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-5106760427959107794 | Joker (playing card) | Joker ( Playing card ) - wikipedia Joker ( Playing card ) Jump to : navigation , search A Joker card The Joker is a playing card found in most modern card decks , as an addition to the standard four suits ( clubs , diamonds , hearts and spades ) . The Joker originated in the United States during the civil war and was created as a trump card for the game of Euchre . It has since been adopted into many other card games where it may function as a wild card . The card is unique in that it lacks an industry - wide standard appearance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Appearance 3 Tarot and cartomancy 4 Use of the Joker in card games 4.1 Specific roles 5 References Origin ( edit ) Imperial Bower , the earliest Joker , by Samuel Hart , c. 1863 . In the game of Euchre , the highest trump card is the Jack of the trump suit , called the right bower ( from the German Bauer ) ; the second - highest trump , the left bower , is the Jack of the suit of the same color as trumps . Around 1860 , American Euchre players may have devised a higher trump , the `` Best Bower '' , out of a blank card . Samuel Hart is credited with printing the first illustrated `` Best Bower '' card in 1863 with his `` Imperial Bower '' . Best Bower - type jokers continued to be produced well into the 20th - century . Cards labelled `` Joker '' began appearing around the late 1860s with some depicting clowns and jesters . It is believed that the term `` Joker '' comes from Juker or Juckerspiel , the original German spelling of Euchre . One British manufacturer , Charles Goodall , was manufacturing packs with Jokers for the American market in 1871 . The first joker for the domestic British market was sold in 1874 . Italians call jokers `` Jolly '' as many early cards were labelled `` Jolly Joker '' . The next game to use a joker was poker around 1875 where it functioned as a wild card . Packs with two jokers started to become the norm during the late 1940s for the game of Canasta . Since the 1950s , German and Austrian decks have included three jokers to play German rummy ; in Poland the third joker is known as the blue joker . In Schleswig - Holstein , Zwickern decks come with six jokers . Appearance ( edit ) Jokers do not have any standardized appearance across the card manufacturing industry . Each company produces their own depictions of the card . The publishers of playing cards trademark their jokers , which have unique artwork that often reflect contemporary culture . Out of convention , jokers tend to be illustrated as jesters . There are usually two Jokers per deck , often noticeably different . For instance , the United States Playing Card Company ( USPCC ) prints their company 's guarantee claim on only one . More common traits are the appearance of colored and black / non-colored Jokers . At times , the Jokers will each be colored to match the colors used for suits ; there will be a red Joker , and a black Joker . In games where the jokers may need to be compared , the red , full - color , or larger - graphic Joker usually outranks the black , monochrome , or smaller - graphic one . If the joker colors are similar , the joker without a guarantee will outrank the guaranteed one . With the red and black jokers , the red one can alternately be counted as a heart / diamond and the black is used to substitute clubs / spades . The Unicode for playing cards provide symbols for three jokers : red , black , and white . Many decks do not provide the Joker with a corner index symbol , of those that do , the most common is a solid five - pointed star or a star within a circle . It is also very common for decks to simply use a stylized `` J '' or the word `` JOKER '' in the corner . Like sports trading cards , jokers are often prized by collectors . Many unusual jokers are available for purchase online while other collectible jokers are catalogued online for viewing . Tarot and cartomancy ( edit ) The Joker is often compared to `` ( the ) Fool '' in the Tarot deck . They share many similarities both in appearance and play function . In Central Europe , the Fool is the highest trump ; elsewhere as an `` excuse '' that can be played at any time to avoid following suit but can not win . Practitioners of cartomancy often include a Joker in the standard 52 - card deck , with a meaning similar to the Fool card of Tarot . Sometimes the two Jokers are used : one approach is to identify the `` black '' Joker with the Fool and the `` red '' Joker with `` the Magician , '' also known as the Juggler , a card which is somewhat similar in interpretation and is considered the first step in the `` Fool 's Journey . '' Use of the Joker in card games ( edit ) Three jokers and four aces from Poland with its characteristic blue third joker . In a standard deck , there are usually two Jokers . The Joker 's use varies greatly . Many card games omit the card entirely ; as a result , Jokers are often used as informal replacements for lost or damaged cards in a deck by simply noting the lost card 's rank and suit on the joker . Other games , such as a 25 - card variant of Euchre which uses the joker as the highest trump , make it one of the most important in the game . Often , the joker is a wild card , and thereby allowed to represent other existing cards . The term `` joker 's wild '' originates from this practice , as does the game show of the same name . The Joker Is Wild is also the name of a 1957 film starring Frank Sinatra . The Joker can be an extremely beneficial , or an extremely harmful , card . In Euchre it is often used to represent the highest trump . In poker , it is wild . However , in the children 's game named Old Maid , a solitary joker represents the Maid , a card that is to be avoided . Specific roles ( edit ) Euchre , 500 : As the highest trump or `` top Bower '' . Canasta : The joker , like the deuce , is a wild card . However , the joker is worth 50 points in melding , as opposed to 20 for the deuce . Gin Rummy : a wild card , able to be used as any necessary rank or suit to complete a meld . Chase the Joker : An alternative version of Old Maid where the Joker card is used instead of the Ace . War : In some variations , beats all other cards . Pitch : A point card in some variations . Jokers usually are marked as `` High '' and `` Low '' , one outranking the other . Mighty : Second most - powerful card in the game , though it can not be legally played on the first or last trick . Daihinmin : a wild card , or a deuce ( which ends the round and clears the discard pile ) . Crazy Eights : a `` skip '' card , playable on top of any other card , that forces the next player to lose a turn . Spades : uncommon , but can fulfill one of two roles . When playing with three or six players they are added to make the cards deal evenly ( 18 or 9 cards each , respectively ) . They are either `` junk '' cards playable anytime that can not win a trick , or they count as the two highest trumps ( the two Jokers must be differentiable ; the `` big Joker '' outranks the `` little Joker '' ) . They also can be used in conjunction with teammates cards to create a pseudo - `` trump '' , i.e. an Ace of Hearts and Joker played together would be counted as an Ace of Spades , inferior only to a natural Ace of Spades . Double King Pede : As the lowest - ranked card , but worth 18 points . Go Fish : In a game with two players , the joker pair is often used to bring the number of pairs to 27 and prevent a 13 - 13 tie . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jokers ( playing card ) . Jump up ^ Parlett , David ( 1990 ) , The Oxford Guide to Card Games , Oxford University Press , p. 190 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 214165 - 1 Jump up ^ Beal , George . Playing cards and their story . 1975 . New York : Arco Publishing Comoany Inc. p. 58 Jump up ^ Trumps The modern pocket Hoyle. 1868 . New York ; Dick & Fitzgerald . p. 94 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Tom and Judy. ( 2014 ) . The Hochman Encyclopedia of American Playing Cards . Ch. 5 . Jump up ^ Wintle , Simon . Samuel Hart at The World of Playing Cards . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Parlett , David . Euchre at davidparlett.co.uk . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Joker at the International Playing - Card Society . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Wintle , Simon ( 10 April 2008 ) . `` The Evolution , History , and Imagery of Playing Cards '' . Collectors Weekly . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodall , Michael . ( 2001 ) . `` The Origin of the First English Joker '' . The Playing - Card Vol. 29 , p. 244 - 246 Jump up ^ Anderson , Matthew . `` The foreign words that seem like English - but are n't '' . BBC Culture . BBC Online . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Parlett , David ( 1990 ) , The Oxford Guide to Card Games , Oxford University Press , p. 191 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 214165 - 1 Jump up ^ Powills , Dorothy. ( 1989 ) . `` A Voice From the Past '' . Chicago Playing Cards Collectors Bulletin . Vol. 36 - 3 , p. 1809 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . ( 2005 ) . `` Playing the Game : Canasta Relatives '' . The Playing - Card , Vol. 34 - 2 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Wintle , Simon . Canasta at The World of Playing Cards . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Zwickern at pagat.com . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` playing card joker collection '' . dotpattern. 2003 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` joker web sites - alphabetical order '' . dotpattern. 2003 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Joker Is Wild ( 1957 ) - Overview '' . TCM.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 13 . ( hide ) Playing cards Standard 52 - card deck Suit / rank Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Spades ♠ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Hearts ♥ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Diamonds Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Clubs ♣ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Others Face card Pip card Knight Joker Card nicknames Stripped deck Unicode Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joker_(playing_card)&oldid=812824944 '' Categories : Playing cards Card game terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Limburgs Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 02 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the joker for in a deck of cards | [
"The Joker is a playing card found in most modern card decks, as an addition to the standard four suits (clubs, diamonds, hearts and spades). The Joker originated in the United States during the civil war and was created as a trump card for the game of Euchre. It has since been adopted into many other card games where it may function as a wild card. The card is unique in that it lacks an industry-wide standard appearance."
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"a trump card for the game of Euchre"
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3308794097969236421 | Nuchal scan | Nuchal scan - wikipedia Nuchal scan Jump to : navigation , search Measurements of fetal nuchal translucency , nasal bone and facial angle according to the standards of the Fetal Medicine Foundation A nuchal scan or nuchal translucency ( NT ) scan / procedure is a sonographic prenatal screening scan ( ultrasound ) to detect cardiovascular abnormalities in a fetus , though altered extracellular matrix composition and limited lymphatic drainage can also be detected . Since chromosomal abnormalities can result in impaired cardiovascular development , a nuchal translucency scan is used as a screening , rather than diagnostic , tool for conditions such as Down syndrome . However , increased nuchal translucency measurements are also associated with non-chromosomal abnormalities such as genetic conditions ( e.g. Di George syndrome ) and non-genetic ones ( e.g. Body - stalk anomaly ) . The scan is carried out at 11 -- 13 + 6 weeks pregnancy and assesses the quantity of fluid collecting within the nape of the fetal neck . There are two distinct measurements -- the nuchal translucency , which is measured earlier in pregnancy at the end of the first trimester , and for which there is a lower threshold for increased diameter , and the nuchal fold , which is measured towards the end of the second trimester . The scan may also help confirm both the accuracy of the pregnancy dates and the fetal viability . As nuchal translucency size increases , the chances of a chromosomal abnormality and mortality increase ; 65 % of the largest translucencies ( > 6.5 mm ) are due to chromosomal abnormality , while fatality is 19 % at this size . Contents ( hide ) 1 Indication 1.1 Down Syndrome 1.2 Other chromosomal defects 1.3 Other defects with normal karyotype 2 Procedure 3 Accuracy 4 Development of nuchal translucency 5 Nuchal fold thickness 6 History 7 See also 8 References Indication ( edit ) All women , whatever their age , have a small risk of delivering a baby with a physical or cognitive disability . The nuchal scan helps physicians estimate the risk of the fetus having Down syndrome or other abnormalities more accurately than by maternal age alone . Down syndrome ( edit ) Main article : Down syndrome Overall , the most common chromosomal disorder is Down syndrome ( trisomy 21 ) . The risk rises with maternal age from 1 in 1400 pregnancies below age 25 , to 1 in 350 at age 35 , to 1 in 100 at age 40 . Down syndrome is the second most common chromosomal abnormality associated with increased nuchal translucency , after Turner syndrome ( 45 , X ) . Until recently , the only reliable ways to determine if the fetus has a chromosomal abnormality was to have an invasive test such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling , but such tests carry a risk of causing a miscarriage estimated variously as ranging between 1 % or 0.06 % . Based on maternal age , some countries offer invasive testing to women over 35 ; others to the oldest 5 % of pregnant women . Most women , especially those with a low risk of having a child with Down syndrome , may wish to avoid the risk to the fetus and the discomfort of invasive testing . In 2011 , Sequenom announced the launch of MaterniT21 , a non-invasive blood test with a high level of accuracy in detecting Down syndrome ( and a handful of other chromosomal abnormalities ) . As of 2015 , there are five commercial versions of this screen ( called cell - free fetal DNA screening ) available in the United States . Blood testing is also used to look for abnormal levels of alphafetoprotein or hormones . The results of all three factors may indicate a higher risk . If this is the case , the woman may be advised to have a more reliable screen such as cell - free fetal DNA screening or an invasive diagnostic test ( such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis ) . Screening for Down syndrome by a combination of maternal age and thickness of nuchal translucency in the fetus at 11 -- 14 weeks of gestation was introduced in the 1990s . This method identifies about 75 % of affected fetuses while screening about 5 % of pregnancies . Natural fetal loss after positive diagnosis at 12 weeks is about 30 % . Other chromosomal defects ( edit ) Other common chromosomal defects that cause a thicker nuchal translucency are Turner syndrome Trisomy 18 Trisomy 13 Triploidy Other defects with normal karyotype ( edit ) In fetuses with a normal number of chromosomes , a thicker nuchal translucency is associated with other fetal defects and genetic syndromes . Procedure ( edit ) Nuchal scan ( NT procedure ) is performed between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation , because the accuracy is best in this period . The scan is obtained with the fetus in sagittal section and a neutral position of the fetal head ( neither hyperflexed nor extended , either of which can influence the nuchal translucency thickness ) . The fetal image is enlarged to fill 75 % of the screen , and the maximum thickness is measured , from leading edge to leading edge . It is important to distinguish the nuchal lucency from the underlying amniotic membrane . Normal thickness depends on the crown - rump length ( CRL ) of the fetus . Among those fetuses whose nuchal translucency exceeds the normal values , there is a relatively high risk of significant abnormality . Accuracy ( edit ) Between 65 and 85 % of trisomic fetuses will have a large nuchal thickness . Further , other , non-trisomic abnormalities may also demonstrate an enlarged nuchal transparency . This leaves the measurement of nuchal transparency as a potentially useful first trimester screening tool . Abnormal findings allow for early careful evaluation of chromosomes and possible structural defects on a targeted basis . How to define a normal or abnormal nuchal translucency measurement can be difficult . The use of a single millimeter cutoff ( such as 2.5 or 3.0 mm ) is inappropriate because nuchal translucency measurements normally increases with gestational age ( by approximately 15 % to 20 % per gestational week from 10 to 13 weeks ) . At 12 weeks of gestational age , an `` average '' nuchal thickness of 2.18 mm has been observed ; however , up to 13 % of chromosomally normal fetuses present with a nuchal translucency of greater than 2.5 mm . Thus for even greater accuracy of predicting risks , the outcome of the nuchal scan may be combined with the results of simultaneous maternal blood tests . In pregnancies affected by Down syndrome there is a tendency for the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) to be increased and pregnancy - associated plasma protein A ( PAPP - A ) to be decreased . The advantage of nuchal scanning over the previous use of just biochemical blood profiling is mainly the reduction in false positive rates . Nuchal scanning alone detects 62 % of all Down syndrome ( sensitivity ) with a false positive rate of 5.0 % ; the combination with blood testing gives corresponding values of 73 % and 4.7 % . In another study values of 79.6 % and 2.7 % for the combined screening were then improved with the addition of second trimester ultrasound scanning to 89.7 % and 4.2 % respectively . A further study reported detection of 88 % for trisomy 21 ( Down syndrome ) and 75 % for trisomy 18 ( Edwards syndrome ) , with a 3.3 % false - positive rate . Finally , using the additional ultrasound feature of an absent nasal bone can further increase detection rates for Down syndrome to more than 95 % . When screening is positive , chorionic villus sampling ( CVS ) or amniocentesis testing is required to confirm the presence of a genetic abnormality . However this procedure carries a small risk of miscarriage so prior screening with low false positive rates are needed to minimize the chance of miscarrying . Development of nuchal translucency ( edit ) The actual anatomic structure whose fluid is seen as translucency is likely the normal skin at the back of the neck , which either may become edematous or in some cases filled with fluid by dilated lymphatic sacs due to altered normal embryological connections . The translucent area measured ( the nuchal translucency ) is only useful to measure between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation , when the fetal lymphatic system is developing and the peripheral resistance of the placenta is high . After 14 weeks the lymphatic system is likely to have developed sufficiently to drain away any excess fluid , and changes to the placental circulation will result in a drop in peripheral resistance . So after this time any abnormalities causing fluid accumulation may seem to correct themselves and can thus go undetected by nuchal scanning . The buildup in fluid is due to a blockage of fluid in the developing fetal lymphatic system . Progressive increase in the width of the translucent area during the 11 - to 14 - week measurement period is thus indicative of congenital lymphedema . Nuchal fold thickness ( edit ) At the end of the second trimester , the nuchal translucency can no longer be seen and instead the nuchal fold thickness is measured between 16 and 24 weeks gestation . The fold is more focal and at the level of the posterior fossa . This measurement has a higher threshold of normal , although the implications of increased thickness are similar to those of translucency . The nuchal fold thickness is considered normal if under 5mm between 16 and 18 weeks gestation and under 6mm between 18 and 24 weeks gestation . History ( edit ) The nuchal scan first came into widespread use in 2003 . See also ( edit ) Prenatal diagnosis which further discusses the reasons for prenatal screening and the ethics of such testing . Congenital lymphedema List of obstetric topics Obstetric ultrasonography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Souka AP , Von Kaisenberg CS , Hyett JA , Sonek JD , Nicolaides KH ( 2005 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Increased nuchal translucency with normal karyotype '' . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajog. 2004.12. 093 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Souka AP , Von Kaisenberg CS , Hyett JA , Sonek JD , Nicolaides KH ( 2005 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Increased nuchal translucency with normal karyotype '' . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajog. 2004.12. 093 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Down Syndrome - Signs and Symptoms '' . Ucsfhealth.org. 2008 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Eddleman , K. Obstetrics & Gynecology , November 2006 ; vol 108 : pp 1067 - 1072 , quoted at webmd.com ^ Jump up to : Nicolaides KH , Sebire NJ , Snijders RJ , Ximenes RL ( 2001 ) . `` Diploma in Fetal Medicine & ISUOG Educational Series : 11 - 14 weeks scan : NT and Chromosomal defects '' . Centrus . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Nicolaides KH , Sebire NJ , Snijders RJ , Ximenes RL ( 2001 ) . `` Diploma in Fetal Medicine & ISUOG Educational Series : 11 - 14 weeks scan : Increased NT and normal karyotype '' . Centrus . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Additional ultrasonographic markers in the first trimester screening ( 11wk to 13wk + 6d ) ( PDF Download Available ) '' . ResearchGate . doi : 10.13140 / rg. 2.2. 32248.85761 / 1 . Jump up ^ Malone , F.D. ( 13 August 2005 ) . `` Nuchal Translucency - Based Down Syndrome Screening : Barriers to Implementation '' . Seminars in Perinatology. 29 ( 4 ) : 272 -- 276 . doi : 10.1053 / j. semperi. 2005.05. 002 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Babbur V , Lees CC , Goodburn SF , Morris N , Breeze AC , Hackett GA ( 2005 ) . `` Prospective audit of a one - centre combined nuchal translucency and triple test programme for the detection of trisomy 21 '' . Prenat . Diagn. 25 ( 6 ) : 465 -- 9 . PMID 15966036 . doi : 10.1002 / pd. 1163 . Jump up ^ Muller F , Benattar C , Audibert F , Roussel N , Dreux S , Cuckle H ( 2003 ) . `` First - trimester screening for Down syndrome in France combining fetal nuchal translucency measurement and biochemical markers '' . Prenat . Diagn. 23 ( 10 ) : 833 -- 6 . PMID 14558029 . doi : 10.1002 / pd. 700 . Jump up ^ Rozenberg P , Bussières L , Chevret S , et al. ( 2007 ) . `` ( Screening for Down syndrome using first - trimester combined screening followed by second trimester ultrasound examination in an unselected population ) '' . Gynecol Obstet Fertil ( in French ) . 35 ( 4 ) : 303 -- 11 . PMID 17350315 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gyobfe. 2007.02. 004 . Jump up ^ Borrell A , Casals E , Fortuny A , et al. ( 2004 ) . `` First - trimester screening for trisomy 21 combining biochemistry and ultrasound at individually optimal gestational ages . An interventional study '' . Prenat . Diagn. 24 ( 7 ) : 541 -- 5 . PMID 15300745 . doi : 10.1002 / pd. 949 . Jump up ^ Nicolaides KH , Wegrzyn P ( 2005 ) . `` ( First trimester diagnosis of chromosomal defects ) '' . Ginekol . Pol. ( in Polish ) . 76 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8 . PMID 15844559 . Jump up ^ Callen , Peter W. `` Nuchal Translucency '' . Ultrasound Educational Press . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Congenital lymphedema presenting with increased nuchal translucency at 13 weeks of gestation '' , by A.P. Souka , E. Krampl , L. Geerts , K.H. Nicolaides , March 1 , 2001 , Prenatal Diagnosis journal Jump up ^ `` Down 's Babies Diagnosed Sooner '' , by Bootie Cosgrove - Mather , CBS News , October 9 , 2003 ( hide ) Obstetrical surgery and other procedures ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 72 -- 75 , ICD - 10 - PCS 1 ) Diagnostic Pregnancy test Leopold 's maneuvers Cardiotocography Fetoscopy Fetal scalp blood testing Fetal scalp stimulation test sampling : fetal tissue Chorionic villus sampling Amniocentesis blood Triple test Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling Apt test Kleihauer -- Betke test lung maturity Lecithin -- sphingomyelin ratio Lamellar body count Fetal fibronectin test obstetric ultrasonography : Nuchal scan antenatal testing : Fetal movement counting Contraction stress test Nonstress test Vibroacoustic stimulation Biophysical profile Amniotic fluid index Intervention Fetal surgery Fetendo Podalic version External cephalic version Amnioinfusion Delivery Vaginal delivery Induction Artificial rupture of membranes Episiotomy Symphysiotomy Forceps in childbirth Ventouse in childbirth Odón Device Dystocia management McRoberts maneuver Woods ' screw maneuver Zavanelli maneuver Third stage of labor Manual placenta removal Caesarean section Elective On maternal request EXIT procedure Resuscitative hysterotomy Postpartum hemorrhage Hysterectomy B - Lynch suture Sengstaken -- Blakemore tube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuchal_scan&oldid=807595204 '' Categories : Obstetrical procedures Tests during pregnancy Medical ultrasonography Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Slovenščina Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 23 : 35 . About Wikipedia | normal range for nuchal fold at 12 weeks | [
"How to define a normal or abnormal nuchal translucency measurement can be difficult. The use of a single millimeter cutoff (such as 2.5 or 3.0 mm) is inappropriate because nuchal translucency measurements normally increases with gestational age (by approximately 15% to 20% per gestational week from 10 to 13 weeks).[8] At 12 weeks of gestational age, an \"average\" nuchal thickness of 2.18mm has been observed; however, up to 13% of chromosomally normal fetuses present with a nuchal translucency of greater than 2.5mm. Thus for even greater accuracy of predicting risks, the outcome of the nuchal scan may be combined with the results of simultaneous maternal blood tests. In pregnancies affected by Down syndrome there is a tendency for the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to be increased and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) to be decreased."
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1008718116006910715 | Sam & Cat | Sam & Cat - wikipedia Sam & Cat Jump to : navigation , search Sam & Cat Genre Teen sitcom Created by Dan Schneider Starring Jennette McCurdy Ariana Grande Cameron Ocasio Maree Cheatham Theme music composer Michael Corcoran Opening theme `` Just Fine '' by Backhouse Mike Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 35 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Schneider Warren Bell Producer ( s ) Christopher J. Nowak Bruce Rand Berman Location ( s ) Nickelodeon on Sunset Hollywood , California Camera setup Videotape ( filmized ) ; Multi-camera Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Schneider 's Bakery Nickelodeon Productions Distributor Viacom Media Networks Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release June 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 08 ) -- July 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) Chronology Preceded by iCarly Victorious External links Website www.nick.com/shows/sam-and-cat/ Sam & Cat is an American teen sitcom that originally aired from June 8 , 2013 , to July 17 , 2014 , on Nickelodeon . It is a crossover spin - off / sequel of both iCarly and Victorious . It stars Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett and Ariana Grande as Cat Valentine . The girls meet by chance during a bizarre adventure and become roommates , then start a babysitting business to earn extra money . The series was picked up for 20 episodes on November 29 , 2012 . It began filming in January 2013 and premiered on June 8 , 2013 . The first season was doubled to 40 episodes on July 11 , 2013 . At the Nickelodeon upfront meeting with advertisers on March 13 , 2014 , Nickelodeon programming president Russell Hicks stated that Sam & Cat had been renewed for a second season and producer Dan Schneider told Adweek that season two was slated for twenty episodes . However , that month , other Nickelodeon sources stated that an official decision was yet to be made if the show will be renewed , leading to many cancellation rumors after Nickelodeon put the series on a production hiatus on April 3 , 2014 . After airing 33 episodes , Nickelodeon released a promo stating two episodes remained to air . On July 13 , 2014 , after a three - month production hiatus , Nickelodeon canceled the series , having produced only 36 episodes of a 40 episode order . Media outlets attributed the cancellation to a salary dispute between McCurdy and Nickelodeon , a feud between McCurdy and Grande , the leak of racy photographs of McCurdy , the rising musical career of Grande , and both actresses ' desires to move on to other projects . The last episode aired on July 17 , 2014 , as a lead - in to the first Kids ' Choice Sports Awards ceremony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Special guest stars 3 Production 3.1 Cancellation 3.2 Controversy 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 5 Broadcast 6 Awards and nominations 7 DVD releases 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : List of Sam & Cat episodes Ever since Carly Shay moved to Italy with her father ( in the series finale of iCarly ) , Sam Puckett has been touring the West Coast on her motorcycle and stops in Venice , Los Angeles . She witnesses Cat Valentine being thrown into the back of a garbage truck and rescues her . They become friends and Cat convinces her to become roommates after Cat 's cheerful and supportive grandmother Nona moves to a retirement home called Elderly Acres . To make money rather than getting traditional after - school jobs , Sam and Cat form an after - school babysitting business called `` Sam and Cat 's Super Rockin ' Funtime Babysitting Service '' , which leads them into a series of comical adventures . Besides Nona , other people involved in their lives are Dice , their next door neighbor who is notorious for aiding people for money , and Goomer , a dim - witted professional MMA fighter whom Dice manages . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett , who is rude , aggressive , loves pranks , and hates working . After her best friend Carly Shay moved to Italy to live with her dad , Sam tours the west coast on her motorcycle until she saves Cat from a garbage truck . She becomes friends with Cat and joins her in the babysitting job they start . She secretly has a heart of gold and a soft spot for Cat , but will threaten violence on anyone who harms her friends . Sam is not afraid of anything and is handy at fighting or bossing her way out of any situation . Ariana Grande as Cat Valentine , who is sweet , naive , bubbly and almost always happy . She has a playful nature , often takes things literally , and faints when she is frightened . She has a short attention span and has bright red hair dyed to resemble her favorite snack , a red velvet cupcake . Cat has been living with her grandmother Nona since her parents went away to visit her brother . She can be emotional and does not take criticism well . Despite her ditziness , she is actually very intelligent and empathetic . In the earlier parts of the show , Ariana Grande dyed her hair red when playing Cat Valentine ( which she also did when playing the character on Victorious ) until it was changed to her wearing a red - haired wig in later episodes . Cameron Ocasio as Dice , is Sam and Cat 's neighbor who lives with his mom and his weird Aunt Ferjeen ( who is notorious for having `` night gas '' ) . Dice is cool , calm and collected , and he knows all the tenants and gossip . He makes extra money by wheeling and dealing , often selling unusual items like hair cuttings from celebrities ( including some he obtained from Sam ) , hats with misspelled logos , and odd gadgets . He is a talented pitchman . Dice manages a mixed martial arts fighter named Goomer who is not bright . Maree Cheatham as Nona , Cat 's cheerful , supportive , and independent grandmother . Fun - loving and young at heart , Nona prefers the company of people her own age . Although she is always around whenever Sam and Cat need her , she has moved out of the apartment she shared with Cat and into Elderly Acres to be nearer to her friends , allowing Sam to move in permanently . She is criticized for not being in touch with the younger generation , and tells stories which fail to interest them . Recurring ( edit ) Zoran Korach as Goomer , a professional mixed martial artist who trains at Punchy 's Gym . He is 27 years old but has the mental ability of someone much younger . He is very dim - witted and easily confused . Despite his childish nature , he is very good at fighting . Dice took over his management after his original manager claimed Goomer was `` too stupid to manage '' . Griffin Kane and Emily Skinner as Max and Chloe , a brother and sister who , alongside their baby brother Darby , were among the less rambunctious kids babysat by Nona ; Sam and Cat babysit them now . They appear in episodes `` # Pilot '' , `` # NewGoat '' , and `` # PeezyB '' . Sophia Grace Brownlee & Rosie McClelland as Gwen and Ruby , British girls whom Sam and Cat babysit in the episode `` # TheBritBrats '' . At first they seem polite , but later they behave quite rudely . They are experienced con artists who bilk Dice out of $500 and Cat out of her bicycle . In a loose parody of The Sting , Sam concocts a rigged bingo game to trick the British brats into surrendering Dice 's money and Cat 's bike . They also were in `` # RevengeOfTheBritBrats '' where they return and drive a wedge between Sam and Cat . This plan failed when Sam and Cat caught onto their plans . Dan Schneider as the voice of Tandy , a red robot that works at the restaurant `` Bots '' as a waiter . Lisa Lillien as the voice of Bungle , a blue female robot that works at the restaurant `` Bots '' as a waitress . Nick Gore as Randy , a kid who appeared numerous times in the show and is constantly introducing himself . Randy was originally supposed to appear in one episode , but the creator of the show , Dan Schneider , found him funny so he became a recurring character . Ronnie Clark as Herb , a man who pretends to be homeless , but he is in fact rich and owns a condo . Cyrus Arnold as BJ Malloy , a boy who loves to eat eggs and call Dice `` Diceberg '' , because it rhymes with `` iceberg '' and this attitude stresses Dice . He considers Dice as his friend . Steve Lewis as Brody , a spear fisherman that always boasts his job and is often seen with a speargun in his hand . Ryan P. Shrime as Yokvish , a clerk at the Handy Quick who enjoys taking selfies and grooming himself . Special guest stars ( edit ) Eric Lange as Mr. Sikowitz , Cat 's acting teacher at Hollywood Arts , an eccentric aging hippie who occasionally does n't wear shoes . His teaching methods are often unconventional , such as when he throws a ball at Cat while she is performing , but they are sometimes effective . He is a recurring character in Victorious and appeared in `` # MommaGoomer '' . Penny Marshall and Cindy Williams as Sylvia Burke and Janice Dobbins , the original creators of the puppet show Salmon Cat , a TV show from the 1970s . Marshall and Williams are famous for playing Laverne DeFazio and Shirley Feeney , respectively , on Laverne & Shirley . Kel Mitchell , as Peezy B , a huge rap star who has rejected Cat 's music video audition . Abby Wilde as Stacey Dillsen , a college student previously seen in Zoey 101 who is injured during a bicycle incident and loses one of her shoes , which Cat finds , leading her to find the second shoe . Scott Baio as Officer Kelvin , a police officer who arrests Sam and Cat for `` stealing money '' from an ATM at the Handy Quick when Yokvish catches on to Cat 's activity . Elizabeth Gillies as Jade West , Cat 's friend from Hollywood Arts . She is mean , aggressive , violent , and often offends Cat . She befriends Sam when they discover that they have a lot in common . Nathan Kress as Freddie Benson , Sam 's friend from Seattle and ex-boyfriend . He likes technological stuff , and served as technical producer of the iCarly web show on iCarly . Cat brings him to her house in order to flirt with him at the time when Sam was hanging out with Jade . Matt Bennett as Robbie Shapiro , Cat 's friend and love interest . He is a nerd who carries a puppet named Rex ( who he makes speak as a ventriloquist ) . He kissed Cat in one of the final episodes of Victorious . When Cat hits on Freddie out of jealousy of Sam 's friendship with Jade , Robbie is brought in by Jade so that Sam can hit on him . Michael Eric Reid as himself , he plays Sinjin Van Cleef in Victorious . Michael appears in `` # BlooperEpisode '' and tells Zoran Korach that he knows what it 's like to be left out for not being a main character . Danielle Morrow as Nora Dershlit , an old enemy of Carly , Sam , and Freddie . In `` # SuperPsycho , '' her pet chicken Maurice helps Nora escape from the prison somewhere near Seattle so that she can exact her revenge . Reed Alexander as Nevel Papperman , an old enemy of Carly , Sam , and Freddie . In `` # SuperPsycho , '' Nevel is seen in a Peter Sinai hospital for the very sick upon contracting Porcupox ( a disease which somehow comes from a porcupine ) . Sam and Cat visit him in order to get advice on how to find Nora Dershlit . Noah Munck as Gibby Gibson , a friend of Carly , Sam , and Freddie . After he is visited by Nora during his date with a girl at a movie theater , Gibby tips off Sam that Nora has escaped from prison . Jessica Chaffin as Coco Wexler , a character from Zoey 101 whom Sam and Cat meet at the airport . Coco was once married to Carl , then they divorced . Coco is devastated when Carl proposes to her mother . Josh Server as Agent Partridge , an airport agent who interrogates Dice and Goomer after they are mistaken for a terrorist plot . Production ( edit ) In August 2012 , Nickelodeon announced that Dan Schneider , the creator of iCarly and Victorious , would be making a spin - off of both shows called Sam & Cat , and ordered the pilot episode . The series was then picked up for 20 episodes in November , with the premiere planned for 2013 . Production began in January 2013 , and on June 8 , 2013 , Sam & Cat premiered in the United States . Several weeks later , on July 11 , Nickelodeon doubled the season one order of 20 episodes , to 40 . Filming was scheduled to resume in early September 2013 to finish the second half of the first season . Schneider originally aimed for a March 23 , 2013 , premiere of Sam & Cat , following the Kids ' Choice Awards ; however , Nickelodeon intended for the show to make its debut in the fall . On April 18 , 2013 , the show 's two stars Jennette McCurdy and Ariana Grande , via Twitter , announced its premiere was set for June . Cancellation ( edit ) On April 2 , 2014 , Nickelodeon announced the series would be on hiatus . Although they insisted the series was not cancelled , many speculated that it was . This was due to a rumored dispute between McCurdy and the network , Grande 's rising musical career , and both actresses ' desires to move on to other projects . On July 13 , 2014 , it was announced that the last episode would be `` # GettinWiggy , '' which aired four days later . Controversy ( edit ) In March 2014 , Jennette McCurdy became the subject of scandal after the leak of photographs revealing McCurdy in various states of undress . Her absence was noted at the 2014 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards , where Sam & Cat won `` Favorite Show '' and Ariana Grande won `` Favorite Actress . '' McCurdy claimed that Nickelodeon was treating her unfairly and that was the sole purpose for her failure to attend the awards . On April 2 , 2014 , despite reports of a second season and with four episodes yet to be produced , Nickelodeon abruptly put the series on hiatus . Rumors were that McCurdy and Grande were having problems with the network over their salaries , with McCurdy accusing Nickelodeon of paying Grande more money . Grande later took to social media to deny the allegations . However , they only stated that the hiatus was planned and said the series was not canceled . However , three months later on July 13 , 2014 , Nickelodeon announced that the series had been canceled . For months in between , rumors of a feud between Grande and McCurdy ran high , and still do after the series ' cancellation . However , McCurdy stated in a 2015 interview with E ! Online : `` I just feel that Ariana and I were and are extremely close and extremely like - minded in a lot of different ways , and then sort of as the show dissolved everybody wanted to find some sort of hidden meaning in our relationship and some like drama , and I think we butted heads at times but in a very sisterly way . Like she knows me so well and I know her so well that I think it was unfortunate that things got misconstrued . '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The pilot episode debuted on Nickelodeon June 8 , 2013 , to an audience of 4.2 million viewers . The second episode , one week later , drew 2.6 million viewers . The most watched episode is `` # TheKillerTunaJump : # Freddie # Jade # Robbie , '' which aired January 18 , 2014 , to 4.8 million viewers ; the second most watched episode is the pilot ( 4.2 million ) , while the least watched is `` # SecretSafe '' ( 2.0 million , on October 5 , 2013 ) . In the United Kingdom the series premiere delivered 340,000 viewers , the most for that week . The Halloween episode premiere on October 26 , 2013 , brought 210,000 viewers staying in the same place . Broadcast ( edit ) The series airs on Nickelodeon worldwide . It premiered in Canada on August 12 , 2013 , on YTV and on September 7 , 2013 , on the original channel . The show previewed on September 1 , 2013 , and premiered on October 14 , 2013 , in the United Kingdom and Ireland . It previewed on September 30 , 2013 , and premiered on October 7 , 2013 , and October 11 , 2013 , in New Zealand and Australia , respectively . In Southeast Asia it started airing on October 19 , 2013 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee Result Ref . 2014 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Sam & Cat Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Comedy TV Show Sam & Cat Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico International Program Favorite Sam & Cat Won DVD releases ( edit ) DVD release dates for Sam & Cat Name Release dates Ep # Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Sam & Cat 2013 TBA TBA Sam & Cat : The Complete Series October 8 , 2015 TBA TBA 35 Manufactured on demand ( MOD ) on DVD - R References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nordyke , Kimberly ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' Doubles Season 1 Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thielman , Sam ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Jim Perry Is Courting More Adult Advertisers '' . Adweek . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Sam & Cat has been renewed , per programming president Russell Hicks Jump up ^ Thielman , Sam ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Live tweeting at Nick upfront by Adweek staff writer '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . 20 - ep order for a new series from Sam & Cat dude Dan Schneider Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Future Of Nickelodeon Series ' Sam & Cat ' In Limbo Amidst Behind - The - Scenes Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Cat : Next Saturday @ 8pm ! '' . NICK . July 2 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' To End Run After One Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Jennette McCurdy 's sexy selfie lands her in hot water with Nickelodeon 's hit show ' Sam & Cat ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam and Cat cancelled , no season two '' . TV Series Finale . July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon Cancels ' Sam & Cat ' After Behind - the - Scenes Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Sam & Cat ' canceled after one season : Where did it all go wrong ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nordyke , Kimberly ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon Greenlights Spinoff of ' iCarly , ' ' Victorious ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dice from Sam & Cat '' . Nick.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nona from Sam & Cat '' . Nick.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sophia Grace and Rosie interview Sam & Cat ! Episode Clip Nick Videos '' . Nick.com . May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sophia Grace & Rosie Rafts '' . YouTube . February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Cat Season 1 Episode 11 - RevengeOfTheBritBrats '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Dan ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` FUN FACTS ! Sam & Cat : # TheKillerTunaJump '' . DanWarp . Jump up ^ Lewis , Casey ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Jennette McCurdy and Ariana Grande on New Nick Comedy ' Sam & Cat ' '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Penny Marshall and Cindy Williams to Reunite on Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kel Mitchell Returns To His Nickelodeon Roots On ' Sam And Cat ' This Fall '' . The Huffington Post . July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Dan ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sam & Cat is a GO ! '' . Dan Schneider . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennette McCurdy and Jade at McCurdicon '' . YouTube . January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon Renews ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' and Announces New Series ' Breadwinners ' , ' The Haunted Hathaways ' & More '' . Nickelodeon press release via Zap2It . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sam & Cat ' Premiere Date Announced By Ariana Grande And Jennette McCurdy '' . The Huffington Post . April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' Goes on Hiatus Amid Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jennette McCurdy Explains Why She Was a No Show at the 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Teen.com . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` I hate addressing rumors ... '' -- via TwitLonger.com . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon denies ' Sam & Cat ' cancellation rumors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Yoshida , Emily . `` Know Your Beef : Ariana Grande vs. Jennette McCurdy ( vs. Andre Drummond ) '' . Grantland . Jump up ^ `` Jennette McCurdy Addresses Ariana Grande Feud : We Butted Heads at Times but in a Very Sisterly Way -- Watch ! '' . E !. March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' Debuts at Number One , Net 's Biggest Live - Action Launch in Three Years '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings : NBC Sports Network Tops Charts with Stanley Cup Finals '' . TheFutonCritic.com . June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' Special Scores 4.8 Million Total Viewers '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : College Football Snares Top Spots '' . TheFutonCritic.com . October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Programmes '' . BARB . February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YTV Canada Inc . YTV Fast Forwards to Fall with Eight Side - Splitting New Series '' . Newswire.ca . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam and Cat Premieres Monday , 14th October '' . Viacom Press . September 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Greenlights Additional 20 Episodes Of Top - Rated Comedy Sam & Cat '' . PR Newswire . July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Schedule Ariana Grande Ariana Grand Victorious Nick Victoria Justice '' . Nickelodeon.com.au . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Shows SpongeBob SquarePants SpongeBob Episodes Games SpongeBob '' . Nickelodeon.com.au . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the EPIC new episode of N - View ! '' . N - View . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch free Sam & Cat online videos including full episodes and clips only on Nick Asia '' . Nick-asia.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KCA 2014 '' . Nickelodeon . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marie Palma F ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` Lista de ganadores de los Kids Choice Awards México 2014 '' ( in Spanish ) . starMedia . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Sam-Cat-Jennette-McCurdy/dp/B00J9W4AWE/ref=sr_1_1_sspa?ie=UTF8&qid=1506442040&sr=8-1-spons&keywords=sam+and+cat&psc=1&smid=ABJ031IF6ZFVS Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Sam-Cat-Complete-Jennette-McCurdy/dp/B0104WZID2/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1506442040&sr=8-2&keywords=sam+and+cat External links ( edit ) Nickelodeon portal Television portal Comedy portal Official website Sam & Cat at nick.com Sam & Cat on IMDb Sam & Cat at TV.com Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! ( 1982 -- 87 ) You Ca n't Do That on Television ( 1982 -- 90 ) The Third Eye ( 1983 ) Mr. Wizard 's World ( 1983 - 90 ) Nick Rocks ( 1984 - 89 ) Out of Control ( 1984 -- 85 ) Double Dare ( 1986 -- 93 ; 2000 ) Finders Keepers ( 1987 -- 88 ) Do n't Just Sit There ( 1988 -- 91 ) Think Fast ( 1989 -- 91 ) Make the Grade ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hey Dude ( 1989 -- 91 ) 1990s debuts Wild & Crazy Kids ( 1990 -- 92 ; 2002 ) Outta Here ( 1990 -- 91 ) Fifteen ( 1991 -- 93 ) Clarissa Explains It All ( 1991 -- 94 ) Welcome Freshmen ( 1991 -- 96 ) Salute Your Shorts ( 1991 -- 92 ) Doug ( 1991 -- 94 ) Nickelodeon Launch Box ( 1991 -- 94 ) Rugrats ( 1991 -- 2004 ) The Ren & Stimpy Show ( 1991 -- 96 ) What Would You Do ? ( 1991 -- 93 ) Are You Afraid of the Dark ? 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( 2003 -- 06 ) Drake & Josh ( 2004 -- 07 ) Danny Phantom ( 2004 -- 07 ) Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide ( 2004 -- 07 ) Unfabulous ( 2004 -- 07 ) Nicktoons Film Festival ( 2004 -- 09 ) Zoey 101 ( 2005 -- 08 ) Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2005 -- 08 ) Catscratch ( 2005 -- 07 ) The X 's ( 2005 -- 06 ) Mr. Meaty ( 2005 -- 07 ) Kappa Mikey ( 2006 -- 07 ) Just for Kicks ( 2006 ) Just Jordan ( 2007 -- 08 ) El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera ( 2007 -- 08 ) The Naked Brothers Band ( 2007 -- 09 ) Wayside ( 2007 -- 08 ) Tak and the Power of Juju ( 2007 -- 09 ) iCarly ( 2007 -- 12 ) Back at the Barnyard ( 2007 -- 11 ) Dance on Sunset ( 2008 ) The Mighty B ! ( 2008 -- 11 ) My Family 's Got Guts ( 2008 -- 09 ) Making Fiends ( 2008 ) Domo TV ( 2008 -- 09 ) True Jackson , VP ( 2008 -- 11 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Rugrats Pre-School Daze ( 2008 ) The Troop ( 2009 -- 11 ) Fanboy & Chum Chum ( 2009 -- 12 ) BrainSurge ( 2009 -- 14 ) Big Time Rush ( 2009 -- 13 ) 2010s debuts Victorious ( 2010 -- 13 ) Planet Sheen ( 2010 -- 11 ) T.U.F.F. Puppy ( 2010 -- 13 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Power Rangers Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 -- 15 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 -- 17 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Make It Pop ( 2015 -- 16 ) Talia in the Kitchen ( 2015 ) WITS Academy ( 2015 ) The Other Kingdom ( 2016 ) Legendary Dudas ( 2016 ) Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( since 2012 ) The Thundermans ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( since 2014 ) Harvey Beaks ( since 2015 ) Pig Goat Banana Cricket ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) All In with Cam Newton ( since 2016 ) School of Rock ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Jagger Eaton 's Mega Life ( since 2016 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( since 2017 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) International Renford Rejects Genie in the House Summer in Transylvania Camp Orange ( UK & Ireland ) Upcoming Pinky Malinky ( 2018 ) Glitch Techs ( 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2018 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger and Captain Man ( 2018 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) Related SNICK TEENick Nicktoons Nick at Nite Gotta See Saturdays Works by Dan Schneider TV series created Guys Like Us The Amanda Show What I Like About You Drake & Josh Zoey 101 iCarly Victorious Sam & Cat Henry Danger Game Shakers TV series produced All That Kenan & Kel Film screenplays Good Burger Big Fat Liar Related articles Schneider 's Bakery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_%26_Cat&oldid=803687782 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2013 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings 2010s Nickelodeon shows American teen sitcoms English - language television programs Sam & Cat Television duos Television series about friendship Television series by Schneider 's Bakery Television series created by Dan Schneider Television spin - offs Television shows set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 00 : 58 . 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-6518621499578430 | Love Island (series 2) | Love Island ( series 2 ) - Wikipedia Love Island ( series 2 ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Love Island '' series 2 -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Love Island ( series 2 ) Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 37 Release Original network ITV2 Original release 30 May ( 2016 - 05 - 30 ) -- 11 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 1 Next → Series 3 The second series of Love Island began on 30 May 2016 hosted by Caroline Flack on ITV2 , and ended on 11 July 2016 . It is the second from the revived series , but fourth overall . The series was narrated by Iain Stirling . The series was extended to air every night of the week , as opposed to the previous series where it only aired six nights . However the Saturday episode was used as a weekly catch - up entitled `` Love Island : The Weekly Hot List '' rather than a nightly highlights episode . The average viewers for this series was 1,470,000 , up 900,000 on the first series . The series included the first time an Islander was removed from the villa , as Malia Arkian was removed just hours after she entered the villa following an altercation with Kady McDermott . It also featured a number of voluntarily exits from the series , as Rykard Jenkins decided to leave the villa after his new love interest Rachel Fenton was eliminated . Zara Holland also decided to leave after hearing about a family illness . Sophie Gradon also decided to voluntarily leave the villa . Sophie and Katie Salmon were also the first same - sex couple to feature in Love Island . On 11 July 2016 the series was won by Cara De La Hoyde and Nathan Massey , with Alex Bowen and Olivia Buckland as runners - up . Winners Cara and Nathan later went onto appear on The Only Way Is Essex , whilst Rykard joined the cast of Ibiza Weekender in 2017 . Contents 1 Production 2 Islanders 3 Coupling 3.1 Notes 4 Weekly summary 5 Ratings 6 References Production ( edit ) On Valentine 's Day , 14 February 2016 , it was confirmed that Love Island would return for a second series due to air later in the year . On 18 May 2016 it was confirmed that the series would begin on 30 May 2016 , but had scrapped the live eliminations . A one - minute trailer for the series aired on 23 May 2016 . Pictures of the villa were unveiled on 28 May 2016 . The villa is located in Mallorca with 69 cameras watching the Islanders ' every move . It only includes double beds forcing them to share with each other , but has a special Hideaway bedroom for couples to spend the night away from the others . Islanders ( edit ) The Islanders for the second series were revealed on 24 May 2016 , just a week before the launch . However , throughout the series , more Islanders entered the villa to find love . Some Islanders were dumped from the island for either failing to couple up , some were voted off by their fellow Islanders , and others for receiving the least votes in public eliminations . The series was won by Cara and Nathan on 11 July 2016 having received 54 % of the vote . Islander Age Hometown Entered Status Ref Cara De La Hoyde 26 Kent Day 1 Winner ( Day 45 ) Nathan Massey 25 Essex Day 1 Winner ( Day 45 ) Alex Bowen 24 Birmingham Day 18 Runner - up ( Day 45 ) Olivia Buckland 22 Essex Day 1 Runner - up ( Day 45 ) Kady McDermott 20 Stevenage Day 3 Third place ( Day 45 ) Scott Thomas 28 Manchester Day 1 Third place ( Day 45 ) Adam Maxted 24 Belfast Day 11 Fourth place ( Day 45 ) Katie Salmon 20 The Wirral Day 34 Fourth place ( Day 45 ) Emma Jane Woodham 19 Oxford Day 27 Dumped ( Day 41 ) Terry Walsh 28 Surrey Day 3 Dumped ( Day 41 ) Adam Jukes 23 Manchester Day 34 Dumped ( Day 41 ) Lauren Whiteside 25 Blackpool Day 37 Dumped ( Day 41 ) Tina Stinnes 21 London Day 20 Dumped ( Day 40 ) Sophie Gradon 30 Newcastle Day 1 Walked ( Day 39 ) Troy Frith 23 Kent Day 30 Dumped ( Day 37 ) Tom Powell 24 Port Talbot Day 1 Dumped ( Day 33 ) Liana Isadora Van Riel 20 Exeter Day 20 Dumped ( Day 33 ) Oliver Maxwell Fernandez 25 Hertfordshire Day 30 Dumped ( Day 31 ) Malin Andersson 23 Milton Keynes Day 1 Dumped ( Day 25 ) Zara Holland 20 Hull Day 1 Walked ( Day 22 ) James Khan 20 Teddington Day 18 Dumped ( Day 20 ) Rykard Jenkins 25 Kent Day 1 Walked ( Day 15 ) Daniel Lukakis 23 London Day 1 Dumped ( Day 15 ) Rachel Fenton 23 Hampshire Day 7 Dumped ( Day 15 ) Malia Arkian 26 Manchester Day 7 Removed ( Day 7 ) Javi Shephard 27 York Day 1 Dumped ( Day 6 ) Coupling ( edit ) The couples were chosen shortly after the contestants entered the villa . After all of the girls entered , the boys were asked to choose a girl to pair up with . Sophie was paired with Tom , Cara with Nathan , Malin and Rykard paired up , Zara and Scott coupled up , whilst Olivia paired up with Daniel and Javi remained single . However , throughout the series the couples swapped and changed . Day 1 Day 6 Day 13 Day 20 Day 32 Day 37 Day 40 Final Cara Nathan Nathan Nathan Nathan Nathan Nathan Nathan Winner ( Day 45 ) Nathan Cara Cara Cara Cara Cara Cara Cara Winner ( Day 45 ) Alex Not in Villa Olivia Olivia Olivia Olivia Runner - up ( Day 45 ) Olivia Daniel Rykard Adam M Alex Alex Alex Alex Runner - up ( Day 45 ) Kady Not in Villa Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Third place ( Day 45 ) Scott Zara Kady Kady Kady Kady Kady Kady Third place ( Day 45 ) Adam M Not in Villa Olivia Zara Liana Tina Katie Fourth place ( Day 45 ) Katie Not in Villa Sophie Adam M Fourth place ( Day 45 ) Emma Not in Villa Terry Terry Terry Dumped ( Day 41 ) Terry Not in Villa Malin Malin Malin Emma Emma Emma Dumped ( Day 41 ) Adam J Not in Villa Lauren Lauren Dumped ( Day 41 ) Lauren Not in Villa Adam J Adam J Dumped ( Day 41 ) Tina Not in Villa Troy Adam M Dumped ( Day 40 ) Sophie Tom Tom Tom Tom Tom Katie Walked ( Day 39 ) Troy Not in Villa Tina Dumped ( Day 37 ) Tom Sophie Sophie Sophie Sophie Sophie Dumped ( Day 33 ) Liana Not in Villa Adam M Dumped ( Day 33 ) Oliver Not in Villa Dumped ( Day 31 ) Malin Rykard Terry Terry Terry Dumped ( Day 25 ) Zara Scott Daniel Daniel Adam M Walked ( Day 22 ) James Not in Villa Dumped ( Day 20 ) Rykard Malin Olivia Rachel Walked ( Day 15 ) Daniel Olivia Zara Zara Dumped ( Day 15 ) Rachel Not in Villa Rykard Dumped ( Day 15 ) Malia Not in Villa Removed ( Day 7 ) Javi N / A Dumped ( Day 6 ) Notes none none none none Notes ( edit ) ^ Note 1 : As new arrivals , Kady and Terry could not couple up with each other . ^ Note 2 : On Day 21 , new Islanders Liana and Tina were asked to put two couples on a break and separate them for the night . They chose Alex and Olivia , and Kady and Scott . As a result , Scott became coupled up with Tina for the night , and Liana was coupled with Alex . ^ Note 3 : On Day 37 , due to Sophie and Katie coupling up , this left two single boys Adam J and Troy . Lauren then entered the villa to choose which one to couple up with and which to dump from the island . ^ Note 4 : As Adam J and Lauren were already immune , they were automatically coupled up . Weekly summary ( edit ) The main events in the Love Island villa are summarised in the table below . Week 1 Entrances On Day 1 , Cara , Daniel , Javi , Malin , Nathan , Olivia , Rykard , Scott , Sophie , Tom and Zara entered the villa . On Day 3 , Kady and Terry entered the villa . Coupling On Day 1 , the Islanders coupled up for the first time . After all of the girls entered , the boys were asked to choose a girl to pair up with . Sophie was paired with Tom , Cara with Nathan , Malin and Rykard paired up , Zara and Scott coupled up , whilst Olivia paired up with Daniel and Javi remained single . On Day 6 , the Islanders re-coupled . This time it was the girls who had to pick a boy to pair up with . Cara and Nathan , and Sophie and Tom were the only couples to remain together , whilst Olivia picked Rykard , Kady went with Scott , Malin chose Terry , and Zara coupled up with Daniel . As Javi remained single he was dumped from the island . Challenges On Day 2 , the boys went up against the girls in a game of Beer pong with a twist . A secret about an Islander was in each cup , and if the ball landed in the cup , the Islander who threw the ball would have to guess who the secret is about . To lock in their answer they had to kiss that chosen Islander . On Day 6 , the boys competed in `` Love Island 's Strongest Man '' , where they took part in a number of physical activities in order to prove their strength . At the end of the competition Daniel was announced as the winner . Dates On Day 3 , Cara and Nathan left the villa to go on their first date . On Day 4 , Javi was asked to choose one of the girls to go on a date with him . He chose Kady . On Day 5 , Terry had to choose two girls to cook him dinner then date separately . He chose Malin and Olivia , whilst Kady had to choose two boys to do the same . She chose Daniel and Scott . Exits On Day 6 , Javi was eliminated after failing to couple up . Week 2 Entrances On Day 7 , Malia and Rachel entered the villa . On Day 11 , Adam M entered the villa . Coupling On Day 13 , the Islanders re-coupled once again . They were told that whoever new Islander Adam M coupled up with would be safe from the next elimination . Nathan and Cara , Scott and Kady , Terry and Malin , Tom and Sophie , Zara and Daniel remained coupled together , whilst Rykard picked Rachel , and Adam M chose Olivia . Challenges On Day 7 , Tom and Sophie hosted `` A Trifling Matter '' where the other couples competed to pass trifle ingredients from one bowl to another by passing with their mouths only . Olivia and Rykard won this challenge . On Day 9 , the boys competed against each other to sweat the most after doing physical exercise , then place their sweaty clothes into a bag . The girls then had to judge the scent of the boys without knowing which bag belonged to who , and then choose the most attractive scent . As most of the girls chose Rykard , he won the challenge . On Day 11 , Rachel hosted as the Islanders took part in `` Size Matters '' where the girls had to use clay to make models of their partner 's penis . The boys then had to make models of their own penis . The couple with the most similar models won the challenge . This was Tom and Sophie . Dates On Day 7 , Scott left the villa to go on a date with new Islander Malia , whilst Daniel left to date new Islander Rachel . On Day 9 , Daniel and Zara left the villa to go on a date feeding ostriches . On Day 9 , after winning a challenge , Rykard chose to spend the night with Rachel in the Hideaway . On Day 10 , the girls speed dated four potential new Islanders . On Day 12 , as the new Islander , Adam M was given the opportunity to take three girls out of the villa and date them separately . He chose Olivia , Sophie and Zara . Exits On Day 7 , Malia was removed from the villa following an altercation with Kady . Week 3 Entrances On Day 18 , Alex and James entered the villa . On Day 20 , Liana and Tina entered the villa . Coupling On Day 20 , the Islanders re-coupled again , where the girls chose the boy they wanted to be in a couple with . Cara and Nathan , Kady and Scott , Malin and Terry , and Sophie and Tom remained together , whilst Zara chose Adam M , and Olivia picked Alex . As James remained single , he was dumped from the island . Challenges On Day 16 , the Islanders had to do dares that they randomly picked from a cup . On Day 17 , the Islanders were tested on how well they knew their other half . As the only single girl , Zara hosted the quiz . Tom and Sophie were announced as the winners of this challenge , and were rewarded with a video call home . On Day 18 , Alex and James rated the other Islanders from most to least in a number of categories . The Islanders had to guess what Alex and James voted . On Day 19 , the girls went head - to - head against each other in a pool of gunge . To win the game they had to be the first one to take the socks from their opponent . As Olivia was the fastest winner , she won the challenge overall . Dates On Day 17 , the public voted Malin and Terry to go on a date . On Day 18 , the public voted Zara to date one of the new Islanders . She then chose Alex to spend the night in the Hideaway with her . On Day 19 , new Islanders Alex and James were asked to choose one girl each to take on a date . Alex chose Olivia , and James chose Kady . Exits On Day 15 , after receiving the least amount of public votes , Daniel and Zara , and Rykard and Rachel were in danger of leaving . The remaining couples had to choose one member of each couple to dump from the island . They chose Daniel and Rachel . On Day 15 , following Rachel 's elimination , Rykard decided to leave the villa . On Day 20 , James was eliminated after failing to couple up . Week 4 Entrances On Day 27 , Emma entered the villa . Coupling On Day 21 , Liana and Tina were asked to put two coupled on a break , and couple up with that boy for the night . Liana chose Alex and Olivia , whilst Tina chose Scott and Kady . Challenges On Day 21 , new Islanders Liana and Tina were asked to put two couples on a break and separate them for the night . They chose Alex and Olivia , and Kady and Scott . As a result , Scott became coupled up with Tina for the night , and Liana was coupled with Alex . On Day 24 , the boys had to revise on a subject to do with love , with the girls testing them afterwards . Scott was the winner of the quiz , and was rewarded with a video call home . On Day 24 , the girls took part in a `` Miss Love Island 2016 '' competition where they each had to show off their talents . The boys chose Sophie as the winner . On Day 25 , the Islanders were given quotes which had been said about them in the villa . The Islanders had to throw a mug of cold tea over the Islander they thought said the quote . On Day 26 , the boys each had to complete an undercover assignment without the girls knowing . They completed their missions and were rewarded with a football and goal posts . On Day 27 , the girls had to attempt to raise their partners heart rate . The girl who raised their boy 's heart rate the most would win the challenge . Scott and Kady were the winners . Dates On Day 23 , Tom and Sophie left the villa to go on a date . On Day 23 , Cara and Nathan spent the night in the Hideaway following a date . On Day 27 , Scott and Kady left the villa to go on a shopping date to buy food to cook for their fellow Islanders that night . On Day 27 , Adam M and Terry went on a date with new Islander Emma before she entered the villa . Exits On Day 22 , Zara decided to leave the villa due to a family emergency . On Day 25 , the public voted for their favourite girl in the villa . As Malin received the fewest votes , she was eliminated . Week 5 Entrances On Day 30 , Oliver and Troy entered the villa , but were instantly told that only one of them would be staying . On Day 34 , Adam J and Katie entered the villa after being chosen by the other Islanders . Coupling On Day 32 , the Islanders re-coupled again , where the boys chose which girls they 'd like to couple up with . They were told that Troy and the girl he chose would be immune from the next dumping . Cara and Nathan , Alex and Olivia , Scott and Kady and Sophie and Tom decided to remain together , whilst Terry chose to couple up with Emma , Adam M picked Liana , and Troy chose Tina . Challenges On Day 30 , the Islanders were all blindfolded and had to find their partner . During the task , Oliver and Troy entered the villa to join in . On Day 32 , the girls had to build some flat pack furniture . However it was the boys who had the instructions . The girls had to phone their partner who would explain how to build it over the phone . As Emma and Sophie ditched the boys and built it themselves , they won champagne . On Day 34 , potential new Islanders entered the villa and were put through a number of tests by the original Islanders . The boys chose Katie to stay , whilst the girls chose Adam J to stay . Dates On Day 29 , as a new Islander , Emma was asked to choose one boy to go on a date with . She chose Terry . On Day 30 , as new Islanders , Oliver and Troy were able to take three girls on a date . Oliver chose Kady , Sophie and Tina , whilst Troy chose Liana , Tina and Kady . On Day 31 , for Nathan 's birthday , he left the villa to go on a date with Cara . On Day 32 , Troy and Tina left the villa to go on a date . Exits On Day 31 , the girls were asked to choose one of the new Islanders ; Oliver and Troy to be dumped from the island . They chose to eliminate Oliver . On Day 33 , Liana and Tom were dumped from the island following the Islander 's decision to vote for Tom and Sophie , and Adam M and Liana as the weakest couples . The public then voted to save one Islander from each couple . They saved Sophie and Adam M leaving Liana and Tom eliminated . Week 6 Entrances On Day 37 , Lauren entered the villa . Coupling On Day 37 , the Islanders re-coupled once again , where the girls had to choose who they wanted to couple up with . Nathan and Cara , Terry and Emma , Scott and Kady , and Alex and Olivia all remained with each other , whilst Tina chose to be with Adam M , and Katie decided to couple up with Sophie . This left Adam J and Troy single . Lauren then entered the villa and was asked to couple up with one of the single boys . She chose Adam J , which caused Troy to be dumped from the island . On Day 40 , due to Sophie 's exit from the villa , the Islanders re-coupled for the final time . As Lauren and Adam J were already immune , they were automatically coupled up . Cara and Nathan , Scott and Kady , Terry and Emma , Alex and Olivia all remained together , whilst Adam M chose Katie . This left Tina single who was therefore dumped from the island . Challenges On Day 36 , the couples took part in a quiz hosted by Adam J and Katie . The answers to the questions were either A , B or C and the Islanders had swim to the correct answer in order to score a point . Alex and Olivia were the winners of the quiz . On Day 38 , the Islanders were shown a number of tweets from viewers . They had to then guess who each tweet was about by finding the answer in a pool . On Day 39 , the couples were given a dog for the day to look after . On Day 40 , the boys took a lie detector test with the girls asking the questions . On Day 40 and 41 , the couples had their parenting skills tested by looking after dolls . Dates On Day 35 , as new Islanders , Adam J and Katie were asked to choose three other Islanders to take on dates . Adam J chose Sophie , Olivia and Tina , whilst Katie chose Alex , Adam M and Sophie . On Day 37 , Scott and Terry left the villa to go on a mates date . They were then interrupted by Malin who returned to confront Terry . On Day 37 , having failed to couple up , Adam J and Troy were given a final opportunity to save themselves by dating new Islander Lauren . She then chose which of the two should remain in the villa . On Day 40 , Adam M and Katie left the villa to go on a date . On Day 41 , as a reward for winning the parenting challenge , Cara and Nathan left the villa to go on a date . Exits On Day 37 , Troy was eliminated after failing to couple up . On Day 39 , Sophie decided to leave the villa . On Day 40 , Tina was eliminated after failing to couple up . On Day 41 , Adam J and Lauren , and Emma and Terry were eliminated after receiving the fewest public votes to save . Week 7 Entrances On Day 42 , the Islander 's friends and family briefly entered the villa . Challenges On Day 44 , the Islanders were told that they 'd be hosting `` Love Island Summer Ball '' . The boys had to learn how to dance to impress the girls , whilst they left the villa to go shopping for dresses . On Day 45 , as winners , Cara and Nathan were given the choice of two envelopes . One containing £ 50,000 and the other containing nothing . As Cara picked the one with the money in , she was given the choice to keep it for herself of split the money with Nathan . She chose to share . Dates On Day 43 , the Islanders chose Adam M and Katie to spend the night in the Hideaway . Exits On Day 45 , Adam M and Katie left the villa in fourth place , whilst Scott and Kady finished third . Cara and Nathan were then voted the winners , leaving Alex and Olivia as runners - up . Ratings ( edit ) Official ratings are taken from BARB and include ITV2 + 1 . Because the Saturday episodes are weekly catch - up episodes rather than nightly highlights , these are not included in the overall averages . Viewers ( millions ) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Sunday 1.21 1.36 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.32 Monday 1.23 1.21 1.40 1.54 1.66 1.73 1.69 Tuesday 1.16 1.13 1.36 1.58 1.66 1.80 Wednesday 1.22 1.48 1.36 1.53 1.54 1.54 Thursday 1.25 1.34 1.46 1.66 1.66 1.42 Friday 1.40 1.31 1.55 1.63 1.63 1.47 Weekly average 1.25 1.28 1.42 1.59 1.63 1.59 1.51 Running average 1.25 1.27 1.32 1.39 1.43 1.46 1.47 Series average 1.47 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island finally has an air date : When is it back ? '' . 18 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Caroline Flack fronts new - look Love Island '' . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 10 programmes '' . barb.co.uk . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island : Zara leaves due to family illness '' . 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island 's Sophie QUITS after Katie misunderstanding '' . 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island has its first same - sex couple '' . 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/cara-de-la-hoyde-returns-10270253 Jump up ^ https://www.ok.co.uk/tv/love-island/984051/love-island-rykard-jenkins-ibiza-weekender-new-series-jodran-davies-imogen Jump up ^ `` Get set for a sizzling summer as Love Island returns '' . `` ITV Press Centre '' . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Why did they scrap the live eviction ? '' . 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We 're back ! Watch our hot new TV trailer '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PICTURES ! Check out the brand new Love Island villa ! '' . 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the cast of Love Island 2016 ! '' . 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Viewers were clear who their favourite was '' . 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Cara De La Hoyde '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Nathan Massey '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : Meet Alex Bowen '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Olivia Buckland '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ Walker , Danny ( 31 May 2016 ) . `` Everything you need to know about the new Love Island 's Kady McDermott '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Scott Thomas '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Adam Maxted '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : Meet Katie Salmon '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Islander Tom 's stunning ex-girlfriend is set to enter the villa '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ Walker , Danny ( 31 May 2016 ) . `` Everything you need to know about Love Island 's Terry Walsh '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : Meet Adam Jukes '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Carl ( 5 July 2016 ) . `` Who is Lauren Whiteside ? Meet Love Island 's new arrival as Zara does NOT return '' . Radio Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island gets two new arrivals as Tina and Liana head to the villa '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Sophie Gradon '' . Radio Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island : Which of the new boys is leaving already ? '' . Radio Times . 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Tom Powell '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Malin Andersson '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Zara Holland '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : Meet James Khan '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Rykard Jenkins '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Daniel Lukakis '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ McCahill , Elaine ( 4 June 2016 ) . `` ' I 'm 100 % not having sex on TV ' : new Love Island arrival Rachel rules out hooking up with her co-stars '' . The Sun . News UK . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Packer , Sarah ; McFadyen Siobhan ( 6 June 2016 ) . `` Love Island 's Malia Arkian 's shock confession : ' I had a seven - year fling with Tyga -- behind Kylie Jenner 's back ! ' '' . The Sun . News UK . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : meet Javi Shephard '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : Who 's coupled up ? '' . 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Danny ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` What happened in Love Island episode 1 ? Everything you need to know '' . Jump up ^ `` Meet the cast of Love Island 2016 ! '' . 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Who joined the islanders tonight ? '' . 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : Who 's coupled up ? '' . 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First look : It 's time for a re-coupling ! '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 's Tom Powell had a FIVEsome : ' It 's rank ' '' . 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Javi takes new girl Kady on a hot date '' . 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Who was first to leave the villa ? '' . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` First look : There 's TWO new girls in town ... '' Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Sophie 's choice -- Tom or new guy Adam ? '' . 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Zara heartbroken after latest re-coupling '' . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Speed dating : Meet the four fit fellas put to the test ... '' Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Zara brags MORE about Miss Great Britain '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 's new arrival has been kicked out ALREADY '' . 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island boys are threatened by the new arrivals '' . 15 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : New girl Tina has her eye on Scott '' . 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island 's James Khan is already eliminated '' . 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Malin upset as Terry keeps a sex secret '' . 14 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : The new boys rate and slate the couples '' . 15 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Can Alex win over Olivia after Zara ? '' . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Will Kady swap Scott for James ? '' . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2016 : Another couple leaves the villa '' . 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Rykard returns to the villa '' . 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 's Emma - Jane : Tom still has feelings for me '' . 23 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Kady is fuming with new girls Tina & Liana '' . 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Emmerdale 's Adam Thomas makes appearance '' . 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island said goodbye to one of the girls tonight '' . 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island sees two new boys enter the villa '' . 25 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katie and Adam move into Love Island '' . 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 's latest recoupling rocks the villa '' . 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : EIGHT wannabes fight to join the villa '' . 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 's Tina and Troy have an awful date '' . 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Which of the new boys is leaving already ? '' . 28 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Tom and Liana leave in shock eviction '' . 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island : Tina says goodbye after final recoupling '' . 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : There are DOGS on tonight 's episode '' . 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Alex and Scott caught out by lie detector '' . 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Viewers were LOVING Malin 's return '' . 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Two couples leave in shock double eviction '' . 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Islanders ' families enter the villa '' . 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Nathan and Cara are your 2016 winners '' . 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BARB -- Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV2 Total '' . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Love Island Series Contestants Olivia Buckland Kem Cetinay Rachel Christie Jon Clark Dani Dyer Sophie Gradon Georgia Harrison Zara Holland Rykard Jenkins Adam Maxted Max Morley Josh Ritchie Marcel Somerville Mike Thalassitis Related articles Love Island ( 2005 TV series ) Love Island Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Island_(series_2)&oldid=852846437 '' Categories : 2016 British television seasons ITV reality television programmes Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles with topics of unclear notability from July 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 19 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what episode did alex bowen come in on love island | [
"\n\n\nIslander\n\nAge\n\nHometown\n\nEntered\n\nStatus\n\nRef\n\n\nCara De La Hoyde\n\n26\n\nKent\n\nDay 1\n\nWinner (Day 45)\n\n[15]\n\n\nNathan Massey\n\n25\n\nEssex\n\nDay 1\n\nWinner (Day 45)\n\n[16]\n\n\nAlex Bowen\n\n24\n\nBirmingham\n\nDay 18\n\nRunner-up (Day 45)\n\n[17]\n\n\nOlivia Buckland\n\n22\n\nEssex\n\nDay 1\n\nRunner-up (Day 45)\n\n[18]\n\n\nKady McDermott\n\n20\n\nStevenage\n\nDay 3\n\nThird place (Day 45)\n\n[19]\n\n\nScott Thomas\n\n28\n\nManchester\n\nDay 1\n\nThird place (Day 45)\n\n[20]\n\n\nAdam Maxted\n\n24\n\nBelfast\n\nDay 11\n\nFourth place (Day 45)\n\n[21]\n\n\nKatie Salmon\n\n20\n\nThe Wirral\n\nDay 34\n\nFourth place (Day 45)\n\n[22]\n\n\nEmma Jane Woodham\n\n19\n\nOxford\n\nDay 27\n\nDumped (Day 41)\n\n[23]\n\n\nTerry Walsh\n\n28\n\nSurrey\n\nDay 3\n\nDumped (Day 41)\n\n[24]\n\n\nAdam Jukes\n\n23\n\nManchester\n\nDay 34\n\nDumped (Day 41)\n\n[25]\n\n\nLauren Whiteside\n\n25\n\nBlackpool\n\nDay 37\n\nDumped (Day 41)\n\n[26]\n\n\nTina Stinnes\n\n21\n\nLondon\n\nDay 20\n\nDumped (Day 40)\n\n[27]\n\n\nSophie Gradon\n\n30\n\nNewcastle\n\nDay 1\n\nWalked (Day 39)\n\n[28]\n\n\nTroy Frith\n\n23\n\nKent\n\nDay 30\n\nDumped (Day 37)\n\n[29]\n\n\nTom Powell\n\n24\n\nPort Talbot\n\nDay 1\n\nDumped (Day 33)\n\n[30]\n\n\nLiana Isadora Van Riel\n\n20\n\nExeter\n\nDay 20\n\nDumped (Day 33)\n\n[27]\n\n\nOliver Maxwell Fernandez\n\n25\n\nHertfordshire\n\nDay 30\n\nDumped (Day 31)\n\n[29]\n\n\nMalin Andersson\n\n23\n\nMilton Keynes\n\nDay 1\n\nDumped (Day 25)\n\n[31]\n\n\nZara Holland\n\n20\n\nHull\n\nDay 1\n\nWalked (Day 22)\n\n[32]\n\n\nJames Khan\n\n20\n\nTeddington\n\nDay 18\n\nDumped (Day 20)\n\n[33]\n\n\nRykard Jenkins\n\n25\n\nKent\n\nDay 1\n\nWalked (Day 15)\n\n[34]\n\n\nDaniel Lukakis\n\n23\n\nLondon\n\nDay 1\n\nDumped (Day 15)\n\n[35]\n\n\nRachel Fenton\n\n23\n\nHampshire\n\nDay 7\n\nDumped (Day 15)\n\n[36]\n\n\nMalia Arkian\n\n26\n\nManchester\n\nDay 7\n\nRemoved (Day 7)\n\n[37]\n\n\nJavi Shephard\n\n27\n\nYork\n\nDay 1\n\nDumped (Day 6)\n\n[38]\n\n"
