Craft Ernestine Glossbrenner Gabrielle Kirk McDonald Eleanor Montague Aaronetta Hamilton Pierce Gloria G. Rodriguez Annette Strauss 1994 Rosa Ramirez Guerrero Irma Rangel Mary Beth Rogers Bess Whitehead Scott Hallie Stillwell Francie Larrieu Smith Alvia Wardlaw Martha Wong Eleanor Anne Young Ebby Halliday Acers Rita Crocker Clements Zina Garrison Sybil Harrington Kay Bailey Hutchison Vassar Miller Helen Oujesky Ruby Lee Piester Dian Graves Stai S. Eva Singletary 1998 Norma Lea Beasley Shirley Thompson Carter Elizabeth Lyons Ghrist Kay Granger Dixie Melillo Diana Natalicio Marsha Sharp 2000 Tillie Burgin Carol Dinkins Anna Maria Farias Juliet V. García Glenna Goodacre Wendy Harpham Jinger L. Heath Dealey Herndon Mamie L. McKnight Jo Stewart Randel Judy Rankin 2002 Karen Hughes Mae Jemison Angela Murdaugh Ann Williams Susan Combs Trinidad Mendenhall Mary Meyers Rosenfield Sheryl Swoopes 2006 Amanda Dunbar Kathleen Foster Shirley Neeley Ellen Vitetta 2008 Elsa Murano Sandra Day O'Connor Carolyn Peterson Louise Hopkins Underwood Huda Zoghbi Nancy W. Dickey Erma Johnson Hadley Teresa Lozano Long Judy Castle Scott Pamela Willeford 2012 Barbara Smith Conrad Anne Corn Nina Godiwalla Harriet O'Neill Mary Saunders 2014 Nandita Berry Joanne Herring Kim Olson Anita Perry Ann Stuart Senfronia Thompson Deborah Tucker Carolyn Wright 2016 Emma Carter Browning Susie Hitchcock - Hall Ginger Kerrick Renu Khator Selena Inductees to the National Women 's Hall of Fame 1970 -- 1979 1973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred `` Babe '' Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980 -- 1989 1981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary `` Mother '' Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Ida B. Wells - Barnett 1990 -- 1999 1990 Margaret Bourke - White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion 1993 Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C.J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich 1994 Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien - Shiung Wu 2000 -- 2009 2000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard 2001 Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence Ellinwood Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler - Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold 2009 Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly - Dreiss Allie B. Latimer Emma Lazarus Ruth Patrick Rebecca Talbot Perkins Susan Solomon Kate Stoneman 2010 -- 2019 2011 St. Katharine Drexel Dorothy Harrison Eustis Loretta C. Ford Abby Kelley Foster Helen Murray Free Billie Holiday Coretta Scott King Lilly Ledbetter Barbara A. Mikulski Donna E. Shalala Kathrine Switzer 2013 Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard 2015 Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal 2017 Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters Chancellors of the College of William & Mary Henry Compton ( 1693 -- 1700 ) Thomas Tenison ( 1700 -- 1707 ) Henry Compton ( 1707 -- 1713 ) John Robinson ( 1714 -- 1721 ) William Wake ( 1721 -- 1729 ) Edmund Gibson ( 1729 -- 1736 ) William Wake ( 1736 -- 1737 ) Edmund Gibson ( 1737 -- 1748 ) Thomas Sherlock ( 1749 -- 1761 ) Thomas Hayter ( 1762 ) Charles Wyndham ( 1762 -- 1763 ) Philip Yorke ( 1764 ) Richard Terrick ( 1764 -- 1776 ) George Washington ( 1788 -- 1799 ) Vacant ( 1800 -- 1858 ) John Tyler ( 1859 -- 1862 ) Vacant ( 1863 -- 1870 ) Hugh Blair Grigsby ( 1871 -- 1881 ) Vacant ( 1882 -- 1941 ) John Stewart Bryan ( 1942 -- 1944 ) Vacant ( 1945 ) Colgate Darden ( 1946 -- 1947 ) Vacant ( 1948 -- 1961 ) Alvin Duke Chandler ( 1962 -- 1974 ) Vacant ( 1975 -- 1985 ) Warren E. Burger ( 1986 -- 1993 ) Margaret Thatcher ( 1993 -- 2000 ) Henry Kissinger ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Sandra Day O'Connor ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Robert Gates ( 2012 -- ) Judicial opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor Maricopa County , Arizona Superior Court ( 1975 -- 1979 ) ; Arizona Court of Appeals ( 1980 -- 1981 ) 1975 -- 1981 Supreme Court of the United States ( September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ) ; by term 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 2001 Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice Jay J. Rutledge Ellsworth J. Marshall Taney S.P. Chase Waite Fuller E. White Taft Hughes Stone Vinson Warren Burger Rehnquist J. Roberts Seat 1 J. Rutledge T. Johnson Paterson Livingston Thompson Nelson Hunt Blatchford E. White Van Devanter Black Powell Kennedy Kavanaugh Seat 2 Cushing Story Woodbury Curtis Clifford Gray Holmes Cardozo Frankfurter Goldberg Fortas Blackmun Breyer Seat 3 Wilson Washington Baldwin Grier Strong Woods L. Lamar H. Jackson Peckham Lurton McReynolds Byrnes W. Rutledge Minton Brennan Souter Sotomayor Seat 4 Blair S. Chase Duvall Barbour Daniel Miller Brown Moody J. Lamar Brandeis Douglas Stevens Kagan Seat 5 Iredell Moore W. Johnson Wayne Seat 6 Todd Trimble McLean Swayne Matthews Brewer Hughes Clarke Sutherland Reed Whittaker B. White Ginsburg Seat 7 Catron Seat 8 McKinley Campbell Davis Harlan Pitney Sanford O. Roberts Burton Stewart O'Connor Alito Seat 9 Field McKenna Stone R. Jackson Harlan II Rehnquist Scalia Gorsuch Seat 10 Bradley Shiras Day Butler Murphy Clark T. Marshall Thomas Note : Seats 5 and 7 are defunct Supreme Court of the United States The Burger Court Chief Justice : Warren E. Burger ( 1969 -- 1986 ) 1981 -- 1986 : Wm. J. Brennan B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun L.F. Powell Jr . Wm . Rehnquist J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor The Rehnquist Court Chief Justice : William Rehnquist ( 1986 -- 2005 ) 1986 -- 1987 : Wm. J. Brennan B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun L.F. Powell Jr . J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor A. Scalia 1988 -- 1990 : Wm. J. Brennan B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor A. Scalia A. Kennedy 1990 -- 1991 : B. White T. Marshall H. Blackmun J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor A. Scalia A. Kennedy D. Souter 1991 -- 1993 : B. White H. Blackmun J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor A. Scalia A. Kennedy D. Souter C. Thomas 1993 -- 1994 : H. Blackmun J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor A. Scalia A. Kennedy D. Souter C. Thomas R.B. Ginsburg 1994 -- 2005 : J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor A. Scalia A. Kennedy D. Souter C. Thomas R.B. Ginsburg S. Breyer The Roberts Court Chief Justice : John Roberts ( 2005 -- present ) 2005 -- 2006 : J.P. Stevens S.D. O'Connor A. Scalia A. Kennedy D. Souter C. Thomas R.B. Ginsburg S. Breyer WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 4078386 BNF : cb12432801s ( data ) GND : 119502976 ISNI : 0000 0001 0939 098X LCCN : n81123693 SNAC : w6tv5dz9 SUDOC : 073270997 VIAF : 118097205 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&oldid=866113588 '' Categories : 1930 births Living people American people of Irish descent 20th - century American judges 21st - century American judges American Episcopalians American women lawyers American prosecutors American women judges Arizona lawyers Arizona Republicans Arizona state court judges Arizona state senators Breast cancer survivors California lawyers Chancellors of the College of William & Mary Cowgirl Hall of Fame inductees Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences People from El Paso , Texas People from Greenlee County , Arizona Lawyers from Phoenix , Arizona Politicians from Phoenix , Arizona Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Rockefeller Foundation Stanford Law School alumni Stanford University trustees Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States United States federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan Writers from Phoenix , Arizona Writers from Texas Women state legislators in Arizona Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with Italian - language external links Articles containing Italian - language text Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Bân - lâm - gú Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 09 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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"Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, who served from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006. She is the first woman to serve on the Court.[5]\n"
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-431526256572839020 | Uncle Ben | Uncle Ben - wikipedia Uncle Ben Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Spider - Man comic book character . For the food brand , see Uncle Ben 's . Uncle Ben Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) Created by Stan Lee ( writer ) Steve Ditko ( artist ) In - story information Full name Benjamin Parker Supporting character of Spider - Man Benjamin `` Ben '' Parker , usually called Uncle Ben , is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , commonly in association with the superhero Spider - Man . Uncle Ben first appeared in Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko . Modeled after American founding father Benjamin Franklin , the character plays an influential role in the Spider - Man comic books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 1.1 Notability of death 2 Fictional character biography 3 Other versions 3.1 Trouble 3.2 Bullet Points 3.3 House of M 3.4 Marvel Noir 3.5 Spider - Verse 3.6 Ultimate Marvel 3.7 What If ? 3.8 Derailed Alt - Ben Parker 4 `` With great power comes great responsibility '' 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Video games 6 Franklin Richards ' Uncle Ben 7 Son of Spider - Man 8 The Other Uncle Ben 9 References 10 External links Publication history ( edit ) Uncle Ben first appeared in Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) and was killed in the very same issue . Although his history as a supporting character was very brief , Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider - Man 's life , often appearing in flashbacks . Notability of death ( edit ) The murder of Uncle Ben is notable as one of the few comic book deaths ( along with the death of Gwen Stacy , although she has been recently revived ) that has never been reversed in terms of official continuity . He was a member of the `` Big Three '' , referring also to Jason Todd ( an associate of Batman ) and Bucky ( an associate of Captain America ) whose notable deaths , along with Ben 's , gave rise to the phrase : `` No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky , Jason Todd , and Uncle Ben '' . Later , the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment , `` No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben '' . The violent killing of Uncle Ben , done by a common street criminal , also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne , the parents of Batman , which sometimes is included in the saying . There have been examples of Uncle Ben remaining alive in alternative timelines , including stories featured in Marvel 's What If ( one of which he forces Peter to unmask in front of J. Jonah Jameson ) , and a storyline of the 1994 Spider - Man animated series featured a universe where Uncle Ben had never died , and Peter Parker became a successful industrialist , having never really bothered to use his powers responsibly as everything always seemed to work out for him . This fact is used to defeat the rampaging Spider - Carnage by exposing him to the one person he will trust and listen to : the Uncle Ben of that reality . A story - line in the official series Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man seemingly suggested that Ben may be alive . This Ben , however , was actually from a parallel universe where Aunt May died in a random accident , leaving him to raise Peter . This alternate Ben came to the planet Earth of regular Marvel comics ( the 616 reality ) as part of an evil plan devised by the Hobgoblin of 2211 to defeat the Spider - Men of different eras . During the Clone Conspiracy storyline , when Peter 's clone Ben Reilly who named himself after Uncle Ben and Aunt May , taking Ben 's first name and May 's last to differentiate himself from Peter used the Jackal 's technology to revive various old enemies and allies of Peter Parker , he offered to bring Uncle Ben back to life while trying to win Peter to his point of view , but although tempted at the offer , Peter concluded that the reason Ben had not brought ' their ' uncle back on his own was that he knew that Uncle Ben would disapprove of his `` nephew 's actions '' , as Ben 's plan would see everyone on Earth granted immortality while dependent on him to supply the medication needed to stabilize their cloned bodies . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Ben Parker was born in Brooklyn , New York . He trained to be a military police officer , and also spent time as a singer in a band . He had known his future wife , May Reilly since their high school days , but she in turn was naively interested in a boy who was involved in criminal activities . When he came to her one night and proposed to her on the spot , Ben was there to expose him as a murderer , and to comfort the heart - broken May when the boy was arrested . Their relationship evolved into love , and they enjoyed a happily married life . When Ben 's younger brother Richard Parker and his wife Mary were killed in a plane crash , Ben and May took in their orphaned son Peter and raised him as their own . Ben was very protective of Peter , going as far as fighting some of the bullies that tormented young Parker . Peter became friends with Charlie Weiderman in high school , a teen even more unpopular than he was . However , Charlie often provoked the trouble with the other teens . One day , he was chased to the Parker home by a group of bullies led by Rich and Ben intervened . Ben told them that if they wanted Charlie , they would have to go through him . Rich tried to , but was surprised by Ben 's army training . As soon as the bullies were gone , he told the boy that he was not welcome at the house or with Peter because of his provoking the bullies and not being able to tell the truth . In high school , a radioactive spider bite gave Peter superhuman powers . Creating the costumed identity of Spider - Man for himself , Peter sought first to exploit his newfound powers as a masked wrestler and then as a television star . Coming from a television appearance , Spider - Man saw a burglar being chased by a security guard . The guard called for Spider - Man to stop the thief , but the nascent Spidey refused on the grounds that catching criminals was not his job . The robber got away . When Peter later returned home , he was informed by a police officer that his beloved Uncle Ben had been killed by a burglar . Outraged , he donned his Spider - Man costume and captured the man only to realize to his horror that it was the same burglar whom he could have effortlessly captured earlier at the studio . As a result , Peter considered himself morally responsible for Ben 's death and resolved to fight crime as a superhero -- realizing that with great power comes great responsibility -- and vowing never to let another innocent person come to harm if he could help it . Ben Parker 's death was truly avenged when the burglar returned for the money once more , threatening Aunt May . The burglar died from a heart attack upon beholding his old nemesis Spider - Man once again and learning that Spider - Man and Peter Parker were one and the same person . In Amazing Spider - Man Family # 7 , May relates to Peter her account of meeting Ben for the first time . Ben briefly appeared in Amazing Spider - Man # 500 ; after Spider - Man played a vital role in preventing the resurrection of Dormammu , an unidentified higher power provided Doctor Strange with a small box that he felt he had to give to Spider - Man as a reward for his role in events . When Peter opened the box on the roof of his apartment building , it contained a note saying `` You have five minutes . Spend them as you will '' , followed by Ben appearing on the roof . It was revealed that this Ben - whether a ghost or Ben having been temporally relocated from the moment before his death - remembered being out for the walk that resulted in him getting shot but nothing afterwards , although he concluded that the events leading to him being on that roof were not important . In their talk Ben said that the only thing that would disappoint him about Peter is if Peter ever settled for less because he was afraid of reaching for more . This helps Peter to see that he had a good life for all its hardships , recognizing that he has always used what he has , and Ben assures Peter that he is proud of him before he vanishes . During the 2008 -- 2009 `` Dark Reign '' storyline , Uncle Ben makes an appearance in the Underworld when Hercules attends the trial of Zeus , directing Amadeus Cho as he attempted to find his parents in the afterlife . In the `` Amazing Grace '' storyline , Ben appears as an apparition to Spider - Man while battling a horde of demons and gargoyles , telling him that his death is not Peter 's or anyone 's fault . However , one enemy notices him and attacked only to disappear . This left Spider - Man puzzled if he was imagining Ben or he was really talking to his ghost . When Ben Reilly adopted the identity of the Jackal and set up an elaborate plan to use Warren 's new cloning process to make the world immortal , he attempted to win Peter 's allegiance by showing him Ben 's coffin and offering to bring Ben back to life . However , although tempted by the idea , Peter realized that Ben never intended to bring ' their ' uncle back to life because he would have done it already , coldly informing his clone that Uncle Ben would tell him that he was wrong . At the conclusion of the crisis , Peter takes a moment beside the coffin containing Ben 's corpse , acknowledging that Reilly 's actions were wrong but wishing that he was there regardless . Other versions ( edit ) Trouble ( edit ) A version of Ben appeared in the Mark Millar , Terry Dodson 2003 limited series , `` Trouble '' , with his brother Richie , who were involved with teenagers , May and Mary . None of the characters ' last names were revealed . The story did not become canon because of its negative reception . Bullet Points ( edit ) In this alternate reality , a young Ben Parker is working as a military policeman . He is assigned to security for Doctor Erskine , a scientist for the Captain America program . An assassination attempt on Erskine succeeds , killing Ben in the process . Later on , May still attempts to raise Peter on her own , but without the influence of Ben , Peter grows up to be angry , cynical and mean - spirited , going on to become the Hulk of this reality when he sneaks onto the test site that Rick Jones sneaked onto in the original version of events . House of M ( edit ) In the House of M reality , Ben Parker is alive and , like the rest of the world , is aware that Peter Parker is Spider - Man . After recovering Peter 's journal , with entries detailing that the world is not how it should be , Ben discovers that he is killed shortly after Peter gains his powers . He later helps Peter fake his death , photographing Spider - Man apparently hanging himself . Marvel Noir ( edit ) In the Marvel Noir reality , Ben Parker is a social activist who was murdered by Norman Osborne 's enforcers . He had previously been a decorated pilot and veteran of World War I , but he did not take pride in his service , believing that no just cause was fought for . His nephew Peter dons his old aviator uniform and wields his service revolver during his activities as Spider - Man . Spider - Verse ( edit ) A version of Peter Parker named Patton Parnell lives with his abusive Uncle Ted on an unknown Earth . After the bite of an irradiated spider mutates him into an arachnid monstrosity , Patton infects his Uncle Ted with his offspring while declaring he taught him that `` With great power comes a great appetite '' . An alternate Uncle Ben from an unknown reality appears in a flashback along with the version 's Aunt May . In this reality they are portrayed as scientists . They informed Peni Parker that she was the only person able to carry on the project ( after her father , the original SP / / dr , died in battle ) , and accepted the responsibly , allowing the radioactive spider that formed the other half of SP / / dr 's CPU to bite her . In an unknown reality , Uncle Ben and Aunt May are with their nephew Peter at the hospital after he suffers an allergic reaction to the radioactive spider bite , leaving him in a coma . Because of this , they are out of their house when is burgled by the thief that killed Ben in the main universe . Peter transforms into Man - Spider and attacks Uncle Ben and Aunt May , but is thwarted by Spider - Man Noir . Six - Armed Spider - Man creates a cure for Peter , allowing him to live a normal life with Ben and May . The Earth - 3145 version of Ben Parker was isolated in Ezekiel 's bunker after Earth is decimated by nuclear fallout . Ben is later found by Silk , Spider - Man and the other Spider - Men when arrive while fleeing from the Inheritors . Ben received his powers when he accompanied Peter to the science demonstration and was bitten by the spider instead of his nephew . Ben retired out of grief after his foe the Emerald Elf discovered his identity and killed his May and Peter . After entering Ezekiel 's bunker upon being told about the Inheritors , his Earth was decimated when a nuclear blackmail plot by Otto Octavius went wrong . Although he initially declines to join the other Spiders in their final attack on the Inheritors , Spider - Man and Superior Spider - Man convince him to do so by arguing that he has only failed if he gives up , Peter in particular affirming that the advice of his own Uncle Ben has saved his world and made a difference every day . He subsequently works with Spider - Ham to rescue Benjy Parker - the baby brother of Spider - Girl - and take him to another dimension for safety . When the crisis is concluded , Ben accompanies Spider - Girl back to her home dimension , and decides to remain so that he can be the great - uncle that no other Ben Parker has had the chance to become . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Ben Parker in Ultimate Spider - Man differs slightly from the original Ben Parker . In the Ultimate Spider - Man comics , Ben Parker is younger than his original counterpart . He is also a former hippie who wears his hair in a ponytail and teaches Peter to be nonviolent . Ben also reminisces about the period he lived on a commune . After Peter Parker went out for a walk , he came home and learned from a police officer that Uncle Ben was murdered . Uncle Ben is seen one last time meeting Peter in the afterlife after his death . What if ? ( edit ) Uncle Ben was featured in various issues of What If . In one reality where May was killed by the burglar instead of Ben , Peter immediately went after the burglar , but accidentally pushed him out of the window of a warehouse during the fight , resulting in Ben taking the blame for the crime to save his nephew . Lacking the moral influence of Ben or the need to stay secret for his aunt , Peter broke out of the orphanage he was sent to and began to defeat criminals for the reward money , matters coming to a head when he nearly killed the Green Goblin in a fight . Attempting to break Ben out of prison , Ben nevertheless convinced him that he had to accept responsibility for his actions , prompting Peter to return to school and form a relationship with Mary Jane after Anna Watson took him in , culminating in Ben helping Peter in his crime - fighting activities after he was released from prison . In the first `` What If '' story regarding Spider - Man ( named `` classic '' ) , it was Aunt May who went downstairs after hearing a noise , not wanting to wake up Ben . The same storyline plays out , with the burglar shooting May and Spider - Man apprehending him in the warehouse . In this story , Ben finds out about Peter 's activities as Spider - Man relatively soon , and talks to him about it . Peter explains to him when he donned the costume and why , even telling him about letting the would - be murderer go that very same night he robbed the wrestling register . Peter breaks down , saying how everything was his fault . Ben responds with anger at himself , being weak in not being able to protect `` his May '' . After Peter tells him he did not know and could not have possibly done anything , Ben instantly calms down and tells Peter to follow his own advice . He further inspires Peter to keep being Spider - Man , not because of regret or penance , but to protect and help all those who are weak and in need of help . Ben and Peter form an even closer relationship with Ben offering his support in many of Spider - Man 's future battles . Eventually Ben becomes outraged at Jameson 's constant smearing of Spider - Man 's name , considering it an insult to May 's memory . He eventually lets Jameson in on Spider - Man 's identity , forcing Jameson in a position he is uncomfortable in as a journalist . He can not expose Spider - Man without endangering Ben Parker , yet he also does not wish to support vigilantism . Eventually , he finds a middle road and unofficially employs Spider - Man so he can gain inside scoops on crimes being solved in the city . The story eventually ends with Spider - Man saving Bennett Brant and Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus , as well as fighting a Green Goblin who kidnapped Jameson to find out Spider - Man 's real identity ( having correctly surmised there was a reason Jameson had those inside scoops ) . At the end of it all , Peter and Ben shake hands with Ben saying they will face all dangers and the future together . Derailed alt - Ben Parker ( edit ) In an alternate reality shown in Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man , an alternate reality was witnessed where May died in a random accident , prompting Peter to go into show business with Ben as his agent to make money . Peter 's focus on his career prompts him to eventually leave home , simply paying Ben a percentage out of respect for their old relationship rather than any actual concern . This Ben was eventually ' derailed ' into the 616 reality by the Hobgoblin of 2211 as part of her plan against the Spider - Men of various eras , leaving him shocked when he witnessed his destroyed house and the still - living May Parker . Confronting her , he ended up in a fight with Jarvis , with whom she at the time has a relationship with , but wandered away in confusion . Lacking direction , Ben wandered into an alleyway where he encountered a shadowy figure who offered him a gun , telling Ben that any action he takes would simply create another universe where he took the opposite action , so he might as well do what felt good . After this Hobgoblin was erased from history by a Retcon Bomb of her own invention , the Spider - Man of 2211 met with what he presumed to be the same Ben Parker to take him back to his own timeline . In a surprise twist , deciding he rather wanted to `` stick around for a while '' , this Ben Parker shoots this future Spider - Man . At the same time , another Ben Parker was shown dead in the alley , meaning one Ben Parker had killed the other and taken his place . It was revealed that the Ben Parker who had died in the alleyway was the Uncle Ben of the alternate reality , while the Ben Parker who killed Spider - Man 2211 was , in fact , the Chameleon of 2211 ; the Chameleon had attempted to convince Ben to resort to murder , but Spider - Man correctly guessed that there were no circumstances under which Ben would do such a thing . `` With great power comes great responsibility '' ( edit ) The thematic and often - quoted ( including by the Supreme Court of the United States ) Spider - Man phrase with great power comes great responsibility is widely attributed to Uncle Ben . However , in Amazing Fantasy # 15 , where it first appears , it is not spoken by any character . In fact , Ben has only two lines in the entire comic . The original version of the phrase appears in a narrative caption of the comic 's last panel , rather than as spoken dialogue . It reads , `` ... with great power there must also come -- great responsibility ! '' . However , later stories and flashbacks that took place when Ben was still alive retroactively made the phrase one of Ben 's many homilies he would lecture Peter with . Latter - day reinterpretations of Spider - Man , such as the Spider - Man film and the Ultimate Spider - Man comic , depict Ben as saying this phrase to Peter while he is still alive , in their last conversation . Both the aforementioned adaptations also had Peter lash out at Ben just after he says it , and both also mention his father . The origins of the phrase pre-date its use in Spider - Man . In 1906 , Under - Secretary of the Colonial Office Winston Churchill said , `` Where there is great power there is great responsibility '' In 1817 , member of British parliament William Lamb is recorded saying , `` the possession of great power necessarily implies great responsibility , '' even indicating that it was already a cultural maxim invoked toward government at the time . The sentiment is also attributed to Jesus in the Gospel of Luke , `` Everyone to whom much was given , of him much will be required . '' In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Uncle Ben appeared in the 1960s Spider - Man television series . He appeared in the episode `` The Origin of Spider - Man '' . Uncle Ben is mentioned in the 1980s Spider - Man television series . In the episode `` Arsenic and Aunt May '' , the Chameleon ( after meeting the relative of the Burglar ) escapes from prison and poses as a medium while using technology to make Aunt May seemingly see Ben 's ghost . Uncle Ben appeared in Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends , voiced by Frank Welker . He appeared in the episode `` Along Came Spidey '' . Uncle Ben appeared in Spider - Man : The Animated Series , voiced by Brian Keith ( in `` The Menace of Mysterio '' , `` The Mutant Agenda '' and the `` Spider Wars '' series finale ) . He appeared in the series as a spirit or seen in flashbacks talking to Peter Parker whenever his nephew gets frustrated the tough choices as Spider - Man . In the series finale when Spider - Man had to stop Spider - Carnage from destroying all reality , Spider - Man managed to make contact with an alternate reality of his uncle in a world where Peter Parker was a successful industrialist ; realizing that Peter 's counterpart in this reality had never failed or had any difficulties in life due to his casual attitude towards the crisis as opposed to Spider - Man or the other counterparts , Peter realized that Ben was almost certainly still alive in this reality if he was alive in any alternate timeline . Thanks to Ben 's influence , Spider - Carnage was convinced to stop trying to destroy reality . After Spider - Carnage instead used the reality bomb to create a portal and subsequently committed suicide by entering the portal to end the threat once and for all , Spider - Man and Ben hugged ; although they lived in different realities , Ben was proud of his different reality nephew while Spider - Man assured Ben that he will always have him in his own heart . In Spider - Man Unlimited , Uncle Ben is briefly mentioned in the pilot episode `` Worlds Apart '' ( Part One ) . He is also seen in the theme song which Uncle Ben was killed . Uncle Ben appears in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Edward Asner . His character remains faithful to the comics . He is featured in Spider - Man 's flashback in the episode `` Intervention '' revealed that Ben was killed while defending May Parker during a break - in at their house by a burglar that Peter Parker selfishly let go earlier that day . After Peter discovered that Ben was murdered by a burglar who broke into the Parker house and stole Ben 's car , Peter furiously sought revenge , donning the Spider - Man costume and confronting the burglar in an old warehouse . Spider - Man unmasked his uncle 's killer , realizing that it was the same burglar from earlier . After knocking the criminal out and lowered to policeman via web line , Peter vowed to use these spider powers for good and to never put himself before anyone else and to never to let another innocent person come to harm if anything could help it , and remembering his uncle 's words : ' With great power there must also come great responsibility ' . Uncle Ben is featured in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Greg Grunberg . His character is loosely based on his Ultimate Counterpart as opposed to his previous versions . In the pilot episodes `` Great Power '' and `` Great Responsibility '' , Peter Parker recalled that fateful night of his uncle 's murder and Nick Fury uses Ben 's memory to have Spider - Man join S.H.I.E.L.D. instead of being solo . A picture of Ben is also seen having fun with May Parker and their young nephew . Ben is personally featured in the episode `` Strange Days '' . Nightmare tries to use Spider - Man 's failure being unable to save his uncle 's life , however , this does not work ; Ben actually motivates Peter to defeat Nightmare ( something neither Iron Fist nor Doctor Strange was able to do ) . In the episode `` Ultimate Deadpool '' , Spider - Man remembers his uncle 's memory when thinking about Deadpool 's own demons . The character is occasionally referenced in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. The Sinister Six primarily as May 's source of Ben Reilly 's name . The episode `` Return to the Spider - Verse '' Pt. 2 features a Wild West reality version of Uncle Ben ( voiced by Clancy Brown ) who is depicted as the `` Phantom Rider '' and Webslinger the Spider Cowboy 's uncle . As Doc Ock Holliday 's brainwashed Deputy , the Phantom Rider helped repelled Wolf Spider and later fought both Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid . Although unaffected by Kid Arachnid 's venom blasts , Spider - Man and Webslinger eventually were able to defeat Doc Ock Holliday . Upon Doc Holliday 's defeat , Ben was freed from the brainwashing and remanded Doc Ock Holliday to the hoosegow while reclaiming his Sheriff title . As Sheriff Ben and Webslinger are reunited , Spider - Man gets a final look at Sheriff Ben before departing to the next reality , quietly hopeful that one reality has Ben still alive . Uncle Ben appears in Spider - Man , voiced by Patton Oswalt . Film ( edit ) In the Spider - Man film series , Ben Parker is portrayed by Cliff Robertson and his character remains relatively faithful to the comics , including his being shot by a criminal Peter failed to stop ( although in the comics he was shot trying to defend May during a break in at their house and in the film he was shot during a carjacking ) . He appeared in the first film as a father figure for Peter . The amiable Ben is laid off from his job as a chief electrician after 35 years and worries about his nephew 's strange behavior . His words of wisdom ( ' With great power comes great responsibility ' ) eventually inspire Peter to become Spider - Man . Losing his temper during this speech , Peter tells him to stop acting like his father , hurting his feelings badly . Later that night , Ben is apparently shot dead by a thief , Dennis Carradine , whom Peter refused to stop when he was cheated out of his money . Peter and his aunt greatly mourn his death , particularly Peter , who is haunted by the fact that he could have stopped Carradine and saved his uncle . By the end of the film , Peter has accepted Ben as the father figure of his childhood . The second film features a sequence where Peter contemplates giving up his Spider - Man identity to Ben who , in the flashback , is a physical representation of the entity and ideology of Spider - Man , encouraging Peter to continue on as a superhero . Also , Peter admits the truth surrounding Uncle Ben 's death to Aunt May . She is shocked and upset at first , but later commends Peter for telling her the truth . Robertson reprises his role in a flashback scene ( as well as a dream sequence ) in the third film . In the film , Captain George Stacy tells Peter and Aunt May of new evidence that suggests Carradine was only an accomplice of Flint Marko , who was Uncle Ben 's real killer ; Peter then imagines Marko throwing Ben out of the car and gunning him down in cold blood while Carradine desperately tries to stop Marko before driving off . Robertson appears again at the end of the film during a more accurate flashback , as Marko explains to Peter that he only wanted Ben 's car , since Marko needed to steal money to help his critically ill daughter Penny . However , Carradine startled Marko and caused him to accidentally pull the trigger when Ben was trying to reason with him . This somewhat shocked Marko , as he feels extremely remorseful for killing Ben . Realizing how desperate Marko is to help his own daughter and understanding the importance of forgiveness over revenge , Spider - Man forgives Marko and allows him to go free . Martin Sheen portrays Uncle Ben in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider - Man . Though his character still remains faithful to the comics , the manner of his murder is drastically different . Following an argument with Peter which results in Peter storming out , Ben leaves to find his nephew and encounters a thief who has just raided a grocery store where Peter was shopping but who Peter refused to stop when he did not provide enough money to pay for a drink . The thief trips over and drops his gun . Ben tries to get the gun first , but a struggle ensues and Ben is killed . Unlike the comics , Ben 's killer remains at large . The screenwriter for Spider - Man : Homecoming , John Francis Daley , confirms that Uncle Ben exists in the Marvel Cinematic Universe despite never being referenced directly in the film ( though Peter does mention that Aunt May 's been through a lot lately which was an intentional nod to the character ) . In an earlier draft of the film , May mentions that Peter 's wardrobe for homecoming was Ben 's clothing , but it was cut out because the screenwriters did n't want his death to be a throwaway line . Video games ( edit ) Uncle Ben is mentioned in the first 3 missions , `` Search for Justice , '' `` Warehouse Hunt , '' and `` Birth of a Hero '' in the 2002 Spider - Man video game , as Peter Parker attempts to track down Ben 's killer . Uncle Ben is briefly mentioned at the end of Spider - Man 3 . Uncle Ben 's Noir version is mentioned by Spider - Man Noir in Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions when going after the Vulture ( that universe 's killer of Uncle Ben ) . Uncle Ben makes an appearance in the prologue of The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , voiced by Mark Bramhall . The tutorial starts off showing the event that lead to his death . After that , he is referenced throughout the game by Peter Parker , Aunt May , and Stan . Around the end of the game , Stan tells Peter that Ben would 've wanted him to grow up to be the man that he wanted Peter to be . Franklin Richards ' Uncle Ben ( edit ) Franklin Richards of the Fantastic Four often refers to Benjamin Grimm , the Thing , as `` Uncle Ben '' ( Grimm is the best friend of Franklin 's father Reed Richards ) . Franklin Richards and Peter Parker also have the same middle name , Benjamin , as the Thing and Ben Parker are their namesakes . Spider - Man is aware of this , and told Franklin , `` Uncle Bens are always right . '' Son of Spider - Man ( edit ) In The Amazing Spider - Man # 498 - 500 , Spider - Man falls through time , encountering all of his enemies from the past , and sees himself in the future . The future Peter Parker tells him that he should tell Mary Jane Watson and their son that he loves them every day . `` Our son is called Ben '' , he says , `` but it would pretty much have to be , would n't it ? '' However , because of the way time - travel in the Marvel universe works , it should be noted that this is only a potential future , not necessarily a definite one ( This future being even more unlikely after the events of One More Day ) . The other Uncle Ben ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Girl Like her father , Spider - Girl also has an Uncle Ben . However , unlike her dad , May never knew her uncle : Ben Reilly , Spider - Man 's clone . If Spider - Girl has any children in the future , they too would have an Uncle Ben - May 's baby brother . Ironically in the aftermath of Spider - Verse , the Earth - 3145 's Ben Parker himself would stay on her world , and has a chance to be his grandfather , something that the other Ben Parkers were unable to achieve on account of their deaths . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Philip Tallon ( 2012 ) . Sanford , Jonathan J. , ed . Spider - Man and Philosophy : The Web of Inquiry . John Wiley & Sons . p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 3 ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 4 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 519 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 600 ( 2009 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 516 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe : Spider - Man 2005 Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Stan Lee ( w ) , Steve Ditko ( a ) . `` Spider - Man ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 15 ( August 1962 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 200 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 500 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Incredible Hercules # 130 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 4 1.6 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy : Omega Jump up ^ Bullet Points # 1 ( 2006 ) Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Spider - Man : House of M # 5 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Spider - Man Noir # 2 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 4 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 5 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Spider - Verse Team - Up # 1 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 12 ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 13 ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 14 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 15 Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Mark Bagley ( a ) . Ultimate Spider - Man # 1 - 3 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ What If ? # 46 ( classic vol. 7 ) Jump up ^ Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man # 13 Jump up ^ The Evolution of the Pithy Proverb : `` With great power comes great responsibility . '' at Quote / Counterquote . Accessed April 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ South African native races . Mr. Winston Churchill , accessed July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parliamentary Debates , edited by Thomas C. Hansard Jump up ^ `` Strange '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 13 . July 8 , 2012 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Return to the Spider - Verse Pt. 2 '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 4 . Episode 17 . September 3 , 2016 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ https://techiegamers.com/2387-2/ Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew . `` Uncle Ben Confirmed For The Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 660 Marvel Comics . External links ( edit ) Uncle Ben at Marvel.com Uncle Ben 's Profile at Spiderfan.org Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Scarlet Spider Spider - Woman Steel Spider Silk By public identity Peter Parker Ben Reilly Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Supporting characters Liz Allan Black Cat Betty Brant Billy Connors Martha Connors Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. Jonah Jameson John Jameson Ashley Kafka Ned Leeds Madame Web Anna Maria Marconi Max Modell Harry Osborn Ben Parker May Parker Richard and Mary Parker Prowler Puma Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson Rocket Racer Silver Sable Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval George Stacy Gwen Stacy Flash Thompson Ben Urich Mary Jane Watson Debra Whitman Will o ' the Wisp Antagonists Central rogues gallery Carnage Chameleon Doctor Octopus Electro Green Goblin Norman Osborn Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley Jason Macendale Phil Urich Hydro - Man Jackal Kingpin Kraven the Hunter Lizard Morbius , the Living Vampire Mysterio Rhino Sandman Scorpion Shocker Sinister Six Venom Eddie Brock Vulture Recurring antagonists Beetle Abner Jenkins Janice Lincoln Big Man Frederick Foswell Big Wheel Boomerang Burglar Calypso Carrion Cyclone Demogoblin Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox Gibbon Grizzly Hammerhead Human Fly Jack O ' Lantern Jason Macendale Kangaroo Lady Octopus Living Brain Looter Man - Wolf Man Mountain Marko Menace Mendel Stromm Mister Negative Molten Man Morlun Moses Magnum Overdrive Punisher Ringer Shriek Alistair Smythe Spencer Smythe Speed Demon Spider - Slayer list Silvermane Spot Stegron Swarm Tarantula Tinkerer Tombstone Vermin Walrus White Rabbit Alternative versions Spider - Man Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Girl Spider - Gwen Spider - Ham Spider - Man Noir Ultimate Spider - Man Miles Morales Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Goblin Slingers Symbiotes Category Ultimate Spider - Man Series Ultimate Spider - Man Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man Creators Brian Michael Bendis ( writer ) Mark Bagley ( artist ) Original characters Kenny McFarlane Miles Morales as Spider - Man Story arcs and crossovers Original Series Story Arcs Second Series Story Arcs `` Ultimate Clone Saga '' Ultimate Marvel Team - Up Ultimate Six Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimate Comics : Doomsday Ultimate Comics : Fallout Spider - Men Other media Video game Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions TV series episodes `` For Your Eye Only '' Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story The Spectacular Spider - Man Episodes `` Survival of the Fittest '' `` Interactions '' `` Natural Selection '' `` Market Forces '' `` Competition '' `` The Invisible Hand '' `` Catalysts '' `` Reaction '' `` The Uncertainty Principle '' Related Characters Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncle_Ben&oldid=812358788 '' Categories : Comics characters introduced in 1962 Fictional characters from New York City Spider - Man characters Superhero film characters Characters created by Stan Lee Characters created by Steve Ditko Hidden categories : Comics infobox image less caption Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français Հայերեն Italiano मराठी Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 12 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does with great power comes great responsibility come from | [
"Benjamin \"Ben\" Parker, usually called Uncle Ben, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Spider-Man. Uncle Ben first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. Modeled after American founding father Benjamin Franklin, the character plays an influential role in the Spider-Man comic books."