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-2820021635278405291 | 2014 US Open – Men's Singles | 2014 US Open -- men 's singles - wikipedia 2014 US Open -- men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's Singles 2014 US Open Champion Marin Čilić Runner - up Kei Nishikori Final score 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women mixed WC Singles men women quad WC Doubles men women quad ← 2013 US Open 2015 → Main article : 2014 US Open ( tennis ) Rafael Nadal was the defending champion , but he withdrew before the tournament began because of a right wrist injury . Marin Čilić claimed his first grand slam title , defeating Kei Nishikori , also playing in his first major final . Both players defeated Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer in their respective semi-finals to guarantee a new champion , the first Grand Slam final with a guaranteed new champion since the 2008 Australian Open ( when Djokovic defeated Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ) , and the first Grand Slam with two first - time Slam finalists since the 2005 French Open ( where Nadal defeated Mariano Puerta ) . It was also the first time since the 2005 Australian Open final ( where Marat Safin defeated Lleyton Hewitt ) that neither Djokovic , Federer , nor Nadal has featured in a Grand Slam final , and the first time since 2003 ( when Juan Carlos Ferrero , Federer , and Andy Roddick all won their first major titles ) that multiple first - time Grand Slam winners have been crowned in a single season due to Stan Wawrinka 's win at the 2014 Australian Open . Nishikori and Čilić were also the two lowest - ranked seeds to reach the US Open final since Pete Sampras won the title in 2002 as 17th seed . Čilić beat Nishikori 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 to become the second Croatian to win a Grand Slam men 's singles title after his coach Goran Ivanišević triumphed at 2001 Wimbledon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 Nationalities in the field 5 References 6 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Novak Djokovic ( Semifinals ) 02 . Roger Federer ( Semifinals ) 03 . Stan Wawrinka ( Quarterfinals ) 04 . David Ferrer ( Third round ) 05 . Milos Raonic ( Fourth round ) 06 . Tomáš Berdych ( Quarterfinals ) 07 . Grigor Dimitrov ( Fourth round ) 08 . Andy Murray ( Quarterfinals ) 09 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( Fourth round ) 10 . Kei Nishikori ( Final ) 11 . Ernests Gulbis ( Second round ) 12 . Richard Gasquet ( Third round ) 13 . John Isner ( Third round ) 14 . Marin Čilić ( Champion ) 15 . Fabio Fognini ( Second round ) 16 . Tommy Robredo ( Fourth round ) 17 . Roberto Bautista Agut ( Fourth round ) 18 . Kevin Anderson ( Third round ) 19 . Feliciano López ( Third round ) 20 . Gaël Monfils ( Quarterfinals ) 21 . Mikhail Youzhny ( First round ) 22 . Philipp Kohlschreiber ( Fourth round ) 23 . Leonardo Mayer ( Third round ) 24 . Julien Benneteau ( First round ) 25 . Ivo Karlović ( Second round ) 26 . Gilles Simon ( Fourth round ) 27 . Santiago Giraldo ( First round ) 28 . Guillermo García - López ( Second round ) 29 . Lukáš Rosol ( First round ) 30 . Jérémy Chardy ( Second round ) 31 . Fernando Verdasco ( Second round ) 32 . João Sousa ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2014 US Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Novak Djokovic 7 6 6 6 8 Andy Murray 6 7 Novak Djokovic 6 6 10 Kei Nishikori 6 7 6 Stan Wawrinka 6 5 6 7 10 Kei Nishikori 7 7 6 6 10 Kei Nishikori 14 Marin Čilić 6 6 6 6 Tomáš Berdych 6 14 Marin Čilić 6 6 7 14 Marin Čilić 6 6 6 Roger Federer 20 Gaël Monfils 6 6 5 Roger Federer 6 7 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round N Djokovic 6 6 6 D Schwartzman N Djokovic 6 6 6 G Müller 7 5 6 7 P-H Mathieu 0 P-H Mathieu 6 7 7 6 6 N Djokovic 6 6 6 M González 6 6 S Querrey S Querrey 6 6 6 S Querrey 6 6 6 Y-h Lu 28 G García - López 28 G García - López 6 6 6 N Djokovic 6 7 6 22 P Kohlschreiber 6 7 6 22 P Kohlschreiber 5 Q F Bagnis 6 22 P Kohlschreiber 6 0 WC M Llodra 6 6 7 WC M Llodra 0 D Gimeno Traver 5 22 P Kohlschreiber 7 7 7 M Kukushkin 6 6 5 13 J Isner 6 6 6 6 J-L Struff 6 6 7 J-L Struff 6 WC M Giron 6 6 13 J Isner 7 6 6 13 J Isner 7 6 7 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 J-W Tsonga 6 7 6 J Mónaco 6 6 9 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 Q J McGee 6 6 A Nedovyesov A Nedovyesov 6 6 7 9 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 P Carreño Busta 6 6 7 P Carreño Busta Q A Beck 6 6 P Carreño Busta 6 6 6 B Paire 7 5 6 6 B Paire 6 24 J Benneteau 6 7 6 9 J-W Tsonga 5 5 31 F Verdasco 6 7 6 8 A Murray 7 7 6 B Rola 6 5 6 31 F Verdasco 6 6 5 B Klahn 6 5 A Kuznetsov 6 7 6 A Kuznetsov 6 6 7 A Kuznetsov 5 6 Q M Bachinger 6 6 6 8 A Murray 6 7 6 R Štěpánek Q M Bachinger R Haase 6 6 5 8 A Murray 6 6 6 8 A Murray 6 7 7 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round S Wawrinka 6 7 7 J Veselý 6 6 S Wawrinka 6 6 7 T Bellucci 7 6 6 T Bellucci 6 6 N Mahut 6 S Wawrinka w / o B Kavčič 7 6 6 B Kavčič D Young 5 B Kavčič 6 7 6 A Falla 7 5 30 J Chardy 6 30 J Chardy 6 6 7 6 S Wawrinka 7 7 6 21 M Youzhny 5 6 6 6 16 T Robredo 5 6 6 N Kyrgios 7 7 7 N Kyrgios 6 7 6 S Stakhovsky A Seppi 6 A Seppi 6 6 6 N Kyrgios 6 6 S Bolelli 6 6 6 16 T Robredo 6 7 6 V Pospisil 6 6 S Bolelli 7 7 É Roger - Vasselin 16 T Robredo 5 6 6 6 6 16 T Robredo 6 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 10 K Nishikori 6 6 6 WC W Odesnik 10 K Nishikori 6 6 0 P Andújar 6 6 0 P Andújar 0 J Sock 6 0 10 K Nishikori 6 6 6 M Ebden 6 6 7 23 L Mayer T Kamke 6 M Ebden A Montañés 0 23 L Mayer 6 6 6 23 L Mayer 6 10 K Nishikori 7 6 7 6 29 L Rosol 5 M Raonic 6 6 7 5 Q B Ćorić 6 6 6 Q B Ćorić 6 6 V Estrella Burgos 6 6 6 V Estrella Burgos 7 6 6 I Sijsling 6 V Estrella Burgos 6 6 6 Q P Gojowczyk 6 6 6 5 M Raonic 7 7 7 B Becker Q P Gojowczyk 6 7 6 Q T Daniel 6 5 M Raonic 7 5 6 7 5 M Raonic 6 6 7 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 6 T Berdych 6 6 6 L Hewitt 6 T Berdych 6 6 6 Q S Darcis 6 6 6 5 M Kližan 6 6 M Kližan 7 7 6 6 T Berdych 6 6 6 E Donskoy 6 6 6 T Gabashvili Q A Kudryavtsev 7 6 6 Q A Kudryavtsev 6 T Gabashvili 6 7 6 T Gabashvili 6 6 7 27 S Giraldo 6 6 6 T Berdych 6 6 6 19 F López 7 6 D Thiem I Dodig 6 5 6 19 F López 6 6 7 S Johnson 6 7 Q T Ito 6 6 Q T Ito 6 5 19 F López L Lacko D Thiem 6 6 6 D Thiem 6 6 6 D Thiem 6 6 6 K de Schepper 11 E Gulbis 6 6 11 E Gulbis 6 6 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 14 M Čilić 6 M Baghdatis 14 M Čilić 7 6 6 Q I Marchenko 7 7 7 Q I Marchenko 6 Q M Chiudinelli 6 6 6 6 14 M Čilić 6 6 6 J Janowicz 6 7 5 7 18 K Anderson 6 D Lajović 5 7 5 J Janowicz 7 P Cuevas 7 6 6 18 K Anderson 6 6 6 6 18 K Anderson 6 6 6 7 14 M Čilić 5 7 6 6 26 G Simon 6 6 6 26 G Simon 7 6 6 Q R Albot 26 G Simon 6 7 6 WC N Rubin 0 F Delbonis 6 5 F Delbonis 6 6 6 26 G Simon 6 6 6 WC B Tomic 7 6 7 D Ferrer 6 D Brown 6 6 WC B Tomic D Džumhur 6 D Ferrer w / o D Ferrer 6 6 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 7 G Dimitrov 6 7 6 WC R Harrison 6 7 G Dimitrov 6 6 6 C Berlocq 6 5 D Sela D Sela 6 6 7 7 G Dimitrov 0 6 6 6 Q N Desein D Goffin 6 D Goffin 6 6 6 D Goffin 6 6 6 F Dancevic 6 6 6 6 32 J Sousa 0 32 J Sousa 7 6 7 7 G Dimitrov 5 6 5 20 G Monfils 6 6 6 20 G Monfils 7 7 7 WC J Donaldson 20 G Monfils 7 6 6 A González 6 6 7 A González 5 D Tursunov 5 20 G Monfils 6 6 6 Q Y Nishioka 12 R Gasquet P Lorenzi 6 6 P Lorenzi 6 D Istomin 5 6 12 R Gasquet 7 6 6 12 R Gasquet 7 7 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 F Fognini 6 6 6 A Golubev 15 F Fognini P Riba 6 5 A Mannarino 6 6 6 A Mannarino 7 6 6 A Mannarino 5 Q F Krajinović 6 6 17 R Bautista Agut 7 6 6 WC T Smyczek 6 6 7 WC T Smyczek A Haider - Maurer 7 6 6 5 17 R Bautista Agut 6 6 6 17 R Bautista Agut 5 7 7 6 17 R Bautista Agut 25 I Karlović 6 6 6 R Federer 6 6 6 J Nieminen 6 25 I Karlović 6 7 6 6 J Melzer 6 M Granollers 7 6 7 6 M Granollers 7 6 6 M Granollers 6 A Ramos - Viñolas 6 R Federer 6 6 6 S Groth 6 7 6 S Groth M Matosevic 6 R Federer 6 6 6 R Federer 6 6 7 Flag Icon Key List of National Flags Nationalities in the field ( edit ) North America ( 16 ) South America ( 12 ) Europe ( 82 ) Oceania ( 6 ) Asia ( 11 ) Africa ( 1 ) Canada ( 3 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Austria ( 3 ) Australia ( 6 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) South Africa ( 1 ) Dominican Republic ( 1 ) Brazil ( 1 ) Belgium ( 3 ) Israel ( 1 ) United States ( 12 ) Colombia ( 3 ) Bulgaria ( 1 ) Japan ( 4 ) Uruguay ( 1 ) Croatia ( 4 ) Kazakhstan ( 3 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 1 ) Taiwan ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 4 ) Uzbekistan ( 1 ) Finland ( 1 ) France ( 13 ) Germany ( 8 ) Ireland ( 1 ) Italy ( 4 ) Latvia ( 1 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Moldova ( 1 ) Netherlands ( 2 ) Poland ( 1 ) Portugal ( 1 ) Russia ( 6 ) Serbia ( 3 ) Slovakia ( 2 ) Slovenia ( 2 ) Spain ( 13 ) Switzerland ( 3 ) Ukraine ( 2 ) United Kingdom ( 1 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rafael Nadal withdraws from 2014 U.S. Open with right wrist injury , tennis.com , 18 August 2014 Jump up ^ `` Marin Cilic crushes Kei Nishikori to win US Open and first grand slam '' . Guardian . 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marin Cilic blasts Kei Nishikori away to clinch US Open final and his first Grand Slam title in straight sets '' . Daily Mail . 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) -- 2014 US Open Men 's Singles draw US Open men 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2014 ATP World Tour `` 2013 2015 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Valencia ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Chennai ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Zagreb ( S , D ) Viña del Mar ( S , D ) Memphis ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Casablanca ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Nice ( S , D ) Düsseldorf ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Kuala Lumpur ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP World Tour Finals , London ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_US_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 819127819 '' Categories : 2014 US Open ( tennis ) 2014 ATP World Tour US Open ( tennis ) by year -- Men 's Singles Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 16 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the men's singles title of the us open tennis grand slam 2014 | [
"Marin Čilić claimed his first grand slam title, defeating Kei Nishikori, also playing in his first major final.[2]"
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"Marin Čilić"
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4740777947711572759 | Gossip columnist | Gossip columnist - wikipedia Gossip columnist Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( June 2016 ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikinews has related news : An interview with gossip columnist Michael Musto on the art of celebrity journalism A gossip columnist is someone who writes a gossip column in a newspaper or magazine , especially a gossip magazine . Gossip columns are material written in a light , informal style , which relates the gossip columnist 's opinions about the personal lives or conduct of celebrities from show business ( motion picture movie stars , theater , and television actors ) , politicians , professional sports stars , and other wealthy people or public figures . Some gossip columnists broadcast segments on radio and television . The columns mix factual material on arrests , divorces , marriages and pregnancies , obtained from official records , with more speculative gossip stories , rumors , and innuendo about romantic relationships , affairs , and purported personal problems . Gossip columnists have a reciprocal relationship with the celebrities whose private lives are splashed about in the gossip column 's pages . While gossip columnists sometimes engage in ( borderline ) defamatory conduct , spreading innuendo about alleged immoral or illegal conduct that can injure celebrities ' reputations , they also are an important part of the `` Star System '' publicity machine that turns movie actors and musicians into celebrities and superstars that are the objects of the public 's obsessive attention and interest . The publicity agents of celebrities often provide or `` leak '' information or rumors to gossip columnists to publicize the celebrity or their projects , or to counteract `` bad press '' that has recently surfaced about their conduct . Contents ( hide ) 1 Libel and defamation 2 History 3 Notable gossip columnists 4 Columns not named for a columnist 5 See also 6 References Libel and defamation ( edit ) While gossip columnists ' `` bread and butter '' is rumor , innuendo , and allegations of scandalous behavior , there is a fine line between legally acceptable spreading of rumor and the making of defamatory statements , which can provoke a lawsuit . Newspaper and magazine editorial policies normally require gossip columnists to have a source for all of their allegations , to protect the publisher against lawsuits for defamation ( libel ) . In the United States , celebrities or public figures can sue for libel if their private lives are revealed in gossip columns and they believe that their reputation has been defamed -- that is , exposed to hatred , contempt , ridicule , or pecuniary loss . Gossip columnists can not defend against libel claims by arguing that they merely repeated , but did not originate the defaming rumor or claim ; instead , a columnist must prove that the allegedly defaming statement was truthful , or that it was based on a reasonably reliable source . In the mid-1960s , rulings by the United States Supreme Court made it harder for the media to be sued for libel in the U.S. The court ruled that libel only occurred in cases where a publication printed falsehoods about a celebrity with `` reckless disregard '' for the truth . A celebrity suing a newspaper for libel must now prove that the paper published the falsehood with actual malice , or with deliberate knowledge that the statement was both incorrect and defamatory . Moreover , the court ruled that only factual misrepresentation is libel , not expression of opinion . Thus if a gossip columnist writes that they `` ... think that Celebrity X is an idiot , '' the columnist does not face a risk of being sued for libel . On the other hand , if the columnist invents an allegation that `` ... Celebrity X is a wife beater , '' with no supporting source or evidence , the celebrity can sue for libel on the grounds that their reputation was defamed . History ( edit ) Louella Parsons ( 1937 ) The first gossip columnist , dominating the 1930s and 40s , was Walter Winchell , who used political , entertainment , and social connections to mine information and rumors , which he then either published in his column On Broadway , or used for trade or blackmail , to accumulate more power . He became `` the most feared journalist '' of his era . In Hollywood 's `` golden age '' in the 1930s and 1940s , gossip columnists were courted by the movie studios , so that the studios could use gossip columns as a powerful publicity tool . During this period , the major film studios had `` stables '' of contractually obligated actors , and the studios controlled nearly all aspects of the lives of their movie stars . From the 1930s through the 1950s , the two best - known - and competing - Hollywood gossip columnists were Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons . Well - timed leaks about a star 's purported romantic adventures helped the studios to create and sustain the public 's interest in the studios ' star actors . As well , the movie studios ' publicity agents acted as unnamed `` well - informed inside sources '' who provided misinformation and rumors to counteract whispers about celebrity secrets -- such as homosexuality or an out - of - wedlock child -- that could have severely damaged not only the reputation of the movie star in question , but the movie star 's box office viability . Having fallen into ill - repute after the heyday of Hopper and Parsons , gossip columnists saw a comeback in the 1980s . Today , many mainstream magazines such as Time which would once have considered the idea of hiring gossip columnists to pen articles to have been beneath their stature , have sections titled `` People '' or `` Entertainment '' . These mainstream gossip columns provide a light , chatty glimpse into the private lives and misadventures of the rich and famous . At the other end of the journalism spectrum , there are entire publications that deal primarily in gossip , rumor , and innuendo about celebrities , such as the ' red - top ' tabloids in the UK and celebrity ' tell - all ' magazines . Notable gossip columnists ( edit ) Cindy Adams ( April 2007 ) Michael Musto ( March 2007 ) Notable gossip columnists include : Cindy Adams Jani Allan Flo Anthony Army Archerd Rona Barrett Marilyn Beck A.J. Benza Jamie Foster Brown Milly Cangiano Ted Casablanca Janet Charlton Claudia Cohen Mike Connolly Giles Coren Ana Marie Cox Nigel Dempster Matt Drudge Shirley Eder Jinx Falkenburg Jimmy Fidler Luke Ford Sheilah Graham Westbrook Lloyd Grove Ian Halperin Tanya Hart David Hartnell Courtney Hazlett Perez Hilton Hedda Hopper Arianna Huffington Micah Jesse Shia Kapos Dorothy Kilgallen Irv Kupcinet Frances Lynn Isabel Mallon as `` Bab '' ( 1880s -- 90s ) Elsa Maxwell Florabel Muir Susan Mulcahy Michael Musto Louella Parsons Rex Reed Will Rogers Sidney Skolsky Liz Smith Adela Rogers St. Johns Jimmy Starr Ed Sullivan Ian Ortega Uganda Mike Walker Jeannette Walls Earl Wilson Walter Winchell Mila Ximénez Columns not named for a columnist ( edit ) Gossip columns that are not named after a specific columnist , along with the media source , include : 3am -- Daily Mirror , a British newspaper . Access Hollywood -- a syndicated television program Bizarre -- The Sun , a London newspaper Page Six -- New York Post , a New York City newspaper Inside New York , in New York Post , New York City newspaper Inside the Beltway -- The Washington Times , a Washington , D.C. newspaper Off the Record -- The New York Observer , a New York newspaper Vegas Confidential -- Las Vegas Review - Journal , a Las Vegas newspaper See also ( edit ) Gossip Innuendo Roman à clef Blind item Defamation References ( edit ) Mulcahy , Susan ( 1988 ) . My Lips Are Sealed : Confessions of a Gossip Columnist . New York : Doubleday . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gossip_columnist&oldid=802367182 '' Categories : Gossip columnists Journalism occupations Tabloid journalism Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 18 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | page six is a famous gossip colum in what us newspaper | [
"Page Six — New York Post, a New York City newspaper"
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"New York Post"
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8191112543990182801 | List of Star Wars: The Clone Wars episodes | List of Star Wars : the Clone Wars episodes - wikipedia List of Star Wars : the Clone Wars episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star Wars : The Clone Wars intertitle Star Wars : The Clone Wars is an American 3D CGI animated television series created by Lucasfilm Animation , Lucasfilm Animation Singapore and CGCG Inc . On August 15 , 2008 the Star Wars : The Clone Wars film was released in theaters ; it served as the official pilot episode and the introduction of the series . The series made its debut on the American Cartoon Network on October 3 , 2008 . It is set in the fictional Star Wars galaxy , during the same time period as the previous 2003 Star Wars : Clone Wars series . The show itself takes place during the three - year interim between Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Each episode has a running time of 22 minutes , to fill a half - hour time slot . Star Wars creator George Lucas originally claimed that `` there ( would ) be at least 100 episodes produced '' . In total 121 episodes were produced in the series . On March 11 , 2013 , Lucasfilm announced that Star Wars : The Clone Wars would be `` winding down , '' effectively canceling the series as Lucasfilm ended its contract with Cartoon Network , following its acquisition by Disney . The unreleased episodes that had already been produced are referred to as `` bonus content . '' On January 16 , 2014 , the German television network Super RTL announced their plans to air the `` bonus content '' as a sixth season , which would consist of 13 episodes . Season 6 , along with the other seasons and the feature film , were made available on Netflix on March 7 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Film ( 2008 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 2.3 Season 2 : Rise of the Bounty Hunters ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.4 Season 3 : Secrets Revealed ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.5 Season 4 : Battle Lines ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.7 Season 6 : The Lost Missions ( 2014 ) 3 Episodes in narrative chronological order 4 The Clone Wars Legacy 4.1 Darth Maul : Son Of Dathomir 4.2 Crystal Crisis On Utapau 4.3 The Bad Batch 4.4 Dark Disciple 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network Film August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) N / A 22 October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) March 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) Cartoon Network 22 October 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) 22 September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 22 September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) 5 20 September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) 6 13 March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) Netflix Episodes ( edit ) Film ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( film ) As a lead in to the TV series of the same name , the film was released theatrically on August 15 , 2008 , and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , which also holds the home media distribution rights to both this film and the first five seasons of the television series . Though critical reception was negative , the film was a box office success , and grossed $68.3 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code Star Wars : The Clone Wars Dave Filoni Screenplay by Henry Gilroy , Steven Melching and Scott Murphy August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.18 As more star systems get swept into the Clone Wars , the valiant Jedi knights struggle to maintain order . Anakin Skywalker and his Padawan learner Ahsoka Tano embark on a mission that brings them face - to - face with Jabba the Hutt . Plotting against them is evil Count Dooku and his agent , Asajj Ventress , who would ensure that the Jedis fail . Meanwhile , Yoda and Obi - Wan Kenobi lead the clone army against the forces of the Dark Side . Season 1 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) The hour - long premiere episode of Star Wars : The Clone Wars aired on October 3 , 2008 , and set a new record with Cartoon Network as their most - watched series premiere , attracting 3.992 million total viewers . The season finale , `` Hostage Crisis '' , was broadcast on March 20 , 2009 , and the original broadcast received 3.297 million viewers . The feature film has the production codes 1.01 , 1.03 , 1.04 , and 1.18 . Season 1 depicted the attempts of the Republic and the Separatists to gain the allegiance of many planets and moons . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Ambush '' Dave Bullock Steven Melching October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 1.08 3.99 Jedi Master Yoda must face off against Count Dooku 's dreaded assassin Asajj Ventress and her massive droid army to prove the Jedi are strong enough to protect a strategic planet and forge a treaty for the Republic . Ventress fails against Yoda , so Dooku tells Ventress to kill the king of the planet , who wants to sign the treaty with the Republic . Yoda protects the king from Ventress , who then flees . `` Rising Malevolence '' Dave Filoni Steven Melching October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 1.07 4.92 An attack by a devastating new Separatist weapon -- the powerful starship Malevolence -- leaves Jedi Master Plo Koon and his clone troopers struggling to survive until Anakin Skywalker and Ahsoka can find them . `` Shadow of Malevolence '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching October 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 10 ) 1.09 2.8 With the help of his Padawan Ahsoka and Jedi Master Plo Koon , Anakin utilizes new long - range Y - wing bombers to lead a bold strike on General Grievous 's warship , the Malevolence , and its destructive weapon . `` Destroy Malevolence '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching October 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) 1.11 N / A Padmé Amidala and C - 3PO are taken hostage by General Grievous , leaving Anakin and Obi - Wan to save the Senator and complete the destruction of the Malevolence . 5 5 `` Rookies '' Justin Ridge Steven Melching October 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) 1.14 N / A Alone on a distant outpost , clone officers Rex and Cody must inspire their rookie unit to believe in themselves to stave off a droid commando invasion . 6 6 `` Downfall of a Droid '' Rob Coleman George Krstic November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) 1.02 N / A R2 - D2 is lost during a fierce space battle -- and Anakin must find him before the Separatists discover the Jedi military secrets locked in his memory banks . 7 7 `` Duel of the Droids '' Rob Coleman Kevin Campbell & Henry Gilroy November 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 1.06 N / A Anakin , Ahsoka , and replacement droid R3 - S6 embark on a dual rescue / sabotage mission when they discover R2 - D2 is being held at General Grievous 's secret enemy listening post , Skytop Station . 8 8 `` Bombad Jedi '' Jesse Yeh Kevin Rubio & Steven Melching & Henry Gilroy November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) 1.05 2.77 On a diplomatic mission to the planet Rodia , Padmé discovers that her old friend and fellow Republic senator Onaconda Farr has allied his planet with the Separatists . In exchange for food and resources for his people , Onaconda captures Padmé and promises to deliver her to the Nute Gunray . Sensing Padmé is in trouble , Jar Jar Binks disguises himself as a Jedi , and with the help of C - 3PO , courageously fights to rescue his friend and fellow senator . 9 9 `` Cloak of Darkness '' Dave Filoni Paul Dini December 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 1.10 1.95 Ahsoka and Jedi Master Luminara escort the captured notorious Separatist leader Nute Gunray to Coruscant so he can stand trial for his crimes . However , they are unaware that Count Dooku has sent his assassin , Asajj Ventress , to free their captive . With the help of Senate Commandos , the Jedi have to thwart Ventress 's efforts to free their prisoner , despite the traitorous plans of Senate Guard Captain Argyus . 10 10 `` Lair of Grievous '' Atsushi Takeuchi Henry Gilroy December 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) 1.12 2.14 Jedi Master Kit Fisto and his former Padawan , the Mon Calamari Jedi Nahdar Vebb , track escaped prisoner Nute Gunray to a remote world . Following Nute into a mysterious den filled with strange creatures , weapons , and war - time artifacts , the Jedi discover it is the trap - laden lair of General Grievous ! Learning that Count Dooku has led the Jedi there in order to punish Grievous for his recent failures , the General is determined to prove his abilities and destroy the Jedi . Kit and Nahdar , along with a contingent of clones , must now fight their way past Grievous and his caretaker droid A-4D to avoid being caught in General 's evil clutches forever . 11 11 `` Dooku Captured '' Jesse Yeh Julie Siege January 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 02 ) 1.16 N / A During their own attempt to kidnap Count Dooku , Anakin and Obi - Wan discover that the Sith Lord has already been captured by pirates . Hondo Ohnaka and his gang of pirates hold Dooku captive in their den on Florrum , and hold him for ransom . It 's up to Anakin and Obi - Wan to see if the offer is too good to be true . 12 12 `` The Gungan General '' Justin Ridge Julie Siege January 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) 1.20 2.31 Anakin and Obi - Wan have been duped and are being held for ransom along with Count Dooku by the pirate chief Hondo Ohnaka and his second - in - command , Turk Falso . While Anakin , Obi - Wan and Dooku unsuccessfully attempt to escape , the Republic sends the ransom via a special envoy , including Representative Jar Jar Binks . When Falso tries to steal the ransom from his boss by shooting down the shuttle , the only survivors are a squad of clones and Jar Jar , who as the most senior officer alive , has to take charge of the mission . It becomes a race against time as Jar Jar rushes to deliver the ransom to take custody of Dooku and save the Jedi . 13 13 `` Jedi Crash '' Rob Coleman Katie Lucas January 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) 1.22 2.35 Anakin and Ahsoka arrive at a pitched sky battle to help besieged Jedi General Aayla Secura . Anakin is gravely injured in the fight . Aayla and Ahsoka , along with the now - wounded Anakin , Rex , and the surviving clones , crash land on the uncharted grass - covered planet , Maridun . Forced to leave Anakin behind in order to save him , Aayla teaches Ahsoka why the Jedi have no personal attachments . They make their way to a Lurmen village . Their ruler , Tee Watt Kaa , explains that they 're pacifists in this war and are not aligned with either side . Hesitant to have anything to do with the Jedi , Tee Watt Kaa agrees to help save Anakin 's life . 14 14 `` Defenders of Peace '' Steward Lee Bill Canterbury January 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) 1.24 2.17 The leader of the Lurmen , Tee Watt Kaa , refuses to shelter the Jedi from arriving Separatist forces , fearing that such an action would unnecessarily bring his neutral people into the war . Ahsoka , Aayla , the wounded Anakin , and the rest of the clones respect their wishes as they do n't want to jeopardize the village with their presence , so they have to retreat into the wilds of the planet . Separatist Neimoidian General Lok Durd arrives to test a devastating weapon , which they plan to use on the Lurmen ! Ultimately , the villagers have to decide whether they will lay down to the Separatists or fight with the Jedi to defend their village . 15 15 `` Trespass '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching January 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) 1.25 2.62 Arriving on the desolate ice world of Orto Plutonia , Anakin Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi investigate the disappearance of a clone security force stationed on a remote outpost . The Jedi , accompanied by Senator Riyo Chuchi and Chairman Cho of the nearby moon of Pantora , soon discover their clone troopers were attacked by a tribe of furry natives known as the Talz . Fierce beast - riding warriors , the Talz are very territorial and only want to be left alone . The Jedi manage to negotiate peace with the Talz chieftain , Thi - Sen , when greedy Chairman Cho breaks it by insisting the planet and the Talz are under his power . The resulting conflict escalates into war between the clones and the Talz , with the Jedi in the middle . 16 16 `` The Hidden Enemy '' Steward Lee Drew Z . Greenberg February 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) 2.01 2.51 Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and Jedi Master Obi - Wan Kenobi lead Republic forces in an attempt to defeat the droid armies and free the planet of Christophsis from the Separatist siege . When the Republic is ambushed and forced to retreat , it becomes clear that someone in their midst has set them up . The Jedi believe this infiltration is a Sith - backed operation and go behind enemy lines to investigate . Meanwhile , Captain Rex and Commander Cody set out to uncover the traitor amongst them . Note : This episode takes place between episode 38 ( `` Cat and Mouse '' ) and the feature film 17 17 `` Blue Shadow Virus '' Giancarlo Volpe Craig Titley February 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) 1.26 2.94 The Republic discovers a Separatist bio-weapon lab hidden on the planet of Naboo . Rather than wait for help , Padmé explores the lab with Jar Jar . Anakin , Ahsoka , Rex , and Obi - Wan arrive and follow after her . They find that the Senator is being held captive by the sinister Dr. Nuvo Vindi . The mad scientist has been developing a lethal virus for the Separatists . Vindi threatens to set off a bomb and release the virus ! 18 18 `` Mystery of a Thousand Moons '' Jesse Yeh Brian Larsen February 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) 2.02 2.11 Even though the lab has been shut down , Dr. Vindi manages to activate the dreaded Blue Shadow Virus , infecting Ahsoka , Padmé , and many clone troopers . The plague is fatal within 48 hours . Anakin and Obi - Wan must travel to the mysterious planet , Iego , to secure the only known antidote to the sickness . Anakin and Obi - Wan arrive on the mysterious planet to find its population living in fear of a mysterious force that has been killing anything that tries to leave their world . With the help of Jaybo Hood , a clever Iegoan boy , Anakin and Obi - Wan must solve the planet 's mystery before they can leave , and before everyone infected with the Separatist virus dies ! 19 19 `` Storm Over Ryloth '' Brian Kalin O'Connell George Krstic & Scott Murphy & Henry Gilroy February 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 27 ) 1.15 2.37 Ryloth , home world of the Twi'lek people , has been subjected to military occupation by the droid army of the Separatists , and surrounded by a blockade of Trade Federation battleships . While launching a surprise attack against the blockade , Ahsoka disobeys Anakin 's orders and ends up losing most of her squadron . Even though she 's emotionally rocked by this failure , Anakin helps her learn to persevere , placing her in charge of another risky attack . 20 20 `` Innocents of Ryloth '' Justin Ridge Randy Stradley & Henry Gilroy March 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) 1.17 2.49 With the space blockade around Ryloth destroyed , Obi - Wan Kenobi must lead a small clone force into a droid occupied town to sabotage their anti-aircraft guns . Obi - Wan 's mission is complicated when he learns the town 's inhabitants are being used as living shields . A pair of clones in his platoon forges an unlikely friendship with a refugee Twi'lek girl , Numa , who 's been orphaned by the war . Through their relationship with her , the clones begin to understand the real cost of the war ... 21 21 `` Liberty on Ryloth '' Rob Coleman Henry Gilroy March 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) 1.19 3.01 The battle for the Twi'lek homeworld of Ryloth rages as the Republic attempts to drive off the occupying droid army led by Separatist Leader , Wat Tambor . With his forces stretched thin , Mace Windu must convince Twi'lek freedom fighter , Cham Syndulla , to help him save the capital city from the droids ' destruction . Initially , the Twi'lek hero is hesitant to aid Mace , but ultimately realizes the Jedi can be trusted and joins with him to liberate the city -- and ultimately the planet -- in the climactic battle . 22 22 `` Hostage Crisis '' Giancarlo Volpe Eoghan Mahony March 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) 2.04 3.29 In an attempt to force the release of the crime lord Ziro the Hutt from prison , bounty hunters seize control of the Senate Building and hold members of the Senate hostage . Cad Bane , the leader of the operation , with the help of bounty hunter Aurra Sing , issues his demands to Chancellor Palpatine who has no choice but to meet his request . Unbeknownst to the hunters , Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker is loose in the Senate Building . Season 2 : Rise of the bounty hunters ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) The season two premiere , `` Holocron Heist '' , was broadcast on October 2 , 2009 , and attracted 2.581 million viewers . Episode 15 was first released in Canada . Episodes 16 -- 21 were released in UK before airing in US . In Season 2 , the Sith resort to hiring bounty hunters and mercenaries to steal objects and intel or to assassinate targets for them . Meanwhile , the Jedi lead the Republic forces in an assault on the primary battle droid manufacturing facility . The one - hour season finale combined of `` R2 Come Home '' and `` Lethal Trackdown '' , was broadcast on April 30 , 2010 , and the original broadcast received 2.756 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 23 `` Holocron Heist '' Justin Ridge Paul Dini October 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) 1.23 2.58 Obi - Wan and Anakin try to stop bounty hunter Cad Bane from stealing a holocron from the Jedi temple . Meanwhile , Ahsoka discovers another shapeshifting bounty hunter disguised as a Jedi . 24 `` Cargo of Doom '' Rob Coleman George Krstic October 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) 1.13 2.58 Cad Bane moves to sell the stolen holocron to the Separatists while Anakin and Ahsoka try to retrieve it and return it to the holocron vault inside the Jedi Temple . 25 `` Children of the Force '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Henry Gilroy & Wendy Meracle October 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) 2.03 2.8 Cad Bane uses the holocron to find and kidnap Force - sensitive younglings . Anakin and Ahsoka try to find them and take them home while Mace Windu and Obi - Wan track down the holocron . 26 `` Senate Spy '' Steward Lee Melinda Hsu October 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) 2.05 N / A The Jedi suspect that Senator Rush Clovis is working for the Separatists , so they recruit Padme to spy on him . Anakin is upset to discover that Padme and Clovis have a romantic history . 27 5 `` Landing at Point Rain '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Brian Larsen November 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) 2.07 N / A Using the information stolen from Senator Clovis , Obi - Wan , Anakin , Ahsoka , and Ki - Adi - Mundi lead a combined clone trooper assault on a massive droid factory on Geonosis . 28 6 `` Weapons Factory '' Giancarlo Volpe Brian Larsen November 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 13 ) 2.08 N / A Ahsoka and Luminara Unduli 's Padawan Barriss Offee sneak into the droid factory to destroy it while their masters face the new indestructible `` Super Tanks '' . 29 7 `` Legacy of Terror '' Steward Lee Eoghan Mahony November 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 20 ) 2.09 N / A Luminara is captured while looking for Separatist leader Poggle the Lesser , and it 's up to Anakin , Obi - Wan and Commander Cody to enter a colony of Geonosian zombies to find her . 30 8 `` Brain Invaders '' Steward Lee Andrew Kreisberg December 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 2.12 N / A Ahsoka and Barriss are to transport critical supplies to a medical station , but their clone troops are infected with mind - controlling Geonosian worms which try to kill the Jedi . Barriss is also infected by this mind - controlling worm . 31 9 `` Grievous Intrigue '' Giancarlo Volpe Ben Edlund January 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) 2.14 N / A Jedi Master Eeth Koth is captured by General Grievous . While Jedi Master Adi Gallia and Anakin try to rescue him , Obi - Wan plays bait to lure Grievous and capture him . 32 10 `` The Deserter '' Robert Dalva Carl Ellsworth January 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) 2.06 N / A After escaping to the planet Saleucami , Grievous searches for a ship to get offworld . Obi - Wan , Commander Cody and Rex try to search for Grievous before he escapes the planet . Rex is wounded by a commando droid sniper while scouting ahead and meets a deserter at a farm where he takes shelter . 33 11 `` Lightsaber Lost '' Giancarlo Volpe Drew Z . Greenberg January 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) 2.11 N / A When Ahsoka 's lightsaber is stolen by a pickpocket , she gets help from the seemingly feeble elder Jedi Tera Sinube as she tracks down the thief . 34 12 `` The Mandalore Plot '' Kyle Dunlevy Melinda Hsu January 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) 2.13 N / A Obi - Wan is assigned to protect Duchess Satine of Mandalore from a terrorist organization called Death Watch . 35 13 `` Voyage of Temptation '' Brian Kalin O ' Connell Paul Dini February 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) 1.21 N / A As Satine heads to Coruscant protected by clones and two jedi , Anakin , R2 and the clones find assassin droids in the cargo while Obi - Wan tries to identify the traitor . 36 14 `` Duchess of Mandalore '' Brian Kalin O ' Connell Drew Z . Greenberg February 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 12 ) 2.16 N / A On Coruscant , Satine disguises herself as a civilian to avoid assassins as she pleads for the Senate to leave her planet in peace . 37 15 `` Senate Murders '' Brian Kalin O ' Connell Drew Z . Greenberg March 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) 2.10 N / A Senator Onaconda Farr is poisoned , and Padme teams up with Bail Organa to unmask the culprit , who turns out to be a fellow senator . 38 16 `` Cat and Mouse '' Kyle Dunlevy Brian Larsen March 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 20 ) 2.17 2.02 A highly seasoned Separatist strategist stands between the Republic fleet and beleaguered Republic forces on Christophisis . Anakin finds himself in command of an advanced prototype stealth ship with orders to ferry supplies to the weary troops on the planet below . Will he obey orders , or use the stealth ship to launch a sneak attack on the Separatist blockade ? Note : This episode is a prequel to the season 1 episode , The Hidden Enemy , which in turn is a prequel to the Clone Wars movie . 39 17 `` Bounty Hunters '' Steward Lee Carl Ellsworth March 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 27 ) 2.19 N / A When Anakin , Ahsoka and Obi - Wan crash on the lush rainforest planet of Felucia , they decide to help four bounty hunters protect local farmers from pirates intent on stealing their valuable crops . Obi Wan and Anakin soon find out that the pirates are led by the duo 's old foe , Hondo . Note : This episode pays homage to the memory of Akira Kurosawa and to his 1954 movie classic Seven Samurai . 40 18 `` The Zillo Beast '' Giancarlo Volpe Craig Titley April 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 03 ) 2.22 N / A The Republic 's newest droid - annihilating proton bomb awakens a monstrous , gargantuan and near - invincible beast from its underground hibernation . Mace Windu and Anakin Skywalker face a dilemma : save the beast as the last specimen of its kind , or help the Dugs kill it and secure a treaty for critical fuel supplies ? Note : This episode and the creature 's name pay homage to the legendary Japanese giant monster Godzilla . 41 19 `` The Zillo Beast Strikes Back '' Steward Lee Steven Melching April 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 10 ) 2.23 N / A When the Zillo Beast is brought back to Coruscant in hopes of learning the secret of its impenetrable armour , it instead breaks loose and rampages across the ecumenopolis . As the clones prepare to kill it with poison gas , the Jedi are again trapped in a moral conflict between the value of its life and that of the planet 's civilian populace . 42 20 `` Death Trap '' Steward Lee Doug Petrie April 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 17 ) 2.15 2.85 Boba Fett infiltrates a Jedi cruiser and joins a group of young clones with the intention of assassinating Mace Windu for killing his father Jango Fett . 43 21 `` R2 Come Home '' Giancarlo Volpe Eoghan Mahony April 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 24 ) 2.18 2.76 Anakin Skywalker and Mace Windu are trapped in the crumbling ruins of a crashed ship while searching for survivors , and only R2 - D2 can get out a message to save them -- if he can elude vicious gundarks and , worse yet , a crew of determined bounty hunters led by Boba Fett and Aurra Sing . 44 22 `` Lethal Trackdown '' Dave Filoni Dave Filoni & Drew Z . Greenberg April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) 2.20 2.76 While Anakin and Mace Windu recover from their injuries , Plo Koon and Ahsoka track down Boba Fett from the underworld of Coruscant to the desert planet of Florrum . Boba 's revenge scheme finally leads to a climactic battle , and the life of a Republic admiral hangs in the balance . Season 3 : secrets revealed ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) The season three premiere , consisting of `` Clone Cadets '' and `` ARC Troopers , '' was broadcast on September 17 , 2010 , attracting 2.42 million viewers . These episodes , and certain others in this season , cover events from previous seasons . Episodes 21 and 22 were released in the UK before airing in the US . The season finale , consisting of `` Padawan Lost '' and `` Wookie Hunt , '' was broadcast on April 1 , 2011 , attracting 2.31 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 45 `` Clone Cadets '' Dave Filoni Cameron Litvack September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) 3.01 2.42 On Kamino , before the events of `` Rookies '' ( Season 1 Episode 5 ) , 5 clone cadets of Domino Squad are at risk of washing out unless they pull their team together while trainers Bric , El - Les , and Jedi Master Shaak Ti debate their fate . 46 `` ARC Troopers '' Kyle Dunlevy Cameron Litvack September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) 3.02 2.42 Taking place after the Season 1 episode `` Rookies '' , General Grievous and Ventress 's Separatists forces launch a major attack on the Republic cloning facilities on Kamino with Anakin , Obi - Wan , Jedi Master Shaak Ti , and the 501st defending it . 47 `` Supply Lines '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching & Eoghan Mahony September 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) 2.24 1.69 With Ryloth under siege , a trapped Jedi Master Ima - Gun Di and his clone forces rally the local forces of Cham Syndulla . Elsewhere , the Jedi council sends Bail Organa and Jar Jar Binks to go to Toydaria , to ask King Katuunko for aid to Ryloth . 48 `` Sphere of Influence '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas & Steven Melching October 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) 2.25 1.88 Chairman Papanoida 's family is kidnapped and held for ransom . Ahsoka must team up with the Senator from Pantora , Riyo Chuchi , to aid the new chairman in recovering his family before the Trade Federation can unduly influence the future of his planet . 49 5 `` Corruption '' Giancarlo Volpe Cameron Litvack October 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 08 ) 3.04 1.78 Padmé , on a diplomatic mission to Mandalore , guarantees the pacifist planet the Republic 's full protection , but she and Duchess Satine soon find something sinister lurking beneath the planet 's serene facade . Moogan smugglers have been sneaking in supplies , including bottled tea destined for the Mandalorian schools . To increase their profits , they have been diluting the tea with a hazardous chemical . 50 6 `` The Academy '' Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas & Steven Melching October 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) 2.26 1.79 Ahsoka is assigned to teach a class at the cadet academy on Mandalore . Soon after she arrives , Duchess Satine 's zealous nephew and his classmates uncover a nefarious plot . 51 7 `` Assassin '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas October 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 22 ) 2.21 1.85 Having volunteered to protect Senator Padmé Amidala during a political mission to Alderaan , Padawan Ahsoka Tano is plagued by recurring visions of the presumed dead bounty hunter Aurra Sing assassinating the senator . 52 8 `` Evil Plans '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle November 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 05 ) 3.03 1.84 While on an important shopping trip on Coruscant , C - 3PO and R2 - D2 are kidnapped by the sinister bounty hunter Cad Bane in the dastardly plot to free Ziro the Hutt as carried out in `` Hostage Crisis '' . 53 9 `` Hunt for Ziro '' Steward Lee Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) 3.05 1.76 In the aftermath of the events of `` Hostage Crisis '' , due to his possessing of incriminating information , Ziro the Hutt is placed under the custody under the Hutt Council . When Cad Bane is sent to hunt down Ziro , he learns that Jedi Masters Obi - Wan and Quinlan Vos are searching for Ziro too . 54 10 `` Heroes on Both Sides '' Kyle Dunlevy Daniel Arkin November 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) 3.06 1.75 When the Senate begins debate on a bill that would eliminate government oversight of the Banking Clan 's activities , Padmé and Ahsoka travel in secret to the capital of the Confederacy of Independent Systems , in an attempt to forge a peace agreement with the Separatists . However after both the Republic and Separatists agree to have a peace conference , Dooku orders General Grievous to dispatch a group of droids to launch a terrorist attack on Corucsant , resulting in a failure of peace . 55 11 `` Pursuit of Peace '' Duwayne Dunham Daniel Arkin December 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 03 ) 3.07 1.61 Senators Padmé Amidala , Bail Organa and Onaconda Farr push against a new bill in the Senate to buy new clones for the Republic . But someone does not like their opposition and tries to persuade them out of it . 56 12 `` Nightsisters '' Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas January 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) 3.08 1.86 Darth Sidious , troubled by Ventress 's growing progress with the dark side of the Force , commands Count Dooku to eliminate her . When Ventress survives Dooku 's assassination attempt , the jilted former apprentice vows to take revenge , enlisting her kinswomen -- the Nightsisters of Dathomir -- in her scheme . 57 13 `` Monster '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas January 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 14 ) 3.10 N / A With the results of Ventress 's attack on Dooku as a failure , Mother Talzin gives Dooku a new apprentice named Savage Opress , who is the clan brother of Darth Maul and secretly controlled by the Nightsisters . 58 14 `` Witches of the Mist '' Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas January 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 21 ) 3.12 2.21 With Savage Opress connected to the Force he is sent out by Dooku to capture King Katuunko , where he meets Obi Wan and Anakin , sent by the jedi to search for Savage Opress as he murdered two Jedi . Opress escapes and is punished by Dooku for killing Katuunko rather than capturing him . Meanwhile , Talzin tells Ventress to attack Dooku after these events . But the attack fails when Opress goes in rage after being confused between his loyalties to Dooku and Ventress and also when Obi - Wan and Anakin interfere . All remain unharmed . Savage returns to Mother Talzin , believing Ventress betrayed him . 59 15 `` Overlords '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor January 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 28 ) 3.09 1.74 Obi - Wan , Anakin and Ahsoka become stranded on a mysterious planet where the Force is very strong . Three powerful entities called the Father , Son and Daughter live there . The Father tries to convince Anakin to stay and remain as Anakin will be the only one able to control the Son and Daughter since he is the Chosen One . 60 16 `` Altar of Mortis '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) 3.11 2.29 Before the Jedi can leave Mortis , the Son takes Ahsoka captive in an attempt to entice Anakin into joining him to use their combined strength to overpower his Father and Sister . To this end , the Son casts Ahsoka under the spell of the dark side and she battles Anakin , when he comes to rescue her , and is later battled with Obi - wan . After a battle between the Son and the Daughter stopped by the Father , Ahsoka steals the dagger that controls the Son . The Son is about to kill the Father , but the Daughter sacrifices herself to save the Father and returns Ahsoka to normal as well by the Daughter transferring her life to Ahsoka . 61 17 `` Ghosts of Mortis '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 3.13 2.24 The Jedi remain stranded on Mortis , and the Son aligned with the Dark Side of the Force renews his efforts to convert Anakin as the Jedi prepare for a decisive confrontation . To turn Anakin to the Dark Side , the Son shows Anakin future images of himself causing so much pain and death as the Sith Lord Darth Vader . This works , and Anakin joins the Son out of fear that what he saw would actually happen . Ahsoka disables the ship upon hearing that Anakin joined the Son , and leaves to help Obi - Wan find the Father . The Father later confronts Anakin and erases his memory of the terrible vision the Son had shown him . When the Son tries to kill the Father , the Father steals the sword and uses it to kill himself , taking away his Son 's power , allowing Anakin to kill the Son and restore the balance . 62 18 `` The Citadel '' Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 3.14 1.84 An elite team of Jedi attempts to free Master Even Piell , who is in possession of hyperdrive coordinates that could harm both Separatists and Jedi alike , from an impenetrable prison , encountering reprogrammed battle droids , carbonite chambers and a younger Captain Tarkin along the way ( before he joined the Galactic Empire ) . It is revealed that Piell and captain Tarkin each have memorized half of the coordinates . 63 19 `` Counter Attack '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Matt Michnovetz March 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 04 ) 3.15 1.87 With freed prisoners in their possession and brutal warden Osi Sobeck attempting desperately to thwart them , Obi - Wan and Anakin search for a way out of the Citadel and back to Coruscant . The prison , however , has more traps , perils and pitfalls in store for them than they had imagined and they must work past their differences if they are to escape . 64 20 `` Citadel Rescue '' Steward Lee Matt Michnovetz March 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) 3.17 1.55 While finding their way out of the Citadel prison which is under the command of the Separatist Osi Sobeck , the elite team 's ship was destroyed , forcing them to wait for the rescue by Republic fleet . Along the way to rendezvous point they encounter waves of droid squads , which they have to fight in order to evacuate freed prisoners and save the information they hold . The Jedi attempt to escape , but are cornered by a pack of anoobas who kill Even Piell . But before he dies , he gives his half of the information to Ahsoka , telling her not to reveal it to anyone but the Jedi Council . But as the Jedi are about to escape , they are cornered by Sobeck who tries to kill Tarkin , but is stabbed and killed by Ahsoka . Plo Koon then arrives and rescues the Jedi , taking them back to Coruscant . 65 21 `` Padawan Lost '' Dave Filoni Bonnie Mark April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 3.16 2.31 Ahsoka gets captured by Trandoshans during a battle on the planet Felucia . They drop her off on a planet where they intend to hunt her and others for sport . Ahsoka encounters three Jedi younglings named Kalifa , Jinx and O - mer , who she teams up with to survive . The next day they set out to escape the Trandoshans but are found and hunted . The lead Trandoshan 's son is accidentally killed , and in revenge his father shoots and kills Kalifa . Ahsoka promises to take care of the other two younglings as Kalifa dies . 66 22 `` Wookiee Hunt '' Dave Filoni Bonnie Mark April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 3.18 2.31 As Ahsoka and her allies struggle to evade the Trandoshan hunters , their efforts receive an unexpected boost when a new captive arrives : Chewbacca the Wookiee . Together , the younglings , Ahsoka and Chewie attack the Trandoshan fortress , and with the help of other Wookiee warriors , are able to kill a large number of Trandoshans . Ahsoka herself kills the Trandoshan leader Garnac with a powerful Force push . Season 4 : battle lines ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) The season four premiere , consisting of `` Water War '' and `` Gungan Attack '' , was broadcast on September 16 , 2011 , and attracted 1.93 million viewers , the lowest premiere viewing of all seasons . The season finale , `` Revenge '' was broadcast on March 16 , 2012 , attracting 2.03 million viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 67 `` Water War '' Duwayne Dunham Jose Molina September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) 3.22 1.93 Anakin , Padme , Kit Fisto and Ahsoka find themselves on the planet of Mon Calamari helping to keep the peace in a near civil war . But the Separatists have another plan . Will the Jedi and the inhabitants of Mon Calamari join forces and push back the invaders , or will another planet fall in the hands of the Separatists ? An underwater battle takes place for the Republic to save the planet from falling . 68 `` Gungan Attack '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Jose Molina September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) 3.23 1.93 After the Separatists defeat most of the Republic forces on Mon Calamari , the Jedi Council are forced to call in the help of Jar Jar Binks and the Grand Gungan Army to the Jedi and the remaining Republic forces . However , in the aftermath of the battle , the remaining Republic forces are captured , leaving Ahsoka and Prince Lee - Char to devise a new strategy . 69 `` Prisoners '' Danny Keller Jose Molina September 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) 3.24 1.61 After Anakin , Padme , Kit Fisto and Jar Jar Binks are all captured by Riff Tamson , Ahsoka and Prince Lee Char must find a way to free their friends from the grip of the Separatists . Endeavoring to liberate his planet from the sinister Tamson , Lee Char must now convince the Quarren to rejoin his cause . 70 `` Shadow Warrior '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Daniel Arkin September 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 30 ) 3.19 1.56 Anakin , Padme and Jar Jar uncover a plot by the Gungan `` shaman '' Rish Loo to trick the Gungans into aiding the Separatists in an assault on Naboo . However , as the charade unravels , can Jar Jar convince the Gungan army that they 've been deceived ? However shortly after General Grievous arrives , demanding to know why the attack was cancelled . Jar Jar manages to lure Grievous into a trap in which he is captured , but Dooku manages to capture Anakin , who is chasing after Rish Loo . Now Dooku demand 's the freedom of Grievous in exchange for Skywalker . 71 5 `` Mercy Mission '' Danny Keller Bonnie Mark October 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) 3.20 1.35 Plo Koon 's clone legion `` The Wolfpack '' , R2 - D2 and C - 3PO are sent to repair power & communication systems on the planet of Aleen after a series of devastating earth - quakes ; but the droids discover a severe ecological imbalance between the planet 's subterranean ecology and surface biospheres . 72 6 `` Nomad Droids '' Steward Lee Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle October 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) 3.21 1.67 On their return voyage to Coruscant , their Republic - cruiser is attacked by General Grievous . R2 - D2 and C - 3PO find themselves in a Y - wing and on a series of 4 mini-adventures , whilst trying to get back to the safety of Coruscant . The last of which is being trapped on General Grievous ship with captured Jedi Master Adi Gallia , until Jedi Master Plo Koon and his clone legion the Wolfpack rescues them . 73 7 `` Darkness on Umbara '' Steward Lee Matt Michnovetz October 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) 3.25 1.78 When Anakin is forced to temporarily turn over command of his clone troopers ( the 501st Legion ) to a new commander , the Jedi Pong Krell , tensions begin to run high as the clones are assigned with a very deadly mission to take the capital of Umbara . 74 8 `` The General '' Walter Murch Matt Michnovetz November 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) 3.26 1.56 General Krell orders Captain Rex and the clone troopers of the 501st Legion to conquer a heavily fortified Umbaran airbase , and will not accept anything less than victory . It is an almost certain suicide mission , unless the clones can use their ingenuity to defeat their new enemy . 75 9 `` Plan of Dissent '' Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz November 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 11 ) 4.01 1.80 After the Republic conquers an Umbaran airbase , General Krell orders Rex and his men on towards the heavily fortified capital . Realizing there 's a better plan , several clone troopers ( Fives , Jesse and Hardcase ) disobey orders to carry out a rogue , covert operation . 76 10 `` Carnage of Krell '' Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz November 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) 4.02 1.62 With two of his men ( Fives and Jesse ) facing execution for disobeying orders , Captain Rex is forced to confront his overly aggressive commander , General Krell , in the conclusion to the action - packed battle for Umbara . Risking charges of mutiny , Rex must make a dark choice as the true face of the enemy emerges . 77 11 `` Kidnapped '' Kyle Dunlevy Henry Gilroy November 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 25 ) 4.03 1.57 Zygerrian slavers are behind the sudden disappearance of an entire colony of people on the planet Kiros . As Anakin and Ahsoka rush to defuse a series of bombs planted by the slavers , Obi - Wan must fight with their imposing leader , who then runs off leading Anakin and Ahsoka to raid and take over his ship . 78 12 `` Slaves of the Republic '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Henry Gilroy December 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 02 ) 4.04 1.37 Anakin , Obi - Wan , Rex , and Ahsoka go undercover to infiltrate the slavers on Zygerria to find the missing Colonists . Obi - Wan , Rex , and Anakin pretend to be slavers , and Ahsoka as the slave ( impersonating an heiress ) . Later on Obi - Wan is captured for trying to help a colonist escape , and Anakin and Ahsoka are also captured by the Zygerrian Queen . Anakin struggles with his emotions as a wily Zygerrian queen forces him to take questionable actions in order to carry out his mission . 79 13 `` Escape from Kadavo '' Danny Keller Henry Gilroy January 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) 4.05 1.39 Anakin tries to convince the Zygerrian Queen that she too is a slave and pawn in an evil Separatist plot . Meanwhile Obi - Wan and Rex are captured and taken to the Planet of Kadavo to toil in the slave camps . 80 14 `` A Friend in Need '' Dave Filoni Christian Taylor January 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 4.06 1.51 A peace conference between Separatists and Republic delegates is interrupted by Lux Bonteri , the son of the late Separatist Senator , Mina Bonteri ( Season 3 , Episode 10 ) . Soon after , he involves Ahsoka in his dangerous search to find justice for his mother 's death - which subsequently leads to Ashoka crossing paths with Vizsla and the Death Watch . 81 15 `` Deception '' Kyle Dunlevy Brent Friedman January 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 20 ) 4.07 2.12 Obi - Wan fakes his own death and goes undercover ( as Rako Hardeen ) in a Republic prison , in order to gather information on a plot to kidnap Chancellor Palpatine from a convict named Moralo Eval . While there , he learns that another prisoner , notorious bounty hunter Cad Bane , is also involved . Meanwhile , Anakin seeks vengeance over the death of his former master . 82 16 `` Friends and Enemies '' Bosco Ng Brent Friedman January 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 27 ) 4.08 1.62 Having escaped from prison , Obi - Wan , Cad Bane and Moralo Eval flee across the galaxy , pursued by Anakin and Ahsoka . Obi - Wan must devise a way to warn his fellow Jedi to halt their chase without blowing his cover . 83 17 `` The Box '' Brian Kalin O'Connel Brent Friedman February 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) 4.09 1.80 Count Dooku invites some of the best bounty hunters in the galaxy , including Cad Bane and a still - disguised Obi - Wan , to compete in an obstacle course designed by Moralo Eval known as `` The Box '' , with involvement in the plot to kidnap Chancellor Palpatine as the reward for survival . After facing many challenges in The Box , Obi - Wan survives , along with Cad Bane and 4 other bounty hunters . Cad Bane is appointed by Dooku to lead the kidnap operation against Palpatine on Naboo . 84 18 `` Crisis on Naboo '' Danny Keller Brent Friedman February 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) 4.10 1.86 Supreme Chancellor Palpatine goes to Naboo guarded by Jedi Knights . Meanwhile , Cad Bane , a still - disguised Obi - Wan and a pack of bounty hunters put their plan into action , but it fails when Obi - Wan alerts the Jedi and Dooku does n't rendezvous with them to collect his quarry . With the bounty hunters now in Republic custody , Obi - Wan wants to change back to his original self . However , what Obi - Wan does n't realize was that Dooku was eavesdropping via a hidden recorder when he alerted Mace Windu and Anakin Skywalker , indicating that a deeper conspiracy is still at hand . Will Anakin be able to stop Dooku 's plan before it is too late ? 85 19 `` Massacre '' Steward Lee Katie Lucas February 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) 4.11 1.46 After failing to kill Dooku or control Savage Opress , Asajj Ventress is advised by Mother Talzin to reject the ways of the Sith and rejoin the Nightsisters . Upon discovering Ventress ' location , Dooku commands General Grievious to launch a droid assault in a bid to eliminate Ventress and wipe out Mother Talzin along with the entire Nightsister clan . As Ventress and Grevious square - off in saver combat , Talzan creates a voodoo doll of Dooku to figuratively kill him whilst her relative Daka - the eldest of the sister 's clan - awakens an army of undead Dathomirian Nightsisters to hold off the droid forces . Ventress defeats Grievous just moments before getting wounded , forcing her to escape the chaos alone as the rest of the Nightsisters are all eventually massacred ; Grievous went to proceed in killing Daka , whereas Talzan escapes as her success in finishing off Dooku is ultimately foiled . The episode closes with the green misty ' spirit ' of Mother Talzin bidding farewell and good luck to Ventress , who is now left to grieve for her sisters and lament her lost future . 86 20 `` Bounty '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas March 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) 4.12 2.07 An aimless Asajj Ventress joins a team of bounty hunters - including Bossk & Dengar - under the leadership of a pre-teen Boba Fett . On an alien world , they undertake a precarious , profitable , subterranean delivery mission that tests the limits of their skills , and the strength of Asajj 's character . Realizing that familial love is a ubiquitous virtue throughout the galaxies and that her powers are needed by many , Ventress finds a sense of closure and hope for her future after all . 87 21 `` Brothers '' Bosco Ng Katie Lucas March 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) 4.13 1.99 With a magical amulet from Mother Talzin , Savage Opress lands on a junk planet in the Outer Rim , and searches for his lost brother . With the help of the snake - like Morley , Savage finds his brother , discovering that it is no less than the Sith Lord Darth Maul , who has been driven to insanity from his bisection and near - death experience . 88 22 `` Revenge '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Katie Lucas March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) 4.14 2.03 Fueled by hatred , Darth Maul and his brother Savage Opress set out to take revenge on the Jedi who had sliced him in half on Naboo over ten years earlier . Maul sends a message to Obi - Wan Kenobi to confront him alone , by murdering the inhabitants of a village on a distant planet . Upon arrival , Kenobi is double - teamed by Maul and Opress and they leave the planet with Kenobi as their prisoner . Obi - Wan receives aid from an unlikely ally , Asajj Ventress , now a bounty hunter after the one million credit bounty on Opress . Outmatched , Obi - Wan and Ventress flee Maul and Savage in the ship 's cockpit , leaving the two Dathomirian brothers to patiently stage their next move - with Maul vowing to exact his revenge on Obi - Wan . Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) The season five premiere , `` Revival '' , was broadcast on September 29 , 2012 , and attracted 1.94 million viewers . Season five consisted of 20 episodes instead of the normal 22 episode count . The season five finale , `` The Wrong Jedi '' , was broadcast on March 2 , 2013 , and attracted 2.18 million viewers . Unlike the first four seasons , the episodes for Season 5 were released to DVD and Blu - ray in Chronological order as opposed to Broadcast order . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 89 `` Revival '' Steward Lee Chris Collins September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) 4.26 1.94 Darth Maul and Savage Opress steal a fortune of republic credits , and bribe a squad of pirates to take down a pirate stronghold run by Hondo . They attack Hondo 's stronghold but Obi - Wan , accompanied by Jedi Master Adi Gallia , intervene , and in the battle that follows Savage kills Adi . Hondo ambushes the squad of pirates and wins their loyalty back , while Obi - Wan fights Savage and Maul and cuts off Savage 's left arm . The brothers flee to their ship under fire from Hondo and the pirates , but they launch their escape pod mid flight as the ship is damaged . Obi - Wan returns to Coruscant , where the Chancellor informs him that the brothers are of no importance compared to the Separatists , and no further action should be taken against them . 90 `` A War on Two Fronts '' Dave Filoni Chris Collins October 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 06 ) 4.15 1.71 On the Separatist world of Onderon , a group of rebels call for the assistance of the Jedi . Ahsoka , Anakin , Rex , and Obi - Wan go to train the rebels to fight , and see that former Separatist and Ahsoka Tano love interest Lux Bonteri is among them , as Onderon is his homeworld . 91 `` Front Runners '' Steward Lee Chris Collins October 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 13 ) 4.16 1.75 Ahsoka Tano , now leading the rebels on Onderon , but forbidden to fight , puts their training to use by having them hi - jack an AAT and blow up the main power station for the capital city of Onderon , so that the rebels can wreak havoc . 92 `` The Soft War '' Kyle Dunlevy Chris Collins October 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 20 ) 4.17 1.57 The former King of Onderon is going to be executed by the Droid General and the current king of Onderon . After an ill - concocted solo effort to rescue the deposed King Ramsis Dendup by Saw , Steela , Lux Bonteri , and Ahsoka , with no help from the Republic , devise a plan to retrieve the King from the Palace . The plan fails but as the former King is about to be executed , the rebels are saved by General Tandin and the Onderonian milita . After allowing the rebels and his troops to escape General Tandin is in turn saved by Ahsoka . Now knowing the Jedi 's involvement , Dooku grows impatient with his underlings . 93 5 `` Tipping Points '' Bosco Ng Chris Collins October 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 27 ) 4.18 1.42 The rebels on Onderon struggle to reclaim their home planet because a new Separatist droid general sent by Dooku turns out to be a better strategist than the current Onderonian King . After the Republic and the Jedi High Council refuse to give Ahsoka Tano and the rebels assistance Anakin Skywalker persuades Hondo Ohnaka , Crime Boss of Florrum to supply illegal rocket launchers to the rebels to combat the Separatist 's new gunships . Meanwhile the King is killed by the droid general by Dooku 's orders . The rebels seem to succeed until Steela ; leader of the rebels , nearly falls off of a cliff , prompting Lux Bonteri to try and aid her but just ends up falling himself . So Ahsoka Tano has to rescue both , she rescues Bonteri and is about to rescue Steela when a downed Separatist Gunship fires a missile at her causing Ahsoka to drop Steela to her death . Even with Steela dead , the rebels succeed in taking back Onderon . 94 6 `` The Gathering '' Kyle Dunlevy Christian Taylor November 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 03 ) 4.22 1.66 Ahsoka and Yoda take a group of younglings to a cave on Ilum to perform a Jedi rite of passage called `` The Gathering '' , where they will each have to face an internal fear or flaw in order to retrieve a Kyber crystal so they can begin building their own lightsabers . 95 7 `` A Test of Strength '' Bosco Ng Christian Taylor November 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 10 ) 4.23 1.74 While returning to Coruscant with their lightsaber crystals , the younglings are attacked by Hondo , who wants to steal their crystals and sell them . Ahsoka must defend the younglings from the pirates . 96 8 `` Bound for Rescue '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor November 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 17 ) 4.24 1.96 With Ahsoka captured by Hondo , the younglings go to Florrum to rescue her , against the wishes of Obi - Wan Kenobi . However , before he can help the younglings , he is attacked by General Grievous and defeated , but nearly kills the droid general by setting the self - destruct on the Negotiator , after being defeated by Grievous in single - combat . 97 9 `` A Necessary Bond '' Danny Keller Christian Taylor November 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 24 ) 4.25 1.39 General Grievous attacks Hondo on Florrum , so Ahsoka and Hondo must make amends in order to survive this encounter . 98 10 `` Secret Weapons '' Danny Keller Brent Friedman December 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 5.04 1.46 R2 - D2 is part of a team of Republic droids chosen for an important mission led by the diminutive Colonel Meebur Gascon to obtain an encryption module from a Separatist dreadnought . The droids must overcome numerous challenging obstacles to succeed in this crucial assignment . 99 11 `` A Sunny Day in the Void '' Kyle Dunlevy Brent Friedman December 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 08 ) 5.05 1.43 After their ship crashes on a desolate planet , D - Squad & Colonel Gascon must find a way off to get back to Coruscant , or be stranded forever . 100 12 `` Missing in Action '' Steward Lee Brent Friedman January 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 05 ) 5.06 1.74 Colonel Gascon and D - Squad discover that Abafar , the planet they are trapped on , is Separatist - controlled , but they also discover a Republic Clone Commando named Gregor , who has been stranded on the planet as well . They must work together to get off the planet safely . 101 13 `` Point of No Return '' Bosco Ng Brent Friedman January 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) 5.07 1.47 After believing themselves safe , Colonel Gascon and D - Squad discover that they are prisoners of the Separatists in a captured Republic cruiser , finding themselves enmeshed in thwarting a plot to destroy a Republic space station holding a strategic conference . 102 14 `` Eminence '' Kyle Dunlevy Chris Collins January 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 19 ) 5.01 1.85 Darth Maul and Savage Opress form an alliance with the Mandalorian terrorist group Death Watch and several crime syndicates , including Black Sun , the Pyke Syndicate , and the Hutt Cartel , in order to destroy all of their common enemies . 103 15 `` Shades of Reason '' Bosco Ng Chris Collins January 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 26 ) 5.02 1.83 Maul 's alliance helps the Death Watch and their leader , Pre Vizsla , conquer Mandalore and imprison Duchess Satine , but , when Vizsla 's ambitions surface , how long will the alliance last ? 104 16 `` The Lawless '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Chris Collins February 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 02 ) 5.03 1.86 Having assumed control over a majority of the Death Watch after killing Vizsla in a duel , Maul proceeds to lure Obi - Wan Kenobi to Mandalore with news of Satine 's capture . Obi - Wan borrows Anakin 's ship , The Twilight , in order to save his love . After stealing the armor of a Death Watch soldier , Obi - Wan uses his disguise to sneak into the jail . He and Satine manage to escape to his ship , however , they are soon pursued by Darth Maul and recaptured . Back in the throne room , Darth Maul proceeds to Force Choke Satine as he and Obi - Wan debate which side of the Force is more powerful . Darth Maul then stabs Satine with the Darksaber , and she dies in Obi - Wan 's arms , proclaiming to him : `` I 've loved you always , I always will . '' Obi - Wan then is escorted to the Mandalorian jail , however , on the way there he is rescued by Bo - Katan and her Death Watch faction . Meanwhile , the hostile takeover captures the attention of Darth Sidious , Maul 's former master , who travels to Mandalore to take care of the rogue Sith brothers . At the same time , Bo - Katan and Obi - Wan fight their way through the brewing war , making it to a new ship for Obi - Wan to escape in . Obi - Wan then discovers that Bo - Katan is the sister of Duchess Satine , and expresses his condolences to her as he leaves the planet . In the Mandalorian Throne room , Sidious kills Savage and takes Maul prisoner , hinting that he has a sinister plan in mind . 105 17 `` Sabotage '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Charles Murray February 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 09 ) 5.08 2.02 After Ahsoka manages to rescue Anakin from certain peril on Cato Neimoidia , the two are called back to Coruscant from the front lines to investigate a terrorist bombing at the Jedi Temple . 106 18 `` The Jedi Who Knew Too Much '' Danny Keller Charles Murray February 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 16 ) 5.09 1.64 Ahsoka Tano is blamed for the murder of Letta Turmond , a key suspect in the bombing , and is detained by Admiral Tarkin . Despite Anakin 's best efforts to exonerate her , she is forced to escape the military prison where she is interred and flee into the Coruscant underworld to find the actual perpetrator and prove her innocence . 107 19 `` To Catch a Jedi '' Kyle Dunlevy Charles Murray February 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) 5.10 2.06 While on the run in the underworld of Coruscant , pursued by Republic authorities , Ahsoka makes a deal with Asajj Ventress to find out who the actual murderer of Letta Turmond really is , leading the two to come to terms with each other in spite of their antagonistic pasts . However , will the real perpetrator 's machinations cast such an alliance into doubt ? 108 20 `` The Wrong Jedi '' Dave Filoni Charles Murray March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) 5.11 2.18 Prosecution begins for Ahsoka in the High Courts after the Jedi Council expels her from the Jedi Order . As Padmé fights to prove Ahsoka 's innocence , Anakin finds the information to relieve Ahsoka of her charges and reveal the true culprit of the crimes to be Barriss Offee . However , though cleared of all charges , Ahsoka is disillusioned by the turn of events and leaves the Jedi Order soon afterward . Season 6 : the lost Missions ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Episodes from the sixth season of the series were released on March 7 , 2014 on Netflix . The 13 episodes of season six premiered in Germany on February 15 , 2014 on Super RTL . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 109 `` The Unknown '' Bosco Ng Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.12 Clone Trooper Tup is suffering from a severe neurological disorder that causes the death of a Jedi Master . Trying to find the motives for the assassination , Anakin escorts Tup back to Kamino for examination , but then they are attacked by the Separatists . 110 `` Conspiracy '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.13 Clone Trooper Tup is undergoing a medical examination in the sterile laboratories of Kamino to find the motives for his shocking attack on the Jedi Master . For the examination to succeed , ARC Trooper Fives must enter the depth of Tup 's mind , where he finds a secret code manipulation in the cloning program of the Republic . 111 `` Fugitive '' Danny Keller Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.14 Clone Trooper Tup is transported back to Coruscant , where his body is to be examined by the Chancellor 's personal physician . ARC Trooper Fives is also investigating the matter and discovers that a modified code has been hidden in the minds of all the clones . 112 `` Orders '' Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 5.15 In an effort to find more answers about the assassination , Fives attempts to speak with Chancellor Palpatine personally , only to find himself on the run , and , while explaining his theory to Anakin Skywalker , is shot and killed by a clone squad . 113 5 `` An Old Friend '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 4.19 While on a mercy mission to the planet Scipio , Padmé Amidala 's old flame Rush Clovis gets in touch with her asking for help . Having made a stand against the corruption on his planet , Clovis has now become the target of the bounty hunter Embo . Together with Padmé , he is now trying to leave his planet and get help . 114 6 `` The Rise of Clovis '' Danny Keller Christian Taylor February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 4.20 Back on Coruscant , Clovis strikes a dubious deal to become the leader of his clan , which is deeply mired in corruption . Anakin does n't trust Clovis , causing tensions in his relationship to Padmé . 115 7 `` Crisis at the Heart '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 4.21 Clovis ' deal with the Separatists backfires and consequently instigates war to Scipio , thus provoking the Republic to intervene and ultimately win the battle . In the midst of the chaos , Anakin confronts Clovis just as the duo and Padmé are caught in a blast - with Anakin barely managing to cling onto the other two when they virtually fall to their death . Though he intended to pull both up to safety , Anakin merely saves Padmé when Clovis allows himself to be killed . 116 8 `` The Disappeared , Part I '' Steward Lee Jonathan W. Rinzler March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.16 The peaceful world of Bardotta finds itself threatened by an ancient prophecy . Since now , of all times , its spiritual leaders have vanished , Bardotta 's people ask their representative in the senate for help . And Jar Jar Binks indeed manages to convince Jedi Master Mace Windu that this matter is of grave importance . 117 9 `` The Disappeared , Part II '' Bosco Ng Jonathan W. Rinzler March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.17 In order to fulfill a dark prophecy , a mysterious cult kidnaps Julia , queen of the planet Bardotta . Now , Jedi Master Mace Windu and Senate Representative Jar Jar Binks need to give everything in order to stop the cult . If they fail , the cult might unleash a dreadful force . 118 10 `` The Lost One '' Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.18 Jedi Master Sifo - Dyas died under mysterious circumstances years ago . When a secret Jedi mission accidentally finds his lightsaber , Anakin Skywalker , Obi - Wan Kenobi , and Master Yoda investigate Sifo - Dyas 's death again . To keep them from uncovering the Sith conspiracy , Darth Sidious orders Dooku to erase all traces that links up to the murder investigation . This successfully works and Dooku escapes short after Obi - Wan and Anakin learn that he was the one who killed Syfo - Dias under his Sith alias `` Darth Tyranus '' . 119 11 `` Voices '' Danny Keller Christian Taylor March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 5.19 Yoda is deeply unsettled when he hears the voice of his deceased friend Qui - Gon Jinn ( Voiced by Liam Neeson ) in his head , because he knows that not even a Jedi can speak to the living from beyond the grave . The Jedi Council is concerned about Yoda 's behavior and wants to examine him further . But with the help of Anakin , Yoda escapes from the hospital and he sets out to find the origin of the voice by himself . 120 12 `` Destiny '' Kyle Dunlevy Christian Taylor March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 5.20 Guided by the Force , Yoda travels to the heart of the galaxy . There , on the planet where he finds the origin of the Force , he must face difficult trials . Only upon passing them will the Sages deem him worthy of learning the deepest mysteries of the Force . 121 13 `` Sacrifice '' Steward Lee Christian Taylor March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 5.21 On Moraband ( Korriban ) , the homeworld of the Sith , the time has come for Yoda to pass his final test . Only then will he learn the best - kept secret of his order , but first he encounters a vision that heavily foreshadows what is to come - which involves Yoda facing the spirit of Darth Bane ( voiced by Mark Hamill ) . During this time , Darth Sidious summons Count Dooku to his hideout whereupon the duo plan to break Yoda - which figuratively stages an inventible confrontation between the Sith Lords and Yoda alongside Skywalker and his squad . Towards the ultimate conclusion . Yoda realizes that - no matter who wins the Clone Wars or what the future holds - there will one day be a new hope . Jump up ^ The first 11 episodes of this season premiered in German speaking countries first , while the remaining 2 were released on Netflix in the US a day before their German broadcast . Episodes in narrative Chronological order ( edit ) While the series is designed to be an anthology of both standalone episodes and small story arcs , various events throughout inform stories , characters , and relationships to create a recognizable narrative chronology . On March 17 , 2014 , in recognition of the release of the complete series on Netflix , Lucasfilm Animation released an official chronological episode order . No. in series Season No. in season Title 16 `` Cat and Mouse '' 16 `` The Hidden Enemy '' 3 - 6 N / A N / A theatrical film : `` The New Padawan '' `` Castle of Deception '' `` Castle of Doom '' `` Castle of Salvation '' 7 `` Clone Cadets '' 8 `` Supply Lines '' 9 `` Ambush '' 10 `` Rising Malevolence '' 11 `` Shadow of Malevolence '' 12 `` Destroy Malevolence '' 13 5 `` Rookies '' 14 6 `` Downfall of a Droid '' 15 7 `` Duel of the Droids '' 16 8 `` Bombad Jedi '' 17 9 `` Cloak of Darkness '' 18 10 `` Lair of Grievous '' 19 11 `` Dooku Captured '' 20 12 `` The Gungan General '' 21 13 `` Jedi Crash '' 22 14 `` Defenders of Peace '' 23 15 `` Trespass '' 24 17 `` Blue Shadow Virus '' 25 18 `` Mystery of a Thousand Moons '' 26 19 `` Storm over Ryloth '' 27 20 `` Innocents of Ryloth '' 28 21 `` Liberty on Ryloth '' 29 `` Holocron Heist '' 30 `` Cargo of Doom '' 31 `` Children of the Force '' 32 17 `` Bounty Hunters '' 33 18 `` The Zillo Beast '' 34 19 `` The Zillo Beast Strikes Back '' 35 `` Senate Spy '' 36 5 `` Landing at Point Rain '' 37 6 `` Weapons Factory '' 38 7 `` Legacy of Terror '' 39 8 `` Brain Invaders '' 40 9 `` Grievous Intrigue '' 41 10 `` The Deserter '' 42 11 `` Lightsaber Lost '' 43 12 `` The Mandalore Plot '' 44 13 `` Voyage of Temptation '' 45 14 `` Duchess of Mandalore '' 46 20 `` Death Trap '' 47 21 `` R2 Come Home '' 48 22 `` Lethal Trackdown '' 49 5 `` Corruption '' 50 6 `` The Academy '' 51 7 `` Assassin '' 52 `` ARC Troopers '' 53 `` Sphere of Influence '' 54 8 `` Evil Plans '' 55 22 `` Hostage Crisis '' 56 9 `` Hunt for Ziro '' 57 10 `` Heroes on Both Sides '' 58 11 `` Pursuit of Peace '' 59 15 `` Senate Murders '' 60 12 `` Nightsisters '' 61 13 `` Monster '' 62 14 `` Witches of the Mist '' 63 15 `` Overlords '' 64 16 `` Altar of Mortis '' 65 17 `` Ghosts of Mortis '' 66 18 `` The Citadel '' 67 19 `` Counter Attack '' 68 20 `` Citadel Rescue '' 69 21 `` Padawan Lost '' 70 22 `` Wookiee Hunt '' 71 `` Water War '' 72 `` Gungan Attack '' 73 `` Prisoners '' 74 `` Shadow Warrior '' 75 5 `` Mercy Mission '' 76 6 `` Nomad Droids '' 77 7 `` Darkness on Umbara '' 78 8 `` The General '' 79 9 `` Plan of Dissent '' 80 10 `` Carnage of Krell '' 81 11 `` Kidnapped '' 82 12 `` Slaves of the Republic '' 83 13 `` Escape from Kadavo '' 84 14 `` A Friend In Need '' 85 15 `` Deception '' 86 16 `` Friends and Enemies '' 87 17 `` The Box '' 88 18 `` Crisis on Naboo '' 89 19 `` Massacre '' 90 20 `` Bounty '' 91 21 `` Brothers '' 92 22 `` Revenge '' 93 5 `` A War on Two Fronts '' 94 `` Front Runners '' 95 `` The Soft War '' 96 5 `` Tipping Points '' 97 6 `` The Gathering '' 98 7 `` A Test of Strength '' 99 8 `` Bound for Rescue '' 100 9 `` A Necessary Bond '' 101 10 `` Secret Weapons '' 102 11 `` A Sunny Day in the Void '' 103 12 `` Missing in Action '' 104 13 `` Point of No Return '' 105 `` Revival '' 106 14 `` Eminence '' 107 15 `` Shades of Reason '' 108 16 `` The Lawless '' 109 17 `` Sabotage '' 110 18 `` The Jedi Who Knew Too Much '' 111 19 `` To Catch a Jedi '' 112 20 `` The Wrong Jedi '' 113 6 `` The Unknown '' 114 `` Conspiracy '' 115 `` Fugitive '' 116 `` Orders '' 117 5 `` An Old Friend '' 118 6 `` The Rise of Clovis '' 119 7 `` Crisis at the Heart '' 120 8 `` The Disappeared , Part I '' 121 9 `` The Disappeared , Part II '' 122 10 `` The Lost One '' 123 11 `` Voices '' 124 12 `` Destiny '' 125 13 `` Sacrifice '' Crystal Crisis On Utapau Story Reels No. in series No. in arc Title 126 `` A Death on Utapau '' 127 `` In Search of the Crystal '' 128 `` Crystal Crisis '' 129 `` The Big Bang '' Bad Batch Story Reels No. in series No. in arc Title 130 `` The Bad Batch '' 131 `` A Distant Echo '' 132 `` On the Wings of Keeradaks '' 133 `` Unfinished Business '' Dark Disciple Novel No. in series No. in arc Title 134 `` Lethal Alliance '' 135 `` The Mission '' 136 `` Conspirators '' 137 `` Dark Disciple '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir Comic Series No. in series No. in arc Title 138 `` The Enemy of My Enemy '' 139 `` A Tale of Two Apprentices '' 140 `` Proxy War '' 141 `` Showdown on Dathomir '' Dark Disciple Novel No. in series No. in arc Title 142 5 `` Saving Vos Part 1 '' 143 6 `` Saving Vos Part 2 '' 144 7 `` Traitor '' 145 8 `` The Path '' The Clone Wars legacy ( edit ) At the time of cancellation in March 2013 , there were still many episodes in development . 13 of these episodes were finished to become part of Season 6 : The Lost Missions but there were still additional arcs that were never released . In September 2014 , StarWars.com released details of multiple story arcs from the unfinished episodes . Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( edit ) A 4 - episode arc continued the story of Darth Maul following the events from the Season 5 episode The Lawless . The arc gave reason as to why Darth Maul was resurrected in the Season 4 episode Brothers . The four episodes were titled : The Enemy Of My Enemy , A Tale Of Two Apprentices , Proxy War , and Showdown On Dathomir ( production codes : 6.21 - 6.24 ) . The arc was adapted into a 4 - part comic book released in August 2014 . Crystal Crisis on Utapau ( edit ) In September 2014 , four unfinished episodes were released in completed story reel format . These story reels ( or animatics ) are preliminary animation to give the crew a better idea of how the episode will come together before committing to expensive animation . The four episodes released were titled : A Death On Utapau , In Search Of The Crystal , Crystal Crisis , and The Big Bang ( production codes : 6.01 - 6.04 ) . The arc took place on Utapau with Obi - Wan and Anakin investigating an arms deal involving the Separatists and a kyber crystal . The arc also dealt with Anakin 's feelings after the disappearance of Ahsoka . It was included in the Season 6 Blu - ray . The Bad Batch ( edit ) A 4 - episode arc featuring Rex and Echo was adapted in to story reel format and was screened on April 17 , 2015 at Celebration Anaheim . Scripted by Brent Friedman , it is the first in a four - part story arc focusing on a ragtag unit of clone commandos of the same name . The episode , along with the rest of its arc , premiered on April 17 , 2015 at Celebration Anaheim , and was released on StarWars.com shortly after on April 29 , 2015 . Wat Tambor , who appeared in the Ryloth trilogy returns in this arc , as well as Admiral Trench . The four episodes released were titled : The Bad Batch , A Distant Echo , On The Wings Of Keeradaks , and Unfinished Business ( Production codes : 6.09 - 6.12 ) . Dark Disciple ( edit ) An 8 - episode arc with Asajj Ventress and Jedi Quinlan Vos has been adapted into a novel by Christie Golden titled Dark Disciple , released on July 7 , 2015 . The eight episodes were titled : Lethal Alliance , The Mission , Conspirators , Dark Disciple , Saving Vos , Part I , Saving Vos , Part II , Traitor and The Path . ( Production codes : 6.13 - 6.16 and 7.05 - 7.08 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . Cartoon Network . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A New Direction For Lucasfilm Animation '' . Star Wars.com . March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' TV massacre ! Lucasfilm cancels ' Clone Wars , ' indefinitely postpones ' Detours ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exklusive Premiere bei Super RTL : Sechste Staffel der Animationsserie `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' in deutscher Erstausstrahlung ( Exclusive premiere on SUPER RTL : Sixth season of the animation series `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' as german premiere ) `` . kommunikation.superrtl.de . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Darth Duster ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Alle Details zu den The Clone Wars - Bonusfolgen ! ( All details to `` The Clone Wars '' - Bonusepisodes ! ) `` . StarWars-Union.de ( in German ) . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mark ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Spoiler Alert : Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Season 6 Titles and Synopsis '' . JediNews.co.uk . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mark ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Season Six Launching 15th February In Germany '' . JediNews.co.uk . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . Netflix. 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Clone Wars Debut Makes Cartoon History '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Cartoon Network 's Most - Watched Debut , Clone Wars Is '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , Hannah Montana and Northern Lights lead cable show rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Football , Veep Debate , Baseball Playoffs Lead Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Updated : NFL , Future President and Boston Red Sox lead Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Updated : Weekly Top Cable Shows '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` NFL , Drake & Josh , The Librarian , WWE Raw and Leverage lead cable '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 16 , 2008 ) . `` Monday Night Football , WWE RAW and SpongeBob lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Monk , WWE RAW , Secret Life and iCarly lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : WWE RAW , Cinderella , iCarly and Monk lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : Obama inauguration , WWE RAW and Burn Notice lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` The Closer , Monk and Burn Notice lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Monk , WWE RAW , The Closer and Burn Notice lead cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : NBA All - Star festivities , The Closer , WWE RAW , and Monk lead week , Damages to return despite ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , The Closer and Monk lead weekly cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , The Closer and President Obama lead cable viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` iCarly , Burn Notice and WWE RAW top cable charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , Cars , Hannah Montana and SpongeBob Lead Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars premieres with 2.581 million '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown ratings grow ; Clone Wars drops '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Spartacus : Blood and Sand Sees Series Highs + Ben 10 and Clone Wars '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Stargate Universe , NBA Playoffs And More ... '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Stargate Universe Up + Wizards of Waverly Place & Other Friday Cable Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable : Without Eureka , Haven Slips + Real Time With Bill Maher & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Haven Stable , Real Time With Bill Maher , College Football & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Viewers Not Holding Closer Teach : Tony Danza ; Haven Still Stable + Friday Night Smackdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Haven Finale Up ; MLB Playoffs , Smackdown ! & More ! '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Suite Life on Deck , Wizards of Waverly Place , Big Time Rush , Sanctuary , Swamp Loggers & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary Down + Yankees / Rangers , Suite Life on Deck , Pair of Kings , Big Time Rush & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary , WWE Smackdown ! , Swamp Loggers , NBA , Tony Danza & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary Rises + Friday Night Smackdown ! , Avalon High , NBA , Wizards of Waverly & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : iCarly > Celtics - Thunder ; Sanctuary , Friday Night Smackdown ! Drop Back + Big Time Rush & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA Tops ; Gold Rush : Alaska Premiere ; Plus Conspiracy Theory , Sanctuary , Smackdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Gold Rush Alaska , Suite Life on Deck , Wizards of Waverly , Merlin and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' & NBA Lead Night +'Smackdown , ' ' Spartacus , ' ' Victorious , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska ' Leads Night , ' Spartacus ' Steady , + ' Smackdown , ' ' Winter X-Games , ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' Lead Night , ' Merlin ' Down + ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' Leads Night ; ' Merlin ' Steady ; + ' Spartacus : GotA , ' ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska ' Ends Season on Top ; ' Merlin ' & ' Spartacus : Gods of The Arena ' Rise + ' Wizards of Waverly ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA on ESPN Tops Night + ' Suite Life on Deck , ' ' Smackdown ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' Up , Leads Night + ' Flying Wild Alaska , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Starz Crowned King Of ' Camelot , ' Bests Syfy 's ' Merlin ' in Demo + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' NBA and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : College Football , Sponge Bob , Smackdown ! , Star Wars : Clone Wars , Haven & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Smackdown ! Tops ; Plus College Football , Haven , Star Wars : Clone Wars & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Rain - Shortened Yankees / Tigers Tops Night + ' Haven , ' ' Clone Wars , ' ' Smackdown ! ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Cardinals / Phillies Tops Night , Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Jessie ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : NLCS Leads Night Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Make Your Mark , ' ' Jessie ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Discovery 's ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Boss ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Jessie '' Leads Viewers for Disney Channel `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Discovery 's ' Gold Rush ' , UNC / MSU BBall Top Cable + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Flying Wild Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + Okla . St. / Iowa St. , ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Flying Wild Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush , ' ' For Better or Worse ' Lead Night + ' Smackdown , ' ' Clone Wars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Keeps Rising , Leads Night ; ' For Better Or Worse ' Falls Hard + ' Smackdown , ' ' Flying Wild ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Wizards of Waverly Place Finale , ' ' Gold Rush ' Lead + ' Jessie , ' ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Gold Rush '' Climbs to Series High for Discovery `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Less Gold , Still Golden + ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin , ' ' Real Time With Bill Maher ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Discovery 's `` Gold Rush , '' `` Bering Sea Gold '' Take Top Spots `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : No Stopping `` Gold Rush '' on Discovery `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Gold Rush holds off ESPN NBA doubleheader '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Gold Rush '' Wraps Season on Top `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' & ' Robot Chicken ' & ' UFC Fight Night ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' on Top Again , ' SmackDown ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' Round out Original Programming '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball on TNT Wins the Night , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' In Plain Sight ' And More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( September 24 - 30 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 1 - 7 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 8 - 14 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 15 - 21 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 22 - 28 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( October 29 - November 4 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 5 - 11 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 12 - 18 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 19 - 25 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( November 26 - December 2 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( December 3 - 9 , 2012 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( December 31 , 2012 - January 6 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( January 7 - 13 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( January 14 - 20 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( January 21 - 27 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( January 28 - February 3 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 4 - 10 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 11 - 17 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 18 - 24 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronx , Son of the ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Cartoon Network ratings ( February 25 - March 3 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Clone Wars ' Moves to Netflix '' . New York Times . 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars Chronological Episode Order '' . StarWars.com . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Clone Wars Legacy ( StarWars.com ) . Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnH1JKr4o_8 Jump up ^ Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir , paperback edition Jump up ^ Tveit , Elaine ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) . `` New The Clone Wars Story Reel Will Premiere At Celebration '' . Dorksideoftheforce.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . External links ( edit ) List of Star Wars : The Clone Wars episodes at TV.com Skymovies.com Episode Guide The Clone Wars section on StarWars.com CartoonNetwork.com Schedule Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal The Clone Wars Media Film Episodes `` Hostage Crisis '' `` R2 Come Home / Lethal Trackdown '' `` The Gathering '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( 2014 , comic ) Dark Disciple ( 2016 , novel ) Original characters Cad Bane Saw Gerrera Captain Rex Ahsoka Tano Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_episodes&oldid=827993653 '' Categories : Star Wars animated television series Star Wars lists Lists of science fiction television series episodes Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) episodes Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikidata Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Magyar Nederlands Polski Română Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 22 : 52 . 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"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nNetwork\n\n\n\nFilm\nAugust 15, 2008 (2008-08-15)\nN/A\n\n\n\n1\n22\nOctober 3, 2008 (2008-10-03)\nMarch 20, 2009 (2009-03-20)\nCartoon Network\n\n\n\n2\n22\nOctober 2, 2009 (2009-10-02)\nApril 30, 2010 (2010-04-30)\n\n\n\n3\n22\nSeptember 17, 2010 (2010-09-17)\nApril 1, 2011 (2011-04-01)\n\n\n\n4\n22\nSeptember 16, 2011 (2011-09-16)\nMarch 16, 2012 (2012-03-16)\n\n\n\n5\n20\nSeptember 29, 2012 (2012-09-29)\nMarch 2, 2013 (2013-03-02)\n\n\n\n6\n13\nMarch 7, 2014 (2014-03-07)\nNetflix\n\n"
] | [
"22"
] |
-7611071572323776547 | Firmament | Firmament - wikipedia Firmament Jump to : navigation , search The sun , planets and angels and the firmament . Woodcut dated 1475 . In Biblical cosmology , the firmament is the structure above the atmosphere , conceived as a vast solid dome . According to the Genesis creation narrative , God created the firmament to separate the `` waters above '' the earth from the `` waters below '' the earth . The word is anglicized from Latin firmamentum , which appears in the Vulgate , a late fourth - century Latin translation of the Bible . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical use 2 Etymology 3 History 4 Scientific development 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Biblical Use ( edit ) Main article : Biblical cosmology The firmament is described in Genesis 1 : 6 -- 8 in the Genesis creation narrative : Then God said , `` Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters , and let it divide the waters from the waters . '' Thus God made the firmament , and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament ; and it was so . And God called the firmament Heaven . So the evening and the morning were the second day . Etymology ( edit ) The word `` firmament '' is first recorded in a Middle English narrative based on scripture dated 1250 . It later appeared in the King James Bible . The word is anglicised from Latin firmamentum , used in the Vulgate ( 4th century ) . This in turn is derived from the Latin root firmus , a cognate with `` firm '' . The word is a Latinization of the Greek stereōma , which appears in the Septuagint ( c. 200 BCE ) . History ( edit ) Main article : Hebrew astronomy § Biblical cosmology The Flammarion engraving ( 1888 ) depicts a traveler who arrives at the edge of a flat Earth and sticks his head through the firmament . The word `` firmament '' is used to translate rāqîaʿ ( רָקִ֫יעַ ) , a word used in Biblical Hebrew . It is derived from the root raqqəʿ ( רָקַע ) , meaning `` to beat or spread out thinly '' , e.g. , the process of making a dish by hammering thin a lump of metal . Like most ancient peoples , the Hebrews believed the sky was a solid dome with the Sun , Moon , planets and stars embedded in it . According to The Jewish Encyclopedia : The Hebrews regarded the earth as a plain or a hill figured like a hemisphere , swimming on water . Over this is arched the solid vault of heaven . To this vault are fastened the lights , the stars . So slight is this elevation that birds may rise to it and fly along its expanse . A detailed Christian view of the universe , based on various Biblical texts and earlier theories by Theophilus of Antioch and Clement of Alexandria , was formulated by the 6th century Egyptian monk , Cosmas Indicopleustes . He described a flat rectangular world surrounded by four seas ; at the far edges of the seas , four immense vertical walls supported a vaulted roof , the firmament , above which in a further vaulted space lived angels who moved the heavenly bodies and controlled rainfall from a vast cistern . Augustine wrote that too much learning had been expended on the nature of the firmament . `` We may understand this name as given to indicate not it is motionless but that it is solid . '' he wrote . Saint Basil argued for a fluid firmament . According to St. Thomas Aquinas , the firmament had a `` solid nature '' and stood above a `` region of fire , wherein all vapor must be consumed . '' The Copernican Revolution of the 16th century led to reconsideration of these matters . In 1554 , John Calvin proposed that `` firmament '' be interpreted as clouds . `` He who would learn astronomy and other recondite arts , let him go elsewhere , '' wrote Calvin . `` As it became a theologian , ( Moses ) had to respect us rather than the stars , '' Calvin wrote . Calvin 's doctrine of accommodation allowed Protestants to accept the findings of science without rejecting the authority of scripture . Scientific development ( edit ) Main article : Celestial spheres The Greeks and Stoics adopted a model of celestial spheres after the discovery of the spherical Earth in the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE . The Medieval Scholastics adopted a cosmology that fused the ideas of the Greek philosophers Aristotle and Ptolemy . This cosmology involved celestial orbs , nested concentrically inside one another , with the earth at the center . The outermost orb contained the stars and the term firmament was then transferred to this orb . There were seven inner orbs for the seven wanderers of the sky , and their ordering is preserved in the naming of the days of the week . Even Copernicus ' heliocentric model included an outer sphere that held the stars ( and by having the earth rotate daily on its axis it allowed the firmament to be completely stationary ) . Tycho Brahe 's studies of the nova of 1572 and the Comet of 1577 were the first major challenges to the idea that orbs existed as solid , incorruptible , material objects . In 1584 , Giordano Bruno proposed a cosmology without firmament : an infinite universe in which the stars are actually suns with their own planetary systems . After Galileo began using a telescope to examine the sky , it became harder to argue that the heavens were perfect , as Aristotelian philosophy required . By 1630 , the concept of solid orbs was no longer dominant . See also ( edit ) Heaven in Judaism Primum Mobile References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Firmament '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` And God said , Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters , and let it divide the waters from the waters '' `` Genesis 1 : 6 '' . Jump up ^ Genesis 1 : 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` firmament '' , Oxford English Dictionary ( 1989 ) . `` ðo god bad ben ðe firmament '' . From The story of Genesis and Exodus ( 1250 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Online Etymology Dictionary -- Firmament '' . Jump up ^ `` Lexicon Results Strong 's H7549 -- raqiya ` '' . Blue Letter Bible . Blue Letter Bible . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Seely , Paul H. ( 1991 ) . `` The Firmament and the Water Above '' ( PDF ) . Westminster Theological Journal . 53 : 227 -- 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmogony '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ White , Andrew Dickson ( 1896 ) . A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom : Volume 1 . New York : D. Appleton and Company . pp. 91 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , Edward , Planets , stars , and orbs : the medieval cosmos , 1200 -- 1687 . p. 335 . Jump up ^ Saint Thomas Aquinas , Summa Theologica , `` Whether there are waters above the firmament ? '' ^ Jump up to : Luigi Piccardi , W. Bruce Masse , Myth and geology , p. 40 Jump up ^ Firmament , Catholic Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Giordano Bruno , De l'infinito universo e mondi ( On the Infinite Universe and Worlds ) , 1584 . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 349 . External links ( edit ) Look up firmament in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Firmament . The Vault of Heaven . Denver Radio / YouTube Debate on the Firmament between well - known creationist and atheist opponents . ( 1 ) The Firmament described in The Blueprint Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firmament&oldid=828432597 '' Categories : Ancient astronomy Obsolete scientific theories Mythological cosmologies Christian cosmology Vulgate Latin words and phrases Hidden categories : Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles containing Hebrew - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 14 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the definition of firmament in the bible | [
"In Biblical cosmology, the firmament is the structure above the atmosphere, conceived as a vast solid dome.[1] According to the Genesis creation narrative, God created the firmament to separate the \"waters above\" the earth from the \"waters below\" the earth.[2] The word is anglicized from Latin firmamentum, which appears in the Vulgate, a late fourth-century Latin translation of the Bible."
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"the structure above the atmosphere, conceived as a vast solid dome"
] |
-2760723342558804728 | I'm a Believer | I 'm a Believer - wikipedia I 'm a Believer Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm a Believer '' US single cover Single by The Monkees from the album More of the Monkees B - side `` ( I 'm Not Your ) Steppin ' Stone '' Released 12 November 1966 Format 7 '' Recorded 15 & 23 October 1966 New York City , NY Genre Pop rock Length 2 : 47 Label Colgems # 1002 Songwriter ( s ) Neil Diamond Producer ( s ) Jeff Barry The Monkees singles chronology `` Last Train to Clarksville '' ( 1966 ) `` I 'm a Believer '' ( 1966 ) `` A Little Bit Me , a Little Bit You '' ( 1967 ) `` Last Train to Clarksville '' ( 1966 ) `` I 'm a Believer '' ( 1966 ) `` A Little Bit Me , a Little Bit You '' ( 1967 ) The Monkees - `` I 'm a Believer '' 16 seconds ( of 2 : 47 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I 'm a Believer '' is a song composed by Neil Diamond and recorded by The Monkees in 1966 with the lead vocals by Micky Dolenz . The single , produced by Jeff Barry , hit the number one spot on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week ending December 31 , 1966 and remained there for seven weeks , becoming the last No. 1 hit of 1966 and the biggest - selling record for all of 1967 . Billboard ranked the record as the No. 5 song for 1967 . Because of 1,051,280 advance orders , it went gold within two days of release . It is one of the fewer than forty all - time singles to have sold 10 million ( or more ) physical copies worldwide . The song was No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart for four weeks in January and February 1967 , as well as a Number 1 in numerous countries including Australia , Canada , and Ireland . The song appears in four consecutive episodes of The Monkees ' TV show throughout December 1966 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Recording 3 Other versions 4 Notable cover versions 5 Smash Mouth version 5.1 Chart performance 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Neil Diamond had already recorded this song before it was covered by The Monkees , and it still sometimes appears in his live concerts . A revised recording by Diamond , featuring additional lyrics , appears on the album September Morn , while his original recording appeared on the 1967 album Just for You . Diamond also suggested it to The Fifth Estate who recorded it as a 1967 album cut to follow up their hit `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' . The Monkees ' recording kept the novelty hit `` Snoopy Vs . The Red Baron '' , by The Royal Guardsmen , at number two for four weeks , and from reaching the Hot 100 's summit . The song was originally used in the home video version of the Coen brothers ' 1984 film Blood Simple , but after licensing issues were resolved , was replaced in the 2001 director 's cut by the song used in the theatrical version : Four Tops ' `` It 's the Same Old Song '' . When Marvin Andrews scored for Rangers , or won the Man of the Match at Ibrox Stadium , the song was played . Recording ( edit ) Session guitarist Al Gorgoni ( who played on `` The Sound of Silence '' and later on `` Brown Eyed Girl '' ) had worked on Diamond 's `` Cherry , Cherry '' and also contributed to this song . Other personnel on the record include Sal Ditroia on guitar , Carol Kaye on bass , Artie Butler on Vox Continental organ , Jeff Barry on piano and tambourine , and Buddy Saltzman on drums . In 2008 , the song ranked No. 1 on Dallas station KLUV 98.7 FM 's Top 500 Memorial Day Countdown , as voted on by the listeners . The song is listed at No. 48 on Billboard 's All Time Top 100 . Other versions ( edit ) British singer - songwriter Robert Wyatt had a Top 30 hit in the UK in September / October 1974 ( it reached # 29 in the UK charts ) with a version featuring Fred Frith on violin , Andy Summers ( later of the Police ) on guitar , and drums by Nick Mason of Pink Floyd , who also produced the recording . It was Wyatt 's first recording after the June 1973 accident that left him a paraplegic . In 1995 , British comedians Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer teamed up with the band EMF for a version which reached No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart . Notable cover versions ( edit ) 1966 : `` The Monkees '' single , also on the 1967 album More of The Monkees 1966 : `` Les Sextans '' french cover `` Ils aiment la vie '' , non-album track 1966 : Four Tops on the album Reach Out ( 1967 ) 1974 : Robert Wyatt single , also on the album His Greatest Misses ( 2004 ) 1995 : Reeves & Mortimer with EMF , non-album track ( No. 3 UK Singles Chart ) Smash Mouth version ( edit ) `` I 'm a Believer '' Single by Smash Mouth from the album Smash Mouth Released May 15 , 2001 Format CD single Recorded Length 3 : 02 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Neil Diamond Producer ( s ) Eric Valentine Smash Mouth singles chronology `` Then the Morning Comes '' ( 1999 ) `` I 'm a Believer '' ( 2001 ) `` Pacific Coast Party '' ( 2001 ) `` Then the Morning Comes '' ( 1999 ) `` I 'm a Believer '' ( 2001 ) `` Pacific Coast Party '' ( 2001 ) American pop rock band Smash Mouth covered the song in 2001 , as part of the soundtrack to the movie Shrek , along with `` All Star '' . ( the band also released the song on its self - titled album ) . Eddie Murphy , portraying the character `` Donkey '' , also performed a rendition of the song in the film . The song was chosen for its opening line , `` I thought love was only true in fairy tales , '' which matched the fairy tale theme of the film . Subsequently , the song was played as exit music for the Broadway musical adaptation of the film , for comic effect . Weezer also had a version of the song at the end of Shrek 's 2010 sequel Shrek Forever After , which was inserted into the musical 's finale a year into its run . This version hit number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 87 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 94 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 97 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1967 Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 200 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Beckett , david ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Blood Simple - Director 's Cut ( 2013 ) DVD '' . Film 365 . Jump up ^ `` Monkees Sessionography '' . Kenneth K. Wang . Retrieved 25 Feb 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carol Kaye - Electric Bass Hits '' . Carole Kaye . Retrieved 25 Feb 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Classic Songs Featuring Carol Kaye '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved 25 Feb 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Smash Mouth - Chart History '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Smash Mouth -- I 'm a Believer '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Smash Mouth -- I 'm a Believer '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Smash Mouth Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Smash Mouth -- I 'm a Believer '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Smash Mouth -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Smash Mouth . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Smash Mouth - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Stop ! Stop ! Stop ! '' by The Hollies Canadian RPM number one single December 26 , 1966 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Snoopy vs. the Red Baron '' by The Royal Guardsmen Preceded by `` Winchester Cathedral '' by The New Vaudeville Band U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number one single December 31 , 1966 ( seven weeks ) Succeeded by `` Kind of a Drag '' by The Buckinghams Preceded by `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' by Tom Jones UK Singles Chart number one single 19 January 1967 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Is My Song '' by Petula Clark Preceded by `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' by Tom Jones Irish IRMA number one single 19 January 1967 ( five weeks ) Succeeded by `` The House With The Whitewashed Gable '' by Joe Dolan Preceded by `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' by Tom Jones Australia Kent Music Report number one single 11 February 1967 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Snoopy vs. the Red Baron '' by The Royal Guardsmen Preceded by `` Bend It ! ! ! '' by Dave Dee , Dozy , Beaky , Mick & Tich New Zealand RIANZ number one single 24 February 1967 ( five week ) Succeeded by `` Penny Lane '' by The Beatles The Monkees Micky Dolenz Davy Jones Michael Nesmith Peter Tork Production / management Don Kirshner Bob Rafelson Bert Schneider Ward Sylvester Lester Sill Raybert Productions Chip Douglas Hank Cicalo Studio albums The Monkees More of the Monkees Headquarters Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd . The Birds , The Bees & The Monkees Head Instant Replay The Monkees Present Changes Pool It ! Justus Good Times ! Box sets Listen to the Band Music Box The Headquarters Sessions The Monkees : Original Album Series Compilation albums Greatest Hits ( Colgems ) Barrel Full of Monkees Re-Focus Greatest Hits ( Arista ) Monkeemania ( 40 Timeless Hits ) More Greatest Hits of The Monkees Monkee Business Monkee Flips Hit Factory Then & Now ... The Best of The Monkees Missing Links Missing Links Volume Two 25th Anniversary Collection Greatest Hits ( Rhino ) Barrelful of Monkees : Monkees Songs for Kids ! Missing Links Volume Three I 'm a Believer and Other Hits Daydream Believer and Other Hits The Monkees Anthology The Definitive Monkees The Best of The Monkees Monkeemania ( The Very Best of the Monkees ) Live albums Live 1967 Summer 1967 : The Complete U.S. Concert Recordings Live ! 2001 : Live in Las Vegas Extended Versions Singles `` Last Train to Clarksville '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` A Little Bit Me , a Little Bit You '' `` Pleasant Valley Sunday '' `` Daydream Believer '' `` Valleri '' `` D.W. Washburn '' `` Porpoise Song '' `` Tear Drop City '' `` Listen to the Band '' `` Good Clean Fun '' `` Oh My My '' `` That Was Then , This Is Now '' `` Heart and Soul '' `` Every Step of the Way '' `` She Makes Me Laugh '' `` You Bring the Summer '' `` Me & Magdalena '' Film / television The Monkees ( episodes ) Head 331⁄3 Revolutions per Monkee Hey , Hey , It 's the Monkees Related articles Discography Dolenz , Jones , Boyce & Hart An Evening with The Monkees : The 45th Anniversary Tour The Monkees ( book ) The Monkeemobile New Monkees Songs Book EMF James Atkin Derry Brownson Phil Cleary Mark Decloedt Ian Dench Zac Foley Richard March Milf Tim Stephens Studio albums Schubert Dip Stigma Cha Cha Cha Compilations Epsom Mad Funkers : The Best of EMF EPs Unexplained EP Singles `` Unbelievable '' `` I Believe '' `` They 're Here '' `` Perfect Day '' `` Bleeding You Dry '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Afro King '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Believer&oldid=806937647 '' Categories : 1966 singles 1967 singles 1995 singles 2001 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Irish Singles Chart number - one singles United States National Recording Registry recordings Neil Diamond songs Robert Wyatt songs Smash Mouth songs Songs written by Neil Diamond The Monkees songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Tommy Overstreet songs Song recordings produced by Eric Valentine 1966 songs Interscope Records singles EMF ( band ) songs Songs from animated films Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Simple English Slovenčina Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote i'm a believer for the monkees | [
"\n\n\"I'm a Believer\"\n\n\n\nUS single cover\n\n\n\nSingle by The Monkees\n\n\nfrom the album More of the Monkees\n\n\nB-side\n\"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\"\n\n\nReleased\n12 November 1966\n\n\nFormat\n7\"\n\n\nRecorded\n15 & 23 October 1966\nNew York City, NY\n\n\nGenre\nPop rock\n\n\nLength\n2:47\n\n\nLabel\nColgems #1002\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nNeil Diamond\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJeff Barry\n\n\nThe Monkees singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Last Train to Clarksville\"\n(1966)\n\"I'm a Believer\"\n(1966)\n\"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Last Train to Clarksville\"\n(1966)\n\"I'm a Believer\"\n(1966)\n\"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Neil Diamond"
] |
8275214230779102146 | List of Heartland episodes | List of Heartland episodes - wikipedia List of Heartland episodes Jump to : navigation , search Heartland is a Canadian family drama television series which debuted on CBC on October 14 , 2007 . Heartland follows sisters Amy and Lou Fleming , their grandfather Jack Bartlett , and Ty Borden , through the highs and lows of life at the ranch . Heartland airs in Canada on the regional CBC channels at 7 pm ( 7 : 30 pm in Newfoundland ) on Sundays . Beginning April 23 , 2017 , the 10th season of Heartland airs in the United States on the Up TV network on Sunday evenings at 8 : 00 pm Eastern . From its first episode the plot focuses on Amy , who inherited her mother 's gift of being able to heal abused and damaged horses , after a tragic accident that led to big changes in everyone 's lives . The show became the longest - running one - hour scripted drama in the history of Canadian television , when it surpassed the 124 episodes of Street Legal on October 19 , 2014 . As of February 12 , 2017 , 170 episodes of Heartland have aired . It was announced on March 22 , 2017 that Heartland was renewed for Season 11 . Season 11 began on Sunday , September 24 , 2017 at its usual time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2007 -- 08 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2009 - 10 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.5 Television film ( 2010 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.7 Season 6 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.8 Season 7 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.9 Season 8 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.10 Season 9 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.11 Season 10 ( 2016 - 17 ) 2.12 Season 11 ( 2017 - 18 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) February 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) 18 October 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 05 ) March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) 18 October 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 04 ) March 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 28 ) 18 September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) March 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 27 ) Film December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) 5 18 September 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) 6 18 September 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 7 18 October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 8 18 September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 9 18 October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) 10 18 October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 11 11 September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Coming Home '' Ron My Leila Basen and David Preston October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) 101 Amy is a 15 - year - old girl growing up in Hudson , Alberta with a serious love of horses . She discovers that a horse named Spartan is being abused at Mallen 's farm and convinces her mother , Marion , to rescue him . A storm on the way home sends their truck and trailer off the road and onto a steep hill , crashing into a tree . When Amy wakes up , she 's in the hospital and discovers that her mother died in the accident . Amy 's sister Lou comes home from New York City to help . Refusing to put Spartan down , Grandpa Jack brings the horse back to Heartland hoping that Amy can help him . Before Amy can help Spartan , she has to come to terms with what happened to her mom . A 17 - year - old boy named Ty , who was hired by Marion before she died , comes to work at Heartland . `` After the Storm '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie October 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 21 ) 102 Lou accidentally sends home Mrs. Roach 's horse despite the fact that his fear of vehicles has yet to be cured , after misinterpreting Amy 's description of the horse as `` fine . '' Val Stanton begins spreading rumors about Heartland and their inability to be successful without Marion . Ty 's probation officer comes to the ranch while he is off showing Amy the jumping course he made for her in the woods . Jack agrees to be Ty 's sponsor in place of Marion . `` Breaking Free '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie October 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 28 ) 103 Heartland has its first `` Open House , '' and Lou invites her and Amy 's estranged dad Tim , who accepts the invitation . Amy works with world - famous horse breeder Lisa Stillman 's horse , Promise , who seems unusually aggressive when saddled . Val Stanton challenges Amy , saying that the horse is drugged to appear calmer . Amy proves her skills by fixing the problem that Val 's expensive horse is having with jumping . Jack kicks Tim off of the property when he discovers him in the barn . Pegasus is depressed because of Marion 's death . `` Taking Chances '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) 104 When Amy and Lou empty their mother 's room , they find a letter dated seven years previous , from their father . Ben Stillman is sent to live at Heartland by his aunt , Lisa , while she 's in France . No one likes Ben , as he uses methods like whipping his horse , Red , to show him `` who 's boss '' , and he does n't participate in ranch duties . Ty is especially angry , challenging Amy to prove that Heartland is different than the other stables ( like Briar Ridge ) that tolerate this treatment of horses . Amy gets knocked off her horse while trying to take Ben 's horse across the river on a trail ride and sustains a minor head injury . Ty is offered a job at Briar Ridge even after Amy accidentally tells Ashley that Ty is on probation . When Amy hears that Ty might take the job , she snaps at him . Ty is eventually fired when Val discovers he has a record . 5 5 `` The Best Laid Plans '' Steve DiMarco Heather Conkie December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) 105 Lou upsets her friends and family as she arranges to have a video made to promote Heartland and micromanages its filming . The video eventually airs on TV after the news and is popular with viewers , dramatically increasing the number of calls Heartland receives for help with troubled horses . 6 6 `` One Trick Pony '' Leila Basen and David Preston Don McBrearty December 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 09 ) 106 Lou 's New York boyfriend Carl comes for a visit , but his big city attitudes clash with the ranch 's more laid - back lifestyle . Lou discovers that she has been fired from her job in New York . Carl proposes to Lou , but she discovers he has been trying to force her to move with him to Chicago . Amy is puzzled why a new horse at Heartland called Pirate wo n't obey commands . Scott unearths the horse 's unusual past . 7 7 `` Come What May '' Don McBrearty Leila Basen and David Preston January 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 06 ) 107 Heartland takes in a pregnant mare named Melody . Mallory gives Ty riding lessons . Ben competes in a horse show and refuses to talk to his aunt Lisa . Meanwhile , Jack and Ty go on a cattle round - up , and Tim is introduced as the trail boss . Jack and Tim fight each other that night , and Ty learns that Tim is Lou and Amy 's father , and Jack 's ex-son - in - law . Lisa shows up to talk to Ben , and Jack invites her to stay for pancakes . 8 8 `` Out of the Darkness '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 13 ) 108 Amy tries to help a champion stallion and his depressed trainer , who were injured in a stable fire . In the process , she confronts her own unresolved feelings about her mother 's accident . She is also able to clear the name of the trainer , who had been blamed for the stable fire and consequently lost his job . Meanwhile , Jack grows increasingly attracted to Lisa . She asks Jack to come look at a horse with her , and he agrees , but insists on driving his truck to the sale . Jack declares that it 's not a date but it turns into one , especially as they share a picnic lunch when Jack 's truck breaks down . Jack and Lisa enjoy themselves , until Dan Hartfield shows up at the sale and introduces himself as Lisa 's husband . Jack leaves her behind , feeling foolish , until Lisa shows up later at Heartland , and explains that Dan is actually her ex-husband . 9 9 `` Ghost from the Past '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston January 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 20 ) 109 After elderly Mrs. Bell has a heart attack , Amy takes in her Shetland pony Sugarfoot , to whom Lou grows surprisingly attached . Lou reminisces about learning to ride on Sugarfoot when she was young , and singing to him with Mrs. Bell . Ty 's old girlfriend , Kerry Anne , from his past group home shows up looking for him , having taken a job in the kitchens at Briar Ridge . She manages to cause her fair share of trouble in the process , ripping off Soraya and stealing from Ashley , as well as creating friction with the Heartland family . Amy initially feels threatened by her , but Ty sends Kerry Anne on her way to BC , knowing that she is bad news . 10 10 `` Born to Run '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen and David Preston February 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) 110 Prize - winning show jumper Nick Harwell stops by Heartland to train the uncooperative Ben and flirt with the interested Lou , with whom he almost has a lunch date . Mallory takes steps to ensure that her favourite horse Copper wo n't be sold by Lou , discovering in the process that an unscrupulous ranch hand named Wes has plans to sell a herd of wild mustangs to a slaughterhouse . With everyone 's help , Amy frees the mustangs and gets Wes fired . 11 11 `` Thicker Than Water '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen & David Preston February 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) 111 When Amy invites Tim up to the ranch , Lou tries to impress their estranged father , not wanting to admit to him her fear of horses . This fear stems from having witnessed his accident at the Calgary Stampede years before . Tim also brings Amy a roping horse with a fear of cattle for her to heal . Jack escapes from the family reunion by going on a second date with Lisa . Ty practises his cattle roping skills , but discovers he still has a lot to learn about cows . Lou blows up at Tim after he forces her to jump Spartan and pushes Amy working his horse until she gets hurt . 12 12 `` Rising From Ashes '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie February 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 17 ) 112 A sudden , yet deliberate , barn fire puts Jack in hospital and Heartland in financial straits , just as Lou was preparing to return to her old life in New York . As a result of his injuries , Jack suffers some amnesia surrounding the cause of the fire . As he heals , Jack remembers that Wes was the one who set it , and he is arrested as a result . Looking to expand neighbouring ranch Briar Ridge , Val makes an offer to buy some of Jack 's land , but Tim is n't so keen on the idea . Jack remembers a promise he made his grandfather long ago , and decides not to sell any land . The community pulls together to help the Heartland family . 13 13 `` Coming Together '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie February 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) 113 It 's time for Amy to compete with Spartan in the Fall Finale , with Ty as her coach . But she has to compete against Ashley and her prize horse Apollo . Mr. Mallen , Spartan 's abusive previous owner , arrives to take Spartan `` home '' after receiving a tip from Val . When Ashley confronts her mother about it , Val explains that Mr. Mallen has every right to take Spartan back . Jack lets Tim in the house during Amy 's post-competition party . Lou is thinking about taking the job she was offered in New York , and Scott tells Lou he loves her , fearing he wo n't have another chance to do so . Lou and Scott finally kiss . Amy and Ty kiss for the first time while talking in the stables . As Ty leaves for Calgary to `` help his dad '' -- whom he has n't seen in five years -- he ca n't bring himself to tell Amy , instead he leaves her a note in the loft . Jack warns Ty not to expect his father to be the hero that he may be hoping for , and promises that he can return later , if need be . Season 2 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 14 `` Ghost Horse '' TW Peacocke Heather Conkie October 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 05 ) 201 Ty has been gone for four months , and things have changed at Heartland . There is a new ranch hand , a cowboy named Caleb O'Dell , who came with his roping horse , Shorty . At the start of the episode , Amy watches as two wild stallions fight for control of a herd , and takes the losing wild stallion back to Heartland to treat his injuries and tame him . Lou has plans to create a `` corporate equine retreat '' at Heartland , which Jack rejects as being a `` dude ranch '' . She makes an effort to talk him around . At Amy 's surprise sweet - sixteen party , Jack gets a call from someone and leaves the party . George Canyon , the country singer , makes a cameo as Mallory 's dad Charlie and sings his hit song `` Just Like You '' at Amy 's party . The episode ends with Jack and Ty getting out of the truck , to a less - than - warm welcome from Amy . 15 `` Letting Go '' TW Peacocke Leila Basen and David Preston October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) 202 After his return , Ty promptly clashes with Caleb , as the latter has stepped into most of Ty 's former duties . Caleb begins to emerge as a romantic rival to Ty for Amy , although Ashley is clearly interested in Caleb as well . Having given permission for Lou to establish her corporate equine retreat , Jack balks at tearing down old bunkhouses built by his grandfather , to make way for the new facilities . Lou gets a job as a waitress to prove she has no opportunity to use her skills if Jack wo n't let anything change at the ranch . Jack agrees to Lou renovating , rather than replacing , the old cabins for her corporate equine retreat . As a birthday present , Tim gives Amy a show jumping horse named Storm , and she is elated to receive such a gift . 16 `` Gift Horse '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen and David Preston October 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 19 ) 203 Amy tries to balance school , chores , and training for show jumping . Her father helps to coach her and Ty offers to help with chores and training Spartan , but Amy is struggling . Her grades in Earth Science slip while she tries to keep up with a show circuit that has competitions every weekend . ( It should be noted that Earth Sciences is not actually a course offered in Alberta - parts of geological science are included in various other science courses in the province . This is one of a limited number of regional errors in this show . ) Amy is forced to choose between her love of healing troubled horses and living up to her father 's show jumping expectations . With no way to balance it all , Amy makes the hard decision to quit show jumping and sell Storm . This allows her to focus on her grades , chores , and work with horses . Meanwhile , Lou is searching for dude ranch horses and she is at odds with Tim over which horses to buy . He knows someone with Quarter Horses to sell , but Jack explains that they are hard for beginners to handle effectively . Amy suggests looking at rescue horses , and Scott helps Lou choose gentle , reliable horses for the dude ranch . 17 `` Dancing in the Dark '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie October 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 26 ) 204 Most of the family go away on the spring cattle drive , as Ray Phillips , the owner of Big River Ranch , had just passed away and a herd of cattle was part of his estate . Lou pushes them out the door as fast as possible , as she has planned a romantic weekend at the ranch with Scott . Their plans change because Scott happens to be on call , and the dude ranch 's first customers arrive a week early : an odd middle - aged couple who are travel bloggers , and Lou goes out of her way to please them , thinking that their reviews could make or break her new venture . Lucky for Lou , they do n't hold a grudge ; she backed into their car after having lunch with Marnie at Maggie 's , before they got to the ranch . While on the cattle drive , Amy and Ty talk for the first time about his absence and clear the air between them . Ty comes close to telling Amy how he feels , and they kiss . Lisa tells Jack that she loves him , and they kiss too . Tim buys Big River Ranch and the infamous longhorns , and finds himself attracted to Ray 's daughter Callie. Ty and Caleb get in a fight and accidentally release a group of cattle , who are easily returned to their pen with everyone 's help . Mallory is still trying to convince Jake to stop pursuing her , but ends up dancing with him . Lou and Scott realize that their relationship is n't working due to conflicting schedules . Scott suggests a break , while Lou suggests marriage , leaving them on an unclear footing for the near future . 18 5 `` Corporate Cowgirls '' Tim Southam Heather Conkie November 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 02 ) 205 Lou puts a brave face on lingering insecurities when former coworkers from the high - powered career she gave up in New York become customers at her corporate equine retreat . Caleb bails on leading the trail ride because it would have meant Amy and Ty could have a romantic evening alone at the ranch . Amy helps Lou instead and takes Copper , who is a better trail horse , despite Mallory 's protests . When Amy is gone , Mallory does a bit of jumping on Spartan , then takes him on a ride . While checking a log on the trail to make sure it 's safe to jump , Mallory does n't notice Spartan leave . She finds him grazing at the side of the road relatively quickly , but does n't notice the signs indicating recent pesticide application . Once they return to the ranch , it becomes evident something is wrong , which Ty correctly guesses to be pesticide poisoning . Ty looks into Marion 's notebooks , and gets Mallory 's help to mix charcoal and water . Caleb and his friend Kit , who Ty met accidentally while she was bathing in the pond early that morning , show up . Ty explains the situation , and they get Spartan to drink all the jugs of charcoal water together . Meanwhile , Lou 's friends work out their problems with each other , themselves , and their love lives , on the overnight trip that Lou , Tim , Amy , and Jack took them on . Lou 's friend Lauren kisses Tim , who pushes her away , and Lou becomes upset with her friend . Lou admits Scott said no to her proposal because he was n't sure , and that she does n't know how they stand now . At the end of the trip , Lou feels bad for the fight that happened among the girls the previous night and tries to apologize , but the girls say it was therapeutic , and they will be sure to spread the word in New York about the Heartland Equestrian Connection . 19 6 `` Holding Fast '' Tim Southam Susin Nielsen November 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 09 ) 206 Out for a ride along the river , Amy comes across an RCMP officer trying to save a young boy from drowning . She tries to help his horse , Venture , who has developed a fear of water . She discovers the connection to the trauma of Constable Rodriguez 's brother drowning six years earlier , for which he still feels responsible , and ends up helping both the horse and the officer . Lou goes to a polo match for Nick Harwell 's polo team , as he gave her a number of free tickets , and upsets Scott when Nick talks about hiring him and Lou praises his work . Scott and Lou talk about the state of their relationship , and they break up for real . Lisa tries to convince Jack to go to the polo match with her , but he refuses . She even goes to the trouble of getting him a new suit so he wo n't stand out , but he still refuses . But he shows up just as the match starts and apologizes to Lisa for being so stubborn . Ashley takes Caleb to the polo club with her and shares her new pursuit of barrel racing ( which Kit is teaching her ) with her mother 's friends , much to Val 's chagrin . Ty asks Amy out on a date , but she already has plans with Caleb . Mallory tries to get rid of Jake , using lame excuses to avoid seeing him and ignoring his phone calls . Jack facilitates an honest conversation between the two , frustrated with their beating around the bush and hoping to get some peace . They walk off together , with Mallory reiterating that she is not a `` buckle bunny '' . 20 7 `` Sweetheart of the Rodeo '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston November 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 207 With the annual Hudson Heritage Rodeo looming , everyone at Heartland gets roped into the action and intrigue of broncs , bulls , beer , beauty queens , and belt buckles . Amy and Caleb compete in team roping and he also competes in bronc riding , earning him the all - around cowboy buckle at the rodeo . Soraya , Lou , Ashley , and Kit compete for the title Queen of the Rodeo . Kit wins , Soraya is runner - up , and Ashley is second runner - up . Ty competes in bull riding when someone who was entered does n't show up , and Amy becomes upset , concerned for his safety , as bull riding seems to be perceived as the most dangerous event . Amy seems concerned over Ty and Kit 's budding friendship . Ashley is noticeably upset at the party that follows the rodeo and is drinking quite heavily , and Amy learns from her that Apollo , Ashley 's show jumping horse and the only horse that she had a bond with , has been sold . By the end of the night , Ashley is too intoxicated to take herself home , so Amy drives . She takes her eyes off the road and swerves , then Ashley yanks the wheel and they go off the road . Ty and Kit are headed home in his truck , and they help the girls . The next morning , Ty takes the blame for the accident , as Ashley was drunk and Amy has only a Class 7 license ( learner 's permit ) , as she has n't taken the basic road test to earn her Class 5 Probationary license yet . Ashley goes home with her mother , who is angry over the $3700 in damages to Ashley 's BMW . 21 8 `` Summer 's End '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie November 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 29 ) 208 It 's the end of summer in Hudson , and the weather is sweltering . While most of the family are awake because of the heat , Brad Borden ( Ty 's father ) comes to Heartland with six horses in a livestock trailer designed for cattle . One of the horses is down on the floor with a bad head wound , and Jack is forced to do the merciful thing , though Amy is desperate to prevent it . The other five horses are badly dehydrated and in rough shape , but able to wait until morning , when Scott can get to Heartland from Red Deer . Amy has a feeling that she knows one of the horses , and after cleaning his face , realizes that it is Ashley 's former jumper , Apollo . When Amy calls Ashley , she is distraught thinking that her mother sold Apollo to a meat truck . In fairness , Val thought that the horse dealer she sold to was reputable . Ashley smashes the windows of Val 's SUV with a golf club and runs away from home , despite Val 's threats to cut her off financially . Ashley spends much of the episode working and living at the dude ranch , and considering dropping out of high school . Ty is upset with his father for leaving him alone in Calgary , resulting in the men Brad owed money to tracking Ty down and beating him up several times . Father and son spend some time talking and they make peace , even talking about taking a trip to the Grand Canyon together . Amy , Ty , Caleb , and Mallory care for the horses , and this heavy episode is lightened by Mallory 's efforts to stay cool , standing in front of the open fridge and taking a cool bath with several bags of ice . There 's even a lighthearted water fight while the four of them are washing down the horses one evening . Amy and Ty are getting closer to where they left things before Ty went to Calgary . When the rain finally comes and cools off the heat , they go outside and kiss , but Ty breaks it off , worrying he is like his dad and saying he does n't want to hurt Amy . Once the horses are cared for , Lou deals with the logistics by making a deal with their owner ( a horse dealer ) to buy the five healthy horses for $2000 . However , Brad takes the money and leaves abruptly in the middle of the night , after receiving a call from the men that are still expecting his to return their money . Constable Rodriguez comes to the rescue when it looks like the horses will have to go back to the dealer , and the family keep the horses to use on trail rides for the dude ranch . 22 9 `` Showdown ! '' Sudz Sutherland Leila Basen and David Preston December 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) 209 Amy and Soraya return to school , and Amy makes a bunch of schedules so that Caleb and Ty will do most of the work , and she wo n't have to fall behind in her studies this year . However , there have been some mysterious cattle rustlers roaming about stealing many ranchers ' cows and the ranchers are getting worried . Tim is one such rancher , and he hires both Caleb and Ty to watch his herd . This angers Amy , as she knows they wo n't have enough time to do most of the regular chores at the ranch as well . When she expresses this anger to Caleb , he kisses her and tells her that she thinks too much . The next day , Ty and Kit are having fun while working on schoolwork in the back of his truck , and they kiss . By this time , they had become close , and she had helped Ty apply to take online courses to complete his high - school diploma . Mallory discovered at the start of the episode that her parents had important news that could only be shared face - to - face . Her father has a gold record , and is going on tour to promote it . Since they ca n't be around to take care of her , Mallory is to be sent to Blessed Virgin Academy , an all - girls boarding school . There is a touching moment as she leaves the ranch . The tension continues to increase in this episode , as the ranchers become more and more concerned about their cattle . The police try to help track the rustlers , but they work swiftly , observing herds from a helicopter , then cutting fence lines and rounding up the cattle , driving them into a livestock trailer and escaping . Lou feels torn , as she has started seeing Mark Rodriguez , to whom her father is becoming increasingly hostile , feeling that the constable is inept at his job of preventing livestock theft . The episode reaches its climax when Ty and Caleb watch as the cattle rustlers turn up to steal Tim 's herd of cattle . Amy rides off in search of the ranch hands when she finds no work completed in the barn , and comes across the same scene , but one of the rustlers causes Spartan to rear , dropping Amy to the ground . Ty and Caleb come to help her , and she manages to escape , but the rustler has a gun and they stop advancing towards the scene of the crime . Jack drives up with Tim in tow , tipped off by Ashley , and try to stop the rustlers , but they are outnumbered . Amy sees this , and comes running towards them , calling , `` Dad ! '' The rustlers turn , guns in hand , and shoot towards her ; Tim takes a bullet to protect Amy . The episode ends on a cliffhanger , with no indication of where the bullet got Tim or whether he will survive , and the cattle rustlers drive off with his entire herd ( minus the two longhorns ) . 23 10 `` True Enough '' Sudz Sutherland Heather Conkie January 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 04 ) 210 The episode prolongs the cliffhanger as long as possible , not referring to what happened to Tim , showing an influx of food from friends of the family ( which usually corresponds with a funeral ) and a conversation between Lou and Jack about Amy , saying that it 's good she went on a ride . She is even seen riding past the cemetery where her mom was buried in the first episode . Tim turns out to have been injured in his right shoulder , and he is wearing a sling . Tim becomes a source of tension in the household , constantly ringing a bell and expecting to be served . Amy is feeling guilty for being the cause of his bullet wound ( although indirectly ) , and she heals while caring for another horse . Amy 's teacher , Ruth Adams , is trying to sell her father 's old chestnut , Boxer . Amy and Ty try to help him settle in while they work on rehoming him , by bringing Hank Adams to visit his horse . While he is there , Ruth shows up , very upset that her father was brought to the ranch , revealing that Hank has Alzheimer 's . Despite being fuzzy about who his daughter is , Hank clearly remembers Boxer and even Jack . Jack eventually remembers that Hank was the lead guitarist for his wife , Lyndy , when she was a singer professionally . Jack had brought out an old record of hers to listen to , and they listen to it while talking with the Adams . Hank spontaneously picks up a guitar and starts playing the song in time with the record . In the end , Amy offers to keep Boxer so that Hank can visit him while he is able , and Ruth accepts this offer . While Tim is wearing out his welcome with Jack , Callie Phillips shows up and starts taking care of Tim . It seems they have been seeing each other since the cattle drive earlier in the season , and she stays at Big River whenever she is in town . This is quite a shock to the girls , who had no idea that Tim had a girlfriend . Amy is the least comfortable with it , and is fairly rude to Callie while she stays with them overnight . In the meantime , Lou is still seeing Mark , and enjoying it , even making him a mixed CD of police - related songs ( whether by theme or artists ' name ) . However , they were supposed to take a trip to the Banff Springs Hotel and have lunch there , but Mark says he is busy going to a provincial review meeting in Edmonton . This turns out to be a lie when Lou sees him kissing a blonde in Hudson , in his truck . He tries to explain that he did n't think they were exclusive , but Lou dumps him without a second thought . Ty is on a date with Kit , and Caleb tells Amy that Ty gave her up too easily . Caleb then shares a kiss with an enthusiastic Amy . Callie and Tim get in a fight , but get back together , and she takes him back to Big River , and finally out of Jack 's hair . 24 11 `` Starstruck ! '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston January 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 11 ) 211 Hollywood starlet and gossip - rag fodder Mindy Fanshaw arrives at Heartland under the pretext of honing her riding skills , which turn out to be non-existent . Mallory is found hiding in one of the dude ranch cabins , having been aided in her ' escape ' from the boarding school by Jake . Mallory collects items Mindy has used around Heartland , planning to sell them on eBay so she can repay Jake for the money he spent helping her . Mindy digs into the Ty / Amy / Caleb ' triangle ' , lying to all three about what the others had said and attempts to pit the three against each other . She attacks Amy in particular for being unable to choose between Ty and Caleb or express how she feels about either guy . When Mindy ropes Caleb into taking her on a trail ride , she insists on riding an ailing Pegasus , ignoring Amy 's warning that the horse should not be used . This results in a calculated photo - op for Mindy with paparazzi tipped off by her agent . The photographers get too close and spook Pegasus , dropping Mindy off his back , but causing stone bruises and a chipped bone for Pegasus . Lou eventually kicks Mindy out for behaving as a spoiled rich girl and disrupting the peace at Heartland , and she drives off into the sunset . She does leave Amy a parting gift , in the form of a very flashy , one of a kind belt , which was for sale at Maggie 's for $995 . Amy promptly gives this to Soraya , with whom she was fighting over Amy 's not sharing that Mindy was taking riding lessons at Heartland . 25 12 `` Divorce Horse '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 18 ) 212 Mackenzie Hutton returns to Heartland with a fiancé , Ian , who she met after dumping her real estate agent boyfriend in New York . Mackenzie has changed quite a bit from her last visit to Heartland . She has given up the pretense of allergies to gluten , dairy , sugar , food that is not certified organic , and caffeine . She is also much more relaxed and happy with her easygoing husband - to - be in the picture . She has also taken a page from Lou 's book and quit her job to be her own boss , running a little art gallery in the Village . When Mackenzie arrives at Heartland , she is talking about a small wedding ( under 50 guests ) held outside near the dude ranch , with a BBQ cookout reception . Lisa ( with the best of intentions ) meddles with Lou 's plans for Mackenzie , since she knows the Huttons and their high - society lifestyle . Lisa and Mackenzie 's mom convince her that she would be happier with a sit - down reception dinner and a tent and roses and peonies for table settings , rather than what she and Ian had been hoping for . Lisa also meddles in Lou 's personal life , giving her email to a friend , who passed it on to another friend 's single son . Peter , the young man , emails Lou , but she has to decide if she wants to respond . In the meantime , Amy has been treating another horse for Lisa , an Andalusian beauty named Diva . Lisa claims the horse is cursed , calling her `` Diva girl , the divorce horse '' , as everyone who has owned the horse has become divorced . She is moody and temperamental , and Lisa asks Amy to figure her out , since Diva has been returned three times after being rehomed . With Ty and Caleb 's help , Amy determines that Diva just needs to be a horse , and hates to be kept in a stall . Unfortunately , this means that Lisa can not sell her as a show horse . She ultimately decides to give Diva to Mackenzie , who had taken a real shine to her , and would be able to keep her at her inlaws ' ranch in Montana . While Mackenzie and Ian had been fighting during the episode over whether to even get married after their plans were hijacked , they resolve their differences and remember how much they love one another . The episode ends with Mackenzie and Ian saying their vows in the company of the Heartland family , at sunset in front of the dude ranch cabins and overlooking the pond . 26 13 `` Seismic Shifts '' TW Peacocke Susin Nielsen February 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 08 ) 213 Bedford Oil comes to Hudson and begins to conduct oil exploration on Jack 's property , using seismic testing and exploratory oil wells . Mallory tells Lou that there is little to be done , as the oil companies can do as they please . Feeling shocked by the injustice of it , Lou mobilizes the community against Bedford . She holds a town hall meeting where she invites local community members , their MLA , and a representative from Bedford Oil , who shows up and turns out to be PW ( Peter Walter ) Morris , the company owner . Tim shares a contrasting perspective with Lou privately , saying that he would be glad to have a well installed on his property , for the royalties he would be paid . Mallory is reading Wuthering Heights and becomes convinced that Amy and Ty are Catherine and Heathcliff , meant to be together but thwarted by circumstance . Amy is working on desensitizing a horse named Acorn to noise and struggles to make progress with the oil company blasting at the edge of Jack 's land . Ashley and Caleb become roommates , as Ashley leaves Briar Ridge again after fighting with her mother . Mallory discovers that the two fishermen staying at the dude ranch are actually working for the oil company , when she is cleaning their cabin and discovers their fishing gear left behind . Lou kicks them out , though they protest that they had paid for several days more . Lou continues to hold a grudge against Lisa and avoid her company , though she continues to instant message with the man that Lisa gave Lou 's email to . By the end of the episode , Lisa apologizes to Lou and they have an honest conversation , making up in the process . Lou meets PW in town twice , spilling coffee on his shirt both times . He seems somewhat interested in her , but she shuts him down . Lou agrees to meet `` Internet guy '' as Mallory has dubbed him , who turns out to be none other than PW . Neither one of them were able to make the connection , though , as both used their first names - Peter and Samantha . Lou lets practical considerations ( the fact that Peter is `` an oil guy '' ) get in the way of having a relationship ( or even a date ) with Peter . Nonetheless , they wind up kissing on the street in front of Maggie 's . Lou starts to leave , returns to kiss him again , and then says that their attraction can not go anywhere , ending the episode on a small cliffhanger . 27 14 `` Do or Die '' TW Peacocke Mark Haroun February 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 15 ) 214 Ty 's former probation officer , Clint , brings two troubled kids to the ranch , hoping that they can learn something from Ty and the ranch where he sorted out his problems . The two kids , Tara and Badger , seem to be at the far end of the spectrum relative to Ty , starting off their stay by burning an Adirondack chair at the dude ranch and putting peanut butter in the muffin Clint was eating -- knowing he was allergic to peanuts . Tara is a goth , and Badger is a boy who never talks . They clash with most of the family , and especially Mallory . Tara teases her by calling her a cheerleader , Hilary Duff , and similar names that reflect her perception of Mallory as a peppy `` nice girl '' . Ty and Badger fight from the beginning , when he refuses to put out his cigarette and later lets all of the horses in the barn out . Tara follows Ty around a bit , making reference to them being alike , thinking she knows his experiences . Mallory eventually makes peace with Tara by sharing her own story about her parents leaving her at Heartland to go on the road . Tara responds dismissively , but Mallory says she should realize that other people have problems too . After this , Tara comes around . Mallory even persuades her to take a riding lesson , making a deal with Tara that Mallory will try out the goth look and attitude in exchange . Amy takes them back to the dude ranch so that she can watch them and there will be enough room for everyone , then sits outside with Ty by the fire as Mallory and Tara have a pillow fight . Ty confides that he did n't want the other foster kids at Heartland because he does n't want to be a poster boy for the rehabilitation program . Ty reveals that his mother remarried a man who was horrible to them both . He made a vow to pay him back for the pain he inflicted , and when he did , the neighbours called the cops . At this point , Ty met Clint , who was supposed to deal with the hopeless cases . Amy is happy that Ty finally shared his story , and tells him that she 's happy Clint brought him to Heartland . 28 15 `` Dark Horse '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston March 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 01 ) 215 When a county by - law threatens to separate elderly Mrs. Bell from her beloved pony Sugarfoot , Lou revives the Hudson Charity Derby to raise money for a legal defense fund . This reawakens an old rivalry between Tim and Jack , who were the reason the derby became defunct many years previously . Both dispute who won , because Tim won by going off - course during the race . Both sign up for this derby to settle their score . Kit drops off her horse Money ( short for You 're so Money ) , whom she thought was a chuckwagon horse , to Heartland for rehoming . Scott looks at the horse and determines that he has a tattoo , meaning he was a racehorse . Ty looks up Money 's records and discovers that he was a success when racing . Amy helps get Tim 's palomino horse in shape for the race , as Tim is still having difficulty riding due to his shoulder . Ty helps Jack train on their `` secret weapon '' because Jack 's horse , Paint , is too old to race in the derby . Tim and Jack are doing well in the race , until Tim falls off his horse and Jack stops to help him . Scott wins the race and Tim and Jack tie for second ( although Tim 's horse was ahead by a little bit , if you watch closely ) . Amy and Ty are recruited to be spotters at the halfway point , which does n't work out , as the walkie talkies that Amy and Lou communicate on are unable to connect properly over such a distance . Ty and Amy start play - fighting and almost kiss . Ashley 's mom offers to sponsor Caleb so he can join the professional rodeo circuit and leave Hudson . This episode features some comic relief between Jack and Tim - Tim offers Jack hay , and Jack thinks it will be free . They haggle over price , and Jack plans to take the hay . They disagree later , and he comes back to return the hay . In all , the hay is lifted onto and taken off of the bed of Jack 's truck no less than four times . 29 16 `` The Ties That Bind '' Dean Bennett Penny Gummerson March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) 216 The episode opens with Amy and Spartan out on a ride as dusk is falling . For no clear reason , Spartan is acting a bit uneasy . This part of the episode is filmed as if through the eyes of someone watching Amy and her horse , always with trees between the scene and the audience . When they return to the barn , Amy also seems uneasy , and decides not to let Ty turn Spartan out with the other horses overnight . That night , Amy tosses and turns , seeing the night her mom died in her dreams , while Wes breaks into the barn and escapes with Spartan . When Amy wakes up in the middle of the night and goes to check on him , she discovers that Spartan is gone . The family speaks to the police to track Spartan , but Ty and Amy also spend the next couple weeks checking horse auctions to see if Spartan turns up . They visit the Highwood Auction , and Ty buys a two - year - old bay gelding named Harley . Amy is angry that he spent the money he 'd been saving for a motorcycle on a horse , but he says that he 's almost a motorcycle , due to the name . Amy starts to storm out , but Ty stops her when he sees Spartan turn up . Spartan is there and Wes buys him `` legally '' . Amy tries to prove that Spartan is her horse , but she does n't possess a bill of sale , and current registration papers do n't prove it without one . Wes is unable to leave with Spartan right away because Ty slashed his tires to ensure he could n't leave before they talked to the brand inspector . Ty chases down Wes later , hoping to buy Spartan back , but Wes refuses to sell him for any price . Amy later plans to return and steal Spartan from the auction house , and Ty tries to talk her out of it , saying it 's a felony . ( This is actually untrue in Alberta , as indictable offences are applied in Canada . This is one of a limited number of regional errors in this show . ) In the end , Ty reluctantly agrees to help her that evening . Ty gets caught and taken to jail , where Jack bails him out , but he may still be convicted . Jack and Tim track down Wes and force him to sign a bill of sale , returning Spartan and preventing similar problems for Amy in the future . Jack also talks to Constable Rodriguez , who promises to destroy the file on Ty 's theft attempt . Ty instead has to do 200 hours of community service , and Amy is grounded until further notice . Mallory 's horse , Copper , is scared of her because of her `` goth '' look , so she returns to her normal style by the end of the episode . Lou is apprehensive of revealing to her family that she is dating an oil guy , and goes to extreme measures to avoid them seeing her with Peter . Caleb gets his rodeo card , and Val offers him a sponsorship to go on the road and stay away from Ashley . Caleb debates whether to take it , and talks to both Ty and Kit about it . In the end , he decides to go , and does so at the end of the episode . 30 17 `` Full Circle '' Don McBrearty Penny Gummerson March 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) 217 Spartan refuses to jump for Amy and she is suffering from the trauma of having him stolen , so Amy takes him to Marion 's Aboriginal Canadian friend Victor Whitetail who helps people connect with their horses . He helps Amy process her feelings and heal , using traditional Aboriginal methods . Victor was more than friends with Marion after Tim left . Peter books the entire dude ranch in order to spend time with Lou , who continues to keep him a secret from her family . Peter is forced to tell Lou he has an ex-wife when he has to take care of their dog , Max . Lou promises to let him meet her family , now that she knows more about his . Ty breaks Harley while Amy stays at Victor 's , but gets into a fight with Kit when she tries to show him her methods . Later , Ty breaks up with Kit , realizing he has feelings for Amy ; when she returns , he tells her he ca n't continue being only friends . Ashley mopes around because Caleb has n't spoken to her since leaving for the rodeo circuit . 31 18 `` Step By Step '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) 218 Ty tells Jack and Amy that this winter is very hard on the mustangs in the mountains , and Amy wants to go feed them . Jack says it will make them dependent on people . At dinner , Mallory reveals that Ty has earned his high school diploma and later tells Amy that he 's at a crossroads , and asks if Amy has any plans . She replies that she 's working on it . Her method is revealed when we see Amy talking about sneaking up to the fishing cabin with Ty to feed the horses , which will also give them a great opportunity to talk . Jack comes into the barn to tell them that it 's now necessary to feed the horses , and the three of them can go up that weekend . However , Lou has weekend plans and Mallory and Jake have nowhere to stay , so Jack winds up looking after them . This leaves Amy and Ty free to follow through with their plans , in the open . When they arrive , Amy and Ty spread out the hay for the horses , and Ty collapses after thinking he sees Ghost . ( This is the second time that Ghost shows up when Ty is in danger . ) Ty develops a high fever , but no one else can reach the fishing cabin because the highway is closed . Lou was heading to a spa with Peter along one of the mountain highways , but they were forced to turn back due to the closures . Lou made an attempt to tell Jack about Peter , but Mallory and Jake spilled something in the other room , and Jack took them to Maggie 's . When they return , Lou introduces Peter to Jack , who is incredibly unhappy that Lou is dating an oil guy , even calling him the enemy . However , after Amy contacts Jack via the cabin 's shortwave radio , Peter organizes snowplows to clear the highway in the morning , and Jack grudgingly accepts him . Amy cares for Ty overnight , and his fever eventually breaks . It turns out that Ghost really was there , not a hallucination of Ty 's brought on by illness . Upon seeing Ghost outside , the pair go out to greet him , and Amy begins to talk about what Ty said . She agrees they ca n't just be friends , admitting that she loves him . Ty finally tells Amy his feelings for her . Meanwhile , Val gets her test results back , and they are negative . Val tells Ashley that she sponsored Caleb , which causes Ashley to become upset with her mom and Caleb . When he returns to his trailer , Ashley kicks him out . Later , Val is driving along , and pulls over to answer her phone and discover that she needs further tests . Jack gives Tim a loan , since Tim was thinking of selling land to Val to be able to afford to continue after losing his herd of cattle , which would turn Val into Jack 's neighbour on both sides . Once they return to Heartland , Amy and Ty get cozy on the couch . He makes Amy say she loves him again , and they kiss . Season 3 ( 2009 - 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 32 `` Miracle '' Steve DiMarco Heather Conkie October 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 04 ) 301 When a coach bus and a horse trailer collide on Highway 95 , they block the route for Amy 's school bus to get to her high school . Ignoring a command to stay on the bus , Amy goes to help Caesar , a grey gelding with Olympic prospects , stuck in a barbed wire fence . Amy calms him down while his trainer , Stuart Forrest , cuts the barbed wire to free him . When Amy turns around , a crowd has gathered to watch , with several individuals filming her . One of these recordings is presented on the news , causing Heartland to become famous overnight . Amy struggles to keep up with the pressure while trying to heal Caesar , who is spooked by loud noises , cars , and horse trailers after the accident . Amy earns the nickname `` Miracle Girl '' , which she likes even less than the comments of `` horse whispering '' when people talked about Marion 's and her gift previously . Ty applied for a vet program , and accepted an offer from Scott to apprentice / intern with him in the meantime . Ty begins to question his decision after his first job with Scott was to help at the scene of the accident , which included the euthanasia of a few severely injured horses . Caleb punches Ty for hurting Kit , saying that he had warned him not to . Jack lets Caleb stay in the loft with Ty , as Caleb is living in his truck , unable to get his trailer back from Ashley . She starts working at Maggie 's to afford to live on her own . Amy and Ty make plans to get Ashley and Caleb back together , so Ty does n't have to listen to his snoring . Lisa comes back from France and asks Jack if he misses her when she is away . Jack explains that he misses her , but there 's a lot going on at the ranch to occupy his time . Tim buys a new herd of cows with some of the money that Jack lent him . Jack gets upset , but Lisa tells him that he ca n't tell Tim how to use the loan . Jack asks Val about her deal with Tim , and she says there is n't one . He also asks her how she 's feeling , and she says that her doctor says she is in remission , but `` this blood thing 's a tricky customer '' . This seems to imply that Val had one of the blood cancers ( leukemia , lymphoma , or myeloma ) which was treated successfully in the time between seasons . Val has n't told Ashley , not wanting to worry her , and she thanks Jack for taking her to her appointments , saying he is a true friend . 