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"superhero Spider-Man"
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8753013654754193712 | Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model | Atkinson -- Shiffrin memory model - wikipedia Atkinson -- Shiffrin memory model Jump to : navigation , search Cognitive psychology Perception Visual perception Object recognition Face recognition Pattern recognition Attention Memory Aging and memory Emotional memory Learning Long - term memory Metacognition Language Metalanguage Thinking Cognition Concept Reasoning Decision making Problem solving Numerical cognition Numerosity adaptation effect Approximate number system Parallel individuation system The Atkinson -- Shiffrin model ( also known as the multi-store model or modal model ) is a model of memory proposed in 1968 by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin . The model asserts that human memory has three separate components : a sensory register , where sensory information enters memory , a short - term store , also called working memory or short - term memory , which receives and holds input from both the sensory register and the long - term store , and a long - term store , where information which has been rehearsed ( explained below ) in the short - term store is held indefinitely . Since its first publication this model has come under much scrutiny and has been criticized for various reasons ( described below ) . However , it is notable for the significant influence it had in stimulating subsequent memory research . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Sensory register 2.1 Iconic memory 2.2 Echoic memory 3 Short - term store 3.1 Duration 3.2 Capacity 4 Long - term store 4.1 Transfer from STS 4.2 Capacity and duration 5 Evidence for distinct stores 6 Criticism 6.1 Sensory register as a separate store 6.2 Division and nature of working memory 6.3 Rehearsal as the sole transfer mechanism 6.4 Division of long - term memory 6.5 Further reading 7 Search of associative memory ( SAM ) 7.1 Short - term store 7.2 Long - term store 7.3 Retrieval from long - term store 7.4 Recency effects 7.5 Problems for the SAM model 8 References 9 External links Summary ( edit ) Multi-store model : Atkinson and Shiffrin 's ( 1968 ) original model of memory , consisting of the sensory register , short - term store , and long - term store . The modal model of memories is an explanation of how memory processes work . The three - part multi-store model was first described by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968 , though the idea of distinct memory stores was by no means a new idea at the time . William James described a distinction between primary and secondary memory in 1890 , where primary memory consisted of thoughts held for a short time in consciousness and secondary memory consisted of a permanent , unconscious store . However , at the time the parsimony of separate memory stores was a contested notion . A summary of the evidence given for the distinction between long - term and short - term stores is given below . Additionally , Atkinson and Shiffrin included a sensory register alongside the previously theorized primary and secondary memory , as well as a variety of control processes which regulate the transfer of memory . Following its first publication , multiple extensions of the model have been put forth such as a precategorical acoustic store , the search of associative memory model , the perturbation model , and permastore . Additionally , alternative frameworks have been proposed , such as procedural reinstatement , a distinctiveness model , and Baddeley and Hitch 's model of working memory , among others . Sensory register ( edit ) Main article : Sensory memory When an environmental stimulus is detected by the senses it is briefly available in what Atkinson and Shiffrin called the sensory registers ( also sensory buffers or sensory memory ) . Though this store is generally referred to as `` the sensory register '' or `` sensory memory '' , it is actually composed of multiple registers , one for each sense . The sensory registers do not process the information carried by the stimulus , but rather detect and hold that information for use in short - term memory . For this reason Atkinson and Shiffrin also called the registers `` buffers '' , as they prevent immense amounts of information from overwhelming higher - level cognitive processes . Information is only transferred to the short - term memory when attention is given to it , otherwise it decays rapidly and is forgotten . While it is generally agreed that there is a sensory register for each sense , most of the research in the area has focused on the visual and auditory systems . Iconic memory ( edit ) Iconic memory , which is associated with the visual system , is perhaps the most researched of the sensory registers . The original evidence suggesting sensory stores which are separate to short - term and long - term memory was experimentally demonstrated for the visual system using a tachistoscope . Iconic memory is only limited to field of vision . That is , as long as a stimulus has entered the field of vision there is no limit to the amount of visual information iconic memory can hold at any one time . As noted above , sensory registers do not allow for further processing of information , and as such iconic memory only holds information for visual stimuli such as shape , size , color and location ( but not semantic meaning ) . As the higher - level processes are limited in their capacities , not all information from sensory memory can be conveyed . It has been argued that the momentary mental freezing of visual input allows for the selection of specific aspects which should be passed on for further memory processing . The biggest limitation of iconic memory is the rapid decay of the information stored there ; items in iconic memory decay after only 0.5 - 1.0 seconds . Echoic memory ( edit ) Echoic memory , coined by Ulric Neisser , refers to information that is registered by the auditory system . As with iconic memory , echoic memory only holds superficial aspects of sound ( e.g. pitch , tempo , or rhythm ) and it has a nearly limitless capacity . Echoic memory is generally cited as having a duration of between 1.5 and 5 seconds depending on context but has been shown to last up to 20 seconds in the absence of competing information . Short - term store ( edit ) Main article : Short - term memory While much of the information in sensory memory decays and is forgotten , some is attended to . The information that is attended is transferred to the short - term store ( also short - term memory , working memory ; note that while these terms are often used interchangeably they were not originally intended to be used as such ) . Duration ( edit ) As with sensory memory , the information that enters short - term memory decays and is lost , but the information in the short - term store has a longer duration , approximately 18 -- 20 seconds when the information is not being actively rehearsed , though it is possible that this depends on modality and could be as long as 30 seconds . Fortunately , the information can be held in the short - term store for much longer through what Atkinson and Shiffrin called rehearsal . For auditory information rehearsal can be taken in a literal sense : continually repeating the items . However , the term can be applied for any information that is attended to , such as when a visual image is intentionally held in mind . Finally , information in the short - term store does not have to be of the same modality as its sensory input . For example , written text which enters visually can be held as auditory information , and likewise auditory input can be visualized . On this model , rehearsal of information allows for it to be stored more permanently in the long - term store . Atkinson and Shiffrin discussed this at length for auditory and visual information but did not give much attention to the rehearsal / storage of other modalities due to the experimental difficulties of studying those modalities . Capacity ( edit ) There is a limit to the amount of information that can be held in the short - term store : 7 ± 2 chunks . These chunks , which were noted by Miller in his seminal paper The Magical Number Seven , Plus or Minus Two , are defined as independent items of information . It is important to note that some chunks are perceived as one unit though they could be broken down into multiple items , for example `` 1066 '' can be either the series of four digits `` 1 , 0 , 6 , 6 '' or the semantically grouped item `` 1066 '' which is the year the Battle of Hastings was fought . Chunking allows for large amounts of information to be held in memory : 149283141066 is twelve individual items , well outside the limit of the short - term store , but it can be grouped semantically into the 4 chunks `` Columbus ( 1492 ) ate ( 8 ) pie ( 314 → 3.14 → π ) at the Battle of Hastings ( 1066 ) '' . Because short - term memory is limited in capacity , it severely limits the amount of information that can be attended to at any one time . Long - term store ( edit ) Main article : Long - term memory The long - term store ( also long - term memory ) is a more or less permanent store . Information that is stored here can be `` copied '' and transferred to the short - term store where it can be attended to and manipulated . Transfer from sts ( edit ) Information is postulated to enter the long - term store from the short - term store more or less automatically . As Atkinson and Shiffrin model it , transfer from the short - term store to the long - term store is occurring for as long as the information is being attended to in the short - term store . In this way , varying amounts of attention result in varying amounts of time in short - term memory . Ostensibly , the longer an item is held in short - term memory , the stronger its memory trace will be in long - term memory . Some extraneous variables include : participant differences ( Personal ability of an individual , these differentiate each participant and their capacity levels ) , demand characteristics ( Which is the participants knowledge about experiment and what they bring to the experiment ) , experimenter effect ( which is the effects the researchers have on participants through their expectations and possibility of bias behavior for self - fulfillment results ) , non-standardized instructions and procedures ( The effect on participants if they receive different instructions , and if no consistency in procedure , also impacts from variations of conditions ) . Atkinson and Shiffrin cite evidence for this transfer mechanism in studies by Hebb ( 1961 ) and Melton ( 1963 ) which show that repeated rote repetition enhances long - term memory . One may also think to the original Ebbinghaus memory experiments showing that forgetting increases for items which are studied fewer times . Finally , the authors note that there are stronger encoding processes than simple rote rehearsal , namely relating the new information to information which has already made its way into the long - term store . Capacity and duration ( edit ) In this model , as with most models of memory , long - term memory is assumed to be nearly limitless in its duration and capacity . It is most often the case that brain structures begin to deteriorate and fail before any limit of learning is reached . This is not to assume that any item which is stored in long - term memory is accessible at any point in the lifetime . Rather , it is noted that the connections , cues , or associations to the memory deteriorate ; the memory remains intact but unreachable . Evidence for distinct stores ( edit ) At the time of the original publication there was a schism in the field of memory on the issue of a single process or dual - process model of memory , the two processes referring to short - term and long - term memory . Atkinson and Shiffrin cite hippocampal lesion studies as compelling evidence for a separation of the two stores . These studies showed that patients with bilateral damage to the hippocampal region had nearly no ability to form new long - term memories though their short - term memory remained intact . One may also be familiar with similar evidence found through the study of Henry Molaison , famously known as H.M. , who underwent a severe bilateral medial temporal lobectomy which removed most of his hippocampal regions . These data suggest that there is indeed a clear separation between the short - term and long - term stores . Criticism ( edit ) Sensory register as a separate store ( edit ) One of the early and central criticisms to the Atkinson - Shiffrin model was the inclusion of the sensory registers as part of memory . Specifically , the original model seemed to describe the sensory registers as both a structure and a control process . Parsimony would suggest that if the sensory registers are actually control processes , there is no need for a tri-partite system . Later revisions to the model addressed these claims and incorporated the sensory registers with the short - term store . Division and nature of working memory ( edit ) Baddeley and Hitch have in turn called to question the specific structure of the short - term store , proposing that it is subdivided into multiple components . While the different components were not specifically addressed in the original Atkinson - Shiffrin model , the authors do note that little research has been done investigating the different ways sensory modalities may be represented in the short - term store . Thus the model of working memory given by Baddeley and Hitch should be viewed as a refinement of the original model . Further information : Baddeley 's model of working memory Rehearsal as the sole transfer mechanism ( edit ) The model has been further criticized as suggesting that rehearsal is the key process which initiates and facilitates transfer of information into LTM . There is very little evidence supporting this hypothesis , and long - term recall can in fact be better predicted by a levels - of - processing framework . In this framework , items which are encoded at a deeper , more semantic level are shown to have stronger traces in long - term memory . This criticism is somewhat unfounded as Atkinson and Shiffrin clearly state a difference between rehearsal and coding , where coding is akin to elaborative processes which levels - of - processing would call deep - processing . In this light , the levels - of - processing framework could be seen as more of an extension of the Atkinson - Shiffrin model rather than a refutation . Further information : Levels - of - processing effect Division of long - term memory ( edit ) In the case of long - term memory , it is unlikely that different types of information , such as the motor skills to ride a bike , memory for vocabulary , and memory for personal life events are stored in the same fashion . Endel Tulving notes the importance of encoding specificity in long - term memory . To clarify , there are definite differences in the way information is stored depending on whether it is episodic ( memories of events ) , procedural ( knowledge of how to do things ) , or semantic ( general knowledge ) . A short ( non-inclusive ) example comes from the study of Henry Molaison ( H.M. ) : learning a simple motor task ( tracing a star pattern in a mirror ) , which involves implicit and procedural long - term storage , is unaffected by bilateral lesioning of the hippocampal regions while other forms of long - term memory , like vocabulary learning ( semantic ) and memories for events , are severely impaired . Further information : Encoding specificity principle Further reading ( edit ) For more thorough and technical reviews of the main criticisms please refer to the following resources : Raaijmakers , Jeroen G.W. ( 1993 ) . `` The story of the two - store model of memory : past criticisms , current status , and future directions '' . Attention and performance . XIV ( silver jubilee volume ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . pp. 467 -- 488 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 13284 - 2 . Baddeley , Alan ( April 1994 ) . `` The magical number seven : still magic after all these years ? '' . Psychological Review . 101 ( 2 ) : 353 -- 356 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295X. 101.2. 353 . PMID 8022967 . Search of associative memory ( SAM ) ( edit ) Due to the above and other criticism through the 1970s , the original model underwent many revisions to account for phenomena it could not explain . The `` search of associative memory '' ( SAM ) model is the culmination of that work . The SAM model uses a two - phase memory system : short - and long - term stores . Unlike the original Atkinson -- Shiffrin model , there is no sensory store in the SAM model . Short - term store ( edit ) Short - term store takes on the form of a buffer , which has a limited capacity . The model assumes a buffer rehearsal system in which the buffer has a size , r . Items enter the short - term store and accompany other items that are already present in the buffer , until size r has been reached . Once the buffer is at full capacity , when new items enter , they replace an item , r , which already exists in the buffer . A probability of 1 / r determines which already existing item will be replaced from the buffer . In general , items that have been in the buffer for longer are more likely to be replaced by new items . Long - term store ( edit ) The long - term store is responsible for storing relationships between different items and of items to their contexts . Context information refers to the situational and temporal factors present at the time when an item is in the short - term store , such as emotional feelings or environmental details . The amount of item - context information which is transferred to the long - term store is proportional to the amount of time that the item remains in the short - term store . On the other hand , the strength of the item - item associations is proportional to the amount of time that two items simultaneously existed in the short - term store . Retrieval from long - term store ( edit ) Simplified diagram of the steps involved in retrieving an item from the long - term store under the SAM model . Simplification of the diagram found in Raaijmakers & Shiffrin , 1981 . It is best to show how items are recalled from the long - term store using an example . Assume a participant has just studied a list of word pairs and is now being tested on his memory of those pairs . If the prior list contained , blanket -- ocean , the test would be to recall ocean when prompted with blanket -- ? . Memories stored in long - term store are retrieved through a logical process involving the assembly of cues , sampling , recovery , and evaluation of recovery . According to the model , when an item needs to be recalled from memory the individual assembles the various cues for the item in the short - term store . In this case , the cues would be any cues surrounding the pair blanket -- ocean , like the words that preceded and followed it , what the participant was feeling at the time , how far into the list the words were , etc . Using these cues the individual determines which area of the long - term store to search and then samples any items with associations to the cues . This search is automatic and unconscious , which is how the authors would explain how an answer `` pops '' into one 's head . The items which are eventually recovered , or recalled , are those with the strongest associations to the cue item , here blanket . Once an item has been recovered it is evaluated , here the participant would decide whether blanket - ( recovered word ) matches blanket -- ocean . If there is a match , or if the participant believes there is a match , the recovered word is output . Otherwise the search starts from the beginning using different cues or weighting cues differently if possible . Recency effects ( edit ) The usefulness of the SAM model and in particular its model of the short - term store is often demonstrated by its application to the recency effect in free recall . When serial - position curves are applied to SAM , a strong recency effect is observed , but this effect is strongly diminished when a distractor , usually arithmetic , is placed in between study and test trials . The recency effect occurs because items at the end of the test list are likely to still be present in short - term store and therefore retrieved first . However , when new information is processed , this item enters the short - term store and displaces other information from it . When a distracting task is given after the presentation of all items , information from this task displaces the last items from short - term store , resulting in a substantial reduction of recency . Problems for the SAM model ( edit ) The SAM model faces serious problems in accounting for long - term recency data and long - range contiguity data . While both of these effects are observed , the short - term store can not account for the effects . Since a distracting task after the presentation of word pairs or large interpresentation intervals filled with distractors would be expected to displace the last few studied items from the short - term store , recency effects are still observed . According to the rules of the short - term store , recency and contiguity effects should be eliminated with these distractors as the most recently studied items would no longer be present in the short - term memory . Currently , the SAM model competes with single - store free recall models of memory , such as the Temporal Context Model . In this study the impact of age and level of maturation on participants ability to recall images from stm was investigated . it was hypothesised that students who fell in the age bracket of sixteen and 18 years would have greater recall ability and perform better on the stm memory recall imagery test than , eleven to thirteen year old . Additionally , the original model assumes that items in a particular list the only significant associations between items are those formed during the study portion of an experiment . In other words , it does not account for the effects of prior knowledge about to - be-studied items . A more recent extension of the model incorporates various features which allow the model to account for memory store for the effects of prior semantic knowledge and prior episodic knowledge . For years there has been investigation regarding thelevel and capacity of stm . past research that has influences the experiment is atkinson - shiffrons memory model . the model asserts . The experiment is focusing on the ' short term store ' , which holds information for the duration of twelve seconds and has a capacity of 7 ± 2 items . this has influenced the researches amount of images presented and how long they are viewed for . The extension proposes a store for preexisting semantic associations ; a contextual drift mechanism allowing for decontextualisation of knowledge , e.g. if you first learned a banana was a fruit because you put it in the same class as apple , you do not always have to think of apples to know bananas are fruits ; a memory search mechanism that uses both episodic and semantic associations , as opposed to a unitary mechanism ; and a large lexicon including both words from prior lists and unpresented words . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , R.C. ; Shiffrin , R.M. ( 1968 ) . `` Chapter : Human memory : A proposed system and its control processes '' . In Spence , K.W. ; Spence , J.T. The psychology of learning and motivation . 2 . New York : Academic Press . pp. 89 -- 195 . Jump up ^ James , William ( 1890 ) . The Principles of Psychology . New York : Henry Holt . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Crowder , Robert G. ; Morton , John ( November 1969 ) . `` Precategorical acoustic storage ( PAS ) '' . Perception & Psychophysics. 5 ( 6 ) : 365 -- 373 . doi : 10.3758 / BF03210660 . ^ Jump up to : Raaijmakers , Jeroen G.W. ; Shiffrin , Richard M. ( 1981 ) . `` Search of associative memory '' . Psychological Review . 88 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 134 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295X. 88.2. 93 . Jump up ^ Shiffrin , Robert M. ; Raaijmakers , Jeroen ( 1992 ) . `` The SAM retrieval model : a retrospective and prospective '' . In Healy , Alice F. ; Kosslyn , Stephen M. ; Shiffrin , Richard M. From Learning Processes to Cognitive Processes : Essays in Honor of William K. Estes. 2 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum . pp. 119 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 0760 - 8 . Jump up ^ Estes , William K. `` An associative basis for coding and organization in memory '' . In Melton , Arthur W. ; Martin , Edwin . Coding Processes in Human Memory . Washington , DC : Winston . pp. 161 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 59335 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lee , Catherine L. ( 1992 ) . `` The perturbation model of short - term memory : a review and some further developments '' . In Healy , Alice F. ; Kosslyn , Stephen M. ; Shiffrin , Richard M. From Learning Processes to Cognitive Processes : Essays in Honor of William K. Estes. 2 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum . pp. 119 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 0760 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bahrick , Harry P. ( March 1984 ) . `` Semantic memory content in permastore : Fifty years of memory for Spanish learned in school '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : General . 113 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1037 / 0096 - 3445.113. 1.1 . Jump up ^ Healy , Alice F. ; Fendrich , David W. ; Crutcher , Robert J. ; Wittman , William T. ; Gesi , Antoinette T. ; Ericsson , K. Anders ; Bourne , Lyle E. Jr. ( 1992 ) . `` The long - term retention of skills '' . In Healy , Alice F. ; Kosslyn , Stephen M. ; Shiffrin , Richard M. From Learning Processes to Cognitive Processes : Essays in Honor of William K. Estes. 2 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum . pp. 87 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 0760 - 8 . Jump up ^ Neath , Ian ; Crowder , Robert G. ( March 1990 ) . `` Schedules of presentation and temporal distinctiveness in human memory '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition . 16 ( 2 ) : 316 -- 327 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.16. 2.316 . ^ Jump up to : Baddeley , Alan D. ; Hitch , Graham J. `` Working memory '' . In Bower , Gordon H. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation : Advances in Research and Theory . 8 . New York : Academic Press . pp. 47 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , George ( 1960 ) . `` The information available in brief visual presentations '' . Psychological Monographs : General and Applied . 74 ( 11 ) : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1037 / h0093759 . Jump up ^ Coltheart , Max ; Lea , C David ; Thompson , Keith ( 1974 ) . `` In defence of iconic memory '' . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology . 26 ( 4 ) : 633 -- 641 . doi : 10.1080 / 14640747408400456 . Jump up ^ Neisser , Ulric ( 1967 ) . `` Cognitive Psychology '' . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . ^ Jump up to : Darwin , Christopher J. ; Turvey , Michael T. ; Crowder , Robert G. ( 1972 ) . `` An auditory analogue of the sperling partial report procedure : Evidence for brief auditory storage '' ( PDF ) . Cognitive Psychology . 3 ( 2 ) : 255 -- 267 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 0285 ( 72 ) 90007 - 2 . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Treisman , Anne ( December 1964 ) . `` Monitoring and storage of irrelevant messages in selective attention '' . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior . 3 ( 6 ) : 449 -- 459 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5371 ( 64 ) 80015 - 3 . ISSN 0022 - 5371 . Jump up ^ Norman , Donald A. ( 1969 ) . `` Memory while shadowing '' . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology . 21 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 93 . doi : 10.1080 / 14640746908400200 . Jump up ^ Glucksberg , Sam ; Cowen , George N. Jr . ( May 1970 ) . `` Memory for nonattended auditory material '' . Cognitive Psychology . 1 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 156 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 0285 ( 70 ) 90010 - 1 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Lloyd ; Peterson , Margaret Jean ( September 1959 ) . `` Short - term retention of individual verbal items '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology . 58 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 198 . doi : 10.1037 / h0049234 . PMID 14432252 . Jump up ^ Posner , Michael I. ( 24 June 1966 ) . `` Components of skilled performance '' . Science . 152 ( 3730 ) : 1712 -- 1718 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 152.3730. 1712 . Jump up ^ Miller GA ( 1956 ) . `` The magical number seven '' . Psychological Review . 63 : 81 -- 97 . doi : 10.1037 / h0043158 . PMID 13310704 . Jump up ^ Hebb , Donald O. ( 1961 ) . `` Distinctive features of learning in the higher animal '' . In Delafresnaye , Jean Francisque . Brain mechanisms and learning . Oxford : Blackwell . pp. 37 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Melton , Arthur W. ( October 1963 ) . `` Implications of short - term memory for a general theory of memory '' . DTIC Document . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ebbinghaus , Hermann ( 1913 ) ( 1885 ) . Über das Gedächtnis ( Memory : A Contribution to Experimental Psychology ) . Translated by Henry A. Ruger ; Clara E. Bussenius . New York : Teachers College , Columbia University . Jump up ^ Postman , Leo ( 1964 ) . `` Short - term memory and incidental learning '' . In Melton , Arthur W. Categories of human learning . pp. 145 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Milner , Brenda ( 1966 ) . `` Amnesia following operation on the temporal lobes '' . In Whitty , C.W.M. ; Zangwill , O.L. Amnesia . London : Butterworths . pp. 109 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Richard C. ; Shiffrin , Richard M. ( August 1971 ) . `` The control of short - term memory '' . Scientific American . 225 ( 2 ) : 82 -- 90 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0871 - 82 . PMID 5089457 . Jump up ^ Shiffrin , Richard M. ( 1975 ) . `` Short - term store : The basis for a memory system '' . In Restle , F. ; Shiffrin , Richard M. ; Castellan , N.J. ; Lindman , H. ; Pisoni , D.B. Cognitive theory . 1 . Hillsdale , New Jersey : Erlbaum . pp. 193 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Shiffrin , Richard M. ( 1975 ) . `` Capacity limitations in information processing , attention and memory '' . In Estes , William K . Handbook of learning and cognitive processes : Memory processes . 4 . Hillsdale , New Jersey : Erlbaum . pp. 177 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Craik , Fergus I.M. ; Lockhart , Robert S. ( December 1972 ) . `` Levels of processing : A framework for memory research '' . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior . 11 ( 6 ) : 671 -- 684 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5371 ( 72 ) 80001 - X . ISSN 0022 - 5371 . Jump up ^ Raaijmakers , Jeroen G.W. ( 1993 ) . `` The story of the two - store model of memory : past criticisms , current status , and future directions '' . Attention and performance . XIV ( silver jubilee volume ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . pp. 467 -- 488 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 13284 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tulving , Endel ; Thompson , Donald M. ( September 1973 ) . `` Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory '' . Psychological Review . 80 ( 5 ) : 352 -- 373 . doi : 10.1037 / h0020071 . Jump up ^ Milner , B. ( 1962 ) . Physiologie de l'hippocampe , P. Passouant , ed . ( Paris : Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ) , pp. 257 -- 272 . Jump up ^ Phillips , James L. ; Shiffrin , Richard J. ; Atkinson , Richard C. ( 1967 ) . `` The effects of list length on short - term memory '' . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior . 6 ( 3 ) : 303 -- 311 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5371 ( 67 ) 80117 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bjork , Robert A. ; Whitten , William B. ( 1974 ) . `` Recency - sensitive retrieval processes in long - term free recall '' . Cognitive Psychology . 6 : 173 -- 189 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 0285 ( 74 ) 90009 - 7 . Jump up ^ Howard , Marc W. ; Kahana , Michael J. ( 1999 ) . `` Contextual variability and serial position effects in free recall '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition . 25 ( 4 ) : 923 -- 941 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jml. 2010.11. 003 . PMC 3046415 . Jump up ^ Howard , Marc W. ; Kahana , Michael J. ( June 2002 ) . `` A distributed representation of temporal context '' . Journal of Mathematical Psychology . 46 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 299 . doi : 10.1006 / jmps. 2001.1388 . Jump up ^ Sirotin , Yevgeniy B. ; Kimball , Daniel R. ; Kahana , Michael J. ( 2005 ) . `` Going beyond a single list : Modeling the effects of prior experience on episodic free recall '' . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review . 12 ( 5 ) : 787 -- 805 . doi : 10.3758 / BF03196773 . 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | atkinson and shifrin's information-processing model of memory focuses on | [
"\na sensory register, where sensory information enters memory,\na short-term store, also called working memory or short-term memory, which receives and holds input from both the sensory register and the long-term store, and\na long-term store, where information which has been rehearsed (explained below) in the short-term store is held indefinitely.\n",
"\na sensory register, where sensory information enters memory,\na short-term store, also called working memory or short-term memory, which receives and holds input from both the sensory register and the long-term store, and\na long-term store, where information which has been rehearsed (explained below) in the short-term store is held indefinitely.\n",
"\na sensory register, where sensory information enters memory,\na short-term store, also called working memory or short-term memory, which receives and holds input from both the sensory register and the long-term store, and\na long-term store, where information which has been rehearsed (explained below) in the short-term store is held indefinitely.\n"
] | [
"sensory register",
"short-term store",
"long-term store"
] |
5125840623495536668 | Satellite | Satellite - wikipedia Satellite This article is about artificial satellites . For natural satellites , also known as moons , see Natural satellite . For other uses , see Satellite ( disambiguation ) . `` Artificial moon '' redirects here . For the electric light used to simulate moonlight , see moonlight tower . Part of a series on Spaceflight History Space Race Timeline of spaceflight Space probes Lunar missions Applications Earth observation satellites Spy satellites Communications satellites Satellite navigation Space telescopes Space exploration Space tourism Space colonization Spacecraft Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Cargo spacecraft Human spaceflight Space capsule Space station Spaceplane Launch Spaceport Launch pad Expendable and reusable launch vehicles Escape velocity Non-rocket spacelaunch Destinations Sub-orbital Orbital Moon Interplanetary spaceflight Interstellar travel Intergalactic travel Space agencies ESA CSA RKA CNES DLR ISA CNSA ISRO NASA JAXA Private spaceflight Bigelow Aerospace Blue Origin Orbital ATK Sierra Nevada Corporation SpaceX Virgin Galactic Spaceflight portal Play media NASA 's Earth - observing fleet as of June 2012 . A full - size model of the Earth observation satellite ERS 2 In the context of spaceflight , a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit . Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth 's Moon . In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the world 's first artificial satellite , Sputnik 1 . Since then , about 6,600 satellites from more than 40 countries have been launched . According to a 2013 estimate , 3,600 remained in orbit . Of those , about 1,000 were operational ; while the rest have lived out their useful lives and become space debris . Approximately 500 operational satellites are in low - Earth orbit , 50 are in medium - Earth orbit ( at 20,000 km ) , and the rest are in geostationary orbit ( at 36,000 km ) . A few large satellites have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit . Over a dozen space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon , Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , a few asteroids , a comet and the Sun . Satellites are used for many purposes . Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites , communications satellites , navigation satellites , weather satellites , and space telescopes . Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites . Satellite orbits vary greatly , depending on the purpose of the satellite , and are classified in a number of ways . Well - known ( overlapping ) classes include low Earth orbit , polar orbit , and geostationary orbit . A launch vehicle is a rocket that places a satellite into orbit . Usually , it lifts off from a launch pad on land . Some are launched at sea from a submarine or a mobile maritime platform , or aboard a plane ( see air launch to orbit ) . Satellites are usually semi-independent computer - controlled systems . Satellite subsystems attend many tasks , such as power generation , thermal control , telemetry , attitude control and orbit control . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early conceptions 1.2 Artificial satellites 2 Space Surveillance Network 3 Non-military satellite services 3.1 Fixed satellite services 3.2 Mobile satellite systems 3.3 Scientific research satellites ( commercial and noncommercial ) 4 Types 5 Orbit types 5.1 Centric classifications 5.2 Altitude classifications 5.3 Inclination classifications 5.4 Eccentricity classifications 5.5 Synchronous classifications 5.6 Special classifications 5.7 Pseudo-orbit classifications 6 Satellite subsystems 6.1 Spacecraft bus or service module 6.1. 1 Structural subsystem 6.1. 2 Telemetry subsystem 6.1. 3 Power subsystem 6.1. 4 Thermal control subsystem 6.1. 5 Attitude and orbit control subsystem 6.2 Communication payload 7 End of life 8 Launch - capable countries 8.1 Attempted first launches 8.2 Other notes 8.3 Launch capable private entities 9 First satellites of countries 9.1 Attempted first satellites 9.2 Planned first satellites 10 Attacks on satellites 10.1 Jamming 11 Satellite services 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Early conceptions ( edit ) `` Newton 's cannonball '' , presented as a `` thought experiment '' in A Treatise of the System of the World , by Isaac Newton was the first published mathematical study of the possibility of an artificial satellite . The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit was a short story by Edward Everett Hale , The Brick Moon . The idea surfaced again in Jules Verne 's The Begum 's Fortune ( 1879 ) . Konstantin Tsiolkovsky In 1903 , Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ( 1857 -- 1935 ) published Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices ( in Russian : Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами ) , which is the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft . He calculated the orbital speed required for a minimal orbit , and that a multi-stage rocket fuelled by liquid propellants could achieve this . In 1928 , Herman Potočnik ( 1892 -- 1929 ) published his sole book , The Problem of Space Travel -- The Rocket Motor ( German : Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums -- der Raketen - Motor ) . He described the use of orbiting spacecraft for observation of the ground and described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments . Animation depicting the orbits of GPS satellites in medium Earth orbit . In a 1945 Wireless World article , the English science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke ( 1917 -- 2008 ) described in detail the possible use of communications satellites for mass communications . He suggested that three geostationary satellites would provide coverage over the entire planet . The US military studied the idea of what was referred to as the `` earth satellite vehicle '' when Secretary of Defense James Forrestal made a public announcement on 29 December 1948 , that his office was coordinating that project between the various services . Artificial satellites ( edit ) Sputnik 1 : The first artificial satellite to orbit Earth . The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1 , launched by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 , and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program , with Sergei Korolev as chief designer . This in turn triggered the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States . Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on radio - signal distribution in the ionosphere . The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1 's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so - called Space Race within the Cold War . Sputnik 2 was launched on 3 November 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit , a dog named Laika . In May , 1946 , Project RAND had released the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World - Circling Spaceship , which stated , `` A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century . '' The United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945 under the Bureau of Aeronautics of the United States Navy . The United States Air Force 's Project RAND eventually released the report , but considered the satellite to be a tool for science , politics , and propaganda , rather than a potential military weapon . In 1954 , the Secretary of Defense stated , `` I know of no American satellite program . '' In February 1954 Project RAND released `` Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle , '' written by R.R. Carhart . This expanded on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed in June 1955 with `` The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite , '' by H.K. Kallmann and W.W. Kellogg . In the context of activities planned for the International Geophysical Year ( 1957 -- 58 ) , the White House announced on 29 July 1955 that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958 . This became known as Project Vanguard . On 31 July , the Soviets announced that they intended to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957 . Following pressure by the American Rocket Society , the National Science Foundation , and the International Geophysical Year , military interest picked up and in early 1955 the Army and Navy were working on Project Orbiter , two competing programs : the army 's which involved using a Jupiter C rocket , and the civilian / Navy Vanguard Rocket , to launch a satellite . At first , they failed : initial preference was given to the Vanguard program , whose first attempt at orbiting a satellite resulted in the explosion of the launch vehicle on national television . But finally , three months after Sputnik 2 , the project succeeded ; Explorer 1 became the United States ' first artificial satellite on 31 January 1958 . In June 1961 , three - and - a-half years after the launch of Sputnik 1 , the Air Force used resources of the United States Space Surveillance Network to catalog 115 Earth - orbiting satellites . Early satellites were constructed as `` one - off '' designs . With growth in geosynchronous ( GEO ) satellite communication , multiple satellites began to be built on single model platforms called satellite buses . The first standardized satellite bus design was the HS - 333 GEO commsat , launched in 1972 . Currently the largest artificial satellite ever is the International Space Station . 1U CubeSat ESTCube - 1 , developed mainly by the students from the University of Tartu , carries out a tether deployment experiment in low Earth orbit . Space Surveillance Network ( edit ) Main article : United States Space Surveillance Network The United States Space Surveillance Network ( SSN ) , a division of the United States Strategic Command , has been tracking objects in Earth 's orbit since 1957 when the Soviet Union opened the Space Age with the launch of Sputnik I. Since then , the SSN has tracked more than 26,000 objects . The SSN currently tracks more than 8,000 man - made orbiting objects . The rest have re-entered Earth 's atmosphere and disintegrated , or survived re-entry and impacted the Earth . The SSN tracks objects that are 10 centimeters in diameter or larger ; those now orbiting Earth range from satellites weighing several tons to pieces of spent rocket bodies weighing only 10 pounds . About seven percent are operational satellites ( i.e. ~ 560 satellites ) , the rest are space debris . The United States Strategic Command is primarily interested in the active satellites , but also tracks space debris which upon reentry might otherwise be mistaken for incoming missiles . Non-military satellite services ( edit ) There are three basic categories of non-military satellite services : Fixed satellite services ( edit ) Fixed satellite services handle hundreds of billions of voice , data , and video transmission tasks across all countries and continents between certain points on the Earth 's surface . Mobile satellite systems ( edit ) Mobile satellite systems help connect remote regions , vehicles , ships , people and aircraft to other parts of the world and / or other mobile or stationary communications units , in addition to serving as navigation systems . Scientific research satellites ( commercial and noncommercial ) ( edit ) Scientific research satellites provide meteorological information , land survey data ( e.g. remote sensing ) , Amateur ( HAM ) Radio , and other different scientific research applications such as earth science , marine science , and atmospheric research . Types ( edit ) Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of distant planets , galaxies , and other outer space objects . Biosatellites are satellites designed to carry living organisms , generally for scientific experimentation . Communication satellites are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications . Modern communications satellites typically use geosynchronous orbits , Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits . Earth observation satellites are satellites intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring , meteorology , map making etc . ( See especially Earth Observing System . ) Navigational satellites are satellites which use radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location . The relatively clear line of sight between the satellites and receivers on the ground , combined with ever - improving electronics , allows satellite navigation systems to measure location to accuracies on the order of a few meters in real time . Killer Satellites are satellites that are designed to destroy enemy warheads , satellites , and other space assets . Crewed spacecraft ( spaceships ) are large satellites able to put humans into ( and beyond ) an orbit , and return them to Earth . Spacecraft including spaceplanes of reusable systems have major propulsion or landing facilities . They can be used as transport to and from the orbital stations . Miniaturized satellites are satellites of unusually low masses and small sizes . New classifications are used to categorize these satellites : minisatellite ( 500 -- 100 kg ) , microsatellite ( below 100 kg ) , nanosatellite ( below 10 kg ) . Reconnaissance satellites are Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications . Very little is known about the full power of these satellites , as governments who operate them usually keep information pertaining to their reconnaissance satellites classified . Recovery satellites are satellites that provide a recovery of reconnaissance , biological , space - production and other payloads from orbit to Earth . International Space Station Space stations are artificial orbital structures that are designed for human beings to live on in outer space . A space station is distinguished from other crewed spacecraft by its lack of major propulsion or landing facilities . Space stations are designed for medium - term living in orbit , for periods of weeks , months , or even years . Tether satellites are satellites which are connected to another satellite by a thin cable called a tether . Weather satellites are primarily used to monitor Earth 's weather and climate . Orbit types ( edit ) Main article : List of orbits Various earth orbits to scale ; cyan represents low earth orbit , yellow represents medium earth orbit , the black dashed line represents geosynchronous orbit , the green dash - dot line the orbit of Global Positioning System ( GPS ) satellites , and the red dotted line the orbit of the International Space Station ( ISS ) . The first satellite , Sputnik 1 , was put into orbit around Earth and was therefore in geocentric orbit . By far this is the most common type of orbit with approximately 1,459 artificial satellites orbiting the Earth . Geocentric orbits may be further classified by their altitude , inclination and eccentricity . The commonly used altitude classifications of geocentric orbit are Low Earth orbit ( LEO ) , Medium Earth orbit ( MEO ) and High Earth orbit ( HEO ) . Low Earth orbit is any orbit below 2,000 km . Medium Earth orbit is any orbit between 2,000 and 35,786 km . High Earth orbit is any orbit higher than 35,786 km . Centric classifications ( edit ) Geocentric orbit : An orbit around the planet Earth , such as the Moon or artificial satellites . Currently there are approximately 1,459 artificial satellites orbiting the Earth . Heliocentric orbit : An orbit around the Sun . In our Solar System , all planets , comets , and asteroids are in such orbits , as are many artificial satellites and pieces of space debris . Moons by contrast are not in a heliocentric orbit but rather orbit their parent planet . Areocentric orbit : An orbit around the planet Mars , such as by moons or artificial satellites . The general structure of a satellite is that it is connected to the earth stations that are present on the ground and connected through terrestrial links . Altitude classifications ( edit ) Low Earth orbit ( LEO ) : Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 180 km - 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) Medium Earth orbit ( MEO ) : Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) - 35,786 km ( 22,236 mi ) . Also known as an intermediate circular orbit . Geosynchronous orbit ( GEO ) : Geocentric circular orbit with an altitude of 35,786 kilometres ( 22,236 mi ) . The period of the orbit equals one sidereal day , coinciding with the rotation period of the Earth . The speed is approximately 3,000 metres per second ( 9,800 ft / s ) . High Earth orbit ( HEO ) : Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km ( 22,236 mi ) . Orbital Altitudes of several significant satellites of earth . Inclination classifications ( edit ) Inclined orbit : An orbit whose inclination in reference to the equatorial plane is not zero degrees . Polar orbit : An orbit that passes above or nearly above both poles of the planet on each revolution . Therefore , it has an inclination of ( or very close to ) 90 degrees . Polar sun synchronous orbit : A nearly polar orbit that passes the equator at the same local time on every pass . Useful for image taking satellites because shadows will be nearly the same on every pass . Eccentricity classifications ( edit ) Circular orbit : An orbit that has an eccentricity of 0 and whose path traces a circle . Hohmann transfer orbit : An orbit that moves a spacecraft from one approximately circular orbit , usually the orbit of a planet , to another , using two engine impulses . The perihelion of the transfer orbit is at the same distance from the Sun as the radius of one planet 's orbit , and the aphelion is at the other . The two rocket burns change the spacecraft 's path from one circular orbit to the transfer orbit , and later to the other circular orbit . This maneuver was named after Walter Hohmann . Elliptic orbit : An orbit with an eccentricity greater than 0 and less than 1 whose orbit traces the path of an ellipse . Geosynchronous transfer orbit : An elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low Earth orbit ( LEO ) and the apogee at the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit . Geostationary transfer orbit : An elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low Earth orbit ( LEO ) and the apogee at the altitude of a geostationary orbit . Molniya orbit : A highly elliptic orbit with inclination of 63.4 ° and orbital period of half of a sidereal day ( roughly 12 hours ) . Such a satellite spends most of its time over two designated areas of the planet ( specifically Russia and the United States ) . Tundra orbit : A highly elliptic orbit with inclination of 63.4 ° and orbital period of one sidereal day ( roughly 24 hours ) . Such a satellite spends most of its time over a single designated area of the planet . Synchronous classifications ( edit ) Synchronous orbit : An orbit where the satellite has an orbital period equal to the average rotational period ( earth 's is : 23 hours , 56 minutes , 4.091 seconds ) of the body being orbited and in the same direction of rotation as that body . To a ground observer such a satellite would trace an analemma ( figure 8 ) in the sky . Semi-synchronous orbit ( SSO ) : An orbit with an altitude of approximately 20,200 km ( 12,600 mi ) and an orbital period equal to one - half of the average rotational period ( Earth 's is approximately 12 hours ) of the body being orbited Geosynchronous orbit ( GSO ) : Orbits with an altitude of approximately 35,786 km ( 22,236 mi ) . Such a satellite would trace an analemma ( figure 8 ) in the sky . Geostationary orbit ( GEO ) : A geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of zero . To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a fixed point in the sky . Clarke orbit : Another name for a geostationary orbit . Named after scientist and writer Arthur C. Clarke . Supersynchronous orbit : A disposal / storage orbit above GSO / GEO . Satellites will drift west . Also a synonym for Disposal orbit . Subsynchronous orbit : A drift orbit close to but below GSO / GEO . Satellites will drift east . Graveyard orbit : An orbit a few hundred kilometers above geosynchronous that satellites are moved into at the end of their operation . Disposal orbit : A synonym for graveyard orbit . Junk orbit : A synonym for disposal orbit . Areosynchronous orbit : A synchronous orbit around the planet Mars with an orbital period equal in length to Mars ' sidereal day , 24.6229 hours . Areostationary orbit ( ASO ) : A circular areosynchronous orbit on the equatorial plane and about 17000 km ( 10557 miles ) above the surface . To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a fixed point in the sky . Heliosynchronous orbit : A heliocentric orbit about the Sun where the satellite 's orbital period matches the Sun 's period of rotation . These orbits occur at a radius of 24,360 Gm ( 0.1628 AU ) around the Sun , a little less than half of the orbital radius of Mercury . Special classifications ( edit ) Sun - synchronous orbit : An orbit which combines altitude and inclination in such a way that the satellite passes over any given point of the planets ' surface at the same local solar time . Such an orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight and is useful for imaging , spy , and weather satellites . Moon orbit : The orbital characteristics of Earth 's Moon . Average altitude of 384,403 kilometers ( 238,857 mi ) , elliptical -- inclined orbit . Pseudo-orbit classifications ( edit ) Horseshoe orbit : An orbit that appears to a ground observer to be orbiting a certain planet but is actually in co-orbit with the planet . See asteroids 3753 ( Cruithne ) and 2002 AA . Exo - orbit : A maneuver where a spacecraft approaches the height of orbit but lacks the velocity to sustain it . Suborbital spaceflight : A synonym for exo - orbit . Lunar transfer orbit ( LTO ) Prograde orbit : An orbit with an inclination of less than 90 ° . Or rather , an orbit that is in the same direction as the rotation of the primary . Retrograde orbit : An orbit with an inclination of more than 90 ° . Or rather , an orbit counter to the direction of rotation of the planet . Apart from those in sun - synchronous orbit , few satellites are launched into retrograde orbit because the quantity of fuel required to launch them is much greater than for a prograde orbit . This is because when the rocket starts out on the ground , it already has an eastward component of velocity equal to the rotational velocity of the planet at its launch latitude . Halo orbit and Lissajous orbit : Orbits `` around '' Lagrangian points . Satellite subsystems ( edit ) The satellite 's functional versatility is imbedded within its technical components and its operations characteristics . Looking at the `` anatomy '' of a typical satellite , one discovers two modules . Note that some novel architectural concepts such as Fractionated spacecraft somewhat upset this taxonomy . Spacecraft bus or Service module ( edit ) The bus module consists of the following subsystems : Structural subsystem ( edit ) The structural subsystem provides the mechanical base structure with adequate stiffness to withstand stress and vibrations experienced during launch , maintain structural integrity and stability while on station in orbit , and shields the satellite from extreme temperature changes and micro-meteorite damage . Telemetry subsystem ( edit ) The telemetry subsystem ( aka Command and Data Handling , C&DH ) monitors the on - board equipment operations , transmits equipment operation data to the earth control station , and receives the earth control station 's commands to perform equipment operation adjustments . Power subsystem ( edit ) The power subsystem consists of solar panels to convert solar energy into electrical power , regulation and distribution functions , and batteries that store power and supply the satellite when it passes into the Earth 's shadow . Nuclear power sources ( Radioisotope thermoelectric generator ) have also been used in several successful satellite programs including the Nimbus program ( 1964 -- 1978 ) . Thermal control subsystem ( edit ) Main article : Spacecraft thermal control The thermal control subsystem helps protect electronic equipment from extreme temperatures due to intense sunlight or the lack of sun exposure on different sides of the satellite 's body ( e.g. optical solar reflector ) Attitude and orbit control subsystem ( edit ) Main articles : Attitude control and Spacecraft propulsion The attitude and orbit control subsystem consists of sensors to measure vehicle orientation , control laws embedded in the flight software , and actuators ( reaction wheels , thrusters ) . These apply the torques and forces needed to re-orient the vehicle to a desired attitude , keep the satellite in the correct orbital position , and keep antennas pointed in the right directions . Communication payload ( edit ) The second major module is the communication payload , which is made up of transponders . A transponder is capable of : Receiving uplinked radio signals from earth satellite transmission stations ( antennas ) . Amplifying received radio signals Sorting the input signals and directing the output signals through input / output signal multiplexers to the proper downlink antennas for retransmission to earth satellite receiving stations ( antennas ) . End of life ( edit ) When satellites reach the end of their mission ( this normally occurs within 3 or 4 years after launch ) , satellite operators have the option of de-orbiting the satellite , leaving the satellite in its current orbit or moving the satellite to a graveyard orbit . Historically , due to budgetary constraints at the beginning of satellite missions , satellites were rarely designed to be de-orbited . One example of this practice is the satellite Vanguard 1 . Launched in 1958 , Vanguard 1 , the 4th manmade satellite put in Geocentric orbit , was still in orbit as of March 2015 , as well as the upper stage of its launch rocket . Instead of being de-orbited , most satellites are either left in their current orbit or moved to a graveyard orbit . As of 2002 , the FCC requires all geostationary satellites to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life prior to launch . In cases of uncontrolled de-orbiting , the major variable is the solar flux , and the minor variables the components and form factors of the satellite itself , and the gravitational perturbations generated by the Sun and the Moon ( as well as those exercised by large mountain ranges , whether above or below sea level ) . The nominal breakup altitude due to aerodynamic forces and temperatures is 78 km , with a range between 72 and 84 km . Solar panels , however , are destroyed before any other component at altitudes between 90 and 95 km . Launch - capable countries ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of first orbital launches by nationality This list includes countries with an independent capability to place satellites in orbit , including production of the necessary launch vehicle . Note : many more countries have the capability to design and build satellites but are unable to launch them , instead relying on foreign launch services . This list does not consider those numerous countries , but only lists those capable of launching satellites indigenously , and the date this capability was first demonstrated . The list includes the European Space Agency , a multi-national state organization , but does not include private consortiums . First launch by country Order Country Date of first launch Rocket Satellite ( s ) Soviet Union 4 October 1957 Sputnik - PS Sputnik 1 United States 1 February 1958 Juno I Explorer 1 France 26 November 1965 Diamant - A Astérix Japan 11 February 1970 Lambda - 4S Ohsumi 5 China 24 April 1970 Long March 1 Dong Fang Hong I 6 United Kingdom 28 October 1971 Black Arrow Prospero 7 India 18 July 1980 SLV Rohini D1 8 Israel 19 September 1988 Shavit Ofeq 1 - Russia 21 January 1992 Soyuz - U Kosmos 2175 - Ukraine 13 July 1992 Tsyklon - 3 Strela 9 Iran 2 February 2009 Safir - 1 Omid 10 North Korea 12 December 2012 Unha - 3 Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 3 Unit 2 11 New Zealand 21 January 2018 Electron Dove Pioneer , Lemur - 2 Attempted first launches ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2012 ) The United States tried in 1957 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1958 . Japan tried four times in 1966 -- 1969 to launch a satellite with its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1970 . China tried in 1969 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1970 . India , after launching its first national satellite using a foreign launcher in 1975 , tried in 1979 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before succeeding in 1980 . Iraq have claimed an orbital launch of a warhead in 1989 , but this claim was later disproved . Brazil , after launching its first national satellite using a foreign launcher in 1985 , tried to launch a satellite using its own VLS 1 launcher three times in 1997 , 1999 , and 2003 , but all attempts were unsuccessful . North Korea claimed a launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 1 and Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 2 satellites in 1998 and 2009 , but U.S. , Russian and other officials and weapons experts later reported that the rockets failed to send a satellite into orbit , if that was the goal . The United States , Japan and South Korea believe this was actually a ballistic missile test , which was a claim also made after North Korea 's 1998 satellite launch , and later rejected . The first ( April 2012 ) launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 3 was unsuccessful , a fact publicly recognized by the DPRK . However , the December 2012 launch of the `` second version '' of Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 3 was successful , putting the DPRK 's first confirmed satellite into orbit . South Korea ( Korea Aerospace Research Institute ) , after launching their first national satellite by foreign launcher in 1992 , unsuccessfully tried to launch its own launcher , the KSLV ( Naro ) - 1 , ( created with the assistance of Russia ) in 2009 and 2010 until success was achieved in 2013 by Naro - 3 . The First European multi-national state organization ELDO tried to make the orbital launches at Europa I and Europa II rockets in 1968 -- 1970 and 1971 but stopped operation after failures . Other notes ( edit ) ^ Russia and the Ukraine were parts of the Soviet Union and thus inherited their launch capability without the need to develop it indigenously . Through the Soviet Union they are also on the number one position in this list of accomplishments . France , the United Kingdom , and Ukraine launched their first satellites by own launchers from foreign spaceports . Some countries such as South Africa , Spain , Italy , Germany , Canada , Australia , Argentina , Egypt and private companies such as OTRAG , have developed their own launchers , but have not had a successful launch . Only twelve , countries from the list below ( USSR , USA , France , Japan , China , UK , India , Russia , Ukraine , Israel , Iran and North Korea ) and one regional organization ( the European Space Agency , ESA ) have independently launched satellites on their own indigenously developed launch vehicles . Several other countries , including Brazil , Argentina , Pakistan , Romania , Taiwan , Indonesia , Australia , Malaysia , Turkey and Switzerland are at various stages of development of their own small - scale launcher capabilities . Launch capable private entities ( edit ) Private firm Orbital Sciences Corporation , with launches since 1982 , continues very successful launches of its Minotaur , Pegasus , Taurus and Antares rocket programs . On 28 September 2008 , late comer and private aerospace firm SpaceX successfully launched its Falcon 1 rocket into orbit . This marked the first time that a privately built liquid - fueled booster was able to reach orbit . The rocket carried a prism shaped 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) long payload mass simulator that was set into orbit . The dummy satellite , known as Ratsat , will remain in orbit for between five and ten years before burning up in the atmosphere . A few other private companies are capable of sub-orbital launches . First satellites of countries ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of first satellites by country First satellites of countries including those launched indigenously or with the help of others Country Year of first launch First satellite Operational payloads in orbit as of July 2018 Soviet Union ( Russia ) 1957 ( 1992 ) Sputnik 1 ( Kosmos 2175 ) 1507 United States 1958 Explorer 1 1619 United Kingdom 1962 Ariel 1 00 43 Canada 1962 Alouette 1 00 48 Italy 1964 San Marco 1 00 27 France 1965 Astérix 00 68 Australia 1967 WRESAT 00 21 Germany 1969 Azur 00 54 Japan 1970 Ohsumi 0173 China 1970 Dong Fang Hong I 0312 Netherlands ANS 000 6 Spain Intasat 000 24 India Aryabhata 00 88 Indonesia 1976 Palapa A1 16 Czech Republic 1978 Magion 1 Bulgaria 1981 Intercosmos Bulgaria 1300 000 1 Saudi Arabia 1985 Arabsat - 1A 00 13 Brazil 1985 Brasilsat - A1 00 17 Mexico 1985 Morelos 1 12 Sweden 1986 Viking 00 12 Israel 1988 Ofeq 1 000 17 Luxembourg 1988 Astra 1A Argentina 1990 Lusat 19 Hong Kong 1990 AsiaSat 1 000 9 Pakistan 1990 Badr - 1 6 South Korea Kitsat A 24 Portugal 1993 PoSAT - 1 Thailand 1993 Thaicom 1 9 Turkey Turksat 1B 15 Czechia 1995 Magion 4 Ukraine 1995 Sich - 1 000 6 Malaysia MEASAT 7 Norway 1997 Thor 2 9 Philippines 1997 Mabuhay 1 000 2 Egypt 1998 Nilesat 101 5 Chile 1998 FASat - Bravo Singapore 1998 ST - 1 10 Taiwan 1999 ROCSAT - 1 10 Denmark 1999 Ørsted 9 South Africa 1999 SUNSAT 6 United Arab Emirates 2000 Thuraya 1 9 Morocco 2001 Maroc - Tubsat 000 1 Belgium 2001 PROBA - 1 0 Tonga 2002 Esiafi 1 ( former Comstar D4 ) 0 Algeria 2002 Alsat 1 6 Greece 2003 Hellas Sat 2 Cyprus 2003 Hellas Sat 2 0 Nigeria 2003 Nigeriasat 1 6 Iran 2005 Sina - 1 000 1 Kazakhstan 2006 KazSat 1 6 Colombia 2007 Libertad 1 0 Mauritius 2007 Rascom - QAF 1 0 Vietnam 2008 Vinasat - 1 000 3 Venezuela 2008 Venesat - 1 Switzerland 2009 SwissCube - 1 0 Isle of Man 2011 ViaSat - 1 000 1 Poland 2012 PW - Sat 0000 2 Hungary 2012 MaSat - 1 000 0 Romania 2012 Goliat 0 Belarus 2012 BKA ( BelKA - 2 ) North Korea 2012 Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 3 Unit 2 Azerbaijan 2013 Azerspace Austria 2013 TUGSAT - 1 / UniBRITE 0 Bermuda 2013 Bermudasat 1 ( former EchoStar VI ) 0 Ecuador 2013 NEE - 01 Pegaso Estonia 2013 ESTCube - 1 Jersey 2013 O3b - 1 , - 2 , - 3 , - 4 0 Qatar 2013 Es'hailSat1 0 Peru 2013 PUCPSAT - 1 Bolivia 2013 TKSat - 1 Lithuania 2014 LituanicaSAT - 1 and LitSat - 1 Uruguay 2014 Antelsat Iraq 2014 Tigrisat 0 Turkmenistan 2015 TurkmenAlem52E / MonacoSAT Laos 2015 Laosat - 1 Finland 2017 Aalto - 2 Bangladesh 2017 BRAC Onnesha and Bangabandhu - 1 Ghana 2017 GhanaSat - 1 Mongolia 2017 Mazaalai Latvia 2017 Venta - 1 Slovakia 2017 skCUBE Asgardia 2017 Asgardia - 1 Angola 2017 AngoSat 1 New Zealand 2018 Humanity Star Costa Rica 2018 Proyecto Irazú Kenya 2018 1KUNS - PF Bhutan 2018 CubeSat Bhutan - 1 orbital launch and satellite operation satellite operation , launched by foreign supplier satellite in development orbital launch project at advanced stage or indigenous ballistic missiles deployed While Canada was the third country to build a satellite which was launched into space , it was launched aboard an American rocket from an American spaceport . The same goes for Australia , who launched first satellite involved a donated U.S. Redstone rocket and American support staff as well as a joint launch facility with the United Kingdom . The first Italian satellite San Marco 1 launched on 15 December 1964 on a U.S. Scout rocket from Wallops Island ( Virginia , United States ) with an Italian launch team trained by NASA . By similar occasions , almost all further first national satellites was launched by foreign rockets . Attempted first satellites ( edit ) United States tried unsuccessfully to launch its first satellite in 1957 ; they were successful in 1958 . China tried unsuccessfully to launch its first satellite in 1969 ; they were successful in 1970 . Iraq under Saddam Hussein fulfilled in 1989 an unconfirmed launch of warhead on orbit by developed Iraqi vehicle that intended to put later the 75 kg first national satellite Al - Ta'ir , also developed . Chile tried unsuccessfully in 1995 to launch its first satellite FASat - Alfa by foreign rocket ; in 1998 they were successful. † North Korea has tried in 1998 , 2009 , 2012 to launch satellites , first successful launch on 12 December 2012 . Libya since 1996 developed its own national Libsat satellite project with the goal of providing telecommunication and remote sensing services that was postponed after the fall of Gaddafi . Belarus tried unsuccessfully in 2006 to launch its first satellite BelKA by foreign rocket. † † - note : Both Chile and Belarus used Russian companies as principal contractors to build their satellites , they used Russian - Ukrainian manufactured rockets and launched either from Russia or Kazakhstan . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2015 ) Planned first satellites ( edit ) Afghanistan announced in April 2012 that it is planning to launch its first communications satellite to the orbital slot it has been awarded . The satellite Afghansat 1 was expected to be obtained by a Eutelsat commercial company in 2014 . Armenia in 2012 founded Armcosmos company and announced an intention to have the first telecommunication satellite ArmSat . The investments estimates as $250 million and country selecting the contractor for building within 4 years the satellite amongst Russia , China and Canada Cambodia 's Royal Group plans to purchase for $250 -- 350 million and launch in the beginning of 2013 the telecommunication satellite . Cayman Islands 's Global IP Cayman private company plans to launch GiSAT - 1 geostationary communications satellite in 2018 . Democratic Republic of the Congo ordered at November 2012 in China ( Academy of Space Technology ( CAST ) and Great Wall Industry Corporation ( CGWIC ) ) the first telecommunication satellite CongoSat - 1 which will be built on DFH - 4 satellite bus platform and will be launched in China till the end of 2015 . Croatia has a goal to construct a satellite by 2013 -- 2014 . Launch into Earth orbit would be done by a foreign provider . Ethiopian Space Science Society planning the QB50 - family research CubeSat ET - SAT by help of Belgian Von Karman Institute till 2015 and the small ( 20 -- 25 kg ) Earth observation and remote sensing satellite Ethosat 1 by help of Finnish Space Technology and Science Group till 2019 . Ireland 's team of Dublin Institute of Technology intends to launch the first Irish satellite within European University program CubeSat QB50 . Jordan 's first satellite to be the private amateur pocketqube SunewnewSat . Moldova 's first remote sensing satellite plans to start in 2013 by Space centre at national Technical University . Myanmar plans to purchase for $200 million their own telecommunication satellite . Nepal stated that planning to launch of own telecommunication satellite before 2015 by help of India or China . Nicaragua ordered for $254 million at November 2013 in China the first telecommunication satellite Nicasat - 1 ( to be built at DFH - 4 satellite bus platform by CAST and CGWIC ) , that planning to launch in China at 2016 . Paraguay under new Aaepa airspace agency plans first Eart observation satellite . Serbia 's first satellite Tesla - 1 was designed , developed and assembled by nongovermental organisations in 2009 but still remains unlaunched . Slovenia 's Earth observation microsatellite for the Slovenian Centre of Excellence for Space Sciences and Technologies ( Space - SI ) now under development for $2 million since 2010 by University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies -- Space Flight Laboratory ( UTIAS -- SFL ) and planned to launch in 2015 -- 2016 . Sri Lanka has a goal to construct two satellites beside of rent the national SupremeSAT payload in Chinese satellites . Sri Lankan Telecommunications Regulatory Commission has signed an agreement with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd to get relevant help and resources . Launch into Earth orbit would be done by a foreign provider . Syrian Space Research Center developing CubeSat - like small first national satellite since 2008 . Tunisia is developing its first satellite , ERPSat01 . Consisting of a CubeSat of 1 kg mass , it will be developed by the Sfax School of Engineering . ERPSat satellite is planned to be launched into orbit in 2013 . Uzbekistan 's State Space Research Agency ( UzbekCosmos ) announced in 2001 about intention of launch in 2002 first remote sensing satellite . Later in 2004 was stated that two satellites ( remote sensing and telecommunication ) will be built by Russia for $60 -- 70 million each This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2015 ) Attacks on satellites ( edit ) Further information : Anti-satellite weapon In recent times , satellites have been hacked by militant organizations to broadcast propaganda and to pilfer classified information from military communication networks . For testing purposes , satellites in low earth orbit have been destroyed by ballistic missiles launched from earth . Russia , the United States and China have demonstrated the ability to eliminate satellites . In 2007 the Chinese military shot down an aging weather satellite , followed by the US Navy shooting down a defunct spy satellite in February 2008 . Jamming ( edit ) See also : Radio jamming Due to the low received signal strength of satellite transmissions , they are prone to jamming by land - based transmitters . Such jamming is limited to the geographical area within the transmitter 's range . GPS satellites are potential targets for jamming , but satellite phone and television signals have also been subjected to jamming . Also , it is very easy to transmit a carrier radio signal to a geostationary satellite and thus interfere with the legitimate uses of the satellite 's transponder . It is common for Earth stations to transmit at the wrong time or on the wrong frequency in commercial satellite space , and dual - illuminate the transponder , rendering the frequency unusable . Satellite operators now have sophisticated monitoring that enables them to pinpoint the source of any carrier and manage the transponder space effectively . 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( in English ) ( in German ) ( in Spanish ) ( in French ) ( in Italian ) ( in Portuguese ) ( in Chinese ) Real Time Satellite Tracking provides real - time tracks for about 17000 satellites , as well as 5 - day predictions of visibility Heavens Above provides 10 - day predictions of satellite visibility Satflare tracks in real time all the satellites orbiting the Earth Eyes in the Sky Free video by the Vega Science Trust and the BBC / OU Satellites and their implications over the last 50 years . 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"In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Since then, about 6,600 satellites from more than 40 countries have been launched. According to a 2013 estimate, 3,600 remained in orbit.[1] Of those, about 1,000 were operational;[2] while the rest have lived out their useful lives and become space debris. Approximately 500 operational satellites are in low-Earth orbit, 50 are in medium-Earth orbit (at 20,000 km), and the rest are in geostationary orbit (at 36,000 km).[3] A few large satellites have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Over a dozen space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, a few asteroids,[4] a comet and the Sun.\n"