33 `` Little Secrets '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston October 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 11 ) 302 Amy finds herself caught in a family crisis when she tries to help a 10 - year - old girl , Taylor Kennedy , and her horse Trooper recover from what appears to be a freak accident . Taylor was in a full - body cast after Trooper started galloping apparently out of the blue , and she fell off . Trooper also lunges at Taylor when they first arrive , and Amy notes that she has only seen this with abused horses . Ty thinks it is unlikely that a young girl would abuse her horse , but Mallory cautions that they should n't underestimate Taylor . After Amy has been working with Trooper and Taylor together for a while , getting her to spend time with her horse and then grooming him together , she assesses that the horse is fine , and that perhaps the problem lies with Taylor . Amy also finds out that the Kennedys are getting divorced , and that Taylor will go to any lengths to get them to stay together . Taylor also almost hurts Trooper one night while he 's in Heartland 's care , advancing on him with a large branch in hand , while Mallory looks on . She also gets on and hits him with a riding crop to make him gallop like he did during the accident . Amy stops them before they reach a cliff , but then Taylor starts running . Amy catches her and reveals that she 's pieced together the mystery . When they return to the ranch , Amy takes Kate Kennedy aside and tells her that her daughter needs some professional help ( Amy says she can help Trooper , but she ca n't help Taylor ) . Amy offers to take care of Trooper while Taylor 's problems are sorted out , however long that takes . In the meantime , Heartland continues to be very busy thanks to Amy 's reputation as the `` Miracle Girl '' , meaning that Jack is making extra pens behind the barn to deal with more horses , and Lou and Tim are thinking about expansion plans for the dude ranch . Amy is also treating Roxy , a horse that is barn sour ( meaning she is reluctant to leave her stall ) . Ashley and Caleb continue to be at odds , and Amy brings Soraya into her and Ty 's plans to get them back together . The two girls talk to Ashley , but she has figured out what they are up to ( and why ) , and asks them to stay out of it . Lou continues to try to keep Amy 's schedule manageable , but Tim continues to interfere , promising service to people that Lou says will have to wait . 34 `` Man 's Best Friend '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie October 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 18 ) 303 Jack 's truck breaks down more and more often , causing Lisa and him to miss a wedding they were supposed to go to . Lisa and the rest of the family try to convince him to upgrade . They persuade him to visit the Chevy dealership , and he comes home with a new grey Silverado , after trading in his old truck for $1000 . However , he continues to complain about the truck , its seat settings , its lack of comfort , etc . He becomes upset , and takes the truck up to the fishing cabin . The family ca n't understand why Jack is so attached to his old truck , but the audience learns through a flashback sequence that Jack 's late wife , Amy and Lou 's grandmother , Lyndy bought him the 1972 Chevrolet Cheyenne 10 as an anniversary gift early in their marriage . In the meantime , Amy is trying to help a horse named Duke , whose stable - mate died recently , by trying to get him to bond with Pegasus . Mallory and Jake stop by , looking for Kramer , Jake 's black - and - white paint cow pony , who has a habit of escaping from pens by jumping the fences . When they find him , they ask Amy to solve his problem . Amy recognizes that the horse actually jumps fences without provocation , simply because he loves to jump . Amy 's solution is for Mallory to take Kramer around a jumping course regularly , to keep his extra energy in check and make him behave for Jake 's family . Kramer also helps Amy with Duke , because the two horses become fast friends . She is then able to get Duke to socialize with the other horses and to get over his grief . The end - of - school dance is also coming up fast , and Amy and Ty are supposed to go together . Amy was going to use one of Lou 's old dresses , but Lisa gives her a beautiful turquoise gown from Paris . Ty is worried because he does n't know how to dance , so he takes lessons from Lou ( and Peter , who 's back from a business trip to Dubai ) . Amy and Ty head out to their dance , but Ty 's truck breaks down . Instead , they wind up dancing in the bed of the truck , and Ty presents Amy with a promise ring . Ashley asks a rich boy from a private school to go with her as a date to the dance to make Caleb jealous . Caleb hitches his trailer to his truck , and tries to pull it away , but he and Ashley wind up laughing about it before she drives off with the other boy . Jack 's problems with the new truck are solved when he finds a used truck , much like his old one , but in much better shape . Old Goldie ( the old truck ) is brought back to the farm as a `` lawn ornament '' and sits beside another old , dead truck . 35 `` The Haunting of Hanley Barn '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun October 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 25 ) 304 Something is scaring the horses at night in the Hanley Barn and Amy is called in to investigate . At first , Amy thinks it might be the feed , but Mr. Hanley rejects this suggestion as he 'd already talked about it with the vet . Amy agrees to come back that night to investigate further , and Ty comes with her at Jack 's request . Meanwhile , Badger returns to Heartland , having run away from his foster home to see his birth parents , but they had moved without leaving him any contact information . He talks to Ty about it , saying that he needs somewhere to stay overnight . Ty lets him stay temporarily , and Mallory finds Badger sketching by the lake . Both seem interested in each other , as Badger almost tells Mallory she looks more grown - up than before , and Mallory asks about Tara , who Badger seemed to be dating when they first showed up in Season 2 . Clint stops by looking for Badger , and Ty pretends he has n't seen him , to give Badger some time to cool off before having to return to his foster home . Mallory steals food for Badger , and the story returns to Amy . She and Ty are at Maggie 's , and Ty asks why everyone thinks the barn is haunted . Soraya , Amy , Ashley , and Mallory recount the tale : A young man was working at the Hanley place , and fell in love with the farmer 's daughter . One night , the barn erupted into flame and all the horses , as well as the young man , died in the fire . Shortly thereafter , Mr. Hanley 's parents bought the farm from the previous owners and they built a new barn on top of the original 's location . Now it is believed that The Drifter , the young man , haunts the barn , and he is portrayed as wearing a black cloak , with a hook for a hand , and no face under his hood . Just then , Caleb bangs in , wearing a heavy black cloak because the weather 's turning . Amy and Ty go to the Hanley place , and spend several hours just playing cards . While they are there , Caleb , Soraya , and Ashley show up to scare them ( in which they succeed ) . Noises come from upstairs , which Amy had noticed earlier in the day . Amy and Ty investigate , despite Mr. Hanley 's previous warning that the loft is strictly off - limits . They discover Mallory and Badger upstairs , and tell them to go home . At this point , Mr. Hanley appears and explains that the loft has dry rot , which is why he told Amy not to go upstairs . In the end , Amy discovers that Mr. Hanley 's neighbour , Brett , has been spiking the horses ' feed with a glycogen loader , meant to give horses energy , which is the reason they are so worked up in the morning . He wants to force Mr. Hanley into foreclosure , so he can buy the land . Once that problem 's solved , Ty decides to help Badger by coaching him through how to apologize to Clint , which Badger does . Ty also tells Badger to come back to Heartland if he runs away again , so that he 'll be safe . Later , Mallory flips through Badger 's sketchpad while he 's not around and sees a drawing of her . She asks him about it , and they wind up kissing . Lou is planning on visiting Peter in Denver , Colorado , for a single day while he has a layover on his way back to Dubai . Jack disapproves , and says it 's an awful long distance to travel for a single day together . Lou ca n't understand why he 's so easy on Amy and hard on her , but Jack eventually reveals it 's because Amy reminds him so much of Marion , and Lou reminds him of himself . He also says that he worries about when she 'll leave again , possibly for New York , or worse ( in his eyes ) , Toronto . Mrs. Bell comes over to use the kitchen to make strawberry jam with Lou 's help . While she 's there , Mrs. Bell reminisces , and tells Mallory , about Thomas Ritter ( aka The Drifter ) , her first boyfriend . She gave him a jar of jam , and he returned the empty jar with a butterfly in it . Towards the end of the episode , Mrs. Bell brings a butterfly in a jar to the grave at the Hanley farm where he was buried , and releases it in his memory . 36 5 `` Glory Days '' Don McBrearty Leila Basen and David Preston November 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) 305 In the hopes of impressing Ashley , Caleb takes lessons in bulldogging from former rodeo champion Tim , who considers getting back into competition , and refuses to acknowledge that he may no longer have what it takes . Amy helps them with this . Tim pays Jack back for his loan in cows , and Jack relives his glory days as well , working with the cattle herd . He realizes he ca n't do it alone , and gets Tim 's help , for a price . Tim wants a paycheque and grazing fees , meaning the herd of cattle might not be much of a return of the loan . Kit 's barrel horse is foaling , and Ty helps Scott check on the mare while waiting for her time to come . They talk , and Kit congratulates him on getting accepted to two pre-vet university programs ( at the University of Manitoba , and Grasslands Agricultural College ) . Kit says she knew he could do it , though he struggled with Grade 12 Algebra . ( This is another regional error : she means Math 30 Pure , as Alberta 's high school maths are broken down only into Pure ( university prep ) / Applied ( college prep ) and Math 31 ( calculus ) , not into algebra , geometry , etc. , like some other provinces . ) Ty assists Scott with the delivery , which is complicated by the fact that the foal is upside down . Its head and right foreleg get stuck while Scott tries to turn it , and the foal is stillborn . Kit and Ty sort out their lingering break - up issues while Ty comforts Kit , who is visibly upset . After the birth , the mare refuses to leave the dead foal alone , so they try to get her to bond with an orphaned foal , Merlin , instead . It 's hard going at first , but Amy comes over to help and rubs the foal with the blanket that was on the dead foal , making him smell like the mare 's foal . At that point , the mare accepts Merlin and he 's able to nurse , which seems to be a success . Lou invites Peter to manage his business from the Heartland facilities while his office in Calgary undergoes renovation , which soon turns out to be a mistake . Peter also interferes with Lou and Mallory 's agreement for Copper , telling Mallory that she has actually completely paid off her share of Copper 's ownership , and then some . Caleb repays Val for her sponsorship , and he talks about his reasons for trying bulldogging . He thinks it will be safer , but Tim later tells him that it 's even more dangerous than bronc riding , because there are more variables with more animals . Val tells Ashley that Caleb 's a good guy , and tells her that the money was repaid . Val asks Ashley to forgive her and give her a second chance and Ashley moves back to Briar Ridge . While she 's leaving , she seems to make her peace with Caleb . 37 6 `` Growing Pains '' Don McBrearty Susin Nielsen November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) 306 Ty and Amy clash over how best to raise Merlin , the orphaned foal from before . Lou must defuse a potential lawsuit after fending off unwanted advances from an unscrupulous business client . Meanwhile , Val tries to connect with her newly reconciled daughter Ashley . A cougar stalks the Heartland area . 38 7 `` The Starting Gate '' Grant Harvey David Moses November 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 307 Ty 's mom comes to reconnect with him . When Tim buys a racehorse from Lisa that she has given up on , he puts everything on the line , including Amy , to win big . But Lisa is angry when she finds out that Tim has convinced Amy to work with him after she said she could n't help Lisa . Amy suggests foul play by Lisa 's jockey and makes Lisa even more angry . Jack is stuck in the middle of Lisa and Amy 's disagreement . 39 8 `` The Fix '' Grant Harvey Penny Gummerson November 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 22 ) 308 Tim has entered the horse he bought from Lisa in a local race and hires Ty to keep an eye on it at the track . Tim 's rivalry with Lisa continues as she has another horse in the race , and Jack is caught in the middle . Ty 's stepfather Wade tries to work things out with Lily and creates problems for Ty at the track . Wade puts salt in Tim 's horse 's hay , causing him to lose the race . 40 9 `` Broken Arrow '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen and David Preston December 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 06 ) 309 Ty is about to spend his last day at Heartland before leaving for vet school , and Amy wants quality time with her boyfriend . But when a wounded horse has Scott flying his plane to British Columbia to tend to the animal , Ty tags along . Caleb plans on getting a pay raise from Jack , who has a different idea , while Val hires Amy to help get Apollo back on the show jumping circuit . Lou struggles to find her maternal instincts when Marnie leaves her to look after Jerry Junior . Lou is also concerned that Jerry Junior might not be the only baby in her immediate future . 41 10 `` Eye of the Wolf '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) 310 The search begins to find Scott and Ty . With Amy feeling helpless back at Heartland , she decides to lead a search on horseback . With Scott near death , Ty must help him survive . 42 11 `` Catch and Release '' TW Peacocke Mark Haroun January 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 10 ) 311 While the boys head off on a fishing trip , the girls are left at Heartland to deal with the havoc caused by a dog , a porcupine , and a herd of escaped cows . Ty is struggling with dreams about the wolf from his recent plane accident . Jack and Tim have `` words '' because of something Peter says . 43 12 `` The Reckoning '' TW Peacocke Penny Gummerson January 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ) 312 Victor Whitetail visits Heartland , leaving Tim to wonder if Victor was more than just friends with his ex-wife. Ty convinces Kit to give her star barrel horse to Amy to fix , but when Amy brings Kit into the healing process , Kit puts Ty between them . Meanwhile , Lou gets invited to Paris by Peter and is overjoyed until she learns that the trip is not exactly what she envisioned . Peter must change his `` big plans '' . Peter proposes to Lou . Amy has a memorial ceremony for her mom . 44 13 `` Quarantine '' Grant Harvey Ken Craw January 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) 313 When Kit 's horse , Daisy , comes down with strangles while at Heartland , the stables are put under quarantine . Amy is furious when she finds out that Kit brought Daisy to Heartland almost straight from a rodeo where many other horses had contracted Strangles . When Pegasus catches the disease , it brings mixed feelings for Amy and Tim . Meanwhile , Mallory is trying to convince Jack to drive her to an Art Museum event where she hopes to bump into her former friend , Badger . Pegasus dies . 45 14 `` The Happy List '' Chris Potter Heather Conkie January 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 31 ) 314 While Amy is upset with Ty for buying a rundown motorcycle , Caleb and Ashley clash over him leaving for a rodeo . Amy is asked by Val to help her get back on her horse and start show jumping again . Lou starts to plan her wedding and Peter is second guessing their marriage . Caleb gets hurt in the rodeo . Jake comes back with a new girlfriend , Chelsea . Mallory continues to text and call Badger . 46 15 `` Second Chances '' Dean Bennett Susin Nielsen March 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 07 ) 315 Amy and Ty discover that Mr. Hanley has abandoned his horses and is on the brink of losing his farm . Lisa comes back from Europe and feels that there may be something between Jack and Val. Lou is in the middle of wedding plans . Mallory is being extra nice to Lou because she wants to be asked to be one of her brides maids . Jack proposes to Lisa . Caleb is back and depressed . 47 16 `` Spin Out '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston March 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 14 ) 316 Caleb becomes addicted to his pain medicine , he steals Ty 's bike and wrecks it . Lisa wants to tell Lou and Amy that she and Jack are engaged , but Jack does n't want to overshadow Lou and Peter 's wedding plans . The Hudson townspeople gossip over Jack and Lisa . After a visit with Val , Lisa has second thoughts . Jack and Lisa decide not to get married . Caleb gets back on his horse . 48 17 `` Ring of Fire '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston March 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 21 ) 317 When Amy follows in her mother 's footsteps and enters into a professional colt starting competition , her gift with horses and her self - confidence are put to the test . At first , Garrett seems to be the best and Amy is struggling . But Garrett encourages her and helps her win . Tim wants to take his racehorse to California . Ashley tells Caleb she loves him , but breaks up with him because he 's going on the rodeo circuit . 49 18 `` In The Cards '' Steve DiMarco Heather Conkie March 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 28 ) 318 A surprise announcement by Peter throws Lou 's wedding plans into disarray while Amy and Ty make difficult decisions about their futures . Amy then gives back their `` Promise '' ring that Ty gave her , then asks for it back . Caleb wants Ashley to come to some rodeos in the states with him . Lisa is being careful not to interfere with Lou 's wedding even when Lou needs her help , making Lou feel responsible for Lisa and Jack changing their minds on the engagement . Amy treats one of the horses of a ring of fire contestant , which causes mixed feelings . Season 4 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 50 `` Homecoming '' Grant Harvey Heather Conkie September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 401 Ty returns home after an absence of three months but brings a young woman , Blair , whom he says is a friend . Amy is not happy , and Ty is oblivious to why she is mad . Blair kisses Ty , but he does n't reciprocate her feelings . In the end , Blair leaves with her boyfriend . 51 `` What Dreams May Become '' Grant Harvey Ken Craw October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 402 Amy scratches the surface to discover Nick Harwell 's problems with his polo horse , Dusty . All of the polo horses get sick , so it is up to Ty and Scott to find the problem . Lou hates Dubai , and Tim is dating his jockey . 52 `` Road Curves '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie October 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) 403 Amy is angry when Chase comes back and insists on her putting on a show with him . When Amy refuses Chase puts flyers up all over the place advertising their show , and she can not back out . When the show is over , Chase kisses Amy , who kisses him back but does not reciprocate his feelings . Lisa offers to buy the dude ranch . 53 `` Graduation '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun October 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) 404 Amy is offered a full scholarship for a equine program . With Lou thinking she is stupid not to take it , Amy has problems choosing , and with the fact she is graduating without her mom there . Badger is back and tries to fight for Mallory . Spartan colicks . Tim and Lisa clash over the price for the dude ranch . Amy decides to take a year off of school . 54 5 `` Where The Truth Lies '' John Fawcett Susin Nielsen October 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 24 ) 405 Amy and Ty convince Sarah , the town hermit , to let them treat her sick horse at Heartland . Badger and Mallory go on an adventure neither of them will soon forget . They get trapped in a mine and Jake saves them . On the Dude Ranch front , Lisa and Lou are not seeing eye to eye , and Peter returns to Heartland . 55 6 `` Win , Place or Show '' John Fawcett Leila Basen and David Preston November 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 406 Tim gets Amy to ride Lightning Dexter in a stakes race when he finds out his girlfriend Janice has taken a jockeying position with another owner , Dan , who is also Lisa 's ex . Badger rolls into Heartland driving a sweet used car . Ty discovers that the car is stolen . Jake gets help from Jack with driving . Mallory is torn between Jake and Badger . Peter tries to buy his way out of the doghouse with Lou while Caleb buys his way into the poorhouse for Ashley . 56 7 `` Jackpot ! '' TW Peacocke Leila Basen and David Preston November 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 407 Caleb turns to Kit to partner with him so they can win a team roping jackpot . This sets in motion a series of strange events , which results in some unusual team pairings . Kit and Amy pair up and win . Tim is concerned that Lightning Dexter is starting to cost him a lot of money but is not able to race . When the opportunity comes up to possibly sell the horse , he plots to get the maximum amount of cash . Jack finds himself in a bidding ' war ' with Lisa against her ex-husband Dan . Mallory and Badger 's relationship starts to heat up again , but Mallory wonders if she 's picked the right guy when she watches Jake and Jamie . She decides she wants Jake . Ashley 's mom buys the land Ashley and Caleb live on . 57 8 `` One Day '' TW Peacocke Mark Haroun November 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) 408 Amy is hired to do a horse clinic with a group of prisoners . One of them is Joe , an old friend of Ty 's . Ashley and Caleb attempt to deal with the new landlord / tenant relationship they now have with Ashley 's mom , Val . Meanwhile , Mallory , Jamie , Jake , and Badger go berry picking for Mrs. Bell . Mallory and Badger come to terms with their relationship after an incident where everyone finds out that Jake and Badger are both allergic to bees . Badger leaves . 58 9 `` Local Hero '' Grant Harvey Leila Basen and David Preston December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) 409 Ty and Amy find a calf in the woods which leads them to Tim 's stolen cattle . Tim convinces the family that they need to take the law into their own hands . But the cattle rescue and subsequent drive has to maneuver a dangerous course when they come face to face with the rustlers who shot Tim two years ago , and Mallory 's attempt to be part of the adventure puts her in harm 's way . Val 's efforts to convince Ashley and Caleb to sign a marriage contract leads to a shocking revelation . They are not legally married . Lou returns home from Dubai , in no mood to answer questions about her marriage or why she is n't with her husband . 59 10 `` Mood Swings '' Grant Harvey Heather Conkie January 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 02 ) 410 Grant and Blair -- Ty 's travel buddies -- return to Heartland . The issue of Blair kissing Ty and deciding not to tell Amy is resolved with Ty and Amy breaking up and Ty leaving Heartland to move in with Caleb and Ashley. Also , Caleb and Ashley have difficulty adjusting to the reality that they are n't legally married . Caleb receives advice from Tim . Mallory 's adventure of being locked in the horse trailer and being returned to Heartland by the police is still reverberating . Meanwhile , Lou gets news that will have a huge impact on her and Peter 's lives . 60 11 `` Family Business '' Francis Damberger Ken Craw January 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 09 ) 411 Amy fights to keep Lightning Dexter in the family when she learns Tim is putting his horse up for sale in a claiming race . Ty neglects his schoolwork to help Caleb hustle money at a pool hall . Chase Powers gets involved in the Dexter claiming race ordeal and makes things awkward between Amy and Ty . Meanwhile , a pregnant Lou has a great idea for the baby 's nursery that does n't sit well with Jack . Peter has problems of his own as he tries to conduct his company 's business from Heartland . Mallory quits her job at Heartland and comes to work at Maggie 's . 61 12 `` Lost Song '' Francis Damberger Heather Conkie January 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) 412 While Lou is having the troops clean out the closet in Marion 's old room , preparing to transform it into a nursery , some interesting items are found . A guitar which used to belong to Lyndy -- Jack 's late wife and Marion 's mother -- is found and Jack finds something interesting in its case . A trophy for `` all - round cowboy '' won by Tim in Ponoka two decades ago also gets uncovered . Repairs needed to the trophy prompt Caleb to offer to get it fixed . Jack says the most romantic thing he has ever muttered . And Caleb and Ashley get married again , for real . 62 13 `` The Road Home '' Eleanore Lindo Mark Haroun January 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 23 ) 413 Ty continues down his road of recent confusion , so Jack offers advice . To make a point , Jack does something quite dramatic and it puts Ty in a situation which causes his true nature to step up . Lisa and Lou have words deciding how the Dude Ranch will be run once Lou has her baby , and Lou has some words of wisdom for Amy as well . 63 14 `` Leap of Faith '' Eleanore Lindo Andrew Wreggitt February 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ) 414 Amy helps Stuart Forest , the trainer of the horse that got Amy a ton of hits on Youtube for being a `` Miracle Girl '' . His daughter Rihanna 's horse is too much for Rihanna to handle but he wo n't accept that . Chase tries to help by giving Rihanna a new bit , but she is too eager to make her dad proud and has an accident . Stuart then decides to sue Heartland for negligence . Peter is being sued and is bankrupt . Meanwhile , Jack is trying to persuade Mallory to come back to Heartland and care for Copper . Caleb returns without Ashley . 64 15 `` The River '' Chris Potter Leila Basen and David Preston February 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) 415 There is a bear hanging around Heartland and getting into things on the farm . Amy is doing her best to put the whole lawsuit thing behind her . When Ty comes to talk to Amy about it , she kisses him and Ty kisses back . While Amy is out for a trail ride , she runs into the bear . Lou is feeling that it is the worst possible time to have a baby . Stuart has a revelation when his daughter tells him that it is his fault that she does n't want to ride anymore and that she hates him . He decides not to go through with the law suit . Soraya and Chase argue and have disagreements . 65 16 `` Never Surrender '' Chris Potter Story by : Will Pascoe Teleplay by : Leila Basen , Ken Craw , Mark Haroun and David Preston March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) 416 Caleb 's friend Bryce , a paralyzed military vet and ex-rodeo star , hires Amy to help sell his roping horse . However , Amy sees an opportunity to re-train both horse and rider , though she needs help to convince this cowboy that he can recapture his love for riding despite his injury . Tim shares a misunderstanding with Jack through a lack of communication . Lou agrees to be Marnie 's labour coach , but being around Marnie 's rambunctious toddler makes her wonder if she 's really cut out for motherhood . 66 17 `` Burning Down the House '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston March 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 13 ) 417 Tim and his girlfriend announce that they are selling the ranch and moving to California . But one of Tim 's old girlfriends comes back and claims that Tim is the father of her son , Shane , and a paternity test says that he is . Ashley finally comes home . Ty is still having trouble just being friends with Amy . Ashley decides to go to school in British Columbia and Caleb is not sure if to go or to stay . 67 18 `` Passages '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 27 ) 418 Amy and Ty work through their trust issues as they train a pair of Clydesdales . Tim is still reeling from the knowledge that Shane is in fact his son but he finds himself bonding with the boy despite himself . Bad feelings resurface between Caleb and Val when he accuses her of manipulating Ashley and her decision to go away to the university . Meanwhile , Lou 's due date is still three weeks away . Lou goes into labor at home , and Ty and Amy deliver a girl . Television film ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date Viewers ( millions ) `` A Heartland Christmas '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) 1.40 Amy and Ty race to save starving horses trapped in the avalanching - mountains during Christmas . Jack and Tim decide to go with them . Lou starts stressing about how Peter and the rest of the family wont make it back in time for Christmas , while she is stuck looking after Christmas - obsessed - Mallory . Everybody makes it home for Christmas and Mallory 's parents make the flight through the storm . Season 5 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 68 `` Finding Freedom '' Heather Conkie John Fawcett September 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) 501 Amy is inspired to take her horsemanship to a new level when she works with a professional liberty horse trainer . She realizes she has to return to her roots when it comes to her work with horses and her relationship with Ty . Meanwhile , a leaky roof causes Ty to make a big decision that he thinks will help them grow as a couple by moving into Ashley and Caleb 's trailer . 69 `` Something In The Night '' David Preston John Fawcett September 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) 502 When Tim is coerced to go with Jack on a secret mission to find Shane and Miranda , Amy is left at Heartland with Janice to get a young race horse ready for his maiden run . Meanwhile , Ty has planned Amy a dinner but there 's been an animal hiding in the trailer , so they make a slight change of arrangements . 70 `` What 's In a Name ? '' Leila Basen Grant Harvey October 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) 503 When Tim accidentally reveals to the family that Shane is his son , it threatens to ruin the traditional Bartlett - Fleming naming ceremony for Lou 's baby girl . Lou names her baby Catherine Marion Minnie , or Katie , for short . Amy and Lou accept Shane into the family . 71 `` Beyond Hell 's Half Mile '' Ken Craw Grant Harvey October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) 504 When Amy works with a chuck wagon horse , she discovers an impediment that could put the team in danger and change the dynamics of a prominent chuck wagon family . Caleb returns without Ashley . The whole family is sleep deprived from the new baby . Lou and Peter try to get Katie to sleep . 72 5 `` Never Let Go '' Mark Haroun Dean Bennett October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) 505 Amy helps to restore the confidence of a troubled trick - rider so that she can get back on her horse and perform again . With the house being overcrowded , Jack builds an outhouse to accommodate . Caleb continues to pine over Ashley , gets drunk , and meets a girl . Caleb says he and Ashley are separated . Lou and Peter decide to build a house at Heartland . 73 6 `` The Slippery Slope '' Heather Conkie Dean Bennett October 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ) 506 A friend from Jack 's past shows up at Heartland when one of their old band mates passes away . Lou & Lisa secretly try to gather the other remaining members for a reunion performance to celebrate Jack 's birthday . Caleb 's ' bar girl ' shows up at Heartland asking Amy for help with her horse . Caleb tries to teach her to bronc ride . Amy wonders if she worries too much and decides to ride a mechanical bull . 74 7 `` Over the Rise '' Ken Craw Tina Grewal November 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 507 When Shane arrives to stay for the summer , Tim tries to impress all three of his kids with a Western day trip and ends up stuck at an old western movie set . Caleb tries bull riding after he and Ty make a bathtub fly . Mallory finds out something about Lou that upsets her . Mallory found a nanny cam and thought Lou was spying , but Lou never turned it on . 75 8 `` Nothing for Granted '' Mark Haroun Tina Grewal November 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 20 ) 508 When Ty visits Mrs. Bell to thank her for paying his school fees , he and Amy are surprised to learn that she 's moved out of her home and away from Sugarfoot . When Ty and Amy find Mrs. Bell in a retirement home , they break her out and bring her home . Ty finds out Mrs. Bell was n't paying his school fees . Janice and Tim argue over Shane going to the races with them . Lou gets a job ... that Peter interviewed for . Soraya moves to London to be with her boyfriend . Ty 's stepdad paid his tuition . 76 9 `` Cover Me '' Leila Basen & David Preston Grant Harvey December 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 04 ) 509 When Tim 's young racehorse , Cisco , is stolen on the way to his maiden race , Amy and Ty get help tracking him down from Ty 's step - father , Wade . 77 10 `` Trust '' Heather Conkie Grant Harvey January 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 08 ) 510 When Amy tries to heal an abused and extremely violent racehorse , Ty and Jack think she 's taken on more than she can handle , but can Amy prove them wrong ? 78 11 `` Fool 's Gold '' Mark Haroun Dean Bennett January 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 15 ) 511 Ty 's mother , Lily , returns to Heartland with shocking news about his father and a secret that threatens her relationship with her son ; she and Wade are back together . Meanwhile , Amy continues to work with Alcatraz , revealing anything is possible if you give it a chance . 79 12 `` Road to Nowhere '' Ken Craw Dean Bennett January 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 22 ) 512 When Jack learns that Ty is riding his bike solo to a remote lake to spread his father 's ashes , he decides to join him . Still hurt that Ty decided to go his own way , Amy puts her mind back into working with Alcatraz . When Bryce -- the paralyzed war veteran - returns , Alcatraz is given another chance and finds a new purpose . 80 13 `` Aftermath '' Leila Basen Chris Potter February 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) 513 To avoid hitting a wolf , Ty crashes his bike on a remote road and is badly injured , leaving Jack to search for help in the middle of nowhere . Meanwhile , Amy sees the mustang , Ghost , which she believes shows that something has befallen Ty and Jack . Ty and Jack are rescued . Peter and Lou both get a promotion . Tim begins his custody battle with Miranda over Shane . 81 14 `` Working On A Dream '' David Preston Chris Potter February 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 26 ) 514 Amy is roped into helping Tim project a positive image to the community , in hopes it will further his custody battle for Shane . Lou and Peter 's house is starting to be built , but they decide to buy a house instead . Ty gets back on his bike and Caleb returns . 82 15 `` Breaking Down and Building Up '' Heather Conkie Grant Harvey March 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 04 ) 515 When tragedy strikes , Amy must find a way to save Mr. Hanley 's rescue horses from kill buyers , and Mallory tries to convince Mrs. Bell to save her childhood home . Peter and Lou are looking for a new home and find the perfect place , but things do n't go according to plan . Tim proposes to Janice to help him with the custody battle , and she accepts . When she finds out his real reason for proposing , she breaks up with him . Mrs. Bell buys the Hanley house , then sells it to Lou and Peter . 83 16 `` Wild Horses '' Jessalyn Coombe & Andrew Wreggitt Grant Harvey March 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) 516 Amy and Ty join Scott on a trip back to his old reservation to save a herd of wild horses from the dangerous EHV - 1 virus . Tim is having trouble coping with his recent break up and the stress of his custody battle and starts to drink again . Mallory is having a big sweet sixteen party until she finds out heartbreaking news . 84 17 `` True Calling '' Mark Haroun Dean Bennett March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) 517 When Amy 's dog Lobo is injured by a trigger - happy rancher , it 's up to Ty to save his life , meanwhile good old Jack has gone to Moosejaw to persuade Miranda to come back to Heartland to help sort out Tim 's struggle . Mallory tries to raise money to help her get an apartment so she will not have to move to Nashville . Jake saves Mallory from a lot of trouble with her dad . Mallory moves away . Tim gives up drinking . 85 18 `` Candles in the Wind '' Heather Conkie Dean Bennett March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) 518 When a mystery horse arrives at Heartland , Amy and Ty are sent down a path that will alter their lives . Ty plans on proposing to Amy and is struggling to find the right moment to propose . Amy decides to stay at Heartland , and Jack goes to Paris . Shane shows up at Heartland , and Tim and Miranda realize they have to take into consideration what he wants . Miranda kisses Tim and decides to let Shane visit him anytime he wants . Amy finds the ring . Season 6 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 86 `` Running Against the Wind '' Stefan Scaini Heather Conkie September 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) 601 Amy is bursting to ask Ty about the engagement ring , and why he has n't proposed yet , but a couple of `` runaways '' throw everything at Heartland into turmoil . One of the `` runaways '' is a horse that likes to jump fences ; Amy is trying to find the owner but she grows attached and gives the horse a name : Phoenix Rising . The other `` runaway '' is an eleven - year - old girl whose name is Georgina , but who wants to be called Georgie . Lou and Peter 's house is nothing but trouble . 87 `` Crossed Signals '' Stefan Scaini Heather Conkie September 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 23 ) 602 Ty struggles to deal with the fact that Amy has found the engagement ring and has to decide how and whether he is going to propose to her . Kendra , Phoenix 's owner , comes to Heartland to take him home . Amy discovers that Kendra , although she loves her horses , has problems taking proper care of them . Meanwhile Georgie , the 11 - year - old runaway , is proving to be quite a handful . Ty and Amy decide to wait . 88 `` Keeping Up Appearances '' Dean Bennett Ken Craw September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) 603 Tim hopes for a big commission when he helps a wealthy weekend cowboy look for his dream ranch , while Amy 's stuck teaching the client 's trophy wife how to ride . Mallory comes home . Ty is distracted by Amy 's decision to wait on getting engaged . 89 `` The Natural '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen October 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 07 ) 604 Amy tries to fulfill Mallory 's dream of being a show jumper but discovers that Georgie has the natural talent . Lou leaves for New York . Miranda and Tim hook up . Ty studies for his finals . Jack and Tim buy a buffalo . 90 5 `` Trial Run '' Grant Harvey David Preston October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 605 Janice brings Cisco Kid ( and her emotional baggage over Tim ) to Heartland for Amy to figure out why Cisco 's lost that winning feeling . Georgie and Mallory try to rescue a stray dog from a well . Tim gives Cisco to Janice . Ty gets into vet school and a scholarship . 91 6 `` Helping Hands '' Grant Harvey Mark Haroun November 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) 606 Amy seeks out an up - and - coming show jumper , Jeremy Hughes , to learn why he 's refusing Scott and Ty 's suggested treatment for his horse Buckingham . Mallory and Georgie finally get along . Lisa decides she and Jack need to take a break . 92 7 `` Life is a Highway '' Jim Donovan Leila Basen November 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 607 Chase Powers returns to Heartland with his wife , Hayley , who is an aspiring liberty horse rider . She wants Amy to be her coach . Lou comes home and quits her job . 93 8 `` Do The Right Thing '' Jim Donovan Mark Haroun December 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) 608 When Ty needs some engine parts for his broken down truck he 's forced to turn to the last person on earth he wants help from - his stepfather Wade . In the meantime Lou tries to win Dan ( Lisa 's ex-husband ) over as a client and Georgie has to work with Mallory in order to prepare a party for Ty . Ty and Wade end up bonding . Lisa 's ex-husband says that him and Lisa are back together . Ty and Amy each begin to wonder what they are waiting for to get engaged . 94 9 `` Great Expectations '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) 609 Jack has applied to become Georgie 's long - term foster parent , so Clint interviews them , but things do n't look good . Ty and Amy have a life - changing weekend when they get engaged . Georgie runs away from Heartland to Lou and Peter 's house , and it catches on fire . 95 10 `` The Road Ahead '' Dean Bennett Heather Cookie January 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 06 ) 610 A fire caused by electrical wiring destroys Lou and Peter 's home and puts the lives of Georgie and Phoenix at risk . Ty and Amy end up putting their good news about their engagement on hold . Amy helps Georgie when she has problems with a still spooked Phoenix . Clint turned down Jack for Georgie 's long - term foster parent , so both Tim and Lou try to help . Lou and Peter become Georgie 's long - term foster parents . 96 11 `` Blowing Smoke '' T.W. Peacocke Ken Craw January 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) 611 Amy must make a hard decision about Phoenix when Jeremy 's horse Buckingham gets hurt , which puts his jumping career in jeopardy . Caleb seems to like Lou , which leads him to punching Peter . Jeremy gets Amy drunk in an attempt to get Phoenix . 97 12 `` Playing With Fire '' TW Peacocke David Preston January 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 20 ) 612 Lou hosts a horse show at Heartland while dealing with her problems with Peter . Both Mallory and Georgie are training for the showjumping . Mallory 's coach is Jeremy and she will ride Spartan , while Georgie will ride Phoenix and is being coached by Amy . Mallory discovers Jeremy kissing Cassandra just before her turn to jump . She rides distracted , leading to her and Spartan falling after a jump . 98 13 `` Waiting For Tomorrow '' Chris Potter Leila Basen February 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 10 ) 613 One of Spartan 's back legs is broken , and Amy faces a tough decision . Tim and Jack focus on how they are going to get the money for the vet bill . Mallory and Georgie are suffering from the events at the horse show , in very different ways . 99 14 `` Lost and Gone Forever '' Chris Potter David Preston February 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 17 ) 614 Ty 's future as a vet is in jeopardy when there 's a fatality at Scott 's clinic . Lou has to deal with an overeager Caleb while she has to convince Georgie to play her new recorder for her music class . 100 15 `` After All We 've Been Through '' Stephen Reynolds Mark Haroun March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 615 To prove Jeremy was responsible for Buckingham 's death , Ty searches for evidence . Jeremy is guilty of killing his horse , and Ty is rehired . Amy works with Spartan now that has finally come back home , but he refuses to leave the barn . Lou and Peter 's romantic weekend is interrupted by Eden , Peter 's ex-wife . Mallory tries to find Jack a date , since Lisa is in France and they have decided to put their relationship on hold . Spartan faces his fear . 101 16 `` Born to Buck '' Stephen Reynolds Ken Craw March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 616 Amy is having trouble dealing with a roping horse that only wants to buck and Caleb , who is n't sure he wants to ride broncs anymore . Shane and Miranda are back in Hudson . Lou and Amy find out that Miranda and Tim have been in a relationship for months . Miranda and Tim break up . Jack is offered a career opportunity and takes the job . 102 17 `` Breaking Point '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 617 Amy and Lou help Georgie regain her confidence as a showjumper when classmate Olivia makes her question her place in the family . Eric Williams ( who has bought the farm where Phoenix used to live and its livestock ) sees his natural potential as a jumper . Amy does n't have the papers to prove she 's Phoenix 's new owner . Jack and Tim fight over their business partnership when they learn that their cattle may have been exposed to BSE ( Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ) . Jack wants to buy out Tim , and their cattle are fine . Lou tells Georgie that everyone is behind her adoption . 103 18 `` Under Pressure '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 618 With the threat of losing Phoenix to Eric looming over their heads , things become even more complicated at Heartland when Georgie gets a surprise visit from her brother Jeff . When Jeff reveals he wants to raise Georgie , the family is faced with the possibility of losing her . Amy has second thoughts about going on a road trip to Las Vegas with Ty . Meanwhile , Peter 's idea of moving to Vancouver is impossible for Lou to wrap her head around , and Jack ends his partnership with Tim - for good . Georgie 's brother buys back Phoenix for her and tells her to stay at Heartland . In the end of the episode , Jack has a heart attack . Season 7 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 104 `` Picking Up the Pieces '' David Frazee Heather Conkie October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 701 Jack returns from his trip to Arizona to find that Tim has made drastic changes to Heartland . Amy works with a horse whose owner turns out to be a prince , and Georgie struggles to ask Peter if he will take her to a father - daughter dance at her school . Tim brings sheep to Heartland . 105 `` Living in the Moment '' David Frazee Heather Conkie October 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) 702 Lou pressures Jack into going to the doctor after a scary accident , and Amy and Ty discuss buying a ranch together . Georgie gets fed up with Olivia picking on her and throws a punch , leading to her to be grounded by Peter , and almost missing the Spring Classic . Georgie wins the Spring Classic . Lou and Peter have officially adopted Georgie . 106 `` Wrecking Ball '' Stefan Scaini Leila Basen October 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ) 703 Amy and Georgie find a dead horse , which leads Scott and Ty on a mission to discover why it died and to learn if other horses could be in peril . At the same time , Lou and Tim find themselves on opposite ends of a fight when Tim attempts to rebrand Maggie 's into a soulless fast food franchise . Lou buys Maggie 's . Ty and Amy keep losing her engagement ring . 107 `` The Penny Drops '' Stefan Scaini David Preston October 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) 704 As Amy and Ty help a mare and foal through a difficult weaning process , Jake and Mallory share an emotional goodbye as he leaves for Paris , and she struggles to decide if she will stay working as a manager at Maggie 's or join Jake in Paris . She finally decides to move to Paris . 108 5 `` Thread the Needle '' Jim Donovan Ken Craw November 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) 705 Amy attempts to help a young Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) constable overcome a personal challenge to fulfill his lifelong dream of performing in the RCMP Musical Ride . Georgie 's brother comes to visit . Scott hires back Cassandra . 109 6 `` Now or Never '' Jim Donovan Mark Haroun November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 706 Georgie is enthralled when she sees one of Amy 's clients trick riding , and she 's determined to pursue it despite Lou 's misgivings . Georgie tries trick riding . Georgie 's brother bonds with her . Tim tells Lou he paid for Maggie 's . 110 7 `` Best Man '' Chris Potter Mark Haroun November 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 707 When an old friend turns to him for help , Ty is torn between his ties to the past and his loyalties to his family at Heartland . Caleb returns and so does Nicole . Ty asks Caleb to be his best man . 111 8 `` Hotshot '' Chris Potter David Preston December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 708 Lou is determined to have a perfect family vacation , but it does n't go as planned when Peter 's job interferes . Lou and Peter go away for his job . Meanwhile , Jack and Georgie visit the fishing cabin to find Tim and his new ' friend ' and her trouble making daughter staying there . Amy and Ty babysit Katie back at the ranch . 112 9 `` There but for Fortune '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 709 Amy 's success working with a high - end show jumper puts her life in jeopardy . Lou gets a book offer for her blog . Ashley returns , and she and Caleb kiss . Amy gets kicked in the head by Prince Ahmed 's horse . 113 10 `` Darkness and Light '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) 710 Family members are pitted against each other over Amy 's medical treatment as she struggles to come to terms with her injuries and uncertain future . Amy lost her sight due to her head injury . Ashley tries to get back together with Caleb , but he finds out she was using him to tell whether or not she should marry her new boyfriend . Amy regains her vision . 114 11 `` Better Days '' Stephen Reynolds Leila Basen January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 711 Ty forces Amy to confront her fear and work with the horse that injured her in order to save its life . Lou leaves for her book tour and Peter takes things over . She is still afraid to ride horses . 115 12 `` Walking Tall '' Stephen Reynolds Katherine Schlemmer January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 712 When Ty brings a maltreated Tennessee Walker to Heartland to convalesce , Amy goes undercover to bring its abusers to justice . Georgie gets her own room . Lou is still away . Amy faces her fear and rides a horse again . 116 13 `` Lost Highway '' Eleanore Lindo David Preston March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) 713 Amy works with a horse to help it overcome its fear of water , but sparks fly when Jack learns the horse is owned by a former flame . Jack and Lisa take a road trip together . Peter and Katie go join Lou on her book tour . 117 14 `` Things We Lost '' Eleanore Lindo Mark Haroun March 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 16 ) 714 When a road trip goes awry , Jack and Lisa find themselves lost in the woods , but a trip down memory lane may help them find their way together . It 's Ty 's birthday . Jack and Lisa get back together . 118 15 `` Smoke ' n ' Mirrors '' Grant Harvey Leila Basen March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) 715 When Tim goes through a mid-life crisis and buys a hot horse instead of the more traditional hot car , Amy does some dad whispering to help him come to his senses . Georgie gets better and better at trick riding . 119 16 `` The Comeback Kid '' Grant Harvey Pamela Pinch March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) 716 Lou returns home after her book tour was a failure . Amy 's client list has dwindled since her accident , so Lou convinces her to hold a `` comeback '' clinic . Ty and Caleb invest in a barrel racing horse . 120 17 `` On the Line '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 717 Amy and Ty are at odds over Ty 's risky investment in a barrel racing horse , and Amy starts working closely with Prince Ahmed. Ty and Amy fight about his investment , because the horse has troubles . Georgie gets a new friend . Tim made improvements to the diner , but Lou is reluctant . 121 18 `` Be Careful What You Wish For '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 718 Amy works with Ty and Caleb 's barrel racing horse and rides him in a high - stakes Futurity . They win with Amy riding . Jack proposes to Lisa , and they elope at the dude ranch , Tim attends . Amy accepts the prince 's offer to travel to Europe with his team for the World Equestrian Games . The season ends with Amy getting in a helicopter with the family and Ty watching her leave . Season 8 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 122 `` There and Back Again '' Stefan Scaini Heather Conkie September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 801 Amy 's return to Heartland goes wrong when she finds herself questioning her place at the ranch and her relationship with Ty . Jack and Lisa struggle to tell the family about their marriage . After following Amy 's whereabouts on tour , Georgie becomes Amy 's biggest fan . When an online blog reveals a secret about Amy almost kissing Ahmed . Amy and Ty lost their dream ranch . 123 `` The Big Red Wall '' Stefan Scaini David Preston October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 802 Ty becomes the middleman when Amy and Caleb butt heads over horse training . Reeling from her recent discovery , Georgie pulls away from Amy and focuses on donating money to an online animal sanctuary . She also learns that you ca n't always believe what you read online . Lou finds about the kiss . Jack and Lisa have a wedding reception . Val comes back and her cancer has returned . 124 `` Severed Ties '' Bruce McDonald Ken Craw October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 803 Amy 's attempts to reunite with Georgie are thwarted by the arrival of lavish gifts from afar . When Tim is captivated by an old acquaintance , he and Jack team up for a charity event . Meanwhile , Lou and Peter disagree about potential pre-schools and Lou takes Katie for an assessment . And an unexpected revelation forces Ty to question his career prospects . Ty takes a job at an animal reserve . Amy keeps getting lavish gifts from the Prince ; at the end of the episode she quits her job with the Prince . 125 `` Secrets and Lies '' David Preston Heather Conkie October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 804 The Prince arrives at Heartland and takes Amy to an auction . They detour to a house that the Prince would like to buy , and he declares his love for her . Lou and Peter take Katie to a special child 's doctor to get her evaluated and are told that there is nothing wrong with her . Georgie finds out that Olivia is taking trick riding lessons and asks Ty to get her a trick riding horse so that she can practice more . At a family dinner that the Prince was invited to , Georgie tells everyone that the Prince told Amy that he loved her . This leads to Ty and the Prince getting in a fight . Amy and Ty then get into an argument , which leads to them having a ' break . ' 126 5 `` Endings And Beginnings '' Anne Wheeler Leila Basen October 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 26 ) 805 Amy struggles to turn a pair of horses into a team and goes head - to - head with a rival trainer . Ty discovers a dead bear with its gallbladder missing but when he begins asking too many questions , poachers threaten his life . When Ty asks Georgie to care for an orphan wolf pup , she sees it as an opportunity to reunite Amy and Ty . Lou hires Jade to work at the Dude Ranch but regrets her decision when she proves to be a problem employee who takes advantage of the situation . 127 6 `` Steal Away '' Anne Wheeler Pamela Pinch November 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) 806 Amy blames Georgie and Jade when a client horse repeatedly escapes from his stall , but she is forced to reevaluate when she discovers that the horse has hidden skills . When his boss at the Reserve refuses to help him bring down a dangerous poaching ring , Ty turns to Scott for assistance . Jack enlists Georgie 's help to turn Jade into a ranch hand . Ty returns to Scott 's clinic after finding out his boss was involved in the poaching ring . 128 7 `` Walk a Mile '' Chris Potter Mark Haroun November 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) 807 Amy struggles to help a Hutterite family whose team of Percherons ran amok hayride . But Georgie forms a strong bond with the young Hutterite daughter who turns out to be the key to unraveling the mystery . While Tim had a fantastic time traveling the rodeo circuit with Casey , he returns to Heartland and second - guesses their relationship . Back at the clinic , a vet victory for Ty proves bittersweet when he realizes that all he wants to do is share the experience with Amy . Jack confronts his traditional ideals when Lisa informs him that she has no intention of taking his name . 129 8 `` The Family Tree '' Chris Potter David Preston November 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 23 ) 808 A school project opens a door to Georgie 's past that could change her life at Heartland . Casey expresses interest in buying one of Ty and Caleb 's bulldogging horses , and Caleb enlists Amy 's help to train it in order to secure the deal . Then , while celebrating their first big sale , Ty tells Caleb that he wants to pull out of their business partnership , which results in Caleb forging an unlikely alliance . And Tim is forced to come clean about his senior rodeo circuit dreams when he learns that Casey is buying a bulldogging horse for him . 130 9 `` The Pike River Cull '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 809 When a threat of a cull looms over a herd of wild horses , Jack and Amy aid an old friend in Pike River . Tim takes Ty to Pike River to force Amy and Ty to talk . Ty and Amy kiss and then get arrested . Lou and Peter are having major marriage problems and to top it off social services show up . 131 10 `` The Heart of a River '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) 810 With the fate of the wild horses in the balance , Amy and Ty make a desperate bid to save them . Lou and Peter form a united front against trumped - up child endangerment charges . Georgie is shattered when her aunt threatens her future at Heartland . Amy and Ty get back together . 132 11 `` The Silent Partner '' Gail Harvey David Preston January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 811 A client reveals that Peter turned down a lucrative job offer in Calgary . With increasing demands on her time and two horses to care for , Georgie struggles to accept a friend 's help with Phoenix . Then , when Ty receives an unexpected windfall , he discovers that Caleb took Jesse up on his offer and forged a partnership with him . When a disagreement sends Jack back to Heartland early from his overnighter with Lisa , Lou struggles to accept their chosen form of communication : not talking . 133 12 `` Broken Heartland '' Gail Harvey Mark Haroun February 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 812 When Amy is invited to do a horse clinic in Montana , she and Ty take a road trip together . Meanwhile , at Heartland , Jack and Lisa feel caught in the middle when Lou confronts Peter over his decision to choose his career in Vancouver over a job offer in Calgary , which would allow him to spend more time with his family . Georgie and Jade volunteer at the vet clinic . 134 13 `` Cowgirls Do n't Cry '' Stefan Scaini Mark Haroun February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 813 Tim opens a rodeo school but is confronted with a problem student . Ty jumps to conclusions when he learns Lily has entered rehab again . Wade is working two jobs to pay for Lily 's rehab . And with Lou out of town , Georgie prepares to attend her first Sadie Hawkins dance . Georgie gets the chicken poxes and ca n't go to the dance . Then , despite Jack 's protestations that she not get involved , Lisa spearheads wedding preparations with a reluctant Amy . 135 14 `` Riders on the Storm '' Stefan Scaini Ken Craw March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 814 Amy and Ty help Scott 's nephew realize he is worthy of continuing his family tradition of relay racing . Meanwhile , Georgie is caught in the middle when her brother Jeff and her friend Jade exchange half - truths and lies in order to impress each other . Tim refuses Jack 's offer to help with the rodeo school but is forced to swallow his pride and accept the offer . 136 15 `` Eclipse of the Heart '' Norma Bailey Ken Craw March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 815 Lou returns from Vancouver with an admission that threatens to change the Heartland family forever ; her and Peter are separating . Meanwhile , Jack intervenes when he discovers that Tim intends to crash Miranda 's wedding in Moose Jaw . Then , when Amy helps Caleb source a horse for Tim 's rodeo school , she learns just how precarious Caleb 's business partnership is with Jesse . And Georgie fights disappointment when it looks like Peter wo n't make it home to take in the lunar eclipse with her . 137 16 `` Faking it '' Norma Bailey Pamela Pinch March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 816 The family strives to support Georgie when Lou and Peter tell her about their separation , and Amy helps Georgie find the strength to deal with the news while training for a trick riding competition . Meanwhile , Ty jumps to Caleb 's defense when Jesse calls in Caleb 's loan , effectively ruining him . And when Tim enlists Casey to help him cover for Lou at the diner , he discovers that they still have a lot to learn about each other . Georgie makes the trick riding team . 138 17 `` All I need is You '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 817 Lou spearheads preparations for the big day while Amy throws herself into gentling a rescue horse in order to avoid wedding craziness . But Amy and Ty 's future is jeopardized when Ty is arrested for assault . Meanwhile , Georgie observes an intimate moment between Lou and Peter and nurtures hope that they are getting back together . Tim risks telling Casey how he feels about her , then obsesses over her response . Ty and Amy decide to elope after Val gets Jesse to drop the charges . 139 18 `` Written in Stone '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 818 To give Amy and Ty the wedding they really want , Lou struggles to deal with a slew of hurdles . Ty and Amy get married at Heartland . Val gives Caleb money for his debt with Jesse . Georgie is able to get through to a troubled horse following in Amy 's footsteps with Spartan . Season 9 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 140 `` Brave New World '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 901 A dangerous bear lurks near Heartland , Amy and Georgie rescue an injured horse from the woods . Lou and Peter try to pretend they are working out okay , but fight over custody arrangements and end up getting lawyers involved 141 `` Begin Again '' Bruce McDonald Mark Haroun October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 902 Ty prepares to graduate , as he and Amy treat an abandoned horse together . 142 `` Riding For a Fall '' Dean Bennett Ken Craw October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 903 Georgie gets help from Amy on a trick for the rodeo , but gets pulled away by Lou and Peter who insist she focuses on her schoolwork 143 `` Ties of the Earth '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) 904 Jack struggles with the imminent loss of a friend . Georgie is struggling with math and gets a tutor . She and Jade try to get Lou to fire the new tutor . 144 5 `` Back in the Saddle '' Chris Potter Bonnie Fairweather November 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) 905 Amy and Georgie prepare to compete in a cowboy competition , Casey and Lisa disagree about how to plan the event . Georgie guilts Jack into helping her train on a new horse in the hopes he will fall in love with the animal . Tim and Peter work on the loft together and Tim gives Peter advice to mend his relationship with Lou . Ty asks Bob to take in an injured coyote . 145 6 `` Over and Out '' Chris Potter Pamela Pinch November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 906 Ty and Amy 's attempt to rescue an injured eagle in the mountains takes a dangerous turn when Ty falls off of a cliff . Amy gets Bear to help her pull Ty back up to safety . Amy thinks Bear will make a good police horse . Jade , Georgie and Adam volunteer at the animal reserve . Adam and Georgie take a four wheeler and wrecks it . 146 7 `` Fearless '' Dawn Wilkinson Mark Haroun November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 907 Amy helps a Medieval jouster who was badly injured during a competition regain his confidence so he can compete again . Caleb helps Amy practice jousting . Amy and Ty host a dinner party in their new loft . Caleb and Cass fight at dinner and breakup . But later they reconcile and make a commitment to each other . Katy starts kindergarten and pretends that she got married and divorced from a boy in her class . Lou worries what she might be teaching her . Tim feels like he missed out on his kids lives so he gives Georgie driving lessons , but it goes very badly and she later asks Ty for help . 147 8 `` Reckless Abandon '' Dawn Wilkinson Ken Craw November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 908 Lisa encourages Lou to go on a date with the insurance inspector . Lou goes to coffee with him discovers she is not ready to date so she turns down a second date . He fails the inspection and she thinks it is because she turned him down , but there are just a few minor things that need to be fixed . Tim tries to fix Casey 's trailer , but Jack thinks it is a hint for Tim to ask her to move in with him . Tim and Casey have a misunderstanding when she buys a house . Amy 's applied Bear to become a police horse and attempts to help Georgie deal with the impending departure . Georgie gives Bear and Buddy the goodbye they need . Georgie and Stephen finally have their lunch together and Stephen breaks the news that he is moving away for good . Olivia brings her attitude and horse to Amy to look at , Georgie thinks the problem is all Olivia and rides him to prove her wrong , but the horse gets injured . 148 9 `` A Matter of Trust '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 909 Ty finds some abandoned possums and Georgie accidentally releases them . Caleb brings a horse to Heartland for Ty and Amy to fix . But he gets sick Amy lets him drink from the contaminated river . Tim and Jack fix the wiring in the loft and find the missing possums . Georgie does n't have time to exercise Phoenix so Jack takes him out and lets him drink from the river . Lou surprises the girls with a vacation to the Dominican Republic . Georgie has the opportunity to become closer with her extreme team by going on a road trip but lies to Lou about it , argues with Lou and runs away from Heartland to Vancouver . 149 10 `` Darkness Before Dawn '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie January 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) 910 Georgie begins to second - guess her decision to run away from Heartland , while the family bands together to find her . Meanwhile , Amy and Ty work frantically to save Phoenix from pesticide poisoning . And Jack , Tim and Caleb team up to trace the pesticide 's origins . 150 11 `` Making the Grade '' Gail Harvey Pamela Pinch January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) 911 Ty gets roped into helping Jack and Tim on a cattle drive but an unforeseen accident jeopardizes their plans . 151 12 `` The Real Deal '' Gail Harvey Ken Craw January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 912 Tim wants to discourage Jade from taking a suspicious sponsorship deal and seeks help from Amy and Georgie . 152 13 `` Risky Business '' Eleanore Lindo Bonnie Fairweather February 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 07 ) 913 Amy and Cass team to save a racehorse with a career - threatening condition , while Tim 's former girlfriend visits and casts his current relationship in a new light . 153 14 `` No Regrets '' Eleanore Lindo Bonnie Fairweather February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 914 Georgie 's school project on Val Stanton inspires her to take a risk with Adam . 154 15 `` Making A Move '' Stefan Scaini Pamela Pinch February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 915 When Lou returns from New York she is forced to confront two interlopers : Heartland 's new ranch hand , and a trendy food truck that is threatening Maggie 's business . 155 16 `` Pandora 's Box '' Stefan Scaini Ken Craw March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) 916 Lou finds herself trapped at the Dude Ranch with Mitch , the new ranch hand , and they both reveal the circumstances of their recent pasts. Ty is feeling conflicted about opening a package he received from his Dad . 156 17 `` Love is Just a Word '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 917 While trying to help Cass learn to handle a spirited horse , Amy discovers there is more riding on their success than she initially realized . Tim insists the entire Heartland family attend a Hudson holiday party where Lou is forced to deal with a series of unexpected events . 157 18 `` Resolutions '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) 918 When their plans to get away are thwarted , Amy and Ty celebrate their first anniversary closer to home and Amy reveals that she is pregnant . Season 10 ( 2016 - 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 158 `` There Will Be Changes '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 1001 Amy and Ty work together to resolve a dangerous pregnancy issue , that involves a horse who is pregnant with twins . Georgie 's Extreme Team practices start back up with a new , stricter coach . Tim confronts Mitch . Lou makes a decision about a new business venture that involves going to new york . She decides to go to New York to open a new franchise of Maggie 's . Georgie almost quits Extreme Team because of the new coach , but she decides to stay . 159 `` You Just Know '' Bruce McDonald Mark Haroun October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 1002 Ty has to perform surgery . Amy and Georgie take care of the new foals . Lou and Mitch deal with their attraction towards each other . Sam , the girl who wanted to go on a road trip to Jasper in Season 9 at the end before Georgie ran away , becomes Georgie 's friend but then loosens Olivia 's saddle so she falls off her horse . Georgie confronts Sam and the coach , Natalie , overhears and puts Sam on a temporary suspension from Extreme Team . 160 `` New Kid in Town '' Eleanore Lindo Ken Craw October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 1003 Tim is caught in the middle of Jade 's showdown with a new hotshot bronc rider . Meanwhile , Georgie is feeling trapped in a rivalry of her own with Adam . Amy and Jack work with a top - flight bronc that has lost his mojo , while Ty faces a dilemma when a new professional passion project threatens to upend his life with Amy . And old feelings are rekindled when Casey enlists Tim 's help with a new rodeo school student . 161 `` New Horizons '' Eleanore Lindo Heather Conkie October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 1004 The Heartland family must deal with Amy and Ty 's decision about their future . Georgie and Jade finally convince Tim to let them work at Maggie 's Diner . Casey has a barrel racing horse that has developed a reluctance to eat and Ty and Amy work together to find out what the problem is . 162 5 `` Something To Prove '' Ken Filewych Mark Haroun October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 1005 When one of Tim 's team - building events turns competitive , Georgie gets stuck partnering with Jade 's cocky rival . Meanwhile , Amy and Cass have a falling out over Ty 's partnership at the vet clinic until a close call forces them to reconcile . And Jack offers to help Tim with mounted orienteering in order to avoid lunch with Lisa 's uppity aunt . 163 6 `` The Green - Eyed Monster '' Pierre Tremblay Bonnie Fairweather November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 1006 When Amy helps a mounted archer reconnect with her horse , she also unravels the mystery behind Spartan 's recent behavior . Meanwhile , Georgie is keen to tackle an exciting new challenge but her relationship with Adam is tested when he finds her spending time with another guy . Hoping they will finally have a chance to talk , Lou is surprised by Mitch 's reaction when she unexpectedly descends on his solo fishing trip . And when Lisa accidentally throws out the key to his famous stew , Jack grows increasingly frustrated trying to recreate the recipe . 164 7 `` Riding Shotgun '' Chris Potter Pamela Pinch November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 1007 Georgie and Adam have a falling out after he found her spending time with another boy . Mitch buys Lou a horse and she thinks that it is a sign about their relationship . Peter comes home to spend time with the girls and Lou reveals her new business venture with Maggie 's to him . Jack and Mitch find wolves killing cattle while checking on the herd . Mitch explains his past to Jack . Scott needs help at the Reserve and Georgie finds a way to get back together with Adam . Together they save the life of a pig from the reserve . Lou finds out that Mitch wants her to pay him back for the horse he got supposedly for her but actually it was for the Dude Ranch , making Lou realise that it may not have been a sign for their relationship . Mitch apologizes for being rude and explains why he was when she went to see him during his solo fishing trip . 165 8 `` Here and Now '' Chris Potter Ken Craw November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 1008 Georgie is picked as the new Extreme Team headliner , but being the headliner comes with a demanding coach with dangerous expectations that threaten to break the team up . Jade gets a new sponsor and moves back into Caleb 's trailer with the sudden amount of money . But her choices may jeopardize her place with her sponsor . Jack 's old friend Will Vernon comes back to Heartland with a big surprise for Jack that will have a lasting impact on everyone . 166 9 `` A Horse With No Rider '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 1009 An out - of - town horse clinic takes a dangerous turn for Amy , Tim and Georgie . Meanwhile , Lou 's flight home is delayed and Jack is caught in the middle when Mitch 's elevated status at Heartland begins to make Peter feel like an outsider . And when an endangered bear is shot by poachers Ty and Bob fight to save its life . 167 10 `` Together and Apart '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) 1010 While Amy deals with a panicked horse trapped in a trailer , Georgie heads off on a desperate search for Tim . 168 11 `` Change of Course '' Norma Bailey Pamela Pinch January 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) 1011 Tim offers to accompany Amy to her prenatal class while also teaching a Barrel Racing course with Casey . Amy steps in to help Georgie with the course . Jack steps in to get Katie ready for the 1st Grade . 169 12 `` Sound of Silence '' Norma Bailey Ken Craw February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) 1012 The Barn Tim had Casey board out of town horses for a Rodeo Event is destroyed by a fire , with the fate of the horses unknown . Tim insists the Rodeo continue for moral . Jade and Clay receive their Pro Rodeo cards but will the other contestants prove too much for Jade ? 170 13 `` Home Sweet Home '' Gail Harvey Bonnie Fairweather February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) 1013 Lisa and Lou are throwing Amy a surprise Baby Shower when an old friend expectantly shows up hiding the real reason for her visit . Adam is suspicious of Georgie which causes problems in their relationship . 171 14 `` Written in the Stars '' Gail Harvey Mark Haroun February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 1014 Jake 's unexpected arrival at Heartland forces Mallory to admit to Amy and Jack the real reason she came back to Heartland . Meanwhile , Georgie tries to move on after her break up with Adam by throwing herself into helping Amy with an underperforming cutting horse which Scott brings to Heartland . And Lou and Mitch struggle to find the right time to tell the family about their relationship . 172 15 `` Forest for the Trees '' Eleanore Lindo Ken Craw March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 1015 Amy struggles with the feeling that something is not right with Ty when she and Jack strive to help Ghost , a wild horse linked with Ty 's past . Georgie goes on a fun date with Clay 's cousin . Tim steps up when Jade 's plans fall through . 173 16 `` A Long Shot '' Eleanore Lindo Pamela Pinch March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 1016 A secret from Jack 's past threatens to change his relationship with the family forever . Georgie comes clean about her true feelings for Adam . Forced to work together for the afternoon , Tim gives Mitch the gears when he learns of Lou and Mitch 's relationship . Ty grows increasingly ill as he attempts to get back to Amy . 174 17 `` Dreamer '' Alison Reid Mark Haroun March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 1017 When Ty is admitted to the hospital , Amy and the family come together . 175 18 `` Greater Expectations '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 1018 Caleb and Cassandra get married . Amy goes into labor and the Heartland family welcomes a baby girl . Season 11 ( 2017 - 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 176 `` Baby on Board '' Grant Harvey Heather Conkie September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 1101 Heartland gets used to having a new baby around . 177 `` Highs and Lows '' Grant Harvey Mark Haroun October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1102 The family supports Georgie as she decides whether or not to face a ghost from her past . 178 `` Decision Time '' Eleanore Lindo Ken Craw October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1103 Georgie has to decide between show jumping Flame or continuing with the Extreme Team. Tim steps up Jade 's training regimen when a new competitor shows up . 179 `` Hard to Say Goodbye '' Eleanore Lindo Heather Conkie October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 1104 Amy helps a Mongolian horse get ready to travel , leaving his mare and foal behind in Canada . 180 5 `` Measuring Up '' Ken Filewych Bonnie Fairweather October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 1105 Upon her return from New York , Lou discovers that things are n't running smoothly . 181 6 `` Strange Bedfellows '' Pierre Tremblay Pamela Pinch November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1106 Amy is asked to work with Lisa 's racehorse , but when information is brought to light about the horse 's breeding , conflict arises . 182 7 `` Our Sons and Daughters '' Chris Potter Mark Haroun November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1107 Amy tries to teach some old friends about the power of connecting to a horse . 183 8 `` Truth be Told '' Chris Potter Ken Craw November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 1108 When Tim 's erratic behavior sparks concern from his loved ones , Jack suspects something else is going on . 184 9 `` Challenges '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 1109 Amy tries to get everything at Heartland organized before joining Ty on a work - related journey . 185 10 `` A Fine Balance '' Bruce McDonald Alexandra Clarke & Heather Conkie January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1110 Ty finds himself in a dangerous situation , and Amy must turn to an unexpected source for guidance in order to save him . 186 11 `` Somewhere in Between '' Rachel Leiterman Mark Haroun January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1111 Tim is forced to open up when an emergency traps him with an unexpected visitor . 187 12 `` Out of the Shadow '' Rachel Leiterman Ken Craw January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1112 Struggling with personal issues , Tim rallies the family to go on another memorial ride for Marion so he can face his deepest regret . 188 13 `` Reunion '' TBA TBA January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1113 189 14 `` Past Imperfect '' TBA TBA February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 1114 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heartland 's record setting 125th episode '' . CBC . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The countdown to Season 10 begins ! - Blog - Heartland '' . Jump up ^ `` A Special Announcement from Amber Marshall '' . CBC . Jump up ^ http://www.geoconvention.com/archives/2010/0295_GC2010_Pilot_High_School_Geology_Course.pdf Jump up ^ `` Field & Stream '' . 1 January 1998 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` A Heartland Christmas scores 1.4 million viewers ; repeats Christmas Day '' . 14 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website Heartland USA List of Heartland episodes at the Internet Movie Database List of Heartland episodes at TV.com List of Heartland episodes at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Heartland_episodes&oldid=824832175 '' Categories : Lists of Canadian drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 19 : 32 . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in season 11 of heartland | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n13\nOctober 14, 2007 (2007-10-14)\nFebruary 24, 2008 (2008-02-24)\n\n\n\n2\n18\nOctober 5, 2008 (2008-10-05)\nMarch 22, 2009 (2009-03-22)\n\n\n\n3\n18\nOctober 4, 2009 (2009-10-04)\nMarch 28, 2010 (2010-03-28)\n\n\n\n4\n18\nSeptember 26, 2010 (2010-09-26)\nMarch 27, 2011 (2011-03-27)\n\n\n\nFilm\nDecember 12, 2010 (2010-12-12)\n\n\n\n5\n18\nSeptember 18, 2011 (2011-09-18)\nMarch 25, 2012 (2012-03-25)\n\n\n\n6\n18\nSeptember 16, 2012 (2012-09-16)\nApril 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)\n\n\n\n7\n18\nOctober 6, 2013 (2013-10-06)\nApril 13, 2014 (2014-04-13)\n\n\n\n8\n18\nSeptember 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)\nMarch 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)\n\n\n\n9\n18\nOctober 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)\nMarch 20, 2016 (2016-03-20)\n\n\n\n10\n18\nOctober 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)\nMarch 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)\n\n\n\n11\n11\nSeptember 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"11"
] |
555917789511232078 | Hollywood Walk of Fame | Hollywood Walk of Fame - wikipedia Hollywood Walk of Fame For a list of the stars , see List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Entertainment hall of fame in Hollywood , Los Angeles Hollywood Walk of Fame 6801 Hollywood Boulevard near the Dolby Theatre Hollywood Walk of Fame Location of the Hollywood Walk of Fame , at its center at Hollywood and Vine , within Central Los Angeles Established 1958 Location Hollywood Blvd. and Vine St . Hollywood , Los Angeles 34 ° 06 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 36 '' W / 34.101630 ° N 118.326684 ° W / 34.101630 ; - 118.326684 Type Entertainment hall of fame Visitors 10 million annually Public transit access Hollywood / Vine Hollywood / Highland Website Official website Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument Designated July 5 , 1978 Reference no . 194 The Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises more than 2,600 five - pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood , California . The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry , bearing the names of a mix of actors , musicians , directors , producers , musical and theatrical groups , fictional characters , and others . The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self - financing Hollywood Historic Trust . It is a popular tourist destination , with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003 . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Categorization 1.2 Special stars 2 History 2.1 Origin 2.2 Selection and construction 2.3 Stagnation and revitalization 2.4 Expansion 2.5 Restoration 3 The Walk of Fame today 3.1 Multiple stars 3.2 Controversial additions 3.3 Stars with the same name 3.4 Bending the rules 3.5 Unique and unusual 3.6 Fictional characters and their creators 3.7 Star locations 3.8 Errors and mysteries 3.9 Theft and vandalism 3.10 Four Ladies of Hollywood 4 Nomination process 5 Homage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The Walk of Fame runs 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) east to west on Hollywood Boulevard from Gower Street to La Brea Avenue , plus a short segment of Marshfield Way that runs diagonally between Hollywood and La Brea ; and 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) north to south on Vine Street between Yucca Street and Sunset Boulevard . According to a 2003 report by the market research firm NPO Plog Research , the Walk attracts about 10 million visitors annually -- more than Sunset Strip , TCL Chinese Theatre ( formerly Grauman 's ) , the Queen Mary , and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art -- and has played an important role in making tourism the largest industry in Los Angeles County . Categorization ( edit ) As of 2018 , the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars , spaced at 6 - foot ( 1.8 m ) intervals . The monuments are coral - pink terrazzo five - point stars rimmed with brass ( not bronze , an oft - repeated inaccuracy ) inlaid into a charcoal - colored terrazzo background . In the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters . Below the inscription , in the lower half of the star field , a round inlaid brass emblem indicates the category of the honoree 's contributions . The emblems symbolize five categories within the entertainment industry : Classic film camera representing motion pictures Television receiver representing broadcast television Phonograph record representing audio recording or music Radio microphone representing broadcast radio Comedy / tragedy masks representing theatre / live performance ( added in 1984 ) Of all the stars on the Walk to date , 47 % have been awarded in the motion pictures category , 24 % in television , 17 % in audio recording , 10 % in radio , and fewer than 2 % in the live performance category . Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year . Special stars ( edit ) Special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities , service organizations , and special honorees , and display emblems unique to those honorees . For example , former Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley 's star displays the Seal of the City of Los Angeles ; the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) star emblem is a replica of a Hollywood Division badge ; and stars representing corporations , such as Victoria 's Secret and the Los Angeles Dodgers , display the honoree 's corporate logo . The `` Friends of the Walk of Fame '' monuments are charcoal terrazzo squares rimmed by miniature pink terrazzo stars displaying the five standard category emblems , along with the sponsor 's corporate logo , with the sponsor 's name and contribution in inlaid brass block lettering . Special stars and Friends monuments are granted by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce or the Hollywood Historic Trust , but are not part of the Walk of Fame proper and are located nearby on private property . The monuments for the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon are uniquely shaped : Four identical circular moons , bearing the names of the three astronauts ( Neil A. Armstrong , Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. , Michael Collins ) the date of the first Moon landing ( `` 7 / 20 / 69 '' ) , and the words `` Apollo XI '' , are set on each of the four corners of the intersection of Hollywood and Vine . The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background , with the television emblem inlaid at the top of each circle . History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The Walk of Fame at the 6800 block of Hollywood Boulevard , looking eastward . The Dolby Theatre is in the foreground at left . In the upper left quadrant is the famous intersection of Hollywood and Highland Center . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E.M. Stuart , its volunteer president in 1953 , with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame . Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to `` maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world . '' Harry Sugarman , another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association , receives credit in an independent account . A committee was formed to flesh out the idea , and an architectural firm was retained to develop specific proposals . By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon , and plans were submitted to the Los Angeles City Council . Multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept . According to one , the historic Hollywood Hotel -- which stood for more than 50 years on Hollywood Boulevard at the site now occupied by the Hollywood and Highland complex and the Dolby ( formerly Kodak ) Theatre -- displayed stars on its dining room ceiling above the tables favored by its most famous celebrity patrons , and that may have served as an early inspiration . By another account , the stars were `` inspired ... by Sugarman 's ( Tropics Restaurant ) drinks menu , which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars . '' In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree ( John Wayne , by some accounts ) inside a blue star on a brown background . However , caricatures proved too expensive and difficult to execute in brass with the technology available at the time ; and the brown and blue motif was vetoed by Charles E. Toberman , the legendary real estate developer known as `` Mr. Hollywood '' , because the colors clashed with a new building he was erecting on Hollywood Boulevard . Selection and construction ( edit ) By March 1956 the final design and coral - and - charcoal color scheme had been approved , and between the spring of 1956 and the fall of 1957 , 1,558 honorees were selected by committees representing the four major branches of the entertainment industry at that time : motion pictures , television , audio recording , and radio . The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant , and included such prominent names as Cecil B. DeMille , Samuel Goldwyn , Jesse L. Lasky , Walt Disney , Hal Roach , Mack Sennett , and Walter Lantz . Woodward 's star , contrary to popular belief , was not the first . A requirement stipulated by the original audio recording committee ( and later rescinded ) specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees . The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement . As a result , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business . The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959 . Construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion . The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $ 1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk , along with new street lighting and trees . In October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal . The second lawsuit , filed by Charles Chaplin , Jr. , sought damages for the exclusion of his father , whose nomination had been withdrawn due to pressure from multiple quarters ( see Controversial additions ) . Chaplin 's suit was dismissed in 1960 , paving the way for completion of the project . While Joanne Woodward is often singled out as the first to receive a star on the Walk of Fame , in fact there was no `` first '' recipient ; the original stars were installed as a continuous project , with no individual ceremonies . Woodward 's name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558 and inscribed on eight prototype stars that were built while litigation was still holding up permanent construction . The eight prototypes were installed temporarily on the northwest corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue in August 1958 to generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look . The other seven names were Olive Borden , Ronald Colman , Louise Fazenda , Preston Foster , Burt Lancaster , Edward Sedgwick , and Ernest Torrence . Official groundbreaking took place on February 8 , 1960 . On March 28 , 1960 , the first permanent star , director Stanley Kramer 's , was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower . The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated , according to one source , because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers . Stagnation and revitalization ( edit ) Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard , the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs . After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961 , eight years passed without the addition of a new star . In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce `` the agent to advise the City '' about adding names to the Walk , and the Chamber , over the following six years , devised rules , procedures , and financing methods to do so . In December 1968 , Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first star in eight years in a presentation ceremony hosted by Danny Thomas . In July 1978 the City of Los Angeles designated the Hollywood Walk of Fame a Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument . Johnny Grant , center , at producer Joe Pasternak 's presentation ceremony in 1991 . At left is Gene Kelly . Radio personality , television producer and Chamber member Johnny Grant is generally credited with implementing the changes that resuscitated the Walk and established it as a significant tourist attraction . Beginning in 1968 , he stimulated publicity and encouraged international press coverage by requiring that each recipient personally attend his or her star 's unveiling ceremony . Grant later recalled that `` it was tough to get people to come accept a star '' until the neighborhood finally began its recovery in the 1980s . In 1980 he instituted a fee of $2,500 , payable by the person or entity nominating the recipient , to fund the Walk of Fame 's upkeep and minimize further taxpayer burden . The fee has increased incrementally over time ; by 2002 it had reached $15,000 , and stood at $30,000 in 2012 . The current ( 2017 ) fee is $40,000 . Grant was awarded a star in 1980 for his television work . In 2002 , he received a second star in the `` special '' category to acknowledge his pivotal role in improving and popularizing the Walk . He was also named chairman of the Selection Committee and Honorary Mayor of Hollywood ( a ceremonial position previously held by Art Linkletter and Monty Hall , among others ) . He remained in both offices from 1980 until his death in 2008 and hosted the great majority of unveiling ceremonies during that period . His unique special - category star , with its emblem depicting a stylized `` Great Seal of the City of Hollywood '' , is located at the entrance to the Dolby Theatre adjacent to Johnny Grant Way . Expansion ( edit ) In 1984 a fifth category , Live Theatre , was added to permit acknowledgment of contributions from the live performance branch of the entertainment industry , and a second row of stars was created on each sidewalk to alternate with the existing stars . Hollywood Boulevard , 7000 block , north side , looking westward In 1994 the Walk of Fame was extended one block to the west on Hollywood Boulevard , from Sycamore Avenue to North LaBrea Avenue ( plus the short segment of Marshfield Way that connects Hollywood and La Brea ) , where it now ends at the silver `` Four Ladies of Hollywood '' gazebo and the special `` Walk of Fame '' star . At the same time , Sophia Loren was honored with the 2,000 th star on the Walk . During construction of tunnels for the Los Angeles subway system in 1996 , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority removed and stored more than 300 stars . Controversy arose when the MTA proposed a money - saving measure of jackhammering the 3 - by - 3 - foot terrazzo pads , preserving only the brass lettering , surrounds , and medallions , then pouring new terrazzo after the tunnels were completed ; but the Cultural Heritage Commission ruled that the star pads were to be removed intact . Restoration ( edit ) In 2008 a long - term restoration project began with an evaluation of all 2,365 stars on the Walk at the time , each receiving a letter grade of A , B , C , D , or F. Honorees whose stars received F grades , indicating the most severe damage , were Joan Collins , Peter Frampton , Dick Van Patten , Paul Douglas , Andrew L. Stone , Willard Waterman , Richard Boleslavsky , Ellen Drew , Frank Crumit , and Bobby Sherwood . Fifty celebrities ' stars received `` D '' grades . The damage ranged from minor cosmetic flaws caused by normal weathering to holes and fissures severe enough to constitute a walking hazard . At least 778 stars will eventually be repaired or replaced during the ongoing project at an estimated cost of $4 million to $4.2 million . The restoration is a collaboration among the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and various Los Angeles city and county governmental offices , along with the MTA , which operates the Metro Red Line that runs beneath the Walk , since earth movement due to the presence of the subway line is thought to be partly responsible for the damage . To encourage supplemental funding for the project by corporate sponsors , the `` Friends of Walk of Fame '' program was inaugurated . Absolut Vodka became the first Friend with a donation of $1 million , followed by L'Oréal . Friends are recognized with honorary plaques adjacent to the Walk of Fame in front of the Dolby Theatre . The program received some criticism . Alana Semuels of the Los Angeles Times described it as `` just the latest corporate attempt to buy some good buzz , '' and , quoting an area brand strategist , `` I think Johnny Grant would roll over in his grave . '' Karen Fondu , President of L'Oréal Paris , countered that the association was `` a natural affinity . '' The Walk of Fame today ( edit ) Multiple stars ( edit ) The original selection committees chose to recognize some entertainers ' contributions in multiple categories with multiple stars . Gene Autry is the only honoree with stars in all five categories . Bob Hope , Mickey Rooney , Roy Rogers , and Tony Martin each have stars in four categories -- Rooney has three of his own and a fourth with his eighth and final wife , Jan , while Rogers also has three of his own , and a fourth with his band , Sons of the Pioneers . Thirty - three people , including Bing Crosby , Frank Sinatra , Jo Stafford , Dean Martin , Dinah Shore , Gale Storm , Danny Kaye , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , and Jack Benny , have stars in three categories . Seven recording artists have two stars in the same category for distinct achievements : Michael Jackson , as a soloist and as a member of The Jackson 5 ; Diana Ross , as a member of The Supremes and for her solo work ; Smokey Robinson , as a solo artist and as a member of The Miracles ; and John Lennon , Ringo Starr , George Harrison , and Paul McCartney as individuals and as members of The Beatles . Cher forfeited her opportunity by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance when she was selected in 1983 . She did attend the unveiling of the Sonny & Cher star in 1998 as a tribute to her recently deceased ex-husband , Sonny Bono . George Eastman is the only honoree with two stars in the same category for the same achievement , the invention of roll film . In 1977 , country singer Loretta Lynn was the first of her genre to receive a star on the Walk of Fame . Controversial additions ( edit ) Charlie Chaplin 's star , selected in 1956 , installed in 1972 Charlie Chaplin is the only honoree to be selected twice for the same star on the Walk . He was unanimously voted into the initial group of 500 in 1956 but the Selection Committee ultimately excluded him , ostensibly due to questions regarding his morals ( he had been charged with violating the Mann Act -- and exonerated -- during the White Slavery hysteria of the 1940s ) , but more likely due to his left - leaning political views . The rebuke prompted an unsuccessful lawsuit by his son , Charles Chaplin Jr . His star was finally added to the Walk in 1972 , the same year he received his Academy Award ; but even then , 16 years later , the Chamber of Commerce received angry letters from across the country protesting its decision to include him . The committee 's Chaplin difficulties reportedly contributed to its decision in 1978 against awarding a star to Paul Robeson , a controversial opera singer , actor , athlete , writer , lawyer , and social activist . The resulting outcry from the entertainment industry , civic circles , local and national politicians , and many other quarters was so intense that the decision was reversed and Robeson was awarded a star in 1979 . Following sexual assault allegations involving comedian Bill Cosby , actor Kevin Spacey , reality television host Donald Trump , and producer - director Brett Ratner , the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce released a statement regarding inquiries as to the removal of stars : The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has received inquiries asking whether we are planning to remove the stars of Walk of Famers because of alleged misconduct . The answer is no ... The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a registered historic landmark . Once a star has been added to the Walk , it is considered a part of the historic fabric of the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Because of this , we have never removed a star from the Walk . As of 2018 , this has been the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce 's only statement regarding the removal of stars . On August 6 , 2018 , the West Hollywood City Council passed a resolution asking for the removal of the star for Donald Trump , after repeated vandalism to the site . The Mayor of West Hollywood , John Duran , stated that `` the council unanimously passes the resolution to remove his star '' ; however , the West Hollywood City Council has no jurisdiction over the Walk of Fame . Stars with the same name ( edit ) Two pairs of stars share identical names representing different people . There are two Harrison Ford stars , honoring the silent film actor ( at 6665 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the present - day actor ( in front of the Dolby Theatre at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard ) . Two Michael Jackson stars represent the singer / dancer / songwriter ( at 6927 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the radio personality ( at 1597 Vine Street ) . When the recording artist Jackson died in 2009 , fans mistakenly began leaving flowers , candles , and other tributes at the Vine Street star . Upon learning of this , the radio host wrote on his website , `` I am willingly loan ( ing ) it to him and , if it would bring him back , he can have it . '' The most common surname , with sixteen stars , is Williams : Andy Williams , Bill Williams , Billy Dee Williams , Cindy Williams , Earle Williams , Esther Williams , Guy Williams , Hank Williams , Joe Williams , Kathlyn Williams , Paul Williams , Pharrell Williams , Robin Williams , Roger Williams , Tex Williams and Vanessa Williams . There are fourteen stars with the surname Moore , twelve with Jones , and seven with Smith . The largest collection of stars honoring one group of blood relatives is the widely scattered set of seven representing the Barrymore family : John Barrymore , his brother Lionel ( who has two ) , and sister Ethel , their uncle Sidney Drew , John 's son John Drew Barrymore , and John Drew 's daughter Drew Barrymore . Bending the rules ( edit ) One of the four monuments recognizing the Apollo 11 astronauts at the corners of Hollywood and Vine Walk of Fame rules prohibit consideration of nominees whose contributions fall outside the five major entertainment categories , but the selection committee has been known to conjure some interesting rule interpretations to justify a selection . The Walk 's four round Moon landing monuments at the corners of Hollywood and Vine , for example , officially recognize the Apollo 11 astronauts for `` contributions to the television industry '' . Johnny Grant acknowledged , in 2005 , that classifying the first Moon landing as a television entertainment event was `` a bit of a stretch '' . Magic Johnson 's considerable basketball skills had no direct connection to movies , music , TV , radio , or theater , but the committee added him to the motion picture category , based on his ownership of the Magic Johnson Theatre chain , citing as precedent Sid Grauman , builder of Grauman 's ( now TCL ) Chinese Theatre . `` ( Now ) people want Orville Redenbacher , '' Grant quipped in the 2005 interview , `` because his popcorn is in all the theaters . '' Muhammad Ali 's star was granted after the committee decided that boxing could be considered a form of `` live performance '' . Its placement , on a wall of the Dolby Theatre , makes it the only star mounted on a vertical surface , acceding to Ali 's request that his name not be walked upon . All living honorees have been required since 1968 to personally attend their star 's unveiling , and approximately 40 have declined the honor due to this condition . The only recipient to date who failed to appear after agreeing to do so was Barbra Streisand , in 1976 . Her star was unveiled anyway , near the intersection of Hollywood and Highland . Streisand did attend when her husband , James Brolin , unveiled his star in 1998 two blocks to the east . Unique and unusual ( edit ) Fifteen stars are identified with a one - word stage name : Cantinflas , Houdini , Liberace , Mako , Meiklejohn , Paderewski , Parkyakarkus , Roseanne , RuPaul , Sabu , Shakira , Slash , Sting , Thalía , and Usher . The largest group of individuals represented by a single star is the estimated 122 adults and 12 children collectively known as the Munchkins , from the landmark 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . Clayton Moore is so inextricably linked with his Lone Ranger character , even though he played other roles during his career , that he is one of only two actors to have his character 's name alongside his own on his star . The other is Tommy Riggs , whose star reads , `` Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou . '' For more than 40 years , singer Jimmy Boyd was the youngest star recipient at age 20 , but he lost that distinction in 2004 to 18 - year - old twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen . Their joint star ( the only one shared by twins ) is outside the Dolby Theatre , near the Hollywood and Highland Center . The Westmores received the first star honoring contributions in theatrical make - up . Other make - up artists on the walk are Max Factor , John Chambers and Rick Baker . Three stars recognize experts in special effects : Ray Harryhausen , Dennis Muren , and Stan Winston . Only one costume designer has received a star , eight - time Academy Award winner Edith Head . Sidney Sheldon is one of two novelists with a star , which he earned for writing screenplays such as The Bachelor and the Bobby - Soxer before turning to novels . The other is Ray Bradbury , whose books and stories have formed the basis of dozens of movies and television programs over a nearly 60 - year period . Ten inventors have stars on the Walk : George Eastman ( as mentioned ) ; Thomas Edison , inventor of the first true film projector and holder of numerous patents related to motion - picture technology ; Lee de Forest , inventor of the vacuum tube , which made radio and TV possible , and Phonofilm , which made sound movies possible ; Merian C. Cooper , co-inventor of the Cinerama process ; Herbert Kalmus , inventor of Technicolor ; Auguste and Louis Lumière , inventors of important components of the motion picture camera ; Mark Serrurier , inventor of the technology used for film editing ; Hedy Lamarr , co-inventor of a frequency - hopping radio guidance system that was a precursor to Wi - Fi networks and cellular telephone systems ; and Ray Dolby , co-developer of the video tape recorder and inventor of the Dolby noise reduction system . A few star recipients moved on after their entertainment careers to political notability . Two Presidents of the United States , Ronald Reagan ( 40th President ) and Donald Trump ( 45th President ) have stars on the Walk . Reagan is also one of two Governors of California with a star ; the other is Arnold Schwarzenegger . One U.S. senator ( George Murphy ) and two members of the U.S. House of Representatives ( Helen Gahagan and Sonny Bono ) have stars . Ignacy Paderewski , who served as Prime Minister of Poland between the World Wars , is the only European head of government represented . Film and stage actor Albert Dekker served one term in the California State Assembly during the 1940s , which was notable for his outspoken public criticism of Senator Joseph McCarthy 's anti-communism demagoguery , leading to his blacklisting . On its 50th anniversary in 2005 , Disneyland received a star adjacent to the Walk of Fame near Disney 's Soda Fountain on Hollywood Boulevard . While not technically part of the Hollywood Walk of Fame ( a city ordinance prohibits putting corporate names on sidewalks ) , the star was installed adjacent to the Walk of Fame , and was thought of by Johnny Grant , the proverbial `` Mayor of Hollywood . '' Roger Ebert said of the star `` If you stop to think about what Disneyland has achieved and what a revolutionary idea it was to begin with , of course it deserve ( s ) a star . '' In lieu of the traditional icon indicating the specific achievement ( s ) of the honoree , Disneyland 's star has an icon of Sleeping Beauty Castle , and a plaque beneath the star reading : `` Award of Excellence Special achievement for 50 years of magical entertainment Hollywood Historic Trust July 14 , 2005 . Johnny Grant , Chairman . '' Fictional characters and their creators ( edit ) Main article : List of fictional characters with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Mickey Mouse 's star was the first awarded to an animated character In 1978 , in honor of his 50th anniversary , Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star . Other animated recipients are Bugs Bunny , Donald Duck , Minnie Mouse , Woody Woodpecker , Snow White , Tinker Bell , Winnie the Pooh , Shrek , The Simpsons , the Rugrats , and Snoopy . The star inscribed Charlie Tuna honors not the animated advertising mascot , but Art Ferguson , the long - time radio personality and game show announcer . Other fictional characters on the Walk include the Munchkins ( as mentioned ) , two individual Muppets ( Kermit the Frog and Big Bird ) and the Muppets as a group , one monster ( Godzilla ) , and three non-animated canine characters ( Strongheart , Lassie , and Rin Tin Tin ) . Ten stars recognize cartoonists and animators : Walt Disney , Chuck Jones , Friz Freleng , Walter Lantz , Hanna -- Barbera , Charles M. Schulz , Jay Ward , Dr. Seuss , Matt Groening and John Lasseter . Two puppeteers have stars : Jim Henson and Shari Lewis , as does Fran Allison , who appeared with Burr Tillstrom 's puppets on the TV show Kukla , Fran and Ollie . Star locations ( edit ) Locations of individual stars are not necessarily random or arbitrary . Stars of most legendary and world - famous celebrities -- the so - called `` show business royalty '' -- are found in front of TCL ( formerly Grauman 's ) Chinese Theatre . Oscar - winners ' stars are usually placed near the Dolby Theatre , site of the annual Academy Awards presentations . Decisions are occasionally made with a dollop of whimsy : Mike Myers 's star , for example , lies in front of an adult store called the International Love Boutique , an association with his Austin Powers roles ; Roger Moore 's star is located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard in recognition of his seven James Bond 007 films ; Ed O'Neill 's star is located outside a shoe store in reference to his character 's occupation on the TV show Married ... with Children ; and the last star , at the very end of the westernmost portion of the Walk , belongs to The Dead End Kids . Honorees may request a specific location for their star , although final decisions remain with the Chamber . Jay Leno , for example , requested a spot near the corner of Hollywood Blvd. and Highland Ave . because he was twice picked up at that location by police for vagrancy ( though never actually charged ) shortly after his arrival in Hollywood . George Carlin chose to have his star placed in front of the KDAY radio station near the corner of Sunset Blvd. and Vine St. , where he first gained national recognition . Carol Burnett explained her choice in her 1986 memoir : While working as an usherette at the historic Warner Brothers Theatre ( now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre ) during the 1951 run of Alfred Hitchcock 's film Strangers on a Train , she took it upon herself to advise a couple arriving during the final few minutes of a showing to wait for the next showing , to avoid seeing ( and spoiling ) the ending . The theater manager fired her on the spot for `` insubordination '' and humiliated her by stripping the epaulets from her uniform in the theater lobby . Twenty - six years later , at her request , Burnett 's star was placed at the corner of Hollywood and Wilcox -- in front of the theater . Errors and mysteries ( edit ) In 2010 , Julia Louis - Dreyfus 's star was constructed with the name `` Julia Luis Dreyfus '' . The actress was reportedly amused , and the error was corrected . A similar mistake was made on Dick Van Dyke 's star in 1993 ( `` Vandyke '' ) , and rectified . `` Motion Picture '' category , `` TV '' emblem Film and television actor Don Haggerty 's star originally displayed the first name `` Dan '' . The mistake was fixed , but years later the television actor Dan Haggerty ( of Grizzly Adams fame , no relation to Don ) also received a star . The confusion eventually sprouted an urban legend that Dan Haggerty was the only honoree to have a star removed from the Walk of Fame . For 28 years , the star intended to honor Mauritz Stiller , the Helsinki - born pioneer of Swedish film who brought Greta Garbo to the United States , read `` Maurice Diller '' , possibly due to mistranscription of verbal dictation . The star was finally remade with the correct name in 1988 . Three stars remain misspelled : opera diva Lotte Lehmann 's first name is spelled `` Lottie '' ; Cinerama co-inventor and King Kong creator , director , and producer Merian C. Cooper 's first name is spelled `` Meriam '' ; and cinematography pioneer Auguste Lumière 's first name is listed as `` August '' . Monty Woolley , the veteran film and stage actor best known for The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) and the classic line `` Time flies when you 're having fun '' , is officially listed in the motion picture category , but his star on the Walk of Fame bears the television emblem . Woolley did appear on the small screen late in his career , but his TV contributions were eclipsed by his extensive stage , film , and radio work . Similarly , the star of film actress Carmen Miranda bears the TV emblem , although her official category is motion pictures . Radio and television talk show host Larry King is officially a television honoree , but his star displays a film camera . The Los Angeles Times , which documented and photographed the Walk as part of its Hollywood Star Walk project , reported that it could not find two stars , honoring Richard Crooks and the film career of Geraldine Farrar . ( Farrar 's music star is located on the 1700 block of Vine Street . ) Theft and vandalism ( edit ) Acts of vandalism occur on the Walk on a regular basis , ranging from profanity and political statements written on stars with markers to attempted removal of brass emblems with chisels . Closed circuit surveillance cameras have been installed on the stretch of Hollywood Boulevard between La Brea Avenue and Vine Street in an effort to discourage mischievous activities . Four of the stars , which weigh about 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) each , have been stolen from the Walk of Fame . In 2000 , James Stewart 's and Kirk Douglas 's stars disappeared from their locations near the intersection of Hollywood and Vine , where they had been temporarily removed for a construction project . Police recovered them in the suburban community of South Gate when they arrested a man involved in an incident there and searched his house . The suspect was a construction worker employed on the Hollywood and Vine project . The stars had been badly damaged , and had to be remade . One of Gene Autry 's five stars ( it is not clear which one ) was also stolen from a construction area . Johnny Grant later received an anonymous phone tip that the missing star was in Iowa , but it was never found . `` Someday , it will end up on eBay , '' Grant once joked . The most brazen and ambitious theft occurred in 2005 when thieves used a concrete saw to remove Gregory Peck 's star from its Hollywood Boulevard site at the intersection of North El Centro Avenue , near North Gower . The star was replaced almost immediately , but the original was never recovered and the perpetrators never caught . In late 2009 , rumors circulated widely on media outlets and the Internet that John Lennon 's star had been stolen , but it was merely being relocated farther south on Vine Street to an area near the circular Capitol Records Building , adjacent to the stars of bandmates George Harrison and Ringo Starr . Paul McCartney 's star was installed in the same location in 2012 . Donald Trump 's star was repaired soon after it was destroyed on July 25 , 2018 . Donald Trump 's star -- received as host of The Apprentice television series -- was repeatedly defaced during the 2016 presidential campaign . In late October , near the end of the race , a man named Jamie Otis ( who claimed to be an heir to the Otis Elevator fortune ) used a sledge hammer and a pickaxe to destroy all of the star 's brass inlays . He readily admitted to the vandalism , which he described as `` civil disobedience '' and `` freedom of expression '' , and told reporters that he originally planned to remove the entire star and auction it to raise money for the women who accused Trump of sexually assaulting them . Otis was arrested three weeks after the incident , charged with one count of felony vandalism , and sentenced to three years ' probation plus $3,400 in restitution payments . The star itself was repaired , serving as the site of pro-Trump demonstrations until it was destroyed a second time in July 2018 by a man named Austin Clay . Clay later surrendered himself to the police and was bailed out by Jamie Otis . Four Ladies of Hollywood ( edit ) The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo at the Walk of Fame 's west end The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo -- known officially as the Hollywood and La Brea Gateway -- stands upon a small triangular island formed by the confluence of Hollywood Boulevard , Marshfield Way , and North La Brea Avenue at the westernmost extension of the Walk of Fame . It was commissioned in 1993 by the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency Art Program and created by the architect , production designer , and film director Catherine Hardwicke as a tribute to the multi-ethnic women of Hollywood . The gazebo is a stainless steel stylized Art Deco lattice structure . The roof is an arched square supporting a circular dome , which is topped by a central obelisk with descending neon block letters spelling `` Hollywood '' on each of its four sides . Atop the obelisk is a small gilded weathervane - style sculpture of Marilyn Monroe in her iconic billowing skirt pose from The Seven Year Itch . The domed structure is held aloft by four caryatids sculpted by Harl West to represent the African - American actress Dorothy Dandridge , Asian - American actress Anna May Wong , Mexican actress Dolores del Río , and the multi-ethnic , Brooklyn - born actress Mae West . The gazebo was dedicated on February 1 , 1994 , to a mixed reception . Los Angeles Times art critic Christopher Knight called it `` the most depressingly awful work of public art in recent years '' , representing the opposite of Hardwicke 's intended tribute to women . `` Sex , as a woman 's historic gateway to Hollywood '' , he wrote , `` could n't be more explicitly described '' . Independent writer and film producer Gail Choice called it a fitting tribute to a group of pioneering and courageous women who `` carried a tremendous burden on their feminine shoulders . Never in my wildest dreams did I believe I 'd ever see women of color immortalized in such a creative and wonderful fashion . '' Hardwicke contended that critics had missed the `` humor and symbolism '' of the structure , which `` embraces and pokes fun at the glamour , the polished metallic male form of the Oscar , and the pastiche of styles and dreams that pervades Tinseltown . '' Nomination process ( edit ) Director James Cameron unveiling his star , 2009 Each year an average of 200 nominations are submitted to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame selection committee . Anyone , including fans , can nominate anyone active in the field of entertainment as long as the nominee or his or her management approves the nomination ( a letter of agreement from the nominated celebrity or representative must accompany the application ) . Nominees must have a minimum of five years ' experience in the category for which they are nominated and a history of `` charitable contributions . '' Posthumous nominees must have been deceased at least five years . At a meeting each June , the committee selects approximately 20 to 24 celebrities to receive stars on the Walk of Fame . One posthumous award is given each year as well . The nominations of those not selected are rolled over to the following year for reconsideration ; those not selected two years in a row are dropped , and must be renominated to receive further consideration . Living recipients must agree to personally attend a presentation ceremony within two years of selection . If the ceremony is not scheduled within two years , a new application must be submitted . A relative of deceased recipients must attend posthumous presentations . Presentation ceremonies are open to the public . A fee of $40,000 ( as of 2018 ) , payable at time of selection , is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the star , as well as general maintenance of the Walk of Fame . The fee is usually paid by the nominating organization , which may be a fan club , or a film studio , record company , broadcaster , or other sponsor involved with the prospective honoree . The Starz cable network , for example , paid for Dennis Hopper 's star as part of the promotion for its series Crash . The star was unveiled in March 2010 shortly before Hopper 's death . Actor Matt Damon 's star under construction , August 2007 Numerous major entertainment figures and legendary show business acts are not included on the Walk of Fame for a variety of reasons . Some , such as Julia Roberts and Clint Eastwood , have declined to participate ; nominations can not proceed without the nominee 's consent . Others , such as George Clooney and John Denver , were nominated , but would not agree to the mandatory personal appearance at the unveiling ceremony ; however , Denver received a posthumous star in late 2014 . Others have simply never been nominated , or do not have a nominator willing or able to pay the selection fee , or have less than the required five years ' minimum involvement in their designated field . Probability also plays a role as only about 10 % of nominees are selected each year . Traditionally , the identities of selection committee members , other than its chairman , have not been made public in order to minimize conflicts of interest and to discourage lobbying by celebrities and their representatives ( a significant problem during the original selections in the late 1950s ) . However , in 1999 , in response to intensifying charges of secrecy in the selection process , the chamber disclosed the members ' names : Johnny Grant , the longtime chair and representative of the television category ; Earl Lestz , president of Paramount Studio Group ( motion pictures ) ; Stan Spero , retired manager with broadcast stations KMPC and KABC ( radio ) ; Kate Nelson , owner of the Palace Theatre ( live performance ) ; and Mary Lou Dudas , vice president of A&M Records ( recording industry ) . Since that 1999 announcement the chamber has revealed only that Lestz ( who received his own star in 2004 ) became chairman after Grant died in 2008 . Their current official position is that `` each of the five categories is represented by someone with expertise in that field . '' In 2010 , Lestz was replaced as chairman by John Pavlik , former Director of Communications for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . While no public announcement was made to that effect , he was identified as chairman in the chamber 's press release announcing the 2011 star recipients . The current chair , according to the chamber 's 2016 selection announcement , is film producer Maureen Schultz . Homage ( edit ) Michael Jackson 's star , about two weeks after his death in 2009 Some fans show respect for star recipients both living and dead by laying flowers or other symbolic tributes at their stars . Others show their support in other ways ; the star awarded to Julio Iglesias , for example , is kept in `` pristine condition ( by ) a devoted band of elderly women ( who ) scrub and polish it once a month '' . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has adopted the tradition of placing flower wreaths at the stars of newly deceased awardees ; for example Bette Davis in 1989 , Katharine Hepburn in 2003 , and Jackie Cooper in 2011 . The stars of other deceased celebrities , such as Michael Jackson , Elizabeth Taylor , Richard Pryor , Ricardo Montalbán , James Doohan , Frank Sinatra , Robin Williams , Joan Rivers , George Harrison , and Aretha Franklin have become impromptu memorial and vigil sites as well , and some continue to receive anniversary remembrances . See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars List of halls and walks of fame References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Star Ceremonies '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . February 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Dedication of the 2,601 st star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Jump up ^ Martín , Hugo ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Golden milestone for the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Golden milestone for the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walk of Fame Frequently Asked Questions '' . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Stars -- Page 1 -- Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor gets Hollywood star '' . The Albany Herald . AP . June 26 , 1993 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ Lohdan , Tom . `` Hollywood Walk Of Fame Stars -- Mayor Tom Bradley '' . Flickr.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Charlie ( Chief ) ( May 10 , 2006 ) . `` Memorial Remembrance -- Hollywood Area '' . Los Angeles Police Department . Jump up ^ `` The Star Categories '' . hwof.com . HWOF LLC . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Semuels , Alana ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Hollywood , brought to you by ... '' Los Angeles Times . p . B6 . Jump up ^ `` L'Oreal Paris receives Friend of the Walk of Fame award -- presentation '' . Life . October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Torrance , Kelly Jane ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` Fame has its price '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : Apollo Landing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Walk of Fame '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rozbrook , Roslyn . `` The Real Mr. Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Magazine ( February 1998 ) : 20 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Courtney ( June 11 , 2012 ) `` Out with Kodak , in with Dolby at home of Oscars '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hollywood Walk of Fame A brief history in photos '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Martin . `` Los Angeles History -- Extinct Restaurants & Cafes S-Z '' . LATimeMachines.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 2006 ) . The Whole Equation : A History of Hollywood . Vintage . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70154 - 0 . Jump up ^ Williams , Gregory Paul ( 2006 ) . The Story of Hollywood : An Illustrated History . BL Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9776299 - 0 - 9 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Sandy ( June 30 , 2006 ) . `` Price of Fame in Hollywood ? $15,000 '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bronze Stars Begot Grammy '' . The Robesonian . Lumberton , N.C. February 22 , 1976 . p. 13 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses Chaplin Walk of Fame Request '' . Los Angeles Times . August 11 , 1960 . p . B2 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why does n't Clint Eastwood have a star ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Thermos , Wendy ( July 22 , 2005 ) . `` Sidewalk Shrine to Celebrities Twinkles With Stars '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 2 . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Conklin , Ellis E. ( October 30 , 1986 ) . `` Hollywood 's Walk On The Mild Side Of Fame '' . Chicago Tribune . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ( , p. 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Walk of Whimsy '' . Daily News of Los Angeles ( CA ) . Knight - Ridder , Mediastream . October 26 , 1986 . ( subscription required ) ( text verif . ) Jump up ^ Conklin , Ellis ( October 30 , 1986 ) . `` Top Stars Missing on Hall of Fame '' . Ottawa Citizen . Los Angeles Daily News . p . D17 . ( Google news archive ) Jump up ^ Wanamaker , Marc ( 2009 ) . Hollywood 1940 -- 2008 . Arcadia Publishing . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 5923 - 0 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kramer First Name Put in Walk of Fame '' . Los Angeles Times . March 29 , 1960 . p. 15 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shuitt , Doug ( April 16 , 1972 ) . `` Hollywood Blvd. -- - The Old Glamor Has Vanished '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Vincent , Roger ( May 6 , 2008 ) . `` Neighborhood face - lift gives Hollywood pause '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Walk of Fame '' . The Bulletin . UPI Telephoto . December 12 , 1968 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Historic - Cultural Monument ( HCM ) Report -- Community : Hollywood '' . City of Los Angeles : Department of City Planning . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeff ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` Honorary mayor of Hollywood dies '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina . AP . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Nomination Procedure '' . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . June 8 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Nominations process . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Site Of Johnny Grant , Hollywood 's Honorary Mayor '' . johnnygrant.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Linkletter Installed as Hollywood ' Mayor ' '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 1957 . p . B6 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ del Barco , Mandalit ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Pin - Up Queen Turns Hollywood Mayor Race Pink '' . NPR . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Grant '' . hwof.com . HWOF LLC . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Grant Remembered On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame '' . Life Magazine . January 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hollywood Walk of Fame '' star `` . hwof.com . HWOF LLC . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , David ( December 4 , 1996 ) . `` Rescuing Elvis : Roadwork steals shine from icon 's ' flaming star ' '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Orlov , Rick ( August 21 , 1997 ) . `` Giving stars their due ; associations press MTA to preserve Hollywood icons '' . Los Angeles Daily News ( Free Online Library ) . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Briefly : MTA told to save Walk of Fame tiles '' . Los Angeles Daily News ( Free Online Library ) . September 4 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pool , Bob ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Walk of Fame going to have a little work done '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( July 17 , 2008 ) . `` Walk of Fame fix wo n't be easy stroll '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Absolut Vodka pays to clean up Walk of Fame '' . Southern California Public Radio KPCC . July 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Brian ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Brands Join the Stars on Hollywood Walk of Fame -- at $1 M Price Tag '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` L ' Oreal Paris gets a Friend of the Walk of Fame award '' . Los Angeles Daily News . October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Star Walk : Who has the most stars on the Walk of Fame ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Autry '' . Gene Autry Entertainment . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : Mickey Rooney '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : Jan & Mickey Rooney '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : Roy Rogers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : Sons of the Pioneers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney to get his own star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . The Daily Star ( UK ) . February 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Conklin , Ellis E. ( November 2 , 1968 ) . `` It 's a Hollywood Walk of Shame '' . The Spokesman - Review . Los Angeles Daily News . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 15 , 1998 ) . `` Sonny & Cher Walk of Fame Ceremony '' . Life Magazine . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : George Eastman '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` When the not - guilty verdict was handed down , the courtroom audience cheered . No one who did n't live through that trial can even begin to comprehend what a switch that was . '' Giesler J , and Martin P . The Jerry Giesler Story . Simon and Schuster ( 1960 ) , p. 190 . ASIN B001T4F75E Jump up ^ `` On This Day : September 23 , 1952 : Charlie Chaplin Comes Home '' . BBC . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shuit , Doug ( April 9 , 1972 ) . `` Bitterness Survives 20 Years -- They Have n't Given Up -- Letter Writers Assail Chaplin '' . Los Angeles Times ( archive ) . p . B2 . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 2006 ) . The Whole Equation : A History of Hollywood . Vintage . pp. 164 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70154 - 0 . Jump up ^ Qualles , Paris H. ( August -- September 1979 ) . `` What Price a Star ? Robeson vs. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce '' . The Crisis . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Paul Robeson Gets a Star '' . Jet Magazine . 54 ( 23 ) : 58 . August 24 , 1978 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` At Long Last Hollywood Implants Robeson Star '' . Jet Magazine . 56 ( 7 ) : 60 . May 3 , 1979 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Ryder , Taryn ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has no plans to remove Walk of Fame stars amid sexual misconduct scandals '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Emily . `` Council Fight To ' Totally Remove ' Donald Trump 's Hollywood Star '' . Unilad . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Behrens , Zach ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Fans gather around the other Michael Jackson 's star '' . LAist.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson Talk Radio Content , June 25 , 2009 '' . MJ Journals blog . MichaelJacksonTalkRadio.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Search for `` Williams '' . WalkOfFame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . ^ Jump up to : Christian , Margena A. ( April 16 , 2007 ) . `` How Do You Really Get A Star On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame ? '' . Jet Magazine . 111 ( 15 ) : 25 , 29 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Star for the Greatest '' . Jet Magazine . 101 ( 6 ) : 52 . January 28 , 2002 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sanello , Frank ( UPI ) ( December 5 , 1984 ) . `` Want your star on walk ? It is n't easy '' . Saturday Morning Deseret News . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . ( Google News archive ) Jump up ^ Halza , George ( August 28 , 1998 ) . `` Brolin , Streisand Revel in Stardom '' . Reading Eagle , p . B8 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . ( Google News archive ) Jump up ^ Brillhart , Ivan . `` The ' MGM ' Munchkin 's '' . kansasoz.com ; Kansas Wizard of Oz ' N More personal webpage . Jump up ^ Vitty , Cort ( June 2007 ) . `` Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou '' . Radio Recall ; Metropolitan Washington Old Time Radio Club . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Koerner , Brendan I. ( November 18 , 2003 ) . `` Who Gave Britney a Hollywood Star ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Weist , Jerry . Bradbury , an Illustrated Life : A Journey to Far Metaphor . New York : Morrow , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 06 - 001182 - 3 . Jump up ^ Braun , Hans - Joachim ( Spring 1997 ) . `` Advanced Weaponry of the Stars '' . Invention & Technology . AmericanHeritage.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Warner , GA ( October 28 , 2010 ) : Ronald Reagan sites in Southern California . Orange County Register archive . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Autopsy Performed on Actor Albert Dekker '' . The Los Angeles Times . May 7 , 1968 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Hare , William ( 2008 ) . L.A. Noir : Nine Dark Visions of the City of Angels . McFarland . p. 143 . ISBN 0 - 786 - 43740 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland to get star treatment '' . L.A. Times . L.A. Times . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Bacalzo , Dan . `` Richard Burton , Hal David , Patricia Heaton , Scarlett Johansson , et al. to Be 2012 Walk of Fame Honorees '' . Theater Mania . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ed O'Neill's Walk of Fame star in front of shoe store -- Celebrity Circuit '' . CBS News . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leno returns to scene of crime for Hollywood honor . Reuters , April 29 , 2000 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biographical information for George Carlin '' . Kennedy Center . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Carol ( 1986 ) . One More Time ( first ed . ) . New York : Random House . pp. 194 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55254 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Louis - Dreyfus Honored on walk of fame with a typo '' . Access Hollywood ; NBC Universal . May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel , David ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` Welcome to the Hollywood Walk of ... oops ! '' . CNN . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Epting , Chris ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Notorious Spelling Mistakes : Famous Mashed Words '' . AOLnews.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Bill ( June 11 , 1977 ) . `` Bozo and Dan are an Item ! '' ( PDF ) . TV Guide , p. 24 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Don Haggerty '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Walk of Fame : A brief history in photos , # 6 , Mauritz Stiller '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steve Harvey ( April 15 , 1988 ) . `` The 28 - year mistake '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk -- Lotte Lehmann '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` King Kong ( review ) '' . Variety . March 6 , 1933 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Marvin . `` Pilot of the Plane that Killed King Kong '' . Story Domain . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Auguste Lumiere. ( 1 ) Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monty Woolley '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Note : Official category is Motion Pictures but his star bears the television emblem . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk -- Monty Woolley '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monty Woolley Dies '' , St. Petersburg Times , May 7 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Hawes , William ( 2001 ) . Filmed television drama , 1952 -- 1958 . McFarland & Company p. 23 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1132 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Monty Woolley to Appear in a Series of Television Films '' . Schenectady Gazette . NY . July 11 , 1953 . p. 8 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk -- Carmen Miranda '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carmen Miranda '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Jump up ^ `` Larry King '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk -- Larry King '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` About Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Farrar '' . Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Walk . Jump up ^ `` Richard Crooks '' . Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Walk . Jump up ^ `` Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen Star Vandalized '' . HollywoodGrind.com . January 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aundreia , et al ( August 2008 ) . `` Measuring the Effects of Video Surveillance on Crime in Los Angeles '' ( PDF ) , p. 26 . USC School of Policy , Planning , & Development . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( November 30 , 2005 ) . `` A Star is Torn from Boulevard '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` John Lennon 's star not stolen '' . Rock Star Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( February 10 , 2012 ) . Paul McCartney finally gets Walk of Fame star . Reuters.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jackson , Henry C. ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Trump : A star is scorned '' . POLITICO . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romero , Dennis ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Walk of Fame Star Gets a Baby Border Wall ( PHOTOS ) '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Protester uses Donald Trump Hollywood Walk of Fame star to mock him '' . CBS News . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man who destroyed Trump 's star is ' proud ' of his work '' . POLITICO . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamer , Melissa ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Man Who Smashed Donald Trump 's Walk of Fame Star Charged With Felony Vandalism '' . KTLA.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Von Quednow , Cindy ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Man Sentenced to 3 Years Probation in Connection With Vandalizing Donald Trump 's Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . KTLA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennewein , Chris ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Trump supporters rally at repaired Hollywood Walk of Fame star '' . MyNewsLA.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levenson , Eric ; Chan , Stella ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` President Trump 's Walk of Fame star was smashed to pieces '' . CNN.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nashrulla , Tasneem ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Star On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame Was Vandalized Again '' . BuzzFeedNews.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Folley , Aris ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Man who vandalized Trump 's Walk of Fame star bailed out by person who did it years ago : report '' . TheHill.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deioma , Kayte ( 2004 ) . `` Hollywood La Brea Gateway -- The Four Ladies Statue '' . ( Photo gallery ) . Golosangeles.about.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood and La Brea Gateway '' ( sculpture ) Smithsonian American Museum Art Inventories Catalog . 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Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Stargirl : Hollywood 's Stargirl has the answers '' Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Denver Honored Posthumously with Star on the Hollywood Walk Of Fame '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( January 6 , 1999 ) . `` Hollywood Tries to Help Stars Shine '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Academy Appoints Unger Communications Chief '' . Oscars.org , February 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Walk of Fame 2011 Selection '' . hollywoodchamber.net . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . June 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . `` It was not an easy job to winnow down the extra large number of nominations this year to reach these 30 names '' , said John Pavlik , chair of the Hollywood Walk of Fame Committee ... Jump up ^ Holmes , M ( June 22 , 2015 ) . Bradley Cooper , Quentin Tarantino Among Hollywood Walk of Fame 2016 Honorees . Variety.com archive , retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern , Jake ( 2006 ) . Fame junkies : the hidden truths behind America 's favorite addiction . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 45369 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Floral Tribute to Late Actress '' . The Union Democrat . October 10 , 1989 . p. 5A -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` ' Superman ' Daily Planet actor Jackie Cooper dies '' . Google News . ( AFP ) . May 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Taylor : Walk of Fame deluged by flowers '' . The Telegraph ( UK ) . March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , George M. ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` Richard Pryor Influence Is Unforgettable '' . The Vindicator . Knight - Ridder . p . D5 . ( Google News arch ) Jump up ^ `` Sinatra 's death brings sales surge for his music '' . Star - News . May 18 , 1998 . p. 2A -- via Google News . 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Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Hollywood Walk of Fame KML is from Wikidata Official website Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame videos - YouTube Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Hollywood Star Walk map : LA Times Hollywood Star Walk list : LA Times Greater Hollywood Districts and neighborhoods Beachwood Canyon Cahuenga Pass Colegrove East Hollywood Hollywood Hollywood Dell Hollywood Hills Laurel Canyon Little Armenia Melrose District Melrose Hill Nichols Canyon Outpost Estates Spaulding Square Thai Town Whitley Heights Yucca Corridor Points of interest Dolby Theatre Griffith Park Grauman 's Chinese Theatre Hollywood and Highland Center Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood Sign Walk of Fame La Brea Tar Pits Pantages Theatre Sunset Bronson Studios Sunset Gower Studios Neighboring cities and communities Beverly Hills Universal City West Hollywood LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire Cinema of the United States Films Films by year Awards and events National Board of Review Awards ( 1929 ) Academy Awards ( 1929 ) New York Film Critics Circle ( 1935 ) Golden Globe Awards ( 1944 ) National Society of Film Critics Awards ( 1966 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Awards ( 1975 ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( 1981 ) Independent Spirit Awards ( 1985 ) American Society of Cinematographers Awards ( 1986 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 1996 ) Hollywood Film Awards ( 1997 ) Guild Awards Directors Guild of America Awards ( 1936 ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( 1951 ) Producers Guild of America Awards ( 1962 ) Cinema Audio Society Awards ( 1964 ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( 1995 ) Art Directors Guild Awards ( 1996 ) Costume Designers Guild Awards ( 1998 ) Location Managers Guild Awards ( 2014 ) Theaters Movie theater chains Industry by state Alaska Arizona Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Louisiana Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Virginia Industry by city Atlanta Baltimore Chicago Cleveland Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Lone Pine Long Island Los Angeles ( Hollywood ) Monument Valley New York City Harlem Palm Springs Pittsburgh Riverside San Diego Seattle Sonora Stamford Vasquez Rocks Organizations Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers American Society of Cinematographers Hollywood Foreign Press Association Motion Picture Association of America Miscellaneous Box office AFI 100 Years ... series National Film Registry Pre-Code Hollywood Classical Hollywood cinema New Hollywood List of living actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood List of surviving silent film actors Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Downtown Los Angeles East and Northeast Sides Harbor Area Hollywood San Fernando Valley Silver Lake , Angelino Heights and Echo Park South Los Angeles Westside Wilshire and Westlake Areas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame&oldid=856871367 '' Categories : Hollywood Walk of Fame Walks of fame Hollywood Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood history and culture Entertainment halls of fame Halls of fame in California Landmarks in Los Angeles 1958 establishments in California Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Tourist attractions in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with short description Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 02 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | pay for star on hollywood walk of fame | [
"Radio personality, television producer and Chamber member Johnny Grant is generally credited with implementing the changes that resuscitated the Walk and established it as a significant tourist attraction.[21][35] Beginning in 1968, he stimulated publicity and encouraged international press coverage by requiring that each recipient personally attend his or her star's unveiling ceremony.[21] Grant later recalled that \"it was tough to get people to come accept a star\" until the neighborhood finally began its recovery in the 1980s.[32] In 1980 he instituted a fee of $2,500, payable by the person or entity nominating the recipient, to fund the Walk of Fame's upkeep and minimize further taxpayer burden.[21] The fee has increased incrementally over time; by 2002 it had reached $15,000,[36] and stood at $30,000 in 2012.[4] The current (2017) fee is $40,000.[37]\n"
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"$40,000"
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7680165593677605436 | Haven't Met You Yet | Have n't Met You Yet - wikipedia Have n't Met You Yet Jump to : navigation , search `` Have n't Met You Yet '' Single by Michael Bublé from the album Crazy Love B - side `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' Released August 31 , 2009 Format CD single digital download Recorded 2009 Genre Smooth jazz Length 4 : 05 Label 143 Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Michael Bublé Alan Chang Amy Foster - Gilles Producer ( s ) Bob Rock Martin Asp Michael Bublé singles chronology `` Comin ' Home Baby '' ( 2008 ) `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( 2009 ) `` Hold On '' ( 2010 ) `` Comin ' Home Baby '' ( 2008 ) `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( 2009 ) `` Hold On '' ( 2010 ) Promotional Music Video `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( promo ) at ContactMusic.com Official Music Video `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( official ) at ContactMusic.com `` Have n't Met You Yet '' is the first single from Canadian singer Michael Bublé 's fourth album , Crazy Love , released on August 31 , 2009 . According to Bublé , the single and its official music video are `` about everyone 's dream of finding a relationship and love . '' Bublé co-wrote `` Have n't Met You Yet '' with Alan Chang and Amy Foster - Gilles , and dedicated it to his then fiancée and now wife , Luisana Lopilato ( who appears as his love interest in the music video ) . The song has proven successful on the adult contemporary charts , reaching number one in the U.S. on the chart week of January 30 , 2010 and becoming the first song in history to debut at number one on Billboard Canada 's AC chart . It is Bublé 's third # 1 single on the adult contemporary charts after `` Home '' and `` Everything '' . It was also a big success on the Billboard Hot 100 , where the song reached # 24 , so far , being his highest single on the Billboard charts . The song entered the United Kingdom Singles Chart on the October 18 , 2009 at number 9 , making it his first top 10 hit in the UK , eventually climbing up to number 5 in its third week . The song won Single of the Year at the 2010 Juno Awards and was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 In popular culture 6 Chart performance 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 Nick Jonas version 8.1 Background and composition 8.2 Track listing 8.3 Release history 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) A clip of the song was released via The Daily Bublé , an online newspaper found on his official website . Another clip was also available for those downloading the mp3 at Amazon.com . The full song was available for streaming only on his official fan club Bungalow - B on August 28 , 2009 . It was later available on iTunes on August 30 and then on Bublé 's official page on August 31 . In 2010 , the song replaced ' Follow Through ' by Gavin DeGraw on adverts for Carte D'or ice cream in the UK . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received favourable reviews . Patrick McKiernan from the website Allgigs.co.uk gave the song 4 out of 5 stars , saying : `` The lyrical structure is not too far from his comfort zone but is still engaging enough to pay attention to but it 's actually the music I think is great . The piano is jaunty and upbeat and has some very beautiful , understated string arrangement that matches his vocal charm perfectly and the song even has a great bit of bugle at the bridge '' . The song was one of the album 's track pick from the AllMusic review . Nick Levine from Digital Spy gave the song 3 out of 5 stars , saying : `` ' Have n't Met You Yet ' is a toe - tapping pop tune with lavish production - the strings swell in all the right places , the brass parps perkily - and lyrics so shamelessly romantic Barry Manilow could sing them . It 's cheesy as a quesadilla and too chirpy by half , but if this sort of thing pushes your guilty pleasure button , it 's probably best to enjoy it while you can '' . Music video ( edit ) A promotional video was released a few days after the release of the song in digital format at his official site on September 5 , 2009 . It showed Bublé in a photo shoot set wearing a dark brown jacket against a white background . The video solely revolves around him in the photo shoot session . The official music video was directed by Rich Lee and was released on October 1 , 2009 . The video is about Bublé in a supermarket ( Killarney Market on 49th Avenue in Vancouver , BC , Canada in the Killarney neighbourhood ) and after meeting a blonde woman ( Luisana Lopilato ) in an aisle , all the customers , staff , and a cameo appearance of the West Vancouver Youth Band , start dancing around the store in celebration , eventually moving outside to the parking lot as confetti descends . The video then cuts to Bublé at the till with the cashier handing him his receipt while he is still seemingly lost in daydreams . An embarrassed Bublé then takes the receipt and walks out with everyone staring at him . As he is about to exit the supermarket , he sees the blonde woman from his daydream walking into the supermarket . He takes a glance at her and walks out of the supermarket perplexed . The music video is a tribute to a scene in the 1986 film Ferris Bueller 's Day Off when Ferris Bueller leads a parade through the Chicago streets lip - syncing to The Beatles ' version of `` Twist and Shout '' . After filming the video Bublé and Lopilato later became engaged and were married on March 31 , 2011 in Argentina . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Have n't Met You Yet '' - 4 : 05 `` Everything '' ( Live from Madison Square Garden ) - 3 : 37 `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( Live from Madison Square Garden ) - 4 : 33 Digital download EP `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( Donni Hotwheel Radio Edit ) - 3 : 08 `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( Donni Hotwheel Extended Mix ) - 4 : 35 `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( Jason Nevins Radio Edit ) - 3 : 36 `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( Jason Nevins Club Mix ) - 6 : 23 `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( Cutmore Club Mix ) - 6 : 38 German CD single `` Have n't Met You Yet '' - 4 : 05 `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( Live from Madison Square Garden ) - 4 : 33 In popular culture ( edit ) External video Video of Jon Hamm and Michael Bublé in the Saturday Night Live restaurant sketch , `` Hamm & Bublé '' . at Hulu.com `` Russian Unicorn '' -- the video from Bad Lip Reading , which Michael claimed was `` one of the coolest things he 's ever seen '' ( 26 ) at YouTube.com During the January 30 , 2010 episode of Saturday Night Live , in which Bublé is the musical guest , a commercial sketch shows that host Jon Hamm has opened a restaurant that features `` Ham and Bubbly '' . While Bublé sings alternate lyrics to the melody of `` Have n't Met You Yet '' that reflects the restaurant 's theme , it becomes obvious that Hamm is holding Bublé against his will , forcing him to sing and perform non-musical shows . This song was also performed as a group by the cast of American Idol during the March 12 results show of the ninth season . In September 2010 nearly a 1000 students from the University of Victoria , Canada shot a lip dub featuring `` Have n't Met You Yet '' . The lip dub was mentioned on CBC News : The National and covered extensively from local news outlets . On October 27 , Michael Bublé posted a link of the `` impressive '' video to his Facebook page . The video reached over 100,000 views on YouTube in less than a week after being released online on October 22 . The lip dub was made in response to the viral ' UVic ' ( Universitat de Vic from Spain ) `` Hey , Soul Sister '' lip dub that many , including celebrity blogger Perez Hilton , mistakenly believed came from the Canadian ' UVic ' . Michael Bublé expressed interest in being a part of the lip dub , but due to scheduling conflicts was unable to be in Victoria , British Columbia at the time of shooting . On July 11 , 2011 a YouTube channel called Bad Lip Reading did another type of lip dub - recording over the music video using an entirely new song , called `` Russian Unicorn '' , unrelated musically to the original , with lyrics that matched Bublé 's lip movements . For example , the new song changed the original line `` We can work to work it out '' to `` We could shoot a Russian unicorn . '' Bublé mentioned it in an interview , saying it was his new favourite song . He said it was `` one of the coolest things I 've ever seen '' and called the makers `` an evil genius . '' In October 24 , 2016 , Riley Elmore covered this song the knockout on The Voice Season 11 . Chart Performance ( edit ) In its first week , `` Have n't Met You Yet '' debuted at number 65 with only digital downloads to promote it . Simultaneously , it debuted at number 33 on the Hot Digital Songs chart , number 22 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , and the top five in Canada . The week of January 30 , 2010 , the song reached number 40 ( becoming his first Top 40 hit ) after several months on the chart . It has become his highest charting song yet ( `` Everything '' reached number 46 ) , reaching number 24 in its 34th week on the chart . It is also his best charting song in the Mainstream Top 40 , where it peaked at number 21 . It also became his third number - one on the Adult Contemporary charts . Meanwhile , on the UK Singles Chart , he scored his first top ten single after debuting at number nine . In its third week , it climbed to number five , making it his first top five hit and highest ever entry in the United Kingdom . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 -- 10 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 9 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 42 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 23 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 29 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 5 Canadian Adult Contemporary Danish Singles Chart 32 Dutch Top 40 European Hot 100 12 French Digital Singles Chart 14 Irish Singles Chart 5 Italian Singles Chart 7 Japan Hot 100 6 Swedish Singles Chart 39 Swiss Singles Chart 37 UK Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 24 US Billboard Pop Songs 21 US Billboard Adult Pop Songs 8 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Billboard Jazz Songs 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 ) Position Italian Singles Chart 45 UK Singles Chart 62 Chart ( 2010 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 64 Japanese Top 100 30 Canadian Hot 100 31 UK Singles Chart 134 US Billboard Hot 100 39 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Nick Jonas version ( edit ) `` Have n't Met You Yet '' Single by Nick Jonas from the album The Music of Smash Released February 27 , 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Jazz pop Length 2 : 21 ( album version ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Michael Bublé Alan Chang Amy Foster - Gilles Producer ( s ) Marc Shaiman Scott Wittman Ryan Tedder Nick Jonas singles chronology `` Joy to the World ( A Christmas Prayer ) '' ( 2004 ) `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( 2012 ) `` Chains '' ( 2014 ) `` Joy to the World ( A Christmas Prayer ) '' ( 2004 ) `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( 2012 ) `` Chains '' ( 2014 ) On February 27 , 2012 , Nick Jonas covered the song in the TV series Smash in the episode `` The Cost of Art '' . He performed the song behind a piano at a party that was given to him . The cover was released as a single on March 6 , 2012 and appeared on the series soundtrack , which was released May 1 , 2012 . Background and composition ( edit ) `` Have n't Met You Yet '' A 14 second sample of `` Have n't Met You Yet '' by Nick Jonas , where a portion of the chorus is heard . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Nick Jonas was announced to guest - star on the show on October 11 , 2011 . His character of Lyle West is described as `` a hot sitcom star who started his career as a child actor in a Broadway show written by Tom ( Christian Borle ) and directed by Derek ( Jack Davenport ) . '' The release also mentioned that Jonas will sing in the episode . Track listing ( edit ) Digital single No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( Nick Jonas version ) Michael Bublé Alan Chang Amy Foster - Gilles 2 : 21 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Canada February 27 , 2012 Digital download -- digital single Columbia Records United States February 27 , 2012 March 6 , 2012 May 1 , 2012 Digital download -- digital album See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2010 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Bublé Portugal : Have n't Met You Yet '' . Michaelbubleportugal.blogspot.com. 2004 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Buble Dresses Up Like Justin Bieber for ' Hollywood ' Video '' . PopEater.com. 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Horton , Shelly ( 2009 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Call him irresistible '' . TheAge.com.au . ^ Jump up to : Have n't Met You Yet - Michael Bublé . Billboard . Retrieved on October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Have n't Met You Yet '' setting Canadian radio records . MichaelBuble.com . November 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( January 20 , 2010 ) . Chart Beat Wednesday : Tim McGraw , Michael Buble , Owl City . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Amazon mp3 : Have n't Met You Yet '' . Amazon . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` bungalow-b.com '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : News : NEW MICHAEL BUBLE COMING TO YOU SOON ! MichaelBuble.com . August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ New Single `` Have n't Met You Yet '' Available on iTunes Now ! MichaelBuble.com . August 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Have n't Met You Yet Hits Radio August 31st Michael Buble Official Site '' . Michael Bublé. 2009 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ The Daily Bublé August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Have n't Met You Yet - Michael Bublé Single Review by Patrick McKiernan '' . All Gigs . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Released on Monday , October 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Singles Review - Michael Bublé : ' Have n't Met You Yet ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ News : New Have n't Met You Yet Promo Video . MichaelBuble.com Jump up ^ `` Michael Buble - Have n't Met You Yet Teaser Clip Promo Video '' . contactmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Promo video screen captures '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Buble Music Video '' . Killarney Market . Jump up ^ WestVanYouthBand.ca newsletter ( PDF file ) 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's That Boy ? Is It Justin Bieber ? Is He James Dean ? Clint Eastwood ? Or Michael Buble ? '' . Marketwire.com . September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Matthew ( May 9 , 2010 ) . `` Michael Buble '' . citylife.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Have n't Met You Yet ( Remixes ) - EP by Michael Bublé '' . iTunes . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Have n't Met You Yet ( 2track ) : Michael Buble '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live : Hamm & Bublé Excerpt ( s. 35 : ep. 13 ) . Hulu.com ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Bublé Video Reply : Russian Unicorn '' . YouTube . July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 21 , 2010 ). Chart Beat Wednesday : Top 40 Meets Buble . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Times Colonist '' . Victoria Times Colonist . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` '' Russian Unicorn '' -- a bad lip reading of Michael Bublé `` . YouTube . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Buble Live On Ustream '' . Ustream.tv . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( 2009 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Alexandra Burke beats Robbie Williams to No. 1 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Singes Top 50 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . acharts.us . October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Have n't Met You Yet , in various singles charts '' . Lescharts . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Hitlijst Radio 538 = 102 FM '' . Radio538.nl. 2010 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Meilleures ventes de Titres téléchargés en France ( Top Albums ) '' . Chartsinfrance.net . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track '' . Chart-track.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 1 - The Official Chart with Reggie Yates - The Official UK Top 40 Singles Chart '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bublé Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks '' . Billboard. 2010 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Ricerche e dati di mercato '' . Fimi.it. 2010 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Plus Year end 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Charts Plus . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2010 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` レコード 協会 調べ 2009 年 12 月 16 日 ~ 2010 年 12 月 14 日 「 着うた フル ( R ) 」 2010 年 有料 音楽 配信 「 年間 チャート 」 ( 通称 : レコ 協 チャート ) '' ( Record Association Analysis : December 16 , 2009 -- December 14 , 2010 Full - length Cellphone Download 2010 paid digital sales `` Yearly Chart '' ( Abbreviated : RIAJ Chart ) ) ( PDF ) . RIAJ . December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Year End : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Year End : Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Michael Bublé -- Michael Bublé '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Michael Bublé -- Michael Bublé '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Michael Bublé -- Michael Bublé '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Enter Michael Bublé in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Michael Bublé -- Michael Bublé '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Nick Jonas Performing `` Have n't Met You Yet '' ( Video & Audio ) - Fansite for NBC 's Newest Hit Show `` Smash '' `` . Smashtheseries.com. 2012 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` JonasHQ.Org Your # 1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers '' Nick 's Songs from ' Smash ' Now Available on iTunes `` . JonasWorld.Org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Music of SMASH : SMASH Cast : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nick Jonas and Tony Award Winner Bernadette Peters to Guest Star on NBC 's Midseason Musical Drama `` Smash '' `` . The Futon Critic . NBC . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Nick Jonas and Tony Award Winner Bernadette Peters to Guest Star on NBC 's Midseason Musical Drama `` Smash '' `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2011 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Have n't Met You Yet ( Smash Cast Version Featuring Nick Jonas ) : Smash Cast : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store '' . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Have n't Met You Yet ( feat . Nick Jonas ) ( From the TV Series `` SMASH '' ) - Single by SMASH Cast `` . itunes.apple.com. 2012 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Dangerous '' by Kardinal Offishall Juno Award for Single of the Year Succeeded by `` Wavin ' Flag '' by Young Artists for Haiti Michael Bublé Discography Studio albums BaBalu ( 2001 ) Dream ( 2002 ) Michael Bublé ( 2003 ) It 's Time ( 2005 ) Call Me Irresponsible ( 2007 ) Crazy Love ( 2009 ) Christmas ( 2011 ) To Be Loved ( 2013 ) Nobody but Me ( 2016 ) Live albums Come Fly with Me ( 2004 ) Caught in the Act ( 2005 ) Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden ( 2009 ) Extended plays First Dance ( 1995 ) Totally Bublé ( 2003 ) Let It Snow ( 2003 ) More ( 2005 ) With Love ( 2006 ) A Taste of Bublé ( 2008 ) Special Delivery ( 2010 ) A Holiday Gift for You ( 2010 ) Singles `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Sway '' `` Spider - Man Theme '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Home '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Everything '' `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' `` Lost '' `` It Had Better Be Tonight '' `` Comin ' Home Baby '' `` Have n't Met You Yet '' `` Hold On '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Hollywood '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' / `` Jingle Bells '' `` White Christmas '' `` Nobody but Me '' Concert tours Crazy Love Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) To Be Loved Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) Nick Jonas songs Nicholas Jonas `` When You Look Me in the Eyes '' `` Higher Love '' Nick Jonas ( Nick Jonas X2 ) `` Chains '' `` Jealous '' `` Levels '' Last Year Was Complicated `` Close '' `` Bacon '' TBA `` Remember I Told You '' `` Find You '' Featured singles `` We Rock '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` I Never Met a Wolf Who Did n't Love to Howl '' `` Have n't Met You Yet '' `` Good Thing '' Promotional singles `` Send It On '' `` Teacher '' `` Wilderness '' `` Champagne Problems '' `` Chainsaw '' `` Home '' Other songs `` We Got the Party '' `` Introducing Me '' `` King '' `` Lush Life '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haven%27t_Met_You_Yet&oldid=809723748 '' Categories : 2009 singles Michael Bublé songs Nick Jonas songs Songs written by Alan Chang Songs written by Michael Bublé Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles 143 Records singles Reprise Records singles Song recordings produced by Bob Rock Juno Award for Single of the Year singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 00 : 03 . About Wikipedia | who is the girl in haven met you yet | [