] | [
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] |
-7508061695331943092 | Mulan (1998 film) | Mulan ( 1998 film ) - Wikipedia Mulan ( 1998 film ) For the franchise , see Mulan ( franchise ) . Mulan Theatrical release poster Directed by Barry Cook Tony Bancroft Produced by Pam Coats Screenplay by Rita Hsiao Philip LaZebnik Chris Sanders Eugenia Bostwick - Singer Raymond Singer Based on Hua Mulan Starring Ming - Na Wen Eddie Murphy BD Wong Miguel Ferrer June Foray James Hong Pat Morita George Takei Music by Jerry Goldsmith Matthew Wilder Edited by Michael Kelly Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date June 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 19 ) Running time 87 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Box office $304.3 million Mulan is a 1998 American animated musical action comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures . It is based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan , and was Disney 's 36th animated feature . It was directed by Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook , with story by Robert D. San Souci and screenplay by Rita Hsiao , Philip LaZebnik , Chris Sanders , Eugenia Bostwick - Singer , and Raymond Singer . Ming - Na Wen , Eddie Murphy , Miguel Ferrer and BD Wong star in the English version , while Jackie Chan provided the voice of Captain Li Shang for the Chinese dubs of the film . The film 's plot takes place in China during the Han dynasty , where Fa Mulan , daughter of aged warrior Fa Zhou , impersonates a man to take her father 's place during a general conscription to counter a Hun invasion . Released during the Disney Renaissance , Mulan was the first of three features produced primarily at the Disney animation studio at Disney - MGM Studios in Orlando , Florida . Development for the film began in 1994 , when a number of artistic supervisors were sent to China to receive artistic and cultural inspiration . Mulan was well received by critics and the public , grossing $304 million , earning Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations , and winning several Annie Awards including Best Animated Feature . A 2004 direct - to - video sequel , Mulan II , followed . A live - action adaptation of the film directed by Niki Caro will be released on March 27 , 2020 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Animation and design 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Reception in China 7 Legacy 7.1 Video game 7.2 Live - action adaptation 7.3 References in Disney media 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot The Huns , who are led by the ruthless Shan Yu , invade Han China by breaching the Great Wall . The Chinese emperor orders a general mobilization , with conscription notices requiring one man from each family to join the Chinese army . When Fa Mulan hears that her elderly father Fa Zhou , the only man in their family and an army veteran , is once more to go to war , she becomes anxious and apprehensive due to his weakening health . Taking her father 's old armor , she disguises herself as a man so that she can enlist instead of her parent . The family quickly learn of her departure , and Mulan 's grandmother prays to the family ancestors for Mulan 's safety . The ancestors order their `` great stone dragon '' to protect Mulan ; a small dragon named Mushu , a disgraced former guardian , is sent to awaken the stone dragon , but accidentally destroys it in the process , which Mushu conceals from the ancestors and resolves to protect Mulan himself . Reporting to the training camp , Mulan is able to pass as a man , although her military skills are initially lacking . Mushu provides clumsy guidance to Mulan on how to behave like a man . Under the command of Captain Li Shang , she and her fellow recruits Yao , Ling , and Chien - Po gradually become trained warriors . Desiring to see Mulan succeed , Mushu creates a fake order from Shang 's father , General Li , ordering Shang to follow the main imperial army into the mountains . The reinforcements set out , but arrive at a burnt - out encampment and discover that General Li and his troops have been massacred by the Huns . As the reinforcements solemnly leave the mountains , they are ambushed by the Huns , but Mulan cleverly uses a cannon to cause an avalanche , which buries most of the invaders . An enraged Shan Yu slashes her in the chest , and her deception is revealed when the wound is bandaged . Instead of executing Mulan as the law requires , Shang spares her life , but nonetheless expels her from the army . Mulan is left to follow alone as the recruits depart for the imperial city to report the news of the Huns ' destruction . However , it is discovered that several Hun warriors , including Shan Yu , have survived the avalanche , and Mulan catches sight of them as they make their way to the city , intent on capturing the emperor . At the imperial city , Mulan is unable to convince Shang about Shan Yu 's survival . The Huns capture the emperor and seize the palace . With Mulan 's help , Yao , Ling , and Chien - Po pose as concubines , and are able to enter the palace . With the help of Shang , they defeat Shan Yu 's men ; as Shang prevents Shan Yu from assassinating the Emperor , Mulan lures the Hun leader onto the roof , where she engages him in single combat . Meanwhile , acting on Mulan 's instructions and signal , Mushu fires a large skyrocket at Shan Yu . The rocket strikes and propels him into a fireworks launching tower , where he dies in the resulting explosion . Mulan is praised by the Emperor and the assembled inhabitants of the city , who bow to her in an unprecedented honor . While she accepts the crest of the Emperor and the sword of Shan Yu as gifts , she politely declines his offer to be his advisor , and asks to return to her family . Mulan returns home and presents these gifts to her father , who is overjoyed to have Mulan back safely . Having become enamored with Mulan , Shang soon arrives under the pretext of returning her helmet , but accepts the family 's invitation to stay for dinner . Mushu is reinstated as a Fa family guardian by the ancestors amid a returning celebration . Cast From left to right : Cri - Kee ; Mushu ; Fa Mulan ; Kahn Main article : List of Disney 's Mulan characters Ming - Na Wen as Mulan ( singing voice provided by Lea Salonga ) Eddie Murphy as Mushu BD Wong as Captain Li Shang ( singing voice provided by Donny Osmond ) Miguel Ferrer as Shan Yu June Foray as Grandmother Fa ( singing voice provided by Marni Nixon ) Harvey Fierstein as Yao Gedde Watanabe as Ling ( singing voice provided by Matthew Wilder ) Jerry Tondo as Chien - Po James Hong as Chi - Fu Soon - Tek Oh as Fa Zhou Pat Morita as The Emperor of China George Takei as First Ancestor Miriam Margolyes as The Matchmaker Freda Foh Shen as Fa Li James Shigeta as General Li Frank Welker as Cri - Kee and Khan ( Mulan 's horse ) Chris Sanders as Little Brother ( Mulan 's dog ) Mary Kay Bergman as various ancestors Kelly Chen , Coco Lee and Xu Qing voiced Mulan in the Cantonese , Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland standard versions of the film respectively , while Jackie Chan provided the voice of Li Shang in all three Chinese versions and appeared in the version of promotional music videos of `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' . Production Development In 1989 , Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida had opened with 40 to 50 employees , with its original purpose to produce cartoon shorts and featurettes . However , by late 1993 , following several animation duties on Beauty and the Beast , Aladdin , and The Lion King , Disney executives were convinced to allow the Feature Animation Florida studios to produce their first independent film . Around that same time , Disney Feature Animation developed an interest into Asian - themed legends beginning with the optioning several books by children 's book author Robert D. San Souci who had a consulting relationship with Disney executive Jay Dyer . Around that same time , a short straight - to - video film titled China Doll about an oppressed and miserable Chinese girl who is whisked away by a British Prince Charming to happiness in the West was in development . Thomas Schumacher asked Souci if he had any additional stories , in which Souci turned in a manuscript of a book based on the Chinese poem `` The Song of Fa Mu Lan '' . Ultimately , Disney decided to combine the two separate projects . Following the opening of the Feature Animation Florida studios , Barry Cook , who had served as a special - effects animator department since 1982 , had directed the Roger Rabbit cartoon Trail Mix - Up produced at the satellite studio . Upon a lunch invitation with Thomas Schumacher , Cook was offered two projects in development : a Scottish folk tale with a dragon or Mulan . Knowledgeable about the existence of dragons in Chinese mythology , Cook suggested adding a dragon to Mulan , in which a week later , Schumacher urged Cook to drop the Scottish project and accept Mulan as his next project . Following this , Cook was immediately assigned as the initial director of the project , and cited influences from Charlie Chaplin and David Lean during production . While working as an animator on the gargoyles for The Hunchback of Notre Dame , Tony Bancroft was offered to co-direct the film following a recommendation from Rob Minkoff , co-director of The Lion King , to Schumacher , in which he accepted , and joined the creative team by early 1995 . In 1994 , the production team sent a select group of artistic supervisors to China for three weeks to take photographs and drawings of local landmarks for inspiration ; and to soak up local culture . Key members of the creative team at the time -- Pam Coats , Barry Cook , Ric Sluiter , Robert Walker , and Mark Henn -- were invited to travel to China as a research trip to study the landscape , people , and history of the original legend . From June 17 to July 2 , 1994 , the research trip flew to Beijing , China , which is where Pam Coats became inspired by the placement of flags on the Great Wall . They also toured Datong , Luoyang , Xi'an , Jiayuguan , Dunhuang , and Guilin . Writing In its earliest stages , the story was originally conceived as a Tootsie - like romantic comedy film where Mulan , who was a misfit tomboy that loves her father , is betrothed to Shang , whom she has not met . On her betrothal day , her father Fa Zhou carves her destiny on a stone tablet in the family temple , which she shatters in anger , running away to forge her own destiny . In November 1993 , Chris Sanders , who had just finished storyboard work on The Lion King , was hoping to work on The Hunchback of Notre Dame until Schumacher appointed him to work on Mulan instead . Acting as Head of Story , Sanders grew frustrated with the romantic comedy aspect of the story , and urged producer Pam Coats to be more faithful to the original legend by having Mulan leave home because of the love for her father . This convinced the filmmakers to decide to change Mulan 's character in order to make her more appealing and selfless . Sequence Six -- in which Mulan takes her father 's conscription order , cuts her long hair , and dons her father 's armor -- served as a pivotal moment in the evolution of Mulan 's character . Director Barry Cook explained that the sequence initially started as a song storyboarded by Barry Johnson and redrawn by character designer Chen - Yi Chang . Following the story changes to have Mulan leave to save her father , the song was dropped . Storyboard artist and co-head of story Dean DeBlois was tasked to revise the sequence , and decided to board the sequence with `` minimal dialogue '' . Assisted with an existing musical selection from another film score courtesy of Sanders , the sequence reel was screened for Peter Schneider and Thomas Schumacher , both of whom were impressed . DeBlois stated , `` Sequence Six was the first sequence that got put into production , and it helped to establish our ' silent ' approach . '' Additionally , General Li was not originally going to be related to Shang at all , but by changing the story , the filmmakers were able to mirror the stories of both Shang 's and Mulan 's love for their fathers . As a Christian , Bancroft declined to explore Buddhism within the film . Because there was no dragon in the original legend , Mulan did not have animal companions ; it was Roy E. Disney who suggested the character of Mushu . Veteran story artist Joe Grant created the cricket character , Cri - Kee for , though animator Barry Temple admitted `` the directors did n't want him in the movie , the story department did n't want him in the movie . The only people who truly wanted him in the movie were Michael Eisner and Joe Grant -- and myself , because I was assigned the character . I would sit in meetings and they 'd say , ' Well , where 's the cricket during all this ? ' Somebody else would say , ' Oh , to hell the cricket . ' They felt Cri - Kee was a character who was n't necessary to tell the story , which is true . '' Throughout development on the film , Grant would slip sketches of Cri - Kee under the directors ' door . Casting Before production began , the production team sought out Chinese , Japanese , Filipino , or Korean vocal talents . Tia Carrere was an early candidate to voice the title character , and Lea Salonga , who had been the singing voice of Princess Jasmine in Aladdin , was also cast as Mulan 's speaking voice , but the directors did not find her attempt at a deeper speaking voice when Mulan impersonated Ping convincing , so Ming - Na Wen was brought in to speak the role . Salonga returned to provide the singing voice . Wen herself landed the role after the filmmakers listened to her narration at the beginning of The Joy Luck Club . Coats reflected on her decision , stating , `` When we heard Ming - Na doing that voice - over , we knew we had our Mulan . She has a very likable and lovely voice , and those are the qualities we were looking for . '' For the role of Mushu , Disney was aiming for top Hollywood talent in the vein of Robin Williams 's performance as the Genie , and approached Eddie Murphy , who at first balked during recording in the Disney studios , and asked to record the voice in his basement at his Bubble Hill mansion in Englewood , New Jersey . For the speaking voice of Captain Li Shang , BD Wong was hired , although his singing voice , for the song `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' , was performed by Donny Osmond , who had previously auditioned to be the speaking voice of the title character in Hercules . Osmond 's casting originated from a suggestion from the casting director , and throughout recording , Osmond studied Wong 's dialogue tapes , and aimed to match his inflections and personality . Osmond commented that his sons decided that he had finally `` made it '' in show business when he was in a Disney film . Likewise for the role of Grandmother Fa , June Foray provided the speaking voice , and Marni Nixon supplied the singing voice . Animation and design To achieve a harmonious visual look , producer designer Hans Bacher and art director Ric Sluiter , along with Robert Walker and Head of Backgrounds Robert Stanton collaborated to establish a proper chronological location for the film in Chinese history . Since there was no general consensus on the time of Mulan 's existence , they based on the visual design on the Ming and Qing dynasties . An important element of Bacher 's design was to turn the art style closer to Chinese painting , with watercolor and simpler design , as opposed to the details of The Lion King and The Hunchback of Notre Dame . Bacher further studied more than thirty - five film directors ranging from the silent era German Expressionism , British and American epics of the 1950s and 60s , and the spaghetti westerns for inspiration for composition , lighting , and staging that would establish settings that enhanced the characters , and additional inspiration was found in the earlier Disney animated films such as Bambi , Pinocchio , and Dumbo to establish a sense of staging . In October 1997 , the Walt Disney Company announced a major expansion of its Florida animation operations constructing a 200,000 - square - foot , four - story animation building and the addition of 400 animators to the workforce . To create 2,000 Hun soldiers during the Huns ' attack sequence , the production team developed crowd simulation software called Attila . This software allows thousands of unique characters to move autonomously . A variant of the program called Dynasty was used in the final battle sequence to create a crowd of 3,000 in the Forbidden City . Pixar 's photorealistic open API RenderMan was used to render the crowd . Another software developed for this movie was Faux Plane , which was used to add depth to flat two - dimensional painting . Although developed late in production progress , Faux Plane was used in five shots , including the dramatic sequence which features the Great Wall of China , and the final battle sequence when Mulan runs to the Forbidden City . During the scene in which the Chinese are bowing to Mulan , the crowd is a panoramic film of real people bowing . It was edited into the animated foreground of the scene . Music Main article : Mulan ( soundtrack ) In March 1994 , Stephen Schwartz was attached to compose the lyrics and music for the songs for the film . Following the research trip to China in June 1994 , Schwartz was contacted by former Disney studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg to compose songs for The Prince of Egypt , which he agreed . Peter Schneider , then - president of Walt Disney Feature Animation , threatened to have Schwartz 's name removed from any publicity materials for Pocahontas and The Hunchback of Notre Dame . Michael Eisner phoned Schwartz , and urged him to back out of his commitment to DreamWorks which he refused and left the project . After Schwartz 's departure , his three songs , `` Written in Stone '' , `` Destiny '' , and `` China Doll '' , were dropped amid story and character changes by 1995 . Shortly after , Disney music executive Chris Montan heard Matthew Wilder 's demo for a stage musical adaptation of Anne Rice 's Cry to Heaven , and selected Wilder to replace Schwartz . In July 1997 , David Zippel joined to write the lyrics . The film featured five songs composed by Wilder and Zippel , with a sixth originally planned for Mushu , but dropped following Eddie Murphy 's involvement with the character . Although Danny Elfman and Thomas Newman were considered to score the film , English composer Rachel Portman was selected as the film composer . However , Portman became pregnant during production , and decided to back out . Following Portman 's departure , Randy Edelman -- whose Dragonheart theme was used in the trailer -- and Kitarō were considered , until Jerry Goldsmith became available and signed on after dropping out of a project . The film 's soundtrack is credited for starting the career of pop singer Christina Aguilera , whose first song to be released in the U.S. was her rendition of `` Reflection '' , the first single from the Mulan soundtrack . The song , and Aguilera 's vocals , were so well received that it landed her a recording contract with RCA Records . In 1999 , she would go on to release her self - titled debut album , on which `` Reflection '' was also included . The pop version of `` Reflection '' has a Polish version ( `` Lustro '' performed by Edyta Górniak ) and two Spanish versions , for Spain ( performed by Malú ) and Latin America ( performed by Lucero ) . Other international versions include a Brazilian Portuguese version by Sandy & Junior ( `` Imagem '' ) , a Korean version performed by Lena Park , and a Mandarin version by Coco Lee . The music featured during the haircut scene , often referred as the Mulan Decision score , is different in the soundtrack album . The soundtrack album uses an orchestrated score while the movie uses heavy synthesizer music . The synthesizer version is available on the limited edition CD . Salonga , who often sings movie music in her concerts , has done a Disney medley which climaxes with an expanded version of `` Reflection '' ( not the same as those in Aguilera 's version ) . Salonga also provided the singing voice for Mulan in the film 's sequel , Mulan II . Release Because of the disappointing box office performances of The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Hercules , Disney restricted its marketing campaign for Mulan spending $30 million on promotional advertisements compared to more than $60 million for Hercules the year before . Instead of the lavish media event premieres of Pocahontas in Central Park and the electric light parade on Fifth Avenue for Hercules , Disney opted to premiere the film at the Hollywood Bowl complete with Chinese lanterns and fortune cookies . Two days before the general release , McDonald 's launched its promotional campaign by including one of eight toys free with the purchase of a Happy Meal . The promotion also included Szechuan sauce for its Chicken McNuggets , which would be referenced in a 2017 episode of the Adult Swim series Rick and Morty and subsequently brought back by McDonald 's as a promotional item related to that show . In collaboration with Disney , Hyperion Books published The Art of Mulan authored by Jeff Kurtti , which chronicled the production of the film . In addition with its publication , Hyperion Books also issued a collector 's `` folding , accordion book '' of the ancient poem that inspired the film . On August 18 , 1998 , around 3,700 backpacks and 1,800 pieces of luggage were recalled back to their manufacture , Pyramid Accessories Inc. , when it is discovered they contained lead - based paint . Home media The film was first released on VHS on February 2 , 1999 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection line . On November 9 , the film was released on DVD as part of the Limited Issues line . In 2000 , it was re-released on VHS and DVD as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection line . The second video and DVD release returned to the Disney Vault on January 31 , 2002 . On October 26 , 2004 , Walt Disney Home Entertainment rereleased a restored print of Mulan on VHS and as a 2 - disc Special Edition DVD . In March 2013 , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Mulan and Mulan II on Blu - ray and DVD to coincide with the film 's 15th anniversary . In September 2017 , Mulan became available to Netflix users through their streaming service . Reception Box Office Mulan grossed $ 22.8 million in its opening weekend , ranking second behind The X-Files . It went on to gross $120 million in the United States and Canada combined , and $304 million worldwide , making it the second - highest grossing family film of the year , behind A Bug 's Life , and the seventh - highest grossing film of the year overall . While Mulan domestically out - grossed the previous two Disney animated films which had preceded it , The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Hercules , its box office returns failed to match those of the Disney films of the early 1990s such as Beauty and the Beast , Aladdin , and The Lion King . Internationally , its highest grossing releases included those in the United Kingdom ( $14.6 million ) and France ( $10.2 million ) . Critical reception The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 86 % , based on 73 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Exploring themes of family duty and honor , Mulan breaks new ground as a Disney film , while still bringing vibrant animation and sprightly characters to the screen . '' In a 2009 countdown , Rotten Tomatoes ranked it twenty - fourth out of the fifty canonical animated Disney features . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 71 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Roger Ebert , reviewing for the Chicago Sun - Times , gave Mulan three - and - a-half stars out of four in his written review . He said that `` Mulan is an impressive achievement , with a story and treatment ranking with Beauty and the Beast and The Lion King '' . Likewise , James Berardinelli of ReelViews awarded the film three - and - a-half stars out of four praising the lead character , its theme of war , and the animation . He concluded that `` Adults will appreciate the depth of characterization while kids will love Mulan 's sidekick , a colorful dragon named Mushu . Everyone will be entertained the fast - moving plot and rich animation . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film a B+ writing `` Vividly animated , with a bursting palette that evokes both the wintry grandeur and decorative splendor of ancient China , Mulan is artful and satisfying in a slightly remote way . '' Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune described the film as `` a big disappointment when compared with the studio 's other recent films about a female hero searching for independence . '' He was further critical of Mulan 's characterization in comparison to Ariel and Belle , and claimed the `` design of the film does not take advantage of the inspiration provided by classic Chinese artists , and the songs are not memorable . '' Reviewing the film for the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan wrote `` Mulan has its accomplishments , but unlike the best of Disney 's output , it comes off as more manufactured than magical . '' While he praised the title character , he highlighted that the `` by - now - standard hip patter ( prepare for jokes about cross-dressing ) is so tepid that not even five credited writers can revive it , and the songs by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel ( with Lea Salonga and Donny Osmond singing for the leads ) lack the spark that Zippel 's lyrics brought to the underappreciated Hercules . '' Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine criticized the film as `` soulless '' in its portrayal of Asian society . This movie was also the subject of comment from feminist critics . Mimi Nguyen says the film `` pokes fun at the ultimately repressive gender roles that seek to make Mulan a domesticated creature '' . Nadya Labi agreed , saying `` there is a lyric in the film that gives the lie to the bravado of the entire girl - power movement . '' She pointed out that Mulan needed to become a boy in order to accomplish what she did . Kathleen Karlyn , an assistant professor of English at the University of Oregon , also criticized the film 's portrayal of gender roles : `` In order to even imagine female heroism , we 're placing it in the realm of fantasy '' . Pam Coats , the producer of Mulan , said that the film aims to present a character who exhibits both masculine and feminine influences , being both physically and mentally strong . Accolades Mulan won several Annie Awards , including Best Animated Feature and Individual achievement awards to Pam Coats for producing ; Barry Cook and Tony Bancroft for directing ; Rita Hsiao , Christopher Sanders , Phillip LaZebnick , Raymond Singer and Eugenia Bostwick - Singer for writing , Chris Sanders for storyboarding , Hans Bacher for production design , David Tidgwell for effects animation , Ming - Na for voice acting for the character of Mulan , Ruben A. Aquino for character animation , and Matthew Wilder , David Zippel and Jerry Goldsmith for music . ( Tom Bancroft and Mark Henn were also nominated for an Annie Award for Character Animation . ) The musical score also received significant praise . Jerry Goldsmith won the 1999 BMI Film Music Award . Goldsmith was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Music Score , but lost to Stephen Warbeck 's score for Shakespeare in Love . Goldsmith was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score . Matthew Wilder and David Zippel were nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for `` Reflection '' . They were beaten by The Truman Show and `` The Prayer '' from Quest for Camelot , respectively . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Animation Film Reception in China Disney was keen to promote Mulan to the Chinese , hoping to replicate their success with the 1994 film The Lion King , which was one of the country 's highest - grossing Western films at that time . Disney also hoped it might smooth over relations with the Chinese government which had soured after the release of Kundun , a Disney - funded biography of the Dalai Lama that the Chinese government considered politically provocative . China had threatened to curtail business negotiations with Disney over that film and , as the government only accepted ten foreign films per year at that time to be shown in their country , Mulan 's chances of being accepted were low . Finally , after a year 's delay , the Chinese government did allow the film a limited Chinese release , but only after the Chinese New Year , so as to ensure that local films dominated the more lucrative holiday market . Box office income was low , due to both the unfavorable release date and rampant piracy . Chinese people also complained about Mulan 's depiction as too foreign - looking and the story as too different from the myths . Legacy Video game A Windows , Macintosh , and PlayStation point - and - click adventure interactive storybook based on the film , Disney 's Animated Storybook : Mulan ( titled Disney 's Story Studio : Mulan on PlayStation ) , was released on December 15 , 1999 . The game was developed by Media Station for computers and Revolution Software ( under the name `` Kids Revolution '' ) for PlayStation . The game was met with generally positive reception and holds a 70.67 % average rating at the review aggregator website GameRankings . Live - action adaptation Main article : Mulan ( 2020 film ) Walt Disney Pictures first expressed interest in a live - action adaptation of Mulan in the 2000s . Zhang Ziyi was to star in it and Chuck Russell was chosen as the director . The film was originally planned to start filming in October 2010 , but was eventually canceled . In 2015 , Disney again began developing a live - action remake . Elizabeth Martin and Lauren Hynek 's script treatment reportedly featured a white merchant who falls in love with Mulan , and is drawn into a central role in the country 's conflict with the Huns . According to a Vanity Fair source , the spec script was only a `` jumping - off point '' and all main characters will in fact be Chinese . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes and Jurassic World screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver are to rewrite Hynek and Martin 's screenplay with Chris Bender , J.C. Spink and Jason Reed producing . In February 2017 , it was announced that Niki Caro will direct the live - action adaptation of the 1998 animated film . The casting process of a Chinese actress to portray the heroine began in October 2016 . The film was originally scheduled to be released on November 2 , 2018 , but it was later taken off the release schedule with The Nutcracker and the Four Realms taking its old slot . On November 29 , 2017 , Liu Yifei was cast as the titular character . In March 2018 , Disney scheduled the film for release on March 27 , 2020 . Donnie Yen was cast as Commander Tung , a mentor and teacher to Mulan . Following him , Jet Li joined the film as the emperor of China , Gong Li was cast as the villain , a witch , and Xana Tang was announced to play Mulan 's sister . The next month , Utkarsh Ambudkar was cast as Skatch , a con artist , and Ron Yuan was cast as Sergeant Qiang , the second in command of the Imperial Regiment . In June , Yoson An was cast as Chen Honghui , `` a confident and ambitious recruit '' who becomes Mulan 's love interest . In July , Jason Scott Lee joined the cast as Bori Khan , a secondary villain and warrior seeking revenge . In August 2018 , Tzi Ma , Rosalind Chao , Cheng Pei - Pei , Nelson Lee , Jimmy Wong and Doua Moua were added to the cast . References in Disney media Although she is royalty neither by birth nor marriage ( her husband is merely a high - ranking military officer ) , Mulan is part of the Disney Princess media franchise . In the film Lilo & Stitch , Nani has a poster of Mulan in her room . Mulan is also present in the Disney and Square Enix video game series Kingdom Hearts . In the first Kingdom Hearts and in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Mushu is a summonable character , and in Kingdom Hearts II , the movie is featured as a playable world named `` The Land of Dragons '' , with the plot being changed to accommodate the game 's characters ( Sora , Donald and Goofy ) and Mulan ( both as herself and as `` Ping '' ) able to join the player 's party as a skilled sword fighter . Actress Jamie Chung plays a live - action version of Mulan in the second , third , and fifth seasons of the ABC television series Once Upon a Time . See also History of the Han dynasty ( for info on the period this film is loosely based on ) Han -- Xiongnu War ( for info on the conflict this film is loosely based on ) List of Disney animated features List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales List of animated feature - length films List of traditional animated feature films 1990s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal China portal Disney portal Film in the United States portal References Jump up ^ `` Mulan '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mulan ( 1998 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ; Couch , Aaron ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Live - Action ' Mulan ' Pushed Back More Than a Year to Spring 2020 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pack , David ( January 11 , 2004 ) . `` Disney Animation Unit Fades Away In Orlando '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( 10 October 2016 ) . `` Do n't Worry : Mulan Will Not Feature a White Male Lead '' . HWD . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Mulan ' to Hit Theaters in November 2018 ; Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Rewriting '' . Variety . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Mulan ' Finds Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Mulan ' Gets Winter 2018 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Nutcracker and the Four Realms ' Sets Fall 2018 Release , Bumping Live - Action ' Mulan ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ; Ford , Rebecca ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Mulan ' Finds Its Star ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Donnie Yen joins Mulan '' . Deadline . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Mulan ' Lands Gong Li , Jet Li ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mulan ' : Utkarsh Ambudkar & Ron Yuan Added To Disney 's Live - Action Adaptation '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Casts ' Mulan ' Love Interest ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's ' Mulan ' Adds Jason Scott Lee ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ' Mulan ' Rounds Out Cast As Filming Underway On Live - Action Movie Deadline Hollywood , Retrieved August 28 , 2018 Jump up ^ Disney 's ' Mulan ' Casts Jimmy Wong & Doua Moua Deadline Hollywood , Retrieved August 28 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Disney Princess '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lilo & Stitch Easter Egg Archive '' . www.eeggs.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Kingdom Hearts Website '' ( SWF ) . February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' scoop : ' Hangover 2 ' actress cast as legendary warrior -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Bibliography Kurtti , Jeff ( 1998 ) . The Art of Mulan . Hyperion Books . ISBN 978 - 0786863884 . 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"Ming-Na Wen as Mulan (singing voice provided by Lea Salonga)\nEddie Murphy as Mushu\nBD Wong as Captain Li Shang (singing voice provided by Donny Osmond)\nMiguel Ferrer as Shan Yu\nJune Foray as Grandmother Fa (singing voice provided by Marni Nixon)\nHarvey Fierstein as Yao\nGedde Watanabe as Ling (singing voice provided by Matthew Wilder)\nJerry Tondo as Chien-Po\nJames Hong as Chi-Fu\nSoon-Tek Oh as Fa Zhou\nPat Morita as The Emperor of China\nGeorge Takei as First Ancestor\nMiriam Margolyes as The Matchmaker\nFreda Foh Shen as Fa Li\nJames Shigeta as General Li\nFrank Welker as Cri-Kee and Khan (Mulan's horse)\nChris Sanders as Little Brother (Mulan's dog)\nMary Kay Bergman as various ancestors"
] | [
"Eddie Murphy"
] |
4971289085026828118 | Golden Fleece | Golden fleece - wikipedia Golden fleece Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Golden Fleece ( disambiguation ) . Jason returns with the Golden Fleece , shown on an Apulian red - figure calyx krater , ca . 340 -- 330 BC In Greek mythology , the Golden Fleece ( Greek : χρυσόμαλλον δέρας chrysómallon déras ) is the fleece of the gold - haired winged ram , which was held in Colchis . The fleece is a symbol of authority and kingship . It figures in the tale of the hero Jason and his crew of Argonauts , who set out on a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias , in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly . Through the help of Medea , they acquire the Golden Fleece . The story is of great antiquity and was current in the time of Homer ( eighth century BC ) . It survives in various forms , among which the details vary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Evolution of plot 3 Interpretations 3.1 Main theories 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Greek mythology Deities Primordial Titans Olympians Nymphs Sea - deities Earth - deities Heroes and heroism Heracles / Hercules ( Labors ) Achilles Hector ( Trojan War ) Odysseus ( Odyssey ) Jason Argonauts ( Golden Fleece ) Perseus ( Medusa Gorgon ) Oedipus ( Sphinx ) Orpheus ( Orphism ) Theseus ( Minotaur ) Bellerophon ( Pegasus Chimera ) Daedalus ( Labyrinth ) Atalanta Hippomenes ( Golden apple ) Cadmus ( Thebes ) Aeneas ( Aeneid ) Triptolemus ( Eleusinian Mysteries ) Pelops ( Ancient Olympic Games ) Pirithous ( Centauromachy ) Amphitryon ( Teumessian fox ) Narcissus ( Narcissism ) Meleager ( Calydonian Boar ) Otrera ( Amazons ) Related Satyrs Centaurs Dragons Demogorgon Religion in Ancient Greece Mycenaean gods Greek mythology portal Athamas the Minyan , a founder of Halos in Thessaly but also king of the city of Orchomenus in Boeotia ( a region of southeastern Greece ) , took the goddess Nephele as his first wife . They had two children , the boy Phrixus ( whose name means `` curly '' -- as in ram 's fleece ) and the girl Helle . Later Athamas became enamored of and married Ino , the daughter of Cadmus . When Nephele left in anger , drought came upon the land . Ino was jealous of her stepchildren and plotted their deaths : in some versions , she persuaded Athamas that sacrificing Phrixus was the only way to end the drought . Nephele , or her spirit , appeared to the children with a winged ram whose fleece was of gold . The ram had been sired by Poseidon in his primitive ram - form upon Theophane , a nymph and the granddaughter of Helios , the sun - god . According to Hyginus , Poseidon carried Theophane to an island where he made her into a ewe , so that he could have his way with her among the flocks . There Theophane 's other suitors could not distinguish the ram - god and his consort . Nepheles ' children escaped on the yellow ram over the sea , but Helle fell off and drowned in the strait now named after her , the Hellespont . The ram spoke to Phrixus , encouraging him , and took the boy safely to Colchis ( modern - day Georgia ) , on the easternmost shore of the Euxine ( Black ) Sea . There Phrixus sacrificed the winged ram to Poseidon , essentially returning him to the god . The ram became the constellation Aries . Phrixus settled in the house of Aeetes , son of Helios the sun god . He hung the Golden Fleece preserved from the sacrifice of the ram on an oak in a grove sacred to Ares , the god of war and one of the Twelve Olympians . The golden fleece was defended by bulls with hoofs of brass and breath of fire . It was also guarded by a never sleeping dragon with teeth which could become soldiers when planted in the ground . The dragon was at the foot of the tree on which the fleece was placed . Evolution of plot ( edit ) Pindar employed the quest for the Golden Fleece in his Fourth Pythian Ode ( written in 462 BC ) , though the fleece is not in the foreground . When Aeetes challenges Jason to yoke the fire - breathing bulls , the fleece is the prize : `` Let the King do this , the captain of the ship ! Let him do this , I say , and have for his own the immortal coverlet , the fleece , glowing with matted skeins of gold '' . In later versions of the story , the ram is said to have been the offspring of the sea god Poseidon and Themisto ( less often , Nephele or Theophane ) . The classic telling is the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes , composed in mid-third century BC Alexandria , recasting early sources that have not survived . Another , much less - known Argonautica , using the same body of myth , was composed in Latin by Valerius Flaccus during the time of Vespasian . Where the written sources fail , through accidents of history , sometimes the continuity of a mythic tradition can be found among the vase - painters . The story of the Golden Fleece appeared to have little resonance for Athenians of the Classic age , for only two representations of it on Attic - painted wares of the fifth century have been identified : a krater at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and a kylix in the Vatican collections . In the kylix painted by Douris , ca 480 - 470 , Jason is being disgorged from the mouth of the dragon , a detail that does not fit easily into the literary sources ; behind the dragon , the fleece hangs from an apple tree . Jason 's helper in the Athenian vase - paintings is not Medea -- who had a history in Athens as the opponent of Theseus -- but Athena . Interpretations ( edit ) The very early origin of the myth in preliterate times means that during the more than a millennium when it was to some degree part of the fabric of culture , its perceived significance likely passed through numerous developments . Several euhemeristic attempts to interpret the Golden Fleece `` realistically '' as reflecting some physical cultural object or alleged historical practice have been made . For example , in the 20th century , some scholars suggested that the story of the Golden Fleece signified the bringing of sheep husbandry to Greece from the east ; in other readings , scholars theorized it referred to golden grain , or to the sun . A sluice box used in placer mining . A more widespread interpretation relates the myth of the fleece to a method of washing gold from streams , which was well attested ( but only from c. 5th century BC ) in the region of Georgia to the east of the Black Sea . Sheep fleeces , sometimes stretched over a wood frame , would be submerged in the stream , and gold flecks borne down from upstream placer deposits would collect in them . The fleeces would be hung in trees to dry before the gold was shaken or combed out . Alternatively , the fleeces would be used on washing tables in alluvial mining of gold or on washing tables at deep gold mines . Judging by the very early gold objects from a range of cultures , washing for gold is a very old human activity . Strabo describes the way in which gold could be washed : `` It is said that in their country gold is carried down by the mountain torrents , and that the barbarians obtain it by means of perforated troughs and fleecy skins , and that this is the origin of the myth of the golden fleece -- unless they call them Iberians , by the same name as the western Iberians , from the gold mines in both countries . '' Another interpretation is based on the references in some versions to purple or purple - dyed cloth . The purple dye extracted from the purple dye murex snail and related species was highly prized in ancient times . Clothing made of cloth dyed with Tyrian purple was a mark of great wealth and high station ( hence the phrase `` royal purple '' ) . The association of gold with purple is natural and occurs frequently in literature . Main theories ( edit ) The Douris cup , depicting Jason being regurgitated by the dragon protecting the fleece Jason attempts to put to sleep the serpent guarding the golden fleece . The snake is coiled around a column at the base of which is a ram and on top of which is a bird . The following are the chief among the various interpretations of the fleece , with notes on sources and major critical discussions : It represents royal power . It represents the flayed skin of Krios ( ' Ram ' ) , companion of Phrixus . It represents a book on alchemy . It represents a technique of writing in gold on parchment . It represents a form of placer mining practiced in Georgia , for example . It represents the forgiveness of God . It represents a rain cloud . It represents a land of golden grain . It represents the spring - hero . It represents the sea reflecting the sun . It represents the gilded prow of Phrixus ' ship . It represents a breed of sheep in ancient Georgia . It represents the riches imported from the East . It represents the wealth or technology of Colchis . It was a covering for a cult image of Zeus in the form of a ram . It represents a fabric woven from sea silk . It is about a voyage from Greece , through the Mediterranean , across the Atlantic to the Americas . It represents trading fleece dyed murex - purple for Georgian gold . It represents allegations of Utopianism . See also ( edit ) List of mythological objects Absyrtus Gold mining Order of the Golden Fleece The Sea of Monsters Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ χρυσόμαλλος , Chrysomallos ' or ' Khrysomallus ' Jump up ^ That the ram was sent by Zeus was the version heard by Pausanias in the second century CE ( Pausanias , ix. 34.5 ) . Jump up ^ Theophane may equally be construed as `` appearing as a goddess '' or as `` causing a god to appear '' . Jump up ^ Upon the shield of Jason , as it was described in Apollonius ' Argonautica , `` was Phrixos the Minyan , depicted as though really listening to the ram , and the ram seemed to be speaking . As you looked on this pair , you would be struck dumb with amazement and deceived , for you would expect to hear some wise utterance from them , with this hope you would gaze long upon them . '' . Jump up ^ In essence this act returned the ram to the god , though in the surviving literary source , Apollonius ' Argonautica ii , the ram was sacrificed to Zeus , rescuer of fugitives . Jump up ^ Vatican 16545 Jump up ^ Gisela Richter published the Metropolitan Museum 's krater in `` Jason and the Golden Fleece '' , American Journal of Archaeology 39 ( 1935 ) Jump up ^ Interpretation # 12 Jump up ^ Interpretation # 8 Jump up ^ Interpretation # 10 Jump up ^ Interpretation # 5 Jump up ^ Interpretation # 17 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : William Godwin ( 1876 ) . `` Lives of the Necromancers '' . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Strabo , ix. 5.8 . Jump up ^ Karl Kerenyi , The Heroes of the Greeks Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae , 163 Jump up ^ Karl Kerenyi The Gods of the Greeks , ( 1951 ) 1980 : 182f Jump up ^ Richard Hunter , tr . Apollonius of Rhodes : Jason and the Golden Fleece , ( Oxford University Press ) 1993 : 21 ) Jump up ^ Translation in Nigel Nicholson , `` Polysemy and Ideology in Pindar ' Pythian ' 4.229 - 230 '' , Phoenix 54. 3 / 4 ( Autumn - Winter 2000 : 191 - 202 ) p. 192 . Jump up ^ Cynthia King , `` Who Is That Cloaked Man ? Observations on Early Fifth Century B.C. Pictures of the Golden Fleece '' , American Journal of Archaeology 87. 3 ( July 1983 : 385 - 387 ) . Jump up ^ Marcus Porcius Cato and Marcus Terentius Varro , ( http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12140/12140-8.txt Roman Farm Management , The Treatises of Cato and Varro , in English , with Notes of Modern Instances Jump up ^ Braund ( 1994 ) , pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Popko , M. ( 1974 ) `` Kult Swietego runa w hetyckiej Anatolii '' ( `` The Cult of the Golden Fleece in Hittite Anatolia '' ) , Preglad Orientalistyczuy 91 , pp. 225 -- 30 ( In Russian ) Jump up ^ Newman , John Kevin ( 2001 ) `` The Golden Fleece . Imperial Dream '' ( Theodore Papanghelis and Antonios Rengakos ( eds . ) . A Companion to Apollonius Rhodius . Leiden : Brill ( Mnemosyne Supplement 217 ) , 309 - 40 ) Jump up ^ Lordkipanidze ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus 4 . 47 ; cf . scholia on Apollonius Rhodius 2 . 1144 ; 4 . 119 , citing Dionysus ' Argonautica Jump up ^ Palaephatus ( fourth century BC ) ' On the Incredible ' ( Festa , N. ( ed . ) ( 1902 ) Mythographi Graeca III , 2 , Lipsiae , p. 89 Jump up ^ John of Antioch fr. 15.3 FHG ( 5.548 ) Jump up ^ Haraxes of Pergamum ( c. first to sixth century ) ( Jacoby , F. ( 1923 ) Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker I ( Berlin ) , IIA , 490 , fr. 37 ) Jump up ^ Strabo ( first century BC ) Geography I , 2 , 39 ( Jones , H.L. ( ed . ) ( 1969 ) The Geography of Strabo ( in eight volumes ) London `` Strabo , Geography , NOTICE '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tran , T ( 1992 ) `` The Hydrometallurgy of Gold Processing '' , Interdisciplinary Science Reviews ( UK ) , 17 , pp. 356 -- 365 Jump up ^ `` Gold - during the Classic Era '' . Minelinks.com . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Shuker , Karl P.N. ( 1997 ) , From Flying Toads To Snakes With Wings , Llewellyn Jump up ^ Renault , Mary ( 2004 ) , The Bull from the Sea , Arrow ( Rand ) Jump up ^ refuted in Braund ( 1994 ) , p. 24 and Lordkipanidze ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Müller , Karl Otfried ( 1844 ) , Orchomenos und die Minyer , Breslau Jump up ^ refuted in Bacon ( 1925 ) , pp. 64 ff , 163 ff Jump up ^ Forchhammer , P.W. ( 1857 ) Hellenica Berlin p. 205 ff , 330 ff ^ Jump up to : refuted in Bacon ( 1925 ) Jump up ^ Faust , Adolf ( 1898 ) , Einige deutsche und griechische Sagen im Lichte ihrer ursprünglichen Bedeutung . Mulhausen Jump up ^ Schroder , R. ( 1899 ) , Argonautensage und Verwandtes , Poznań Jump up ^ Vurthiem , V ( 1902 ) , `` De Argonautarum Vellere aureo '' , Mnemosyne , New Series , XXX , pp. 54 -- 67 ; XXXI , p. 116 Jump up ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt , in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie , VII , p. 241 ff , 281 ff Jump up ^ Svoronos , M. ( 1914 ) , in Journal International d'Archéologie Numismatique , XVI , pp. 81 -- 152 Jump up ^ Ninck , M. ( 1921 ) , `` Die Bedeutung des Wassers im Kult und Leben der Alten , '' Philologus Suppl 14.2 , Leipzig Jump up ^ Ryder , M.L. ( 1991 ) `` The last word on the Golden Fleece legend ? '' Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10 , pp. 57 -- 60 Jump up ^ Smith , G.J. and Smith , A.J. ( 1992 ) `` Jason 's Golden Fleece , '' Oxford Journal of Archaeology 11 , pp. 119 -- 20 Jump up ^ Bacon ( 1925 ) Jump up ^ Akaki Urushadze ( 1984 ) , The Country of the Enchantress Medea , Tbilisi Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051125172255/http://www.lazuri.com/kolheti/en_index.php . Archived from the original on 25 November 2005 . Retrieved 13 October 2005 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Colchis , The Land Of The Golden Fleece , Republic Of Georgia '' . Great-adventures.com . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Graves ( 1944 / 1945 ) , The Golden Fleece / Hercules , My Shipmate , New York : Grosset & Dunlap Jump up ^ Verrill , A. Hyatt ( 1950 ) , Shell Collector 's Handbook , New York : Putnam , p. 77 Jump up ^ Abbott , R. Tucker ( 1972 ) , Kingdom of the Seashell , New York : Crown Publishers , p. 184 ; `` history of sea byssus cloth '' . Designboom.com . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ refuted in Barber ( 1991 ) and McKinley ( 1999 ) , pp. 9 -- 29 Jump up ^ Bailey , James R. ( 1973 ) , The God Kings and the Titans ; The New World Ascendancy in Ancient Times , St. Martin 's Press Jump up ^ Silver , Morris ( 1992 ) , Taking Ancient Mythology Economically , Leiden : Brill `` Document Title '' . Members.tripod.com . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bacon , Janet Ruth ( 1925 ) . The Voyage of the Argonauts . London : Methuen . Barber , Elizabeth J. W. ( 1991 ) . Prehistoric Textiles : the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00224 - 8 . Braund , David ( 1994 ) . Georgia in Antiquity : A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia , 550 BC -- AD 562 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 814473 - 1 . Lordkipanidze , Otar ( 2001 ) . `` The Golden Fleece : myth , euhemeristic explanation and archaeology '' . Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 20 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 38 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0092.00121 . McKinley , Daniel ( 1999 ) . Pinna and her Silken Beard : a Foray into Historical Misappropriations . Ars Textrina. 29 . Charles Babbage Research Centre . External links ( edit ) Media related to Golden Fleece at Wikimedia Commons The Project Gutenberg text of The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles Jason and the Argonauts Characters Aeson ( father ) Argonauts Medea ( spouse ) Argus Aeëtes ( father - in - law ) Pelias ( uncle ) Phineus ( oracle ) Cheiron ( trainer ) Ancient sources Medea by Euripides Argonautica by Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica ( Latin ) by Gaius Valerius Flaccus Argonautica Orphica Film / TV Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963 film ) Medea Young Hercules ( 1998 ) Jason and the Argonauts ( 2000 miniseries ) Atlantis ( 2013 ) Opera Giasone ( 1649 ) La toison d'or ( 1789 ) Other The Golden Fleecing ( comic book story ) Jason et Médée ( ballet ) Jason and Medea ( painting ) Rise of the Argonauts ( video game ) Argo Golden Fleece Related The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles Jason in popular culture Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - Balkan mythology Hellenistic religion Magic Alchemy Orphism Pythagoreanism Mystery religions and Sacred mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Samotracian Mysteries Main beliefs Apotheosis Euhemerism Greek Heroic Age Paganism Paradoxography Monism Polytheism Mythology Theism Mythical beings Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Lelantos Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Olympians Zeus Hera Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hermes Hestia Poseidon Aquatic deities Poseidon Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus Nereus Phorcys Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Styx Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Makhai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Other major deities Asclepius Circe Eileithyia Harmonia Hebe Iris Momus Morpheus Nemesis Paean Pan Zelus Heroes / Heroines Achilles Actaeon Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Cadmus Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Peleus Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Storage containers / Cups Amphora Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalathos Kalpis Kylix Kantharos Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Musical Instruments Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum ( Castanets ) Epigonion Lyre Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum Water organ Rites and practices Amphictyonic League Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Apotropaic magic Baptes Curse tablet Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Hymns Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Sacrifices Temenos Temples Votive offerings Games Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Festivals / Feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Sacred places Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus Cretea Delphi Delos Dodona Eleusis Hiera Orgas Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Texts / Epic poems Argonautica Bibliotheca Cyranides Derveni papyrus Ehoiai Greek Magical Papyri Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Telegony Theogony Works and Days Epic Cycle Theban Cycle Oracles / Seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Elatus Ennomus Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyl Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Mythical realms Atlantis Hyperborea Panchaea Themiscyra Underworld Entrances to the underworld Rivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes / Swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave Charonium Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Ploutonion Pluto 's Gate Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Fields of Punishment Isles of the Blessed Tartarus Judges of the underworld Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Cerberus Ferryman Charon Charon 's obol Chthonic deities Psychopomps Hermes Thanatos Hades / Pluto Persephone Achlys Angelos Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoe Symbols - Objects Bident Cap of invisibility Animals - Daemons / Spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade 's cattle Mythological wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Mythological and Religious objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Argo Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon 's teeth Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan sealstone Moly Necklace of Harmonia Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora 's box Petasos ( Winged helmet ) Philosopher 's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Xoanon Symbols Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena Mythological powers Anthropomorphism Divination Eternal youth Evocation Fortune - telling Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Shamanism Shapeshifting Weather modification Modern offshoot religions Discordianism Gaianism Hellenismos Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Modern popular culture Greek mythology in popular culture GND : 4563837 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Fleece&oldid=802266579 '' Categories : Mythological objects Thessalian mythology Colchis in mythology Mythology of Argonautica Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from December 2015 Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 01 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who led the argonauts in search of the golden fleece | [
"In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (Greek: χρυσόμαλλον δέρας chrysómallon déras) is the fleece of the gold-haired[a] winged ram, which was held in Colchis.[1] The fleece is a symbol of authority and kingship. It figures in the tale of the hero Jason and his crew of Argonauts, who set out on a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias, in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly. Through the help of Medea, they acquire the Golden Fleece. The story is of great antiquity and was current in the time of Homer (eighth century BC). It survives in various forms, among which the details vary."