"\"Haven't Met You Yet\" is the first single from Canadian singer Michael Bublé's fourth album, Crazy Love, released on August 31, 2009.[1] According to Bublé, the single and its official music video are \"about everyone's dream of finding a relationship and love.\"[2] Bublé co-wrote \"Haven't Met You Yet\" with Alan Chang and Amy Foster-Gilles, and dedicated it to his then fiancée and now wife, Luisana Lopilato (who appears as his love interest in the music video).[3][citation needed]"
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"Luisana Lopilato"
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120558090130212740 | List of circumnavigations | List of circumnavigations - wikipedia List of circumnavigations The Magellan -- Elcano voyage was the first world circumnavigation in history . Victoria , one of the original five ships , led by Elcano , circumnavigated the globe , finishing 16 months after Magellan 's death . This is a list of circumnavigations of the planet Earth . Sections are ordered by ascending date of completion of voyage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Global circumnavigations 1.1 Seacraft 1.1. 1 16th century 1.1. 2 17th century 1.1. 3 18th century 1.1. 4 19th century 1.1. 5 20th century 1.1. 6 21st century 1.1. 7 Fastest nautical circumnavigations of the globe 1.2 Aircraft 1.3 Spacecraft 1.4 Human powered 1.5 Miscellaneous 2 Significant non-global circumnavigations 2.1 Seacraft 3 Fictional circumnavigations 4 See also 5 Notes and references Global circumnavigations ( edit ) Seacraft ( edit ) 16th century ( edit ) The 18 survivors , led by Juan Sebastián Elcano , of Ferdinand Magellan 's Castilian ( ' Spanish ' ) expedition ( which began with 5 ships and 270 men ) ; 1519 -- 1522 ; westward from Spain ; in Victoria . After Magellan was killed by people of the Philippines Lapu - Lapu on 27 April 1521 , the circumnavigation was completed under the command of the Basque Spanish seafarer Juan Sebastián Elcano who returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda , Spain , on 6 September 1522 , after a journey of 3 years and 1 month . These men were the first to circumnavigate the globe in a single expedition . The survivors of García Jofre de Loaísa 's Spanish expedition 1525 -- 1536 including Andrés de Urdaneta ; westward from Spain . None of Loaísa 's seven ships completed the voyage , but Santa María de la Victoria reached the Moluccas before being wrecked in a Portuguese attack . Successive chiefs of the expedition ( Loaísa , Elcano , Salazar , Iñiguez , De la Torre ) died during the voyages . Andrés de Urdaneta and other fellow men survived , reaching the Spice Islands in 1526 , to be taken prisoner by the Portuguese . Urdaneta and a few of his men returned to Spain in 1536 aboard Portuguese ships via India , the Cape of Good Hope and Portugal , and completed the second world circumnavigation in history . Francis Drake ; 1577 -- 1580 ; westward from England ; in Golden Hind ; discovered the Drake Passage but entered the Pacific via the Strait of Magellan ; first English circumnavigation and the second carried out in a single expedition . Drake was the first to complete a circumnavigation as captain while leading the expedition throughout the entire circumnavigation . Martín Ignacio de Loyola ; 1580 -- 1584 ; westward from Spain . Thomas Cavendish ; 1586 -- 1588 ; westward from England ; in Desire . Martín Ignacio de Loyola ; 1585 -- 1589 ; eastward from Spain ( via Macau , China , and Acapulco , Mexico ) ; First person to circumnavigate the world twice , first one to circumnavigate eastwards and both westwards and eastwards ( 1580 -- 1584 westward and 1585 -- 1589 eastward ) , and first to use overland routes in his circumnavigation . João da Gama ; 1584 ( or 1585 ) -- 1590 ; eastward from Portugal ; from Lisbon to India , Malacca , Macau ( China ) and Japan . Gama crossed the Pacific at a higher northern latitude ; was taken prisoner in Mexico and carried in Spanish ships to the Iberian Peninsula . One of the first to do eastwards , mostly by sea . 17th century ( edit ) The survivors of the expedition of Jacques Mahu ; 1598 -- 1601 ; westward from Holland ; Of Mahu 's five ships only two returned . The survivors of the expedition of Olivier van Noort ; 1598 -- 1601 ; westward from Holland ; Of Van Noort 's four ships only two returned . Francesco Carletti ; Florentine merchant ; 1594 -- 1602 ; westward from Italy ; travelled across the American continent overland , through Panama . All Carletti 's other travel was by sea until he ended in the Netherlands ; he travelled from there overland back to Italy . Carletti was perhaps the first to travel all legs as a passenger , not as a ship 's officer or a crew member . Carletti described his journey in his autobiography , `` My Voyage Around the World '' , translated into various languages . Joris van Spilbergen ; 1614 -- 1617 ; westward from Holland . Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire ; 1615 -- 1617 ; westward from Holland ; in Eendraght ; Discovered Cape Horn and the first expedition to enter the Pacific via the Drake Passage . Jacques l'Hermite and John Hugo Schapenham ; 1623 -- 1626 ; westward from Holland . Pedro Cubero ; 1670 -- 1679 ; eastward from Spain ; the first maritime circumnavigation including significant travel overland . William Dampier ( English ) ; 1679 -- 1691 ; westward from England . Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri ; 1693 -- 1698 ; eastward from Naples ; the first tourist to circumnavigate the globe , paying his own way on multiple voyages , crossing Mexico on land . 18th century ( edit ) William Funnell ( English ) ; 1703 -- 1706 . William Dampier ( English ) ; 1703 -- 1706 . Woodes Rogers ( English ) ; 1708 -- 1711 ; with the Duke and the Duchess ; He rescued Alexander Selkirk on Juan Fernandez on 31 January 1709 . Selkirk had been stranded there for four years . William Dampier ( English ) ; 1708 -- 1711 ; First person to circumnavigate the world three times ( 1679 -- 1691 , 1703 -- 1707 and 1708 -- 1711 ) . George Anson , 1st Baron Anson ; 1740 -- 1744 ; in HMS Centurion . John Byron ; 1764 -- 1766 ; in HMS Dolphin . Samuel Wallis and Philip Carteret ; 1766 -- 1768 ; in HMS Dolphin and HMS Swallow ; Carteret had served on Byron 's expedition . Dolphin was the first ship to survive two circumnavigations . Louis de Bougainville ; 1766 -- 1769 ; On board was Jeanne Baré , disguised as a man , the first woman to circumnavigate the globe ; first French circumnavigation . James Cook ; 1768 -- 1771 ; in HMS Endeavour ; The first circumnavigation to lose no personnel to scurvy . Tobias Furneaux ; 1772 -- 1774 ; in HMS Adventure ( Furneaux was a veteran of Byron 's expedition . ) . James Cook ; 1772 -- 1775 ; in HMS Resolution . Alessandro Malaspina ; 1776 -- 1778 . George Dixon and Nathaniel Portlock ; 1785 -- 1788 ; in Queen Charlotte and King George respectively ; early pioneers of the Maritime Fur Trade between the Pacific Northwest and China . Robert Gray ; 1787 -- 1790 ; first American circumnavigation . 19th century ( edit ) Ignacio Maria de Alava ; 1795 -- 1803 ; in Montañés , flagship of a Spanish Navy squadron . Adam Johann von Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky ; 1803 -- 1806 ; the first Russian circumnavigation . Hipolito Bouchard ; 1817 -- 1819 ; in La Argentina ( Corsair Ship , Frigate ) ; from Buenos Aires ( Argentina , South America ) via Cape of Good Hope , Madagascar , Java , Philippines , Hawaii , California , El Salvador , Valparaiso ( Chile ) . The first Argentine to circumnavigate the world . Faddey Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev ; 1819 -- 1821 ; the first circumnavigation mostly between 60 ° and 70 ° S , discovered Antarctica and the first islands south of the Antarctic Circle . HMS Warspite ; 1826 -- 1828 ; as part of her assuming the role of the flagship of the South American station squadron , from England via Cape of Good Hope , Burma , Australia and Brazil , returning to England via the Caribbean . USS Vincennes , 3 September 1826 -- 8 June 1830 ; from New York by way of Cape Horn , visiting the Hawaiian islands in 1829 and Macau in 1830 . Her return voyage was made by way of China , the Philippines , the Indian Ocean , and the Cape of Good Hope . After nearly four years , Vincennes arrived back in New York under Commander William B. Finch . Two days later the ship was decommissioned . USS Potomac ; 19 August 1831 -- 23 May 1834 ; Commodore John Downes commanding , departed New York for the first Sumatran Expedition via the Cape of Good Hope , and returned via Cape Horn to Boston . Robert Fitzroy ; 1831 -- 1836 ; in HMS Beagle ; with Charles Darwin . Sir George Simpson ; 1841 -- 1842 ; made the first `` land circumnavigation '' by crossing Canada and Siberia . USS Constitution ; May 1844 - September 1845 ; commanded by Captain John `` Mad Jack '' Percival . The paddle sloop HMS Driver ; 1845 - 1847 ; first steamship circumnavigation . The first Galathea expedition ; 1845 -- 1847 ; first Danish circumnavigation . HMS Herald ; 1845 - 1851 ; Discovered Herald Island in the Bering Straits while searching for the Sir John Franklin Expedition . The screw frigate Amazonas ; 1856 -- 1858 ; first Peruvian circumnavigation . SMS Novara ; 1857 -- 1859 ; first Austrian circumnavigation . CSS Shenandoah ; 1864 -- 65 ; only Confederate ship to circumnavigate . Capt . James Iredell Waddell . Casto Méndez Núñez ; 1865 -- 1868 ; aboard Numancia ; first ironclad warship circumnavigation ; `` Enloricata navis que primo terram circuivit '' . Fernando Villaamil ; 1892 -- 1894 ; aboard Nautilus ; first training ship circumnavigation . Joshua Slocum ; 1895 -- 1898 ; first single - handed circumnavigation . 20th century ( edit ) The Great White Fleet ; 1907 -- 1909 ; first fleet to circumnavigate the world . Harry Pidgeon ; 1921 -- 1925 ; second single - handed circumnavigation . HMS Hood , HMS Repulse , and the rest of the Special Service Squadron ; 1923 -- 24 ; in the Empire Cruise , a tour of the British Empire after World War I . Harry Pidgeon ; 1932 -- 1937 ; third single - handed circumnavigation , first person to circumnavigate solo twice ( 1921 -- 1925 and 1932 -- 1937 ) . Electa and Irving Johnson ; 1934 -- 1958 ; sail training pioneers , circumnavigated the world 7 times with amateur crews . Vito Dumas ; 1942 ; single handed circumnavigation of the southern oceans , including the first single handed passage of all three great capes . Operation Sandblast ; 1960 ; USS Triton ; first underwater circumnavigation . Operation Sea Orbit ; 1964 ; USS Enterprise , USS Long Beach , and USS Bainbridge ; first circumnavigation by an all - nuclear naval task force . 1966 Soviet submarine global circumnavigation . Sir Francis Chichester ; 1966 -- 1967 ; first single - handed circumnavigation with just one port of call . Sir Alec Rose ; 1967 - 1968 ; single - handed circumnavigation with two stops ( in Australia and New Zealand ) . Leonid Teliga ; 1967 -- 1969 ; single - handed circumnavigation aboard SY Opty . Robin Knox - Johnston ; 1968 -- 1969 ; first single - handed non-stop circumnavigation . Robin Lee Graham ; 1965 -- 1970 ; then youngest ( at ages 16 -- 21 ) solo circumnavigation aboard 24 - foot sailboat Dove . Chay Blyth ; 1971 ; first westwards single - handed non-stop circumnavigation . Edward Allcard ; 1957 -- 1973 ; circumnavigation via the three great capes aboard his 36 - foot wooden ketch Sea Wanderer . Jon Sanders ; 1970 - 2017 ; completed ten circumnavigations. . 1970 First solo circumnavigation trip east to west mostly sailing through tropics . 1981 - 82 Double nonstop solo circumnavigation west to east via Southern Ocean . 1986 - 88 Triple non-stop solo circumnavigation : 657 days 21 hours and 18 minutes at sea . The Guinness World Book of Records cites this as the longest distance sailed non-stop by any vessel ( 71,023 nautical miles ) 2016 - 17 Completed 10th circumnavigation at the age of 78 , mostly singlehanded . USS Inchon ; ETR - 3 crew SEP - 1972 - SEP - 1973 Circumnavigation via Panama Canal Norfolk VA . East to West . Krystyna Chojnowska - Liskiewicz ; 1976 -- 1978 ; first woman to perform a single - handed circumnavigation . Naomi James ; 1977 -- 1978 ; first woman to perform a single - handed circumnavigation via Cape Horn . Mark Schrader ; 1982 ; completed two solo circumnavigations . In 1982 -- 1983 became the first American to complete a solo circumnavigation via the five southernmost capes . Marvin Creamer ( USA ) ; 21 December 1982 -- 17 May 1984 ; only known person to circumnavigate the globe by boat with no nautical aids , not even a compass or watch ( 1 ) . Bertie Reed - 1982 - the first South African to complete three singlehanded circumnavigations . David Scott Cowper ; 1985 ; first single - handed circumnavigation by motor boat . Dodge Morgan ; 12 November 1985 - 11 April 1986 ; Aboard sailboat American Promise , became first American to sail solo around the world , non-stop . Trishna ; 28 September 1985 - 10 January 1987 ; First Indian circumnavigation by an Indian Army Corps of Engineers crew . Also had the first handicapped sailor to sail around the globe . Teddy Seymour ; 1987 ; aboard sailboat Love Song ; the first African - American to complete solo single - handed circumnavigation . Mike Plant ; 1987 -- 1991 ; completed three circumnavigations . 1986 -- 87 : Won the BOC Challenge ( Class II - Open 50 ) with a time of 157 days aboard Airco Distributor , an Open 50 sloop built by Plant and designed by Roger Martin . 1989 : Competed in the first Vendée Globe on Duracell , an Open 60 sloop built by Plant and designed by Roger Martin . Although eliminated from the race after receiving help with a rudder repair in New Zealand , Plant still set a record for the fastest American to sail single - handed around the world with a time of 135 days . 1990 / 91 : Finished 4th overall in the BOC Challenge , setting the highest mark in a solo - sailing event for an American with a time of 132 days . The Thurston Family ; 1984 -- 1987 ; First Australian family to complete a circumnavigation . Tania Aebi ; 1985 -- 1987 ; American woman who completed a solo circumnavigation by the age of 21 , one 80 - nautical - mile ( 150 km ) stretch with crew disqualified her from an official record . Kay Cottee ; 1988 ; first woman to perform a solo non-stop circumnavigation . David Scott Cowper ; 1990 ; first single - handed circumnavigation via the North West Passage . Brian Caldwell ; 1995 - 1996 ; ' 1st - Under - Age - 21 ' to complete solo circumnavigation with stops , completed by age 20 . David Dicks ; 1996 ; youngest recognized assisted circumnavigation , completed aged 18 years 41 days . Henk de Velde ; 1997 ; sailed a catamaran eastbound around the world in 119 days , non-stop . He is still the only person in the world to perform this feat single - handed with a catamaran , although others have made faster single - handed circumnavigations in trimarans ( Ellen MacArthur , 2005 , and Francis Joyon , 2008 ) . 1998 Ocean 7 Adventurer ; July 1998 in 74 days , 20 hours , 58 minutes , traveling more than 22,600 nautical miles ( 41,855 km ) . This achievement set a new Guinness World Record for a powered vessel . Robert E. Case ; 1998 -- 2001 ; American who was the first solo amputee to sail around the world . Jesse Martin ; 1999 ; youngest recognized unassisted circumnavigation , completed aged 18 years 66 days . Azhar Mansor ; 1999 ; first Malaysian to sail solo around the world . Alex Thomson ; 1999 ; youngest skipper ever to win a round the world race ( Clipper 1998 - 1999 ) . Daniel D. Moreland ; 1997 - 1998 ; first circumnavigation of sail training vessel Picton Castle . Vinny Lauwers ; 1999 -- 2000 ; 233d 13h 43m 8s ; 21760 nm ; Vision Quest ; first single - handed circumnavigation by a disabled sailor ( paraplegic ) . 21st century ( edit ) Wilfried Erdmann ; 2000 - 08 - 14 - 2001 - 07 - 23 in 343 days ; monohull Kathena Nui ; solo westward non-stop circumnavigation . Ellen MacArthur ; 2001 ; monohull ; circumnavigated singlehandedly as the then fastest woman . Mike Golding ; 2001 ; First person to circumnavigate non-stop in both eastward and westward directions . 1993 World record for a westward circumnavigation , 161 days , Group 4 . 2001 Vendee Globe Race 7th position . INS Tarangini ( Indian Navy ) ; 2003 - 04 ; first Indian sail naval ship to circumnavigate the globe with the theme of `` building bridges of friendship across the oceans '' . Bruno Peyron and crew ; 2005 ; aboard maxi catamaran Orange II ; set the then current windpowered circumnavigation record , 50 days , 16 hours , 20 minute . Ellen MacArthur ; 2005 ; trimaran B&Q / Castorama ; then the fastest singlehanded circumnavigation ( 71 days ) , is still the fastest woman in 2010 . See also 2001 . Dee Caffari ; 2005 - 2006 ; first woman to perform a solo westward non-stop circumnavigation , in 178 days . Spanish frigate Álvaro de Bazán ( F101 ) ; 2007 ; First circumnavigation of the globe by a Spanish warship in 142 years . RMS Queen Mary 2 ; 2007 world cruise ; at 148,528 gross ton , the world 's largest passenger ship to circumnavigate the globe . Earthrace ; 2008 ; wave - piercing trimaran , with two 540 horsepower multi-fuelled engines ; current world record holder for a motorized vessel ( disputed with USS Triton , 1960 ) , in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes . Francis Joyon ; 2008 ; 95 ft ( 29 m ) IDEC 2 ; current fastest singlehanded multihull circumnavigation , in 57 days 13 hours 34 minutes 06 seconds . Michael Perham ; 2009 ; then youngest person ( aged 16 -- 17 years ) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation ( with stops , through Panama Canal ) . Franck Cammas and a crew of 10 ; 2010 ; French trimaran Groupama 3 ; set the fastest maritime circumnavigation at the time , in a time of 48 days , 7 hours 44 minutes and 52 seconds . Cdr Dilip Donde ( Indian Navy ) ; 2009 - 2010 ; First Indian to carry out a solo circumnavigation ; stopped in four ports - Fremantle , Lyttelton , Port Stanley and Cape Town . Jessica Watson ; 2009 - 2010 ; youngest person ( aged 16 ) to perform a solo non-stop southern hemisphere circumnavigation ( past Cape Horn ) . Reid Stowe ; 2007 - 2010 ; eastbound circumnavigation , 1152 days ; longest time spent at sea without resupply or touching land . Minoru Saito ; 2008 - 2011 ; oldest person ( aged 77 ) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation ( westbound , past Cape Horn , with stops ) . He has made eight singlehanded circumnavigations ; after the seventh ( which was non-stop ) at age 71 he was already the oldest . PlanetSolar ; 2010 - 2012 ; first solar vehicle to circumnavigate the globe . Laura Dekker ; 2011 -- 2012 ; youngest person ( aged 14 -- 16 years ) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation ( with stops , through Panama Canal ) . British sailor Jeanne Socrates ; 2012 - 2013 ; oldest woman ( aged 70 ) to single - handedly sail around the world , non-stop without outside assistance , also making her first woman to make solo non-stop unassisted circumnavigation from west coast of North America ( Victoria BC , Canada ) . Oldest , in 2010 - 2011 ( aged 68 ) , to sail single - handedly around the world , with stops . Both were eastbound via Cape Horn . Abhilash Tomy ( Indian Navy ) ; 2012 - 2013 ; First Indian to sail solo , nonstop around the world without outside assistance . Sailed south of the five southernmost capes . Gerry Hughes ; 2012 - 2013 ; First deaf yachtsman to sail single - handed around the world to pass the five great capes . On 1 September 2012 , Hughes left Troon , Scotland to start his eight - month journey across the world . Hughes travel around the world solo , sailed 32,000 miles and became the first deaf yachtsman to passed all five southernmost capes - Cape Agulhas , Cape Leeuwin , South East Cape , South West Cape and Cape Horn . INSV Tarini ( Indian Navy ) ; 2017 - 2018 ; six female naval officers sailed south of the five southernmost capes during their Navika Sagar Parikrama expedition ; they stopped in Fremantle , Lyttelton , Port Stanley and Cape Town . Fastest nautical circumnavigations of the globe ( edit ) See also : Around the world sailing record ( Ordered by ascending date of completion of voyage ) Operation Sandblast ; 1960 ; USS Triton ; first underwater circumnavigation , and fastest mechanically powered circumnavigation ( disputed with Earthrace , 2008 ) , in 60 days 21 hours . Jon Sanders ; 1986 -- 1988 ; holds the world record for completing a single - handed , non-stop , triple circumnavigation , in 657 days 21 hours and 18 minutes . Jean - Luc Van Den Heede ( French ) ; 2004 ; fastest westward single - handed circumnavigation , 122 days 14 hours 3 minutes 49 seconds . Adrienne Cahalan ( Australian ) ; February -- March 2004 ; fastest woman to complete a circumnavigation ( crew of `` Cheyenne '' ) 58 days 9 hours 32 minutes 45 seconds . Earthrace ; 2008 ; wave - piercing trimaran , with two 540 horsepower multi-fuelled engines ; current world record holder for a motorized vessel ( disputed with USS Triton , 1960 ) , in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes . François Gabart ( French ) ; Nov 2017 -- Dec 2017 ; current fastest single - handed circumnavigation , in 42 days , 16 hours , 40 minutes , 35 seconds . Francis Joyon and crew of five sailors ; Dec 2016 -- Jan 2017 ; the Maxi trimaran IDEC SPORT ; current absolute ( wind or mechanically powered ) fastest maritime circumnavigation , in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds of sailing . Average speed of 26.85 knots ( 30.71 MPH ) , covering a total distance of 26,412 nautical miles ( 48,915 km ; 30,394 mi ) . Aircraft ( edit ) In 1999 , Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones achieved the first non-stop balloon circumnavigation in Breitling Orbiter 3 . United States Army Air Service , 1924 , first aerial circumnavigation , 175 days , covering 44,360 kilometres ( 27,560 mi ) . Friedrich Karl von Koenig - Warthausen , in a Klemm L. 20 , circumnavigated the globe solo , between August 1928 and November 1929 ( oceanic legs via ship ) . LZ - 127 Graf Zeppelin , 1929 , piloted by Hugo Eckener set a record for the fastest aerial circumnavigation , 21 days , which was also the first circumnavigation in an airship . On 1 July 1931 , pilot Wiley Post and navigator Harold Gatty completed their circumnavigation of the world in a Lockheed Vega aeroplane , Winnie Mae , in 8 days , 15 hours and 51 minutes ; the record for fastest circumnavigation was once again held by an aeroplane . In 1932 , Wolfgang von Gronau flew around the world in a twin - engine Dornier seaplane , Gronland - Wal D - 2053 , in nearly four months , making 44 stops en route . He was accompanied by co-pilot Gerth von Roth , mechanic Franzl Hack , and radio operator Fritz Albrecht . In 1933 , Wiley Post repeated his circumnavigation by aeroplane , but this time solo , using an autopilot and radio direction finder . He made the first solo aerial circumnavigation in a time one day faster than his previous record : 7 days , 19 hours , 49 minutes , in which he covered 25,110 kilometres ( 15,600 mi ) . Richarda Morrow - Tait became the first and still - youngest woman pilot to fly around the world , accompanied by navigator Michael Townsend , in a year and a day , from 18 August 1948 to 19 August 1949 . In 1949 , the United States Air Force B - 50 Superfortress Lucky Lady II made the first non-stop aerial circumnavigation in 94 hours and 1 minute . Four in - air refuelings were required for the flight , which covered 37,743 kilometres ( 23,452 mi ) . Geraldine Mock , 1964 , first woman to complete a solo aerial circumnavigation . Don Taylor , 1976 , first general aviation circumnavigation by homebuilt aircraft . Dick Smith , 1982 -- 1983 , first solo circumnavigation by helicopter . Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager , 1986 , Voyager , first non-stop non-refueled circumnavigation in an airplane , 9 days , 3 minutes and 44 seconds . In 1992 an Air France Concorde achieved the fastest non-orbital circumnavigation in 32 hours 49 minutes and 3 seconds . Brian Milton , 1998 , first microlight circumnavigation . He used an open - cockpit single engine Pegasus Quantum 912 . No support aircraft escorted the flight . Keith Reynolds was copilot from Webridge , Surrey , to Yuzhno Sakhalinsk , Siberia . Then , as required by the Russian authorities , navigator Petr Petrov accompanied Milton to Nome , Alaska . Milton completed the rest of the 120 - day - voyage solo ( 71 flying days ) . Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones , 1999 , first non-stop balloon circumnavigation in Breitling Orbiter 3 , 19 days , 1 hour and 49 minutes , covering 42,810 kilometres ( 26,600 mi ) . Colin Bodill , 2000 , first solo circumnavigation by a microlight ( Mainair Blade ) in 99 days . Also held fastest circumnavigation by microlight until broken . Bodill was part of an entourage of 4 aircraft , one of which carried supplies and support . Polly Vacher , 2001 , in the smallest aircraft flown in a solo circumnavigation by a woman , via Australia and the Pacific . Steve Fossett , 2 July 2002 , first solo balloon circumnavigation . Steve Fossett , 3 March 2005 , GlobalFlyer , first non-stop , non-refueled solo circumnavigation in an airplane , 67 hours , covering 37,000 kilometres ( 23,000 mi ) . Steve Fossett , 11 February 2006 , GlobalFlyer , longest non-stop , non-refueled solo flight ( with circumnavigation ) in an airplane , covering 42,469.5 kilometres ( 26,389.3 mi ) , in 76 hours and 45 minutes . Barrington Irving , 27 June 2007 , Inspiration , youngest solo circumnavigation in an airplane , at that time , 23 years , 228 days ; first solo circumnavigation in an airplane by a black pilot and first Jamaican . Left Miami , Florida , March 23 , 2007 , first stop , Cleveland , Ohio . Rahul Monga and Anil Kumar , 2007 , fastest circumnavigation in a microlight , 79 days . Team from the Indian Air Force to commemorate the 75 Anniversary of the founding of the Indian Air Force . Aircraft used was a Flight Design CTSW . They covered 40,529 kilometres ( 25,184 mi ) in a total flight time of 247 hours and 27 minutes . Jack Wiegand , 2013 , then youngest pilot to circumnavigate the globe , solo ( 21 ) . Amelia Rose Earhart joined by co-pilot Shane Jordon , completed a global circumnavigation flight on 11 July 2014 . Australian pilot Ryan Campbell completed a global circumnavigation flight on 7 September 2013 making him the then youngest person ( 19 year , 7 months , 25 days ) to fly around the world . Matt Guthmiller completed a global circumnavigation flight on 14 July 2014 making him the youngest person ( 19 years , 7 months , 15 days ) to ever fly around the world . Swiss pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg took off from Abu Dhabi aboard the solar - powered airplane Solar Impulse 2 on 9 March 2015 , and were originally scheduled to complete their circumnavigation of the Northern Hemisphere in five months . Due to battery damage , continuation of the flight has been postponed until April 2016 . This circumnavigation was completed on 26 July 2016 . Robert DeLaurentis completed a global circumnavigation flight on 19 August 2015 - Single plane , single engine , single pilot , across the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans . Fyodor Konyukhov , 23 July 2016 , broke the record for the fastest circumnavigation of the world in a hot air balloon . He took `` just over 11 days '' , breaking Steve Fossetts 2002 record of 13 and a half days . Wang Zheng on September 19 , 2016 , completed a solo global circumnavigation in a single piston - engine aircraft and became the first Asian woman to fly around the world , the first Chinese person to fly solo around - the - world and the first Chinese female pilot to fly around the world . Spacecraft ( edit ) On 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin made the first human flight in space , and completed the first orbit of the Earth , in Vostok 1 , in 108 minutes . The second and third orbital circumnavigations , the first two to have multiple orbits , were made by Gherman Titov ( 17.5 orbits , a little over a day , for the Soviet Union ) and John Glenn , in Friendship 7 ( 3 orbits , almost five hours , for the USA , first American orbital flight ) , respectively . The first woman to circumnavigate the Earth in orbit , and to also do so multiple times , was Valentina Tereshkova , who made forty - eight orbits between 16 and 19 June 1963 , aboard Vostok 6 . Frank F. Borman II , James A. Lovell Jr. , and William A. Anders , 21 -- 27 December 1968 , first human circumnavigation of the Earth - Moon system , 10 orbits around the moon in about 20 hours , aboard Apollo 8 ; total trip to the moon and back was more than 6 Earth days . Sally K. Ride , 18 -- 24 June 1983 , the first American woman to circumnavigate the Earth in orbit , the youngest American to date to do so ( aged 32 years , 23 days ) , and the first American woman to do so multiple times ; she flew 97 orbits during STS - 7 aboard Space Shuttle Challenger . Human powered ( edit ) Motorized transportation is permitted over water and where otherwise needed , but the human powered distance must be a minimum of 18,000 miles ( 29,000 km ) to qualify for a world record according to Guinness rules since 2013 . See also : List of pedestrian circumnavigators and Around the world cycling record ( listed in ascending order by completion dates ) Thomas Stevens was the first person to circle the globe by bicycle . The feat was accomplished between 1884 and 1886 . While impressive at the time , a good portion of the trip was by steamer due to technical and political reasons . Dumitru Dan was the first person to have walked around the world , in 1910 -- 1923 ( he kept walking even on the boats ' decks ) . Dave Kunst walked around the world between 20 June 1970 and 10 October 1974 . Rick Hansen , a world - class paraplegic athlete , became the first person to travel around the world in a wheelchair from 21 March 1985 to 22 May 1987 , covering over 25,000 mi ( 40,000 km ) through 34 countries on four continents . Robert Garside is credited by Guinness World Records as the first person to run around the world from 20 October 1997 to 13 June 2003 , taking 2,062 days to cover 30,000 mi ( 48,000 km ) across 29 countries and 6 continents . Steve Strange completed the first true cycling circumnavigation , riding for 276 days in 2004 -- 2005 , following updated Guinness World Record rules for a proper circumnavigation . Nick Sanders had set the record for cycling around the Northern Hemisphere in 1984 , which was considered a circumnavigation by earlier Guinness rules . Jesper Olsen travelled 16,000 mi ( 26,000 km ) from 1 January 2004 to 23 October 2005 during a circumnavigation solely on foot except for ocean crossings . Colin Angus circumnavigated the Northern Hemisphere solely by human power in 2006 but did not qualify under the Guinness guidelines as a human powered circumnavigation . His attempt , however , was recognized by National Geographic . Jason Lewis completed the first true human - powered circumnavigation ( without sails or any motorized transport ) from 12 July 1994 to 6 October 2007 , covering 46,505 mi ( 74,843 km ) in both the southern and northern hemispheres and reaching two antipodal points , gaining accreditation from Guinness World Records and Adventurestats by Explorersweb . Rosie Swale - Pope travelled 20,000 mi ( 32,000 km ) from 2 October 2003 to 25 August 2008 during a circumnavigation solely on foot except for ocean crossings . Erden Eruç completed the first solo human - powered circumnavigation ( without sails or any motorized transport ) traveling by rowboat , sea kayak , foot and bicycle from 10 July 2007 to 21 July 2012 . Erden crossed the equator two times , passed over 12 pairs of antipodal points , and logged 41,196 mi ( 66,299 km ) while setting 13 Guinness records for ocean rowing . Juliana Buhring completed the first cycling circumnavigation by a solo female in 2012 following updated Guinness World Record rules for a cycling circumnavigation . She began in July and finished in December 2012 after 152 days of riding over 18,063 mi ( 29,070 km ) , averaging about 119 mi ( 192 km ) a day . Paola Gianotti set the current record for the fastest cycling circumnavigation by a female in 2014 . She began her attempt on 8 March and finished on 30 November 2014 -- including four months of recovery after an accident that broke a vertebra -- riding for 144 days over 18,389 mi ( 29,594 km ) , averaging about 128 mi ( 206 km ) a day . Mark Beaumont set the current record for the fastest cycling circumnavigation in 2017 . He began his attempt on 2 July and finished on 18 September 2017 , after 78 days , 14 hours , and 40 minutes , averaging about 230 mi ( 370 km ) a day on an 18,039 - mile ( 29,031 km ) ride across Europe , Asia , Australia , New Zealand , and North America . Beaumont had also broken the same record in 2008 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) See also : Long - distance motorcycle riding Heinz Stücke has been cycling around the world since 1962 . Arthur Blessitt has been walking around the world carrying a 45 lb ( 20 kg ) wooden cross since 1968 , covering 42,279 miles ( 68,041 km ) through 324 countries . 2018 is the 50th year of his journey . King Kalākaua traveled around the world , over land and sea , thus becoming the first reigning monarch to complete such a journey in 1881 . Nellie Bly traveled around the world with public steamboats and trains in 72 days ( from November 14 , 1889 to January 25 , 1890 ) , a world record , resembling the Around the World in Eighty Days novel . Sir Ranulph Fiennes , Charles Burton , et al ; 1979 -- 1982 ; first circumnavigation via the North and South Poles on the Transglobe Expedition . Clärenore Stinnes and Carl - Axel Söderström were the first persons to drive around the world in a car between 25 May 1927 and 24 June 1929 . Beginning in Montreal , Ben Carlin circumnavigated the world in a modified Ford GPA Jeep between 1950 and 1958 , becoming the first person to circumnavigate the world by amphibious vehicle . Garry Sowerby holds four world records for circumnavigation in an automobile . Vladimir Lysenko circumnavigated the globe from west to east , deviating no more than two degrees of latitude from the Equator . Starting in Libreville ( Gabon ) , Vladimir crossed ( in a car , a motor boat , a yacht , a ship , a kayak , a bicycle , and by foot ) Africa , Indian Ocean , Indonesia , Pacific Ocean , South America and Atlantic Ocean , finishing in Libreville in 2012 . Kane Avellano became the youngest person to circumnavigate the globe by motorcycle on a trip completed just one day before his 24th birthday . The circumnavigation began on the 31st of May 2016 and ended on the 19th of January 2017 , with a total duration of 233 days . Avellano covered more than 28,000 miles ( 45,062 km ) , passing through 36 countries and 6 continents . Significant non-global circumnavigations ( edit ) Seacraft ( edit ) Phoenician expedition sent by Pharaoh Necho II ; c. 600 BC ; possibly circumnavigating Africa . Roman Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola ; c. 80 ; first circumnavigation of Britain . Jacques Cartier ; 1534 -- 1535 ; first circumnavigation of Newfoundland . García de Nodal ; 1619 ; first circumnavigation of Tierra del Fuego . Abel Tasman ; 1642 - 1643 ; first circumnavigation of the Australian continent ( including New Guinea and Tasmania ) . James Cook ; 1769 -- 1770 ; first circumnavigation of New Zealand . James Cook ; 1772 - 1775 ; first circumnavigation of Antarctica ( including New Zealand 's South Island ) . George Bass and Matthew Flinders ; 1798 ; first circumnavigation of Tasmania ( without Australia ) . Matthew Flinders ; 1801 -- 1803 ; first circumnavigation of Australia ( without Tasmania ) . Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen ; 1820 - 1821 ; first circumnavigation of Antarctica ( without New Zealand ) . Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld ; 1878 -- 1879 ; first circumnavigation of Eurasia , via the Northeast Passage and the Suez Canal , during the Vega expedition . RCMP St Roch ; 1940 -- 1942 and 1950 ; first vessel to circumnavigate North America . 1940 -- 1942 Vancouver to Halifax , Nova Scotia , via the Northwest Passage. 1950 , Halifax to Vancouver , via the Panama Canal . HMCS Labrador ( AW 50 ) ; 1954 ; first vessel to circumnavigate North America in a single voyage , via the Panama Canal . Halifax west through Northwest Passage . South to Panama canal and return to Halifax . USS Belmont ; 1967 ; circumnavigated South America via the Panama Canal . CCGS Hudson ; 1970 ; first circumnavigation of North and South America . Miles Clark ; 1992 ; circumnavigation of Europe , going from the White Sea to the Black Sea through several Russian waterways . Phoenicia ( a replica of a Phoenician ship ) ; 2009 -- 2010 ; remade the possible circumnavigation of Africa , but completed the modern trip by going from Syria to the Red Sea via the Suez Canal . Børge Ousland in the yacht Northern Passage July -- October 2010 and Daniel Gavrilov in the yacht Peter I ; June -- November 2010 ; first circumnavigation of the Arctic in a single season . Ousland claims to have crossed his wake north of Bergen on 14 October ; it 's unclear when Gavrilov crossed his wake . Matt Rutherford ; June 2011 - April 2012 ; first single - handed , non-stop 27,000 mi ( 43,000 km ) sailing circumnavigation of the Americas , leaving from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay , through the Northwest Passage , around Cape Horn , and back to the Chesapeake Bay . The Scott Polar Research Institute officially recognized Rutherford 's 27 ft ( 8.2 m ) sailboat as the smallest vessel to ever transit the Northwest Passage . Fictional circumnavigations ( edit ) Jules Verne 's 1872 adventure novel , Around the World in Eighty Days describes a fictional circumnavigation . Upper class Englishman Phileas Fogg and his servant Passepartout use a variety of transportation means and ingenuity to accomplish the adventurous feat . The book is a tribute to the new transportation possibilities of the early Industrial Revolution , with the coming of steamships , railways , etc. , before which a year was a more probable time for a circumnavigation . British actor Michael Palin attempted in 1988 to follow the route as closely as possible in his television series Around the World in 80 Days . See also ( edit ) Circumnavigation Circumnavigation world record progression Around the world sailing record Russian circumnavigations First Russian circumnavigation List of pedestrian circumnavigators List of firsts in aviation List of people by number of countries visited Notes and references ( edit ) There should be references inside each article , according to a general policy for list articles . In addition further references can be located here . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark . 1999 . The Basque History of the World . Walker & Company , New York . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1349 - 1 , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Long , David Foster ( 1988 ) . `` Chapter Nine '' . Gold braid and foreign relations : diplomatic activities of U.S. naval officers , 1798 -- 1883 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . pp. 207ff . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 228 - 4 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Lay summary ( February 1990 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Round the World Non-Stop '' . World Sailing Speed Record Council . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Sanders completes Tenth Circumnavigation '' . mysailing.com.au . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records . 2018 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Project Endeavour : John Sanders ' Triple circumnavigation '' . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Dan ( August 30 , 1986 ) . `` GOING ONE - ON - ONE WITH THE LONELY SEA : 25 Daring Sailors Will Attempt to Go Around the World -- Single - Handedly '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` About Sailors for the Sea > Advisors > Mark Schrader '' . Boston Interactive / Sailors for the Sea . n.d. Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Bertie Reed '' . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Museum of Yachting Retrieved March 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ VELUX 5 Oceans Race ( BOC Challenge ) Official Website Retrieved March 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roger Martin Design Retrieved March 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Home - Vendée Globe 2016 - 2017 '' . vendeeglobe.org . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Elizabeth ( 1991 ) . Dolphins at Sunset . Australia : Sun . pp. 1 -- 232 . ISBN 9780725106812 -- via https://books.google.com/books/about/Dolphins_at_Sunset.html?id=WnbHAAAACAAJ&hl=en . Jump up ^ `` LIST OF SOLO CIRCUMNAVIGATORS '' . joshuaslocumsocietyintl.org . Joshua Slocum Society International . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performance Certificates Published '' . World Sailing. 23 January 2003 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ wrong - way sailor back on UK soil , BBC News . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cdr Dilip Donde '' . outlookindia.com . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Jeanne Socrates , world 's oldest non-stop female circumnavigator '' . sail-world.com . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ealing grandmother 's world record sail '' . ealingtimes.co.uk . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Round - the - World Flights , from WingNet . Retrieved 14 May 2006 . Jump up ^ The Guinness 1999 Book of Records . Guinness Publishing . 1998 . p. 081 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 070 - 9 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Mark ( October 19 , 2003 ) . `` Bandits at 11 o'clock ! '' . The Independent on Sunday . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Tarquin ( May 23 , 2009 ) . `` Top 20 great British adventurers '' . The Daily Telegraph . p . W5 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2018 : Meet our Real - Life Superheroes . Vancouver , Canada : Jim Pattison Group . August 29 , 2017 . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 1910561720 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest circumnavigation by microlight '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fossett flies to non-stop record , from BBC News . Retrieved 11 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Steve lands as an uninvited guest ! Archived 2007 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , from Virgin Global Flyer . Retrieved 11 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest Round the World Trip - world record set by IAF '' . worldrecordacademy.com . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://indianairforce.nic.in/expedition/expedition_detail.php#exeiti Jump up ^ `` Youngest person to circumnavigate by aircraft , solo '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan . `` Solar Impulse plane begins epic global flight '' , BBC News , 9 March 2015 Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan . `` Solar Impulse grounded until 2016 '' , BBC News , 15 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Around the world in 90 days , for a cause - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` AROUND THE WORLD -- BARELY '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` American pilot making epic solo flight around the world '' . www.cbc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Around the world in 90 days - Local - The Telegram '' . www.thetelegram.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Russian adventurer breaks world hot air balloon record '' . ABC News . ABC - Australia . 23 July 2016 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Solo Flights '' . www.earthrounders.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Still making a difference : Hansen continues to inspire while raising understanding and money Archived 2008 - 01 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , By Darah Hansen , Vancouver Sun , 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Around - World Runner Honoured Archived 2007 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . from the New York Post Jump up ^ `` Fastest Circumnavigation by Bicycle - Guidelines '' ( PDF ) . around-n-over.org . Guinness World Records via Around - n - Over website . January 5 , 2006 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nathan Ditum ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Cycling around the world : On 18th February , nine riders will set off on a cycle race around the world . MF investigates the tale of the men who 've already done it . '' `` . coachmag.co.uk . Dennis Publishing Ltd , . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Human - Powered Circumnavigation Archived 2007 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records ( 6 October 2007 ) . `` Human Powered Circumnavigations '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Adventurestats by Explorersweb . `` Global HPC - Human Powered Circumnavigations '' . adventurestats.com . Explorersweb . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records -- First solo circumnavigation of the globe using human power '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 19 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Media Kit -- Project Summary Document '' ( PDF ) . Around - n - Over ( PDF file linked from `` around-n-over.org/media/mediakit.htm '' ) . 22 August 2012 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Search results for Erden Eruç '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Guinness World Records . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kevin Lynch ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Record holder profile : Juliana Buhring -- fastest circumnavigation by bicycle '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Guinness World Records . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest circumnavigation by bicycle ( female ) '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Guinness World Records . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . When : 30 November 2014 . The fastest circumnavigation by bicycle ( female ) is 144 days . Jump up ^ `` Cyclist Mark Beaumont breaks around the world record '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC News Online . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest circumnavigation by bicycle ( male ) '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Guinness World Records . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . When : 18 September 2017 . The fastest circumnavigation by bicycle by a male is 78 days , 14 hr , 40 min . Jump up ^ `` Artemis World Cycle : Around the World in 80 Days '' . artemisworldcycle.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Miles Covered 18,039 Jump up ^ `` Scot smashes world cycle record '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC News Online . February 15 , 2008 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Green gimmick leads to striking narratives ; Car becomes historian for green projects - Motoring - The Western Star Jump up ^ `` In Search of Nova Scotia 's 25 Funkiest Things - novascotia.ca '' . gov.ns.ca . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Union of Russian Around - the - World Travellers site '' ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ `` Round - the - World Tour Along the Equator by Vladimir Lysenko '' ( in Russian ) . Extreme portal VVV.RU . Jump up ^ `` Youngest person to circumnavigate the globe by motorcycle ( male ) '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` BonnieTour '' . BonnieTour . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` CCGS Hudson '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Clark , Miles . Russian Voyage . National Geographic Magazine , June 1994 . p. 114 a 138 . Jump up ^ Purves , Libby ( 30 April 1993 ) . `` Obituary : Miles Clark '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` The Phoenician Ship Expedition '' . phoenicia.org.uk . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ousland : nearly back to Oslo '' . International Polar Foundation . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First circumnavigation of Arctic completed '' . The Voice of Russia . 17 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peter 1 arctic circumnavigation 2010 '' . Youtube . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheinin , Dave ( April 21 , 2012 ) . `` Sailor Matt Rutherford welcomed home in Annapolis after sailing solo around the Americas '' . The Washington Post . Annapolis . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schell , Andy ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Rutherford : Mission Accomplished '' . Cruz Bay Publishing Inc. , an Active Interest Media company . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . hide Exploration and explorers by nation or region Explorers by country Chinese French Italian Portuguese Spanish Romanian Russian Explorers by type Circumnavigators Climbers Desert Polar explorers Ocean Deep - sea Undersea explorers Seafarers Space travelers Exploration by region Asia Europeans in Tibet Central Asia Africa Australia Interior Americas Prehistoric North America Europeans in the Americas Pacific Polynesians Polar Arctic Antarctica Exploration timelines Chinese exploration European exploration Age of Discovery Europeans in Asia Space exploration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_circumnavigations&oldid=843446095 '' Categories : History - related lists Geography - related lists Circumnavigators of the globe Lists of firsts Hidden categories : Articles with Project Gutenberg links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 06 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first person to sail around the earth | [
"The 18 survivors, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano, of Ferdinand Magellan's Castilian ('Spanish') expedition (which began with 5 ships and 270 men); 1519–1522; westward from Spain; in Victoria. After Magellan was killed by people of the Philippines Lapu-Lapu on 27 April 1521, the circumnavigation was completed under the command of the Basque Spanish seafarer Juan Sebastián Elcano who returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, on 6 September 1522, after a journey of 3 years and 1 month.[1] These men were the first to circumnavigate the globe in a single expedition."
] | [
"The 18 survivors, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano, of Ferdinand Magellan's Castilian ('Spanish') expedition"
] |
5038438738735808382 | 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season | 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season - wikipedia 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season Jump to : navigation , search 2007 NCAA Division I FBS season LSU 's Matt Flynn lifting the AFCA National Championship Trophy after the BCS title game Number of teams 119 Duration August 30 -- December 1 Preseason AP No. 1 USC Trojans Post-season Duration December 20 , 2007 -- January 7 , 2008 Bowl games 32 Heisman Trophy Tim Tebow , Florida QB Bowl Championship Series 2008 BCS Championship Game Site Louisiana Superdome , New Orleans , Louisiana Winner LSU Tigers Division I FBS football seasons ← 2006 2008 → The 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in 2007 . The regular season began on August 30 , 2007 and ended on December 1 , 2007 . The postseason concluded on January 7 , 2008 with the BCS National Championship Game in New Orleans , where the # 2 - ranked LSU Tigers defeated the # 1 Ohio State Buckeyes to win their second BCS and third overall national title . For just the second time in the Bowl Championship Series era , no FBS team finished the season undefeated . Kansas was the only team from an automatic - qualifying BCS conference to finish the entire season with just one loss . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules changes 2 Conference and program changes 3 Year of the Upset and `` The Curse of No. 2 '' 3.1 Year of the Upset 3.2 `` Curse of the # 2 '' 4 Conference standings 5 Conference champions 5.1 Conference championship games 5.2 Other conference champions 6 Bowl games 6.1 Bowl Championship Series 6.2 January bowl games 6.3 December bowl games 6.4 Postseason All - Star Games 6.5 Bowl Challenge Cup standings 7 Awards and honors 7.1 Heisman Trophy voting 7.2 Other major award winners 7.3 All - America selections 7.3. 1 Offense 7.3. 2 Defense 8 Milestones 9 Coaching changes 9.1 Pre-season 9.2 Post-season 10 Notes and references 11 External links Rules changes ( edit ) After coaches expressed their disapproval of the timing changes made in the 2006 season , the following changes were made : On kickoffs , the clock will not start until the ball is touched in the field of play . On change of possession , the clock will not start until the snap . The attempt to reduce the time of games sought by those rules was successful , reducing the average college football page from 3 : 21 hours in 2005 to 3 : 07 hours in 2006 . However , the reduced game time also reduced the average number of plays in a game by 13 , 66 fewer offensive yards per game and average points per game by 5 . Other rules changes for the 2007 season include : Moving the kick - off yard - line from 35 to 30 , which matches the yard - line used in the National Football League from 1994 to 2010 , to reduce the number of touchbacks . Paring the 25 - second play clock to 15 seconds after TV timeouts . Team time - outs for televised games are shortened from 60 seconds to 30 seconds . Allowing penalties against the kicking team on kickoffs to be assessed at the end of the runback , avoiding a re-kick , also matching the NFL rule . Once the umpire gives the ball to the kicker , the 25 second play clock starts . Kickoffs out of bounds are now penalized 35 yards from the spot of the kick or a re-kick with a five - yard penalty . Defenders can not use any part of a teammate to jump over an opponent to block a kick . Conference and program changes ( edit ) The only change in conference membership for the 2007 season occurred when Temple left its Independent status to become the 13th member of the Mid-American Conference . No teams upgraded from Division I FCS , leaving the number of Division I FBS schools fixed at 119 . School 2006 Conference 2007 Conference Temple Owls I-A Independent MAC Year of the Upset and `` the Curse of no 2 '' ( edit ) Year of the Upset ( edit ) See also : 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings The 2007 season was highlighted by the remarkable frequency with which ranked teams fell to lower - ranked or unranked opponents , leading the media to dub the season as the `` Year of the Upset '' . An unranked or lower - ranked opponent defeated a higher - ranked team 59 times over the course of the regular season . Teams ranked in the top five of the AP Poll were defeated by unranked opponents 13 times during the regular season , setting a new record in the history of the AP Poll when at least 20 teams were ranked . The only other season to see more such upsets was 1967 , which was one of seven seasons when the AP Poll ranked only 10 teams . The chaos began on the first weekend of the season when FCS program Appalachian State defeated # 5 Michigan on the road at Michigan Stadium in what was immediately hailed as one of the greatest upsets in the history of college football . Appalachian State became just the second FCS team to defeat a ranked FBS opponent , and the first to do so against a top - five team . `` Curse of the # 2 '' ( edit ) The 2007 season became known for the `` Curse of the # 2 '' , where the team ranked # 2 by the AP Poll was defeated seven times in the final nine weeks of the regular season : Stanford defeated # 2 USC , 24 -- 23 , on October 6 at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . This result was particularly notable for the fact that USC was favored to win the game by 41 points , having carried winning streaks of 35 games at home and 24 games in Pac - 10 play into the matchup . Both streaks ended with this loss . Oregon State defeated # 2 California , 31 -- 28 , on October 13 at California Memorial Stadium . Rutgers defeated # 2 South Florida , 30 -- 27 , on October 18 at Rutgers Stadium . Florida State defeated # 2 Boston College , 27 -- 17 , on November 3 at Alumni Stadium . Arizona defeated # 2 Oregon , 34 -- 24 , on November 15 at Arizona Stadium . # 3 Missouri defeated # 2 Kansas , 36 -- 28 , on November 24 at Arrowhead Stadium in a Border War rivalry game . This was the only such upset where the winning team was also ranked . Pittsburgh defeated # 2 West Virginia , 13 -- 9 , on December 1 at Mountaineer Field in a Backyard Brawl rivalry game . West Virginia was knocked out of contention for the BCS National Championship on the final weekend of the regular season . The # 1 and # 2 ranked teams had not lost in the same week of the season since 1996 . In 2007 alone , # 1 and # 2 fell during the same weekend three times , including in both of the final two weeks of the regular season : # 1 LSU lost to Kentucky 43 -- 37 in three overtimes , and # 2 California lost to Oregon State 31 -- 28 on October 13 . # 1 LSU lost to Arkansas 50 -- 48 in three overtimes on November 23 , and # 2 Kansas lost to # 3 Missouri 36 -- 28 on November 24 . # 1 Missouri lost to # 9 Oklahoma 38 -- 17 in the Big 12 Championship Game , and # 2 West Virginia lost to Pittsburgh 13 -- 9 on December 1 . Conference standings ( edit ) Note : In the Mid-American Conference , only division games count toward the divisional championship . 2007 ACC football standings Conf Overall Team Atlantic Division No. 10 Boston College x 6 -- 11 -- No. 21 Clemson 5 -- 9 -- Wake Forest 5 -- 9 -- Florida State -- 5 7 -- 6 NC State -- 5 5 -- 7 Maryland -- 6 5 -- 8 Coastal Division No. 9 Virginia Tech x $ 7 -- 11 -- Virginia 6 -- 9 -- Georgia Tech -- 7 -- 6 North Carolina -- 5 -- 8 Miami -- 6 5 -- 7 Duke 0 -- 8 -- 11 Championship : Virginia Tech 30 , Boston College 16 $ -- BCS representative as conference champion % -- BCS at - large representative x -- Division champion / co-champions Rankings from AP Poll 2007 Big East football standings Conf Overall Team No. 6 West Virginia $ + 5 -- 11 -- Connecticut + 5 -- 9 -- No. 17 Cincinnati -- 10 -- South Florida -- 9 -- Rutgers -- 8 -- 5 Louisville -- 6 -- 6 Pittsburgh -- 5 -- 7 Syracuse -- 6 -- 10 $ -- BCS representative as conference champion + -- Conference co-champions Rankings from AP Poll 2007 Big Ten football standings Conf Overall Team No. 5 Ohio State $ 7 -- 11 -- No. 18 Michigan 6 -- 9 -- No. 20 Illinois % 6 -- 9 -- No. 24 Wisconsin 5 -- 9 -- Penn State -- 9 -- Iowa -- 6 -- 6 Purdue -- 5 8 -- 5 Indiana -- 5 7 -- 6 Michigan State -- 5 7 -- 6 Northwestern -- 5 6 -- 6 Minnesota 0 -- 8 -- 11 $ -- BCS representative as conference champion % -- BCS at - large representative Rankings from AP Poll 2007 Big 12 football standings Conf Overall Team Northern Division No. 4 Missouri xy 7 -- 12 -- No. 7 Kansas x % 7 -- 12 -- Colorado -- 6 -- 7 Kansas State -- 5 5 -- 7 Nebraska -- 6 5 -- 7 Iowa State -- 6 -- 9 Southern Division No. 8 Oklahoma xy $ 6 -- 11 -- No. 10 Texas 5 -- 10 -- No. 22 Texas Tech -- 9 -- Oklahoma State -- 7 -- 6 Texas A&M -- 7 -- 6 Baylor 0 -- 8 -- 9 Championship : Oklahoma 38 , Missouri 17 $ -- BCS representative as conference champion % -- BCS at - large representative x -- Division champion / co-champions y -- Championship game participant Rankings from AP Poll 2007 Conference USA football standings Conf Overall Team East Division UCF x $ 7 -- 10 -- East Carolina 6 -- 8 -- 5 Memphis 6 -- 7 -- 6 Southern Miss 5 -- 7 -- 6 Marshall -- 5 -- 9 UAB -- 7 -- 10 West Division Tulsa xy 6 -- 10 -- Houston x 6 -- 8 -- 5 Tulane -- 5 -- 8 Rice -- 5 -- 9 UTEP -- 6 -- 8 SMU 0 -- 8 -- 11 Championship : UCF 44 , Tulsa 25 $ -- Conference champion x -- Division champion / co-champions y -- Championship game participant Rankings from AP Poll 2007 Mid-American Conference football standings Div Conf Overall Team East Division Miami xy -- 5 -- 6 -- 7 Bowling Green x -- 6 -- 8 -- 5 Buffalo x -- 5 -- 5 -- 7 Ohio -- -- 6 -- 6 Temple -- -- -- 8 Akron -- -- 5 -- 8 Kent State -- 5 -- 7 -- 9 West Division Central Michigan xy $ -- 6 -- 8 -- 6 Ball State x -- 5 -- 7 -- 6 Eastern Michigan -- -- -- 8 Western Michigan -- -- 5 -- 7 Toledo -- -- 5 5 -- 7 Northern Illinois 0 -- 5 -- 6 -- 10 Championship : Central Michigan 35 , Miami 10 $ -- Conference champion x -- Division champion / co-champions Due to an unbalanced conference schedule , the team with best division record within each division was awarded that division 's championship game berth . Rankings from AP Poll 2007 Mountain West football standings Conf Overall Team No. 14 BYU $ 8 -- 0 11 -- Air Force 6 -- 9 -- New Mexico 5 -- 9 -- Utah 5 -- 9 -- TCU -- 8 -- 5 San Diego State -- 5 -- 8 Wyoming -- 6 5 -- 7 Colorado State -- 6 -- 9 UNLV -- 7 -- 10 $ -- Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll 2007 Pacific - 10 football standings Conf Overall Team No. 3 USC + 7 -- 11 -- No. 16 Arizona State + 7 -- 10 -- No. 25 Oregon State 6 -- 9 -- No. 23 Oregon 5 -- 9 -- UCLA 5 -- 6 -- 7 Arizona -- 5 5 -- 7 California -- 6 7 -- 6 Washington State -- 6 5 -- 7 Stanford -- 6 -- 8 Washington -- 7 -- 9 + -- Conference co-champions Rankings from AP Poll 2007 SEC football standings Conf Overall Team Eastern Division No. 12 Tennessee xy 6 -- 10 -- No. 2 Georgia x % 6 -- 11 -- No. 13 Florida 5 -- 9 -- South Carolina -- 5 6 -- 6 Kentucky -- 5 8 -- 5 Vanderbilt -- 6 5 -- 7 Western Division No. 1 LSU x $ # 6 -- 12 -- No. 15 Auburn 5 -- 9 -- Arkansas -- 8 -- 5 Mississippi State -- 8 -- 5 Alabama -- 7 -- 6 Ole Miss 0 -- 8 -- 9 Championship : LSU 21 , Tennessee 14 # -- BCS National Champion $ -- BCS representative as conference champion % -- BCS at - large representative x -- Division champion / co-champions y -- Championship game participant Alabama had 5 victories vacated by the NCAA in 2010 . As such , the official record for Alabama is 2 -- 6 ( 1 -- 4 ) . Rankings from AP Poll 2007 Sun Belt football standings Conf Overall Team Florida Atlantic + 6 -- 8 -- 5 Troy + 6 -- 8 -- Middle Tennessee -- 5 -- 7 Louisiana -- Monroe -- 6 -- 6 Arkansas State -- 5 -- 7 Louisiana -- Lafayette -- -- 9 FIU -- 6 -- 11 North Texas -- 6 -- 10 + -- Conference co-champions Rankings from AP Poll 2007 WAC football standings Conf Overall Team No. 19 Hawaii $ 8 -- 0 12 -- Boise State 7 -- 10 -- Fresno State 6 -- 9 -- Nevada -- 6 -- 7 Louisiana Tech -- 5 -- 7 San Jose State -- 5 -- 7 Utah State -- 6 -- 10 New Mexico State -- 7 -- 9 Idaho 0 -- 8 -- 11 $ -- Conference champion and BCS representative as top non-AQ school to meet automatic qualification criteria Rankings from AP Poll 2007 Division I FBS independents football records Conf Overall Team Navy -- 8 -- 5 Army -- -- 9 Notre Dame -- -- 9 Rankings from AP Poll Rankings indicate position in final 2007 AP Poll . Conference champions ( edit ) Conference Championship games ( edit ) All games were played on December 1 , 2007 . Rankings reflect the Week 14 AP Poll before the games were played . Conference Champion Champion Score Site ACC # 6 Virginia Tech # 12 Boston College 30 -- 16 Jacksonville Municipal Stadium Jacksonville , Florida Big 12 # 9 Oklahoma # 1 Missouri 38 -- 17 Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Conference USA UCF Tulsa 44 -- 25 Bright House Networks Stadium Orlando , Florida MAC Central Michigan Miami ( Ohio ) 35 -- 10 Ford Field Detroit SEC # 5 LSU # 14 Tennessee 24 -- 14 Georgia Dome Atlanta Other conference champions ( edit ) Rankings are from the Week 15 AP Poll . Conference Winner ( s ) Big East Connecticut , # 11 West Virginia * Big Ten # 1 Ohio State Mountain West # 19 BYU Pac - 10 # 12 Arizona State , # 6 USC * Sun Belt Florida Atlantic , Troy WAC # 10 Hawai ʻi * Received conference 's automatic BCS bowl bid Bowl games ( edit ) Main article : 2007 -- 08 NCAA football bowl games Winners are listed in boldface . Bowl Championship Series ( edit ) Bowl Game Date Playing as Visitor Playing as Home Score BCS Title Game ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) January 7 , 2008 # 2 LSU # 1 Ohio State 38 -- 24 Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) January 1 , 2008 # 13 Illinois # 7 Southern California 49 -- 17 Sugar Bowl ( New Orleans ) January 1 , 2008 # 10 Hawai ʻi # 5 Georgia 41 -- 10 Fiesta Bowl ( Glendale , Arizona ) January 2 , 2008 # 9 West Virginia # 4 Oklahoma 48 -- 28 Orange Bowl ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) January 3 , 2008 # 8 Kansas # 3 Virginia Tech 24 -- 21 January bowl games ( edit ) Bowl Game Date Playing as Visitor Playing as Home Score Outback Bowl ( Tampa , Florida ) January 1 , 2008 Wisconsin Tennessee 21 -- 17 Cotton Bowl ( Dallas , Texas ) January 1 , 2008 Missouri Arkansas 38 -- 7 Capital One Bowl ( Orlando , Florida ) January 1 , 2008 Michigan Florida 41 -- 35 Gator Bowl ( Jacksonville , Florida ) January 1 , 2008 Texas Tech Virginia 31 -- 28 International Bowl ( Toronto , ON , Canada ) January 5 , 2008 Rutgers Ball State 52 -- 30 GMAC Bowl ( Mobile , Alabama ) January 6 , 2008 Bowling Green Tulsa 63 -- 7 December bowl games ( edit ) Bowl Game Date Playing as Visitor Playing as Home Score Poinsettia Bowl ( San Diego ) December 20 , 2007 Utah Navy 35 -- 32 New Orleans Bowl ( New Orleans ) December 21 , 2007 Memphis Florida Atlantic 44 -- 27 PapaJohns.com Bowl ( Birmingham , Alabama ) December 22 , 2007 Southern Miss Cincinnati 31 -- 21 New Mexico Bowl ( Albuquerque , New Mexico ) December 22 , 2007 Nevada New Mexico 23 -- 0 Las Vegas Bowl ( Las Vegas ) December 22 , 2007 UCLA BYU 17 -- 16 Hawai ʻi Bowl ( Honolulu ) December 23 , 2007 Boise State East Carolina 41 -- 38 Motor City Bowl ( Detroit ) December 26 , 2007 Purdue Central Michigan 51 -- 48 Holiday Bowl ( San Diego ) December 27 , 2007 Arizona State Texas 52 -- 34 Champs Sports Bowl ( Orlando , Florida ) December 28 , 2007 Boston College Michigan State 24 -- 21 Texas Bowl ( Houston ) December 28 , 2007 TCU Houston 20 -- 13 Emerald Bowl ( San Francisco ) December 28 , 2007 Maryland Oregon State 21 -- 14 Meineke Car Care Bowl ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) December 29 , 2007 Connecticut Wake Forest 24 -- 10 Liberty Bowl ( Memphis , Tennessee ) December 29 , 2007 UCF Mississippi State 10 -- 3 Alamo Bowl ( San Antonio ) December 29 , 2007 Penn State Texas A&M 24 -- 17 Independence Bowl ( Shreveport , Louisiana ) December 30 , 2007 Alabama Colorado 30 -- 24 Armed Forces Bowl ( Fort Worth , Texas ) December 31 , 2007 California Air Force 42 -- 36 Sun Bowl ( El Paso , Texas ) December 31 , 2007 South Florida Oregon 56 -- 21 Humanitarian Bowl ( Boise , Idaho ) December 31 , 2007 Georgia Tech Fresno State 40 -- 28 Music City Bowl ( Nashville , Tennessee ) December 31 , 2007 Kentucky Florida State 35 -- 28 Insight Bowl ( Tempe , Arizona ) December 31 , 2007 Indiana Oklahoma State 49 -- 33 Chick - fil - A Bowl ( Atlanta ) December 31 , 2007 Clemson Auburn 23 -- 20 ( OT ) Postseason all - Star games ( edit ) Cornerstone Bancard Hula Bowl -- January 12 , Aloha Stadium , ʻAiea , Hawai ʻi -- ʻAina ( East ) 38 , Kai ( West ) 7 . East -- West Shrine Game -- January 19 , Robertson Stadium , Houston , Texas -- West 31 , East 17 . Under Armour Senior Bowl -- January 26 , Ladd -- Peebles Stadium , Mobile , Alabama -- South 17 , North 16 . Western Refining Texas vs. The Nation Game -- February 2 , UTEP Sun Bowl Stadium , El Paso , Texas -- Texas 41 , The Nation 14 Bowl Challenge Cup standings ( edit ) Bowl Challenge Cup Conference Wins Losses Percent Mountain West † . 800 Southeastern § 7 . 777 Pacific - 10 . 667 Big 12 5 . 625 Big East . 600 Big Ten 5 . 375 Conference USA . 333 Atlantic Coast 6 . 250 Western Athletic . 250 Mid-American 0 . 000 † Winner of the Bowl Challenge Cup -- § NCAA record for bowl victories in a conference in one bowl season . Notes The Sun Belt Conference , represented by Florida Atlantic University , was not eligible for the Bowl Challenge Cup as they only had one bowl berth . Conferences must have a minimum of three bids to be a part of the challenge . Awards and honors ( edit ) Heisman Trophy voting ( edit ) The Heisman Trophy is given to the year 's most outstanding player . Winner : Tim Tebow , So. , Florida QB ( 1,957 pts ) 2 . Darren McFadden , Jr. , Arkansas RB ( 1,703 pts ) 3 . Colt Brennan , Sr. , Hawaii QB ( 632 pts ) 4 . Chase Daniel Jr. , Missouri QB ( 425 pts ) 5 . Dennis Dixon , Sr. , Oregon QB ( 178 pts ) Other major award winners ( edit ) Walter Camp Award ( top player ) : Darren McFadden , Arkansas Maxwell Award ( top player ) : Tim Tebow , Florida Bronko Nagurski Trophy ( defensive player ) : Glenn Dorsey , LSU Chuck Bednarik Award ( defensive player ) : Dan Connor , Penn St Dave Rimington Trophy ( center ) : Jonathan Luigs , Arkansas Davey O'Brien Award ( quarterback ) : Tim Tebow , Florida Dick Butkus Award ( linebacker ) : James Laurinaitis , Ohio State Doak Walker Award ( running back ) : Darren McFadden , Arkansas Draddy Trophy ( `` academic Heisman '' ) : Dallas Griffin , Texas Fred Biletnikoff Award ( wide receiver ) : Michael Crabtree , Texas Tech Jim Thorpe Award ( defensive back ) : Antoine Cason , Arizona John Mackey Award ( tight end ) : Fred Davis , USC Johnny Unitas Award ( senior quarterback ) : Matt Ryan , Boston College Lombardi Award ( top lineman ) : Glenn Dorsey , LSU Lott Trophy ( defensive impact ) : Glenn Dorsey , LSU Lou Groza Award ( placekicker ) : Thomas Weber , Arizona St Manning Award ( quarterback ) : Matt Ryan , Boston College Outland Trophy ( interior lineman ) : Glenn Dorsey , LSU Ray Guy Award ( punter ) : Durant Brooks , Georgia Tech Ted Hendricks Award ( defensive end ) : Chris Long , Virginia Wuerffel Trophy ( humanitarian - athlete ) : Paul Smith , Tulsa The Home Depot Coach of the Year Award : Mark Mangino , Kansas Associated Press Coach of the Year : Mark Mangino , Kansas Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award ( head coach ) : Mark Mangino , Kansas Walter Camp Coach of the Year ( head coach ) : Mark Mangino , Kansas Broyles Award ( assistant coach ) : Jim Heacock , Ohio State All - America selections ( edit ) Selections were made by the Associated Press . Offense ( edit ) QB : Tim Tebow , So. , Florida . RB : Darren McFadden , Jr. , Arkansas ; Kevin Smith , Jr. , Central Florida . WR : Michael Crabtree , Fr. , Texas Tech ; Jordy Nelson , Sr. , Kansas State . OT : Jake Long , Sr. , Michigan ; Anthony Collins , Jr. , Kansas . G : Duke Robinson , Jr. , Oklahoma ; Martin O'Donnell , Sr. , Illinois . C : Steve Justice , Sr. , Wake Forest . TE : Martin Rucker , Sr. , Missouri . All - purpose : Jeremy Maclin , Fr. , Missouri . K : Thomas Weber , Fr. , Arizona State . Defense ( edit ) DE : Chris Long , Sr. , Virginia ; George Selvie , So. , South Florida . DT : Glenn Dorsey , Sr. , LSU ; Sedrick Ellis , Sr. , USC . LB : Dan Connor , Sr. , Penn State ; James Laurinaitis , Jr. , Ohio State ; Jordon Dizon , Sr. , Colorado . CB : Aqib Talib , Jr. , Kansas ; Antoine Cason , Sr. , Arizona . S : Craig Steltz , Sr. , LSU ; Jamie Silva , Sr. , Boston College . P : Kevin Huber , Jr. , Cincinnati . Milestones ( edit ) The following teams and players set all - time NCAA Division I FBS ( formerly Division I-A ) records during the season : Record Player / Team Date / Opponent Previous Record Holder Source Most consecutive pass attempts without an interception , career André Woodson , Kentucky , 325 September 22 , vs. Arkansas Trent Dilfer , Fresno State , 271 ( 1993 ) Most career extra points Art Carmody , Louisville , 253 September 29 , vs. NC State Shaun Suisham , Bowling Green , 226 ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Most consecutive pass attempts with only one interception , career André Woodson , Kentucky , 343 October 4 , vs. South Carolina Woodson , 333 ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Most combined rushing yards by teammates in a single game Felix Jones and Darren McFadden , Arkansas ( 487 yards ) November 3 , vs. South Carolina Tony Sands and Chip Hilleary , Kansas ( 476 yards ) ( 1991 - 11 - 23 ) Most points scored , both teams ( regulation ) North Texas and Navy , 136 November 10 San Jose State vs. Rice , 133 points ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) Most points scored in one quarter , both teams North Texas and Navy , 63 November 10 San Jose State vs. Hawai ʻi , 61 points ( 1999 - 11 - 06 ) Most wins by two points or fewer in a season by a team Virginia , 5 November 3 vs. Wake Forest Columbia , 4 ( 1971 ) Most all - purpose yards by a freshman Jeremy Maclin , Missouri , 2,713 November 17 , vs. Kansas State Terrell Willis , Rutgers , 2,026 ( 1993 ) Most touchdown passes in a career Colt Brennan , Hawai ʻi , 131 November 23 vs. Boise State Ty Detmer , BYU , 121 ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Most touchdowns responsible for in a career Colt Brennan , Hawai ʻi , 146 November 23 vs. Boise State Ty Detmer , BYU , 136 ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Most touchdown passes in a season by a freshman quarterback Sam Bradford , Oklahoma , 34 November 24 , vs. Oklahoma State David Neill and Colt McCoy , 29 Most career points scored by a kicker Art Carmody , Louisville , 433 November 29 , vs. Rutgers Roman Anderson , Houston , 423 ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Most rushing attempts in a season Kevin Smith , UCF , 415 December 1 , vs. Tulsa Marcus Allen , USC , 403 ( 1981 ) Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback in a season Tim Tebow , Florida , 23 January 1 , vs. Michigan Chase Harridge , Air Force , 22 ( 2002 ) Most consecutive games with 300 or more yards passing by a quarterback Paul Smith , Tulsa , 14 January 6 vs. Bowling Green Ty Detmer , BYU , 13 ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Greatest margin of victory in a bowl game Tulsa , 56 points ( 63 -- 7 ) January 6 vs. Bowling Green Alabama , 55 points ( 61 -- 6 ) vs. Syracuse , 1953 Orange Bowl ( 1953 - 01 - 01 ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Coaching changes ( edit ) Pre-season ( edit ) School Former Coach New Coach Indiana Terry Hoeppner Bill Lynch Post-season ( edit ) School Former Coach Interim New Coach Arkansas Houston Nutt Reggie Herring Bobby Petrino Baylor Guy Morriss Art Briles Colorado State Sonny Lubick Steve Fairchild Duke Ted Roof David Cutcliffe Georgia Tech Chan Gailey Jon Tenuta Paul Johnson Hawai ʻi June Jones Greg McMackin Houston Art Briles Chris Thurmond Kevin Sumlin Michigan Lloyd Carr Rich Rodriguez Mississippi Ed Orgeron Houston Nutt Navy Paul Johnson Ken Niumatalolo Nebraska Bill Callahan Tom Osborne Bo Pelini Northern Illinois Joe Novak Jerry Kill SMU Phil Bennett June Jones Southern Miss Jeff Bower Larry Fedora Texas A&M Dennis Franchione Gary Darnell Mike Sherman UCLA Karl Dorrell DeWayne Walker Rick Neuheisel Washington State Bill Doba Paul Wulff West Virginia Rich Rodriguez Bill Stewart Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Western Kentucky University was in a 2 - year process of transition to FBS status in 2007 ( completed in 2009 ) , and , therefore , some sources list the total for 2007 as 119 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Wieberg ( February 14 , 2007 ) . `` NCAA rules committee proposes reworking football time - saving rules '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` In the Year of the Upset , memorable moments were plentiful '' . ESPN . December 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois shocks top - ranked Ohio State in Columbus '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brown , Matt ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) . `` 10 years later , 2007 CFB season looks even crazier '' . Sports on Earth . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson 's 2 TDs lead Utah to seventh straight bowl win '' . ESPN . December 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards twice as much fun for Tebow '' . Palm Beach Post . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LSU 's Dorsey beats out OSU 's Laurinaitis for Nagurski award '' . CBS Sportsline . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2007 . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Razorback Jonathan Luigs Wins Rimington Trophy '' ( Press release ) . University of Arkansas Athletics . December 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Texas center Griffin wins Draddy Award as top scholar - athlete '' . CBS Sportsline . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia 's Long wins Hendricks Award with 60 percent of vote '' . CBS Sportsline . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tulsa QB Smith wins award for academic , athletic achievements '' . CBS Sportsline . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mangino honored for leading Kansas to dramatic turnaround '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas ' Mark Mangino Named 2007 Walter Camp Coach of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Walter Camp Foundation . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Buckeyes defensive coordinator wins award for top assistant '' . CBS Sportsline . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tebow , McFadden , Smith on AP All - America first team '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2007 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official 2007 NCAA Division I Football Records Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woodson tosses 5 TDs , loses interception - free streak as UK cruises '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Woodson breaks record for passes without INT '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville forces 5 turnovers in 29 -- 10 win over N.C. State '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ After Woodson 's interception - free streak ended against Florida Atlantic on September 29 , he attempted three more passes without being intercepted . In the Cats ' following game on October 4 against South Carolina , he made 14 pass attempts without an interception before being intercepted in his 15th attempt . The official Kentucky football site has posted detailed play - by - play of both the Florida Atlantic Archived March 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . and South Carolina Archived March 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . games . Jump up ^ Woodson 's record - setting streak of pass attempts without an interception began on November 4 , 2006 against Georgia . In that game , he was intercepted early in the second quarter . He then attempted and completed seven passes before being intercepted for the second time in the quarter . His next pass attempt began his interception - free streak . The official Kentucky football site has a detailed play - by - play of this game Archived March 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Before the 2007 season , the record was 329 by Damon Allen of Cal State Fullerton , spanning the 1983 and 1984 seasons . Jump up ^ `` McFadden honored by SEC after record - breaking weekend '' . ESPN . November 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McFadden and Jones Break NCAA Record for Combined Rushing Yards '' . University of Arkansas Athletics . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football : UNT ca n't stop Navy in record - setting shootout '' . Denton Record - Chronicle . November 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Narrow victory sets NCAA mark , ties ACC record '' . The Virginian - Pilot . November 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2007 . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Maclin sets single - season freshman record for all - purpose yards '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brennan sets passing TD mark to claim Hawaii 's first outright WAC title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2007 . Retrieved November 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick runs for career - best 202 yards , 2 TDs as OU rolls '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2007 . Retrieved November 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Carmody 's late field goal lifts Cardinals over Scarlet Knights '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tulsa ca n't contain Smith as UCF clinches first C - USA title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2007 . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Off and Running '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smith 's 14th straight 300 - yard game leads Tulsa past Bowling Green '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hoeppner , who had previously announced plans to take the 2007 season off for medical reasons , died of a brain tumor on June 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Nutt out as coach , will receive settlement from Arkansas '' . ESPN . November 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nutt turns down offer to remain Razorbacks coach '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Petrino leaving NFL for Arkansas job '' . ESPN . December 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Durante , Joseph ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Baylor football coach Morriss out in 5th season '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Houston 's Briles to take Baylor job '' . ESPN . November 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Press conference to announce Lubick 's retirement , deal set Jump up ^ Fairchild to be named CSU football coach Jump up ^ `` Duke fires Roof after 1 -- 11 finish '' . FoxSports.com . Associated Press . November 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cutcliffe embraces rebuilding opportunity at Duke '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schlabach , Mark ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` Sources : Gailey fired at Tech after six seasons '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Georgia Tech Official Athletic Site ^ Jump up to : Schlabach , Mark ( December 7 , 2007 ) . `` Johnson accepts offer to become Yellow Jackets coach '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Honolulu Advertiser : June Jones resigns as UH coach Jump up ^ CBS Sportsline.com : Hawaii promotes McMackin , makes him highest paid coach in school history Archived January 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Thurmond replaces Briles ... for now '' . SI.com . November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schad , Joe ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Source : Houston hires Sumlin , eighth minority coach in FBS '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan coach Carr to step down after 13 seasons with Wolverines '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2007 . Retrieved November 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rodriguez leaving West Virginia to coach Michigan '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neal McCready ( November 24 , 2007 ) . `` Orgeron fired at Ole Miss '' . Alabama Press - Register . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nutt moves quickly to Mississippi '' . USA Today . November 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ESPN -- Niumatalolo named new head coach at Navy -- College Football Jump up ^ Schad , Joe ( November 24 , 2007 ) . `` Source : Interim Nebraska AD Osborne fires Callahan '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2007 . Retrieved November 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Mitch ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` NU Football : Osborne is interim head coach '' . Omaha World - Herald . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2008 . Retrieved November 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska chooses LSU assistant Pelini as new coach '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Willhite , Lindsey ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` NIU coach Joe Novak is retiring '' . Daily Herald . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Huskies hire former coach of year from Southern Illinois '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hairopoulos , Kate ( October 28 , 2007 ) . `` SMU fires football coach Phil Bennett '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Mitch ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` Agent : Jones leaving Hawaii , agrees to be SMU coach '' . sportsline . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schlabach , Mark ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` Sources : Bower wo n't return for18th season at Southern Miss '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allen , Robert ( December 11 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Official Now , Fedora to Southern Miss '' . Scout.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Embattled A&M coach resigns after 5 rocky seasons '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2007 . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brian ( November 24 , 2007 ) . `` A&M defensive coordinator Gary Darnell named interim head coach '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller , John ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` Sherman to be next Aggies coach '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian Dohn ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` UCLA fires coach Dorrell '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2007 . Retrieved December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times : Walker brings a different feel to Bruins Jump up ^ `` Former UCLA quarterback Neuheisel named head coach '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Craig ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` WSU fires head coach Doba '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wulff returns to Pullman to coach alma mater '' . sportsline.com . December 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Associate head coach to prepare Mountaineers for Fiesta Bowl '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season . 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season Conference seasons ACC Big 12 Big East Big Ten Conference USA Mid-American Mountain West Pac - 10 SEC Sun Belt WAC Inter-conference Bowl games Rankings All - Americans 2007 College Football All - America Team NCAA football seasons Pre-regulation 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 IAAUS / NCAA 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 NCAA University Division / Division I 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 NCAA Division I-A / FBS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NCAA Division I - AA / FCS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NCAA Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NCAA Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season&oldid=820874897 '' Categories : 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from March 2012 Incomplete lists from October 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 03 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the ncaa football championship in 2007 | [
"The regular season began on August 30, 2007 and ended on December 1, 2007. The postseason concluded on January 7, 2008 with the BCS National Championship Game in New Orleans, where the #2-ranked LSU Tigers defeated the #1 Ohio State Buckeyes to win their second BCS and third overall national title."
] | [
"#2-ranked LSU Tigers"
] |
3705869510298215764 | Minimum wage in the United States | Minimum wage in the United States - wikipedia Minimum wage in the United States Minimum wage by U.S. state and territory versus the federal rate of $7.25 per hour as of January 1 , 2018 : Higher Same Lower No state minimum wage law The minimum wage in the United States is set by US labor law and a range of state and local laws . Employers generally have to pay workers the highest minimum wage prescribed by federal , state , and local law . Since July 24 , 2009 , the federal government has mandated a nationwide minimum wage of $7.25 per hour . As of January 2018 , there were 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2017 to 2018 , eight states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in eleven other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . Using 2018 inflation - adjusted dollars , the federal minimum wage peaked at $11.77 per hour in 1968 . If the minimum wage in 1968 had kept up with labor 's productivity growth , it would have reached $19.33 in 2017 . There is a racial difference in support for a higher minimum wage with most Black and Latino individuals supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of Whites opposing it . In 2015 , about 3 % of White , Asian , and Latino workers earned the federal minimum wage or less . Amongst Black workers , the percentage was about 4 % . Contents 1 History 1.1 Progressive Era 1.2 New Deal 2 Legislation 2.1 Inflation indexing 2.2 Living wage protests 2.3 State laws 2.4 Local ordinances 2.5 Union exemptions 3 Historical trend 4 Economic effects 4.1 Employment 4.2 Prices 4.3 Effects on crime 4.4 Economic growth 4.5 Income inequality 4.6 Poverty 4.7 Federal budget deficit 5 Commentary 5.1 Economists 5.2 Major political parties 6 Polls 7 List by jurisdiction 7.1 Federal 7.2 State 7.3 Territory 7.4 Federal District 8 Low - paying occupations , 2006 and 2009 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) It seems to me to be equally plain that no business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country . -- President Franklin D. Roosevelt , 1933 Minimum wage legislation emerged at the end of the nineteenth century from the desire to end sweated labor which had developed in the wake of industrialization . Sweatshops employed large numbers of women and young workers , paying them what were considered nonliving wages that did not allow workers to afford the necessaries of life . Besides substandard wages , sweating was also associated with long work hours and unsanitary work conditions . From the 1890s to the 1920s , during the Progressive Era , a time of social activists and political reform across the United States , progressive reformers , women 's organizations , religious figures , academics , and politicians all played an important role in getting state minimum wage laws passed throughout the United States . The first successful attempts at using minimum wage laws to ameliorate the problem of nonliving wages occurred in the Australian state of Victoria in 1896 . Factory inspector reports and newspaper reporting on the conditions of sweated labor in Melbourne , Victoria led in 1895 to the formation of the National Anti-Sweating League which pushed the government aggressively to deal legislatively with the problem of substandard wages . The government , following the recommendation of the Victorian Chief Secretary Alexander Peacock , established wage boards which were tasked with establishing minimum wages in the labor trades which suffered from nonlivable wages . During the same time period , campaigns against sweated labor were occurring in the United States and England . Progressive era ( edit ) In the United States in 1890 , a group of concerned female reformers who wanted to improve the harsh conditions of sweated workers formed the Consumer 's League of the City of New York . The consumer group sought to improve working conditions by boycotting products which were made under sweated conditions and did not conform to a code of `` fair house '' standards drawn up by them . Similar , consumer leagues formed throughout the United States , and in 1899 , they united under the National Consumer League ( NCL ) parent organization . Consumer advocacy , however , was extremely slow at changing conditions in the sweated industries . When NCL leaders in 1908 went to an international anti-sweatshop conference in Geneva , Switzerland and were introduced to Australian minimum wage legislation , which had successfully dealt with sweated labor , they came home believers and made minimum wage legislation part of their national platform . Massachusetts militiamen with fixed bayonets surround a group of peaceful strikers during the Lawrence textile strike which proved pivotal in the passage of the first U.S. minimum wage legislation ( 1912 ) In 1910 , in conjunction with advocacy work led by Florence Kelley of the National Consumer League , the Women 's Trade Union League ( WTLU ) of Massachusetts under the leadership of Elizabeth Evans took up the cause of minimum wage legislation in Massachusetts . Over the next two years , a coalition of social reform groups and labor advocates in Boston pushed for minimum wage legislation in the state . On June 4 , 1912 , Massachusetts passed the first minimum wage legislation in the United States , which established a state commission for recommending non-compulsory minimum wages for women and children . The passage of the bill was significantly assisted by the Lawrence textile strike which had raged for ten weeks at the beginning of 1912 . The strike brought national attention to the plight of the low wage textile workers , and pushed the state legislatures , who feared the magnitude of the strike , to enact progressive labor legislation . By 1923 , fifteen U.S. states and the District of Columbia had passed minimum wage laws , with pressure being placed on state legislatures by the National Consumers League in a coalition with other women 's voluntary associations and organized labor . The United States Supreme Court of the Lochner era ( 1897 -- 1937 ) , however , consistently invalidated labor regulation laws . Advocates for state minimum wage laws hoped that they would be upheld under the precedent of Muller v. Oregon ( 1908 ) , which upheld maximum working hours laws for women on the grounds that women required special protection that men did not . The Supreme Court , however , did not extend this principle to minimum wage laws . The court ruled in Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) that the District of Columbia 's minimum wage law was unconstitutional , because the law interfered with the ability of employers to freely negotiate wage contracts with employees . The court also noted that women did not require anymore special protection by the law , following the passage in 1920 of the Nineteenth Amendment , which gave women the right to vote and equal legal status . New deal ( edit ) In 1933 , the Roosevelt administration during the New Deal made the first attempt at establishing a national minimum wage regiment with the National Industrial Recovery Act , which set minimum wage and maximum hours on an industry and regional basis . The Supreme Court , however , in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States ( 1935 ) ruled the act unconstitutional , and the minimum wage regulations were abolished . Two years later after President Roosevelt 's overwhelming reelection in 1936 and discussion of judicial reform , the Supreme Court took up the issue of labor legislation again in West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish ( 1937 ) and upheld the constitutionality of minimum wage legislation enacted by Washington state and overturned the Adkins decision which marked the end of the Lochner era . In 1938 , the minimum wage was re-established pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act , this time at a uniform rate of $0.25 per hour ( $4.78 in 2017 dollars ) . The Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. ( 1941 ) , holding that Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions . The 1938 minimum wage law only applied to `` employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce , '' but in amendments in 1961 and 1966 , the federal minimum wage was extended ( with slightly different rates ) to employees in large retail and service enterprises , local transportation and construction , state and local government employees , as well as other smaller expansions ; a grandfather clause in 1990 drew most employees into the purview of federal minimum wage policy , which now set the wage at $3.80 . Legislation ( edit ) The federal minimum wage in the United States was reset to its current rate of $7.25 per hour in July 2009 . Some U.S. territories ( such as American Samoa ) are exempt . Some types of labor are also exempt : Employers may pay tipped labor a minimum of $2.13 per hour , as long as the hour wage plus tip income equals at least the minimum wage . Persons under the age of 20 may be paid $4.25 an hour for the first 90 calendar days of employment ( sometimes known as a youth , teen , or training wage ) unless a higher state minimum exists . The 2009 increase was the last of three steps of the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , which was signed into law as a rider to the U.S. Troop Readiness , Veterans ' Care , Katrina Recovery , and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act , 2007 , a bill that also contained almost $5 billion in tax cuts for small businesses . Inflation indexing ( edit ) Some politicians in the United States advocate linking the minimum wage to the consumer price index , thereby increasing the wage automatically each year based on increases to the consumer price index . Linking the minimum wage to the consumer price index avoids the erosion of the purchasing power of the minimum wage with time because of inflation . In 1998 Washington state became the first state to approve consumer price indexing for its minimum wage . In 2003 San Francisco , California and Santa Fe , New Mexico were the first cities to approve consumer price indexing for their minimum wage . Oregon and Florida were the next states to link their minimum wages to the consumer price index . Later in 2006 , voters in six states ( Arizona , Colorado , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , and Ohio ) approved statewide increases in the state minimum wage . The amounts of these increases ranged from $1 to $1.70 per hour , and all increases were designed to annually index to inflation . As of 2018 , the minimum wage is indexed to inflation in 17 states . Living wage protests ( edit ) Living wage to cover basic needs in select U.S. cities ( 2017 ) City Living wage Houston $14.60 Cleveland $14.61 New Orleans $15.04 Atlanta $15.30 Tampa $15.44 United States $16.07 Philadelphia $16.35 Chicago $16.88 Boston $18.36 Los Angeles $18.95 New York City $21.55 San Francisco $23.79 Since 2012 , a growing protest and advocacy movement called `` Fight for $15 '' , initially growing out of fast food worker strikes , has advocated for an increase in the minimum wage to a living wage . Since the start of these protests , a number of states and cities have increased their minimum wage . In 2014 Connecticut for instance passed legislation to raise the minimum wage from $8.70 to $10.10 per hour by 2017 , making it one of about six states at the time to aim at or above $10.00 per hour . In 2014 and 2015 , several cities , including San Francisco , Seattle , Los Angeles , and Washington D.C. passed ordinances that gradually increase the minimum wage to $15.00 per hour . In 2016 New York and California became the first states to pass legislation that would gradually raise the minimum wage to $15 per hour in each state . In April 2014 , the U.S. Senate debated the minimum wage on the federal level by way of the Minimum Wage Fairness Act . The bill would have amended the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( FLSA ) to increase the federal minimum wage for employees to $10.10 per hour over the course of a two - year period . The bill was strongly supported by President Barack Obama and many of the Democratic Senators , but strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House . Later in 2014 , voters in the Republican - controlled states of Alaska , Arkansas , Nebraska and South Dakota considered ballot initiatives to raise the minimum wage above the national rate of $7.25 per hour , which were successful in all four states . The results provided evidence that raising minimum wage has support across party lines . In April 2017 , Senator Bernie Sanders and Senator Patty Murray , backed by 28 of the Senate 's Democrats , introduced new federal legislation which would raise the minimum wage to $15 per hour by 2024 and index it to inflation . The Raise the Wage Act of 2017 , which was simultaneously introduced in the House of Representatives with 166 Democratic cosponsors , would raise the minimum wage to $9.25 per hour immediately , and then gradually increase it to $15 per hour by 2024 , while simultaneously raising the minimum wage for tipped workers and phasing it out . The legislation was introduced according to Senator Bernie Sanders to make sure that every worker has at least a modest and decent standard of living . State laws ( edit ) Minimum wage by state In the United States , different states are able to set their own minimum wages independent of the federal government . When the state and federal minimum wage differ the higher wage prevails . As of January 2018 , there were 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . Washington has the highest state minimum wage at $11.50 per hour . A number of states have also in recent years enacted state preemption laws , which restrict local community rights , and bar local governments from setting their own minimum wage amounts . As of 2017 , state preemption laws for local minimum wages have passed in 25 states . Legislation has passed recently in multiple states that significantly raises the minimum wage . California is set to raise its minimum wage to $15.00 per hour by January 1 , 2023 . Colorado is set to raise its minimum wage from $9.30 per hour to $12 per hour by January 1 , 2020 , rising $0.90 per year . New York has also passed legislation to increase its minimum wage to $15.00 per hour over time , certain counties and larger companies are set on faster schedules than others . A number of other cities and states across the country are also debating and enacting legislation to increase the minimum wage for low wage workers to a livable wage . Local ordinances ( edit ) Strike and protest march for a $15 minimum wage in Dinkytown , Minnesota part of the largest protests in 200 cities by 60,000 low - wage workers in US history on April 15 , 2015 . Some government entities , such as counties and cities , observe minimum wages that are higher than the state as a whole . In 2003 San Francisco , California and Santa Fe , New Mexico were the first two cities to introduce local minimum wage ordinances . Another device to increase wages locally are living wage ordinances , which generally apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself . In 1994 Baltimore , Maryland was the first city in the United States to pass such a living wage ordinance . These targeted living wage ordinances for city contract workers have led in subsequent years to citywide local minimum wage laws which apply to all workers . In the current wave of minimum wage legislative action , Seattle , Washington was the first city to pass on June 2 , 2014 a local ordinance to increase the minimum wage for all workers to $15.00 per hour , which phases in over seven years . This ordinance followed the referendum in SeaTac , Washington in November 2013 , which raised on a more limited scale the local minimum wage to $15.00 for transportation and hospitality workers . Numerous other cities have followed Seattle 's example since . San Francisco became the first major city in the U.S. to reach a minimum wage of $15.00 per hour on July 1 , 2018 . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . The minimum wage in Los Angeles and Washington , D.C. , will be $15.00 per hour in 2020 . Similarly , the minimum wage in Minneapolis , Minnesota will be $15.00 per hour by 2022 . A growing number of other California cities have also enacted local minimum wage ordinances to increase the minimum wage to $15.00 per hour , including Berkeley , El Cerrito , Emeryville , Mountain View , Oakland , Richmond , and San Jose . Union exemptions ( edit ) Some minimum wage ordinances have an exemption for unionized workers . For instance , the Los Angeles City Council approved a minimum salary in 2014 for hotel workers of $15.37 per hour which has such an exemption . This led in some cases to longtime workers at unionized hotels such as the Sheraton Universal making $10.00 per hour , whereas non-union employees at a non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away making at least $15.37 as mandated by law for non-unionized employees . Similar exemptions have been adopted in other cities . As of December 2014 , unions were exempt from minimum wage ordinances in Chicago , Illinois , SeaTac , Washington , and Milwaukee County , Wisconsin , as well as the California cities of Los Angeles , San Francisco , Long Beach , San Jose , Richmond , and Oakland . In 2016 , the Washington , D.C. Council passed a minimum wage ordinance that included a union waiver , but Mayor Vincent Gray vetoed it . Later that year , the council approved an increase without the union waiver . Historical trend ( edit ) History of the federal minimum wage in real 2013 dollars and nominal dollars The federal minimum wage was introduced in 1938 at the rate of $0.25 per hour ( $4.78 in 2018 dollars ) . By 1950 the minimum wage had risen to $0.75 per hour . The minimum wage had its highest purchasing power in 1968 , when it was $1.60 per hour ( $11.65 in 2018 dollars ) . From January 1981 to April 1990 , the minimum wage was frozen at $3.35 per hour , then a record - setting minimum wage freeze . From September 1 , 1997 through July 23 , 2007 , the federal minimum wage remained constant at $5.15 per hour , breaking the old record . In 2009 the minimum wage was adjusted to $7.25 where it has remained fixed for the past nine years . The purchasing power of the federal minimum wage has fluctuated . Since 1984 , the purchasing power of the federal minimum wage has decreased . Measured in real terms ( adjusted for inflation ) using 1984 dollars , the real minimum wage was $3.35 in 1984 , $2.33 in 1994 , $1.84 in 2004 , and $1.46 in 2014 . If the minimum wage had been raised to $10.10 in 2014 , that would have equated to $4.40 in 1984 dollars . This would have been equal to a 31 % increase in purchasing power , despite the nominal value of the minimum wage increasing by 216 % in the same time period . Economic effects ( edit ) The owner , the employees , and the buying public are all one and the same , and unless an industry can so manage itself as to keep wages high and prices low it destroys itself , for otherwise it limits the number of its customers . One 's own employees ought to be one 's own best customers . -- Henry Ford , 1926 The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are controversial . Adjusting the minimum wage may affect current and future levels of employment , prices of goods and services , economic growth , income inequality , and poverty . The interconnection of price levels , central bank policy , wage agreements , and total aggregate demand creates a situation in which conclusions drawn from macroeconomic analysis are highly influenced by the underlying assumptions of the interpreter . Employment ( edit ) In neoclassical economics , the law of demand states that -- all else being equal -- raising the price of any particular good or service reduces the quantity demanded . Therefore , neoclassical economists argue that -- all else being equal -- raising the minimum wage will have adverse effects on employment . Conceptually , if an employer does not believe a worker generates value equal to or in excess of the minimum wage , they do not hire or retain that worker . Other economists of different schools of thought argue that a limited increase in the minimum wage does not affect or increases the number of jobs available . Economist David Cooper for instance estimates that a higher minimum wage would support the creation of at least 85,000 new jobs in the United States . This divergence of thought began with empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s which challenged the neoclassical model . In 1994 , economists David Card and Alan Krueger studied employment trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following New Jersey 's minimum wage hike ( from $4.25 to $5.05 ) in April 1992 . They found `` no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment . '' In contrast , a 1995 analysis of the evidence by David Neumark found that the increase in New Jersey 's minimum wage resulted in a 4.6 % decrease in employment . Neumark 's study relied on payroll records from a sample of large fast - food restaurant chains , whereas the Card - Krueger study relied on business surveys . CBO table with projections of the effects of minimum wage increases on employment and income , under two scenarios A literature review conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher in 2007 ( which surveyed 101 studies related to the employment effects of minimum wages ) found that about two - thirds of peer - reviewed economic research showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment -- especially for young and unskilled workers . Neumark 's review further found that , when looking at only the most credible research , 85 % of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment . Statistical meta - analysis conducted by Tom Stanley in 2005 in contrast found that there is evidence of publication bias in minimum wage literature , and that correction of this bias shows no relationship between the minimum wage and unemployment . In 2008 Hristos Doucouliagos and Tom Stanley conducted a similar meta - analysis of 64 U.S. studies on disemployment effects and concluded that Card and Krueger 's initial claim of publication bias was correct . Moreover , they concluded , `` Once this publication selection is corrected , little or no evidence of a negative association between minimum wages and employment remains . '' Estimated minimum wage effects on employment from a meta - study of 64 other studies showed insignificant employment effect ( both practically and statistically ) from minimum - wage raises . The most precise estimates were heavily clustered at or near zero employment effects ( elasticity = 0 ) . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) in 2014 estimated the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios : an increase to $9.00 and an increase to $10.10 . According to the report , approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost under the $9.00 option , whereas 500,000 jobs would be lost under the $10.10 option ( with a wide range of possible outcomes ) . The Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) in contrast in 2013 found in a review of multiple studies since 2000 that there was `` little or no employment response to modest increases in the minimum wage . '' CEPR found in a later study that job creation within the United States is faster within states that raised their minimum wage . In 2014 the state with the highest minimum wage in the nation , Washington , exceeded the national average for job growth in the United States . Washington had a job growth rate 0.3 % faster than the national average job growth rate . A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia estimated that the 2004 - 6 New York State minimum wage increase ( from $5.15 to $6.75 ) resulted in a 20.2 % to 21.8 % reduction in employment for less - skilled , less - educated workers . Similarly , a study led by Richard Burkhauser in 2000 concluded that minimum wage increases `` significantly reduce the employment of the most vulnerable groups in the working - age population -- young adults without a high school degree ( aged 20 - 24 ) , young black adults and teenagers ( aged 16 - 24 ) , and teenagers ( aged 16 - 19 ) . '' The Economist wrote in December 2013 in sum that : `` A minimum wage , providing it is not set too high , could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs ... Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages , others see a small one , but none finds any serious damage ... High minimum wages , however , particularly in rigid labour markets , do appear to hit employment . France has the rich world 's highest wage floor , at more than 60 % of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young . This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment : 26 % for 15 - to 24 - year - olds . '' Prices ( edit ) Conceptually , raising the minimum wage increases the cost of labor , ceteris paribus . Thus , employers may accept lower profits , raise their prices , or both . If prices increase , consumers may demand a lesser quantity of the product , substitute other products , or switch to imported products , due to the effects of price elasticity of demand . Marginal producers ( those who are barely profitable enough to survive ) may be forced out of business if they can not raise their prices sufficiently to offset the higher cost of labor . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago research from 2007 has shown that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases . However , there are studies that show that higher prices for products due to increased labor cost are usually only by about 0.4 % of the original price . Effects on crime ( edit ) A 2016 White House report based on `` back of envelope calculations and literature review '' argued that higher hourly wages led to less crime . The study by the Council of Economic Advisers calculated that `` raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent . '' To get those numbers , the study assumed that `` such a minimum wage increase would have no employment impacts , with an employment elasticity of 0.1 the benefits would be somewhat lower . '' In contrast in a 1987 journal article , Masanori Hashimoto noted that minimum wage hikes lead to increased levels of property crime in areas affected by the minimum wage after its increase . According to the article , by decreasing employment in poor communities , total legal trade and production are curtailed . The report also argued that to compensate for the decrease in legal avenues for production and consumption , poor communities increasingly turn to illegal trade and activity . Economic growth ( edit ) Whether growth ( GDP , a measure of both income and production ) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether the income shifted from owners to workers results in an overall higher level of spending . The tendency of a consumer to spend their next dollar is referred to as the marginal propensity to consume or MPC . The transfer of income from higher income owners ( who tend to save more , meaning a lower MPC ) to lower income workers ( who tend to save less , with a higher MPC ) can actually lead to an increase in total consumption and higher demand for goods , leading to increased employment . Recent research has shown that higher wages lead to greater productivity . The CBO reported in February 2014 that income ( GDP ) overall would be marginally higher after raising the minimum wage , indicating a small net positive increase in growth . Raising the minimum wage to $10.10 and indexing it to inflation would result in a net $2 billion increase in income during the second half of 2016 , while raising it to $9.00 and not indexing it would result in a net $1 billion increase in income . Income inequality ( edit ) Further information : Income inequality in the United States Minimum wage levels in developed economies as a share of median full - time wage . The relative minimum wage ratio in the U.S. is shown in red . An increase in the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from higher - income persons ( business owners or `` capital '' ) to lower income persons ( workers or `` labor '' ) and therefore should reduce income inequality . The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under either scenario described above would improve income inequality . Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall ( due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs ) , while families with incomes below that threshold would rise . Poverty ( edit ) Among hourly - paid workers In 2016 , 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1.5 million earned wages below the minimum. Together , these 2.2 million workers represented 2.7 % of all hourly - paid workers . The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option . Similarly , Arindrajit Dube , professor of economics at University of Massachusetts Amherst , found in a 2017 study `` robust evidence that higher minimum wages lead to increases in incomes among families at the bottom of the income distribution and that these wages reduce the poverty rate . '' According to the study `` a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces the nonelderly poverty rate by about 5 percent . '' In contrast , research conducted by David Neumark and colleagues in 2004 found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low - wage workers . A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line . Similarly , a 2002 study led by Richard Vedder , professor of economics at Ohio University , concluded that `` The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed , the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty ... '' Federal budget deficit ( edit ) The CBO reported in February 2014 that `` ( T ) he net effect on the federal budget of raising the minimum wage would probably be a small decrease in budget deficits for several years but a small increase in budget deficits thereafter . It is unclear whether the effect for the coming decade as a whole would be a small increase or a small decrease in budget deficits . '' On the cost side , the report cited higher wages paid by the government to some of its employees along with higher costs for certain procured goods and services . This might be offset by fewer government benefits paid , as some workers with higher incomes would receive fewer government transfer payments . On the revenue side , some would pay higher taxes and others less . Commentary ( edit ) Economists ( edit ) Effective minimum wage adjusted for cost of living for select U.S. cities ( 2015 ) City Effective minimum wage Seattle $8.51 Denver $7.57 Houston $7.26 United States $7.25 San Francisco $7.03 Chicago $7.01 Boston $6.59 Washington , D.C. $6.53 Los Angeles $6.38 Philadelphia $6.08 New York City $3.86 According to a survey conducted by economist Greg Mankiw , 79 % of economists agreed that `` a minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers . '' A 2015 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that a majority of economists believes raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour would have negative effects on youth employment levels ( 83 % ) , adult employment levels ( 52 % ) , and the number of jobs available ( 76 % ) . Additionally , 67 % of economists surveyed believed that a $15 minimum wage would make it harder for small businesses with less than 50 employees to stay in business . A 2006 survey conducted by economist Robert Whaples of a sample of 210 Ph. D. economists randomly selected from the American Economic Association , found that , regarding the U.S. minimum wage : 46.8 % favored eliminating it 14.3 % favored keeping it the same 1.3 % favored decreasing it 5.2 % favored increasing it by about 50 cents per hour 15.6 % favored increasing it by about $1 per hour 16.9 % favored increasing it by more than $1 per hour In 2014 , over 600 economists signed a letter in support of increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 with research suggesting that a minimum wage increase could have a small stimulative effect on the economy as low - wage workers spend their additional earnings , raising demand and job growth . Also , seven recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences were among 75 economists endorsing an increase in the minimum wage for U.S. workers and said `` the weight '' of economic research shows higher pay does n't lead to fewer jobs . According to a February 2013 survey of the University of Chicago IGM Forum , which includes approximately 40 economists : 34 % agreed with the statement that `` Raising the federal minimum wage to $9 per hour would make it noticeably harder for low - skilled workers to find employment '' , with 32 % disagreeing and 24 % uncertain 42 % agreed that `` ... raising the minimum wage to $9 per hour and indexing it to inflation ... would be a desirable policy '' , with 11 % disagreeing or strongly disagreeing and 32 % uncertain . According to a fall 2000 survey conducted by Fuller and Geide - Stevenson , 73.5 % ( 27.9 % of which agreed with provisos ) of American economists surveyed agreed that minimum wage laws increase unemployment among unskilled and young workers , while 26.5 % disagreed with the statement . Economist Paul Krugman advocated raising the minimum wage moderately in 2013 , citing several reasons , including : The minimum wage was below its 1960s purchasing power , despite a near doubling of productivity ; The great preponderance of the evidence indicates there is no negative impact on employment from moderate increases ; and A high level of public support , specifically Democrats and Republican women . Major Political parties ( edit ) Minimum wage by state Democratic candidates , elected officials , and activists support an increase in the minimum wage . In his 2013 State of the Union Address , President Barack Obama called for an increase in the federal minimum wage to $9 an hour ; several months later , Democrats Tom Harkin and George Miller proposed legislation to increase the federal minimum wage to $10.10 ; and in 2015 , congressional Democrats introduced a proposal to increase the federal minimum wage to $12 an hour . These efforts did not succeed , but increases in city and state minimum wages prompted congressional Democrats to continue fighting for an increase on the federal level . After much internal party debate , the party 's official platform adopted at the 2016 Democratic National Convention stated : `` We should raise the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour over time and index it , give all Americans the ability to join a union regardless of where they work , and create new ways for workers to have power in the economy so every worker can earn at least $15 an hour . '' Most Republican elected officials oppose action to increase the minimum wage , and have blocked Democratic efforts to increase the minimum wage . Republican leadership such as Speakers of the House John Boehner and Paul Ryan have opposed minimum wage increases . Some Republicans oppose having a minimum wage altogether , while a few , conversely , have supported minimum wage increases or indexing the minimum wage to inflation . Former President Bill Clinton advocated raising the minimum wage in 2014 : `` I think we ought to raise the minimum wage because it does n't just raise wages for the three or four million people who are directly affected by it , it bumps the wage structure everywhere ... The estimates are that 35 million Americans would get a pay raise if the federal minimum wage was raised ... If you ( raise the minimum wage ) in a phased way , it always creates jobs . Why ? Because people who make the minimum wage or near it are struggling to get by , they spend every penny they make , they turn it over in the economy , they create jobs , they create opportunity , and they take better care of their children . It 's just the right thing to do , but it 's also very good economics . '' Polls ( edit ) The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73 % of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10 . By party , 53 % of Republicans and 90 % of Democrats favored this action . Pew found a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage in 2017 with most blacks and Hispanics supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . A Lake Research Partners poll in February 2012 found the following : Strong support overall for raising the minimum wage , with 73 % of likely voters supporting an increase to $10 and indexing it to inflation during 2014 , including 58 % who strongly support the action ; Support crosses party lines , with support from 91 % of Democrats , 74 % of Independents , and 50 % of Republicans ; and A majority ( 56 % ) believe that raising the minimum wage will help the economy , 16 % believe it wo n't make a difference , and only 21 % felt it would hurt the economy . List by jurisdiction ( edit ) This is a list of the minimum wages ( per hour ) in each state and territory of the United States , for jobs covered by federal minimum wage laws . If the job is not subject to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act , then state , city , or other local laws may determine the minimum wage . A common exemption to the federal minimum wage is a company having revenue of less than $500,000 per year while not engaging in any interstate commerce . Under the federal law , workers who receive a portion of their salary from tips , such as waitstaff , are required only to have their total compensation , including tips , meet the minimum wage . Therefore , often , their hourly wage , before tips , is less than the minimum wage . Seven states , and Guam , do not allow for a tip credit . Additional exemptions to the minimum wage include many seasonal employees , student employees , and certain disabled employees as specified by the FLSA . In addition , some counties and cities within states may implement a higher minimum wage than the rest of their state . Sometimes this higher wage applies only to businesses that contract with the local government , while in other cases the higher minimum applies to all work . Federal ( edit ) Type Min . wage ( $ / h ) Notes Tipped $2.13 The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 has been requiring a minimum wage of $2.13 for tipped workers with the expectation that wages plus tips total no less than $7.25 per hour since September 1 , 1991 . The employer must pay the difference if total income does not add up to $7.25 per hour . Non-tipped $7.25 Per the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 ( FMWA ) since July 24 , 2009 . Youth $4.25 The Fair Labor Standards Act has since September 1 , 1996 allowed for persons under the age of 20 to be paid $4.25 for the first 90 calendar days of their employment . State ( edit ) The average US minimum wage per capita ( 2017 ) is $8.49 based on the population size of each state and generally represents the average minimum wage experienced by a person working in one of the fifty US states . Cities , counties , districts , and territories are not included in the calculation . As of October 2016 , there have been 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2014 to 2015 , nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . Beginning in January 2017 , Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country , at $11.00 per hour . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . State Min . wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / training ( $ / h ) Automatic indexed adjustment Notes Alabama None No Alaska $9.84 $9.84 Yes Minimum wage increased to $9.84 on January 1 , 2018 . Arizona $10.50 $7.50 Yes Voters passed Proposition 206 in 2016 to schedule a series of wage increases starting with $10.00 / hour in 2017 , $10.50 in 2018 , $11.00 in 2019 , $12.00 in 2020 and every year afterwards will be tied to inflation . Arkansas $8.50 $2.63 No Minimum wage increased to $8.50 on January 1 , 2017 . The rate applies to employers of four or more employees . California $11.00 $11.00 Yes Minimum wage increased to $11.00 for business with 26 employees or more ; $10.50 for business with 25 employees or fewer , effective on January 1 , 2018 and increases to $15.00 by 2022 . At least 20 California cities will have a minimum wage higher than the state minimum on January 1 , 2018 . Berkeley : $13.75 since October 1 , 2017 and increases to $15.00 by 2018 . El Cerrito : $13.60 since January 1 , 2018 and increases to $15.00 by 2019 . Emeryville : $15.69 for businesses with 56 or more employees ; $15.00 for businesses with 55 employees or fewer , effective July 2018 . Jackson Rancheria : $10.60 since January 1 , 2014 on the Tribe 's sovereign 1,500 - acre reservation in Amador County . Oakland : $13.23 since January 1 , 2018 ; unions are exempt from Oakland 's minimum wage law . Los Angeles : $13.25 for businesses with 26 or more employees . $12.00 for businesses with 25 employees or fewer since July 1 , 2018 and increases to $15.00 by 2020 . Unions are exempt from Los Angeles 's minimum wage law . San Francisco : $15.00 since July 1 , 2018 and adjusts with Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) increases July 1st each following year ; unions are exempt from San Francisco 's minimum wage law . San Jose : $13.50 since January 1 , 2018 ; unions are exempt from San Jose 's minimum wage law . San Diego : $11.50 since January 1 , 2017 . Colorado $10.20 $7.18 Yes On January 1 , 2018 , the minimum wage increased to $10.20 and will increase annually by $0.90 until it becomes $12 in January 2020 . Starting in 2021 , it will be adjusted in line with the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) . The tipped wage is $3.02 less than the minimum wage . Connecticut $10.10 $6.59 No On March 26 , 2014 , the state passed legislation to raise the minimum wage to $10.10 by January 1 , 2017 . Connecticut 's tipped minimum wage is 65.2 % of the state minimum wage ( tipped employees defined as $10 / week or $2 / day in tips ) . Delaware $8.25 $2.23 No Minimum wage increased to $8.25 on June 1 , 2015 . Florida $8.25 $5.23 Yes Minimum wage is increased annually on September 30 ( effective January 1 of the following calendar year ) based upon a cost of living formula ( the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers , not seasonally adjusted , for the South Region or a successor index as calculated by the United States Department of Labor , using the rate of inflation for the 12 months prior to September 1 ) . Florida 's minimum wage increased to $8.10 and the tipped minimum wage to $5.08 on January 1 , 2017 . Georgia $5.15 $2.13 No Only applicable to employers of 6 or more employees . The state law excludes from coverage any employment that is subject to the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act when the federal rate is greater than the state rate . Hawaii $10.10 $9.35 No Minimum wage increased to $10.10 on January 1 , 2018 . Tipped employees earn 75 cents less than the current state minimum wage . Idaho $7.25 $3.35 No Illinois $8.25 $4.95 $7.75 No Employers may pay anyone under the age of 18 , or anyone for the first 90 days of employment , fifty cents less . Tipped employees earn 60 % of the minimum wage ( employers may claim credit for tips , up to 40 % of wage ) . There is a training wage for tipped employees . Chicago : $12.00 from July 1 , 2018 and increases to $13.00 by 2019 . Unions are exempt from Chicago 's minimum wage law . Indiana $7.25 $2.13 No Iowa $7.25 $4.35 No Most small retail and service establishments grossing less than $300,000 annually are not required to pay the minimum wage . A tipped employee who makes $30.00 per month or more in tips , can be paid 60 % of the minimum wage , i.e. as little as $4.35 per hour . Increased minimum wage laws in Johnson and Linn counties were nullified by the legislature . Kansas $7.25 $2.13 No Kansas had the lowest legislated , non-tipped worker minimum wage in the U.S. , $2.65 per hour , until it was raised to $7.25 , effective January 1 , 2010 . Kentucky $7.25 $2.13 No Louisville : $8.10 from July 1 , 2015 and increases to $9.00 by 2017 . However , the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that localities do not have authority to increase the minimum wage . Louisiana None No Maine $10.00 $5.00 Yes Tipped rate is half of the current state minimum wage . On July 6 , 2015 , the city council of Portland voted 6 - 3 to raise the city 's minimum wage to $10.10 beginning on January 1 , 2016 -- an increase of 34 % . Note : The tipped wage returns to 50 % of the regular minimum wage starting January 1 , 2018 . Minimum wage will increase to $10 in January 2018 , $11 in January 2019 , and $12 in January 2020 . Maryland $10.10 $3.63 No Minimum wage is $10.10 as of July 1 , 2018 . For employees working in Prince George 's County , the minimum wage is $11.50 per hour , effective October 1 , 2017 . For employees working in Montgomery County , the minimum wage is $12.00 per hour for businesses with 50 or fewer employees . $12.25 per hour for businesses with 51 or more employees effective July 1 , 2018 . County Council bill 12 - 16 was enacted on January 17 , 2017 to adjust the minimum wage to $15 and base future adjustments on the Consumer Price Index , but was later vetoed by the County Executive . Massachusetts $11.00 $3.75 No Minimum wage increased to $11.00 ( $3.75 for tipped workers ) on January 1 , 2017 . Massachusetts is the only state in the country that mandates time - and - a-half for retail workers working on Sunday . With state minimum wage at $11 an hour the effective minimum wage for a retail worker working on Sunday is $16.50 an hour . As of 2017 , Massachusetts has the largest gap between the hourly minimum wage for tipped workers ( $3.75 ) and the general minimum wage ( $11 ) . Michigan $9.25 $3.52 $4.25 ( training ) $7.86 ( youth ) Yes Annual minimum wage increases , linked to the Consumer Price Index , will start on February 1 , 2019 , and shall not exceed 3.5 % . There is no increase in minimum wage if the unemployment rate rises to or above 8.5 % in the previous year . Tipped workers must earn at least standard Michigan minimum wage once tips are included in their wages . Minnesota $9.65 $9.65 $7.87 ( for small employers , training , youth and J - 1 Visas ) Yes Small employers , whose annual receipts are less than $500,000 and who do not engage in interstate commerce , can pay their employees $7.25 per hour . Overtime applies after 48 hours per week . Note : For large employers , the minimum wage became $9.65 on January 1 , 2018 . For small employers , the minimum wage became $7.87 on January 1 , 2018 . Beginning January 1 , 2018 , all minimum wage rates will increase by the national implicit price deflator or 2.5 % , whichever is lower . Mississippi None No Missouri $7.85 $3.925 Yes Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index rounded to the nearest five cents , and increased to $7.85 on January 1 , 2018 . While a city ordinance was passed in the St. Louis area to increase the minimum wage to $8.25 in 2015 , in October 2015 the law was voided by a new statewide bill barring cities from setting their own minimum wages . The State Supreme Court ruled on 28 February 2017 that the ordinance was lawful and could go into effect , with the minimum wage rate set to rise to $11.00 an hour by 2018 in St. Louis . However , on July 5 , 2017 , another law was passed to nullify the increase and to have a statewide minimum wage of $7.70 . Montana $8.30 $8.30 Yes Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index , and increased to $8.30 on January 1 , 2018 . Income from tips can not offset an employee 's pay rate . The state minimum wage for business with less than $110,000 in annual sales is $4.00 . Nebraska $9.00 $2.13 No Minimum wage increased to $9.00 January 1 , 2016 . Nevada $8.25 $8.25 Yes The minimum wage has been $8.25 ( $1 higher than the federal minimum ) since July 1 , 2010 . Employers who offer health benefits can pay employees $7.25 . The rate is adjusted every July 1 , based on the federal minimum or the accumulated inflation since 2006 , whichever is higher , based on a 2006 Minimum Wage Amendment to the Nevada Constitution . New Hampshire $7.25 $3.27 No New Jersey $8.60 $2.13 Yes Minimum wage increased to $8.60 on January 1 , 2018 . New Mexico $7.50 $2.13 No Santa Fe : $10.84 since January 1 , 2015 . Albuquerque : $8.75 since January 1 , 2015 . New York $10.40 Varies Yes The minimum wage rate increased to $9.00 on December 31 , 2015 . As of July 24 , 2009 there has been a minimum for exempt employees of $543.75 per week . Tipped employee minimum ranges from $4.90 to $5.65 depending on industry . Effective December 31 , 2013 , there have been different rules for the minimum cash wage for tipped employees outside of the hospitality industry , ( e.g. , in car washes and in salons ) . For workers earning more than $1.95 on average per hour in tips , the minimum cash wage has been $6.05 per hour ; for workers earning between $1.20 and $1.95 in tips on average per hour , the cash wage has been $6.80 . A 2016 law changed the minimum wage over the following six years . `` Large '' employers have 11 or more employees , and `` small '' have between 1 and 10 . `` Downstate '' includes Nassau , Suffolk , and Westchester Counties . NYC large employers : $11.00 , NYC small employers : $10.50 , Downstate employers : $10.00 , Upstate employers : $9.70 . As of December 31 , 2017 : NYC large employers : $13.00 ; NYC small employers : $12.00 ; Downstate employers : $11.00 ; Upstate employers : $10.40 . As of December 31 , 2018 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $13.50 ; Downstate employers : $12.00 ; Upstate employers : $11.10 . As of December 31 , 2019 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $13.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2020 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $14.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2021 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $15.00 ; Upstate employers : Set by Commissioner of Labor based on economic conditions , up to $15.00 . Tipped food service workers will be paid $7.50 per hour , or two - thirds of the applicable minimum wage rate rounded to the nearest $0.05 , whichever is higher . North Carolina $7.25 $2.13 No The employer may take credit for tips earned by a tipped employee and may count them as wages up to the amount permitted in section 3 ( m ) of the Fair Labor Standards Act . North Dakota $7.25 $4.86 No Tipped minimum is 67 % of the minimum wage . Ohio $8.30 $4.15 $7.25 under 16 years old Yes The rate is $7.25 for employers grossing $299,000 or less . The rate is adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index . Ohio 's minimum wage will increase to $8.30 ( $4.15 for tipped employees ) on January 1 , 2018 Oklahoma $7.25 $2.13 No Minimum wage for employers grossing under $100,000 and with fewer than 10 employees per location is $2.00 . ( OK Statutes 40 - 197.5 ) . Oregon $10.50 ( rural counties ) $10.75 ( non-rural counties ) $12.00 ( Portland metro ) $10.50 ( rural counties ) $10.75 ( non-rural counties ) $12.00 ( Portland metro ) Yes On March 2 , 2016 , Senate Bill 1532 was signed into law , increasing minimum wage depending on the county . Beginning July 1 , 2018 the minimum wage increased to $10.75 for non-rural counties and to $10.50 for rural counties , thereafter increasing each year by fixed amounts until June 30 , 2022 when the minimum wage will be $14.75 for the Portland metro area , $13.50 for other non-rural counties , and $12.50 for rural counties . Thereafter , the minimum wage will be adjusted each year based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index . Non-rural counties are defined as Benton , Clackamas , Clatsop , Columbia , Deschutes , Hood River , Jackson , Josephine , Lane , Lincoln , Linn , Marion , Multnomah , Polk , Tillamook , Wasco , Washington , and Yamhill counties . Rural counties are defined as Baker , Coos , Crook , Curry , Douglas , Gilliam , Grant , Harney , Jefferson , Klamath , Lake , Malheur , Morrow , Sherman , Umatilla , Union , Wallowa , Wheeler counties . The Portland Metro rate ( $1.25 over the non-rural rate ) applies to employers located within the urban growth boundary ( UGB ) of the Portland metropolitan service district . Pennsylvania $7.25 $2.83 No Rhode Island $10.10 $3.89 No Minimum wage is $10.10 as of January 1 , 2018 . The minimum wage will increase to $10.50 as of January 1 , 2019 . South Carolina None No South Dakota $8.85 $4.425 Yes Minimum wage increased to $8.85 on January 1 , 2018 , and is indexed to inflation . Tennessee None No Texas $7.25 $2.13 No Applies to all workers in the state , excluding patients of the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation who have diminished production capacity and who work on behalf of the Department ; their salary is calculated at the minimum wage times a percentage of their diminished capacity . Utah $7.25 $2.13 No Vermont $10.50 $5.25 Yes Minimum wage increased to $10.50 on January 1 , 2018 and will be indexed to inflation beginning on January 1 , 2019 . Virginia $7.25 $2.13 No Washington $11.50 $11.50 $9.78 Yes Minimum wage increases annually by a voter - approved cost - of - living adjustment based on the federal Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( CPI - W ) . Seattle : $11.00 for businesses with fewer than 500 employees , $15.00 for businesses with 500 employees or more , and for all businesses by 2021 . SeaTac : $15.00 for airport - related businesses . Union workshops are exempt from SeaTac 's $15 minimum wage law . West Virginia $8.75 $2.62 No Minimum wage increased to $8.75 on December 31 , 2015 . The state minimum wage is applicable to employers of six or more employees at one location not involved in interstate commerce and for tipped employees is 30 % of the federal minimum wage . Wisconsin $7.25 $2.33 No Wyoming $5.15 $2.13 No Jump up ^ Generally applies to employees who make over $30 in tips per month , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ Applies to persons under age 20 , for the first 90 days of employment ( per FMWA ) , unless otherwise noted . ^ Jump up to : No state minimum wage law . Federal rates apply , although some small businesses exempt from FMWA may not be covered . Territory ( edit ) Territory Min . wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Notes American Samoa $4.58 -- $5.99 $2.13 Varies by industry . On September 30 , 2010 , President Obama signed legislation that delays scheduled wage increases for 2010 and 2011 . On July 26 , 2012 , President Obama signed S. 2009 into law , postponing the minimum wage increase for 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . Annual wage increases of $0.40 recommenced on September 30 , 2015 and will continue every three years until all rates have reached the federal minimum . Guam $8.25 $8.25 Northern Mariana Islands $7.05 $2.13 Since September 30 , 2016 . Wages are to go up $0.50 annually until reaching the federal $7.25 rate by 2018 . Bill S. 256 to delay the planned increases to the full rate until 2018 passed in Sept. 2013 . Puerto Rico $7.25 $2.13 Following the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , Employers covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act ( FLSA ) are subject to the federal minimum wage and all applicable regulations . Employers not covered by the FLSA will be subject to a minimum wage that is at least 70 percent of the federal minimum wage or the applicable mandatory decree rate , whichever is higher . The Secretary of Labor and Human Resources may authorize a rate based on a lower percentage for any employer who can show that implementation of the 70 percent rate would substantially curtail employment in that business . Puerto Rico also has minimum wage rates that vary according to the industry . These rates range from a minimum of $5.08 to $7.25 per hour . U.S. Virgin Islands $10.50 $4.20 The Virgin Islands ' minimum wage increased to $9.50 on June 1 , 2017 for all employees , with the exception of tourist service and restaurant employees ( or those businesses with gross annual receipts of less than $150,000 set at $4.30 ) . It further increased to $10.50 on June 1 , 2018 . Federal District ( edit ) Federal District Min . wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / training ( $ / h ) Notes District of Columbia $13.25 $4.17 None In accordance with a law signed on June 27 , 2016 , the minimum wage increased to $13.25 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; $14.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $15.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . As of each successive July 1 , the minimum wage will increase by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers in the Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area for the preceding twelve months . The minimum wage for tipped - employees increased to $4.17 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; $4.87 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $5.55 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . The minimum wage established by the federal government may be paid to newly hired individuals during their first 90 calendar days of employment , students employed by colleges and universities , and individuals under 18 years of age . Low - paying occupations , 2006 and 2009 ( edit ) Jobs that a minimum wage is most likely to directly affect are those that pay close to the minimum . According to the May 2006 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the four lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2006 ( when the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers employed Median wage Mean wage Mean annual Food preparation and serving related occupations 11,029,280 $7.90 $8.86 $18,430 Farming , fishing , and forestry occupations 450,040 $8.63 $10.49 $21,810 Personal care and service occupations 3,249,760 $9.17 $11.02 $22,920 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 4,396,250 $9.75 $10.86 $22,580 Two years later , in May 2008 , when the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour and was about to increase to $6.55 per hour in July 2008 , these same sectors were still the lowest - paying , but their situation ( according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data ) was : Sector Workers employed Median wage Mean wage Mean annual Food preparation and serving related occupations 11,438,550 $8.59 $9.72 $20,220 Farming , fishing , and forestry occupations 438,490 $9.34 $11.32 $23,560 Personal care and service occupations 3,437,520 $9.82 $11.59 $24,120 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 4,429,870 $10.52 $11.72 $24,370 In 2006 , workers in the following 13 individual occupations received , on average , a median hourly wage of less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers employed Median wage Mean wage Mean annual Gaming dealers 82,960 $7.08 $8.18 $17,010 Waiters and waitresses 2,312,930 $3.14 $4.27 $11,190 Combined food preparation and serving workers , including fast food 2,461,890 $7.24 $7.66 $15,930 Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 401,790 $7.36 $7.84 $16,320 Cooks , fast food 612,020 $7.41 $7.67 $15,960 Dishwashers 502,770 $7.57 $7.78 $16,190 Ushers , lobby attendants , and ticket takers 101,530 $7.64 $8.41 $17,500 Counter attendants , cafeteria , food concession , and coffee shop 524,410 $7.76 $8.15 $16,950 Hosts and hostesses , restaurant , lounge , and coffee shop 340,390 $7.78 $8.10 $16,860 Shampooers 15,580 $7.78 $8.20 $17,050 Amusement and recreation attendants 235,670 $7.83 $8.43 $17,530 Bartenders 485,120 $7.86 $8.91 $18,540 Farmworkers and laborers , crop , nursery , and greenhouse 230,780 $7.95 $8.48 $17,630 In 2008 , only two occupations paid a median wage less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers employed Median wage Mean wage Mean annual Gaming dealers 91,130 $7.84 $9.56 $19,890 Combined food preparation and serving workers , including fast food 2,708,840 $7.90 $8.36 $17,400 According to the May 2009 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2009 ( when the federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers employed Median wage Mean wage Mean annual Gaming dealers 86,900 $8.19 $9.76 $20,290 Combined food preparation and serving workers , including fast food 2,695,740 $8.28 $8.71 $18,120 Waiters and waitresses 2,302,070 $8.50 $9.80 $20,380 Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 402,020 $8.51 $9.09 $18,900 Cooks , fast food 539,520 $8.52 $8.76 $18,230 See also ( edit ) Economics portal United States portal Average worker 's wage Fair Labor Standards Act History of labor law in the United States Income inequality in the United States List of minimum wages by country Living wage Maximum wage Minimum Wage Fixing Convention , 1970 Minimum wage law United States labor law Wage slavery Wage theft Working poor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Laws in the States -- Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) -- U.S. Department of Labor '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ The federal minimum wage applies to states with no set minimum wage and to most workers in states with lower minimum wages . Jump up ^ Bradley , David H. ( February 3 , 2016 ) . State Minimum Wages : An Overview ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Labor , https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/wages/minimumwage . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage Tracker '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Legislatures , National Conference of State . `` State Minimum Wages 2017 Minimum Wage by State '' . www.ncsl.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Raises from Coast to Coast in 2018 : Workers in 18 States and 19 Cities and Counties Seeing Minimum Wage Increases on January 1 '' . National Employment Law Project . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . www.bls.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Feb , 1968 -- $1.60 converted to May , 2018 dollars → $11.77 ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage -- Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) -- U.S. Department of Labor '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Working for $7.25 an Hour : Exploring the Minimum Wage Debate '' . www.rand.org . Wenger , Jeffrey B. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Low - wage workers will get paid more in 18 states in 2018 -- but they could earn much more if the federal minimum wage had kept up with the economy '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : 5 facts about the minimum wage Drew DeSilver , Pew Research Center , January 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Characteristics of minimum wage workers , 2015 : BLS Reports : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Tritch , Teresa ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Roosevelt 's Statement on the National Industrial Recovery Act '' . Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Our Documents . June 16 , 1933 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Broda , Rudolf ; United States . Bureau of Labor Statistics ( December 1928 ) . Minimum Wage Legislation in Various Countries : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics , No. 467 ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . G.P.O. p. 8 . Jump up ^ Willis J. , Nordlund ( 1997 ) . The quest for a living wage : the history of the federal minimum wage program . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . p. 2 . ISBN 9780313264122 . OCLC 33983425 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Matthew B. ( 1913 ) . `` The Minimum Wage in Great Britain and Australia '' . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 48 : 26 . JSTOR 1012009 . Jump up ^ Vivien. , Hart , ( 2001 ) . Bound by Our Constitution : Women , Workers , and the Minimum Wage . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 9781400821563 . OCLC 700688619 . Jump up ^ Webb , Sidney ( 1912 ) . `` The Economic Theory of a Legal Minimum Wage '' . Journal of Political Economy. 20 ( 10 ) : 973 . doi : 10.1086 / 252125 . JSTOR 1820545 . Jump up ^ Starr , Gerald ( 1993 ) . Minimum wage fixing : an international review of practices and problems ( 2nd impression ( with corrections ) ed . ) . Geneva : International Labour Office . p. 1 . ISBN 9789221025115 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Matthew B. ( 1913 ) . `` The Minimum Wage in Great Britain and Australia '' . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 48 : 27 . JSTOR 1012009 . Jump up ^ Broda , Rudolf ; United States . Bureau of Labor Statistics ( December 1928 ) . Minimum Wage Legislation in Various Countries : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics , No. 467 ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . G.P.O. p. 11 . Jump up ^ Jerold L. , , Waltman ( 2000 ) . The politics of the minimum wage . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . p. 11 . ISBN 9780252025457 . OCLC 42072067 . Jump up ^ Vivien , Hart ( 2001 ) . Bound by Our Constitution : Women , Workers , and the Minimum Wage . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 9781400821563 . OCLC 700688619 . Jump up ^ Vivien , Hart ( 2001 ) . Bound by Our Constitution : Women , Workers , and the Minimum Wage . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 68 . ISBN 9781400821563 . OCLC 700688619 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Florence ( 1912 ) . `` Minimum - Wage Laws '' . Journal of Political Economy. 20 ( 10 ) : 999 -- 1010 . JSTOR 1820546 . Jump up ^ http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/actsResolves/1912/1912acts0706.pdf Jump up ^ Vivien , Hart ( 2001 ) . Bound by Our Constitution : Women , Workers , and the Minimum Wage . Princeton : Princeton University Press . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 9781400821563 . OCLC 700688619 . ^ Jump up to : William P. Quigley , `` ' A Fair Day 's Pay For A Fair Day 's Work ' : Time to Raise and Index the Minimum Wage '' , 27 St. Mary 's L.J. 513 , 516 ( 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : Skocpol , Theda ( 1992 ) . `` Chapter 7 : Safeguarding the `` Mothers of the Race '' : Protective Legislation for Women Workers `` . Protecting soldiers and mothers : the political origins of social policy in the United States . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674717657 . Jump up ^ Theda , Skocpol ( 1992 ) . Protecting soldiers and mothers : the political origins of social policy in the United States . Cambridge , Mass. : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . p. 423 . ISBN 0674717651 . OCLC 25409018 . Jump up ^ Levin - Waldman , Oren M. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . The Minimum Wage : A Reference Handbook . ABC - CLIO . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 9781440833953 . Jump up ^ Waltman , Jerold L. ( 2004 ) . The Case for the Living Wage . Algora Publishing . p. 184 . ISBN 9780875863023 . ^ Jump up to : `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Text of U.S. v. Darby Lumber Co. , 312 U.S. 100 ( 1941 ) is available from : Findlaw Justia ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage -- Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) -- U.S. Department of Labor '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet # 32 : Youth Minimum Wage -- Fair Labor Standards Act '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Labor -- Wage and Hour Division . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indexing the minimum wage for inflation '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Historical Minimum Wage Rates Office of Labor Standards Enforcement '' . sfgov.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Tracker '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nelp.org/content/uploads/City-Minimum-Wage-Laws-Recent-Trends-Economic-Evidence.pdf Jump up ^ `` ACORN and Unions Increase Working Wages Across the Country '' . Common Dreams. 2006 - 11 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ The living wage per hour for an individual is calculated for a family unit with two working adults and two children . Basic needs include food , childcare , medical care , housing , transportation , and other basic necessities . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Introduction to the living wage model '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Living Wage Calculation for Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land , TX '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Living Wage Calculation for Cleveland -- Elyria , OH '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Living Wage Calculation for Orleans Parish , Louisiana '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Living Wage Calculation for Atlanta -- Sandy Springs -- Roswell , GA '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Living Wage Calculation for Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater , FL '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Results from the 2017 Data Update '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Living Wage Calculation for Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Living Wage Calculation for Chicago - Naperville - Elgin , IL '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Living Wage Calculation for Boston -- Cambridge -- Newton , MA '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Living Wage Calculation for Los Angeles County , California '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Living Wage Calculation for New York County , New York '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glasmeier , Amy ( 2017 ) . `` Living Wage Calculation for San Francisco County , California '' . livingwage.mit.edu . Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Oakland , Jana Kasperkevic Ronnie Cohen in ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Fight for $15 protesters across US demand living wage in day of action '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Minimum Wage by State '' . ncsl.org . NCSL . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Medina , Jennifer ; Scheiber , Noam ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Los Angeles Lifts Its Minimum Wage to $15 Per Hour '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` A $15 Minimum Wage Bombshell in Los Angeles '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York State 's Minimum Wage '' . Welcome to the State of New York . 2016 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Enforcement , Division of Labor Standards . `` Minimum wage '' . Dir.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1737 -- Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sink , Justin ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` Obama : Congress has ' clear choice ' on minimum wage '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Alexander ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Reid punts on minimum - wage hike '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Alexander ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Centrist Republicans cool to minimum wage hike compromise '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Andy ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` A minimum - wage hike finds hope in U.S. heartland '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Sanders and 21 Democrats introduce bill to raise minimum wage to $15 an hour '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/15 Jump up ^ Carney , Jordain ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Sanders , Democrats introduce $15 minimum wage bill '' . TheHill . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Laws in the States -- Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) -- U.S. Department of Labor '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` City governments are raising standards for working people -- and state legislators are lowering them back down '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Worker rights preemption in the US : A map of the campaign to suppress worker rights in the states '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Enforcement , Division of Labor Standards . `` Minimum wage '' . Dir.ca.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage - Colorado Department of Labor and Employment '' . Colorado.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Cuomo Signs $15 Minimum Wage Plan and 12 Week Paid Family Leave Policy into Law '' . Governor.ny.gov. 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage - Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven ; Kasperkevic , Jana ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Fight for $15 swells into largest protest by low - wage workers in US history '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Living Wage Movement -- Viewpoints EPI '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Robert ( 3 June 2014 ) . `` Minimum Wage Groundswell ? Seattle , Others Raise Their Statutory Minimum Wage Rates '' . The National Law Review . Mintz , Levin , Cohn , Ferris , Glovsky and Popeo , P.C . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle City takes lead to raise minimum wage to $15 per hour '' . Seattle News.Net . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kirk ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Voters in SeaTac , Wash. , Back $15 Minimum Wage '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Fox , Emily Jane . `` Washington city votes to raise minimum wage to $15 '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Ordinance ( MWO ) - Office of Labor Standards Enforcement '' . Sfgsa.org . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Legislatures , National Conference of State . `` State Minimum Wages 2017 Minimum Wage by State '' . Ncsl.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Davis , Aaron C. ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` D.C. gives final approval to $15 minimum wage '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles City Council approves landmark minimum wage increase '' . Los Angeles Times . June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MINIMUM WAGE '' . MINIMUM WAGE . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Tracker '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The mayor of Los Angeles just signed a $15 / hr minimum wage bill into law '' . Business Insider . Reuters. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . The city council in September approved a pay increase for hotel workers to $15.37 an hour . Jump up ^ Peter , Jamison ( 9 April 2016 ) . `` Outrage after big labor crafts law paying their members less than non-union workers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . At the Sheraton Universal Hotel , a longtime union property , bellhops , waiters and banquet servers make California 's current minimum wage : $10 an hour . ( When the hotel ordinance first went into effect , the state minimum was $9 . ) Those doing the same jobs at a non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away make at least $15.37 under the city 's hotel wage law . Neither amount includes tips . ^ Jump up to : Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions , Washington Examiner , December 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Higgins , Sean . `` Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . www.bls.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Oct , 1938 -- $0.25 converted to Feb , 2018 dollars → $4.45 ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Rachel ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` States ' Minimum Wages Rise , Helping Millions of Workers '' . NYT . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . www.bls.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Feb , 1968 -- $1.60 converted to Feb , 2018 dollars → $11.65 Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers : All Items '' . Research.stlouisfed.org. 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage -- Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) -- U.S. Department of Labor '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Economy Is Suffering from Low Demand . Higher Wages Would Help '' . Harvard Business Review . 2018 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Chang Samuel ; Robinson , Paul R. ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) . Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology . Springer . p. 552 . ISBN 9783319493473 . Jump up ^ For a review article that analyzes the classical , Keynesian , and underconsumptionist approaches to wages , see Weintraub , Sidney ( December 1956 ) . `` A Macroeconomic Approach to the Theory of Wages '' . The American Economic Review . 46 ( 5 ) : 835 -- 56 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Walter ; Snyder , Christopher ( 2012 ) . Microeconomic Theory : Basic Principles and Extensions ( 11 ed . ) . Mason , OH : South - Western . pp. 27,154 . ISBN 978 - 111 - 1 - 52553 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hazlitt , Henry ( 1979 ) . Economics in One Lesson . Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54823 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Konczal , Mike ; Covert , Bryce ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) . `` The Score : Does the Minimum Wage Kill Jobs ? '' . The Nation . ISSN 0027 - 8378 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Krueger and David Card . `` Minimum Wages and Employment : A Case Study of the Fast - Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania '' '' ( PDF ) . Davidcard.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Neumark , David ; Wascher , William ( 2000 ) . `` Minimum Wages and Employment : A Case Study of the Fast - Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania : Comment '' . American Economic Review . 90 ( 5 ) : 1362 -- 1396 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 90.5. 1362 . Jump up ^ Neumark , Wascher ( 2007 ) . Minimum Wages and Employment . Foundations and Trends ® in Microeconomics . Jump up ^ Stanley , T.D. ( 2005 ) . `` Beyond Publication Bias '' . Journal of Economic Surveys. 19 ( 3 ) : 309 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0950 - 0804.2005. 00250. x . Jump up ^ Doucouliagos , Hristos ; Stanley , T.D. ( 2009 ) . `` Publication Selection Bias in Minimum - Wage Research ? A Meta - Regression Analysis '' . British Journal of Industrial Relations . 47 ( 2 ) : 406 -- 28 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8543.2009. 00723. x . Jump up ^ Schmitt , John ( February 2013 ) . `` Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Employment ? '' ( PDF ) . Center for Economic and Policy Research . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Lay summary -- The Washington Post ( February 14 , 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : CBO ( February 2014 ) . `` The Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Center for Economic and Policy Research . `` Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Unemployment ? '' March 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Cepr.net . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolcott , Ben . `` 2014 Job Creation Faster in States that Raised the Minimum Wage '' . Cepr.net . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Stilwell , Victoria ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Highest Minimum - Wage State Washington Beats U.S. in Job Creation '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Sabia , Burkhauser , Hansen ( 2012 ) . Are the Effects of Minimum Wage Increases Always Small ? New Evidence From a Case Study of New York State . Industrial and Labor Relations Review . Jump up ^ Burkhauser , Couch , Wittenburg ( 2000 ) . Who Minimum Wage Increases Bite : An Analysis Using Monthly Data from the SIPP and the CPS . South Economic Journal Jump up ^ `` The Logical Floor '' . The Economist . December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , The Minimum Wage , Restaurant Prices , and Labor Market Structure , August 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Raise the Minimum Wage , Reduce Crime ? A new White House report links higher hourly incomes to lower rates of law - breaking . '' ( PDF ) , COEA , March 3 , 2017 , retrieved March 3 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Hashimoto , Masanori ( 18 October 1987 ) . `` The Minimum Wage Law and Youth Crimes : Time - Series Evidence '' . The Journal of Law & Economics . 30 ( 2 ) : 443 -- 64 . doi : 10.2307 / 725504 . JSTOR 725504 . Jump up ^ `` Higher Wages for Low - Income Workers Lead to Higher Productivity '' . Piie.com. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Statistics '' . Stats.oecd.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers , 2016 . US Department of Labor . Jump up ^ Dube , Arindrajit ( February 2017 ) . `` Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes '' . IZA Discussion Paper No. 10572 . SSRN 2923658 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wages and the distribution of family incomes in the United States Equitable Growth '' . Equitable Growth . 2017 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Neumark , Shweitzer , Wascher ( 2004 ) . The Effects of Minimum Wages Throughout the Wage Distribution . Journal of Human Resources . Jump up ^ Neumark , Shweitzer , Wascher ( 2005 ) . The Effects of Minimum Wages on the Distribution of Family Incomes : A Non-Parametric Analysis . Journal of Human Resources . Jump up ^ Vedder , Gallaway ( 2002 ) . The minimum wage and poverty among full - time workers . Journal of Labor Research . Jump up ^ Cassleman , Ben ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` LA 's New Minimum Wage Is n't Worth Anywhere Close To $15 '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Liu , John C. ( July 2013 ) . `` Working but Still Struggling : The case for a New York City minimum wage '' ( PDF ) . New York City Comptroller 's Office . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N.G. Essentials of Economics , 8th Edition . Cengage Learning , pp. 31 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Smith ( 2015 ) . Survey of US Economists on a $15 Minimum Wage . Employment Policies Institute . Jump up ^ Whaples ( 2006 ) . Do Economists Agree on Anything ? Yes ! The Economists ' Voice . Jump up ^ `` Over 600 Economists Sign Letter In Support of $10.10 Minimum Wage : Economist Statement on the Federal Minimum Wage '' . Epi.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 600 Economists Now Back A $10.10 Minimum Wage '' . Huffington Post . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Economists Hit Back in the Minimum - Wage Wars '' . The New York Times . March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Over 600 Economists Agree : It 's Time To Raise The Minimum Wage - The National Memo - Smart. Sharp . Funny . Fearless '' . The National Memo. 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Nobel Laureates Endorse Higher U.S. Minimum Wage '' . Bloomberg . January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Nobel Laureates Endorse Increase in U.S. Minimum Wage '' . Economicpolicyjournal. coms . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Dan and Doris Geide - Stevenson ( 2003 ) : Consensus Among Economists : Revisited , in : Journal of Economic Review , Vol. 34 , No. 4 , S. 369 -- 387 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 17 February 2013 ) . `` Opinion - Raise That Wage '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Teresa Tritch , Where Do Democrats Stand on the Minimum Wage ? , New York Times ( July 6 , 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Russell Berman , Where the Minimum - Wage Fight Is Being Won , The Atlantic ( May 4 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Mike Lillis , $15 minimum wage divides Dems , The Hill ( July 28 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Alex Seitz - Wald , Democrats Add $15 Minimum Wage to Platform , NBC News ( July 8 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ David Weigel , Democrats back $15 minimum wage , but stalemate on Social Security , Washington Post ( July 9 , 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Jamelle Bouie , Honest Work , Slate ( May 13 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Dave Jamieson , GOP Candidates Resoundingly Reject The Idea of a Minimum Wage Hike , HuffPo ( November 10 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Ramsey Cox , GOP blocks minimum - wage hike , The Hill ( April 30 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Rich Kirchen , Paul Ryan opposes minimum wage hike , says it would nix jobs , Milwaukee Business Journal ( September 2 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Show : President Bill Clinton . September 2014 '' . Occupydemocrats.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most See Inequality Growing , but Partisans Differ over Solutions '' . People-press.org. 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Research Partners . Public Support for Raising the Minimum Wage . February 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Nelp.3cdn.net . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States Minimum Wage By State 2013 '' . Minimum-Wage.