] | [
"Jason"
] |
4401401298480428243 | 2004 NFL Draft | 2004 NFL draft - wikipedia 2004 NFL draft Jump to : navigation , search 2004 NFL Draft General Information Date ( s ) April 24 -- 25 , 2004 Location Theater at MSG in New York City TV coverage ( US ) ESPN , ESPN2 Overview 255 total selections in 7 rounds First selection Eli Manning , QB San Diego Chargers Mr. Irrelevant Andre Sommersell , LB Oakland Raiders Most selections ( 13 ) Tennessee Titans Fewest selections ( 4 ) Washington Redskins ← 2003 NFL Drafts 2005 → The 2004 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players . It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting . The draft was held April 24 -- 25 , 2004 at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City . No teams chose to claim any players in the supplemental draft that year . The draft was shown on ESPN both days and eventually moved to ESPN2 both days . The draft began with the San Diego Chargers selecting Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning with the first overall selection . Manning was later traded to the New York Giants for their first selection , fourth overall pick Philip Rivers of NC State . There were 32 compensatory selections distributed among 16 teams , with the Eagles , Rams , and Jets each receiving 4 compensatory picks . The draft set several records , including the most wide receivers selected in the first round , with seven . Another record set by the draft was the most trades in the first round , with twenty - eight trades . The University of Miami set an NFL record for the most first rounders drafted with 6 . Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 total players selected through all rounds . As of 2012 , this draft also has two other records attached to it : it became the draft with the shortest time between having multiple quarterbacks being drafted and starting for Super Bowl winners ( Ben Roethlisberger for the 2005 Steelers , and Manning for the 2007 Giants ) and it has become the first draft ever to have produced two QBs who each won multiple Super Bowls ( with Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli his second in 2011 ) . The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of : 48 defensive backs 32 wide receivers 28 linebackers 26 offensive tackles 24 defensive ends 22 defensive tackles 17 quarterbacks 16 tight ends 14 running backs 9 centers 8 guards 4 fullbacks 3 kickers 3 punters 1 nose tackle Contents ( hide ) 1 Player selections 2 Notable undrafted players 3 Notes 4 External links 5 References Player selections ( edit ) Jump to round : 2 3 4 5 6 7 * = compensatory selection = supplemental compensatory selection † = Pro Bowler Positions key Center CB Cornerback DB Defensive back DE Defensive end DL Defensive lineman DT Defensive tackle FB Fullback FS Free safety Guard HB Halfback Placekicker KR Kick returner LB Linebacker LS Long snapper OT Offensive tackle OL Offensive lineman NT Nose tackle Punter PR Punt returner QB Quarterback RB Running back Safety SS Strong safety TB Tailback TE Tight end WR Wide receiver Rnd . Pick # NFL team Player Pos . College Conf . Notes San Diego Chargers Manning , Eli Eli Manning QB Ole Miss SEC traded to New York Giants Oakland Raiders Gallery , Robert Robert Gallery OT Iowa Big Ten Arizona Cardinals Fitzgerald , Larry Larry Fitzgerald WR Pittsburgh Big East New York Giants Rivers , Philip Philip Rivers QB NC State ACC traded to San Diego 5 Washington Redskins Taylor , Sean Sean Taylor Miami ( FL ) Big East 6 Cleveland Browns Winslow II , Kellen Kellen Winslow II TE Miami ( FL ) Big East from Detroit 7 Detroit Lions Williams , Roy Roy Williams WR Texas Big 12 from Cleveland 8 Atlanta Falcons Hall , DeAngelo DeAngelo Hall CB Virginia Tech Big East 9 Jacksonville Jaguars Williams , Reggie Reggie Williams WR Washington Pac - 10 10 Houston Texans Robinson , Dunta Dunta Robinson CB South Carolina SEC 11 Pittsburgh Steelers Roethlisberger , Ben Ben Roethlisberger QB Miami ( OH ) MAC 12 New York Jets Vilma , Jonathan Jonathan Vilma LB Miami ( FL ) Big East 13 Buffalo Bills Evans , Lee Lee Evans WR Wisconsin Big Ten 14 Chicago Bears Harris , Tommie Tommie Harris DT Oklahoma Big 12 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Clayton , Michael Michael Clayton WR LSU SEC 16 Philadelphia Eagles Andrews , Shawn Shawn Andrews Arkansas SEC from San Francisco 17 Denver Broncos Williams , D.J. D.J. Williams LB Miami ( FL ) Big East from Cincinnati 18 New Orleans Saints Smith , Will Will Smith DE Ohio State Big Ten 19 Miami Dolphins Carey , Vernon Vernon Carey OT Miami ( FL ) Big East from Minnesota 20 Minnesota Vikings Udeze , Kenechi Kenechi Udeze DE USC Pac - 10 from Miami 21 New England Patriots Wilfork , Vince Vince Wilfork NT Miami ( FL ) Big East from Baltimore 22 Buffalo Bills Losman , J.P. J.P. Losman QB Tulane C - USA from Dallas 23 Seattle Seahawks Tubbs , Marcus Marcus Tubbs DT Texas Big 12 24 St. Louis Rams Jackson , Steven Steven Jackson RB Oregon State Pac - 10 from Denver via Cincinnati 25 Green Bay Packers Carroll , Ahmad Ahmad Carroll CB Arkansas SEC 26 Cincinnati Bengals Perry , Chris Chris Perry RB Michigan Big Ten from St. Louis 27 Houston Texans Babin , Jason Jason Babin DE Western Michigan MAC from Tennessee 28 Carolina Panthers Gamble , Chris Chris Gamble CB Ohio State Big Ten from Philadelphia via San Francisco 29 Atlanta Falcons Jenkins , Michael Michael Jenkins WR Ohio State Big Ten from Indianapolis 30 Detroit Lions Jones , Kevin Kevin Jones RB Virginia Tech Big East from Kansas City 31 San Francisco 49ers Woods , Rashaun Rashaun Woods WR Oklahoma State Big 12 from Carolina 32 New England Patriots Watson , Benjamin Benjamin Watson TE Georgia SEC 33 Arizona Cardinals Dansby , Karlos Karlos Dansby LB Auburn SEC 34 New York Giants Snee , Chris Chris Snee OT Boston College Big East 35 San Diego Chargers Olshansky , Igor Igor Olshansky DT Oregon Pac - 10 36 Kansas City Chiefs Siavii , Junior Junior Siavii DT Oregon Pac - 10 from Detroit 37 Detroit Lions Lehman , Teddy Teddy Lehman LB Oklahoma Big 12 from Cleveland 38 Pittsburgh Steelers Colclough , Ricardo Ricardo Colclough CB Tusculum SAC from Atlanta via Indianapolis 39 Jacksonville Jaguars Smith , Daryl Daryl Smith LB Georgia Tech ACC 40 Tennessee Titans Troupe , Ben Ben Troupe TE Florida SEC from Houston 41 Denver Broncos Bell , Tatum Tatum Bell RB Oklahoma State Big 12 from Washington 42 Tennessee Titans LaBoy , Travis Travis LaBoy DE Hawai ʻi WAC from New York Jets 43 Dallas Cowboys Jones , Julius Julius Jones RB Notre Dame Ind . ( I-A ) from Buffalo 44 Indianapolis Colts Sanders , Bob Bob Sanders SS Iowa Big Ten from Pittsburgh 45 Oakland Raiders Grove , Jake Jake Grove Virginia Tech Big East from Tampa Bay 46 San Francisco 49ers Smiley , Justin Justin Smiley Alabama SEC 47 Chicago Bears Johnson , Tank Tank Johnson DT Washington Pac - 10 48 Minnesota Vikings Thomas , Dontarrious Dontarrious Thomas LB Auburn SEC from New Orleans 49 Cincinnati Bengals Ratliff , Keiwan Keiwan Ratliff CB Florida SEC 50 New Orleans Saints Henderson , Devery Devery Henderson WR LSU SEC from Minnesota 51 Baltimore Ravens Edwards , Dwan Dwan Edwards DT Oregon State Pac - 10 52 Dallas Cowboys Rogers , Jacob Jacob Rogers OT USC Pac - 10 53 Seattle Seahawks Boulware , Michael Michael Boulware SS Florida State ACC 54 Denver Broncos Watts , Darius Darius Watts WR Marshall MAC 55 Jacksonville Jaguars Jones , Greg Greg Jones FB Florida State ACC from Green Bay Packers 56 Cincinnati Bengals Williams , Madieu Madieu Williams FS Maryland ACC from Miami via New England 57 Tennessee Titans Odom , Antwan Antwan Odom DE Alabama SEC 58 San Francisco 49ers Spencer , Shawntae Shawntae Spencer CB Pittsburgh Big East from Philadelphia 59 Cleveland Browns Jones , Sean Sean Jones FS Georgia SEC from Indianapolis 60 New Orleans Saints Watson , Courtney Courtney Watson LB Notre Dame Ind . ( I-A ) from St. Louis 61 Kansas City Chiefs Wilson , Kris Kris Wilson TE Pittsburgh Big East 62 Carolina Panthers Colbert , Keary Keary Colbert WR USC Pac - 10 63 New England Patriots Hill , Marquise Marquise Hill DE LSU SEC 64 Arizona Cardinals Dockett , Darnell Darnell Dockett DT Florida State ACC 65 San Diego Chargers Kaeding , Nate Nate Kaeding Iowa Big Ten from New York Giants 66 San Diego Chargers Hardwick , Nick Nick Hardwick Purdue Big Ten 67 Oakland Raiders Schweigert , Stuart Stuart Schweigert FS Purdue Big Ten 68 Indianapolis Colts Hartsock , Ben Ben Hartsock TE Ohio State Big Ten from Cleveland 69 Indianapolis Colts Gardner , Gilbert Gilbert Gardner LB Purdue Big Ten from Atlanta 70 Green Bay Packers Thomas , Joey Joey Thomas CB Montana State Big Sky from Jacksonville 71 Tennessee Titans Starks , Randy Randy Starks DT Maryland ACC from Houston 72 Green Bay Packers Washington , Donnell Donnell Washington DT Clemson ACC from Washington via Jacksonville 73 Detroit Lions Smith , Keith Keith Smith CB McNeese State Southland 74 Buffalo Bills Anderson , Tim Tim Anderson DT Ohio State Big Ten 75 Pittsburgh Steelers Starks , Max Max Starks OT Florida SEC 76 New York Jets Strait , Derrick Derrick Strait CB Oklahoma Big 12 77 San Francisco 49ers Hamilton , Derrick Derrick Hamilton WR Clemson ACC 78 Chicago Bears Berrian , Bernard Bernard Berrian WR Fresno State WAC 79 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cooper , Marquis Marquis Cooper LB Washington Pac - 10 80 Cincinnati Bengals Miller , Caleb Caleb Miller LB Arkansas SEC 81 Washington Redskins Cooley , Chris Chris Cooley TE Utah State Sun Belt from New Orleans 82 Baltimore Ravens Darling , Devard Devard Darling WR Washington State Pac - 10 from Minnesota 83 Dallas Cowboys Peterman , Stephen Stephen Peterman LSU SEC 84 Seattle Seahawks Locklear , Sean Sean Locklear NC State ACC 85 Denver Broncos LeSueur , Jeremy Jeremy LeSueur CB Michigan Big Ten 86 Jacksonville Jaguars Cordova , Jorge Jorge Cordova LB Nevada WAC from Green Bay 87 Green Bay Packers Sander , B.J. B.J. Sander Ohio State Big Ten from Miami 88 Minnesota Vikings Scott , Darrion Darrion Scott DE Ohio State Big Ten from Baltimore 89 Philadelphia Eagles Ware , Matt Matt Ware FS UCLA Pac - 10 90 Atlanta Falcons Schaub , Matt Matt Schaub QB Virginia ACC from Indianapolis 91 St. Louis Rams Hargrove , Anthony Anthony Hargrove DE Georgia Tech ACC 92 Tennessee Titans Gardner , Rich Rich Gardner CB Penn State Big Ten 93 Kansas City Chiefs Fox , Keyaron Keyaron Fox LB Georgia Tech ACC 94 Carolina Panthers Wharton , Travelle Travelle Wharton OT South Carolina SEC 95 New England Patriots Scott , Guss Guss Scott SS Florida SEC 3 * 96 Cincinnati Bengals Johnson , Landon Landon Johnson LB Purdue Big Ten 97 New York Giants Torbor , Reggie Reggie Torbor DE Auburn SEC 98 San Diego Chargers Phillips , Shaun Shaun Phillips DE Purdue Big Ten 99 Oakland Raiders Francis , Carlos Carlos Francis WR Texas Tech Big 12 100 Arizona Cardinals Stepanovich , Alex Alex Stepanovich Ohio State Big Ten 101 Atlanta Falcons Williams , Demorrio Demorrio Williams LB Nebraska Big 12 102 Miami Dolphins Poole , Will Will Poole CB USC Pac - 10 from Jacksonville via Green Bay 103 Tennessee Titans Schobel , Bo Bo Schobel DE TCU C - USA from Houston 104 San Francisco 49ers Sopoaga , Isaac Isaac Sopoaga DT Hawai ʻi WAC from Washington via New England and Chicago 105 Kansas City Chiefs Parker , Samie Samie Parker WR Oregon Pac - 10 from Detroit 106 Cleveland Browns McCown , Luke Luke McCown QB Louisiana Tech WAC 107 Indianapolis Colts Pope , Kendyll Kendyll Pope LB Florida State ACC from Pittsburgh 108 New York Jets Cotchery , Jerricho Jerricho Cotchery WR NC State ACC 109 Buffalo Bills Euhus , Tim Tim Euhus TE Oregon State Pac - 10 110 Chicago Bears Vasher , Nathan Nathan Vasher CB Texas Big 12 111 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Allen , Will Will Allen FS Ohio State Big Ten 112 Chicago Bears Joe , Leon Leon Joe LB Maryland ACC from San Francisco 113 New England Patriots Reid , Dexter Dexter Reid FS North Carolina ACC from New Orleans 114 Cincinnati Bengals Askew , Matthias Matthias Askew DT Michigan State Big Ten 115 Minnesota Vikings Dorsey , Nat Nat Dorsey OT Georgia Tech ACC 116 Seattle Seahawks Koutouvides , Niko Niko Koutouvides LB Purdue Big Ten 117 Cincinnati Bengals Geathers , Robert Robert Geathers DE Georgia SEC from Denver 118 Jacksonville Jaguars Maddox , Anthony Anthony Maddox DT Delta State Gulf South from Green Bay 119 Minnesota Vikings Moore , Mewelde Mewelde Moore RB Tulane C - USA from Miami 120 Jacksonville Jaguars Wilford , Ernest Ernest Wilford WR Virginia Tech Big East from Baltimore 121 Dallas Cowboys Thornton , Bruce Bruce Thornton CB Georgia SEC 122 Houston Texans Earl , Glenn Glenn Earl SS Notre Dame Ind . ( I-A ) from Indianapolis 123 Cincinnati Bengals Andrews , Stacy Stacy Andrews OT Ole Miss SEC from St. Louis 124 Tennessee Titans Waddell , Michael Michael Waddell CB North Carolina ACC 125 Indianapolis Colts David , Jason Jason David CB Washington State Pac - 10 from Philadelphia via Atlanta 126 Kansas City Chiefs Allen , Jared Jared Allen DE Idaho State Big Sky 127 San Francisco 49ers Seigler , Richard Richard Seigler LB Oregon State Pac - 10 from Carolina 128 New England Patriots Cobbs , Cedric Cedric Cobbs RB Arkansas SEC 4 * 129 Philadelphia Eagles Reed , J.R. J.R. Reed FS South Florida C - USA 4 * 130 St. Louis Rams Chillar , Brandon Brandon Chillar LB UCLA Pac - 10 4 * 131 Philadelphia Eagles Darilek , Trey Trey Darilek UTEP WAC 4 * 132 New York Jets Jones , Adrian Adrian Jones OT Kansas Big 12 5 133 San Diego Chargers Ball , Dave Dave Ball DE UCLA Pac - 10 5 134 Oakland Raiders Morant , Johnnie Johnnie Morant WR Syracuse Big East 5 135 Arizona Cardinals Smith , Antonio Antonio Smith DE Oklahoma State Big 12 5 136 New York Giants Wilson , Gibril Gibril Wilson Tennessee SEC 5 137 Jacksonville Jaguars Scobee , Josh Josh Scobee Louisiana Tech WAC 5 138 Tennessee Titans Bell , Jacob Jacob Bell Miami ( OH ) MAC from Houston 5 139 New Orleans Saints Leisle , Rodney Rodney Leisle DT UCLA Pac - 10 from Washington 5 140 Detroit Lions Lewis , Alex Alex Lewis LB Wisconsin Big Ten 5 141 Indianapolis Colts Scott , Jake Jake Scott Idaho Sun Belt from Cleveland 5 142 Atlanta Falcons Lavalais , Chad Chad Lavalais DT LSU SEC 5 143 New York Jets Coleman , Erik Erik Coleman Washington State Pac - 10 5 144 Dallas Cowboys Ryan , Sean Sean Ryan TE Boston College Big East from Buffalo 5 145 Pittsburgh Steelers Adibi , Nathaniel Nathaniel Adibi LB Virginia Tech Big East 5 146 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Terry , Jeb Jeb Terry North Carolina ACC 5 147 Chicago Bears Harriott , Claude Claude Harriott DE Pittsburgh Big East from San Francisco 5 148 Chicago Bears Krenzel , Craig Craig Krenzel QB Ohio State Big Ten 5 149 Cincinnati Bengals Mann , Maurice Maurice Mann WR Nevada WAC 5 150 Jacksonville Jaguars Thompson , Chris Chris Thompson CB Nicholls State Southland from New Orleans 5 151 Washington Redskins Wilson , Mark Mark Wilson OT California Pac - 10 from Minnesota via New Orleans 5 152 Denver Broncos Shoate , Jeff Jeff Shoate CB San Diego State MWC 5 153 Baltimore Ravens Green , Roderick Roderick Green DE Central Missouri State MIAA from Green Bay via Miami 5 154 San Diego Chargers Turner , Michael Michael Turner RB NIU MAC from Miami 5 155 Minnesota Vikings Davis , Rod Rod Davis LB Southern Miss C - USA from Baltimore 5 156 New Orleans Saints Karney , Mike Mike Karney FB Arizona State Pac - 10 from Dallas 5 157 Seattle Seahawks Hackett , D.J. D.J. Hackett WR Colorado Big 12 5 158 St. Louis Rams Shivers , Jason Jason Shivers Arizona State Pac - 10 5 159 Jacksonville Jaguars Bubin , Sean Sean Bubin OT Illinois Big Ten from Tennessee via Houston 5 160 Miami Dolphins Bua , Tony Tony Bua Arkansas SEC from Philadelphia via Baltimore 5 161 Cleveland Browns Gordon , Amon Amon Gordon DT Stanford Pac - 10 from Indianapolis 5 162 Philadelphia Eagles Tapeh , Thomas Thomas Tapeh FB Minnesota Big Ten from Kansas City 5 163 Carolina Panthers Carter , Drew Drew Carter WR Ohio State Big Ten 5 164 New England Patriots Sam , P.K. P.K. Sam WR Florida State ACC 5 * 165 Tennessee Titans Reynolds , Rob Rob Reynolds LB Ohio State Big Ten 6 166 Oakland Raiders Johnson , Shawn Shawn Johnson DE Delaware A-10 6 167 Arizona Cardinals Leckey , Nick Nick Leckey Kansas State Big 12 6 168 New York Giants Taylor , Jamaar Jamaar Taylor WR Texas A&M Big 12 6 169 San Diego Chargers Krause , Ryan Ryan Krause TE Nebraska - Omaha NCC 6 170 Houston Texans Duff , Vontez Vontez Duff CB Notre Dame Ind . ( I-A ) 6 171 Denver Broncos Luke , Triandos Triandos Luke WR Alabama SEC from Washington 6 172 Detroit Lions Butler , Kelly Kelly Butler OT Purdue Big Ten 6 173 Indianapolis Colts Hutchins , Von Von Hutchins CB Ole Miss SEC from Cleveland 6 174 Miami Dolphins Hadnot , Rex Rex Hadnot Houston C - USA from Atlanta 6 175 Houston Texans Lord , Jammal Jammal Lord RB Nebraska Big 12 from Jacksonville 6 176 Cleveland Browns Chambers , Kirk Kirk Chambers OT Stanford Pac - 10 from Buffalo 6 177 Pittsburgh Steelers Lacy , Bo Bo Lacy OT Arkansas SEC 6 178 New York Jets Cavka , Marko Marko Cavka OT Sacramento State Big Sky 6 179 Green Bay Packers Williams , Corey Corey Williams DT Arkansas State Sun Belt from San Francisco 6 180 Washington Redskins Molinaro , Jim Jim Molinaro OT Notre Dame Ind . ( I-A ) from Chicago 6 181 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Lawrie , Nate Nate Lawrie TE Yale Ivy 6 182 Oakland Raiders Spencer , Cody Cody Spencer LB North Texas Sun Belt from New Orleans via Dallas 6 183 Cincinnati Bengals Brooks , Greg Greg Brooks CB Southern Miss C - USA 6 184 Minnesota Vikings Eiland , Deandre'Deandre ' Eiland South Carolina SEC 6 185 Philadelphia Eagles Hall , Andy Andy Hall QB Delaware A-10 from Green Bay 6 186 Atlanta Falcons Pruitt , Etric Etric Pruitt Southern Miss C - USA from Miami 6 187 Baltimore Ravens Harris , Josh Josh Harris QB Bowling Green MAC 6 188 San Francisco 49ers Lee , Andy Andy Lee Pittsburgh Big East from Dallas via Green Bay 6 189 Seattle Seahawks Terrill , Craig Craig Terrill DT Purdue Big Ten 6 190 Denver Broncos Sewell , Josh Josh Sewell Nebraska Big 12 6 191 Tennessee Titans Fleming , Troy Troy Fleming FB Tennessee SEC 6 192 Philadelphia Eagles Wynn , Dexter Dexter Wynn CB Colorado State MWC 6 193 Indianapolis Colts Sorgi , Jim Jim Sorgi QB Wisconsin Big Ten 6 194 Pittsburgh Steelers Kranchick , Matt Matt Kranchick TE Penn State Big Ten from St. Louis 6 195 Kansas City Chiefs McIntyre , Jeris Jeris McIntyre WR Auburn SEC 6 196 Carolina Panthers Tufts , Sean Sean Tufts LB Colorado Big 12 6 197 Pittsburgh Steelers Caylor , Drew Drew Caylor Stanford Pac - 10 from New England 6 * 198 San Francisco 49ers Lewis , Keith Keith Lewis Oregon Pac - 10 6 * 199 Baltimore Ravens Moore , Clarence Clarence Moore WR Northern Arizona Big Sky 6 * 200 Houston Texans Anderson , Charlie Charlie Anderson LB Ole Miss SEC 6 * 201 St. Louis Rams Smoker , Jeff Jeff Smoker QB Michigan State Big Ten 7 202 Arizona Cardinals Navarre , John John Navarre QB Michigan Big Ten 7 203 New York Giants Strojny , Drew Drew Strojny OT Duke ACC 7 204 San Diego Chargers Bingham , Ryon Ryon Bingham DT Nebraska Big 12 7 205 Dallas Cowboys Jones , Nathan Nathan Jones CB Rutgers Big East from Oakland 7 206 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Jones , Mark Mark Jones WR Tennessee SEC from Washington via New Orleans and Dallas 7 207 Buffalo Bills McFarland , Dylan Dylan McFarland OT Montana Big Sky from Detroit 7 208 Cleveland Browns Echemandu , Adimchinobi Adimchinobi Echemandu RB California Pac - 10 7 209 San Diego Chargers Olivea , Shane Shane Olivea OT Maine Maritime Big Ten from Atlanta 7 210 Houston Texans Orr , Raheem Raheem Orr LB Rutgers Big East from Jacksonville 7 211 Houston Texans Thomas , Sloan Sloan Thomas WR Texas Big 12 7 212 Pittsburgh Steelers Taylor , Eric Eric Taylor DE Memphis C - USA 7 213 New York Jets McClover , Darrell Darrell McClover LB Miami ( FL ) Big East 7 214 Buffalo Bills Smith , Jonathan Jonathan Smith WR Georgia Tech ACC 7 215 Chicago Bears Marshall , Alfonso Alfonso Marshall CB Miami ( FL ) Big East 7 216 Dallas Cowboys Crayton , Patrick Patrick Crayton WR NW Oklahoma State CSFL from Tampa Bay 7 217 San Francisco 49ers Pickett , Cody Cody Pickett QB Washington Pac - 10 7 218 Cincinnati Bengals Bramlet , Casey Casey Bramlet QB Wyoming MWC 7 219 Atlanta Falcons Wilson , Quincy Quincy Wilson RB West Virginia Big East from New Orleans via Miami 7 220 Minnesota Vikings Dugan , Jeff Jeff Dugan TE Maryland ACC 7 221 Miami Dolphins Pape , Tony Tony Pape OT Michigan Big Ten 7 222 Miami Dolphins Pope , Derrick Derrick Pope LB Alabama SEC from Baltimore 7 223 Dallas Cowboys Reeves , Jacques Jacques Reeves CB Purdue Big Ten from Dallas via Oakland 7 224 Seattle Seahawks Jones , Donnie Donnie Jones LSU SEC 7 225 Denver Broncos Mauck , Matt Matt Mauck QB LSU SEC 7 226 San Francisco 49ers Ferrara , Christian Christian Ferrara DT Syracuse Big East from Green Bay Packers 7 227 Philadelphia Eagles Clarke , Adrien Adrien Clarke Ohio State Big Ten 7 228 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cramer , Casey Casey Cramer FB Dartmouth Ivy from Indianapolis 7 229 Indianapolis Colts Kimball , David David Kimball Penn State Big Ten 7 230 Tennessee Titans Clauss , Jared Jared Clauss DT Iowa Big Ten 7 231 Kansas City Chiefs Sampson , Kevin Kevin Sampson OT Syracuse Big East 7 232 Carolina Panthers Gaines , Michael Michael Gaines TE UCF MAC 7 233 New England Patriots Morton , Christian Christian Morton CB Illinois Big Ten 7 * 234 New York Jets Johnson , Trevor Trevor Johnson DE Nebraska Big 12 7 * 235 New York Giants Ward , Derrick Derrick Ward RB Ottawa ( Kan . ) KCAC 7 * 236 New York Jets Washington , Rashad Rashad Washington SS Kansas State Big 12 7 * 237 St. Louis Rams Jensen , Erik Erik Jensen TE Iowa Big Ten 7 * 238 St. Louis Rams Turner , Larry Larry Turner Eastern Kentucky OVC 7 * 239 Tennessee Titans Amano , Eugene Eugene Amano SE Missouri State OVC 7 * 240 New Orleans Saints Bockwoldt , Colby Colby Bockwoldt LB BYU MWC 7 * 241 Tennessee Titans McHugh , Sean Sean McHugh TE Penn State Big Ten 7 * 242 Philadelphia Eagles Perry , Bruce Bruce Perry RB Maryland ACC 7 * 243 Philadelphia Eagles Furio , Dominic Dominic Furio UNLV MWC 7 * 244 Baltimore Ravens Abney , Derek Derek Abney WR Kentucky SEC 7 * 245 Oakland Raiders Anderson , Courtney Courtney Anderson TE San Jose State WAC 7 * 246 Baltimore Ravens Rimpf , Brian Brian Rimpf East Carolina C - USA 7 * 247 Denver Broncos Miree , Brandon Brandon Miree FB Pittsburgh Big East 7 * 248 Houston Texans Symons , B.J. B.J. Symons QB Texas Tech Big 12 7 * 249 Jacksonville Jaguars McCray , Bobby Bobby McCray DE Florida SEC 7 * 250 Denver Broncos Van Pelt , Bradlee Bradlee Van Pelt QB Colorado State MWC 7 * 251 Green Bay Packers Wells , Scott Scott Wells Tennessee SEC 7 * 252 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Williams , Lenny Lenny Williams CB Southern SWAC 7 ^ 253 New York Giants Hilton , Isaac Isaac Hilton DE Hampton MEAC 7 ^ 254 San Diego Chargers Joseph , Carlos Carlos Joseph OT Miami ( FL ) Big East 7 ^ 255 Oakland Raiders Sommersell , Andre Andre Sommersell LB Colorado State MWC Notable undrafted players ( edit ) = Pro Bowler Original NFL team Player Pos . College Conf . Notes Baltimore Ravens Muhlbach , Don Don Muhlbach LS Texas A&M Big 12 Longtime long snapper for the Detroit Lions Baltimore Ravens Sams , B.J. B.J. Sams WR McNeese State Southland Buffalo Bills Greer , Jabari Jabari Greer CB Tennessee SEC Buffalo Bills Peters , Jason Jason Peters TE / OT Arkansas SEC Chicago Bears Cain , Jeremy Jeremy Cain LS Massachusetts A-10 Dallas Cowboys Copper , Terrance Terrance Copper WR East Carolina C - USA Dallas Cowboys Fowler , Ryan Ryan Fowler LB Duke ACC Dallas Cowboys Polite , Lousaka Lousaka Polite FB Pittsburgh Big East Denver Broncos Clabo , Tyson Tyson Clabo OT Wake Forest Demon ACC Detroit Lions Wilson , George George Wilson Arkansas SEC Green Bay Packers Leach , Vonta Vonta Leach FB East Carolina C - USA Kansas City Chiefs Lilja , Ryan Ryan Lilja Kansas State Big 12 Kansas City Chiefs Sapp , Benny Benny Sapp CB Northern Iowa Gateway Minnesota Vikings Herrera , Anthony Anthony Herrera Tennessee SEC Minnesota Vikings Johnson , Spencer Spencer Johnson DT Auburn SEC New England Patriots Gay , Randall Randall Gay CB LSU SEC Oakland Raiders Kelly , Tommy Tommy Kelly DT Mississippi State SEC Pittsburgh Steelers Parker , Willie Willie Parker RB North Carolina ACC San Diego Chargers Floyd , Malcom Malcom Floyd WR Wyoming MWC San Diego Chargers Welker , Wes Wes Welker WR Texas Tech Big 12 San Francisco 49ers Adams , Mike Mike Adams Delaware A-10 Seattle Seahawks Babineaux , Jordan Jordan Babineaux Southern Arkansas Gulf South Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Facts & Figures . Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft Locations '' . FootballGeography.com . October 2 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Salomone , Dan ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` NFL Draft headed to Chicago in 2015 '' . Giants.com . New York Giants . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NFL gives 32 compensatory draft choices . March 29 , 2004 . URL Accessed June 24 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Players are identified as a Pro Bowler if they were selected for the Pro Bowl at any time in their career . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Dave . `` NFL draft scripted nicely by Manning '' . NBC Sports via AP . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ # 1 : San Diego → New York Giants . San Diego traded Manning to the New York Giants in exchange for Philip Rivers and the Giants ' third round selection in this draft ( # 65 ) and their first and fifth - round selections in 2005 Jump up ^ # 4 : New York Giants → San Diego ( D ) . see # 1 : San Diego → New York Giants . above . ^ Jump up to : `` Round 1 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Bills received this pick from the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for the Bills ' second round pick ( 43rd overall ) , fifth round pick ( 144th overall ) , and first round pick in 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Round 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Cowboys received this pick from the Buffalo Bills as well as the Bills ' fifth round pick ( 144th overall ) and first round pick in 2005 in exchange for the Cowboys ' first round pick in this draft ( 22nd overall ) . Jump up ^ Alder , James . `` 2004 NFL Draft Results : Round 2 '' . About.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ # 65 : New York Giants → San Diego ( D ) . see # 1 : San Diego → New York Giants . above . ^ Jump up to : `` Round 3 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Round 4 '' . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Round 5 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Cowboys received this pick from the Buffalo Bills as well as the Bills ' second round pick ( 43rd overall ) and first round pick in 2005 in exchange for the Cowboys ' first round pick in this draft ( 22nd overall ) . ^ Jump up to : Alder , James . `` 2004 NFL Draft Results : Round 5 '' . About.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Alder , James . `` 2004 NFL Draft Results : Round 6 '' . About.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Round 6 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Alder , James . `` 2004 NFL Draft Results : Round 7 '' . About.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Football Outsiders -- 2004 NFL Draft : Six Years Later ( March 19 , 2010 ) References ( edit ) `` NFL Draft History : 2004 Full Draft '' . Official NFL website . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2008 . `` 2004 NFL Draft '' . ESPN website . Retrieved November 12 , 2008 . `` Pro Football Draft History : 2004 '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame website . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2009 . Retrieved November 13 , 2008 . `` 2004 NFL Draft '' . pro-football-reference.com . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2009 . Retrieved November 13 , 2008 . `` 2004 NFL Player Draft '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2009 . Retrieved November 13 , 2008 . NFL Drafts Early era ( 1936 -- 1959 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 AFL and NFL era ( 1960 -- 1966 ) AFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 NFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Common draft ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 1967 1968 1969 Modern era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Expansion drafts 1960 1961 1966 1967 1976 1995 1999 2002 Others 1950 AAFC dispersal draft 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL players See also List of first overall National Football League draft picks Mr. Irrelevant List of NFL supplemental draft picks 2004 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina St. Louis New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle 2004 NFL Draft NFL Playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXXIX Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_NFL_Draft&oldid=842829750 '' Categories : National Football League Draft 2004 National Football League season Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 23 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the chargers trade eli manning for | [
"The draft was shown on ESPN both days and eventually moved to ESPN2 both days. The draft began with the San Diego Chargers selecting Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning with the first overall selection. Manning was later traded to the New York Giants for their first selection, fourth overall pick Philip Rivers of NC State. There were 32 compensatory selections distributed among 16 teams, with the Eagles, Rams, and Jets each receiving 4 compensatory picks.[4] The draft set several records, including the most wide receivers selected in the first round, with seven. Another record set by the draft was the most trades in the first round, with twenty-eight trades. The University of Miami set an NFL record for the most first rounders drafted with 6. Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 total players selected through all rounds. As of 2012, this draft also has two other records attached to it: it became the draft with the shortest time between having multiple quarterbacks being drafted and starting for Super Bowl winners (Ben Roethlisberger for the 2005 Steelers, and Manning for the 2007 Giants) and it has become the first draft ever to have produced two QBs who each won multiple Super Bowls (with Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli his second in 2011). The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of:"
] | [
"Philip Rivers of NC State"
] |
7328893193795150820 | Miami Dade College | Miami Dade College - wikipedia Miami Dade College Miami Dade College Former names Dade Junior College Miami Dade Junior College Miami Dade Community College Type Public College Established 1959 ; 59 years ago ( 1959 ) Endowment $306 million President Eduardo J. Padrón Academic staff 6,500 Students 165,000 ( 2014 -- 15 ) Location Miami , Florida , USA Campus Urban Colors Blue & Gray Mascot Sharks Website http://www.mdc.edu/ Miami Dade College , or simply Miami Dade or MDC , is a state college located in Miami , Florida . Miami Dade has eight campuses and twenty - one outreach centers located throughout Miami - Dade County . Founded in 1959 , Miami Dade is the largest college in the Florida College System with over 165,000 students . Additionally , MDC is also the largest institution of higher education in Florida , and the second - largest in the United States . Miami Dade College 's main campus , the Wolfson Campus , is in Downtown Miami . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Campuses 3 Miami Dade College Library History 4 Present and future 5 Campuses and Education Centers 6 Athletics 7 Notable alumni and attendees 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Miami Dade College was established in 1959 and opened in 1960 as Dade County Junior College . The original campus was located at the recently built Miami Central High School . The campus consisted of a portion of the school and an adjacent farm . In 1960 , a facility was built on an old naval air station near Opa - locka Airport ( known as Master Field ) , which would soon become the College 's North Campus . The College enrolled African American students and Cuban exiles who could not afford other schools , becoming Florida 's first integrated junior college . As the college grew , a temporary satellite campus opened in what is today Pinecrest at Miami Palmetto High School until the new South Campus ( later Kendall Campus ) was built in Kendall . Later renamed Miami - Dade Junior College , its two flagship campuses expanded and enrolled more students , eventually outgrowing the University of Florida and Florida State University . After some time , college board of directors ' chairman Mitchell Wolfson envisioned a campus at the heart of Downtown Miami , and in 1973 , the Wolfson Campus was built . The College changed its name to Miami - Dade Community College around the same time . The College initially implemented an open admissions policy , meaning anyone who could afford classes was allowed to enroll . Because of this , the focus of the College became strengthening its academics . As a result , the Medical Center was built near Miami 's Civic Center adjacent to the University of Miami Jackson Memorial Hospital to train students in Allied Health and nursing ( RN ) programs . With the Mariel exile community arriving in 1980 , the College created an outreach center in Hialeah to give incoming refugees educational opportunities . Another outreach center , the InterAmerican center , was built to accommodate bilingual education . The Homestead Campus was built in 1990 in Homestead to relieve the concerns of students having to drive to the Kendall Campus In Miami . In the mid-1990s , the College made use of new media and technologies under the direction of president Eduardo Padrón . As the Florida legislature reduced the education budget , the College began to rely heavily on the Miami Dade College Foundation , consisting mainly of Alumni , for financial support . The College also had to figure out new ways of recruiting students , and the College began its `` Successful Alumni '' campaign in the late 1990s , marketing the success of the College 's alumni to local prospective students . Ethnic enrollment , 2008 Percentage Black 17 % Hispanic ( of any race ) 71 % non-Hispanic White 7 % Other 5 % Beginning in 2001 , the College implemented a strategic plan to revamp the College and its recruiting goals . In 2002 , the College disbanded its Honors Program and created The Honors College for talented high school graduates . The Honors College is a representation of Miami Dade College 's most academically - gifted students in different fields and was originally based in the three larger campuses ( Wolfson , Kendall , and North ) . In 2007 , The Honors College expanded into the InterAmerican Campus with The Honors College Dual Language Honors Program . A vision of president Padrón and leading members of Miami Dade College , the aim of the program is to tailor to the needs of the growing Spanish - speaking population in the United States as well as abroad . The Dual Language Honors Program opened its doors to bilingual students who wish to continue their careers with professional fluency in the English and Spanish languages . In 2003 , the College was granted the right to award baccalaureate degrees in education to meet future education needs , and currently offers three bachelor 's degrees . As a result , the College changed its name again from Miami - Dade Community College to Miami Dade College to reflect four - year degree possibilities . However , it is overwhelmingly a two - year college focused on awarding associate degrees . Campuses ( edit ) Miami Dade College has seven campuses and two centers , with its main campus being the Wolfson Campus in Downtown Miami . Campus Year opened Students Size Location Carrie P. Meek Entrepreneurial Education Center 2,500 + NA Liberty City Hialeah Campus 1980 2005 ( Official designation ) NA 8 acres Hialeah Homestead Campus NA 18 acres Downtown Homestead InterAmerican Campus 1986 2001 ( Official designation ) 6,500 4 acres Little Havana , Miami Kendall Campus 1967 66,500 185 acres Kendall , Miami MDC - West 2005 NA 10 acres Doral Medical Campus 1977 NA 4.3 acres Allapattah , Miami North Campus 1960 41,000 245 acres Westview Wolfson Campus ( Main campus ) 1970 27,000 15 acres Downtown Miami Miami Dade College library history ( edit ) On September 6 , 1960 , 1,428 students enrolled in inaugural class of Miami Dade College . Known , at the time , as Dade County Junior College . The land used for the college was located on the site of Dade County School 's former agricultural program , located next to Miami Central High . This area was composed of makeshift buildings , portables , and agricultural storehouses , which led to several nicknames for the college such as `` Portable U . '' and `` Chicken Coop College . '' Enrollment at the fledgling college continued to increase with each semester , which required the addition of more buildings to meet the college 's growth . One of these additions was the campus library . When it was first established , the library could only accommodate about 225 students , in accordance with regulations at the time ( the library was required to be able to hold a third of the student population ) . Overview picture of the current Miami Dade College Homestead Campus library In 1961 , the school was given the opportunity to purchase 230 acres of surplus land , part of an old Marine - base that would become the new site for the college . During this time , the library was stationed in repurposed military buildings on the base . Though not perfect , it was an improvement over the library 's previous location and , in 1964 , while the college was going through the process of achieving full accreditation as a learning institution ; the Florida Department of Education praised the college 's library as the best junior college library in the state . Even though the library received recognition during its early days , the collection still required at least 20,000 more volumes in order to meet library standards of the time . In 1965 , construction of the new learning resource center ( which would house the library ) was completed . In 1968 , due to continual increase in enrollment , Miami Dade College opened their new South Campus , which would serve as the location for centralized library acquisitions for the original Miami Dade North Campus and the new South Campus , located in Kendall . On August 4 , 1970 , Miami Dade College welcomed its Downtown Campus , which originally held classes in nearby storefronts , churches , and apartment buildings . An old pawnshop was remodeled into the Downtown Campus 's college library , and housed the collection until the campus 's new buildings were constructed . During the 1980s , as the college continued to grow and technology advanced , it was decided that all of Miami Dade College 's libraries would move to an online , computerized circulation system . With the creation of each new campus , Miami Dade College 's libraries continued to play an important role in meeting the demands of an increasingly large number of students . Since the college 's early days in the 1960s , when the college first opened its doors to students , Miami Dade College continues to grow as a center for education and innovation in South Florida , establishing new campuses and library facilities . Miami Dade College is currently home to state - of - the art library facilities that highlight the use of adaptable resources to meet the needs of students , faculty , and staff . The Miami Dade College library system continues to evolve since it went into operation in the 1960s . Present and future ( edit ) The College opened MDC - West in the Doral area on March 1 , 2006 . The Hialeah Center has become a fully accredited campus , with possible future expansions considered critical . MDC also has a virtual college , where a degree can be attained completely over the internet . The College also hosts the School for Advanced Studies , or SAS , a limited admission opportunity for Miami - Dade Public School students . High school classes are held at Kendall , Wolfson , and North Campus alongside regular college credit courses , and students choose three college classes per semester to take in place of traditional high school electives . College books and tuition is paid for by the county , and there is no cost to students . Bus service is also provided throughout the county to the schools . The goal is to allow students to earn their Associate in Arts and Associate in Science degree while earning their high school diploma . SAS is the 15th best high school in the nation , and is repeatedly one of the highest ranking high schools . Construction of a new student union wellness center and food court across from the Downtown Miami campus in March 2011 Out of approximately 165,000 students , on average , almost 6,000 go on to earn baccalaureate degrees , A.A. / A.S. / A.A.S. degrees , vocational , technical and / or college credit certificates . Its student population is as diverse as Miami - Dade County . Associate in Arts transfer students from Miami Dade College go on to transfer primarily to schools within the State University System of Florida , though some do transfer to out - of - state institutions , mainly through articulation agreements made between institutions . Students from its Honors College have been accepted at many prestigious institutions . The College faces an issue of limited funding , and is looking for ways to support current and future baccalaureate programs . Out of Florida 's 28 community colleges , Miami Dade ranks among the lowest in receiving state aid . To offset this , Dr. Padrón and other College officials have pushed for legislation that would allow Miami - Dade County to put forth a referendum for a 0.5 % increase in Miami - Dade County sales tax . This measure , Dr. Padrón believes , would allow the College to set aside some money into an investment fund for long - term facility maintenance and scholarships for students . He also argues that tourists pay one - third of Miami - Dade 's sales tax , and that the proposed tax increase would only be in effect for five years . However , the legislation has not made it through the Florida Legislature . Campuses and education centers ( edit ) Miami Dade College operates seven campuses and various outreach centers located throughout Miami - Dade County . The Honors College is currently represented on four campuses , with a new bilingual program ( English - Spanish ) at the InterAmerican Campus . All campuses have different schools for various disciplines ( engineering , business , etc . ) . Some campuses also operate dual - enrollment programs for high school students . Most campuses also have College Preparatory or English as a Second Language ( ESL ) courses that help students pass the Computerized Placement Test ( CPT ) that is required for admittance and proves prospective students are qualified to take college - level mathematics and English courses . The North Campus ( 11380 NW 27th Ave. , Miami FL 33167 ) has specialized programs that train future firefighters , police officers , and Emergency medical services personnel . It also has a School of Entertainment and Design Technology and has a partnership with Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) for engineering programs . The North Campus also operates the Carrie Meek Entrepreneurial Education Center in Liberty City . Recently , the Campus gained the right , by Florida 's Board of Governors , to offer a Bachelor in Applied Science degree in Public Safety , housed within the School of Justice . The Kendall Campus ( 11011 SW 104th St. , Miami FL 33176 ) serves as the College 's Enrollment Office and Disbursing Office . Kendall Campus also houses the College 's athletic teams . The Sharks compete at the highest level of the National Junior College Athletic Association and its teams have won various district and state level awards . The College President 's office is based here , as well as The Honors College and the Miami Dade College Foundation . The Wolfson Campus ( 300 NE 2nd Ave. , Miami FL 33132 ) was opened in 1970 and is the only comprehensive urban campus in the city . Located within the city 's financial , governmental , technological and cultural hubs , Wolfson provides a fully accredited , high - quality education to over 27,000 students each year . Each year , this Campus hosts the Miami Book Fair International , the nation 's largest and finest literary festival , which brings hundreds of renowned authors and publishers and over 500,000 spectators to the Campus . The Campus has two art galleries a full - service library , and two state - of - the art computer courtyards . The Wolfson Campus also has strong business and paralegal studies programs ( approved by the American Bar Association ) . As of 2011 , a new student union is under construction next to the College / Bayside ( Metromover station ) on NE 2nd Av and NE 3rd St . The Medical Center ( 950 NW 20th St. , Miami FL 33127 ) , located in Miami 's Medical District near downtown Miami , trains students in the Nursing ( BSN / RN ) and Allied Health fields , completing the Associate in Applied Science degree that will allow them immediate entry into health professions . The Homestead Campus ( 500 College Ter. , Homestead FL 33030 ) contains the College 's Aviation program , one of thirteen schools in the nation accredited ATC - CTI ( Air Traffic Control Collegiate Training Inititiative ) status by the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) . The InterAmerican Campus ( 627 SW 27th Ave. , Miami FL 33135 ) contains the School of Education , where baccalaureate in science degrees are awarded to future educators . The College 's first Bachelor of Science ( BS ) degree recipients graduated in 2005 . The New World School of the Arts ( 25 NE 2nd St. , Miami FL 33132 ) is both a high school and a college that focuses on visual arts , theatre , dance , and music . Admission requirements include an audition or review of the applicant 's art portfolio . The school is regularly ranked among the best high schools . The Hialeah Campus ( 1780 W 49th St. , Hialeah FL 33012 ) , a former extension of the North Campus , has been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) , and can now award the same degrees as other campuses . Construction of a 1,000 car parking garage and a new building housing classrooms , science labs , and student services was completed in 2014 . The West Campus ( 3800 NW 115th Ave. , Doral FL 33178 ) opened in March 2006 for students residing in or near Doral , for student and faculty convenience . In the past , Doral residents drove to the North Campus , Downtown Miami , or other campuses to attend classes . The Carrie P. Meek Entrepreneurial Educational Center ( 6300 NW 7th Ave. , Miami FL 33150 ) , also known as the MEEC ( pronounced intentionally the same way as Meek 's last name ) is an outreach center founded in 1989 . There are college credit courses available to be taken here , however the focus is on non-credit courses and vocational programs , seminars , and workshops to train people for employment . Aside from New World School of the Arts and the MEEC , there are nineteen other outreach centers MDC administers . Athletics ( edit ) The school 's athletic teams compete in the Southern Conference of the Florida State College Activities Association , a body of the National Junior College Athletic Association Region 8 . Notable alumni and attendees ( edit ) Main article : List of Miami Dade College alumni Miami Dade College has produced thousands of alumni over the years . Among the most notable alumni are U.S. Representative Ileana Ros - Lehtinen , the former City of Miami Mayor Manny Diaz , the former President of Texas A&M University Elsa Murano , the former President of Panama Mireya Moscoso , actor Steven Bauer , the award - winning novelist James Carlos Blake ( who also taught at MDC Wolfson from 1984 to 1997 ) , Major League Baseball outfielder Raúl Ibañez , former Major League Baseball catcher Mike Piazza , Cuban artist Agnes Chavez , and Harvard Law professor and defense attorney Jose Baez . Clarinetist Elizabeth Schubert taught here as adjunct professor of music between 2001 - 2003 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Endowment Information Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found - Miami Dade College '' . mdc.edu . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MDC Logo Guidelines '' . Miami Dade College . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Campuses - Campus Finder '' . Miami Dade College . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2014 Credit - Student Profile '' . MDC Information . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie P. Meek Entrepreneurial Education Center - North Campus - Miami Dade College '' . mdc.edu . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dade College - Hialeah Campus '' . mdc.edu . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Homestead Campus '' . mdc.edu . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` InterAmerican Campus '' . mdc.edu . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kendall Campus '' . mdc.edu . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MDC West - Miami Dade College '' . mdc.edu . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Campus '' . mdc.edu . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About North Campus - Miami - Dade College - North Campus '' . mdc.edu . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Campus Information - Wolfson Campus - Miami Dade College '' . mdc.edu . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ 25 years of excellence , Miami - Dade Community College : 1960 - 1985 . Miami , FL : Miami - Dade Community College . 1988 . ISBN 0914381083 . Jump up ^ America 's Top Public High Schools - Newsweek Jump up ^ America 's Top Public High Schools - Newsweek Jump up ^ `` Outreach Centers '' . mdc.edu . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Miami portal University portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miami Dade College . Miami Dade College - Official website Miami Dade College People Eduardo J. 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"Miami Dade College, or simply Miami Dade or MDC, is a state college located in Miami, Florida. Miami Dade has eight campuses and twenty-one outreach centers located throughout Miami-Dade County. Founded in 1959, Miami Dade is the largest college in the Florida College System with over 165,000 students. Additionally, MDC is also the largest institution of higher education in Florida, and the second-largest in the United States. Miami Dade College's main campus, the Wolfson Campus, is in Downtown Miami.\n"
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1084629802917429831 | Paul, Apostle of Christ | Paul , Apostle of Christ - Wikipedia Paul , Apostle of Christ Jump to : navigation , search Paul , Apostle of Christ Theatrical release poster Directed by Andrew Hyatt Produced by David Zelon T.J. Berden Screenplay by Andrew Hyatt Story by Andrew Hyatt T.J. Berden Starring Jim Caviezel Olivier Martinez James Faulkner Joanne Whalley John Lynch Music by Jan A.P. Kaczmarek Cinematography Geraldo Madrazo Edited by Scott Richter Production companies Affirm Films ODB Films Distributed by Sony Pictures Release date March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $5 million Box office $21.7 million Paul , Apostle of Christ is a 2018 American biblical drama film written and directed by Andrew Hyatt . It stars James Faulkner as Saint Paul and Jim Caviezel ( who portrayed Jesus in the 2004 film The Passion of the Christ ) as Saint Luke . The film tells the story of Paul , who was known as a ruthless persecutor of Christians prior to his conversion to Christianity . The plot focuses on his becoming a pivotal figure in the formation of the early church before being executed by Emperor Nero in Rome . Principal photography began in September 2017 in Malta . The film was released on March 23 , 2018 by Sony Pictures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( March 2018 ) The setting is Mamertine Prison in Rome where Paul has been imprisoned because he has been deemed a threat to the Roman Empire . Emperor Nero has sentenced him to death . Paul 's long journey to this place has been eventful . At one time -- as Saul -- he persecuted Christians relentlessly . And then he converted to Christianity . That is when Paul became the persecuted . His path has involved degradation , torture and shipwreck . At Mamertine , he interacts with his jailer Mauritius and Luke the evangelist . Mauritius is curious about Paul and seeks to learn how this one man can have such a profound effect on the empire . Luke , his dutiful caretaker , takes this opportunity to write the Acts of the Apostles , a history of the early church . Meanwhile , the infamous persecution of the Christians under Nero is in full effect . As the time draws near to the date of his execution , Paul struggles with God 's forgiveness for his sins . He must remember God 's grace and near the end says , `` where sin is prevalent , grace abounds more . '' Cast ( edit ) James Faulkner as Saint Paul Jim Caviezel as Saint Luke Olivier Martinez as Mauritius , prefect of Mamertine Prison Antonia Campbell - Hughes as Irenica , wife of Mauritius Joanne Whalley as Priscilla , companion of Paul and Aquilla 's wife John Lynch as Aquilla , companion of Paul and Priscilla 's husband Noah Huntley as Publius Yorgos Karamihos as Saul of Tarsus , i.e. Paul before his conversion to Christianity Alessandro Sperduti as Cassius Themes ( edit ) In an interview with Variety , Berden said that one of the main themes of the film is forgiveness : `` Paul changed from murdering Christians to becoming their unlikely leader . His life personifies ' forgiveness , ' a concept that seems almost impossible today -- but desperately needed . '' Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Producer T.J. Berden , recognizing the emergence of new platforms for movie distribution which allows the viewer access anytime , anywhere , partnered with Hyatt to produce a series of film projects to capitalize on the new technologies . The first film resulting from the collaboration was Full of Grace which was released in 2016 . Paul , Apostle of Christ is the second film of the series . Writing ( edit ) In a featurette released about the film , writer / director Andrew Hyatt explains his approach in developing a bible - based screenplay : Always the first step ... is study Scripture . We just stay with Scripture as the only source material . And then when we start to bring the humanity side of it , it just comes very naturally because we 've done all the research and we 've gotten all the experts to sign off . In Paul , Luke presents an important plot element in the script : Well , in 2 Timothy when Paul is writing from the Mamertine prison , there 's this tiny little bit right at the top of the letter that says ' Only Luke is here with me . ' And so it just starts to build this beautiful palette that is 100 % scripturally accurate . You are filling in the details , but it 's all there . Casting ( edit ) Jim Caviezel was cast as Luke . It is his first biblical role since he portrayed Jesus in The Passion of the Christ in 2004 . Caviezel 's performance in the blockbuster film was met with critical acclaim . In an interview , Caviezel said that Mel Gibson told him that the role would ruin his career ; and he `` has no regrets about playing the most iconic role of all time '' . Caviezel explains how he prepared for the role of Luke : I read the Acts of the Apostles and started lifting little clues here and there , and I went to Mass and prayed on them . And then we see how he wrote , how Paul sees ( Luke ) , and I started cross-examining him -- and there is a lot of cross-examining and asking him about it -- and slowly it starts to all come together . James Faulkner , who portrays Paul , starred as Randyll Tarly in HBO 's Game of Thrones and in 2013 he played Pope Sixtus IV in BBC 's Da Vinci 's Demons . Joanne Whalley , in the role of Priscilla , had biblical roles previously as Pilate 's wife Claudia in A.D. The Bible Continues ( 2015 ) and Noah 's wife Emmie in The Ark ( 2015 ) . Priscilla 's husband , Aquila is played by John Lynch . Lynch is known for The Secret Garden , as well as roles from the Bible as Sagan in The Passion ( 2008 ) , Gabriel in The Nativity ( 2010 ) and Nicodemus in Killing Jesus ( 2015 ) . Filming ( edit ) According to Yorgos Karamihos , the director and producers urged the actors to be `` as authentic and visceral as possible in order to be real '' rather than take into consideration sensibilities of various religious groups . The filming was done on location on Malta . St. Paul 's Island in Malta is known as the location where Paul and Luke were shipwrecked on their way to Rome . Many of the crew who worked on the film were culled from HBO 's Game of Thrones , another production filmed in Malta . Karamihos said they were `` some of the best people ( in the local film industry ) . '' Karamihos found Malta to be `` one of the strangest places I 've ever seen in my life -- it is so built up for such a small place . '' He described it as `` a strange combination of Africa , Asia , and Europe , bringing together all three continents both in the language and the culture and aesthetic . '' Release ( edit ) Paul , Apostle of Christ was originally scheduled to be released on the Wednesday before Easter , March 28 , 2018 , by Affirm Films . However , in February 2018 , the film 's release date was moved up to March 23 , 2018 . Box office ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Paul , Apostle of Christ was released alongside Pacific Rim Uprising , Midnight Sun , Unsane and Sherlock Gnomes , and it grossed $5 million , finishing 8th at the box office . The film will be released on DVD , Blu - ray and available at iTunes Store and Google Play Store , June 12 , 2018 . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 42 % based on 31 reviews , and an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Paul , Apostle of Christ proves a well - intentioned yet disappointingly diffuse interpretation of a Bible story whose flashes of potential never come close to living up to the source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100 , based on 10 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying : `` It 's an impressively - staged , well - acted , thoughtful and faithful telling of the last days of the Apostle Paul -- and how Luke risked his life again and again to visit his great mentor in prison and make a written record of Paul 's life experiences and teachings . '' Steven Greydanus of decentfilms.com gave the film a B+ overall and 3 out of 4 on artistic / entertainment value . He writes that the film `` offers a compelling account the last days of St. Paul ... facing execution for treason . '' In this , ( i ) t 's not the unmade epic about the life of Paul of Tarsus many would like to see , but what it is is worthwhile in its own right . Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , applauding Faulkner 's and Caviezel 's performances and calling the film a `` relevant -- and inspiring -- portrayal of principled steadfastness and spiritual integrity in the face of a petty , corrupt and tyrannical leader . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote the film was `` missing passion '' and wrote : `` The life of the crucial evangelist Paul has everything needed for a powerful film , but the filmmakers picked the wrong part of his life to dramatize in Paul , Apostle of Christ , a soupy , conjectural take on how the widely - traveled proselytizer came to produce his account of spreading Jesus ' word throughout the Mediterranean world . '' See also ( edit ) Christianity portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Paul , Apostle of Christ '' . ODB Films . Jump up ^ `` Paul , Apostle Of Christ '' `` . AMC Theatres . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul , Apostle of Christ ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Jenna ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Sony Release Dates for The Equalizer 2 , Paul , Apostle of Christ '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` James Faulkner , Jim Caviezel , Olivier Martinez to Star in ' Paul , Apostle of Christ ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chattaway , Peter T. ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Caviezel returns to the Bible - movie genre in Paul , Apostle of Christ '' . Patheos . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kalafatis , Joanna ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Yorgos Karamihos on His New Film ' Paul , Apostle of Christ ' '' . Greek Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T.J. Berden '' . New York Encounter . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Dorothy Cummings ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Scripture is ' the only source material ' for new film about St. Paul '' . LifeSiteNews.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Greydanus , Steven D ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : Jim Caviezel Goes Back to the Bible in ' Paul , Apostle of Christ ' '' . National Catholic Register . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Law , Jeannie ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Caviezel Explains What It Takes to Be Great in God 's Eyes on Set of ' Paul , Apostle of Christ ' '' . Christian Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even at the Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paul , Apostle of Christ ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paul , Apostle of Christ Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Paul , Apostle of Christ ' thoughtfully depicts a disciple 's final days '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Steven D. Greydanus `` Paul , Apostle of Christ ( 2018 , ) '' Decent FilmsRetrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Paul , Apostle of Christ ' portrays the early Christian community at its most fragile '' . The Washington Post . March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCathy , Todd ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Paul , Apostle of Christ ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Paul , Apostle of Christ Official website Paul , Apostle of Christ on IMDb Paul , Apostle of Christ at the TCM Movie Database Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul,_Apostle_of_Christ&oldid=842807657 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American drama films American epic films American films Paul the Apostle Films about Christianity Films set in the 1st century Cultural depictions of New Testament people Films shot in Malta Films set in Rome Religious epic films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 20 : 29 . 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"March 23, 2018"
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5882002483970057618 | Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - wikipedia Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Jump to : navigation , search This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Democratic Republic of the Congo This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Constitution ( show ) Human rights Government ( show ) President ( list ) Joseph Kabila Government Prime Minister ( list ) Bruno Tshibala Parliament ( show ) Senate National Assembly Judiciary ( show ) Constitutional Court Court of Cassation Administrative divisions ( show ) Provinces ( governors ) Districts Territories Chiefdoms and sectors Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2011 2018 Senate : 2007 2014 Gubernatorial : 2009 2014 Political parties Foreign relations United Nations Mission Other countries Atlas The Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the second institution in the central executive branch of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the first institution being the President , who has the title of head of state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Current government 3 See also 4 Notes and references 5 External links Description ( edit ) Under the constitution of the Third Republic , the government is composed of a cabinet of ministers , deputy - ministers ( vice-ministers ) , and occasionally state - ministers ( which is a senior personal honorific title ) . The number of these ministers vary from one government to the next . The cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister , also known as the head of government , appointed by the President , from the political party , the group or the coalition that holds the majority of seats in the National Assembly . In the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the cabinet is more commonly simply referred to as The Government . The government is the effective executive arm of the state , in charge of all the country 's main administration , in all the domains reserved to the central government by the constitution , and in all the domains in which the central government has concurrent jurisdiction with the provinces . The government is accountable to the Parliament . Any individual member of the government , as well the entire government , can be censored by its lower - chamber , the National Assembly , through the vote of a motion of censure , or a motion of no - confidence . When the Prime minister is censored , the entire government is asked to step down . Current government ( edit ) The current government is referred to as the republic government , under the leadership of Prime Minister Bruno Tshibala . The Government coalition cabinet was appointed shortly after the resignation of former Prime Minister Augustin Matata Ponyo . See also ( edit ) Heads of Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Antoine Gizenga cabinet Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constitution of the DRC , Wikisource , accessed on 2007 - 02 - 12 External links ( edit ) Official sites ( in French ) The President of the Republic ( in French ) Ministers and Deputy - ministers - At the site of the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( in French ) Ministry of the Environment ( in French ) Ministry of Public Health ( in French ) Ministère of Finance ( in French ) Ministry of mining Other sites ( in English ) Governments on the Congo ( Democratic Republic ) ( in English ) Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments : Congo , Democratic Republic of the ( in French ) Composition du gouvernement de la République démocratique du Congo , Ministre des Affaires étrangères , France ( in French ) Description du noyau du mobutisme et la liste de tous ses gouvernements de 60 à 90 , deboutcongolais.info Gizenga Government ( in French ) Publication de la liste des membres du gouvernement Gizenga 1 , digitalcongo.net ( in French ) La composition du nouveau gouvernement de la RDC connue ( Much of this page is translated from the French Wikipedia version of this article ) Democratic Republic of the Congo articles History Early history Colonization ( 1867 -- 85 ) Congo Free State ( 1885 -- 1908 ) Belgian Congo ( 1908 -- 60 ) World War II Congo - Léopoldville ( 1960 -- 65 ) Congo Crisis ( 1960 -- 65 ) Zaire ( 1965 -- 97 ) First Congo War ( 1996 -- 98 ) Second Congo War ( 1998 -- 2003 ) 2000s Transitional Government ( 2003 -- 06 ) M23 rebellion ( 2012 -- 13 ) Geography Cities Conservation Deforestation Ecoregions Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Former place names Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Court of Cassation Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law enforcement Military National Assembly Political parties President Prime Minister Senate Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy Franc ( currency ) Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Corruption Demographics Education Health Languages Religion Social issues Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Flag Football Media Music Public holidays Outline Index Portal Governments of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara wood duck government of gabon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&oldid=825636532 '' Categories : Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Hidden categories : Wikipedia external links cleanup from March 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from March 2016 Articles with French - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 14 : 33 . 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"The current government is referred to as the republic government, under the leadership of Prime Minister Bruno Tshibala. The Government coalition cabinet was appointed shortly after the resignation of former Prime Minister Augustin Matata Ponyo."
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-3986354387871309285 | Binomial nomenclature | Binomial nomenclature - wikipedia Binomial nomenclature Jump to : navigation , search `` Latin name '' redirects here . For personal names in the Roman Empire , see Roman naming conventions . For the system used for voting , see Binomial voting system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 General 3 History 4 Value 5 Problems 6 Relationship to classification and taxonomy 7 Derivation of binomial names 8 Codes 9 Writing binomial names 9.1 Authority 10 Other ranks 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Origin ( edit ) The name split into two parts means `` Bi '' a Latin prefix for two , and `` Nomial '' which is a noun commonly used in mathematics , algebra to define a name or term . General ( edit ) Binomial nomenclature ( also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature ) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts , both of which use Latin grammatical forms , although they can be based on words from other languages . Such a name is called a binomial name ( which may be shortened to just `` binomial '' ) , a binomen , binominal name or a scientific name ; more informally it is also called a Latin name . The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs ; the second part identifies the species within the genus . For example , humans belong to the genus Homo and within this genus to the species Homo sapiens . The formal introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus , effectively beginning with his work Species Plantarum in 1753 . But Gaspard Bauhin , in as early as 1623 , had introduced in his book Pinax theatri botanici ( English , Illustrated exposition of plants ) many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus . The application of binomial nomenclature is now governed by various internationally agreed codes of rules , of which the two most important are the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ) for animals and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) . Although the general principles underlying binomial nomenclature are common to these two codes , there are some differences , both in the terminology they use and in their precise rules . In modern usage , the first letter of the first part of the name , the genus , is always capitalized in writing , while that of the second part is not , even when derived from a proper noun such as the name of a person or place . Similarly , both parts are italicized when a binomial name occurs in normal text ( or underlined in handwriting ) . Thus the binomial name of the annual phlox ( named after botanist Thomas Drummond ) is now written as Phlox drummondii . In scientific works , the `` authority '' for a binomial name is usually given , at least when it is first mentioned , and the date of publication may be specified . In zoology `` Patella vulgata Linnaeus , 1758 '' . The name `` Linnaeus '' tells the reader who it was that first published a description and name for this species of limpet ; 1758 is the date of the publication in which the original description can be found ( in this case the 10th edition of the book Systema Naturae ) . `` Passer domesticus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) '' . The original name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica ; the parentheses indicate that the species is now considered to belong in a different genus . The ICZN does not require that the name of the person who changed the genus be given , nor the date on which the change was made , although nomenclatorial catalogs usually include such information . In botany `` Amaranthus retroflexus L . '' -- `` L . '' is the standard abbreviation used in botany for `` Linnaeus '' . `` Hyacinthoides italica ( L . ) Rothm . -- Linnaeus first named this bluebell species Scilla italica ; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides ; the ICN does not require that the dates of either publication be specified . History ( edit ) See also : Biological classification : Early systems Carl Linnaeus ( 1707 -- 1778 ) , a Swedish botanist , invented the modern system of binomial nomenclature Prior to the adoption of the modern binomial system of naming species , a scientific name consisted of a generic name combined with a specific name that was from one to several words long . Together they formed a system of polynomial nomenclature . These names had two separate functions . First , to designate or label the species , and second , to be a diagnosis or description ; however these two goals were eventually found to be incompatible . In a simple genus , containing only two species , it was easy to tell them apart with a one - word genus and a one - word specific name ; but as more species were discovered the names necessarily became longer and unwieldy , for instance Plantago foliis ovato - lanceolatus pubescentibus , spica cylindrica , scapo tereti ( `` Plantain with pubescent ovate - lanceolate leaves , a cylindric spike and a terete scape '' ) , which we know today as Plantago media . Such `` polynomial names '' may sometimes look like binomials , but are significantly different . For example , Gerard 's herbal ( as amended by Johnson ) describes various kinds of spiderwort : `` The first is called Phalangium ramosum , Branched Spiderwort ; the second , Phalangium non ramosum , Unbranched Spiderwort . The other ... is aptly termed Phalangium Ephemerum Virginianum , Soon - Fading Spiderwort of Virginia '' . The Latin phrases are short descriptions , rather than identifying labels . The Bauhins , in particular Caspar Bauhin ( 1560 -- 1624 ) , took some important steps towards the binomial system , by pruning the Latin descriptions , in many cases to two words . The adoption by biologists of a system of strictly binomial nomenclature is due to Swedish botanist and physician Carl von Linné , more commonly known by his Latinized name Carl Linnaeus ( 1707 -- 1778 ) . It was in his 1753 Species Plantarum that he first began consistently using a one - word `` trivial name '' together with a generic name in a system of binomial nomenclature . This trivial name is what is now known as a specific epithet ( ICN ) or specific name ( ICZN ) . The Bauhins ' genus names were retained in many of these , but the descriptive part was reduced to a single word . Linnaeus 's trivial names introduced an important new idea , namely that the function of a name could simply be to give a species a unique label . This meant that the name no longer need be descriptive ; for example both parts could be derived from the names of people . Thus Gerard 's phalangium ephemerum virginianum became Tradescantia virginiana , where the genus name honoured John Tradescant the younger , an English botanist and gardener . A bird in the parrot family was named Psittacus alexandri , meaning `` Alexander 's parrot '' , after Alexander the Great whose armies introduced eastern parakeets to Greece . Linnaeus ' trivial names were much easier to remember and use than the parallel polynomial names and eventually replaced them . Value ( edit ) The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily from its economy , its widespread use , and the uniqueness and stability of names it generally favors : Economy . Compared to the polynomial system which it replaced , a binomial name is shorter and easier to remember . It corresponds to the widespread system of family name plus given name ( s ) used to name people in many cultures . Widespread use . The binomial system of nomenclature is governed by international codes and is used by biologists worldwide . A few binomials have also entered common speech , such as Homo sapiens , E. coli , and Tyrannosaurus rex . Uniqueness . Provided that taxonomists agree as to the limits of a species , it can have only one name that is correct under the appropriate nomenclature code , generally the earliest published if two or more names are accidentally assigned to a species . However , establishing that two names actually refer to the same species and then determining which has priority can be difficult , particularly if the species was named by biologists from different countries . Therefore , a species may have more than one regularly used name ; all but one of these names are `` synonyms '' . Stability . Although stability is far from absolute , the procedures associated with establishing binomial names , such as the principle of priority , tend to favor stability . For example , when species are transferred between genera ( as not uncommonly happens as a result of new knowledge ) , if possible the second part of the binomial is kept the same . Thus there is disagreement among botanists as to whether the genera Chionodoxa and Scilla are sufficiently different for them to be kept separate . Those who keep them separate give the plant commonly grown in gardens in Europe the name Chionodoxa siehei ; those who do not give it the name Scilla siehei . The siehei element is constant . Similarly if what were previously thought to be two distinct species are demoted to a lower rank , such as subspecies , where possible the second part of the binomial name is retained as the third part of the new name . Thus the Tenerife robin may be treated as a different species from the European robin , in which case its name is Erithacus superbus , or as only a subspecies , in which case its name is Erithacus rubecula superbus . The superbus element of the name is constant . Problems ( edit ) Binomial nomenclature for species has the effect that when a species is moved from one genus to another , sometimes the specific name or epithet must be changed as well . This may happen because the specific name is already used in the new genus , or to agree in gender with the new genus . Some biologists have argued for the combination of the genus name and specific epithet into a single unambiguous name , or for the use of uninomials ( as used in nomenclature of ranks above species ) . Because binomials are unique only within a kingdom , it is possible for two or more species to share the same binomial if they occur in different kingdoms . At least five instances of such binomial duplication occur . Relationship to classification and taxonomy ( edit ) Nomenclature ( including binomial nomenclature ) is not the same as classification , although the two are related . Classification is the ordering of items into groups based on similarities or differences ; in biological classification , species are one of the kinds of item to be classified . In principle , the names given to species could be completely independent of their classification . This is not the case for binomial names , since the first part of a binomial is the name of the genus into which the species is placed . Above the rank of genus , binomial nomenclature and classification are partly independent ; for example , a species retains its binomial name if it is moved from one family to another or from one order to another , unless it better fits a different genus in the same or different family , or it is split from its old genus and placed in a newly created genus . The independence is only partial since the names of families and other higher taxa are usually based on genera . Taxonomy includes both nomenclature and classification . Its first stages ( sometimes called `` alpha taxonomy '' ) are concerned with finding , describing and naming species of living or fossil organisms . Binomial nomenclature is thus an important part of taxonomy as it is the system by which species are named . Taxonomists are also concerned with classification , including its principles , procedures and rules . Derivation of binomial names ( edit ) See also : List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names A complete binomial name is always treated grammatically as if it were a phrase in the Latin language ( hence the common use of the term `` Latin name '' for a binomial name ) . However , the two parts of a binomial name can each be derived from a number of sources , of which Latin is only one . These include : Latin , either classical or medieval . Thus , both parts of the binomial name Homo sapiens are Latin words , meaning `` wise '' ( sapiens ) `` human / man '' ( Homo ) . Classical Greek . The genus Rhododendron was named by Linnaeus from the Greek word ῥοδόδενδρον , itself derived from rhodon , `` rose '' , and dendron , `` tree '' . Greek words are often converted to a Latinized form . Thus coca ( the plant from which cocaine is obtained ) has the name Erythroxylum coca . Erythroxylum is derived from the Greek words erythros , red , and xylon , wood . The Greek neuter ending - ον ( - on ) is often converted to the Latin neuter ending - um . Other languages . The second part of the name Erythroxylum coca is derived from kuka , the name of the plant in Aymara and Quechua . Since many dinosaur fossils were found in Mongolia , their names often use Mongolian words , e.g. Tarchia from tarkhi , meaning `` brain '' , or Saichania meaning `` beautiful one '' . Names of people ( often naturalists or biologists ) . The name Magnolia campbellii commemorates two people : Pierre Magnol , a French botanist , and Archibald Campbell , a doctor in British India . Names of places . The lone star tick , Amblyomma americanum , is widespread in the United States . Other sources . Some binominal names have been constructed from anagrams or other re-orderings of existing names . Thus the name of the genus Muilla is derived by reversing the name Allium . Names may also be derived from jokes or puns . For example , Ratcliffe described a number of species of Rhinoceros beetle , including Cyclocephala nodanotherwon . The first part of the name , which identifies the genus , must be a word which can be treated as a Latin singular noun in the nominative case . It must be unique within each kingdom , but can be repeated between kingdoms . Thus Huia recurvata is an extinct species of plant , found as fossils in Yunnan , China , whereas Huia masonii is a species of frog found in Java , Indonesia . The second part of the name , which identifies the species within the genus , is also treated grammatically as a Latin word . It can have one of a number of forms . The second part of a binomial may be an adjective . The adjective must agree with the genus name in gender . Latin has three genders , masculine , feminine and neuter , shown by varying endings to nouns and adjectives . The house sparrow has the binomial name Passer domesticus . Here domesticus ( `` domestic '' ) simply means `` associated with the house '' . The sacred bamboo is Nandina domestica rather than Nandina domesticus , since Nandina is feminine whereas Passer is masculine . The tropical fruit langsat is a product of the plant Lansium parasiticum , since Lansium is neuter . Some common endings for Latin adjectives in the three genders ( masculine , feminine , neuter ) are - us , - a , - um ( as in the previous example of domesticus ) ; - is , - is , - e ( e.g. tristis , meaning `` sad '' ) ; and - or , - or , - us ( e.g. minor , meaning `` smaller '' ) . For further information , see Latin declension : Adjectives . The second part of a binomial may be a noun in the nominative case . An example is the binomial name of the lion , which is Panthera leo . Grammatically the noun is said to be in apposition to the genus name and the two nouns do not have to agree in gender ; in this case , Panthera is feminine and leo is masculine . The second part of a binomial may be a noun in the genitive ( possessive ) case . The genitive case is constructed in a number of ways in Latin , depending on the declension of the noun . Common endings for masculine and neuter nouns are - ii or - i in the singular and - orum in the plural , and for feminine nouns - ae in the singular and - arum in the plural . The noun may be part of a person 's name , often the surname , as in the Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii , the shrub Magnolia hodgsonii , or the olive - backed pipit Anthus hodgsoni . The meaning is `` of the person named '' , so that Magnolia hodgsonii means `` Hodgson 's magnolia '' . The - ii or - i endings show that in each case Hodgson was a man ( not the same one ) ; had Hodgson been a woman , hodgsonae would have been used . The person commemorated in the binomial name is not usually ( if ever ) the person who created the name ; for example Anthus hodgsoni was named by Charles Wallace Richmond , in honour of Hodgson . Rather than a person , the noun may be related to a place , as with Latimeria chalumnae , meaning `` of the Chalumna River '' . Another use of genitive nouns is in , for example , the name of the bacterium Escherichia coli , where coli means `` of the colon '' . This formation is common in parasites , as in Xenos vesparum , where vesparum means `` of the wasps '' , since Xenos vesparum is a parasite of wasps . Whereas the first part of a binomial name must be unique within a kingdom , the second part is quite commonly used in two or more genera ( as is shown by examples of hodgsonii above ) . The full binomial name must be unique within a kingdom . Codes ( edit ) From the early 19th century onwards it became ever more apparent that a body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names . In the course of time these became nomenclature codes . The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ) governs the naming of animals , the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) that of plants ( including cyanobacteria ) , and the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria ( ICNB ) that of bacteria ( including Archaea ) . Virus names are governed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ICTV ) , a taxonomic code , which determines taxa as well as names . These codes differ in certain ways , e.g. : `` Binomial nomenclature '' is the correct term for botany , although it is also used by zoologists . Since 1953 , `` binominal nomenclature '' is the technically correct term in zoology . A binominal name is also called a binomen ( plural binomina ) . Both codes consider the first part of the two - part name for a species to be the `` generic name '' . In the zoological code ( ICZN ) , the second part of the name is a `` specific name '' . In the botanical code ( ICN ) , it is a `` specific epithet '' . Together , these two parts are referred to as a `` species name '' or `` binomen '' in the zoological code ; or `` species name '' , `` binomial '' , or `` binary combination '' in the botanical code . `` Species name '' is the only term common to the two codes . The ICN , the plant Code , does not allow the two parts of a binomial name to be the same ( such a name is called a tautonym ) , whereas the ICZN , the animal Code , does . Thus the American bison has the binomial Bison bison ; a name of this kind would not be allowed for a plant . The starting points , the time from which these codes are in effect ( retroactively ) , vary from group to group . In botany the starting point will often be in 1753 ( the year Carl Linnaeus first published Species Plantarum ) . In zoology the starting point is 1758 ( 1 January 1758 is considered the date of the publication of Linnaeus 's Systema Naturae , 10th Edition , and also Clerck 's Aranei Svecici ) . Bacteriology started anew , with a starting point on 1 January 1980 . Summary of terminology for the names of species in the ICZN and ICN Code Full name First part Second part ICZN species name , binomen , binominal name generic name , genus name specific name ICN species name , binary combination , binomial ( name ) generic name specific epithet Unifying the different codes into a single code , the `` BioCode '' , has been suggested , although implementation is not in sight . ( There is also a code in development for a different system of classification which does not use ranks , but instead names clades . This is called the PhyloCode . ) Writing binomial names ( edit ) By tradition , the binomial names of species are usually typeset in italics ; for example , Homo sapiens . Generally , the binomial should be printed in a font style different from that used in the normal text ; for example , `` Several more Homo sapiens fossils were discovered . '' When handwritten , each part of a binomial name should be underlined ; for example , Homo sapiens . The first part of the binomial , the genus name , is always written with an initial capital letter . In current usage , the second part is never written with an initial capital . Older sources , particularly botanical works published before the 1950s , use a different convention . If the second part of the name is derived from a proper noun , e.g. the name of a person or place , a capital letter was used . Thus the modern form Berberis darwinii was written as Berberis Darwinii . A capital was also used when the name is formed by two nouns in apposition , e.g. Panthera Leo or Centaurea Cyanus . When used with a common name , the scientific name often follows in parentheses , although this varies with publication . For example , `` The house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) is decreasing in Europe . '' The binomial name should generally be written in full . The exception to this is when several species from the same genus are being listed or discussed in the same paper or report , or the same species is mentioned repeatedly ; in which case the genus is written in full when it is first used , but may then be abbreviated to an initial ( and a period / full stop ) . For example , a list of members of the genus Canis might be written as `` Canis lupus , C. aureus , C. simensis '' . In rare cases , this abbreviated form has spread to more general use ; for example , the bacterium Escherichia coli is often referred to as just E. coli , and Tyrannosaurus rex is perhaps even better known simply as T. rex , these two both often appearing in this form in popular writing even where the full genus name has not already been given . The abbreviation `` sp . '' is used when the actual specific name can not or need not be specified . The abbreviation `` spp . '' ( plural ) indicates `` several species '' . These abbreviations are not italicised ( or underlined ) . For example : `` Canis sp . '' means `` an unspecified species of the genus Canis '' , while `` Canis spp . '' means `` two or more species of the genus Canis '' . ( The abbreviations `` sp . '' and `` spp . '' can easily be confused with the abbreviations `` ssp . '' ( zoology ) or `` subsp . '' ( botany ) , plurals `` sspp . '' or `` subspp . '' , referring to one or more subspecies . See trinomen ( zoology ) and infraspecific name . ) The abbreviation `` cf . '' ( i.e. confer in Latin ) is used to compare individuals / taxa with known / described species . Conventions for use of the `` cf . '' qualifier vary . In paleontology , it is typically used when the identification is not confirmed . For example , `` Corvus cf . nasicus '' was used to indicate `` a fossil bird similar to the Cuban crow but not certainly identified as this species '' . In molecular systematics papers , `` cf . '' may be used to indicate one or more undescribed species assumed related to a described species . For example , in a paper describing the phylogeny of small benthic freshwater fish called darters , five undescribed putative species ( Ozark , Sheltowee , Wildcat , Ihiyo , and Mamequit darters ) , notable for brightly colored nuptial males with distinctive color patterns , were referred to as `` Etheostoma cf . spectabile '' because they had been viewed as related to , but distinct from , Etheostoma spectabile ( orangethroat darter ) . This view was supported in varying degrees by DNA analysis . The somewhat informal use of taxa names with qualifying abbreviations is referred to as open nomenclature and it is not subject to strict usage codes . In some contexts the dagger symbol ( `` † '' ) may be used before or after the binomial name to indicate that the species is extinct . Authority ( edit ) Main articles : Author citation ( zoology ) and Author citation ( botany ) In scholarly texts , at least the first or main use of the binomial name is usually followed by the `` authority '' -- a way of designating the scientist ( s ) who first published the name . The authority is written in slightly different ways in zoology and botany . For names governed by the ICZN the surname is usually written in full together with the date ( normally only the year ) of publication . The ICZN recommends that the `` original author and date of a name should be cited at least once in each work dealing with the taxon denoted by that name . '' For names governed by the ICN the name is generally reduced to a standard abbreviation and the date omitted . The International Plant Names Index maintains an approved list of botanical author abbreviations . Historically , abbreviations were used in zoology too . When the original name is changed , e.g. the species is moved to a different genus , both Codes use parentheses around the original authority ; the ICN also requires the person who made the change to be given . Some examples : ( Plant ) Amaranthus retroflexus L. -- `` L . '' is the standard abbreviation for `` Linnaeus '' ; the absence of parentheses shows that this is his original name . ( Plant ) Hyacinthoides italica ( L . ) Rothm . -- Linnaeus first named the Italian bluebell Scilla italica ; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides . ( Animal ) Passer domesticus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) -- the original name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica ; unlike the ICN , the ICZN does not require the name of the person who changed the genus to be given . Other ranks ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Biological nomenclature , Trinomial nomenclature , and Infraspecific name ( botany ) Binomial nomenclature , as described here , is a system for naming species . Implicitly it includes a system for naming genera , since the first part of the name of the species is a genus name . In a classification system based on ranks there are also ways of naming ranks above the level of genus and below the level of species . Ranks above genus ( e.g. , family , order , class ) receive one - part names , which are conventionally not written in italics . Thus the house sparrow , Passer domesticus , belongs to the family Passeridae . Family names are normally based on genus names , although the endings used differ between zoology and botany . Ranks below species receive three - part names , conventionally written in italics like the names of species . There are significant differences between the ICZN and the ICN . In zoology , the only rank below species is subspecies and the name is written simply as three parts ( a trinomen ) . Thus one of the subspecies of the olive - backed pipit is Anthus hodgsoni berezowskii . In botany , there are many ranks below species and although the name itself is written in three parts , a `` connecting term '' ( not part of the name ) is needed to show the rank . Thus the American black elder is Sambucus nigra subsp . canadensis ; the white - flowered form of the ivy - leaved cyclamen is Cyclamen hederifolium f. albiflorum . See also ( edit ) Animals portal Biology portal Evolutionary biology portal Plants portal Science portal Botanical name Hybrid name ( botany ) List of botanists by author abbreviation List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names List of zoologists by author abbreviation Scientific terminology Species description Undescribed taxon Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some sources say that both John Tradescant the younger and his father , John Tradescant the elder , were intended by Linnaeus . Jump up ^ The ending `` - on '' may derive from the neuter Greek ending - ον , as in Rhodoxylon floridum , or the masculine Greek ending - ων , as in Rhodochiton atrosanguineus . Jump up ^ The modern notation was resisted by some , partly because writing names like Centaurea cyanus can suggest that cyanus is an adjective which should agree with Centaurea , i.e. that the name should be Centaurea cyana , whereas Cyanus is derived from the Greek name for the cornflower . See Gilbert - Carter , H. ( 1955 ) , Glossary of the British Flora ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , OCLC 559413416 , p. xix . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Knapp , Sandra , What 's in a name ? A history of taxonomy : Linnaeus and the birth of modern taxonomy , Natural History Museum , London , retrieved 17 June 2011 Jump up ^ Bauhin , Gaspard . `` Pinax theatri botanici '' . Kyoto University Library . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Reddy , S.M. ( 2007 ) , University botany : Angiosperms , plant embryology and plant physiology , New Age International , p. 34 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 1547 - 6 Jump up ^ Blunt , Wilfrid ( 2004 ) , Linnaeus : the compleat naturalist , Frances Lincoln ltd , p. 266 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2362 - 2 Jump up ^ John Gerard & Thomas Johnson ( 1636 ) . The Herball , or , Generall Historie of Plantes / gathered by John Gerarde of London , Master in Chirurgerie ; very much enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson , Citizen and Apothecarye of London . Adam Islip , Joice Norton and Richard Whitakers and the Biodiversity Heritage Library . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , A.T. & Smith , H.A. ( 1972 ) , Plant Names Simplified : Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning , Buckenhill , Herefordshire : Landsmans Bookshop , ISBN 978 - 0 - 900513 - 04 - 6 , p. v ^ Jump up to : Polaszek , Andrew ( 2009 ) , Systema naturae 250 : the Linnaean ark , CRC Press , p. 189 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 9501 - 2 Jump up ^ Hyam & Pankhurst 1995 , p. 502 Jump up ^ Jobling , James A. 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ISBN 978 - 3 - 87429 - 425 - 6 . , Article 23 Jump up ^ Schmidt , Diane ( 2003 ) , Guide to reference and information sources in the zoological sciences , Westport , Conn. : Libraries Unlimited , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56308 - 977 - 0 , p. 4 Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999 , Chap. 2 , Article 5 Jump up ^ Sneath , P.H.A. ( 2003 ) , A short history of the Bacteriological Code , International Union of Microbiological Societies , archived from the original on 24 May 2012 , retrieved 20 June 2013 Jump up ^ `` How to Write Scientific Names of Organisms '' ( PDF ) , Competition Science Vision , Assumption University Journal , retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hugh T.W. Tan & Tan Kai - xin , Understanding and Learning Scientific Names of Species , Successful Learning , Center for Development of Teaching and Learning , National University of Singapore , retrieved 20 June 2011 Jump up ^ Silyn - Roberts , Heather ( 2000 ) , Writing for Science and Engineering : Papers , Presentations and Reports , Oxford ; Boston : Butterworth - Heinemann , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 4636 - 9 , p. 198 Jump up ^ McNeill et al. 2006 , Recommendation 60F Jump up ^ Johnson & Smith 1972 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Writing Guide , Macquarie University , retrieved 20 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Linnaean Nomenclature of Plants , Animals , & Bacteria '' , Merriam - Webster 's collegiate dictionary , Merriam - Webster , Inc. , 2003 , p. 22a -- 23a , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 Jump up ^ Matthew A. Jenks , Plant Nomenclature , Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture , Purdue University , archived from the original on 11 December 2012 , retrieved 20 June 2011 Jump up ^ Chris Clowes , Taxonomy -- A Primer , peripatus.gen.nz , archived from the original on 7 August 2011 , retrieved 20 June 2011 Jump up ^ Bengtson , P. ( 1988 ) , `` Open nomenclature '' Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Palaeontology 31 ( 1 ) : 223 - 227 , Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Orihuela , J. ( 2014 ) , `` Fossil Cuban crow `` Corvus cf . nasicus '' from a late Quaternary cave deposit in northern Matanzas , Cuba `` , Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 26 : 12 - 16 , Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Page , L.M. , & Burr , B.M. ( 1991 ) , Peterson field guide to freshwater fishes : North America north of Mexico , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 24206 - 4 , plate 52 . Jump up ^ Near , T.J. , Bossu , C.M. , Bradburd , G.S. , Carlson , R.L. , Harrington , R.C. , Hollingsworth , P.R. , Keck , B.P. & Etnier , D.A. ( 2011 ) , `` Phylogeny and temporal diversification of darters ( Percidae : Etheostomatinae ) '' , Systematic Biology , 60 ( 5 ) : 565 - 595 , Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999 , Recommendation 51a . Bibliography ( edit ) Hyam , R. & Pankhurst , R.J. ( 1995 ) , Plants and their names : a concise dictionary , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 866189 - 4 External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutBinomial nomenclatureat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature NCBI Taxonomy Database Crinan , Alexander , ed. ( 2007 ) , Plant Names : A Guide for Horticulturists , Nurserymen , Gardeners and Students ( PDF ) , Horticultural Taxonomy Group , Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh , retrieved 4 June 2013 ( hide ) Carl Linnaeus Published works Linnaeus bibliography The Study of Instinct ( book ) Systema Naturae ( 1735 ) Fundamenta Botanica ( 1736 ) Bibliotheca Botanica ( 1736 ) Musa Cliffortiania ( 1736 ) Critica Botanica ( 1737 ) Flora Lapponica ( 1737 ) Genera Plantarum ( 1737 ) General Taxonomy ( biology ) Linnaean taxonomy ( Linnaean classification ) Botanical nomenclature Zoological nomenclature Binomial nomenclature Taxa named by Linnaeus Natural history History of biology History of botany Historical race concepts Related people Carl Linnaeus the Younger Elisabeth Christina von Linné Apostles of Linnaeus Students of Linnaeus Pre-Linnaean botanists Gaspard Bauhin Johann Bauhin Peter Artedi Herman Boerhaave Recognitions Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus Expedition Linné Linnaea Linnaean Garden Linnaeite Linnaemya Linnaemyini 7412 Linnaeus Linnaeus Arboretum The Linnaeus Museum Linnaeus University Linnaeus ' Hammarby Linné ( crater ) Linnéa Linnean Medal Linnean Society of London Swedish Linnaeus Society Linnean Society of New South Wales Linnean Tercentenary Medal Linneus , Maine Linneus , Missouri Wikiquote Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&oldid=801251547 '' Categories : Biological nomenclature Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with broken links to citations Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who introduced the two-part system (genus and species) that biologists use to name organisms | [
"Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just \"binomial\"), a binomen, binominal name or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus Homo and within this genus to the species Homo sapiens. The formal introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work Species Plantarum in 1753.[1] But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book Pinax theatri botanici (English, Illustrated exposition of plants) many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.[2]"
] | [
"Carl Linnaeus"
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3001279891175139093 | Pam Beesly | Pam Beesly - wikipedia Pam Beesly Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pam Beesly Halpert The Office character Jenna Fischer as Pam Halpert First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Jenna Fischer Information Full name Pamela Morgan Beesly Gender Female Occupation Receptionist , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Temporary Worker , Dunder Mifflin Corporate , New York City , NY Sales Representative , Michael Scott Paper Company Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Office Administrator , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Office Administrator , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Freelance Mural Painter / Art Gallery Owner , Austin TX Family William Beesly ( father , Rick Overton ) Helene Beesly ( mother , Shannon Cochran and Linda Purl ) Penny Beesly ( sister , Anna Camp ) Sylvia Beesly ( grandmother , Peggy Stewart ) Jocelyn Webster ( cousin ) Spouse ( s ) Jim Halpert ( m . 2009 ) Significant other ( s ) Roy Anderson ( ex-fiancé ) Children Cecelia `` CeCe '' Marie Halpert Philip Halpert Religion Presbyterian Nationality American Based on Dawn Tinsley Pamela Morgan Halpert ( née Beesly ; born March 25 , 1979 ) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office , played by Jenna Fischer . Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley . Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin , before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until her termination in the series finale . Her character is shy , growing assertive but amiable , and artistically inclined , and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert , whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and character development 2 Character history 2.1 Seasons 1 -- 3 2.2 Seasons 4 -- 6 2.3 Season 7 2.4 Season 8 2.5 Season 9 3 Coworker relations 3.1 Jim Halpert 3.2 Roy Anderson 3.3 Michael Scott 3.4 Toby Flenderson 4 Appearances 5 References Casting and character development ( edit ) The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart , Dawn Tinsley . Even minute details , such as how Pam wore her hair each day , were considered by executive producer , Greg Daniels . `` When I went in for The Office , the casting director said to me , ' Please look normal ' , '' recalls Jenna Fischer . `` Do n't make yourself all pretty , and dare to bore me with your audition . Those were her words . Dare to bore me . '' Heeding the advice , Fischer said little during the auditions , during which she was interviewed in character by show producers , in an improvisational format , to imitate the show 's documentary premise . `` My take on the character of Pam was that she did n't have any media training , so she did n't know how to be a good interview . And also , she did n't care about this interview , '' she told NPR . `` So , I gave very short one - word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever , because I thought that the comedy would come out of just , you know , the real human reactions to the situation ... and they liked that take on it . '' `` When I went in to the audition , the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam -- they said , ' Do you like working as a receptionist ? ' I said , ' No . ' And that was it . I did n't speak any more than that . And they started laughing . '' Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character . For the first few seasons , she kept a list of the character history revealed on - screen by the creators , as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam 's history . She created a rule with the set 's hair and make - up department that it could n't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair , and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore or where she went to college . Fischer also carefully crafted Pam 's quiet persona . `` Well , my character of Pam is really stuck , '' she explained to NPR . `` I mean , she 's a subordinate in this office . And so , I think that for her , the only way she can express herself is in the silences , but you can say so much by not saying anything . '' Originally meek and passive , the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed , prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal . `` I have to approach Pam differently ( now ) , '' she explained in Season 4 , a defining season in which her character finally begins a long - awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute . `` She is in a loving relationship , she has found her voice , she has started taking art classes . All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves , speaks , dresses , etc . '' Character history ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 3 ( edit ) At the beginning of the series , Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years . Their open - ended engagement has become one of Michael 's running gags and a sore spot for Pam . Pam does not want her current job to become permanent , remarking that `` I do n't think it 's many little girls ' dream to be a receptionist . '' Pam is apathetic toward her work , evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer . However , in the pilot episode , she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill - advised prank by telling her that she will be fired . Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and ( in a deleted scene ) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone . Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim . She will do extra , unnecessary work ( such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics ) to make other people happy . Despite the abuse she takes from Michael , she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot . In later seasons , however , she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him . While engaged to Roy , Pam denies , or is in denial about , having any romantic feelings for Jim . When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin `` Casino Night '' she turns him down . She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend ( though she does n't say his name ) , and says `` Yeah , I think I am '' to an unheard question . She is interrupted by Jim , who enters and kisses her ; she responds by kissing back . Season three marks a turning point for Pam 's character : she gains self - confidence and appears less passive and more self - assured as the season progresses . In `` Gay Witch Hunt , '' the season 's opener , it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all , and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch , in Stamford , shortly after Pam rejected him a second time , after their kiss . Pam moves into her own apartment , begins taking art classes , a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time , and buys a new car , a blue Toyota Yaris . Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of `` The Merger '' , and brings along a female co-worker , Karen Filippelli , whom he begins dating . Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch ( aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day ) , and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense , despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras . Meanwhile , Roy vows to win Pam back . Roy 's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful , but once Pam and Roy are back together , he falls back into old habits almost immediately . When Roy and Pam attend an after work get - together at a local bar with their co-workers , Pam , feeling that she should be more honest with Roy , tells him about Jim kissing her at , `` Casino Night . '' Roy yells , smashes a mirror , and trashes the bar . Pam , frightened and embarrassed by his reaction , breaks up with Roy immediately . Roy vows to kill Jim and in , `` The Negotiation '' , Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work ( Jim is saved by Dwight 's intervention ) , and is subsequently fired . Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request , and after the polite but brief meeting , it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim . Pam participates in an art show , but few people attend . Her co-worker , Oscar , brings his partner along who , not knowing that Pam is standing behind him , criticizes her work by proclaiming that `` real art requires courage . '' Oscar then goes on to say that courage is n't one of Pam 's strong points . Affected by this statement , Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest , culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next - to - last episode of the season , `` Beach Games '' , and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship . Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying , framing and hanging Pam 's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office . In the season finale , `` The Job , '' she leaves a friendly note in Jim 's briefcase and an old memento depicting the ' gold medal ' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics , which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City . While he is asked how he `` would function here in New York '' , Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton , still distracted by the thought of Pam . Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office , where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner . She happily accepts , visibly moved , abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton . Karen quits soon after , becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin 's Utica branch . Seasons 4 -- 6 ( edit ) In Season 4 , Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season . She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe . In the season 4 premiere , `` Fun Run '' , Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing . The office ultimately learns of their relationship in `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' . In `` Chair Model '' , after teasing Pam about his impending proposal , Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating . In the next few episodes , Jim fake - proposes to Pam multiple times . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Pam discovers she 's been accepted at Pratt Institute , an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode , Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening . Just as Jim is preparing to propose , however , Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela . Having had his thunder stolen by Andy , Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket , leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night . In the Season 5 premiere , `` Weight Loss '' , Pam begins her three - month course at the Pratt Institute . In this episode , Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop , saying that he `` ca n't wait '' . In `` Business Trip '' , Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it . Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back `` the right way '' , she ultimately makes the decision to return home , saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton . A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam 's graphic design projects , which he thinks are `` cool '' , as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches , which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects , implying her talents lie in hand - drawn works . In `` Two Weeks '' , Pam agrees to become Michael 's first saleswoman in his not - yet - established company , The Michael Scott Paper Co. , as a supportive Jim looks on . When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead , including adding Pam to the sales team . In `` Company Picnic '' , Pam , after dominating the company volleyball tournament , injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes . At the hospital , the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition . There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace , looking shocked and ecstatic . It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere , `` Gossip '' . Jim and Pam marry early in the season , at Niagara Falls , during the highly anticipated , hour long episode , `` Niagara '' . The ending of the episode , in which their co-workers dance down the aisle , is an imitation of a viral YouTube video -- JK Wedding Entrance Dance . Following the wedding , a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam 's mother the night of the wedding . The two break up during `` Double Date '' , an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions . In `` The Delivery '' of Season 6 , Pam and Jim have their first child , a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert . Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers , and chose to name her after her own niece . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Counseling '' , Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator . In `` China '' , Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost - cutting measures . Pam threatens to move the office to a new building , which Dwight discovers does n't exist . Pam saves face , however , when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight 's measures were not allowed . The episode is another example of Dwight 's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam ( as previously demonstrated in `` The Injury '' , `` Back from Vacation '' , `` The Job '' and `` Diwali '' ) ; Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office . She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desk top computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years , as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer , and giving Daryll three sick days . At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is , `` Full on corrupt . '' In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam almost misses saying good - bye to Michael , as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders . Jim figures out Michael 's plan to leave early and tells her by text . Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves . Season 8 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 8 , Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim 's second child , Philip Halpert . The child coincided with Jenna Fischer 's actual pregnancy . She begins her maternity leave after `` Pam 's Replacement '' . Pam returns in `` Jury Duty '' , where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office . In both `` Tallahassee '' and `` Test the Store '' Pam is shown helping , and developing her friendship with Andy . Season 9 ( edit ) Early in season 9 , Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business , Athlead , in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode `` Andy 's Ancestry '' . Although Pam is happy for his decision , she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested . Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia , but in `` Customer Loyalty '' , the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears , and is comforted by Brian , the boom mic operator of the film crew . In `` Moving On '' , Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim , but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott . Over dinner , Pam reveals to Jim that she does n't really want to move to Philadelphia after all . However , in `` Livin ' the Dream '' , when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country , Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision . In `` A.A.R.M. '' , Pam tells Jim that she 's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him . Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her . When she finishes the montage , which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas ; Jim finally gives her that letter , and she reads it , visibly moved . In the series finale , which takes place a year later , she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market , so that they can move to Austin , Texas , and take his job back at Athlead ( now Athleap ) . Co-worker relations ( edit ) From her years working the front desk , Pam has become well - acquainted with the Dunder - Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers ' personalities , including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott . She uses this familiarity to manipulate them , often for their and the company 's best interests ( such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in `` The Chump '' ) but also occasionally for her own . This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Main article : Jim Halpert The `` will they or wo n't they '' tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office , encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3 . In the opener of Season 4 , the two characters are revealed to be dating , and as such , other character romances , such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin , begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes . In Season 6 , Jim and Pam are married in the season 's 4th and 5th episodes ( hour long ) , a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics , as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture . Their child is born in the second half of the season , during another hour long , `` The Delivery '' . Pam and Jim 's second child is born during season 8 . In season 9 , their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia . They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job . Roy Anderson ( edit ) Main article : Roy Anderson ( The Office ) When the series begins , Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson ; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running . They finally set a date , but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute . They get back together once , briefly , but Pam is much more assertive , and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst . Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing , neglectful , dismissive of her desire to be an artist , and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine 's Day . Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to `` bother '' Roy with her `` thoughts or feelings '' . He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam 's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin . In the early seasons , there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy , with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim . In `` Basketball '' , when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills , Roy elbows Jim in the nose . In season 2 , when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin , Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish . Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy , but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk . She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis 's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen . In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy , Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during `` Casino Night '' . Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot . The next day , Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight 's pepper spray and is summarily fired . After losing his job , Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen , she should at least make an effort to date him ( inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him ) . In season 5 , Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged . The mood is somewhat awkward , but Roy is congratulatory , but then makes a somewhat passive - aggressive comment , seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam 's life , which tempts him to drive to Pratt , where she is attending art classes . Jim gets on the freeway , but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam . Jim did n't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her . Michael Scott ( edit ) Main article : Michael Scott ( The Office ) In the series pilot , Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing , leaving her in tears . He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance , and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date ( inspiring a horrified `` WHAT ? ? ? '' from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her ) . However , his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam . Over time , the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals , her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael , and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them ( as did Michael 's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager ) . Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene , and excoriated him at length during `` The Lover '' before eventually slapping him in `` Double Date '' , but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward . Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael ca n't cross , like telling him that he was n't Cece 's godfather . By Season 7 , Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael , steering him away from ( numerous ) bad ideas and towards his ( fewer but real ) good ones , such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly . In Michael 's finale `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder , believing that the next day Michael was leaving . As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse , Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek . The two have a nice moment and he walks off , leaving her holding her shoes . She then tells the camera that he was happy , wanting to be an advanced rewards member , and was glad to be going home to see Holly . She then is there to watch Michael 's plane take off . In a deleted scene from `` The Inner Circle '' , we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy `` Pamela Beagsley '' , and in `` The List '' she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child `` Little Michael Scott '' , further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship . Toby flenderson ( edit ) Main article : Toby Flenderson Toby , the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch , has a secret crush on Pam . In `` A Benihana Christmas '' she gives him her Dunder - Mifflin bathrobe , a display of friendly affection , after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his . In `` Night Out '' , Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh ( and while Jim sits just on her other side ) , and the rest of the office watches in horror . In his mortification , Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , he purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam . On the eve of his departure , she confesses to the cameras that she always thought he was `` kind of cute '' . The crush receives less attention after Toby 's return . However , in `` Niagara '' , Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen . In `` Finale '' , Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight 's wedding , with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him . When she asks , `` is it me ? '' , he replies that `` it 's everything ! '' . Appearances ( edit ) Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of `` Business Ethics '' ( except for the deleted scenes ) , `` St. Patrick 's Day '' , and `` New Leads '' in which only her voice is heard , and several season 8 episodes from `` Mrs. California '' to `` Pool Party '' , where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Halpert Baby Blog '' . Halpertbeesly.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Episode commentary , Season 2 , `` Valentine 's Day '' ^ Jump up to : `` For Jenna Fischer , ' Office ' Life Is A Great Act '' . NPR. 2008 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jenna Fischer rocks the OTCR '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD , `` Valentine 's Day '' , episode commentary ^ Jump up to : `` Pam Beesly ( Pam / Jenna ) op Myspace '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` JK Wedding Entrance Dance '' . YouTube . 2009 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ People Magazine , Week of 03 / 05 / 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Office : Why Jim and Pam 's wedding is good for TV comedy '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Office Exclusive : ' Til Death 's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Robert California Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Cast list Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pam_Beesly&oldid=816654731 '' Categories : Fictional receptionists Fictional secretaries Fictional American people of English descent The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 20 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what episode does jim find out pam is pregnant | [
"In the Season 5 premiere, \"Weight Loss\", Pam begins her three-month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he \"can't wait\". In \"Business Trip\", Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it. Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back \"the right way\", she ultimately makes the decision to return home, saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton. A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam's graphic design projects, which he thinks are \"cool\", as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches, which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects, implying her talents lie in hand-drawn works. In \"Two Weeks\", Pam agrees to become Michael's first saleswoman in his not-yet-established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In \"Company Picnic\", Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, \"Gossip\"."
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480867462591654392 | Rectangle | Rectangle - wikipedia Rectangle Jump to : navigation , search For the record label , see Rectangle ( label ) . Rectangle Rectangle Type quadrilateral , parallelogram , orthotope Edges and vertices Schläfli symbol ( ) × ( ) Coxeter diagram Symmetry group Dihedral ( D ) , ( 2 ) , ( * 22 ) , order 4 Dual polygon rhombus Properties convex , isogonal , cyclic Opposite angles and sides are congruent In Euclidean plane geometry , a rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles . It can also be defined as an equiangular quadrilateral , since equiangular means that all of its angles are equal ( 360 ° / 4 = 90 ° ) . It can also be defined as a parallelogram containing a right angle . A rectangle with four sides of equal length is a square . The term oblong is occasionally used to refer to a non-square rectangle . A rectangle with vertices ABCD would be denoted as ABCD . The word rectangle comes from the Latin rectangulus , which is a combination of rectus ( as an adjective , right , proper ) and angulus ( angle ) . A crossed rectangle is a crossed ( self - intersecting ) quadrilateral which consists of two opposite sides of a rectangle along with the two diagonals . It is a special case of an antiparallelogram , and its angles are not right angles . Other geometries , such as spherical , elliptic , and hyperbolic , have so - called rectangles with opposite sides equal in length and equal angles that are not right angles . Rectangles are involved in many tiling problems , such as tiling the plane by rectangles or tiling a rectangle by polygons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characterizations 2 Classification 2.1 Traditional hierarchy 2.2 Alternative hierarchy 3 Properties 3.1 Symmetry 3.2 Rectangle - rhombus duality 3.3 Miscellaneous 4 Formulae 5 Theorems 6 Crossed rectangles 7 Other rectangles 8 Tessellations 9 Squared , perfect , and other tiled rectangles 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Characterizations A convex quadrilateral is a rectangle if and only if it is any one of the following : a parallelogram with at least one right angle a parallelogram with diagonals of equal length a parallelogram ABCD where triangles ABD and DCA are congruent an equiangular quadrilateral a quadrilateral with four right angles a convex quadrilateral with successive sides a , b , c , d whose area is 1 4 ( a + c ) ( b + d ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ( a + c ) ( b + d ) ) . a convex quadrilateral with successive sides a , b , c , d whose area is 1 2 ( a 2 + c 2 ) ( b 2 + d 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( b ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) Classification A rectangle is a special case of both parallelogram and trapezoid . A square is a special case of a rectangle . Traditional hierarchy A rectangle is a special case of a parallelogram in which each pair of adjacent sides is perpendicular . A parallelogram is a special case of a trapezium ( known as a trapezoid in North America ) in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length . A trapezium is a convex quadrilateral which has at least one pair of parallel opposite sides . A convex quadrilateral is Simple : The boundary does not cross itself . Star - shaped : The whole interior is visible from a single point , without crossing any edge . Alternative hierarchy De Villiers defines a rectangle more generally as any quadrilateral with axes of symmetry through each pair of opposite sides . This definition includes both right - angled rectangles and crossed rectangles . Each has an axis of symmetry parallel to and equidistant from a pair of opposite sides , and another which is the perpendicular bisector of those sides , but , in the case of the crossed rectangle , the first axis is not an axis of symmetry for either side that it bisects . Quadrilaterals with two axes of symmetry , each through a pair of opposite sides , belong to the larger class of quadrilaterals with at least one axis of symmetry through a pair of opposite sides . These quadrilaterals comprise isosceles trapezia and crossed isosceles trapezia ( crossed quadrilaterals with the same vertex arrangement as isosceles trapezia ) . Properties Symmetry A rectangle is cyclic : all corners lie on a single circle . It is equiangular : all its corner angles are equal ( each of 90 degrees ) . It is isogonal or vertex - transitive : all corners lie within the same symmetry orbit . It has two lines of reflectional symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 2 ( through 180 ° ) . Rectangle - rhombus Duality The dual polygon of a rectangle is a rhombus , as shown in the table below . Rectangle Rhombus All angles are equal . All sides are equal . Alternate sides are equal . Alternate angles are equal . Its centre is equidistant from its vertices , hence it has a circumcircle . Its centre is equidistant from its sides , hence it has an incircle . Two axes of symmetry bisect opposite sides . Two axes of symmetry bisect opposite angles . Diagonals are equal in length . Diagonals intersect at equal angles . The figure formed by joining , in order , the midpoints of the sides of a rectangle is a rhombus and vice versa . Miscellaneous The two diagonals are equal in length and bisect each other . Every quadrilateral with both these properties is a rectangle . A rectangle is rectilinear : its sides meet at right angles . A rectangle in the plane can be defined by five independent degrees of freedom consisting , for example , of three for position ( comprising two of translation and one of rotation ) , one for shape ( aspect ratio ) , and one for overall size ( area ) . Two rectangles , neither of which will fit inside the other , are said to be incomparable . Formulae The formula for the perimeter of a rectangle The area of a rectangle is the product of the length and width . If a rectangle has length l ( \ displaystyle \ ell ) and width w ( \ displaystyle w ) it has area A = l w ( \ displaystyle A = \ ell w \ , ) , it has perimeter P = 2 l + 2 w = 2 ( l + w ) ( \ displaystyle P = 2 \ ell + 2w = 2 ( \ ell + w ) \ , ) , each diagonal has length d = l 2 + w 2 ( \ displaystyle d = ( \ sqrt ( \ ell ^ ( 2 ) + w ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , and when l = w ( \ displaystyle \ ell = w \ , ) , the rectangle is a square . Theorems The isoperimetric theorem for rectangles states that among all rectangles of a given perimeter , the square has the largest area . The midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral with perpendicular diagonals form a rectangle . A parallelogram with equal diagonals is a rectangle . The Japanese theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals states that the incentres of the four triangles determined by the vertices of a cyclic quadrilateral taken three at a time form a rectangle . The British flag theorem states that with vertices denoted A , B , C , and D , for any point P on the same plane of a rectangle : ( A P ) 2 + ( C P ) 2 = ( B P ) 2 + ( D P ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle ( AP ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( CP ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( BP ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( DP ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) For every convex body C in the plane , we can inscribe a rectangle r in C such that a homothetic copy R of r is circumscribed about C and the positive homothety ratio is at most 2 and 0.5 × Area ( R ) ≤ Area ( C ) ≤ 2 × Area ( r ) ( \ displaystyle 0.5 ( \ text ( × Area ) ) ( R ) \ leq ( \ text ( Area ) ) ( C ) \ leq 2 ( \ text ( × Area ) ) ( r ) ) . Crossed rectangles A crossed ( self - intersecting ) quadrilateral consists of two opposite sides of a non-self - intersecting quadrilateral along with the two diagonals . Similarly , a crossed rectangle is a crossed quadrilateral which consists of two opposite sides of a rectangle along with the two diagonals . It has the same vertex arrangement as the rectangle . It appears as two identical triangles with a common vertex , but the geometric intersection is not considered a vertex . A crossed quadrilateral is sometimes likened to a bow tie or butterfly . A three - dimensional rectangular wire frame that is twisted can take the shape of a bow tie . A crossed rectangle is sometimes called an `` angular eight '' . The interior of a crossed rectangle can have a polygon density of ± 1 in each triangle , dependent upon the winding orientation as clockwise or counterclockwise . A crossed rectangle is not equiangular . The sum of its interior angles ( two acute and two reflex ) , as with any crossed quadrilateral , is 720 ° . A rectangle and a crossed rectangle are quadrilaterals with the following properties in common : Opposite sides are equal in length . The two diagonals are equal in length . It has two lines of reflectional symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 2 ( through 180 ° ) . Other rectangles A saddle rectangle has 4 nonplanar vertices , alternated from vertices of a cuboid , with a unique minimal surface interior defined as a linear combination of the four vertices , creating a saddle surface . This example shows 4 blue edges of the rectangle , and two green diagonals , all being diagonal of the cuboid rectangular faces . In spherical geometry , a spherical rectangle is a figure whose four edges are great circle arcs which meet at equal angles greater than 90 ° . Opposite arcs are equal in length . The surface of a sphere in Euclidean solid geometry is a non-Euclidean surface in the sense of elliptic geometry . Spherical geometry is the simplest form of elliptic geometry . In elliptic geometry , an elliptic rectangle is a figure in the elliptic plane whose four edges are elliptic arcs which meet at equal angles greater than 90 ° . Opposite arcs are equal in length . In hyperbolic geometry , a hyperbolic rectangle is a figure in the hyperbolic plane whose four edges are hyperbolic arcs which meet at equal angles less than 90 ° . Opposite arcs are equal in length . Tessellations The rectangle is used in many periodic tessellation patterns , in brickwork , for example , these tilings : Stacked bond Running bond Basket weave Basket weave Herringbone pattern Squared , perfect , and other tiled rectangles A rectangle tiled by squares , rectangles , or triangles is said to be a `` squared '' , `` rectangled '' , or `` triangulated '' ( or `` triangled '' ) rectangle respectively . The tiled rectangle is perfect if the tiles are similar and finite in number and no two tiles are the same size . If two such tiles are the same size , the tiling is imperfect . In a perfect ( or imperfect ) triangled rectangle the triangles must be right triangles . A rectangle has commensurable sides if and only if it is tileable by a finite number of unequal squares . The same is true if the tiles are unequal isosceles right triangles . The tilings of rectangles by other tiles which have attracted the most attention are those by congruent non-rectangular polyominoes , allowing all rotations and reflections . There are also tilings by congruent polyaboloes . See also Cuboid Golden rectangle Hyperrectangle Superellipse ( includes a rectangle with rounded corners ) References Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Definition of Oblong . Mathsisfun.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Oblong -- Geometry -- Math Dictionary . Icoachmath.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Coxeter , Harold Scott MacDonald ; Longuet - Higgins , M.S. ; Miller , J.C.P. ( 1954 ) . `` Uniform polyhedra '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences . The Royal Society . 246 ( 916 ) : 401 -- 450 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1954.0003 . ISSN 0080 - 4614 . JSTOR 91532 . MR 0062446 . Jump up ^ Zalman Usiskin and Jennifer Griffin , `` The Classification of Quadrilaterals . A Study of Definition '' , Information Age Publishing , 2008 , pp. 34 -- 36 ISBN 1 - 59311 - 695 - 0 . Jump up ^ Owen Byer ; Felix Lazebnik ; Deirdre L. Smeltzer ( 19 August 2010 ) . Methods for Euclidean Geometry . MAA . pp. 53 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88385 - 763 - 2 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Josefsson Martin ( 2013 ) . `` Five Proofs of an Area Characterization of Rectangles '' ( PDF ) . Forum Geometricorum. 13 : 17 -- 21 . Jump up ^ An Extended Classification of Quadrilaterals ( An excerpt from De Villiers , M. 1996 . Some Adventures in Euclidean Geometry . University of Durban - Westville . ) Jump up ^ de Villiers , Michael , `` Generalizing Van Aubel Using Duality '' , Mathematics Magazine 73 ( 4 ) , Oct. 2000 , pp. 303 - 307 . Jump up ^ Cyclic Quadrilateral Incentre - Rectangle with interactive animation illustrating a rectangle that becomes a ' crossed rectangle ' , making a good case for regarding a ' crossed rectangle ' as a type of rectangle . Jump up ^ Hall , Leon M. & Robert P. Roe ( 1998 ) . `` An Unexpected Maximum in a Family of Rectangles '' ( PDF ) . Mathematics Magazine . 71 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 291 . JSTOR 2690700 . Jump up ^ Lassak , M. ( 1993 ) . `` Approximation of convex bodies by rectangles '' . Geometriae Dedicata. 47 : 111 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01263495 . Jump up ^ Stars : A Second Look . ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : R.L. Brooks , C.A.B. Smith , A.H. Stone and W.T. Tutte ( 1940 ) . `` The dissection of rectangles into squares '' . Duke Math. J. 7 ( 1 ) : 312 -- 340 . doi : 10.1215 / S0012 - 7094 - 40 - 00718 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ J.D. Skinner II , C.A.B. Smith and W.T. Tutte ( November 2000 ) . `` On the Dissection of Rectangles into Right - Angled Isosceles Triangles '' . Journal of Combinatorial Theory , Series B. 80 ( 2 ) : 277 -- 319 . doi : 10.1006 / jctb. 2000.1987 . Jump up ^ R. Sprague ( 1940 ) . `` Ũber die Zerlegung von Rechtecken in lauter verschiedene Quadrate '' . Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. 182 : 60 -- 64 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rectangles . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Rectangle '' . MathWorld . Definition and properties of a rectangle with interactive animation . Area of a rectangle with interactive animation . GND : 4240913 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rectangle&oldid=842148512 '' Categories : Quadrilaterals Elementary shapes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Аҧсшәа অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Corsu Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 98 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 15 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many vertices sides does a rectangle have | [
"In Euclidean plane geometry, a rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles. It can also be defined as an equiangular quadrilateral, since equiangular means that all of its angles are equal (360°/4 = 90°). It can also be defined as a parallelogram containing a right angle. A rectangle with four sides of equal length is a square. The term oblong is occasionally used to refer to a non-square rectangle.[1][2][3] A rectangle with vertices ABCD would be denoted as ABCD."
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4037445789456322176 | Smartphone | Smartphone - wikipedia Smartphone Jump to : navigation , search `` Smartphones '' redirects here . For the song by Trey Songz , see SmartPhones ( song ) . Not to be confused with telephone . Two smartphones : a Samsung Galaxy J5 ( left ) and an iPhone 6S ( right ) A smartphone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice , SMS , and Internet data communication ; most if not all smartphones also support Wi - Fi. and cellular data Smartphones are typically pocket - sized , as opposed to tablets , which are much larger than a pocket . They are able to run a variety of third - party software components ( `` apps '' ) from places like the Google Play Store or Apple App Store , and can receive bug fixes and gain additional functionality through operating system software updates . Modern smartphones have a touchscreen color display with a graphical user interface that covers the front surface and enables the user to use a virtual keyboard to type and press onscreen icons to activate `` app '' features . They integrate and now largely fulfill most people 's needs for a telephone , digital camera and video camera , GPS navigation , a media player , clock , news , calculator , web browsing , handheld video games , flashlight , compass , an address book , a note - taking application , digital messaging , an event calendar , etc . Typical smartphones will include one or more of the following sensors : magnetometer , proximity sensor , barometer , gyroscope or accelerometer . Since the early 2010 's , smartphones have adopted integrated virtual assistants , such as Siri , Google Assistant , Alexa , Cortana , and Bixby . Most smartphones produced from 2012 onward have high - speed mobile broadband 4G LTE , motion sensors , and mobile payment features . In 1999 the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country . Smartphones became widespread in the late 2000s , following the release of the iPhone . In the third quarter of 2012 , one billion smartphones were in use worldwide . Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early integration of data signals with telephony 1.2 Forerunner 1.3 PDA / phone hybrids 1.4 Mass adoption in Japan 1.5 Early smartphones outside Japan 1.6 Form factor shift 1.7 Technological developments in the 2010s 1.8 Future possible developments 2 Hardware 2.1 Display 2.2 Accessories 3 Software 3.1 Mobile operating systems 3.1. 1 Android 3.1. 2 iOS 3.1. 3 Windows 10 Mobile 3.1. 4 Tizen 3.1. 5 Sailfish OS 3.1. 5.1 BlackBerry 10 3.1. 6 Discontinued operating systems 3.1. 6.1 BlackBerry OS 3.1. 6.2 Windows Mobile 3.1. 6.3 Symbian 3.1. 6.4 Firefox OS 3.1. 6.5 Bada 3.1. 6.6 webOS 3.1. 6.7 Palm OS 3.1. 6.8 MeeGo / Maemo / Moblin 3.1. 7 Ubuntu Touch 3.1. 8 Other Linux 3.2 Mobile app 3.3 Application stores 4 Sales 4.1 By manufacturer 4.2 By operating system 4.2. 1 Historical sales figures , in millions 5 Use 5.1 Social 5.2 While driving 5.3 Legal 5.4 Medical 5.5 Security 5.6 Sleep 6 Comparison with other devices 6.1 Battery 7 Terminology 8 See also 9 References History ( edit ) Early integration of data signals with telephony ( edit ) The first caller identification receiver ( 1971 ) . The first integration of data signals with telephony was conceptualized by Nikola Tesla in 1909 and pioneered by Theodore Paraskevakos beginning in 1968 with his work on transmission of electronic data through telephone lines . In 1971 , while he was working with Boeing in Huntsville , Alabama , Paraskevakos demonstrated a transmitter and receiver that provided additional ways to communicate with remote equipment . This formed the original basis for what is now known as caller ID . The first caller ID equipment was installed at Peoples ' Telephone Company in Leesburg , Alabama and was demonstrated to several telephone companies . The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos . Forerunner ( edit ) IBM Simon and charging base ( 1994 ) . The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a `` smartphone '' began as a prototype called `` Angler '' developed by Frank Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show . A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator . In addition to placing and receiving cellular calls , the touch screen - equipped Simon could send and receive faxes and emails . It included an address book , calendar , appointment scheduler , calculator , world time clock and notepad , as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps , stock reports and news . The term `` smart phone '' or `` smartphone '' was not coined until a year after the introduction of the Simon , appearing in print as early as 1995 , describing AT&T 's PhoneWriter Communicator . PDA / phone hybrids ( edit ) Main article : Personal digital assistant In the mid-late 1990s , many people who had mobile phones carried a separate dedicated PDA device , running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS , Newton OS , Symbian or Windows CE / Pocket PC . These operating systems would later evolve into early mobile operating systems . Most of the `` smartphones '' in this era were hybrid devices that combined these existing familiar PDA OSes with basic phone hardware . The results were devices that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or PDAs , but allowed a limited amount of cellular Internet access . The trend at the time , however , that manufacturers competed on in both mobile phones and PDAs was to make devices smaller and slimmer . The bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost and expensive data plans , plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life compared to separate standalone devices , generally limited their popularity to `` early adopters '' and business users who needed portable connectivity . In March 1996 , Hewlett - Packard released the OmniGo 700LX , a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC with a Nokia 2110 mobile phone piggybacked onto it and ROM - based software to support it . It had a 640 × 200 resolution CGA compatible four - shade gray - scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls , and to create and receive text messages , emails and faxes . It was also 100 % DOS 5.0 compatible , allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles , including early versions of Windows . In August 1996 , Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator , a digital cellular PDA based on the Nokia 2110 with an integrated system based on the PEN / GEOS 3.0 operating system from Geoworks . The two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a clamshell design , with the display above and a physical QWERTY keyboard below . The PDA provided e-mail ; calendar , address book , calculator and notebook applications ; text - based Web browsing ; and could send and receive faxes . When closed , the device could be used as a digital cellular telephone . In June 1999 Qualcomm released the `` pdQ Smartphone '' , a CDMA digital PCS smartphone with an integrated Palm PDA and Internet connectivity . Subsequent landmark devices included : The Ericsson R380 ( 2000 ) by Ericsson Mobile Communications . The first device marketed as a `` smartphone '' , it was the first Symbian - based phone , with PDA functionality and limited Web browsing on a resistive touchscreen utilizing a stylus . Users could not install their own software on the device , however . The Kyocera 6035 ( early 2001 ) , a dual - nature device with a separate Palm OS PDA operating system and CDMA mobile phone firmware . It supported limited Web browsing with the PDA software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem . Handspring 's Treo 180 ( 2002 ) , the first smartphone that fully integrated the Palm OS on a GSM mobile phone having telephony , SMS messaging and Internet access built in to the OS . The 180 model had a thumb - type keyboard and the 180g version had a Graffiti handwriting recognition area , instead . Mass adoption in Japan ( edit ) In 1999 , the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country . These phones ran on i - mode , which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kbit / s . Unlike future generations of wireless services , NTT DoCoMo 's i - mode used cHTML , a language which restricted some aspects of traditional HTML in favor of increasing data speed for the devices . Limited functionality , small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data speeds available . The rise of i - mode helped NTT DoCoMo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001 . It was also ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally . This power would later wane in the face of the rise of 3G and new phones with advanced wireless network capabilities . Early smartphones outside Japan ( edit ) Smartphones were still rare outside Japan until the introduction of the Danger Hiptop in 2002 , which saw moderate success among U.S. consumers as the T - Mobile Sidekick . Later , in the mid-2000s , business users in the U.S. started to adopt devices based on Microsoft 's Windows Mobile , and then BlackBerry smartphones from Research In Motion . American users popularized the term `` CrackBerry '' in 2006 due to the BlackBerry 's addictive nature . Outside the U.S. and Japan , Nokia was seeing success with its smartphones based on Symbian , originally developed by Psion for their personal organisers , and it was the most popular smartphone OS in Europe during the middle to late 2000s . Initially , Nokia 's Symbian smartphones were focused on business with the Eseries , similar to Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices at the time . From 2006 onwards , Nokia started producing consumer - focused smartphones , popularized by the entertainment - focused Nseries . In Asia , with the exception of Japan , the trend was similar to that of Europe . Until 2010 Symbian was the world 's most widely used smartphone operating system . Form factor Shift ( edit ) Before 2007 , it was common for smartphones to have a physical numeric keypad or QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor . In early 2007 , Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone , the first smartphone to use a capacitive multi-touch interface . ( A year prior the LG Prada was the first mobile phone released with a large capacitive touchscreen , but it was not a smartphone , and its screen was not multi-touch . ) The iPhone was notable for abandoning the use of a stylus , keyboard , or keypad typical for smartphones at the time , in favor of a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction . Though one columnist described the initial iPhone as `` not a smartphone by conventional terms , being that a smartphone is a platform device that allows software to be installed , '' the opening of Apple 's App Store a year later not only satisfied this requirement , but it became the new main paradigm for smartphone software distribution and installation . In October 2008 , the first phone to use Google 's Android operating system called the HTC Dream ( also known as the T - Mobile G1 ) was released . It also had a large touchscreen , but still retained a slide - out physical keyboard . Later versions of Android added and then improved on - screen keyboard support , and physical keyboards on Android devices quickly became rare . Although Android 's adoption was relatively slow at first , it started to gain widespread popularity in 2010 , and in early 2012 dominated the smartphone market share worldwide , which continues to this day . The iPhone and Android phones with their capacitive touchscreens changed smartphone form factors and led to the decline of earlier , keyboard - and keypad - focused platforms . Microsoft , for instance , discontinued Windows Mobile and started a new touchscreen - oriented OS from scratch , called Windows Phone . Nokia abandoned Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its smartphones . Windows Phone became the third-most - popular smartphone OS , before being replaced by Windows 10 Mobile , which declined in share to become `` largely irrelevant '' at less than 0.5 % of the smartphone market . Palm replaced their Palm OS with webOS , which was bought by Hewlett - Packard and later sold to LG Electronics for use on LG smart TVs . BlackBerry Limited , formerly known as Research In Motion , made a new platform based on QNX , BlackBerry 10 , with which it was possible to control a device without having to press any physical buttons ; this platform was later discontinued . By the mid 2010s , almost all smartphones were touchscreen - only , and Android and iPhone smartphones dominated the market . Technological developments in the 2010s ( edit ) Smartphones running Android OS In 2013 , Fairphone launched its first `` socially ethical '' smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing . In late 2013 , QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security , encryption and identity protection . Some companies began to release smartphones incorporating flexible displays to create curved form factors , such as the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex . In October 2013 , Motorola Mobility announced Project Ara , a concept for a modular smartphone platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add - on modules that attached magnetically to a frame . Ara was retained by Google following its sale of Motorola Mobility to Lenovo , but was shelved in 2016 . That year , LG and Motorola both unveiled smartphones featuring a limited form of modularity for accessories ; the LG G5 allowed accessories to be installed via the removal of its battery compartment , while the Moto Z utilizes accessories attached magnetically to the rear of the device . By 2014 , 1440p displays began to appear on high - end smartphones . In 2015 , Sony released the Xperia Z5 Premium , featuring a 4K resolution display , although only images and videos could actually be rendered at that resolution ( all other software is upscaled from 1080p ) . Microsoft , expanding upon the concept of Motorola 's short - lived `` Webtop '' , unveiled functionality for its Windows 10 operating system for phones that allows supported devices to be docked for use with a PC - styled desktop environment . Other major technologies began to trend in 2016 , including a focus on virtual reality and augmented reality experiences catered towards smartphones , the newly introduced USB - C connector , and improving LTE technologies . As of 2015 , the global median for smartphone ownership was 43 % . Statista has forecast that 2.87 billion people will own smartphones in 2020 . Future possible developments ( edit ) Foldable OLED smartphones have been anticipated for years but have failed to materialize because of the relatively high failure rate when producing these screens . Creating a battery that can be folded is another hurdle . Hardware ( edit ) Display ( edit ) Main article : Display device A smartphone touchscreen One of the main characteristics of smartphones is their screen . It fills some of the device 's front surface ( about 70 % ) , however , with the newest smartphones like the iPhone X and Galaxy S8 , most of the available space on the front is dedicated to the display in a style referred to as `` edge - to - edge . '' Many of the displays have an aspect ratio of 16 : 9 ; some are 4 : 3 or other ratios . They are measured in diagonal inches , starting from 2.45 inches . Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called `` phablets . '' Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches commonly are difficult to use with only a single hand , since most thumbs can not reach the entire screen surface ; they may need to be shifted around in the hand , held in one hand and manipulated by the other , or used in place with both hands . Liquid - crystal displays are the most common ; others are IPS , LED , OLED , AMOLED and E Ink displays . In the 2010s , Braille screens , which can be used by visually impaired people are being developed . It is expected that Braille screens will use some type of microfluidics technology . In addition , some displays are integrated with pressure sensitive digitizers such as those developed by Wacom and Samsung . These digitizers allow users to have greater precision when utilizing touch - screens for drawing or for jotting down notes . Starting with the iPhone 6S , Apple released pressure sensitivity for their mobiles under the name 3D Touch . Accessories ( edit ) A smartphone case . A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones , including cases , screen protectors , power charging cables , wireless power stations , USB On - The - Go adapters ( for connecting USB drives and or , in some cases , a HDMI cable to an external monitor ) , add - on batteries , headphones , combined headphone - microphones ( which , for example , allow a person to privately conduct calls on the device without holding it to the ear ) , and Bluetooth - enabled powered speakers that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly . Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive , heavy - duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell . Some cases have a `` book '' - like form , with a cover that the user opens to use the device ; when the cover is closed , it protects the screen . Some `` book '' - like cases have additional pockets for credit cards , thus enabling people to use them as wallets . Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers . Software ( edit ) Mobile operating systems ( edit ) Main article : Mobile operating system Android ( edit ) Main article : Android ( operating system ) Android is a mobile operating system founded by Andy Rubin , now owned and developed by Google , and backed by an industry consortium known as the Open Handset Alliance . It is an open source platform with optional proprietary components , including a suite of flagship software for Google services , and the application and content storefront Google Play . Android was officially introduced via the release of its inaugural device , the HTC Dream ( T - Mobile G1 ) on 20 October 2008 . As an open source product , Android has also been the subject of third - party development . Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own modified versions of the operating system , such as CyanogenMod , to add features to the OS and provide newer versions of Android to devices that no longer receive official updates from their vendor . Forked versions of Android have also been adopted by other vendors , such as Amazon.com , who used its `` Fire OS '' on a range of tablets and the Fire Phone . As it is a non-proprietary platform that has shipped on devices covering a wide range of market segments , Android has seen significant adoption . Gartner Research estimated that 325 million Android smartphones were sold during the fourth quarter of 2015 , leading all other platforms . Samsung Electronics , who produces Android devices , was also the top smartphone vendor across all platforms in the same period of time . Android is the top - selling smartphone OS in 2016 . Android Pay is available on Android software . IOS ( edit ) Main article : iOS iOS ( formerly iPhone OS ) is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. primarily for its iPhone product line . The iPhone was first unveiled in January 2007 . The device introduced numerous design concepts that have been adopted by modern smartphone platforms , such as the use of multi-touch gestures for navigation , eschewing physical controls such as physical keyboard in favor of those rendered by the operating system itself on its touchscreen ( including the keyboard ) , and the use of skeuomorphism -- making features and controls within the user interface resemble real - world objects and concepts in order to improve their usability . In 2008 , Apple introduced the App Store , a centralized storefront for purchasing new software for iPhone devices . iOS can also integrate with Apple 's desktop music program iTunes to sync media to a personal computer . The dependency on a PC was removed with the introduction of iCloud on later versions of iOS , which provides synchronization of user data via internet servers between multiple devices . The iPhone line 's early dominance was credited with reshaping the smartphone industry , and helping make Apple one of the world 's most valuable publicly traded companies by 2011 . However , the iPhone and iOS have generally been in second place in worldwide market share . Windows 10 mobile ( edit ) Main article : Windows 10 Mobile Windows 10 Mobile ( formerly known as Windows Phone ) is from Microsoft . It is closed source and proprietary . It has the third largest installed base on smartphones behind Android and iOS . Unveiled on February 15 , 2010 , Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft 's Metro Design Language . It is integrated with Microsoft services such as OneDrive and Office , Xbox Music , Xbox Video , Xbox Live games and Bing , but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as Facebook and Google accounts . Windows Phone devices are made primarily by Microsoft Mobile / Nokia , and also by HTC and Samsung . In January 2015 , Microsoft announced that its Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with Windows 10 Mobile , bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart Windows 10 , and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches . Windows Mobile smartphone series has had poor adoption , that also led to a decrease in third - party applications , and some vendors ended their support for Windows Mobile altogether . As of 2016 , Windows 10 Mobile global market share dropped below 0.6 % . Tizen ( edit ) Main article : Tizen Tizen is a Linux - based operating system for devices , including smartphones , tablets , in - vehicle infotainment ( IVI ) devices , smart TVs , laptops and smart cameras . Tizen is a project within the Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group ( TSG ) composed of Samsung and Intel among others . In April 2014 , Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2 and the Gear 2 Neo , running Tizen . The Samsung Z1 is the first smartphone produced by Samsung that runs Tizen ; it was released in the Indian market on January 14 , 2015 . Sailfish OS ( edit ) Main article : Sailfish OS The Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer . Additionally Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking user interface programmed by Jolla . This user interface differentiate Jolla smartphones from others . Sailfish OS is intended to be a system made by many of the MeeGo team , which left Nokia to form Jolla , utilizing funding from Nokia 's `` Bridge '' program which helps establish and support start - up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees . BlackBerry 10 ( edit ) Main article : BlackBerry 10 In early 2010s , BlackBerry Limited started making new devices on a new platform named `` BlackBerry 10 '' , which is based on their BlackBerry Tablet OS , to replace the BlackBerry OS . In 2015 , BlackBerry said there would be no new devices with BB10 but they will still support the OS for existing devices . Discontinued operating systems ( edit ) BlackBerry OS ( edit ) Main article : BlackBerry OS In 1999 , RIM released its first BlackBerry devices , providing secure real - time push - email communications on wireless devices . Services such as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications into a single inbox . In September 2012 , RIM announced that the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped . As of September 2014 , there were around 46 million active BlackBerry service subscribers . In early 2010s , RIM has undergone a platform transition , changing its company name to BlackBerry Limited and making new devices on a new platform named `` BlackBerry 10 '' . Windows mobile ( edit ) Main article : Windows Mobile Windows Mobile was based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system . Throughout its lifespan , the operating system was available in both touchscreen and non-touchscreen formats . It was supplied with a suite of applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API and was designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows . Third parties could develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft . Software applications were eventually purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the service 's brief lifespan . Windows Mobile was eventually phased out in favor of Windows Phone OS . Symbian ( edit ) Main article : Symbian Symbian was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32 . It was the world 's most widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010 , though the platform never gained popularity in the U.S. , as it did in Europe and Asia . The first Symbian phone , the touchscreen Ericsson R380 Smartphone , was released in 2000 , and was the first device marketed as a `` smartphone '' . It combined a PDA with a mobile phone . Variants of Symbian OS began to emerge , most notably Symbian UIQ , MOAP and S60 , each supported by different manufacturers . With the creation of Symbian Foundation in 2008 , Symbian OS was unified under one variant under the stewardship of Nokia . In February 2011 , Nokia announced that it would replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its future smartphones , with the platform being abandoned over the following few years . Firefox OS ( edit ) Main article : Firefox OS Firefox OS was demonstrated by Mozilla in February 2012 . It was designed to have a complete community - based alternative system for mobile devices , using open standards and HTML5 applications . The first commercially available Firefox OS phones were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire . As of 2014 , more companies had partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic ( which was making a smart TV with Firefox OS ) and Sony . In December 2015 , Mozilla announced that it would phase out development of Firefox OS for smartphones , and would reposition the project to focus on other forms of Internet - connected devices . Bada ( edit ) Main article : Bada The Bada operating system for smartphones was announced by Samsung in November 2009 . The first Bada - based phone was the Samsung Wave S8500 , released in June 2010 . Samsung shipped 4.5 million phones running Bada in Q2 of 2011 . In 2013 , Bada merged with a similar platform called Tizen . WebOS ( edit ) Main article : webOS webOS is a proprietary mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel , initially developed by Palm , which launched with the Palm Pre . After being acquired by HP , two phones ( the Veer and the Pre 3 ) and a tablet ( the TouchPad ) running webOS were introduced in 2011 . On August 18 , 2011 , HP announced that webOS hardware was to be discontinued but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem . HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS , and plans to update it with additional features . On February 25 , 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to LG Electronics , who used the operating system for its current `` smart '' or Internet - connected TVs , but not smartphones . In January 2014 , Qualcomm has announced that it has acquired technology patents from HP , which includes all the WebOS patents . Palm OS ( edit ) Main article : Palm OS In late 2001 , Handspring launched the Springboard GSM phone module with limited success . In May 2002 , Handspring released the Palm OS Treo 270 smartphone , which did not support Springboard , with both a touchscreen and a full keyboard . The Treo had wireless web browsing , email , calendar , a contact organizer and mobile third - party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer . Handspring was purchased by Palm , Inc which released the Treo 600 and continued releasing Treo devices with a few Treo devices using Windows Mobile . MeeGo / Maemo / Moblin ( edit ) Main articles : MeeGo , Maemo , and Moblin MeeGo is an operating system created from the source code of Moblin ( produced by Intel ) and Maemo ( produced by Nokia ) . Before that , Nokia used Maemo on some of its smartphones and internet tablets ( such as Nokia N810 and N900 ) . MeeGo was originally envisioned to power a variety of devices from netbooks , tablets to smartphones and smart TVs . However , the only smartphones which used MeeGo was the Nokia N9 and Nokia N950 ( MeeGo v1. 2 Harmattan ) . Following Nokia 's decision to move to Windows Phone OS in 2011 and to cease MeeGo development , the Linux Foundation canceled MeeGo in September 2011 in favor of the development of Tizen . Ubuntu Touch ( edit ) Main article : Ubuntu Touch Ubuntu Touch ( also known as Ubuntu Phone ) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu operating system developed by Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community . It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers . Other Linux ( edit ) In 2003 , Motorola launched the first smartphone to use Linux , the A760 handset . While the initial release was limited to a single high - end handset only available in the Asia - Pacific region , the maker 's intention was to eventually use Linux on most of its handsets , including the lower - end models . Further models to use Linux such as the Motorola Ming A1200i in 2005 and several successors to the Ming line would be unveiled through 2010 . In late 2009 , Motorola released the Motorola Cliq , the first of Motorola 's smartphones to run the Linux - based Android operating system . Subsequently Motorola stopped developing phones based on other Linux variants . Mobile app ( edit ) Main article : Mobile app Application stores ( edit ) Main article : List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices The introduction of Apple 's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer - hosted online distribution for third - party applications ( software and computer programs ) focused on a single platform . There are a huge variety of apps , including video games , music products and business tools . Up until that point , smartphone application distribution depended on third - party sources providing applications for multiple platforms , such as GetJar , Handango , Handmark , and PocketGear . Following the success of the App Store , other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores , such as Google 's Android Market ( now Google Play Store ) and RIM 's BlackBerry App World in April 2009 . In February 2014 , 93 % of mobile developers were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development . Sales ( edit ) Since 1996 , smartphone shipments have had positive growth . In November 2011 , 27 % of all photographs created were taken with camera - equipped smartphones . In September 2012 , a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online . Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013 . Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013 , up 38 % from 2012 's 725 million , while comprising a 55 % share of the mobile phone market in 2013 , up from 42 % in 2012 . In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent year on year . The situation was caused by the maturing China market . By manufacturer ( edit ) Worldwide Smartphones Vendors Market Share Source Date Samsung Apple Inc . Huawei Oppo Vivo Others Reference Gartner Q1 2017 20.7 % 13.7 % 9.0 % 8.1 % 6.8 % 41.7 % IDC Q1 2017 23.3 % 14.7 % 10.0 % 7.5 % 5.5 % 39.0 % In 2011 , Samsung had the highest shipment market share worldwide , followed by Apple . In 2013 , Samsung had 31.3 % market share , a slight increase from 30.3 % in 2012 , while Apple was at 15.3 % , a decrease from 18.7 % in 2012 . Huawei , LG and Lenovo were at about 5 % each , significantly better than 2012 figures , while others had about 40 % , the same as the previous years figure . Only Apple lost market share , although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9 percent ; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92 percent . In Q1 2014 , Samsung had a 31 % share and Apple had 16 % . In Q4 2014 , Apple had a 20.4 % share and Samsung had 19.9 % . In Q2 2016 , Samsung had a 22.3 % share and Apple had 12.9 % . In Q1 2017 , IDC reported that Samsung was first placed , with 80 million units , followed by Apple with 50.8 million , Huawei with 34.6 million , Oppo with 25.5 million and Vivo with 22.7 million . Samsung 's mobile business is half the size of Apple 's , by revenue . Apple business has been increasing very rapidly over the past 4 years . By operating system ( edit ) Worldwide operating system market share for smartphones Source Date Android iOS Others Reference Gartner Q1 2017 86.1 % 13.7 % 0.2 % The market has been dominated by the Android operating system since 2010 . Android 's market share ( measured by units shipment ) rose from 33.2 % in Q4 2011 to 81.7 % of the market in Q4 2016 . Apple 's market share oscillated between 18 % and 12.5 % during the same period . Windows Phone market share also oscillated between 1.5 % and 0.3 % during the same time frame . As of the end of Q4 2016 , Android was the most popular operating system sold with new smartphones with an 81.7 % market share , followed by iOS with 17.9 % , Windows 10 Mobile with 0.3 % and other OSes at 0.1 % . Historical sales figures , in millions ( edit ) Year Android ( Google ) iOS ( Apple ) Windows Mobile / Phone ( Microsoft ) BlackBerry ( formerly RIM ) Symbian ( Nokia ) Palm / WebOS ( Palm / HP ) Bada ( Samsung ) Other Total 2007 3.3 14.7 11.77 77.68 1.76 109.21 2008 11.42 16.5 23.15 72.93 2.51 126.51 2009 6.8 24.89 15.03 34.35 80.88 1.19 163.14 67.22 46.6 12.38 47.45 111.58 285.23 2011 219.52 89.26 8.77 51.54 93.41 9.6 14.24 486.34 2012 451.62 130.13 16.94 34.21 15.9 47.20 696.00 2013 758.72 150.79 30.84 18.61 18.82 977.78 2014 1,004.68 191.43 35.13 7.91 5.75 1,244.90 Use ( edit ) Social ( edit ) Main article : Mobile phone overuse A 2012 University of Southern California study found that unprotected adolescent sexual activity was more common among owners of smartphones . A study conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 's ( RPI ) Lighting Research Center ( LRC ) concluded that smartphones , or any backlit devices , can seriously affect sleep cycles . Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices . A `` smombie '' ( a combination of `` smartphone '' and `` zombie '' ) is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk , possibly risking an accident in the process , an increasing social phenomenon . The issue of slow - moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a `` mobile lane '' for walking in Chongqing , China . The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of Augsburg , Germany to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement . While driving ( edit ) Main article : Mobile phones and driving safety Main article : Texting while driving A New York City driver holding two phones . A user consulting a mapping app on a phone . Mobile phone use while driving - including talking on the phone , texting , playing media , web browsing , gaming , using mapping apps or operating other phone features - is common but controversial , since it is widely considered dangerous due to what 's known as distracted driving . Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents . In September 2010 , the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones . In March 2011 a US insurance company , State Farm Insurance , announced the results of a study which showed 19 % of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving . Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving . In Egypt , Israel , Japan , Portugal and Singapore , both handheld and hands - free calling on a mobile phone ( which uses a speakerphone ) is banned . In other countries including the UK and France and in many US states , only the use of calling on handheld phones is banned , while hands - free use is permitted . A 2011 study reported that over 90 % of college students surveyed text ( initiate , reply or read ) while driving . The scientific literature on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone , or texting while driving , is limited . A simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold increase in distraction - related accidents when texting . Due to the complexity of smartphones , this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices . This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands - free usage , rather than those which ban handheld use only , as officials can not easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver . This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when , in fact , they were using the device legally , for example , when using the phone 's incorporated controls for car stereo , GPS or satnav . A sign along Bellaire Boulevard in Southside Place , Texas ( Greater Houston ) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7 : 30 am to 9 : 30 am and from 2 : 00 pm to 4 : 15 pm A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while cycling and its effects on behavior and safety . In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four . A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones , such as using phones while driving . Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a call on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding . In the United Kingdom , from 27 February 2007 , motorists who are caught using a hand - held phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £ 60 . This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law . Japan prohibits all use of phones while driving , including use of hands - free devices . New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009 . Many states in the United States have banned text messaging on phones while driving . Illinois became the 17th American state to enforce this law . As of July 2010 , 30 states had banned texting while driving , with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on July 15 . Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the United States . This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992 , when first law was passed through December 1 , 2010 . The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous , continuous or categorical variables including , for example , activities regulated ( e.g. , texting versus talking , hands - free versus handheld calls , web browsing , gaming ) , targeted populations , and exemptions . Legal ( edit ) Main article : Smartphone wars A `` patent war '' between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S Android phone copied the interface -- and possibly the hardware -- of Apple 's iOS for the iPhone 3GS . There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving Sony Mobile , Google , Apple Inc. , Samsung , Microsoft , Nokia , Motorola , HTC , Huawei and ZTE , among others . The conflict is part of the wider `` patent wars '' between multinational technology and software corporations . To secure and increase market share , companies granted a patent can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers . Since 2010 the number of lawsuits , counter-suits , and trade complaints based on patents and designs in the market for smartphones , and devices based on smartphone OSes such as Android and iOS , has increased significantly . Initial suits , countersuits , rulings , license agreements , and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market grew more rapidly . Medical ( edit ) Main article : Mobile app With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place , government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications . These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice . Security ( edit ) Main articles : Mobile security , Malware , Mobile virus , and Media Transfer Protocol Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store . Often malware is hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps , which are then distributed through third - party app stores . Malware risk also comes from what 's known as an `` update attack '' , where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component , which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated . As well , one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone . An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install kill switches in their devices . In 2014 , Apple 's `` Find my iPhone '' and Google 's `` Android Device Manager '' can disable phones that have been lost / stolen . With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3. 2 , devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry 's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account . Sleep ( edit ) Main article : Electronic media and sleep Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep , due to the brightly lit screen affecting melatonin levels and sleep cycles . In an effort to alleviate these issues , several apps that change the color temperature of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated have been developed for Android , while iOS 9.3 integrated similar , system - level functionality known as `` Night Shift '' . Amazon released a feature known as `` blue shade '' in their Fire OS `` Bellini '' 5.0 and later . It has also been theorized that for some users , addicted use of their phones , especially before they go to bed , can result in `` ego depletion '' . Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks , which can also lead to loss of sleep . Comparison with other devices ( edit ) Smartphones have presented issues similar to those affecting other devices . As well , there are some issues which are unique to smartphones . Battery ( edit ) A high - capacity portable battery charger . Smartphone battery life , nowadays , is generally adequate , however , earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones ' computer systems and color screens . Poor smartphone battery life negatively affected customer satisfaction . There is also a trend towards using batteries that the user can not replace . To extend talktime , smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home , at work , and in cars and by buying portable external `` battery packs '' . External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable and custom - made models that `` piggyback '' onto a smartphone 's case . Most recently , Samsung had to recall millions of the Galaxy Note 7 smartphones due to an explosive battery issue . For consumer convenience , wireless charging stations have been introduced in some hotels , bars , and other public spaces . Terminology ( edit ) `` Phablet '' , a portmanteau of the words phone and tablet , describes smartphones with larger screens . `` Superphone '' is also used by some companies to market phones with unusually large screens and other expensive features . `` Ultra Premium '' is a term used to identify a smartphone which has top of the line materials . See also ( edit ) Internet portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smartphone . Tablet Comparison of smartphones List of mobile software distribution platforms Media Transfer Protocol Mobile broadband Mobile Internet device Portable media player Second screen Smartphone zombie E-reader References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Budmar , Patrick ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` Why Japanese smartphones never went global '' . PC World . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Reisinger ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Worldwide smartphone user base hits 1 billion '' . CNet . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smartphones now outsell ' dumb ' phones '' . 3 News NZ. April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Paraskevakos : Executive Profile & Biography '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Connelly , Charlotte . `` World 's first ' smartphone ' celebrates 20 years '' . BBC News . BBC News . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ History of first touchscreen smartphone Archived May 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Spinfold.com Jump up ^ Savage , Pamela ( January 1995 ) . `` Designing a GUI for Business Telephone users '' . Association of Computing Machinery . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 ... It is at this point that early usability test participants met impasse . The switch connected to our `` smart phone '' is expecting the typical `` dumb end - point '' ... AT&T 's PhoneWriter was demonstrated at the 1993 Comdex Computer Show ... Jump up ^ `` Qualcomm 's pdQ Smartphone '' ( Press release ) . Qualcomm . Jump up ^ `` PDA Review : Ericsson R380 Smartphone '' . Geek.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ericsson Introduces The New R380e '' . Mobile Magazine . 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Jump up ^ `` LG G Flex appears on the FCC with AT&T - friendly LTE '' . Engadget . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LG G Flex announced with vertically curved 6 - inch 720p screen , ' self - repairing ' back cover '' . Engadget . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Byford , Sam ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Motorola reveals ambitious plan to build modular smartphones '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Musil , Steven ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Motorola unveils Project Ara for custom smartphones '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David . `` Project Ara Lives : Google 's Modular Phone Is Ready for You Now '' . Wired . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google confirms the end of its modular Project Ara smartphone '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LG G5 hands - on -- LG may have made the most innovative phone of MWC '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . 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Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin McLaughlin ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` BlackBerry Users Call For RIM To Rethink Service '' . CRN.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BlackBerry has no plans to release new BB10 devices Mobilesyrup Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Ten things to know about BlackBerry -- and how much trouble it is ( or is n't ) in '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PDA Review : Ericsson R380 Smartphone '' . Geek.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Symbian Device -- The OS Evolution '' ( PDF ) . Independent Symbian Blog . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ericsson Introduces The New R380e '' . Mobile Magazine . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia , Microsoft in pact to rival Apple , Google -- Technology & Science '' . CBC.ca . Associated Press . February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` HP Confirms Discussions with Autonomy Corporation plc Regarding Possible Business Combination ; Makes Other Announcements '' . HP . August 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( via Wayback ) Jump up ^ `` The next chapter for webOS '' . HP webOS Developer Blog . August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Open webOS : : Roadmap '' . Open webOS Project . September 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Qualcomm purchases Palm patents from HP Archived June 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . USA Today January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Stephen H. Wildstrom ( November 30 , 2001 ) . `` Handspring 's Breakthrough Hybrid '' . Businessweek.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canonical . `` Ubuntu on phones - Ubuntu '' . ubuntu.com . Jump up ^ `` Motorola unveils first Linux smart phone '' . CNET . 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Archived from the original on January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( via Wayback ) Jump up ^ Daniel van Boom ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` It 's not just Apple : Global smartphone market shrinks for the first time ever '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Grew 9 Percent in First Quarter of 2017 '' . Gartner . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Five Smartphone Vendors , Shipments , Market Share , and Year - Over-Year Growth , Q1 2017 '' . International Data Corporation . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jon Fingas ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013 , depending on who you ask '' . Engadget . Jump up ^ Steven Millward ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone shipments , kicks out HTC '' . Tech In Asia . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brett Molina and Marco della Cava , USA TODAY ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Apple beats Samsung in Q4 smartphone sales '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Frank Hersey ( 2017 - 07 - 04 ) . `` 6 of the world 's top 10 smartphone brands are Chinese '' . technode . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Jeff ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Samsung introduced 10 times as many phones as Apple last year , but its mobile division made half as much revenue '' . Business Insider . ^ Jump up to : `` Smartphone OS Market Share , Q1 2017 '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gartner Says Worldwide Smartphone Sales Reached Its Lowest Growth Rate With 3.7 Per Cent Increase in Fourth Quarter of 2008 . Gartner.com . Retrieved on August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to End Users Grew 8 Per Cent in Fourth Quarter 2009 ; Market Remained Flat in 2009 . Gartner.com . Retrieved on August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Device Sales to End Users Reached 1.6 Billion Units in 2010 ; Smartphone Sales Grew 72 Percent in 2010 . Gartner.com . Retrieved on August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterly Device Sales In 2011 '' ( Infographic ) . Mobile Statistics . Mobile Statistics . 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gartner Says Annual Smartphone Sales Surpassed Sales of Feature Phones for the First Time in 2013 . Gartner.com . Retrieved on July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Surpassed One Billion Units in 2014 '' . Gartner . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS '' . theregister.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Colaner , Seth ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cheever , N.A. , Rosen , L.D. , Carrier , L.M. , & Chavez , A. ( 2014 ) . Out of sight is not out of mind : The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low , moderate and high users . Computers in Human Behavior , 37 , 290 - 297 . Jump up ^ Hookham , Mark ; Togoh , Isabel ; Yeates , Alex ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` Walkers hit by curse of the smombie '' . The Sunday Times . UK . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hatton , Celia ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` Chongqing 's ' mobile lane ' '' . BBC News . UK : BBC . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Noack ( April 25 , 2016 ) This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users do n't have to look up The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quit Googling yourself and drive : About 20 % of drivers using Web behind the wheel , study says '' . Los Angeles Times . March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Atchley , Paul ; Atwood , Stephanie ; Boulton , Aaron ( January 2011 ) . `` The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers : Behaviour May Shape Attitude '' . Accident Analysis and Prevention . 43 : 134 -- 142 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aap. 2010.08. 003 . Jump up ^ `` Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril '' . Jump up ^ de Waard , Dick ; Schepers , Paul ; Ormel , Wieke ; Brookhuis , Karel ( January 2010 ) . `` Mobile phone use while cycling : Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety '' . Ergonomics. 53 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00140130903381180 . PMID 20069479 . Jump up ^ `` Drivers still Web surfing while driving , survey finds '' . Jump up ^ `` Reaching the Mobile Respondent : Determinants of High - Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High - Coverage Group '' ( PDF ) . Social Science Computer Review . doi : 10.1177 / 0894439309353099 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Illinois to ban texting while driving - CNN.com '' . CNN . August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steitzer , Stephanie ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Texting while driving ban , other new Kentucky laws take effect today '' . The Courier - Journal . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Distracted Driving Laws '' . Public Health Law Research . 2011 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Yetisen , A.K. ; Martinez - Hurtado , J.L. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` The regulation of mobile medical applications '' . Lab on a Chip. 14 ( 5 ) : 833 -- 840 . doi : 10.1039 / C3LC51235E . Jump up ^ Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise , Android Leads The Way . Jump up ^ Mylonas Alexios ; Tsoumas Bill ; Dritsas Stelios ; Gritzalis Dimitris ( 2011 ) . 8th International Conference on Trust , Privacy & Security in Digital Business ( TRUSTBUS - 2011 ) . Springer Berlin / Heidelberg . pp. 49 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived '' . Android Police . March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Android Vulnerability So Dangerous , Owners Warned Not to Use Phone 's Web Browser '' . Readwriteweb.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lookout , Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic , note Apple 's iOS is far safer '' . Appleinsider.com . August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plea urges anti-theft phone tech '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Jump up ^ `` Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10 . - Inside BlackBerry Help Blog '' . blackberry.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night '' . CNET . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kalsbeek , Andries ( 2012 ) . The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing Elsevier . pp. 382 . Jump up ^ Luisa Dillner . `` Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are smartphones disrupting your sleep ? '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mahesh Sharma . `` Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 6 phones with the best battery life '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.D. Power and Associates Reports : Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , James ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` The secret behind poor smartphone battery life '' . ZDNet . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peak Battery : Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks , and Will for Years '' . TIME.com. April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's time to kiss that removable smartphone battery goodbye '' . CNET . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Refurbished version of ill - fated Galaxy Note 7 will soon be available overseas '' . May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Impactful New iPhone Feature May Be the Most Boring '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kay , Roger ( February 7 , 2012 ) , `` Is the Market Ready for a Phablet ? '' , Forbes , retrieved August 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Sasha Segan ( February 13 , 2012 ) , `` Enter the Phablet : A History of Phone - Tablet Hybrids '' , PC MAgazine Jump up ^ What Makes a Smartphone a Superphone ? Mashable.com Jump up ^ Superphone vs smartphone : what 's the difference ? Techradar.com Jump up ^ Samsung 's foldable phone to be ' luxurious ultra premium ' device , first samples coming in Q3 Phone Arena , Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Computer sizes Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement Notebook 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G Mobile operating systems Linux kernel Android Bada EZX Linux Firefox OS MeeGo Mer Sailfish OS MotoMagx OpenEmbedded Ångström KaeilOS QtMoko SHR Tizen Ubuntu Touch WebOS LuneOS XNU iOS QNX BlackBerry 10 BlackBerry Tablet OS Windows Windows Mobile Windows Phone Windows XP Tablet PC Edition Windows RT Windows 10 Mobile Other BlackBerry OS EPOC GEOS Nintendo DSi Nintendo 3DS S30 S30+ S40 Nokia Asha platform PalmDOS Palm OS PSP PS Vita Symbian Comparison of mobile operating systems List of mobile app distribution platforms Open Handset Alliance Open Mobile Alliance Mobile app development Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Optical fiber Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal LCCN : sh2007006251 GND : 4845922 - 7 BNF : cb15561010h ( data ) NDL : 01155746 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smartphone&oldid=810625532 '' Categories : Smartphones Mobile phones introduced in 1999 2000s fads and trends 2010s fads and trends Cloud clients Computer - related introductions in 1999 Consumer electronics Information appliances Mobile phones Mobile computers Personal computing Portable computers Products introduced in 1999 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 12 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first touch screen smartphone come out | [
"In early 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, the first smartphone to use a capacitive multi-touch interface.[25] (A year prior the LG Prada was the first mobile phone released with a large capacitive touchscreen,[26] but it was not a smartphone, and its screen was not multi-touch.) The iPhone was notable for abandoning the use of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for smartphones at the time, in favor of a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction. Though one columnist described the initial iPhone as \"not a smartphone by conventional terms, being that a smartphone is a platform device that allows software to be installed,\"[27] the opening of Apple's App Store a year later not only satisfied this requirement, but it became the new main paradigm for smartphone software distribution and installation."
] | [
"2007"
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-6558962493397012467 | Propaganda during the Reformation | Propaganda during the Reformation - wikipedia Propaganda during the Reformation Jump to : navigation , search In this woodblock from 1568 , the printer at left is removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text - blocks Propaganda during the Reformation , helped by the spread of the printing press throughout Europe and in particular within Germany , caused new ideas , thoughts , and doctrine to be made available to the public in ways that had never been seen before the sixteenth century . The printing press was invented in approximately 1450 and quickly spread to other major cities around Europe ; by the time the Reformation was underway in 1517 there were printing centers in over 200 of the major European cities . These centers became the primary producers of Reformation works by the Protestants , and in some cases Counter-Reformation works put forth by the Roman Catholics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Printed texts and pamphlets 1.1 Protestant propaganda 1.2 Roman Catholic reaction to Protestant propaganda 2 Leading propagandists during the Reformation 3 References 3.1 Bibliography Printed texts and pamphlets ( edit ) There were a number of different methods of propaganda used during the Reformation including pamphlets / leaflets , texts , letters , and translations of the Bible / New Testament . Pamphlets or leaflets were one of the most common forms of propaganda , usually consisting of about eight to sixteen pages -- were relatively small and easy to conceal from the authorities . This made them very useful to reformers whose ideas were not accepted by the Roman Catholic authorities . The majority of these pamphlets promoted the Reformation and the Protestant ideas ; however pamphlets were also used by Roman Catholic propagandists , but not to the same effect . Protestant and Roman Catholic propaganda during the Reformation attempted to sway the public into adopting or continuing religious practices . Propagandists from both groups attempted to publish documents about church doctrine , to either retain their believers or influence new believers . Occasionally these printed texts also acted as manuals for lay people to refer to about the appropriate way to conduct themselves within the church and society . Printed texts and pamphlets were available to a large number of literate people , at a relatively affordable price . Furthermore , the ideas and beliefs of the reform writers , including Martin Luther , were also widely disseminated orally to large numbers of illiterate people who may not have been involved with the Reformation otherwise . The Roman Catholic propagandists also utilized this method of propaganda within the church but it was not as effective as the Protestant propagandists . Protestant propaganda ( edit ) `` HIC OSCULA PEDIBUS PAPAE FIGUNTUR . '' `` Kissing the Pope 's feet . '' ( 1545 ) . German peasants respond to a papal bull of Pope Paul III . From a series of woodcuts by Lucas Cranach commissioned by Martin Luther , ( 1 ) usually referred to as the Papstspotbilder or Papstspottbilder. ( 2 ) Protestant propaganda and church doctrine broke away from the traditional conventions of the Catholic Church . They called for a change in the way that the church was run and insisted that the buying and selling of indulgences and religious positions be stopped as well as the papal corruption that had been allowed to occur . In addition to this , Reformers questioned the authority of the Church and in particular the Pope . Protestants believed that the main authority of their church should be the Gospel or Scripture ( expounded by private interpretation ) and not the Pope , who is the earthly head of the Catholic Church . Another dominant message that was found in Protestant propaganda was the idea that every person should be granted access to the Bible to interpret it for themselves ; this was the primary reason why Luther translated and published numerous copies of the New Testament during the Reformation years . Protestants questioned the belief that the Pope had the sole authority to interpret scripture . This can be seen in Luther 's publication titled To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation , which criticized the Catholic belief that the Pope was supreme and could interpret scripture however he saw fit . To combat this , Luther put forth arguments from the Bible that indicated that everyone had the ability to interpret scripture and not just the Pope . In terms of tone and style , Reformation propaganda , while sometimes serious in tone , was often satirical , featuring word - play and sarcasm . In this it developed earlier medieval traditions of religious satire . One example of this would be Martin Luther 's commentary on the Life of John Chrysostom in his Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo . The Reformation messages were very controversial and were frequently banned in a number of Catholic cities . Despite this attempt by the Catholic Church to contain and repress Protestant propaganda , the Protestant propagandists found effective ways of disseminating their messages to their believers . The use of pamphlets became the primary method of spreading Protestant ideas and doctrine . Pamphlets took little time to produce and they could be printed and sold quickly making them harder to track down by the authorities and thus making them a very effective method of propaganda . The sheer number of pamphlets produced during this time period indicates that Protestant works during the Reformation were available on a consistent basis and on a large scale , making the controversial ideas accessible to the masses . This is one of the reasons that the Protestants were successful in their propaganda campaign and in the Reformation . Roman Catholic reaction to Protestant propaganda ( edit ) The dissension of the Reformers was not welcomed by Roman Catholics who called this behaviour and the works of the Protestant Propagandists heretical . They disagreed with the Protestant Reformers and the messages that they were presenting to the public . The majority of Roman Catholics believed that Church matters should not be discussed with lay people , but kept behind closed doors . The majority of the works published by Roman Catholics were Counter-Reformational and reactive . Rather than publishing proactive works , the Catholic apologists would often refute Luther 's and other Protestants ' arguments after they had been published . An example of a reactive propaganda campaign publicized by Roman Catholics was with regards to the Peasants War of 1525 . The propagandists blamed the Peasants War , and all the turmoil caused by it , on Luther . Many leading Roman Catholic writers believed that had Luther not written his heretical works , the violence caused by the Peasants War would not have occurred . This can be seen in Hieronymus Emser 's work titled Answer to Luther 's `` Abomination '' Against the Holy Secret Prayer of the Mass , Also How , Where , and With Which Words Luther Urged , Wrote , and promoted Rebellion in his books published in Dresden in 1525 . Emser actually quoted Luther 's work in this article and in doing so inadvertently introduced Protestant ideas and doctrine to Roman Catholic readers who may not have had any prior exposure to them . Unlike the Protestants who targeted the masses through printed works in the vernacular of the people , Roman Catholic propagandists targeted influential people such as priests who preached to their congregations on a weekly basis . Thus with fewer works they reached large Catholic audiences . Although the Roman Catholic propagandists did put forth some effective propaganda campaigns , primarily the campaign against Luther regarding the Peasants War , they neglected to get their message across to the general public . They failed to capitalize in the ways that the Protestant propagandists were able to ; they did not commonly produce works in the vernacular of the people , which had been an effective tactic for Protestants . Also Roman Catholic publications , either in German or Latin , produced during the reformation years were greatly outnumbered by the Protestants . The sheer volume of Protestant publications made it impossible for the Roman Catholic propagandists to quell the Protestant ideas and doctrine that transformed religious thought and doctrine in the sixteenth century . Leading propagandists during the Reformation ( edit ) There were a number of Protestant reformers who played a role in the success of Protestant propaganda , such as Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt , Urbanus Rhegius , and Philipp Melanchthon . The single most influential person was Martin Luther . Luther wrote much more than any other leading reformer , and the majority of his works were in the German vernacular . It is estimated that Luther 's works had over 2200 printings ( with re-printings ) by 1530 , and he continued to write until the time of his death in 1546 . Luther 's use of the language of the people was one of the primary ideas of the Reformation . He believed in the `` Priesthood of All Believers '' , that every person was a priest in their own right and could take control of their own faith . Of the total lifetime printings of Luther , estimated to be around 3183 , 2645 were written in German and only 538 in Latin . Luther 's predominance meant that the Protestant propaganda campaign was cohesive , with a consistent and accessible message . Luther produced other works : sermons , which were read in Churches around the Empire ; translations of the Bible , primarily the New Testament written in German ; doctrine on how to conduct oneself within the church and society ; and a multitude of letters and treatises . Often Luther wrote in response to others who had criticized his works or asked for clarification or justification on an issue . Three of Luther 's major treatises , written in 1520 , are To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation , On the Freedom of a Christian , and On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church ; these works were significant documents for the Reformation as a whole . Catholic propagandists were not initially as successful as the Protestants were , but included several noteworthy figures : Johannes Cochlaeus , Hieronymus Emser , Georg Witzel , and John Eck who wrote in defense of Catholicism and against Luther and Protestantism . They produced a combined total of 247 works . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 15 Jump up ^ Holborn ( 1942 ) , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ Bainton ( 1952 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ Rupp & Drewery ( 1970a ) Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2002 ) , p. 98 Jump up ^ Todd ( 1964 ) , p. 282 ^ Jump up to : Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Rupp & Drewery ( 1970b ) Jump up ^ Schenda ( 1974 ) , p. 187 n . 19 Jump up ^ Kalinke ( 1996 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2002 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ Bainton ( 1952 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 31 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Britannica Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 149 Jump up ^ Emser ( 1525 ) , quoted in Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 165 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 26 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 27 Jump up ^ Todd ( 1964 ) , p. 271 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 20 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1994 ) , pp. 7 , 9 , 27 Jump up ^ Cole ( 1984 ) , p. 327 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Edwards ( 1994 ) , p. 36 Bibliography ( edit ) Bainton , Roland H. ( 1952 ) . The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century . Boston , MA : Beacon Press . Cole , Richard G. ( 1984 ) . `` Reformation printers : unsung heroes '' . Sixteenth Century Journal . 15 ( 3 ) : 327 -- 339 . Crofts , Richard A. ( 1985 ) . `` Printing , reform and Catholic Reformation in Germany 1521 -- 1545 '' . Sixteenth Century Journal . 16 ( 3 ) : 369 -- 381 . Edwards , Mark U. ( 1994 ) . Printing , Propaganda and Martin Luther . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . Emser , Hieronymus ( 1525 ) . Answer to Luther 's `` Abomination '' Against the Holy Secret Prayer of the Mass , Also How , Where , and With Which Words Luther Urged , Wrote , and promoted Rebellion in his book . Dresden . Encyclopedia Britannica , Counter-Reformation Holborn , Louise W. ( 1942 ) . `` Printing and the growth of the Protestant movement in Germany from 1517 to 1524 '' . Church History . 11 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 137 . Kalinke , Marianne E. ( 1996 ) . The Book of Reykjahólar : the Last of the Great Medieval Legendaries . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . Rupp , E. G. ; Drewery , Benjamin ( 1970a ) . `` Martin Luther , 95 Theses , 1517 '' . Martin Luther , Documents of Modern History . London : Edward Arnold . pp. 19 -- 25 . Rupp , E. G. ; Drewery , Benjamin ( 1970b ) . `` Martin Luther , To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation , 1520 '' . Martin Luther , Documents of Modern History . London : Edward Arnold . pp. 42 -- 45 . Schenda , Rudolf ( 1974 ) . `` Hieronymus Rauscher und die protestantisch - katholische Legendenpolemik '' . In Wolfgang Brückner . Volkserzählung und Reformation . Ein Handbuch zur Tradierung und Funktion von Erzählstoffen und Erzählliteratur im Protestantismus . Berlin : Erich Schmidt . Taylor , Philip M. ( 2002 ) . Munitions of the Mind : a History of Propaganda from the Ancient World to the Present Day . New York : Manchester University Press . Todd , John M. ( 1964 ) . Martin Luther : a Biographical Study . London : Burns & Oates . ( hide ) Martin Luther Works ( hymns ) Ninety - five Theses ( 1517 ) Sermon on Indulgences and Grace ( 1518 ) To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation ( 1520 ) On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church ( 1520 ) On the Freedom of a Christian ( 1520 ) Against Henry , King of the English ( 1522 ) Luther Bible ( 1522 , 1534 ) The Adoration of the Sacrament ( 1523 ) Formula missae ( 1523 ) Hymns First Lutheran hymnal ( 1524 ) Erfurt Enchiridion ( 1524 ) Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn ( 1524 ) Against the Murderous , Thieving Hordes of Peasants ( 1525 ) On the Bondage of the Will ( 1525 ) The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ -- Against the Fanatics ( 1526 ) Deutsche Messe ( 1526 ) Confession Concerning Christ 's Supper ( 1528 ) On War Against the Turk ( 1529 ) Small Catechism ( 1529 ) Large Catechism ( 1529 ) `` Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott '' ( 1529 ) Smalcald Articles ( 1537 ) On the Councils and the Church ( 1539 ) `` Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam '' ( 1543 ) On the Jews and Their Lies ( 1543 ) Vom Schem Hamphoras ( 1543 ) List of hymns by Martin Luther Luther 's Table Talk ( 1566 ) Weimar edition of Luther 's works Topics and events Reformation Lutheranism Heidelberg Disputation , 1518 Leipzig Debate , 1519 Exsurge Domine , 1520 Diet of Worms , 1521 Decet Romanum Pontificem , 1521 Marburg Colloquy , 1529 Augsburg Confession , 1530 Luther 's canon Theology of Martin Luther Theology of the Cross Universal priesthood Sola scriptura Two kingdoms Law and Gospel Marian theology Eucharist in Lutheranism Sacramental union Words of Institution Antisemitism Propaganda during the Reformation Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo ( 1537 edition ) People Hans and Margarethe Luther ( parents ) Katharina von Bora ( wife ) Magdalena Luther ( daughter ) Paul Luther ( son ) Albert of Brandenburg Bartholomaeus Arnoldi Erasmus Georg Rörer Johann Cochlaeus Johann von Staupitz Justus Jonas Karl von Miltitz Andreas Karlstadt Philip Melanchthon Pope Leo X Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor Frederick the Wise Luther sites All Saints ' Church , Wittenberg Lutherhaus Lutherstädte Martin Luther 's Birth House Martin Luther 's Death House Melanchthonhaus ( Wittenberg ) St. Augustine 's Monastery Veste Coburg ( Fortress ) Wartburg Castle Film and theatre Martin Luther ( 1923 film ) Luther ( 1928 film ) Luther ( 1964 film ) Martin Luther ( 1953 film ) Luther ( 1973 film ) Martin Luther , Heretic ( 1983 film ) Luther ( 2003 film ) Luther ( 1961 play ) Related Martin Luther bibliography Book : Martin Luther Luther rose Theologia Germanica Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_during_the_Reformation&oldid=826718571 '' Categories : Protestant Reformation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 17 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who helped spread the ideas of the reformation | [
"Propaganda during the Reformation, helped by the spread of the printing press throughout Europe and in particular within Germany, caused new ideas, thoughts, and doctrine to be made available to the public in ways that had never been seen before the sixteenth century. The printing press was invented in approximately 1450 and quickly spread to other major cities around Europe; by the time the Reformation was underway in 1517 there were printing centers in over 200 of the major European cities.[1][2] These centers became the primary producers of Reformation works by the Protestants, and in some cases Counter-Reformation works put forth by the Roman Catholics."
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"printing press"
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-8483443549620168093 | Mickey's | Mickey 's - wikipedia Mickey 's Jump to : navigation , search Mickey 's Manufacturer Miller Brewing Company Alcohol by volume 5.6 Style Malt Liquor One of Mickey 's rebuses : `` check out my blog '' . Mickey 's is a malt liquor made by the Miller Brewing Company . It has an ABV % content of 5.6 . Mickey 's was originally brewed by Sterling Brewery in Evansville , Indiana from 1962 through 1972 . Mickey 's is known for its beehive - shaped , wide - mouthed 12 - ounce bottle , often called a grenade due to its circular waffle design . The packaging is green in color with an image of a hornet on the label and the cap , and features rebus puzzles under the cap . Recently , Mickey 's has sponsored the Ultimate Fighting Championship , using the phrase , `` Get Stung '' and has featured several UFC fighters on 24 ounce cans . Mickey 's is also available in 16 , 22 , 24 , 32 , and 40 ounce sizes . 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About Wikipedia | what percent alcohol is mickey's malt liquor | [
"Mickey's is a malt liquor made by the Miller Brewing Company.[1] It has an ABV% content of 5.6."
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"ABV% content of 5.6."
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6216807021937503144 | Byline | Byline - wikipedia Byline Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Byline ( disambiguation ) . The byline on a newspaper or magazine article gives the date , as well as the name of the writer of the article . Bylines are commonly placed between the headline and the text of the article , although some magazines ( notably Reader 's Digest ) place bylines at the bottom of the page to leave more room for graphical elements around the headline . The dictionary defines a byline as `` a printed line of text accompanying a news story , article , or the like , giving the author 's name . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 2 Prevalence 3 False attribution 4 See also 5 References Examples ( edit ) A typical newspaper byline might read : Tom Joyce Enterprise Correspondent A byline can also include a brief article summary that introduces the author by name : Penning a concise description of a long piece has never been as easy as often appears , as Staff Writer John Smith now explains : Magazine bylines and bylines on opinion pieces often include biographical information on their subjects . A typical biographical byline on a piece of creative nonfiction might read : John Smith is working on a book , My Time in Ibiza , based on this article . He is returning to the region this summer to gather material for a follow - up essay . Prevalence ( edit ) Bylines were rare before the late 19th century . Before then , the most similar practice was the occasional `` signed '' or `` signature '' article . The word byline itself first appeared in print in 1926 , in a scene set in a newspaper office in The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway . One of the earliest consistent uses of the idea was for battlefield reporting during the American Civil War . In 1863 , Union General Joseph Hooker required battlefield reporters to sign their articles so that he would know which journalist to blame for any errors or security violations . The practice became more popular at the end of the 19th century , as journalists became more powerful and popular figures . Bylines were used to promote or create celebrities among some yellow journalists during this time . Proponents of signed articles believed that the signature made the journalist more careful and more honest ; publishers thought it made papers sell better . However , the increasing use of bylines was resisted by others , including the publisher -- owner of The New York Times , Adolph Ochs , who believed that bylines interfered with the impersonal nature of news and decreased the sense of institutional responsibility for an article 's content . Bylines remained rare in that newspaper for several more decades . The first Associated Press wire services story with a byline appeared in 1925 , and the practice became commonplace shortly afterwards . Since the 1970s , most modern newspapers and magazines have attributed almost all but their shortest articles and their own editorial pieces to individual reporters or to wire services . An exception is the British weekly The Economist , which publishes nearly all material except blog posts anonymously . The Economist explains this practice as being traditional and reflective of the collaborative nature of their reporting . False Attribution ( edit ) Articles that originate from press agency journalists are sometimes incorrectly attributed to newspaper staff . Dominic Ponsford of the Press Gazette gives the following examples : Ben Ellery 's interview with the boyfriend of murdered Jo Yeates appeared in the Daily Mail and Daily Mirror ; the former newspaper carried four bylines , none of which credited Ellery . Andrew Buckwell 's exclusive on a paternity issue involving Boris Johnson appeared in the Daily Mail without a byline crediting him . Ponsford also highlights cases in which newspapers byline fictional authors for pieces that attack other newspapers : for example the Daily Express 's use of `` Brendon Abbott '' . See also ( edit ) Look up byline in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Pen name Dateline Signature block Byline strike Strapline , unrelated but often confused , this is a slogan or product name in advertising . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` the definition of byline '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Shafer , Jack ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` How the byline beast was born '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Why are The Economist 's writers anonymous ? '' . The Economist. 4 September 2013 . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ponsford , Dominic ( 2011 - 04 - 13 ) . `` National press byline bandits : When the first line of a story is a lie , how can we trust the rest ? '' . PressGazette . Wilmington Business Information . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 18 . Journalism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byline&oldid=801219475 '' Categories : Newspaper content Newspaper terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español മലയാളം Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 12 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the byline go in an article | [
"The byline on a newspaper or magazine article gives the date, as well as the name of the writer of the article. Bylines are commonly placed between the headline and the text of the article, although some magazines (notably Reader's Digest) place bylines at the bottom of the page to leave more room for graphical elements around the headline."
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"between the headline and the text of the article"
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3845254835444597421 | List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes | List of the Haves and the Have Nots episodes - wikipedia List of the Haves and the Have Nots episodes This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search The Haves and the Have Nots is an American primetime television soap opera created , executive produced , written and directed by Tyler Perry . The premise of the series is loosely based on Perry 's 2011 play The Haves and the Have Nots . The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah , Georgia : the rich and powerful Cryer and Harrington families ( dubbed `` The Haves '' ) and the poor and destitute Young family ( dubbed `` The Have Nots '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 16 May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 20 January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) July 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) 25 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 23 January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 5 23 January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Big Surprise '' May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.77 The Cryer family has prepared a surprise 50th birthday celebration for Jim , but as he arrives , he is stunned when he sees that his latest mistress , Candace , has become friendly with his daughter Amanda and is partaking in the festivities . `` Playing in the Deep End '' May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 1.81 Jim has repeatedly requested that Candace leave the family 's home , but she continues to disobey him by staying with Amanda . `` Beautifully Dysfunctional '' June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) 1.47 Candace commits some mischievous acts that put Jim 's career in jeopardy . `` Entering the Race '' June 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) 1.31 After Jim announces that he plans to run for Governor , Candace holds the affair against Jim and threatens to reveal the news to the media . Hanna is shocked when she discovers an eviction notice on her door . 5 5 `` A Woman 's Pride '' June 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 18 ) 1.32 After her eviction , Hanna goes to Benny with questions regarding possibly adjusting the mortgage on her home . 6 6 `` Angry Sex '' June 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) 1.82 Jim falls into Candace 's vindictive trap once again and David is irked by the fact that Jim is unable to control himself . 7 7 `` A True Friend '' July 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 02 ) 1.54 Amanda has Wyatt and Jeffrey assist her with the move into her new apartment while Hanna is set up on a blind date by Benny . 8 8 `` The Criminal '' July 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) 1.56 Benny prepares for his date by asking to borrow a car , but is arrested and charged with drug possession after falling trap to someone 's malicious intent . Amanda seduces her law professor to raise her grade . 9 9 `` The Set Up '' July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) 1.61 Katheryn ends up bonding with Hanna over their issues . 10 10 `` Number Nine '' July 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) 1.80 Katheryn shames Candace directly after Jim reveals his affair . 11 11 `` Not My Daughter '' July 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 30 ) 1.87 Katheryn tells everyone that she is leaving for vacation , but that turns out to be false . 12 12 `` In Recovery '' August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) 2.02 Jim and Candace end up in a verbal and physical altercation . 13 13 `` What Are You Doing Here ? '' August 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 13 ) 2.14 Information is discovered by a detective that links Benny and Tony . Veronica continues to work toward answers for Benny 's case . 14 14 `` My Name Is Veronica '' August 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 2.05 Katheryn gets nervous when her secret almost goes public . 15 15 `` The Truth Will Set You Free '' August 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 2.32 After her secret is revealed , Katheryn tells everyone what she really knows about Jim 's secret activities . Jeffrey finally discloses his love for Wyatt . 16 16 `` No More Hiding '' September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 2.61 Jeffery comes out to his parents ; Hanna discloses information to Benny about Tony being his father ; Amanda learns about her inheritance ; and Wyatt relapses and has a life - changing accident . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The fifth episode in Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots , `` Why Did n't You Tell Me ? '' was not only a series high episode in ratings , but the most watched television program in all of cable for the night . The episode brought in 3.4 million viewers . Among all OWN programming since the network 's January 2011 debut , only a March 2012 Oprah 's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers ( 3.5 million ) than the February - 4 - 2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots . On Tuesday , March 11 , 2014 , however , a season 2 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots -- following a hiatus within the season -- set a record for all of OWN programming , scoring the highest ratings in the station 's history . The record - breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers . Additionally , the episode came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night . Season 2 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 17 `` The Black Sedan '' January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 2.77 Amanda is having second thoughts about asking for her inheritance . Inside , Katheryn and Jim are arguing about Wyatt 's accident Hanna is trying to find out any information about Benny . 18 `` Wyatt 's Nightmare '' January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 2.55 Wyatt kills a little girl after a hit - and - run , and Benny ends up on life support . Jim is unsure of what to do next once his campaign begins to fall apart . Amanda has an emotional breakdown . 19 `` Family Issues '' January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 2.84 Hanna disagrees with Tony 's suggestion to take Benny off life support . Celine and Katheryn have a confrontation about the former 's shabby treatment of Hanna . 20 `` Unanswered Calls '' January 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) 2.78 Jeffrey comes to the conclusion that Wyatt is the one who 's at fault for Benny 's condition and Lizzie 's death . 21 5 `` Why Did n't You Tell Me ? '' February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 3.5 Candace talks with Jim to have Benny relocated to a private hospital . 22 6 `` Protecting Wyatt '' February 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) 3.01 Jim does everything in his power to keep Wyatt from going to jail . Tony confronts Hanna and serves her with court papers . 23 7 `` Amanda 's Revenge '' February 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) 3.21 Amanda breaks into her professor 's home while his family is asleep . Candace is chosen by Hanna to represent her in court . 24 8 `` Maggie 's Plan '' February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 2.88 As Jim gets ready to announce his campaign for Governor , Wyatt 's behavior and warnings from Candace becomes too much to handle . 25 9 `` March for Justice '' March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 3.04 The judge makes a decision and sides with Tony . Hanna begs Tony on her knees to keep Benny on life support . 26 10 `` Starting the Race '' March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 3.59 Candace tries once again to blackmail Jim and David during their campaign event . Wyatt finally gets arrested . 27 11 `` You 'll Be Sorry '' May 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 27 ) 3.11 Wyatt is arrested . Candace is kidnapped by the Malones . Benny shows signs of brain activity . 28 12 `` The Confession '' June 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) 2.62 Jim conspires to save his son . Amanda gets a gun . Benny improves . 29 13 `` Donald '' June 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) 2.42 Jim proclaims his son 's innocence . Quincy pays Hanna a surprise visit in search of Candace . 30 14 `` The Awakening '' June 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 17 ) 2.81 Benny wakes up from his coma . 31 15 `` The Vulnerable '' June 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) 2.92 Benny prepares for his release from the hospital . Hanna plans to testify against Wyatt . Maggie tries to seduce David . 32 16 `` The Sarandon Hotel '' July 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 01 ) 3.47 After escaping her kidnappers , Candace asks Warlock for help . Jeffrey is seduced by Melissa . 33 17 `` Again and Again '' July 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) 3.32 David is compromised . Jim is plotting . Candace is panicking . 34 18 `` Something 's Wrong With Amanda '' July 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 15 ) 3.26 Amanda leaves the Cryer estate with Quincy . Candace hides out at Jeffrey 's apartment . Katheryn and Celine get into another confrontation . 35 19 `` Norman Hewens '' July 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 22 ) 2.86 A news report claiming that another person is responsible for the hit - and - run saves Wyatt from jail . Katheryn berates Jim about his evil deeds . Hanna attempts to apologize to Jim for her hand in the tragedy , but he wo n't have it and orders her off his property ; however , Katheryn has a tearful and beautiful reunion with her best friend , and offers Hanna her job back and to begin after Benny is settled in . Katheryn then tells Jim off about his attitude towards Hanna and orders him to keep Celine under control or else . 36 20 `` Checkmate '' July 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) 3.49 Jim is confronted by Carlos , his illegitimate son with Celine . Katheryn 's celebratory dinner party goes awry when Quincy , Candace 's ex , shows up as Amanda 's date . David and Veronica continue to battle over the fact that Jeffrey is gay . Candace seeks her revenge on Jim . Maggie makes another attempt to sleep with David . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 37 `` The Power Dance '' January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 3.22 Jim is being held hostage by Warlock under Candace 's orders . 38 `` The War Room '' January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 2.91 Hanna seeks information about Quincy 's mother so she can get one step closer to finding her grandson . room . 39 `` A Southern Brawl '' January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 2.60 Wyatt gives Celine a taste of reality and he finds out a about his brother Carlos . 40 `` Amanda 's Room '' January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 2.98 Jim gives up and finally gives in to Candace 's demands . 41 5 `` The Press Conference '' February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 2.89 Katheryn gets some devastating news . 42 6 `` A Tragic Day '' February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3.42 Everyone else is assembled at the Cryer mansion . 43 7 `` April 7 , 1979 '' February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3.22 Katheryn tells the story of how she first met Jim . 44 8 `` In Crisis '' February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 3.28 Katheryn and David try to tell Veronica how wrong she is about Jeffery . 45 9 `` A Talk with Jim '' March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 2.90 Benny is convinced that Candace has changed her ways . 46 10 `` Oscar '' March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 3.02 Hanna comforts Jim after Amanda 's death . 47 11 `` Unglued '' March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3.02 David is angry at Veronica for telling Quincy to beat up Jeffrey . 48 12 `` Enough is Enough '' March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3.50 Benny searches for Quincy after he shows up at Hanna 's home . 49 13 `` Two Funerals '' June 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 3.29 Veronica starts a fire that destroys her mansion and almost claims David 's life . 50 14 `` In Memoriam '' July 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 07 ) 2.79 Wyatt 's confession to D.A. Sallison sparks controversy . 51 15 `` Nine Lives '' July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) 3.17 Hanna finds out that Jim and Katheryn were holding Candace hostage . 52 16 `` The Cougar '' July 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 21 ) 2.85 Hanna covers for Benny after she discovers him in bed with Veronica . 53 17 `` Candace Young , Esq . '' July 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 28 ) 3.01 Candace shows Benny where she works . 54 18 `` Benny Does Battle '' August 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 04 ) 3.17 Quincy is hurt from the accident . 55 19 `` Quincy Jr . '' August 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 11 ) 3.12 Hanna is reunited with Q . 56 20 `` A Home For Q '' August 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) 3.06 Candace learns that Hanna is seeking custody of Q ; and the Cryers and Harringtons try to convince the D.A. that Wyatt 's taped confession is a misunderstanding . 57 21 `` Candace 's Closing '' August 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) 3.19 Candace buys property with the money she extorted from Jim ; and Jim is interviewed on TV . 58 22 `` Dianna Winchill '' September 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) 3.23 While Jim is being interviewed by Dianna Winchill , a surprise guest arrives . Veronica tells Jim that she had planned Wyatt 's attack in prison , leading Jim to attack her and later put a hit on her , Professor Cannon , and Prison Guard Terrell by calling three hitmen and ordering a `` bloodbath . '' 59 23 `` Vetted '' September 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 08 ) 3.28 Hanna grows suspicious of Benny 's involvement with Veronica and how he acquired his new house ; Quincy drives a car through Hanna 's home in spite of revenge ; Candace decides to let her guard down with Oscar . 60 24 `` Sheep 's Clothing '' September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 3.13 Hanna becomes devastated when she learns that Quincy set her house on fire ; Maggie tries to talk David into running for Governor ; Jeffrey gives Wyatt the necessary ammunition to take his parents down . 61 25 `` When The Chickens Come Home '' September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 3.71 Hanna and Benny force Candace to tell the truth about everything . Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 62 `` The Waters Run Deep '' January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 3.11 Katheryn and Veronica are taken to the police station Candace and Jeffrey disagree on what to do with Quincy 's body when interrupted by a knock on the door . Note : Actress Eva Tamargo who portrays Celine Gonzales leaves the main cast this season , although she is still featured in the opening sequence in the season 4 premiere . 63 `` Paid In Full '' January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 2.73 Katheryn has had a lot of time for reflection while cooling her heels behind bars with Veronica . Candace and Jeffery get a visit from police because of a nosy neighbor . 64 `` The Right Medicine '' January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 2.94 Katheryn is taken aback by the photo of Veronica in the arms of another man . Quincy wakes up and begs for Candace 's help . 65 `` An Evil Soul '' January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3.02 Katheryn is unshaken by the DA 's attempt to push . Candace 's lies catch up with her . 66 5 `` Immunity '' February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 2.90 Benny agrees to help Candace hide evidence in Quincy 's murder . 67 6 `` Making Millions '' February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 2.81 Quincy Jr. passes out on Hanna after getting really sick and is taken to the hospital and placed in ICU . 68 7 `` A Front Row Seat '' February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 2.95 Maggie 's lie to David could cause her to lose him forever ; Katheryn gets out of jail but she ca n't find anyone to help Jim or Veronica . 69 8 `` Unexpected Visitors '' February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3.07 Candace interrogates the social worker ; Hanna is steaking out at Cryer 's mansion waiting for their return ; Katheryn goes to visit David but little does she know that Wyatt is one step closer to getting his inheritance . 70 9 `` I Choose My Son '' March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2.80 Quita and Daylon break into Candace 's house but are caught by Pearl , who calls her son Justin and his police squad to arrest them ; Justin continues to harass Jeffery . 71 10 `` Beg For What You Need '' March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 2.64 Candace puts a plan into action to save herself and Benny from War 's rage . Katheryn pleads with Hanna to not end their friendship . Veronica handles the hired assassin hiding in her house in an unexpected manner . 72 11 `` 48 Hours '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 2.85 Warlock has pushed up Candace 's due date , so she goes to the bank to mortgage the houses and Benny 's tow yard . 73 12 `` My Friend Maggie '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2.85 Maggie visit 's Veronica 's home and gets the surprise of her life 74 13 `` Criminology 101 '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2.63 Veronica treats David with much malice . 75 14 `` Giving Candy To A Baby '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2.70 After talking with Pearl , Hanna hopes to gain custody of Quincy Jr . 76 15 `` The Apple Tree '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2.64 Katheryn Cryer tries to process difficult news about one of her closest family members 77 16 `` The Heart of A Man '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2.70 Veronica and Jeffery go to visit Katheryn but Veronica pushes Jeffery to his limit . 78 17 `` An Accident '' July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 3.05 Jeffrey begins to implode so he calls Candace and Justin for help . 79 18 `` A Tragic Assumption '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 3.02 Jennifer arrives at Katheryn 's house to tell her that Wyatt is alive . 80 19 `` I Am Wolf '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2.89 Jim teams up with a former enemy in his scheme against Candace . 81 20 `` Back In Business '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2.93 Mitch breaks up the fight between David and Benny ; David gets some shocking information about Mitch . 82 21 `` The Fugitive '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2.95 The police are on the look out for Hanna so they question Candace and Benny . 83 22 `` The Silk Handkerchief '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2.95 Benny learns the truth of how Candace financed his property . Candace finally tells him the truth about War and how she got the money , and what Mitch did but he does n't believe her . 84 23 `` Promises Kept '' September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 3.24 Katheryn explodes when she is pushed to the limit . Benny finds out the truth about War by Mitch , who also reveals to Benny who he really is . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 85 `` A Cup of Tea '' January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 2.99 Veronica tries to escape the Cryer Mansion . Jeffery is still trying to get a hold of Candace . Benny is still upset because of how Candace Mortgaged his house and the tow yard . 86 `` Waiting for Candace '' January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 2.16 Veronica and Katheryn have a fight . Benny holds hope that Candace will come through with the money . 87 `` It 's Ok to Love '' January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 2.68 Veronica is still trying to escape Katheryn 's mansion . Erica called Candace to give her an update on things with David . 88 `` A Mother 's Wisdom '' January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 2.36 Veronica wants to meet with Candace and Jeffery . Jim helps Katheryn clean up a mess she has created . 89 5 `` Brilliant Lawyers Lurking '' January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 2.70 Veronica helps Candace and Jeffery out of a precarious predicament . 90 6 `` A Hurricane Offshore '' February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 2.75 Veronica pays Erica a visit Candace encounters Oscar again . Quit'a finds Wyatt 's place and tells him that she 's going to take his money . 91 7 `` Pieces of The Puzzle '' February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 2.58 Veronica lets Jim know that if anything happens to her she has dirt on him . Hanna questions Benny and Candace about what they did to Quincy . 92 8 `` Praying for Light '' February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 2.76 Veronica planted a camera in those flowers she delivered to Erica . Hanna does all she can to keep the peace in her family . 93 9 `` We All Need Forgiveness '' February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 2.33 Veronica tells Justin to stay away from Jeffery . Candace makes Charles her latest Mark . 94 10 `` Forget The Bubble '' March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 2.41 Veronica is pushing Jeffery 's buttons . Erica is caught sleeping with David by War . 95 11 `` In Pursuit of Prey '' March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 3.20 Veronica tries to seduce Benny . Warlock looks for Candace , Mitch returns from jail . Katheryn leaves Jim , Wyatt checks himself into rehab of his own volition . 96 12 `` The Fallout From War '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2.68 Veronica goes in a rage after Melissa attempts suicide in her bed . In the aftermath of the shootout it is revealed that Quincy Jr is dead . 97 13 `` My Grandson 's War '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2.44 Veronica and Katheryn came face - to - face . Katheryn was able to be the friend that Hanna needed in comfort ; Mama Rose inflict a bit of fear into Jim Cryer . 98 14 `` Mad Day '' July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 2.33 Veronica intervened and proved her skills by representing Benny , Jim taunted Veronica , Hanna found herself at Katheryn 's new rental home . 99 15 `` A Woman Under the Stairs '' July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 2.43 Veronica threatens to reveal Officer Justin 's secret and accuses him of sexually harassing Jeffrey . David and Jim find their sons . Charles reveals to Candace who he really is . 100 16 `` Railroad '' July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 2.43 Veronica visits Melissa at the hospital . Katheryn helps Hanna deal with Benny 's situation . Wyatt gets released from the hospital . Charles beats Candace at her own game . 101 17 `` Elevator Seven '' August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 2.30 Veronica tried to confront Erica and David on the elevator about their relationship . Landon tries to warn Charles about Candace . Jeffrey meets up with Landon . 102 18 `` A Broken Mirror '' August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 2.33 Veronica catches Officer Justin in Jeffrey 's hotel room , and records Officer Justin . Jim is trying to find Warlock before Mamma Rose does . 103 19 `` Haunted By The Surname '' August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 2.40 Veronica is confronted by Officer Justin . Candace starts to see Erica for who she truly is . Candace gets some devastating news . 104 20 `` The Enemy Called Trust '' August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 2.52 Veronica tells Landon to stay away her son . Jim is shocked to see that his house is on fire . Candace ask Mitch for a favor . Warlock gets caught in a deadly trap . 105 21 `` Kate '' August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) 2.64 Veronica makes Melissa clean her blood out of her bed . Jim and Katheryn implode with emotion . Jim confronts Katheryn , and begs her for retribution . 106 22 `` For The Team '' September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 2.61 Veronica gives Jeffrey and Officer Justin an ultimatum . Candace and Benny are at odds with each other . David tells Jeffrey to stay away from Veronica . 107 23 `` The Veronica Show '' September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 2.58 Veronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage . Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr . Jim confronts Candace at The Artesian Hotel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mary McNamara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry and Oprah Winfrey do n't have it in ' Have - Nots ' -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call Tyler Perry 's `` The Haves And the Have Nots '' `` . Project Casting . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Sets Premieres for Tyler Perry 's Scripted Series , Greenlights Two Shows '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 5 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Announces New Original Programming for 2013 and Closes Out 2012 With Double - Digit Ratings Gains '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger . `` OWN Orders Four Additional Episodes Of Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' Backyard Oil ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night + ' Storage Wars ' , ' American Restoration ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Haves & the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night + ' Counting Cars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Twisted ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' , ' Catfish ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Counting Cars ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Shark Week ' Wins Night , ' The Game ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Suits ' , ' Catfish ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & ' Amish Mafia ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Game ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Covert Affairs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' The Game ' , & ' Amish Mafia ' Tie for Top Spot + ' The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tie for Top Spot + ' The Game ' , ' Amish Mafia ' , ' The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Suits ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Rick Kissell @ ratesrick . `` OWN 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Surges to Series Highs '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler Perry 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Finale Is OWN 's Most - Watched Program Ever '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell @ ratesrick ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Haves and Have Nots ' Sets OWN Ratings Record With Its Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Justified ' , ' Klondike ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' Moonshiners ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Leads Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Leads Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Amish Mafia ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Justified ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Little Couple ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' True Tori ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Leads Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' The Little Couple ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Fargo ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Chasing Life ' , ' Faking It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Leads Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Coverage Wins Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Wins Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Finding Carter ' , ' Perception ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' Pretty Little Liars ' Top Night + ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & ' Pretty Little Liars ' Win Night ; ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Tyrant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' and ' Deadliest Catch ' Lead Night + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' & ' Fixer Upper ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Konolojy , Amanda ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Basketball & ' Being Mary Jane ' Win NIght , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Top Night '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' & ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Win Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' If Loving You is Wrong ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Shark Week Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Proof ' & More -- Page 428275 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' WWE Tough Enough ' & More -- Page 431285 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' & More -- Page 434626 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More -- Page 439163 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Scream : The TV Series ' & More -- Page 443112 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 446955 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaDale . `` '' Haves And Have Nots '' Recap : ' A Home For Q ' `` . Canyon News . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Win Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' & More -- Page 450198 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Ink Master ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More -- Page 453325 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Ink Master ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Below Deck ' , ' Tyrant ' & More -- Page 456690 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , US Open Coverage , ' Ink Master ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More -- Page 460485 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Series Premiere of ' The Bastard Executioner ' & ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tie For First , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 467511 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV By The Numbers ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' If Loving You is Wrong ' , ' Ink Master ' & More -- Page 470596 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Shannara ' has a so - so premiere for MTV -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' returns on top , ' Shadowhunters ' had solid debut -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls , ' Haves and the Have Nots ' holds strong -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Curse of Oak Island ' stays on top , ' Shadowhunters ' rises -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere soars -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads again -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls , ' Pretty Little Liars ' rises -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' stays steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' rises slightly -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' and ' Fixer Upper ' stay steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalfe , Mitch ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED CHARTS : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.30. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Taboo ' premieres well , ' Curse of Oak Island ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' reigns supreme '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Articles ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' ticks up , ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex. `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' holds steady , ' Shooter ' returns down -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Haves_and_the_Have_Nots_episodes&oldid=808945637 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 05 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | have and have nots season 5 season finale | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n85\n1\n\"A Cup of Tea\"\nJanuary 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)\n2.99[93]\n\n\nVeronica tries to escape the Cryer Mansion. Jeffery is still trying to get a hold of Candace. Benny is still upset because of how Candace Mortgaged his house and the tow yard.\n\n\n86\n2\n\"Waiting for Candace\"\nJanuary 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)\n2.16[94]\n\n\nVeronica and Katheryn have a fight. Benny holds hope that Candace will come through with the money.\n\n\n87\n3\n\"It's Ok to Love\"\nJanuary 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)\n2.68[95]\n\n\nVeronica is still trying to escape Katheryn's mansion. Erica called Candace to give her an update on things with David.\n\n\n88\n4\n\"A Mother's Wisdom\"\nJanuary 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)\n2.36[96]\n\n\nVeronica wants to meet with Candace and Jeffery. Jim helps Katheryn clean up a mess she has created.\n\n\n89\n5\n\"Brilliant Lawyers Lurking\"\nJanuary 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)\n2.70[97]\n\n\nVeronica helps Candace and Jeffery out of a precarious predicament.\n\n\n90\n6\n\"A Hurricane Offshore\"\nFebruary 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)\n2.75[98]\n\n\nVeronica pays Erica a visit Candace encounters Oscar again. Quit'a finds Wyatt's place and tells him that she's going to take his money.\n\n\n91\n7\n\"Pieces of The Puzzle\"\nFebruary 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)\n2.58[99]\n\n\nVeronica lets Jim know that if anything happens to her she has dirt on him. Hanna questions Benny and Candace about what they did to Quincy.\n\n\n92\n8\n\"Praying for Light\"\nFebruary 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)\n2.76[100]\n\n\nVeronica planted a camera in those flowers she delivered to Erica. Hanna does all she can to keep the peace in her family.\n\n\n93\n9\n\"We All Need Forgiveness\"\nFebruary 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)\n2.33[101]\n\n\nVeronica tells Justin to stay away from Jeffery. Candace makes Charles her latest Mark.\n\n\n94\n10\n\"Forget The Bubble\"\nMarch 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)\n2.41[102]\n\n\nVeronica is pushing Jeffery's buttons. Erica is caught sleeping with David by War.\n\n\n95\n11\n\"In Pursuit of Prey\"\nMarch 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)\n3.20[103]\n\n\nVeronica tries to seduce Benny. Warlock looks for Candace, Mitch returns from jail. Katheryn leaves Jim, Wyatt checks himself into rehab of his own volition.\n\n\n96\n12\n\"The Fallout From War\"\nJune 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)\n2.68[104]\n\n\nVeronica goes in a rage after Melissa attempts suicide in her bed. In the aftermath of the shootout it is revealed that Quincy Jr is dead.\n\n\n97\n13\n\"My Grandson's War\"\nJune 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)\n2.44[105]\n\n\nVeronica and Katheryn came face-to-face. Katheryn was able to be the friend that Hanna needed in comfort; Mama Rose inflict a bit of fear into Jim Cryer.\n\n\n98\n14\n\"Mad Day\"\nJuly 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)\n2.33[106]\n\n\nVeronica intervened and proved her skills by representing Benny, Jim taunted Veronica, Hanna found herself at Katheryn's new rental home.\n\n\n99\n15\n\"A Woman Under the Stairs\"\nJuly 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)\n2.43[107]\n\n\nVeronica threatens to reveal Officer Justin's secret and accuses him of sexually harassing Jeffrey. David and Jim find their sons. Charles reveals to Candace who he really is.\n\n\n100\n16\n\"Railroad\"\nJuly 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)\n2.43[108]\n\n\nVeronica visits Melissa at the hospital. Katheryn helps Hanna deal with Benny's situation. Wyatt gets released from the hospital. Charles beats Candace at her own game.\n\n\n101\n17\n\"Elevator Seven\"\nAugust 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)\n2.30[109]\n\n\nVeronica tried to confront Erica and David on the elevator about their relationship. Landon tries to warn Charles about Candace. Jeffrey meets up with Landon.\n\n\n102\n18\n\"A Broken Mirror\"\nAugust 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)\n2.33[110]\n\n\nVeronica catches Officer Justin in Jeffrey's hotel room, and records Officer Justin. Jim is trying to find Warlock before Mamma Rose does.\n\n\n103\n19\n\"Haunted By The Surname\"\nAugust 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)\n2.40[111]\n\n\nVeronica is confronted by Officer Justin. Candace starts to see Erica for who she truly is. Candace gets some devastating news.\n\n\n104\n20\n\"The Enemy Called Trust\"\nAugust 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)\n2.52[112]\n\n\nVeronica tells Landon to stay away her son. Jim is shocked to see that his house is on fire. Candace ask Mitch for a favor. Warlock gets caught in a deadly trap.\n\n\n105\n21\n\"Kate\"\nAugust 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)\n2.64[113]\n\n\nVeronica makes Melissa clean her blood out of her bed. Jim and Katheryn implode with emotion. Jim confronts Katheryn, and begs her for retribution.\n\n\n106\n22\n\"For The Team\"\nSeptember 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)\n2.61[114]\n\n\nVeronica gives Jeffrey and Officer Justin an ultimatum. Candace and Benny are at odds with each other. David tells Jeffrey to stay away from Veronica.\n\n\n107\n23\n\"The Veronica Show\"\nSeptember 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)\n2.58[115]\n\n\nVeronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage. Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr. Jim confronts Candace at The Artesian Hotel.\n\n"
] | [
"Veronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage. Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr. Jim confronts Candace at The Artesian Hotel."
] |
-7755567447068064154 | 1998 Minnesota Vikings season | 1998 Minnesota Vikings season - wikipedia 1998 Minnesota Vikings season Jump to : navigation , search 1998 Minnesota Vikings season Head coach Dennis Green General manager Jeff Diamond Owner Red McCombs Home field Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Results Record 15 -- 1 Division place 1st NFC Central Playoff finish Won NFC Divisional Playoff ( Cardinals ) 41 -- 21 Lost NFC Championship Game ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 ( OT ) Pro Bowlers 10 ( show ) K Gary Anderson WR Cris Carter C Jeff Christy QB Randall Cunningham LB Ed McDaniel G Randall McDaniel WR Randy Moss DE John Randle RB Robert Smith LT Todd Steussie AP All - Pros 5 ( show ) K Gary Anderson QB Randall Cunningham G Randall McDaniel WR Randy Moss DE John Randle ← 1997 Vikings seasons 1999 → The 1998 Minnesota Vikings season was the 38th season of competition for the Minnesota Vikings franchise in the National Football League . The Vikings became the third team in NFL history to win 15 games during the regular season , which earned them the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Central division championship and the first overall seed in the NFC playoffs . The team entered the playoffs as the favorite to win Super Bowl XXXIII , but their season ended when they were upset by the Atlanta Falcons in the 1998 NFC Championship Game . The 1998 Vikings team is historically known for its offense , which featured veteran quarterback Randall Cunningham , Hall of Fame wide receiver Cris Carter , and rookie wide receiver Randy Moss . The team scored 556 points during the season , which was an NFL record at the time , and Moss set an NFL record by catching 17 touchdown passes , the most ever by a rookie . On special teams , Gary Anderson became the first placekicker in NFL history to convert every field goal and extra point that he attempted . The Vikings defense ranked sixth in the league in points allowed and was led by Hall of Fame defensive tackle John Randle . During the NFC Championship Game , Gary Anderson missed a field goal for the first time that season . Had the field goal been converted , it would have given the Vikings an nearly - insurmountable 10 - point lead late in the game . Instead , the Falcons tied the game on their ensuing drive and won by a field goal in sudden death overtime . Due to his historic performance during the season , Anderson 's missed kick has since been noted as a major event in NFL history . The 1998 Vikings were the first NFL team to compile a regular season record of 15 -- 1 and not win the Super Bowl , and numerous publications have recognized the team as one of the greatest to never win the league championship . Their loss in the NFC Championship Game is also considered one of the most devastating losses in NFL history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offseason 1.1 1998 Draft 2 Regular season 2.1 Schedule 2.2 Notable moments 2.3 Standings 3 Playoffs 3.1 NFC Divisional Playoff Game 3.2 NFC Championship Game 4 Statistics 4.1 Team leaders 4.2 Best performances 4.3 League rankings 5 Personnel 5.1 Staff 5.2 Final roster 6 Awards and records 7 References Offseason ( edit ) 1998 Draft ( edit ) Main article : 1998 NFL draft = Pro Bowler 1998 Minnesota Vikings Draft Draft order Player name Position College Notes Round Choice Overall 21 21 Randy Moss Wide receiver Marshall 21 51 Kailee Wong Linebacker Stanford 19 80 Ramos McDonald Cornerback New Mexico 18 110 Kivuusama Mays Linebacker North Carolina 5 21 144 Kerry Cooks Safety Iowa 6 20 173 Matt Birk Offensive tackle Harvard 7 19 208 Chester Burnett Linebacker Arizona 36 225 Tony Darden Cornerback Texas Tech Compensatory pick Regular season ( edit ) Prior to the start of the 1998 season , the Vikings were sold to Red McCombs . The NFL had not been happy with the Vikings ' ownership arrangement of ten owners with none owning 30 % . The ownership decided to sell the club . At first it appeared that Tom Clancy would become the new owner . However , his attempt to buy the team fell through . So in July 1998 , the team was sold to McCombs who was from San Antonio , Texas . 1998 was a year to remember for the Minnesota Vikings . With a spectacular offense led by quarterback Randall Cunningham , who had the best year of his NFL career , running back Robert Smith , veteran wide receiver Cris Carter , and explosive rookie Randy Moss , the Vikings set a then - NFL record by scoring a total of 556 points , never scoring fewer than 24 in a game . The Vikings finished the season 15 -- 1 , their only loss by three points to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in week nine . 12 of their 15 wins came by a margin of at least 10 points . Ten Vikings ( not all pictured ) were named to the 1999 Pro Bowl . According to Football Outsiders , `` The Vikings led the league with 52 plays of 25 + yards . They had 22 offensive plays of 40 + yards ; no other team had more than 16 plays of that length . '' In the playoffs , the Vikings rolled past the Arizona Cardinals 41 -- 21 , and came into the Metrodome heavily favored for their NFC title showdown with the Atlanta Falcons , who had finished 14 -- 2 . Leading 20 -- 7 just before halftime , some would argue that the Vikings got greedy with their playcalling , as they called a deep pass play on 3rd down , which led to a Cunningham fumble deep in Minnesota territory . Shortly thereafter , the Falcons scored to cut the lead to 20 -- 14 . The Vikings were again leading 27 -- 20 with two minutes left in the 4th quarter and had a chance to potentially put the game out of reach with a field goal . However , kicker Gary Anderson , who had gone 35 for 35 in the regular season , missed a 38 - yard attempt . With multiple defensive injuries for the Vikings the Falcons subsequently marched downfield and scored the game - tying touchdown several plays later . A controversial decision in the game is that Viking Head Coach Dennis Green opted to take a knee on a third - down deep in Viking territory with about 30 seconds remaining rather than risk having to punt back to Atlanta following their game - tying touchdown . Minnesota won the coin - toss in overtime but failed to score in two overtime possessions . Atlanta eventually won 30 -- 27 in overtime on Morten Andersen 's field goal , which was , coincidentally , also a 38 - yarder on the same uprights . Schedule ( edit ) Week Date Kickoff ( CT ) Opponent Results Game site TV Attendance Final score Team record September 6 12 : 00 p.m. Tampa Bay Buccaneers W 31 -- 7 1 -- 0 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome FOX 62,538 September 13 12 : 00 p.m. at St. Louis Rams W 38 -- 31 2 -- 0 Trans World Dome FOX 56,234 September 20 12 : 00 p.m. Detroit Lions W 29 -- 6 3 -- 0 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome FOX 63,107 September 27 3 : 15 p.m. at Chicago Bears W 31 -- 28 4 -- 0 Soldier Field FOX 57,783 5 October 5 8 : 00 p.m. at Green Bay Packers W 37 -- 24 5 -- 0 Lambeau Field ABC 59,849 6 Bye 7 October 18 12 : 00 p.m. Washington Redskins W 41 -- 7 6 -- 0 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome FOX 64,004 8 October 25 12 : 00 p.m. at Detroit Lions W 34 -- 13 7 -- 0 Pontiac Silverdome FOX 77,885 9 November 1 12 : 00 p.m. at Tampa Bay Buccaneers L 24 -- 27 7 -- 1 Raymond James Stadium FOX 64,979 10 November 8 12 : 00 p.m. New Orleans Saints W 31 -- 24 8 -- 1 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome FOX 63,779 11 November 15 12 : 00 p.m. Cincinnati Bengals W 24 -- 3 9 -- 1 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome CBS 64,232 12 November 22 12 : 00 p.m. Green Bay Packers W 28 -- 14 10 -- 1 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome FOX 64,471 13 November 26 3 : 15 p.m. at Dallas Cowboys W 46 -- 36 11 -- 1 Texas Stadium FOX 64,366 14 December 6 8 : 15 p.m. Chicago Bears W 48 -- 22 12 -- 1 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ESPN 64,247 15 December 13 3 : 15 p.m. at Baltimore Ravens W 38 -- 28 13 -- 1 Ravens Stadium at Camden Yards FOX 69,074 16 December 20 7 : 15 p.m. Jacksonville Jaguars W 50 -- 10 14 -- 1 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ESPN 64,363 17 December 26 11 : 30 a.m. at Tennessee Oilers W 26 -- 16 15 -- 1 Vanderbilt Stadium FOX 41,121 Notable moments ( edit ) September 6 vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cris Carter and rookie Randy Moss caught two touchdowns apiece as the Vikings routed the Bucs 31 -- 7 despite being outgained in yards 319 to 298 . September 13 @ St. Louis Rams Brad Johnson was intercepted twice and eventually knocked out of the game ; his replacement Randall Cunningham threw a late touchdown to Cris Carter . Robert Smith rushed for 179 yards and two touchdowns as the Rams stayed within a touchdown despite four Tony Banks interceptions . A last - minute goalline stand by the Vikings sealed a 38 -- 31 win . September 20 vs. Detroit Lions Cunningham made his first start of the season and threw for 220 yards and a five - yard score to Randy Moss . The game was mostly a Gary Anderson field goal exhibition as he booted five field goals plus two PATs , the second on Leroy Hoard 's 11 - yard rushing touchdown in the Vikes ' 29 -- 6 win . September 27 @ Chicago Bears Cunningham and Erik Kramer of the Bears squared off in a spirited duel . Cunningham 's four touchdowns ( to Smith , Andrew Glover , Carter , and Moss ) were answered by Kramer 's four scores ( to Bobby Engram , Chris Penn , and Ryan Wetnight ) . The Vikings got the better of the duel as they intercepted Kramer once and won 31 -- 28 . Monday Night Football October 5 @ Green Bay Packers Randall Cunningham and Randy Moss unleashed a passing clinic on Monday Night at Lambeau Field as Cunningham tossed for 422 yards and Moss caught five passes for 190 yards and two scores . Cris Carter added eight for 119 yards as the Vikings also intercepted Brett Favre three times ; backup Doug Pederson took over and threw two scores in the fourth quarter ; they did nothing to assauge a 37 -- 24 Vikings win . November 1 @ Tampa Bay Buccaneers The Vikings quest for perfection ended as Warrick Dunn and Mike Alstott erupted to 243 rushing yards and two scores . Two Cunningham touchdown throws put the Vikings up 24 -- 17 until Alstott 's score in the fourth proved the key to Tampa 's 27 -- 24 upset of the Vikings . November 8 vs. New Orleans Saints Cunningham threw only two passes against New Orleans and Brad Johnson came off the bench to throw for 316 yards and a touchdown despite two picks ; Sammy Knight ran back one pick for a 91 - yard touchdown in the fourth . Robert Smith surged to 137 rushing yards ; he and Leroy Hoard accounted for three touchdowns in Minnesota 's 31 -- 24 win . Thanksgiving November 26 @ Dallas Cowboys Cunningham and Moss led a wild 46 -- 36 win at Dallas as Moss caught just three passes -- for 163 yards and three touchdowns . Cris Carter snagged seven passes for 135 yards and a score and Leroy Hoard ran in two more touchdowns . Troy Aikman threw for a career - high 455 yards and a score to Patrick Jeffers while Emmitt Smith ran in three scores ; despite 513 total yards the Cowboys could not keep pace with the Vikings . The game was also a penalty - laden affair with a combined 23 fouls eating 230 yards . December 6 vs. Chicago Bears Four years after Warren Moon 's overtime win over the Bears on Sunday Night Football , the Vikings clinched the NFC Central title by once again hosting the Bears on Sunday Night Football . Randall Cunningham unleashed four more touchdowns , three of them to Randy Moss . Leroy Hoard added a rushing score while the Bears fumbled at the Vikings six - yard line and Dwayne Rudd scored with the turnover . The Vikings won 48 -- 14 . December 13 @ Baltimore Ravens Vikings offensive coordinator Brian Billick faced his employer for the following season as the two teams combined for just 143 rushing yards . This unusual game featured three kick - off returns for TDs and four fumbles ( all in their own half by the Ravens ) in just the first 21 minutes of play . Overall , the Ravens coughed up five fumbles but the Vikings offense was largely held in check , with Gary Anderson booting six field goals and Randall Cunningham held to two touchdowns , one to Randy Moss . Future 49ers coach Jim Harbaugh threw a 42 - yard touchdown to his former Colts teammate Floyd Turner while Corey Haris , David Palmer on kick returns and Priest Holmes on a two - yard run gave the Ravens the rest of their points scored in a 38 -- 28 Vikings win . December 20 vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Despite 108 penalty yards the Vikings reached 50 points in a 50 -- 10 slaughter of the AFC Central champion Jaguars . Randall Cunningham threw for 210 yards and three touchdowns , then gave way to Brad Johnson who added a touchdown of his own . Cunningham was one of three Vikings players who rushed for 161 yards and a Chuck Evans touchdown while Jimmy Hitchcock intercepted Jonathan Quinn and scored from 30 yards out . December 27 @ Tennessee Oilers The Vikings became the final club to play against Tennessee before they officially became the Titans . The Oilers clawed to a 13 -- 8 halftime lead despite an intentional grounding penalty against Steve McNair that led to a safety . Two Randall Cunningham touchdowns in the third quarter put the game away to a 26 -- 16 Vikings win , the 15th of the season . Standings ( edit ) NFC Central view talk PCT PF PA STK ( 1 ) Minnesota Vikings 15 0 . 938 556 296 W8 ( 5 ) Green Bay Packers 11 5 0 . 688 408 319 W3 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 8 8 0 . 500 314 295 W1 Detroit Lions 5 11 0 . 313 306 378 L4 Chicago Bears 12 0 . 250 276 368 L1 Playoffs ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Results Game site Attendance Final score Team record Div January 10 Arizona Cardinals W 41 -- 21 1 -- 0 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 63,760 NFC January 17 Atlanta Falcons L 27 -- 30 ( OT ) 1 -- 1 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 64,060 NFC divisional playoff game ( edit ) Minnesota Vikings 41 , Arizona Cardinals 21 Total Cardinals 0 7 7 7 21 Vikings 7 17 10 7 41 at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , Minneapolis Date : January 10 , 1999 Game time : 3 : 15 p.m. CST Game attendance : 64,060 TV : NFL on Fox The Vikings improve their record to 16 - 1 with a one - sided win over the Arizona Cardinals 41 - 21 and move on to the NFC Championship Game . NFC Championship game ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons 30 , Minnesota Vikings 27 OT Total Falcons 7 7 10 30 Vikings 7 13 0 7 0 27 at Hubert Humphrey Metrodome , Minneapolis Date : January 17 , 1999 Game time : 11 : 30 a.m. CST Game attendance : 64,060 TV : NFL on Fox The 16 -- 1 Vikings , boasting the league 's first post-merger 500 - point offense since the 1983 Washington Redskins , were heavy favorites at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome and raced to a 20 -- 7 lead in the second quarter off two Randall Cunningham touchdowns ( one rushing and a throw to Randy Moss ) , but at the end of the first half Chris Chandler found Terance Mathis for a 14 - yard score . After a Morten Andersen field goal made it 20 -- 17 in the third , the Vikings surged to a 27 -- 17 lead on another Cunningham TD throw ( this one to Matthew Hatchette ) . In the frantic final ten minutes of regulation the Falcons were forced to turn the ball over on downs , but the Vikings fumbled it right back and Andersen kicked another field goal for a 27 -- 20 score . In the final four minutes Gary Anderson , who had n't missed a field goal all season , shanked a 38 - yarder , and suddenly the surging Falcons had a chance , and nailed it when Chandler led the Falcons downfield and connected with Mathis in the end zone with 49 seconds remaining . The Vikings got the ball in overtime but Eugene Robinson stopped a deep pass to Moss and the Falcons got it back on a punt. Chandler led the Falcons downfield again and Andersen nailed a 38 - yard field goal at 11 : 52 of the extra quarter ; the 30 -- 27 final sent the Falcons to Super Bowl XXXIII . Statistics ( edit ) Team leaders ( edit ) Category Player ( s ) Value Passing yards Randall Cunningham 3,704 Passing touchdowns Randall Cunningham 34 Rushing yards Robert Smith 1,187 Rushing touchdowns Leroy Hoard 9 Receiving yards Randy Moss 1,313 Receiving touchdowns Randy Moss 17 Points Gary Anderson 164 * Kickoff return yards David Palmer 1,176 Punt return yards David Palmer 289 Tackles Ed McDaniel 125 Sacks John Randle 10.5 Interceptions Jimmy Hitchcock 7 Forced fumbles Ed McDaniel John Randle Vikings single season record . Best performances ( edit ) Randall Cunningham , 442 passing yards vs. Green Bay ( October 5 ) Randy Moss , 3 receptions , 163 yards , 3 TD at Dallas ( November 26 ) League rankings ( edit ) Category Total yards Yards per game NFL rank ( out of 30 ) Passing offense 4,328 270.5 1st Rushing offense 1,936 121.0 11th Total offense 6,264 391.5 2nd Passing defense 3,452 215.8 19th Rushing defense 1,614 100.9 11th Total defense 5,066 316.6 13th Personnel ( edit ) Staff ( edit ) 1998 Minnesota Vikings staff Front Office Owner -- Red McCombs President -- Gary Woods Executive Vice President / General Manager -- Tim Connolly Head Coaches Head Coach -- Dennis Green Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Brian Billick Quarterbacks -- Chip Myers Running Backs -- Carl Hargrave Wide Receivers -- Hubbard Alexander Tight Ends -- Dave Atkins Offensive Line -- Mike Tice Coaching Assistant -- Wade Harman Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Foge Fazio Defensive Line -- Andre Patterson Inside Linebackers -- Tom Olivadotti Outside Linebackers -- Trent Walters Defensive Backs -- Richard Solomon Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Gary Zauner Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Steve Wetzel Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jeff Friday Final roster ( edit ) 1998 Minnesota Vikings final roster Quarterbacks 7 Randall Cunningham 11 Jay Fiedler 14 Brad Johnson Running backs 29 Chuck Evans FB 44 Leroy Hoard 33 Harold Morrow FB 26 Robert Smith Wide receivers 18 Tony Bland 80 Cris Carter 89 Matthew Hatchette 84 Randy Moss 22 David Palmer KR / PR 86 Jake Reed 83 Robert Tate 81 Chris Walsh Tight ends 85 Greg DeLong 82 Andrew Glover 87 Hunter Goodwin Offensive linemen 75 Matt Birk T 62 Jeff Christy C 71 David Dixon G 61 Everett Lindsay G 76 Chris Liwienski T 64 Randall McDaniel G 73 Todd Steussie T 77 Korey Stringer T Defensive linemen 90 Derrick Alexander DE 96 Jerry Ball DT 92 Duane Clemons DE 99 Stalin Colinet DT 72 Jason Fisk DT 93 John Randle DE 98 Ben Williams DT 94 Tony Williams DT Linebackers 59 Dixon Edwards 55 Bobby Houston 53 Kivuusama Mays 58 Ed McDaniel MLB 57 Dwayne Rudd OLB Defensive backs 30 Antonio Banks CB 38 Anthony Bass CB 43 Greg Briggs CB 31 Duane Butler CB 27 Corey Fuller CB 24 Robert Griffith SS 37 Jimmy Hitchcock CB 34 Ramos McDonald CB 42 Orlando Thomas FS Special teams 1 Gary Anderson K 17 Mitch Berger P 68 Mike Morris LS Reserve lists 56 Pete Bercich LB ( IR ) 74 Orlando Bobo G ( IR ) 25 Tony Darden CB ( IR ) 23 Torrian Gray FS ( IR ) 79 Eric Moss G ( IR ) 28 Anthony Phillips CB ( IR ) 78 Bob Sapp G ( Susp . ) 21 Moe Williams RB ( IR ) 52 Kailee Wong OLB ( IR ) Practice squad 49 Obafemi Ayanbadejo FB Rookies in italics 51 Active , 9 Inactive , 1 Practice squad Awards and records ( edit ) Randall Cunningham , Bert Bell Award Randy Moss , led rookies in receiving yards , ( 1,313 yards ) Moss also set the record for most receiving touchdowns for a rookie , 17 , a record that still stands today . The Vikings became just the third team to post a 15 -- 1 win - loss record since the implementation of the 16 - game schedule in 1978 . They joined the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears , but became the first of those teams to fail to win the Super Bowl . Currently , the only teams to complete a 15 -- 1 season ( or better ) are the 1984 San Francisco 49ers , the 1985 Chicago Bears , the 1998 Minnesota Vikings , the 2004 Pittsburgh Steelers , the 2007 New England Patriots , the 2011 Green Bay Packers , and the 2015 Carolina Panthers . Both the 49ers and Bears completed their seasons with a Super Bowl Victory as the Vikings , Packers , Steelers , Patriots , and Panthers failed to do so . The Packers being the only team of the group to not win a playoff game . The Vikings ' high - powered offense set a record , which stood until the 2007 season , for most points scored in a season with 556 . They eclipsed the 1983 Washington Redskins , who scored 541 . The 2007 New England Patriots beat the record by scoring 589 points . The 1998 Vikings now rank fifth all time , behind the 606 points scored by the 2013 Denver Broncos . It 's worth noting that the 1998 Vikings followed in the footsteps of the 1983 Redskins and set a mark the 2007 Patriots and 2013 Broncos matched : none of these teams won the Super Bowl . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The others were the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears . Jump up ^ 1998 DVOA Ratings and Commentary ^ Jump up to : NFL 2001 Record and Fact Book , Workman Publishing Co , New York , ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2480 - 2 , p. 440 Jump up ^ 2009 Minnesota Vikings Media Guide . p. 251 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Randy Moss Pro Football Reference NFC Championship Minnesota Vikings Founded in 1961 Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota Headquartered in Eden Prairie , Minnesota Franchise Franchise History Expansion draft Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks Head coaches Seasons Statistics Draft Broadcasters Stadiums Metropolitan Stadium Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome TCF Bank Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium Culture Purple People Eaters `` Skol , Vikings '' Herschel Walker trade Love Boat scandal `` Little Minnesota '' ( How I Met Your Mother episode ) Cheerleaders Lore The Wrong Way Run Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Miracle at the Met Gary Anderson 's missed field goal Hail Mary 2010 Metrodome roof collapse Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Division championships ( 20 ) 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1980 1989 1992 1994 1998 2000 2008 2009 2015 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1969 1973 1976 League championships ( 0 ) does not include 1969 NFL championship Retired numbers 10 53 70 77 80 88 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 57 ) 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Minnesota Vikings seasons 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates NFL Championship or Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance ( hide ) 1998 NFL season AFC East Central West East Central West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Denver Arizona Chicago Atlanta Indianapolis Cincinnati Kansas City Dallas Detroit Carolina Miami Jacksonville Oakland NY Giants Green Bay New Orleans New England Pittsburgh San Diego Philadelphia Minnesota St. Louis NY Jets Tennessee Seattle Washington Tampa Bay San Francisco 1998 NFL Draft NFL Playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXXIII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_Minnesota_Vikings_season&oldid=803693733 '' Categories : Minnesota Vikings seasons 1998 National Football League season by team NFC Central championship seasons 1998 in sports in Minnesota Hidden categories : Pages using Americanfootballbox with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 01 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who quarterbacked the minnesota vikings the year they won 15 games | [
"1998 was a year to remember for the Minnesota Vikings. With a spectacular offense led by quarterback Randall Cunningham, who had the best year of his NFL career, running back Robert Smith, veteran wide receiver Cris Carter, and explosive rookie Randy Moss, the Vikings set a then-NFL record by scoring a total of 556 points, never scoring fewer than 24 in a game. The Vikings finished the season 15–1, their only loss by three points to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in week nine. 12 of their 15 wins came by a margin of at least 10 points."
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"Randall Cunningham"
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1662136968548298990 | River of No Return | River of No Return - wikipedia River of No Return This article is about the film . For the river in Idaho , see Salmon River ( Idaho ) . River of No Return Theatrical release poster Directed by Otto Preminger Produced by Stanley Rubin Written by Frank Fenton Story by Louis Lantz Starring Robert Mitchum Marilyn Monroe Tommy Rettig Rory Calhoun Music by Cyril J. Mockridge Cinematography Joseph LaShelle Edited by Louis R. Loeffler Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date April 30 , 1954 ( 1954 - 04 - 30 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2,195,000 Box office $3,800,000 River of No Return is a 1954 American Western film directed by Otto Preminger and starring Robert Mitchum and Marilyn Monroe . The screenplay by Frank Fenton is based on a story by Louis Lantz , who borrowed his premise from the 1948 Italian film Bicycle Thieves . It was made in Technicolor and CinemaScope and released by 20th Century Fox . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Filming 3.3 Post-production 4 Critical reception 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in the Northwestern United States in 1875 , the film focuses on taciturn widower Matt Calder ( Robert Mitchum ) , who has recently been released from prison after serving time for killing one man while defending another . He arrives in a boomtown tent city in search of his ten - year - old son Mark ( Tommy Rettig ) , who was left in the care of dance hall singer Kay ( Marilyn Monroe ) after the man who brought him there as Matt had arranged took off for the hills . Matt promises Mark , a virtual stranger to him , the two will enjoy a life of hunting , fishing and farming on their homestead . Robert Mitchum with Tommy Rettig in a scene from the film Kay 's fiance , gambler Harry Weston ( Rory Calhoun ) , tells her they must go to Council City to file the deed on a gold mine he won in a poker game . They head downriver on a homemade log raft , and when they encounter trouble in the rapids near the Calder farm , Matt and Mark rescue them . Harry offers to buy Matt 's rifle and horse so as to reach Council City by land . When Matt refuses , Harry knocks Matt unconscious and steals both horse and rifle . Kay chooses to stay behind to take care of Matt and Mark , and the three are stranded in the wilderness . When hostile Indians attack the farm , the three are forced to escape down the river on Harry 's raft . That night they set up camp by the river , and Matt and Kay argue about the wisdom of pursuing Harry . Matt asks why Kay would choose to marry a man who had endangered a child , whereupon she reminds him that Harry never killed a man like Matt did . Mark overhears their discussion , and Matt is forced to reveal the truth about his past to his son , who is unable to comprehend why his father acted as he did . As the three continue their journey , Kay comes to appreciate Matt 's bravery and the tender way he cares for both her and Mark . Along the way , they are forced to deal with a series of trials and tribulations , including a mountain lion attack ; gold prospectors Sam Benson and Dave Colby , who are after Harry for stealing their claim ; and a second Indian war party . After a difficult ride through the worst of the rapids , the three arrive in Council City and confront Harry . Harry shoots at Matt , prompting Mark to shoot Harry in the back , using a rifle that he was inspecting in the general store . As a result , Mark comes to understand why his father had to shoot a man in a similar fashion so many years before . Afterwards , Kay finds a job at the local saloon . While she is singing there , Matt walks into the saloon and throws Kay over his shoulder to take her back to his farm along with Mark . She happily leaves with him . The final scene is Kay throwing her high heeled showgirl shoes from their buckboard into the street , a renunciation of her old life . Cast ( edit ) Robert Mitchum as Matt Calder Marilyn Monroe as Kay Weston Tommy Rettig as Mark Calder Rory Calhoun as Harry Weston Douglas Spencer as Sam Benson Murvyn Vye as Dave Colby Production ( edit ) Preproduction ( edit ) Otto Preminger was preparing for the opening of The Moon Is Blue when 20th Century Fox executive Darryl F. Zanuck assigned him to direct River of No Return as part of his contract with the studio . Because of their previous experience with Westerns , producer Stanley Rubin had wanted William Wellman , Raoul Walsh , or Henry King to helm the film , and he was concerned Preminger , who he felt was better suited for film noir melodrama or sophisticated comedy , would be unable to rise to the task of directing a piece of Americana . Preminger himself had no interest in the project until he read the screenplay and saw potential in the story . He also approved of Robert Mitchum and Marilyn Monroe , who already had been cast in the lead roles . Zanuck decided the film should be made in CinemaScope and increased the budget accordingly . Much of it would be filmed in Banff and Jasper National Parks and Lake Louise in Alberta , and Preminger and Rubin flew to the area to scout locations . During their time there , Rubin grew fond of the director and began to feel that rather than viewing it as a contractual obligation , Preminger had a real interest in making the film . Rubin scheduled twelve weeks of preproduction , during which Monroe rehearsed and recorded the musical numbers written by Ken Darby and Lionel Newman , and forty - five days for filming . Filming ( edit ) The cast and crew departed for Calgary in late June 1953 . From there they traveled by special train to the Banff Springs Hotel , which would serve as their base during the Canadian filming . Monroe was accompanied by Natasha Lytess , her acting coach . Preminger clashed with the woman from the very start . She insisted on taking her client aside and giving her direction contrary to that of Preminger , and she had the actress enunciating each syllable of every word of dialogue with exaggerated emphasis . Preminger called Rubin in Los Angeles and insisted Lytess be banned from the set , but when the producer complied with his demand , Monroe called Zanuck directly and asserted she could n't continue unless Lytess returned . Zanuck commiserated with Preminger but , feeling Monroe was a major box office draw he could n't afford to upset , he reinstated Lytess . Angered by the decision , Preminger directed his rage at Monroe for the rest of the production . During the difficult shoot , Preminger also had to contend with frequent rain , Mitchum 's heavy drinking , and an injury to Monroe 's ankle that kept her off the set for several days and ultimately put her in a cast . Monroe nearly drowned while filming in Jasper , Canada . She had donned chest high hip waders during rehearsal to protect her costume . She slipped on a rock , the waders filled with water , and she was unable to rise . Mitchum and others jumped in the river to rescue her but her ankle was sprained as a result . Young Tommy Rettig seemed to be the director 's sole source of solace . He respected Rettig 's professionalism and appreciated the rapport he developed with Monroe , which often helped keep her on an even keel . When Lytess began to interfere with Rettig 's performance , thereby undermining his confidence , Preminger let the cast and crew know about her behavior and was delighted to find they finally began to support him in his efforts to remove her from the set . In early September , filming shifted to Los Angeles for interior scenes and close - ups for a river sequence . The latter was filmed in a tank , whereas stunt doubles were used in the long shots filmed on location south of Lewiston , Idaho in the actual River of No Return , the Salmon River . Monroe was on crutches , and Preminger had to work around her as much as possible . Despite frequent disagreements with Rubin , Preminger completed the film on September 29 , on schedule and within the budget . The film was one of the very first films to use a blood squib to simulate realistic bullet impact . This occurs when Harry ( Rory Calhoun ) is shot dead in the film 's climax . As such , the film beats Run of the Arrow ( 1957 ) - which is often credited with being the first to use blood squibs - by three years . This movie was the first to be filmed in CinemaScope in Canada . River of No Return was the first film released by 20th Century - Fox to feature the `` CinemaScope extension '' fanfare before the opening credits . Written by Alfred Newman , it 's a rerecording of his original 1933 fanfare , with the extra few bars that play under the credit `` 20th Century - Fox presents A CinemaScope Production '' . After Fox switched to Panavision in 1967 , they went back to their old fanfare , so the extension fanfare was n't used again until it was revived by George Lucas to play before the opening credits to Star Wars . This time those few extra bars played under the credit `` A Lucasfilm Production '' Since then it 's been re-recorded a few times but remains to this day the intro to every film released by that studio . Post-production ( edit ) During post-production , Preminger departed for Europe , leaving editor Louis R. Loeffler and Rubin to complete the film . Jean Negulesco was called in to film a few retakes . The dailies reconfirmed Rubin 's belief that Preminger had been the wrong choice for the project . He felt the director had failed to capture the Western aura , had ignored key elements in the plot , and had perfunctorily directed action sequences , leaving them looking staged and static . In several cases , studio and location shots did n't match . Preminger 's experience on the film convinced him he never wanted to work as a studio employee again , and he paid Fox $150,000 to cancel the remainder of his contract . In later years , Monroe claimed River of No Return was her worst film , and Preminger spoke bitterly about her in numerous interviews . It was n't until January 1980 , when being interviewed for the New York Daily News , that he conceded , `` She tried very hard , and when people try hard , you ca n't be mad at them . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Bosley Crowther of the New York Times observed , `` It is a toss - up whether the scenery or the adornment of Marilyn Monroe is the feature of greater attraction in River of No Return ... The mountainous scenery is spectacular , but so , in her own way , is Miss Monroe . The patron 's preference , if any , probably will depend upon which he 's interested in . Certainly , scriptwriter Frank Fenton has done the best he could to arrange for a fairly equal balance of nature and Miss Monroe ... And that should not be too lightly taken . For Director Otto Preminger has thrown all the grandeur and menace of these features upon the eye - filling CinemaScope screen . A sickening succession of rapids , churned into boiling foam , presents a display of nature 's violence that can not help but ping the patron 's nerves . The raft tumbling through these rapids is quite a sight to see . And layouts of Rocky Mountain landscapes are handsome in color , too . But Mr. Mitchum 's and the audience 's attention is directed to Miss Monroe through frequent and liberal posing of her in full and significant views . '' Variety said , `` The competition between scenic splendors of the Jasper and Banff National Parks and entertainment values finds the former finishing slightly ahead on merit , although there 's enough rugged action and suspense moments to get the production through its footage . In between the high spots , Otto Preminger 's directorial pacing is inclined to lag , so the running time seems overlong . '' TV Guide rated it 3 ⁄ out of four stars , calling it `` a simple , frequently charming , and beautifully photographed film blessed with fine performances and great teamwork from Robert Mitchum and Marilyn Monroe '' and `` an enjoyable , engaging little Western that never fails to entertain . '' Film4 called it a `` patchy drama which owes more to its gorgeous scenery and musical numbers than it does to anything else ... The plot does n't convince , but Monroe , at the peak of her career , is more than easy on the eye ... Despite some pretty locations and occasional tension , there 's little going on . A shallow river indeed . '' Home media ( edit ) 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on Region 1 DVD on May 14 , 2002 . It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks in English and French and subtitles in English and Spanish . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History ( The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . p248 Jump up ^ ' The Top Box - Office Hits of 1954 ' , Variety Weekly , January 5 , 1955 Jump up ^ Hirsch , Foster , Otto Preminger : The Man Who Would Be King . New York : Alfred A. Knopf 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41373 - 5 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Hirsch , p. 202 - 203 Jump up ^ Hirsch , p. 203 Jump up ^ Hirsch , p. 204 Jump up ^ Brennan , Brian , Romancing the Rockies : Mountaineers , Missionaries , Marilyn , and More . Calgary : Fifth House 2005 . ISBN 1 - 894856 - 40 - 6 , pp. 177 Jump up ^ Hirsch , p. 205 Jump up ^ Preminger , Otto , Preminger : An Autobiography . New York : Doubleday 1977 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 03480 - 6 , pp. 127 - 128 Jump up ^ Brennan , p. 178 - 179 Jump up ^ The Argus Aug 15 , 1953 p. 4 Jump up ^ Hirsch , p. 205 Jump up ^ Preminger , p. 129 Jump up ^ Hirsch , pp. 205 - 207 Jump up ^ Hirsch , pp. 205 - 207 Jump up ^ Hirsch , p. 207 Jump up ^ Preminger , p. 132 Jump up ^ Hirsch , pp. 208 - 209 Jump up ^ New York Times review Jump up ^ Variety review Jump up ^ TV Guide review Jump up ^ Film4 review External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to River of No Return ( film ) . River of No Return on IMDb River of No Return at AllMovie River of No Return at the TCM Movie Database River of No Return at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Otto Preminger Die große Liebe ( 1931 ) Under Your Spell ( 1936 ) Danger -- Love at Work ( 1937 ) Kidnapped ( 1938 ) Margin for Error ( 1943 ) In the Meantime , Darling ( 1944 ) Laura ( 1944 ) A Royal Scandal ( 1945 ) Fallen Angel ( 1945 ) Centennial Summer ( 1946 ) Forever Amber ( 1947 ) Daisy Kenyon ( 1947 ) The Fan ( 1949 ) Whirlpool ( 1949 ) Where the Sidewalk Ends ( 1950 ) The 13th Letter ( 1951 ) Angel Face ( 1953 ) The Moon Is Blue ( 1953 ) / Die Jungfrau auf dem Dach ( 1953 ) River of No Return ( 1954 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) The Man with the Golden Arm ( 1955 ) The Court - Martial of Billy Mitchell ( 1955 ) Saint Joan ( 1957 ) Bonjour Tristesse ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1959 ) Anatomy of a Murder ( 1959 ) Exodus ( 1960 ) Advise & Consent ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) In Harm 's Way ( 1965 ) Bunny Lake Is Missing ( 1965 ) Hurry Sundown ( 1967 ) Skidoo ( 1968 ) Tell Me That You Love Me , Junie Moon ( 1970 ) Such Good Friends ( 1971 ) Rosebud ( 1975 ) The Human Factor ( 1979 ) BNF : cb14664330q ( data ) GND : 7512850 - 0 VIAF : 214777837 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_of_No_Return&oldid=857043568 '' Categories : 1954 films English - language films American films American Western ( genre ) films Films set in the 1870s Films directed by Otto Preminger 20th Century Fox films 1950s Western ( genre ) films Films shot in Alberta Whitewater films Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 05 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the boy in river of no return | [
"Set in the Northwestern United States in 1875, the film focuses on taciturn widower Matt Calder (Robert Mitchum), who has recently been released from prison after serving time for killing one man while defending another. He arrives in a boomtown tent city in search of his ten-year-old son Mark (Tommy Rettig), who was left in the care of dance hall singer Kay (Marilyn Monroe) after the man who brought him there as Matt had arranged took off for the hills. Matt promises Mark, a virtual stranger to him, the two will enjoy a life of hunting, fishing and farming on their homestead.\n"
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"Tommy Rettig"
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