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Employee Rights Under the Fair Labor Standards Act '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Labor -- Wage and Hour Division . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . U.S. Department of Labor . Jump up ^ `` Exemptions to the Minimum Wage and the FLSA '' . Minimum-Wage.org . May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet # 32 : Youth Minimum Wage -- Fair Labor Standards Act '' ( PDF ) . Dol.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is the minimum wage for workers who receive tips ? What is the minimum wage for workers who receive tips ? '' . eLaws . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal minimum wage will increase to $7.25 on July 24 '' . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Labor -- Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) -- Minimum Wage '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press A higher minimum wage for millions in 2017 CBS News , December 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Legislatures , National Conference of State . `` 2017 Minimum Wage by State '' . Ncsl.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DOL WHD : Minimum Wage Laws in the States '' . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Tracker '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Department of Labor -- Wage & Hour Divisions ( WHD ) -- Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . US Department of Labor . January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Standard and Overtime Hours '' . labor.alaska.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Prop. 206 : Arizona voters approve $12 minimum wage '' . azcentral . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage and Overtime '' . Arkansas Department of Labor . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wage '' . California Department of Industrial Relations . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State of California , Department of Industrial Relations '' . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Myers , John ; Dillon , Liam ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brown hails deal to raise minimum wage to $15 as ' matter of economic justice ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nathaniel ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` California 's minimum wage rises again on Jan. 1 . Here 's how much '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Ordinance ( MWO ) '' . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Colorado Minimum Wage Fact Sheet '' . Colorado DOLE . December 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut becomes first state to pass $10.10 minimum wage '' . ctmirror.org . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Minimum Wage Rates '' . Connecticut Department of Labor . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Del . governor signs minimum wage increase Washingtonpost.com , 2014 - 30 - 01 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Labor - Wage & Hour Divisions ( WHD ) - Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Florida Statutes Section 448.110 ( 4 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ Pounds , Marcia Heroux . `` Florida minimum wage rising to $8.10 an hour in 2017 '' . Sun-sentinel.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Note : Federal minimum wage applies to businesses involved in interstate commerce , and to most businesses with gross revenues over $500,000 , where state minimum wage is lower . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Change -- Spotlight -- Georgia Department of Labor '' . Dol.state.ga.us . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Georgia Code Research Tool '' . Lexisnexis.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage and Overtime '' . Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Section 44 - 1502 -- Idaho State Legislature '' . Legislature.idaho.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage / Overtime FAQ '' . Illinois Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` City of Chicago Minimum Wage '' . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Minimum Wage Law : $7.25 per hour '' ( PDF ) . In.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wage Frequently Asked Questions '' . Iowa Workforce Development . n.d . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On Iowa Blocking All Local Minimum Wage and Employment Benefits Laws '' . Nelp.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sebelius signs bill to raise Kansas minimum wage to $7.25 an hour '' . Kansas City Business Journal . April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , ( Lawrence Journal - World ) , Scott Rothschild , April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` An Ordinance Relating to Minimum Wage to be Paid to Employees by Employers in Louisville Metro '' ( PDF ) . Louisville Kentucky Government . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Barton , Ryland ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Kentucky Supreme Court Strikes Down Louisville Minimum Wage Ordinance '' . 89.3 WFPL News Louisville . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Poster '' ( PDF ) . Maine Department of Labor Standards . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland City Council votes to raise minimum wage to $10.10 an hour '' . Pressherald.com. 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ; Staff , B.D.N. `` LePage signs bill into law to restore Maine tip credit '' . The Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title 26 , § 664 : Minimum wage ; overtime rate '' . legislature.maine.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law -- Employment Standards Service ( ESS ) . ' `` Department of Labor , Licensing & Regulation . State of Maryland . Jump up ^ Wagner , John . Maryland governor urges minimum - wage rise to $10.10 to help state 's lowest - paid workers . The Washington Post . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law Montgomery County '' . Maryland Department of Labor , Licensing and Regulation . July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leggett vetoes $15 minimum wage in Montgomery County '' . The Washington Post . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill 12 - 16 , Human Rights and Civil Liberties - County Minimum Wage -- Amount -- Annual Adjustment Veto '' . Montgomery County Council . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Program '' . Labor and Workforce Development . 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Casteel , Kathryn ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` The Minimum Wage Movement Is Leaving Tipped Workers Behind '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Michigan Minimum Wage ? '' . Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LARA -- New Minimum Wage for Michigan Employees '' . Michigan.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LARA -- What is the Michigan Minimum Wage ? '' . Michigan.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State minimum - wage laws -- Labor Standards ; Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry '' . www.doli.state.mn.us . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` State minimum - wage laws -- Labor Standards ; Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry '' . www.dli.mn.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Standards -- Minnesota 's minimum - wage law '' . Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tipped Employees Missouri Labor '' . labor.mo.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Minimum Wage '' ( PDF ) . Labor.no.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis city approves $11 minimum wage '' . FOX2now.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Supreme Court upholds St. Louis minimum wage law ; will be $11 by 2018 '' . St. Louis Public Radio . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wage hike set to reverse in Missouri '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Minimum Wage Increase , Initiative 425 ( 2014 ) '' . Ballotpedia.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Raise Passes In Four GOP States '' . Huffington Post . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada 's minimum wage and daily overtime rates unchanged for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Nevada Office of the Labor Commissioner . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Rate Increasing '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage -- Minimum Wage -- NH Department of Labor '' . Nh.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) NJ.com , December 2017 Jump up ^ living_wage Archived 2015 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Albuquerque Minimum Wage Increase -- 2015 -- City of Albuquerque '' . Cabq.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages -- New York State Department of Labor '' . Labor.state.ny.us. 2013 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` New York approves $9 minimum wage '' . upi.com . UPI . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Viswanathan , Subhash ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` New York Increases Amount of Salary Necessary to Qualify Employees for Executive and Administrative Exemptions '' . New York Labor And Employment Law Report . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tripp , Noel P. ; Jackson Lewis P.C. ( 8 Dec 2013 ) . `` New York 's New Miscellaneous Wage Order Tip Credit Provision to Impact Businesses Such As Car Washes and Salons '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Increases Minimum Wage and Enacts Paid Family Leave '' . Jdsupra.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` State Minimum Wages 2016 Minimum Wage by State '' . www.ncsl.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio minimum wage to go up 10 cents next week '' . Cleveland Plain Dealer . December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights Under the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act 40O. S. § 197.1 '' ( PDF ) . Okladot.state.ok.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights Under the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage Rate Summary '' . Oregon.gov . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Text of SB 1532 '' . Olisleg.state.or.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kullgren , Ian K. `` Oregon House passes minimum wage hike after turbulent debate , sending it to Kate Brown '' . The Oregonian . February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage , Labor Standards , Workforce Regulation and Safety , RI Department of Labor and Training '' . www.dlt.ri.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage , Labor Standards , Workforce Regulation and Safety , RI Department of Labor and Training '' . www.dlt.ri.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Laws -- Minimum Wage '' . dlr.sd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Labor Code Chapter 62 . Minimum Wage '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INFORMATION ON TIPPED AND SERVICE EMPLOYEES '' ( PDF ) . March 2018 . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Vermont minimum wage will rise to $10.50 an hour '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Department of Labor and Industry '' . Doli.virginia.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Employees aged 14 or 15 may be paid 85 % of the minimum wage . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Minimum Wage Ordinance '' . Seattle Office of Civil Rights . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle City Council approves historic $15 minimum wage '' . Seattle Times . 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` SeaTac : The small US town that sparked a movement against low wages '' . Guardian . 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Raising the minimum wage without raising havoc , Washington Post , September 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` West Virginia Code '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Virginia minimum wage Thinkprogress.org , 2014 / 04 / 03 Jump up ^ `` The Wisconsin 's 2009 Minimum Wage Rates '' . Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wage Rate in American Samoa '' ( PDF ) . Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Jump up ^ `` President Obama signs Minimum Wage delay into Law '' . US Dept of Labor . October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Minimum Wage '' ( PDF ) . Dol.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kasperowicz , Pete ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Dems vote with GOP to delay minimum wage hike in Northern Mariana Islands '' . Thehill.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMPLOYEE RIGHTS , THE UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS DEPARTMENT OF LABOR '' ( PDF ) . June 1 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Minimum Wage Increases to $8.35 Per Hour '' . www.vidol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Kelly . `` D.C. raises minimum wage to $15 '' . Washington Examiner . June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Aaron C. `` D.C. lawmakers approve $15 minimum wage , joining N.Y. , Calif . '' . The Washington Post . June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DeWitt , Jeffrey S. `` Fiscal Impact Statement -- Fair Shot Minimum wage Amendment Act of 2016 '' . Office of the Chief Financial Officer . Government of the District of Columbia . June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Minimum Wage Poster '' . Department of Employment Services . Government of the District of Columbia . 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2006 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Minimum wage in the United States at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Federal Minimum Wage . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . History of Federal Minimum Wage United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . U.S. Minimum Wage History . Oregon State University -- Wealth and Poverty ( Anth 484 ) . Last updated December 26 , 2012 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the lowest minimum wage in america | [
"The minimum wage in the United States is set by US labor law and a range of state and local laws.[3] Employers generally have to pay workers the highest minimum wage prescribed by federal, state, and local law. Since July 24, 2009, the federal government has mandated a nationwide minimum wage of $7.25 per hour.[4] As of January 2018, there were 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum.[5] From 2017 to 2018, eight states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments, while increases in eleven other states occurred through referendum or legislative action.[6][7] \n"
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"$7.25 per hour"
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-2166085971603914497 | Cotton gin | Cotton gin - wikipedia Cotton gin Jump to : navigation , search A model of a 19th - century cotton gin on display at the Eli Whitney Museum in Hamden , Connecticut . A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds , allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation . The fibers are then processed into various cotton goods such as linens , while any undamaged cotton is used largely for textiles like clothing . Seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil . Handheld roller gins had been used in the Indian subcontinent since at earliest AD 500 and then in other regions . The Indian worm - gear roller gin , invented some time around the sixteenth century , has , according to Lakwete , remained virtually unchanged up to the present time . A modern mechanical cotton gin was created by American inventor Eli Whitney in 1793 and patented in 1794 . Whitney 's gin used a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through , while brushes continuously removed the loose cotton lint to prevent jams . It revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States , but also led to the growth of slavery in the American South as the demand for cotton workers rapidly increased . The invention has thus been identified as an inadvertent contributing factor to the outbreak of the American Civil War . Modern automated cotton gins use multiple powered cleaning cylinders and saws , and offer far higher productivity than their hand - powered precursors . Eli Whitney invented his cotton gin in 1793 . He began to work on this project after moving to Georgia in search of work . Given that farmers were desperately searching for a way to make cotton farming profitable , a woman named Catharine Greene provided Whitney with funding to create the first cotton gin . Whitney created two cotton gins : a small one that could be hand cranked and a large one that could be driven by a horse or water power . Thanks to the cotton gin , the amount of raw cotton yielded doubled each decade after 1800 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Early cotton gins 1.3 Mughal India 1.4 United States 1.5 Eli Whitney 's patent 1.6 McCarthy 's gin 1.7 Effects in the United States 2 Modern cotton gins 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links History `` The First Cotton Gin '' , an engraving from Harper 's Magazine , 1869 . This carving depicts a roller gin , which preceded Eli Whitney 's invention . The Ajanta caves of India yield evidence of a single - roller cotton gin in use by the 5th century . This cotton gin was used in India until innovations were made in the form of foot powered gins . The cotton gin was invented in India as a mechanical device known as a charkhi , more technically the `` wooden - worm - worked roller '' . Purpose Cotton fibers are produced in the seed pods ( `` bolls '' ) of the cotton plant where the fibers ( `` lint '' ) in the bolls are tightly interwoven with seeds . To make the fibers usable , the seeds and fibers must first be separated , a task which had been previously performed manually , with production of cotton requiring hours of labor for the separation . Many simple seed - removing devices had been invented , but until the innovation of the cotton gin , most required significant operator attention and worked only on a small scale . Early cotton gins The earliest versions of the cotton gin , which were the size of a small printer , consisted of a single roller made of iron or wood and a flat piece of stone or wood . Evidence for this type of gin has been found in Africa , Asia , and North America . The first documentation of the cotton gin by contemporary scholars is found in the fifth century AD , in the form of Buddhist paintings depicting a single - roller gin in the Ajanta Caves in western India . These early gins were difficult to use and required a great deal of skill . A narrow single roller was necessary to expel the seeds from the cotton without crushing the seeds . The design was similar to that of a mealing stone , which was used to grind grain . The early history of the cotton gin is ambiguous , because archeologists likely mistook the cotton gin 's parts for other tools . Between the 12th and 14th centuries , dual - roller gins appeared in India and China . The Indian version of the dual - roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th century . This mechanical device was , in some areas , driven by water power . Mughal India Main article : Mughal Empire The worm gear roller gin , which was invented in the Indian subcontinent during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th -- 14th centuries , came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century , and is still used in the Indian subcontinent through to the present day . Another innovation , the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin , first appeared some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire . The incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era . It was reported that , with an Indian cotton gin , which is half machine and half tool , one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day . With a modified Forbes version , one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day . If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines , and a few people 's labour was used to feed them , they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly . United States The Indian roller cotton gin , known as the churka or charkha , was introduced to the United States in the mid-18th century , when it was adopted in the southern United States . The device was adopted for cleaning long - staple cotton , but was not suitable for the short - staple cotton that was more common in certain states such as Georgia . Several modifications were made to the Indian roller gin by Mr. Krebs in 1772 and Joseph Eve in 1788 , but their uses remained limited to the long - staple variety , up until Eli Whitney 's development of a short - staple cotton gin in 1793 . Eli Whitney 's patent Eli Whitney 's original cotton gin patent , dated March 14 , 1794 . Eli Whitney ( 1765 -- 1825 ) applied for a patent of his cotton gin on October 28 , 1793 ; the patent was granted on March 14 , 1794 , but was not validated until 1807 . Whitney 's patent was assigned patent number 72X . There is slight controversy over whether the idea of the modern cotton gin and its constituent elements are correctly attributed to Eli Whitney . The popular image of Whitney inventing the cotton gin is attributed to an article on the subject written in the early 1870s and later reprinted in 1910 in The Library of Southern Literature . In this article , the author claimed Catharine Littlefield Greene suggested to Whitney the use of a brush - like component instrumental in separating out the seeds and cotton . To date , Greene 's role in the invention of the gin has not been verified independently . Whitney 's cotton gin model was capable of cleaning 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of lint per day . The model consisted of a wooden cylinder surrounded by rows of slender spikes , which pulled the lint through the bars of a comb - like grid . The grids were closely spaced , preventing the seeds from passing through . Loose cotton was brushed off , preventing the mechanism from jamming . Many contemporary inventors attempted to develop a design that would process short staple cotton , and Hodgen Holmes , Robert Watkins , William Longstreet , and John Murray had all been issued patents for improvements to the cotton gin by 1796 . However , the evidence indicates Whitney did invent the saw gin , for which he is famous . Although he spent many years in court attempting to enforce his patent against planters who made unauthorized copies , a change in patent law ultimately made his claim legally enforceable -- too late for him to make much money from the device in the single year remaining before the patent expired . McCarthy 's gin While Whitney 's gin facilitated the cleaning of seeds from short - staple cotton , it damaged the fibers of ( extra-long staple ) cotton ( Gossypium barbadense ) . In 1840 Fones McCarthy received a patent for a `` Smooth Cylinder Cotton - gin '' , a roller gin . McCarthy 's gin was marketed for use with both short - staple and extra-long staple cotton , but was particularly useful for processing long - staple cotton . After McCarthy 's patent expired in 1861 , McCarthy type gins were manufactured in Britain and sold around the world . McCarthy 's gin was adopted for cleaning the Sea Island variety of extra-long staple cotton grown in Florida , Georgia and South Carolina . It cleaned cotton several times faster than the older gins , and , when powered by one horse , produced 150 to 200 pounds of lint a day . The McCarthy gin used a reciprocating knife to detach seed from the lint . Vibration caused by the reciprocating motion limited the speed at which the gin could operate . In the middle of the 20th Century gins using a rotating blade replaced ones using a reciprocating blade . These descendants of the McCarthy gin are the only gins now used for extra-long staple cotton in the United States . Effects in the United States cotton gin at Jarrell Plantation Prior to the introduction of the mechanical cotton gin , cotton had required considerable labor to clean and separate the fibers from the seeds . With Eli Whitney 's gin , cotton became a tremendously profitable business , creating many fortunes in the Antebellum South . Cities such as New Orleans , Louisiana ; Mobile , Alabama ; Charleston , South Carolina ; and Galveston , Texas became major shipping ports , deriving substantial economic benefit from cotton raised throughout the South . Additionally , the greatly expanded supply of cotton created strong demand for textile machinery and improved machine designs that replaced wooden parts with metal . This led to the invention of many machine tools in the early 19th century . The invention of the cotton gin caused massive growth in the production of cotton in the United States , concentrated mostly in the South . Cotton production expanded from 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in 1850 . As a result , the region became even more dependent on plantations and slavery , with plantation agriculture becoming the largest sector of its economy . While it took a single slave about ten hours to separate a single pound of fiber from the seeds , a team of two or three slaves using a cotton gin could produce around fifty pounds of cotton in just one day . The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production , increasing from around 700,000 in 1790 to around 3.2 million in 1850 . By 1860 , black slave labor from the American South was providing two - thirds of the world 's supply of cotton , and up to 80 % of the crucial British market . The cotton gin thus `` transformed cotton as a crop and the American South into the globe 's first agricultural powerhouse '' . An 1896 advertisement for the Lummus cotton gin . Because of its inadvertent effect on American slavery , and on its ensuring that the South 's economy developed in the direction of plantation - based agriculture ( while encouraging the growth of the textile industry elsewhere , such as in the North ) , the invention of the cotton gin is frequently cited as one of the indirect causes of the American Civil War . Modern cotton gins This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Diagram of a modern cotton gin plant , displaying numerous stages of production Modern cotton gins In modern cotton production , cotton arrives at industrial cotton gins either in trailers , in compressed rectangular `` modules '' weighing up to 10 metric tons each or in polyethylene wrapped round modules similar to a bale of hay produced during the picking process by the most recent generation of cotton pickers . Cotton arriving at the gin is sucked in via a pipe , approximately 16 inches ( 41 cm ) in diameter , that is swung over the cotton . This pipe is usually manually operated , but is increasingly automated in modern cotton plants . The need for trailers to haul the product to the gin has been drastically reduced since the introduction of modules . If the cotton is shipped in modules , the module feeder breaks the modules apart using spiked rollers and extracts the largest pieces of foreign material from the cotton . The module feeder 's loose cotton is then sucked into the same starting point as the trailer cotton . The cotton then enters a dryer , which removes excess moisture. The cylinder cleaner uses six or seven rotating , spiked cylinders to break up large clumps of cotton . Finer foreign material , such as soil and leaves , passes through rods or screens for removal . The stick machine uses centrifugal force to remove larger foreign matter , such as sticks and burrs , while the cotton is held by rapidly rotating saw cylinders . The gin stand uses the teeth of rotating saws to pull the cotton through a series of `` ginning ribs '' , which pull the fibers from the seeds which are too large to pass through the ribs . The cleaned seed is then removed from the gin via an auger conveyor system . The seed is reused for planting or is sent to an oil mill to be further processed into cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal . The lint cleaners again use saws and grid bars , this time to separate immature seeds and any remaining foreign matter from the fibers . The bale press then compresses the cotton into bales for storage and shipping . Modern gins can process up to 15 tonnes ( 33,000 lb ) of cotton per hour . Modern cotton gins create a substantial amount of cotton gin residue ( CGR ) consisting of sticks , leaves , dirt , immature bolls , and cottonseed . Research is currently under way to investigate the use of this waste in producing ethanol . Due to fluctuations in the chemical composition in processing , there is difficulty in creating a consistent ethanol process , but there is potential to further maximize the utilization of waste in the cotton production . References ^ Jump up to : Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) , English and American Tool Builders , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ) . ^ Jump up to : Lakwete , 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Habib , Irfan ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 '' . Pearson Education India -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Martin . `` Top Five Causes of the Civil War : Leading up to Secession and the Civil War '' . About.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : inventors.about.com ; `` Background on the Cotton Gin '' , retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lakwete , 182 . Jump up ^ Bellis , Mary . inventors.about.com ; `` The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney '' , retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baber , Zaheer ( 1996 ) . The Science of Empire : Scientific Knowledge , Civilization , and Colonial Rule in India . Albany : State University of New York Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2919 - 9 . Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , page 53 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , pages 53 - 54 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , page 54 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Karl Marx ( 1867 ) . Chapter 16 : `` Machinery and Large - Scale Industry . '' Das Kapital . Jump up ^ Hargrett , Elizabeth ; Dobbs , Chris ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` Cotton Gins '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Who Invented the Cotton Gin and How Did it Impact History ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Catharine Littlefield Greene , Brain Behind the Cotton Gin '' . Finding Dulcinea . March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harr , M.E. ( 1977 ) . Mechanics of particulate media : A probabilistic approach . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Lakwete , 64 -- 76 . Jump up ^ The American Historical Review by Henry Eldridge Bourne , Robert Livingston Schuyler Editors : 1895 -- July 1928 ; J.F. Jameson and others. ; Oct. 1928 -- Apr. 1936 , H.E. Bourne and others ; July 1936 -- Apr. 1941 , R.L. Schuyler and others ; July 1941 -- G.S. Ford and others . Published 1991 , American Historical Association ( etc . ) , pp 90 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Lakwete , Angela . `` Fones McCarthy '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Auburn University . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shofner , Jerrel H. ; Rogers , William Warren ( April 1962 ) . `` Sea Island Cotton in Ante - Bellum Florida '' . The Florida Historical Quarterly . 40 ( 4 ) : 378 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Gillum , Marvis M. ; Van Doorn , D.W. ; Norman , B.M. ; Owen , Charles ( 1994 ) . `` Roller Ginning '' . In Anthony , Stanley W. ; Mayfield , William D. Cotton Ginner 's Handbook . United States Department of Agriculture . p. 244 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamner , Christopher . teachinghistory.org , `` The Disaster of Innovation '' , retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Parke ( September 2009 ) . `` Seeds of conflict '' . America 's Civil War . 22 ( 4 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ Woods , Robert ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` A Turn of the Crank Started the Civil War . '' Mechanical Engineering . Jump up ^ Smith , N. Jeremy ( July 2009 ) . `` Making Cotton King '' . World Trade . 22 ( 7 ) : 82 . Jump up ^ `` Cotton -- a history '' . New Internationalist. 399 : 18 -- 19 . April 2007 . Jump up ^ Underhill , Paco ( 2008 ) . `` The cotton gin , oil , robots and the store of 2020 '' . Display & Design Ideas. 20 ( 10 ) : 48 . Jump up ^ Joe Ryan . `` What Caused the American Civil War ? '' AmericanCivilWar.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Randy Golden , `` Causes of the Civil War '' . About North Georgia . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Agblevor , Foster A. ; Batz , Sandra ; Trumbo , Jessica ( February 3 , 2018 ) . Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals . Humana Press , Totowa , NJ . pp. 219 -- 230 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4612 - 0057 - 4_17 -- via link.springer.com . Bibliography Lakwete , Angela ( 2003 ) . Inventing the Cotton Gin : Machine and Myth in Antebellum America . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801873942 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cotton gins . Library resources about Cotton gin Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Overview of a Cotton Gin -- USDA site The Story of Cotton -- National Cotton Council of America site National Cotton Ginners Association US Cotton Gin Industry -- EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic History Invention of Cotton Gin -- eHistory.com Cotton : the fiber of life -- includes a schematic diagram illustrating the seed removal process Video of manual cotton gin in operation via YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton_gin&oldid=824128903 '' Categories : Cotton gin 1793 introductions Agricultural machinery American inventions Cotton production Indian inventions Slavery in the United States Textile machinery Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 14 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how much of the world's supply of cotton came from the south | [
"The invention of the cotton gin caused massive growth in the production of cotton in the United States, concentrated mostly in the South. Cotton production expanded from 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in 1850. As a result, the region became even more dependent on plantations and slavery, with plantation agriculture becoming the largest sector of its economy.[23] While it took a single slave about ten hours to separate a single pound of fiber from the seeds, a team of two or three slaves using a cotton gin could produce around fifty pounds of cotton in just one day.[24] The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production, increasing from around 700,000 in 1790 to around 3.2 million in 1850.[25] By 1860, black slave labor from the American South was providing two-thirds of the world’s supply of cotton, and up to 80% of the crucial British market.[26] The cotton gin thus “transformed cotton as a crop and the American South into the globe's first agricultural powerhouse\".[27]"
] | [
"two-thirds"
] |
-4572859101388010238 | Pericardium | Pericardium - wikipedia Pericardium This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the Traditional Chinese medicine description , see Pericardium ( Chinese medicine ) . `` Pericard '' redirects here . For the footballer , see Vincent Pericard . Pericardium Walls of the heart , showing pericardium at right . Cutaway illustration of pericardial sac Details Artery Pericardiacophrenic artery Nerve Phrenic nerve Identifiers Latin Pericardium Greek περίκάρδιον MeSH D010496 TA A12. 1.08. 001 FMA 9869 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The pericardium is a double - walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels . The pericardial sac has two layers , a serous layer and a fibrous layer . It encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid . The pericardium fixes the heart to the mediastinum , gives protection against infection , and provides the lubrication for the heart . It receives its name from Ancient Greek peri ( περί ; `` around '' ) and cardion ( κάρδιον ; `` heart '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Fibrous pericardium 1.2 Serous pericardium 1.3 Anatomical relationships 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The pericardium is a tough double layered fibroserous sac which covers the heart . The space between the two layers of serous pericardium ( see below ) , the pericardial cavity , is filled with serous fluid which protects the heart from any kind of external jerk or shock . There are two layers to the pericardial sac : the outermost fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium . Fibrous pericardium ( edit ) The fibrous pericardium is the most superficial layer of the pericardium . It is made up of dense and loose connective tissue , which acts to protect the heart , anchoring it to the surrounding walls , and preventing it from overfilling with blood . It is continuous with the outer adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels . Serous pericardium ( edit ) The serous pericardium , in turn , is divided into two layers , the parietal pericardium , which is fused to and inseparable from the fibrous pericardium , and the visceral pericardium , which is part of the epicardium . Both of these layers function in lubricating the heart to prevent friction during heart activity . The visceral layer extends to the beginning of the great vessels ( the large blood vessels serving the heart ) becoming one with the parietal layer of the serous pericardium . This happens at two areas : where the aorta and pulmonary trunk leave the heart and where the superior vena cava , inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins enter the heart . In between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers there is a potential space called the pericardial cavity , which contains a supply of lubricating serous fluid known as the pericardial fluid . When the visceral layer of serous pericardium comes into contact with heart ( not the great vessels ) it is known as the epicardium . The epicardium is the layer immediately outside of the heart muscle proper ( the myocardium ) . The epicardium is largely made of connective tissue and functions as a protective layer . During ventricular contraction , the wave of depolarization moves from the endocardial to the epicardial surface . Anatomical relationships ( edit ) A transverse section of the thorax , showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum . The pleural cavity and the pericardial cavity are exaggerated since normally there is no space between the pleurae or between the pericardium and heart . Pericardium is also known as cardiac epidermis . The pericardial cavity in this image is labeled d and is part of the inferior mediastium . Here we can see its relation to the superior mediastinum a , the pleural cavities c , and the diaphragm e . Surrounds heart and bases of pulmonary artery and aorta . Deep to sternum and anterior chest wall . The right phrenic nerve passes to the right of the pericardium . The left phrenic nerve passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle . Pericardial arteries supply blood to the dorsal portion of the pericardium . Function ( edit ) Sets heart in mediastinum and limits its motion Protects it from infections coming from other organs ( such as lungs ) Prevents excessive dilation of the heart in cases of acute volume overload Lubricates the heart Clinical significance ( edit ) Inflammation of the pericardium is called pericarditis . This condition typically causes chest pain that spreads to the back that is worsened by lying flat . In patients suffering with pericarditis , a pericardial friction rub can often be heard when listening to the heart with a stethoscope . Pericarditis and is often caused by a viral infection ( glandular fever , cytomegalovirus , or coxsackievirus ) , or more rarely with a bacterial infection , but may also occur following a myocardial infarction . Pericarditis is usually a short - lived condition that can be successfully treated with painkillers , anti-inflammatories , and colchicine . In some cases , pericarditis can become a long - term condition causing scarring of the pericardium which restricts the heart 's movement , known as constrictive pericarditis . Constrictive pericarditis is sometimes treated by surgically removing the pericardium in a procedure called a pericardiectomy . Fluid can build up within the pericardial sack , referred to as a pericardial effusion . Pericardial effusions often occur secondary to pericarditis , kidney failure , or tumours and frequently do not cause any symptoms . However , large effusions or effusions that accumulate rapidly can compress the heart in a condition known as cardiac tamponade , causing breathlessness and potentially fatal low blood pressure . Fluid can be removed from the pericardial space for diagnosis or to relieve tamponade using a syringe in a procedure called pericardiocentesis . For cases of recurrent pericardial effusion , an operation to create a hole between the pericardial and pleural spaces can be performed , known as a pericardial fenestration . Additional images ( edit ) Fibrous pericardium See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Pericardial sinus Pericardiocentesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier Saunders . p. 1412 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard J. ; Nielsen , Mark T. ( 2009 ) . Principles of Human Anatomy ( 11th ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 84 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 78931 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Laizzo , P.A. ( 2009 ) . Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy , Physiology , and Devices ( 2nd ed . ) . Humana Press . pp. 125 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60327 - 371 - 8 . Jump up ^ Byrne , John G ; Karavas , Alexandros N ; Colson , Yolonda L ; Bueno , Raphael ; Richards , William G ; Sugarbaker , David J ; Goldhaber , Samuel Z ( 2002 ) . `` Cardiac Decortication ( Epicardiectomy ) for Occult Constrictive Cardiac Physiology After Left Extrapleural Pneumonectomy '' . Chest. 122 ( 6 ) : 2256 -- 9 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 122.6. 2256 . PMID 12475875 . Jump up ^ Davidson 's 2010 , pp. 638 -- 639 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 21 : st - 1500 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Mediastinum : Pericardium ( pericardial sac ) '' thoraxlesson4 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( heartpericardium ) Atlas image : ht_pericard2 at the University of Michigan Health System - `` MRI of chest , lateral view '' hide Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae , coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage , fossa ovalis , limbus of fossa ovalis , crista terminalis , valve of inferior vena cava , valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum , moderator band / septomarginal trabecula , crista supraventricularis ) , → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann 's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&oldid=837486357 '' Categories : Cardiac anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 04 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | pericardial fluid is found between which 2 layers of the pericardium | [
"The pericardium is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. The pericardial sac has two layers, a serous layer and a fibrous layer. It encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid.\n",
"The pericardium is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. The pericardial sac has two layers, a serous layer and a fibrous layer. It encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid.\n"
] | [
"serous layer",
"fibrous layer"
] |
4104072260836457856 | 2016 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles | 2016 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles - wikipedia 2016 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Women 's Singles 2016 Wimbledon Championships Champion Serena Williams Runner - up Angelique Kerber Final score 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 Details Draw 128 ( 12 Q / 6 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2015 Wimbledon Championships 2017 → Main article : 2016 Wimbledon Championships Serena Williams was the defending champion and successfully defended her title , defeating Angelique Kerber in the final , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 . By winning her seventh Wimbledon title , Williams equaled Steffi Graf 's Open Era record of 22 major singles titles . This was also the first time two women contested two major finals against one another in a single season since Amélie Mauresmo and Justine Henin - Hardenne met in the 2006 Australian Open and Wimbledon finals . The top five seeds ( Williams , Garbiñe Muguruza , Agnieszka Radwańska , Kerber and Simona Halep ) were in contention for the world No. 1 ranking at the beginning of the tournament . However , Halep was removed from the contention at the end of third round , while Williams retained the top spot by reaching the fourth round and eventually winning the title . She also spent her 300th week at the top of the WTA rankings during the second week of the tournament , and won her 300th Slam match at the tournament by defeating Annika Beck in the third round . At 36 years old , Venus Williams became the oldest woman to reach a Grand Slam semifinal since Martina Navratilova at the 1994 Wimbledon Championships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References 5 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Serena Williams ( Champion ) 02 . Garbiñe Muguruza ( Second round ) 03 . Agnieszka Radwańska ( Fourth round ) 04 . Angelique Kerber ( Final ) 05 . Simona Halep ( Quarterfinals ) 06 . Roberta Vinci ( Third round ) 07 . Belinda Bencic ( Second round , retired due to a wrist injury ) 08 . Venus Williams ( Semifinals ) 09 . Madison Keys ( Fourth round ) 10 . Petra Kvitová ( Second round ) 11 . Timea Bacsinszky ( Third round ) 12 . Carla Suárez Navarro ( Fourth round ) 13 . Svetlana Kuznetsova ( Fourth round ) 14 . Samantha Stosur ( Second round ) 15 . Karolína Plíšková ( Second round ) 16 . Johanna Konta ( Second round ) 17 . Elina Svitolina ( Second round ) 18 . Sloane Stephens ( Third round ) 19 . Dominika Cibulková ( Quarterfinals ) 20 . Sara Errani ( Second round ) 21 . Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( Quarterfinals ) 22 . Jelena Janković ( Second round ) 23 . Ana Ivanovic ( First round ) 24 . Barbora Strýcová ( Third round ) 25 . Irina - Camelia Begu ( First round ) 26 . Kiki Bertens ( Third round ) 27 . Coco Vandeweghe ( Fourth round ) 28 . Lucie Šafářová ( Fourth round ) 29 . Daria Kasatkina ( Third round ) 30 . Caroline Garcia ( Second round ) 31 . Kristina Mladenovic ( First round ) 32 . Andrea Petkovic ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Serena Williams 6 6 21 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova Serena Williams 6 6 Elena Vesnina 0 19 Dominika Cibulková Elena Vesnina 6 6 Serena Williams 7 6 Angelique Kerber 5 5 Simona Halep 5 6 Angelique Kerber 7 7 Angelique Kerber 6 6 8 Venus Williams 8 Venus Williams 7 6 Yaroslava Shvedova 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round S Williams 6 6 Q A Sadiković S Williams 6 6 6 C McHale 7 6 C McHale 7 WC D Hantuchová 5 S Williams 6 6 H Watson 6 0 10 A Beck 0 A Beck 6 12 A Beck 6 6 A Sasnovich 6 6 A Sasnovich 31 K Mladenovic S Williams 7 6 18 S Stephens 7 6 13 S Kuznetsova 5 0 PR S Peng 6 18 S Stephens 7 8 Q M Minella 7 Q M Minella 6 6 6 A Tatishvili 5 0 18 S Stephens 7 6 WC T Moore 6 6 13 S Kuznetsova 6 6 8 A Van Uytvanck WC T Moore 6 C Wozniacki 5 13 S Kuznetsova 6 6 13 S Kuznetsova 7 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 11 T Bacsinszky 6 6 Q L Kumkhum 11 T Bacsinszky 6 6 M Niculescu 6 6 M Niculescu 6 Q A Krunić 11 T Bacsinszky Y Putintseva 7 6 21 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 6 WC M Melnikova 5 Y Putintseva 5 S-w Hsieh 5 6 21 A Pavlyuchenkova 7 6 21 A Pavlyuchenkova 7 6 21 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 6 27 C Vandeweghe 6 7 27 C Vandeweghe K Bondarenko 6 27 C Vandeweghe 6 6 WC K Swan T Babos T Babos 6 6 27 C Vandeweghe 6 6 Kr Plíšková 6 5 6 R Vinci LL Y Duan 6 7 LL Y Duan 5 A Riske 7 6 R Vinci 6 7 6 R Vinci 6 5 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round A Radwańska 6 6 K Kozlova A Radwańska 6 9 K Knapp A Konjuh 6 7 A Konjuh 6 6 A Radwańska 6 6 P Parmentier 5 K Siniaková K Siniaková 6 7 K Siniaková 6 6 Ç Büyükakçay 30 C Garcia 6 30 C Garcia 6 6 A Radwańska 7 7 19 D Cibulková 7 6 19 D Cibulková 6 5 9 M Lučić - Baroni 5 19 D Cibulková 6 6 D Gavrilova 6 6 D Gavrilova Q Wang 6 19 D Cibulková 6 6 E Bouchard 6 6 E Bouchard M Rybáriková E Bouchard 6 6 M Puig 5 16 J Konta 6 16 J Konta 6 7 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 10 P Kvitová 6 6 S Cîrstea 0 10 P Kvitová 5 6 E Makarova 6 6 E Makarova 7 7 J Larsson 6 E Makarova 6 6 WC E Rodina 6 7 24 B Strýcová L Tsurenko 5 WC E Rodina 0 A Kontaveit 6 24 B Strýcová 6 6 24 B Strýcová 6 6 E Makarova 7 7 32 A Petkovic 7 6 E Vesnina 5 6 9 N Hibino 6 5 32 A Petkovic 5 E Vesnina 7 6 E Vesnina 7 6 Q T Paszek 5 E Vesnina 7 7 Q J Boserup 6 0 6 Q J Boserup 5 5 Q T Maria 6 Q J Boserup 6 T Pironkova 7 B Bencic 0 7 B Bencic 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 S Halep 6 6 AK Schmiedlová 5 S Halep 6 6 A Sevastova 6 F Schiavone F Schiavone 7 6 5 S Halep 6 6 D Kovinić 6 26 K Bertens M Barthel 6 7 M Barthel J Ostapenko 26 K Bertens 6 6 26 K Bertens 6 6 5 S Halep 6 6 6 20 S Errani 6 6 9 M Keys 7 PM Țig 20 S Errani 6 5 A Cornet 6 6 A Cornet 7 7 P Hercog 0 A Cornet 7 N Gibbs 9 M Keys 6 5 6 K Flipkens 6 6 K Flipkens 6 L Siegemund 9 M Keys 6 6 9 M Keys 6 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 Ka Plíšková 6 0 8 Y Wickmayer 6 6 15 Ka Plíšková 6 M Doi 6 6 M Doi 7 6 L Chirico M Doi 7 6 Z Diyas 0 A-L Friedsam 6 A-L Friedsam 6 6 A-L Friedsam 6 7 Q E Alexandrova 6 7 Q E Alexandrova 6 23 A Ivanovic 5 M Doi 25 I-C Begu A Kerber 6 6 C Witthöft 6 6 C Witthöft 6 6 K Nara 6 6 6 K Nara 0 M Brengle 7 C Witthöft 6 T Pereira 7 6 A Kerber 7 6 V Lepchenko 5 7 6 V Lepchenko WC L Robson A Kerber 6 6 A Kerber 6 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 8 V Williams 7 6 D Vekić 6 8 V Williams 7 6 S Zheng Q M Sakkari 5 6 Q M Sakkari 6 6 8 V Williams 7 10 L Arruabarrena 6 8 29 D Kasatkina 5 6 8 O Govortsova 6 6 L Arruabarrena 6 PR V Duval 0 5 29 D Kasatkina 7 6 29 D Kasatkina 6 7 8 V Williams 7 6 22 J Janković 6 6 12 C Suárez Navarro 6 S Vögele 22 J Janković 6 6 6 I Falconi 6 8 Q M Erakovic 7 8 Q M Erakovic 6 10 Q M Erakovic M Gasparyan 0 12 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 D Allertová 6 D Allertová 6 S Zhang 6 12 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 12 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 14 S Stosur 7 6 M Linette 5 14 S Stosur S Lisicki 6 6 S Lisicki 6 6 S Rogers S Lisicki 6 Y Shvedova 7 6 Y Shvedova 7 6 J Görges 5 Y Shvedova 6 6 N Broady 17 E Svitolina 6 17 E Svitolina 6 6 Y Shvedova 6 6 28 L Šafářová 6 7 7 28 L Šafářová B Mattek - Sands 7 6 5 28 L Šafářová 6 6 S Crawford 7 6 S Crawford Q P Kania 5 28 L Šafářová 6 12 Q J Čepelová 7 7 Q J Čepelová 6 10 M Duque Mariño 5 5 Q J Čepelová 6 6 C Giorgi 7 G Muguruza G Muguruza 6 5 6 Flag Icon Key List of National Flags References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon 2016 : Serena Williams beats Angelique Kerber to win 22nd Grand Slam '' . BBC Sport. 9 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Cambers , Simon ( 9 July 2016 ) . `` Wimbledon 2016 : Serena Williams beats Kerber in final to equal Graf record '' . The Observer . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Christopher ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Serena Williams - Angelique Kerber Final Is Grand Slam Rematch '' . New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams beats Kerber in Wimbledon women 's final -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 9 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 5 July 2016 ) . `` Wimbledon 2016 : Venus & Serena Williams through to semi-finals '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Women 's Singles draw Preceded by 2016 French Open -- Women 's Singles Grand Slams Women 's Singles Succeeded by 2016 US Open -- Women 's Singles ( hide ) Wimbledon Women 's Singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Wimbledon_Championships_ -- _Women % 27s_Singles&oldid = 788844340 '' Categories : 2016 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championship by year -- Ladies ' Singles 2016 in women 's tennis 2016 in English women 's sport Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2017 , at 20 : 34 . 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"Serena Williams was the defending champion and successfully defended her title, defeating Angelique Kerber in the final, 7–5, 6–3. By winning her seventh Wimbledon title, Williams equaled Steffi Graf's Open Era record of 22 major singles titles.[1][2] This was also the first time two women contested two major finals against one another in a single season since Amélie Mauresmo and Justine Henin-Hardenne met in the 2006 Australian Open and Wimbledon finals.[3][4]"
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"Serena Williams"
] |
-5187091084821302495 | Winged Victory of Samothrace | Winged Victory of Samothrace - wikipedia Winged Victory of Samothrace `` Winged Victory '' redirects here . For other uses , see Winged Victory ( disambiguation ) . The Winged Victory of Samothrace or The Winged Nike Year c. 200 -- 190 BC Type Parian marble 244 cm ( 96 in ) Location Louvre , Paris The Winged Victory of Samothrace , also called the Nike of Samothrace , is a marble Hellenistic sculpture of Nike ( the Greek goddess of victory ) , that was created about the 2nd century BC . Since 1884 , it has been prominently displayed at the Louvre and is one of the most celebrated sculptures in the world . H.W. Janson described it as `` the greatest masterpiece of Hellenistic sculpture '' , and it is one of a small number of major Hellenistic statues surviving in the original , rather than Roman copies . Contents 1 Description 2 History 3 2013 -- 14 restoration 4 Assessment , reception and influence 5 Campaign for repatriation 6 Gallery 7 Modern copies and derivative works 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Sources 11 External links Description ( edit ) The context of the Winged Victory of Samothrace , discovered in 1863 , is controversial , with proposals ranging from the Battle of Salamis in 306 BC to the Battle of Actium in 31 BC as the event being celebrated . Datings based on stylistic evaluation have been equally variable , ranging across the same three centuries , but perhaps tending to an earlier date . For much of the 20th century , the prevailing theory , based on the works of Hermann Thiersch and Karl Lehmann , considered it a Rhodian monument dedicated following the victories at Side and Myonessos in 190 BC , and suggested that it might have been carved by the Rhodian sculptor Pythocritus . However , in recent years , the reconstructions of the monument proposed by Lehmann have been shown to be false ( the remains of the surrounding space that housed the Victory belong to the Roman period ) , and the question of why the statue was dedicated on Samothrace , which at the time was dominated by the Greek Kingdom of Macedonia , remains unanswered . The statue is 244 centimetres ( 8.01 ft ) high . It was created not only to honor the goddess , Nike , but also to honor a sea battle . It conveys a sense of action and triumph as well as portraying artful flowing drapery , as though the goddess were descending to alight upon the prow of a ship . Modern excavations suggest that the Victory occupied a niche above a theater and also suggest it accompanied an altar that was within view of the ship monument of Demetrius I Poliorcetes ( 337 -- 283 BC ) . Rendered in grey and white Thasian and Parian marble , the figure originally formed part of the Samothrace temple complex dedicated to the Great gods , Megaloi Theoi . It stood on a rostral pedestal of gray marble from Lartos representing the prow of a ship ( most likely a trihemiolia ) , and represents the goddess as she descends from the skies to the triumphant fleet . Before she lost her arms , which have never been recovered , Nike 's right arm is believed to have been raised , cupped round her mouth to deliver the shout of Victory . The work is notable for its convincing rendering of a pose where violent motion and sudden stillness meet , for its graceful balance and for the rendering of the figure 's draped garments , compellingly depicted as if rippling in a strong sea breeze . Similar traits can be seen in the Laocoön group which is a reworked copy of a lost original that was likely close both in time and place of origin to Nike , but while Laocoon , vastly admired by Renaissance and classicist artists , has come to be seen as a more self - conscious and contrived work , Nike of Samothrace is seen as an iconic depiction of triumphant spirit and of the divine momentarily coming face to face with man . External video Nike of Samothrace , Smarthistory . The statue 's outstretched right wing is a symmetric plaster version of the original left one . The stylistic portrayal of the wings is a source of scholarly discussion , as the feather pattern resembles neither the wings of birds in nature nor wings in Greek art . As with the arms , the figure 's head has never been found , but various other fragments have since been found : in 1950 , a team led by Karl Lehmann unearthed the missing right hand of the Louvre 's Winged Victory . The fingerless hand had slid out of sight under a large rock , near where the statue had originally stood ; on the return trip home , Dr Phyllis Williams Lehmann identified the tip of the Goddess 's ring finger and her thumb in a storage drawer at the Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna , where the second Winged Victory is displayed ; the fragments have been reunited with the hand , which is now in a glass case in the Louvre next to the podium on which the statue stands . The different degree of finishing of the sides has led scholars to think that it was intended to be seen from three - quarters on the left . A partial inscription on the base of the statue includes the word `` Rhodios '' ( Rhodian ) , indicating that the statue was commissioned to celebrate a naval victory by Rhodes , at that time the most powerful maritime state in the Aegean which in itself would date the statue to 288 BC at the earliest . History ( edit ) The great statue was carefully lowered down a ramp in 1939 when it was removed from the Louvre and Paris for safekeeping . The sculptor is unknown , although Paul MacKendrick suggests that Pythokritos of Lindos is responsible . When first discovered on the island of Samothrace ( then part of the Ottoman Empire ) and published in 1863 , it was suggested that the Victory was erected by the Macedonian general Demetrius Poliorcetes after his naval victory at Cyprus , between 295 and 289 BC . The Archaeological Museum of Samothrace continues to follow these originally established provenance and dates . Ceramic evidence discovered in recent excavations has revealed that the pedestal was set up about 200 BC , though some scholars still date it as early as 250 BC or as late as 180 . Certainly , the parallels with figures and drapery from the Pergamon Altar ( dated about 170 BC ) seem strong . The evidence for a Rhodian commission of the statue has been questioned , however , and the closest artistic parallel to the Nike of Samothrace are figures depicted on Macedonian coins . Samothrace was an important sanctuary for the Hellenistic Macedonian kings . The most likely battle commemorated by this monument is , perhaps , the Battle of Cos in 255 BC , in which Antigonus II Gonatas of Macedonia won over the fleet of Ptolemy II of Egypt . In April 1863 , the Victory was discovered by the then French consul in Adrianopolis and amateur archaeologist Charles Champoiseau ( 1830 - 1909 ) , who sent it to Paris in the same year . The statue has been reassembled in stages since its discovery . The prow was reconstructed from marble debris at the site by Champoiseau in 1879 and assembled in situ before being shipped to Paris . After 1884 , the statue was positioned where it would visually dominate the Daru staircase . Since 1883 , the marble figure has been displayed in the Louvre , while a plaster replica stands in the museum at the original location of the Sanctuary of the Great Gods on Samothrace . In the autumn of 1939 , the Winged Victory was removed from her perch in anticipation of the outbreak of World War II . All the museums of Paris were closed on August 25 . Artwork and objects were packed for removal to locations deemed more safe outside Paris for safekeeping . On the night of September 3 , the statue descended the staircase on a wooden ramp which was constructed across the steps . During the years of World War II , the statue sheltered in safety in the Château de Valençay along with the Venus de Milo and Michelangelo 's Slaves . The discovery in 1948 of the hand raised in salute , which matched a fragment in Vienna , established the modern reconstruction -- without trumpet -- of the hand raised in epiphanic greeting . 2013 -- 14 restoration ( edit ) The Winged Victory of Samothrace , side view . In 2013 a restoration effort was launched to improve the appearance of the sculpture . This was the first detailed examination of the individual pieces of the sculpture to date . The restoration aimed to restore the marble to its original hue which had been tarnished by time . The sculpture was removed from its base and carried into an adjoining room which was transformed for the occasion into a restoration workshop . The base was dismantled block by block and placed in the workshop . Scientific reviews were performed on the base ( UV , Infrared , X-ray spectroscopy ) prior to cleaning the surface of the marble . This effort aimed to respect the goals of the original restoration performed in 1883 . The surface of the base was cleaned and then reassembled , and some gaps in the marble were repaired . Upon completion of the restoration , the statue was reunited with its base and returned to its prior position at the head of the Daru staircase in the Louvre . Assessment , reception and influence ( edit ) The Winged Victory of Samothrace , before restoration . Despite its significant damage and incompleteness , the Victory is held to be one of the great surviving masterpieces of sculpture from the Hellenistic Period , and from the entire Greco - Roman era . The statue shows a mastery of form and movement which has impressed critics and artists since its discovery . It is considered one of the Louvre 's greatest treasures , and since the late 19th century it has been displayed in the most dramatic fashion , at the head of the sweeping Daru staircase . The art historian H.W. Janson has pointed out that unlike earlier Greek or Near Eastern sculptures , Nike creates a deliberate relationship to the imaginary space around the goddess . The wind that has carried her and which she is fighting off , straining to keep steady -- as mentioned the original mounting had her standing on a ship 's prow , just having landed -- is the invisible complement of the figure and the viewer is made to imagine it . At the same time , this expanded space heightens the symbolic force of the work ; the wind and the sea are suggested as metaphors of struggle , destiny and divine help or grace . This kind of interplay between a statue and the space conjured up would become a common device in baroque and romantic art , about two thousand years later . It is present in Michelangelo 's sculpture of David : David 's gaze and pose shows where he is seeing his adversary Goliath and his awareness of the moment -- but it is rare in ancient art . The Victory soon became a cultural icon to which artists responded in many different ways . For example , Abbott Handerson Thayer 's A Virgin ( 1892 -- 93 ) is a well - known painted allusion . When Filippo Tommaso Marinetti issued his Futurist Manifesto in 1909 , he chose to contrast his movement with the supposedly defunct artistic sentiments of the Winged Victory : `` a race - automobile which seems to rush over exploding powder is more beautiful than the ' Victory of Samothrace ' '' . The 1913 sculpture Unique Forms of Continuity in Space by the Futuristic sculptor Umberto Boccioni , currently located at the Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) in New York , was highly influenced by the statue . It bears an underlying resemblance to Nike of Samothrace . Campaign for repatriation ( edit ) On February 3 , 1999 , according to the Macedonian Press Agency : News in English , `` residents of the Aegean island of Samothrace , the birthplace of the renowned Greek sculpture Nike of Samothrace , aka the Winged Victory , embarked on a letter - writing campaign to have this finest extant of Hellenistic sculpture returned to their homeland . In a letter signed by the island 's mayor , the locals urged Greek politicians to intervene and request that the Louvre museum , where the statue is kept , acknowledge that the sculpture belongs in its natural environment . '' The Greek Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs asked again for its return in 2013 . Gallery ( edit ) The Daru staircase leading to the statue . The statue after last restoration The statue on its pedestal . The statue before restoration , standing on a marble block . The Winged Victory of Samothrace , back view . Modern copies and derivative works ( edit ) The Winged Victory of Samothrace copy , Caesars Palace Casino , Las Vegas , Nevada , USA . A copy at the Idaho State Capitol . A plaster copy of the Winged Victory in the National Museum of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . Numerous copies exist in museums and galleries around the world ; one of the best - known copies stands outside the Caesars Palace casino in Las Vegas . The first FIFA World Cup trophy , commissioned in 1930 and designed by Abel Lafleur , was based on the model . This statue was a favorite of Frank Lloyd Wright and he used reproductions of it in a number of his buildings , including Ward Willits House , Darwin D. Martin House and Storer House . The largest public sculpture based on Nike appears in a prominent position atop the massive Pennsylvania State Memorial at Gettysburg National Military Park in Pennsylvania . Philadelphia sculptor Samuel Murray , a student and intimate of painter Thomas Eakins , produced the 28 - foot figure in 1911 with possible influence from Augustus Saint - Gaudens ' Nike interpretation on the Sherman Memorial in New York City ( 1903 ) . Saint - Gaudens depicts Nike with her right arm raised while it is thought the original Nike was not making such gesture . Saint - Gaudens ' Nike also wears a laurel wreath on her head and bears a large olive branch in her left hand . Murray adapted the laurel wreath and olive branch innovations but also placed a sword in Nike 's raised right hand . Starting in 1962 , Yves Klein produced a series of plaster replicas of the Nike coated in dry pigment of his signature International Klein Blue affixed by resin entitled Victoire de Samatrace . Swedish author Gunnar Ekelöf made Nike a central image in his poem Samothrace , written in 1941 , where the faceless deity , arms outstretched like sails , is made into a symbol of the fight and the coming victory against Nazism and the struggle for freedom throughout history . It also features in the Matthew Reilly novel Seven Ancient Wonders , where it is fictionally made part of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia . A full - size replica of the statue sits in The Ohio State University 's Thompson Library in Columbus , Ohio . Another full size replica stands in the lobby of Crouse College , home to the Setnor School of Music , at Syracuse University in Syracuse , New York . A 7 - foot ( 2.1 m ) replica of the sculpture stands at Connecticut College in New London , Connecticut . The second - largest replica of this statue in the United States stands at Calvary Catholic Cemetery in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and is 10 ft ( 3.0 m ) high . Texas Woman 's University in Denton , Texas has a replica which was purchased from the Louvre and shipped from Paris in 1982 . This replica is actually a replacement of the original 1929 replica given to commemorate Armistice Day and the defeat of autocracy . A replica of the statue sits overlooking the Veterans area of the Skylawn Memorial Park in San Mateo , California . The Estrugamou Building in Buenos Aires , Argentina was built in four sections , arranged around a patio adorned with a bronze copy of the iconic Winged Victory of Samothrace . The Cape Town Cenotaph is topped by a replica of the Winged Victory of Samothrace by British sculptor Vernon March . Another plaster replica adorns the atrium of Technische Universität Berlin . The replica was a gift by French universities to the TU Berlin in 1956 . Augustus Saint - Gaudens ' 1903 equestrian statue of General William Tecumseh Sherman in Grand Army Plaza , New York City , depicts a robed , winged Nike leading Sherman while holding a palm branch , as a symbol of his victory in the Civil War and the peace to follow . Graffiti artist Banksy created `` CCTV Angel '' in 2006 depicting a robed , winged figure with a CCTV camera for a head , as a statement on the overreach with security surveillance in society . See also ( edit ) Nike of Paionios Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Janson , H.W. ( 1995 ) History of Art . 5th edn . Revised and expanded by Anthony F. Janson . London : Thames & Hudson , pp. 157 -- 158 . ISBN 0500237018 Jump up ^ In Greek the statue is called the Niki tis Samothrakis ( Νίκη της Σαμοθράκης ) and in French La Victoire de Samothrace . There are two further statues of Winged Victory found in the Samothrace temple complex : a Roman copy found by a team of Austrian archaeologists , now at the Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna , and a third Winged Victory found by Dr. Phyllis Williams Lehmann in 1949 , now in a museum at the Samothrace site . Jump up ^ Smith , 78 Jump up ^ Stewart 2016 , p. 399 . Jump up ^ Stewart 2016 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Honour , H. and J. Fleming , ( 2009 ) A World History of Art . 7th edn . London : Laurence King Publishing , p. 174 . ISBN 9781856695848 Jump up ^ The flex of her torso reveals the movement of her missing arm . Jump up ^ Louvre Website : the discovery of her right hand , identified by Phyllis Williams Lehmann , now also at the Louvre , settled questions of her gesture , whether to bring a trumpet to her lips as she is depicted on earlier coins or bearing a wreath to crown the naval victor . Jump up ^ Bonna , Wescoat ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) . `` '' From the Vantage of the Victory : New Research on the Nike of Samothrace '' - National Humanities Center `` . National Humanities Center . 20 : 08 - 23 : 40 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ New York Times , Obituary of Phyllis Williams Lehmann , 16 October 2004 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sharon , Lost : The Battle over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World . Time Books , 2008 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ MacKendrick , Paul , The Greek Stones Speak , Norton & Company 1962 Jump up ^ Hatzfeld pointed out in 1910 that Samothrace was in the possession of Demetrios ' bitter personal enemy Lysimachus , who would not have permitted the erection of such a monument . Jump up ^ Haskell , Francis and Nicholas Penny . ( 1981 ) Taste and the Antique : the Lure of Classical Sculpture 1500 -- 1900 . New Haven : Yale University Press , p. 333 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02641 - 2 Jump up ^ Smith , 1991 . Hellenistic Sculpture ( World of Art ) . Jump up ^ Burn , 2005 . Hellenistic Art : From Alexander the Great to Augustus . Jump up ^ The monumental Escalier Daru designed by Hector Lefuel to replace the former staircase of the Musée Napoléon was constructed from 1855 to 1857 in the Pavillon Daru , named for a minister of Napoleon III . At the fall of the Second Empire it remained incomplete ; it was finished in 1883 as a setting for the Victory of Samothrace ( Louvre website ) . Jump up ^ See also Evacuation of the Louvre museum art collection during World War II Jump up ^ Nicholas , Lynn H. ( 1994 ) The Rape of Europa : The Fate of Europe 's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 40069 - 1 ; OCLC 246524635 Jump up ^ Nicholas , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Museum of Modern Art , New York : Unique Forms of Continuity in Space . Jump up ^ `` CAMPAIGN UNDERWAY TO RETURN NIKE OF SAMOTHRACE TO GREECE '' . hri.org. 1999 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Wants Victory of Samothrace Back '' . Greek Reporter. 2013 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . As officials of the Louvre in Paris seek to raise another one million euros to renovate the famed sculpture Winged Victory of Samothrace that was stolen off that Greek island by a Frenchman in the 19th Century , Greece has asked for its return . Jump up ^ `` Winged Victory : A Closer Look at the Pennsylvania Memorial '' . The Blog of Gettysburg National Military Park . April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samothrace Victory -- Galerie Omagh '' . www.galerieomagh.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ In Ekelöf , Non Serviam , Bonniers , Stockholm 1945 , and in later collected editions of his poems . Jump up ^ `` Winged Victory replica statue placed in Thompson Library , 100 year history with Ohio State '' . Jump up ^ `` Campus Art -- TWU TWU Libraries -- Texas Woman 's University '' . www.twu.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` About Us - Skylawn Memorial Park - Funeral - Cremation - Cremation '' . Jump up ^ `` Stabsstelle Presse , Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Alumni : Kunstwerke '' . www.pressestelle.tu-berlin.de . Jump up ^ `` Grand Army Plaza , New York , NY - CT Monuments.net '' . ctmonuments.net . Jump up ^ http://www.artnet.com/artists/banksy/cctv-angel-ibzvf7akWuiZWtBmBNeoUA2 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Sources ( edit ) Smith , R.R.R. , Hellenistic Sculpture , a handbook , Thames & Hudson , 1991 , ISBN 0500202494 Stewart , Andrew ( 2016 ) . `` The Nike of Samothrace : Another View '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 120 ( 3 ) : 399 -- 410 . JSTOR 10.3764 / aja. 120.3. 0399 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nike of Samothrace . 3D model of Winged Victory via photogrammetric survey of an 1892 Louvre atelier plaster cast Detailed description of the Victory of Samothrace on the Louvre website Interactive multimedia feature on the Louvre website The Louvre website on the Escalier Daru ( English ) BNF : cb12120693h ( data ) GND : 4202608 - 8 LCCN : n2013003823 SUDOC : 029619505 VIAF : 190487421 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace&oldid=853783808 '' Categories : 1863 archaeological discoveries Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures of the Louvre Victory Hellenistic sculpture Ancient Samothrace Archaeological discoveries in Greece Marble sculptures in France Sculptures of women Sculptures of Greco - Roman mythology Sculptures of goddesses Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 23 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the winged victory of samothrace kept | [
"The Winged Victory of Samothrace, also called the Nike of Samothrace,[2] is a marble Hellenistic sculpture of Nike (the Greek goddess of victory), that was created about the 2nd century BC. Since 1884, it has been prominently displayed at the Louvre and is one of the most celebrated sculptures in the world. H.W. Janson described it as \"the greatest masterpiece of Hellenistic sculpture\",[1] and it is one of a small number of major Hellenistic statues surviving in the original, rather than Roman copies.\n"
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"at the Louvre"
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-3658480380109270973 | Skip-Bo | SKIP - BO - wikipedia SKIP - BO Cards in box SKIP - BO is a commercial version of the card game Spite and Malice . In 1967 , Minnie Hazel `` Skip '' Bowman of Brownfield , Texas , began producing a boxed edition of the game under the name SKIP - BO . In 1980 the game was purchased by International Games , which was subsequently bought by Mattel in 1992 . A mobile version of the game for iOS was released by Magmic in September , 2013 . There is a new version called `` SKIP - BO Mod '' that comes in a blue and white case . Contents ( hide ) 1 Card and deck styles 2 Game play 3 Scoring 4 Partnerships 5 Mobile version 6 Other versions 7 References 8 External links Card and deck styles ( edit ) Individual Card The deck consists of 162 cards , twelve each of the numbers 1 through 12 and eighteen `` SKIP - BO '' wild cards which may be played as any number . Alternatively , the 162 cards could be three regular decks of playing cards , including the jokers , with ace to queen corresponding to 1 to 12 and the kings and jokers corresponding to the SKIP - BO cards . Before 1980 , the commercial game consisted of four decks of regular playing cards with eight SKIP - BO cards replacing the standard two jokers in each deck . In addition , the aces , twos and threes in the fourth deck were marked SKIP - BO . The remainder of the fourth deck was discarded . Game play ( edit ) Deck Two to four people can play at a time as individuals , or , six or more players in teams ( no more than three partnerships ) . The object of the game is to be the first player or team to play out their entire stock pile ( s ) . The player with the middle age goes first . Each player is dealt 30 cards for their pile with only the top card visible , and a hand of five cards , and the remaining cards are placed face down to create a common draw pile . The shared play area allows up to four build piles , which must be started using either a `` 1 '' card or a Skip - Bo , and each player also has up to four personal discard piles . Each turn the active player draws until they have five cards in hand , though there are cases of not drawing more cards to equal five cards , instead doing a draw of a certain number of cards . They must play either the next card in sequential order or a wild Skip - Bo card , using either cards in hand , the top card of their stock pile , or the top card of any of their four discard piles . If the player can play all five cards from their hand , they draw five more and continue playing . When no more plays are available , the player discards one card to either an empty discard pile or on top of an existing one and play passes to the next player . When a build pile reaches 12 , it is removed from the board and that space becomes empty for another pile to be started ; play continues until one player has played their final start card . Scoring ( edit ) For single rounds , whoever goes out first is the winner . If multiple games are going to be played , either track the number of wins for each player or a point system may be used . For the points scoring , the winning player receives 25 points for winning plus 5 points for each card in his / her opponents ' stock piles . The first player to reach 500 points wins . Partnerships ( edit ) Another option for game play is to pair up players as partners . Game play remains the same except : Each partnership has two stock piles and two sets of four discard piles ( eight discard piles total ) regardless of the number of individuals per partnership The active player can use their partner 's stock and discard piles in addition to their own stock and discard piles The active player 's partner ( s ) must remain silent Mobile version ( edit ) Skip - Bo was released in the iTunes App Store on September 7 , 2013 and later released for Android . The game was developed by Magmic and licensed through Mattel . Various electronic handheld versions of Skip - Bo have been released over the years . Other versions ( edit ) Original cards for Starturn , from the 1940s and still in use . William Henry Storey designed a card game `` Starturn '' which was published by Chad Valley in 1935 . Two packs , 44 black and 52 red , are used in a game primarily for two players although there were versions for three or four players . Black cards are divided equally between the players , placed face down with only the top card visible , as the Stack . Five red cards are dealt to each player , made up to five on each pass , and the rest placed as the draw Pack . The aim is to make up to four Build piles starting at 1 through to 15 , using cards from the player 's Stack where possible . Each player must discard one card at the end of each pass ( except when all cards in the hand have been used on Build piles ) on to one of four discard piles in front of each player , from which cards may be used ( strictly , top card first ) in forming Build piles . Completed Build piles are shuffled into the Pack as soon as completed . The first player to use up all his / her Stack cards is the winner . Although the cards are of different design , the rules of Skip - bo are almost exactly the same . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1967 Skip - bo Rules ( PDF ) Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Mattel-43614-Electronic-SKIP-BO/dp/B000OKQXHU External links ( edit ) Rules for playing the Skip - bo game ( PDF ) hide Mattel Toys American Girl Bitty Baby Girls of Many Lands Barbie My Scene BattleClaw Big Jim Blaze Chatty Cathy Creepy Crawlers Diva Starz Fijit Friends Flavas Furryville Food Fighters Hot Wheels Liddle Kiddles Magic 8 - Ball Manta Force Masters of the Universe ( Princess of Power ) Matchbox Max Steel Mindflex Monster High ( Ever After High Enchantimals ) My Child Pixel Chix Polly Pocket See ' n Say Slime What 's Her Face Xtractaurs licensed Cabbage Patch Kids DC Universe ( Batman ) Intel Play Lady Lovely Locks Popples Rainbow Brite Turning Mecard ( except South Korea and Mainland China ) WWE Games Apples to Apples Balderdash Bezzerwizzer Blokus Mad Gab Othello Outburst Pictionary Phase 10 Rock ' Em Sock ' Em Robots Scrabble ( except US and Canada ) Scene It ? Skip - Bo Toss Across U.B. Funkeys Uno Game platforms Aquarius Children 's Discovery System HyperScan Intellivision Pixter Nabi Business units Fisher - Price Mattel Creations Playground Productions HIT Entertainment Hot Animation Mega Brands Tyco Toys Corporate acquisitions Bluebird Toys Fuhu Ideal Toy Company Radica Games View - Master International Bought and sold Feld Entertainment Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Ice Follies And Holiday on Ice , Inc . Circus World Litigation `` Barbie Girl '' song case Barbie 's Restaurants trademark dispute View - Master factory lawsuit Other The Toy Box Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skip-Bo&oldid=844118409 '' Categories : Card games introduced in 1967 Dedicated deck card games Competitive patience card games Mattel games Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 18 : 53 . About Wikipedia | how many cards in a skip bo deck | [
"The deck consists of 162 cards, twelve each of the numbers 1 through 12 and eighteen \"SKIP-BO\" wild cards which may be played as any number. Alternatively, the 162 cards could be three regular decks of playing cards, including the jokers, with ace to queen corresponding to 1 to 12 and the kings and jokers corresponding to the SKIP-BO cards. Before 1980, the commercial game consisted of four decks of regular playing cards with eight SKIP-BO cards replacing the standard two jokers in each deck. In addition, the aces, twos and threes in the fourth deck were marked SKIP-BO. The remainder of the fourth deck was discarded."
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"162"
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2612802367065212769 | United States House of Representatives elections, 2010 | United States House of Representatives elections , 2010 - wikipedia United States House of Representatives elections , 2010 Jump to : navigation , search United States House of Representatives elections , 2010 ← 2008 November 2 , 2010 2012 → All 435 seats in the House of Representatives and 5 ( of the 6 ) non-voting members 218 seats needed for a majority Turnout 40.9 % Majority party Minority party Leader John Boehner Nancy Pelosi Party Republican Democratic Leader since February 2 , 2006 January 3 , 2003 Leader 's seat Ohio 8th California 8th Last election 178 seats , 42.6 % 257 seats , 53.2 % Seats before 179 256 Seats won 242 193 Seat change 63 63 Popular vote 44,827,441 38,980,192 Percentage 51.7 % 44.9 % Swing 9.1 % 8.3 % Results : Democratic hold Democratic gain Republican hold Republican gain Speaker before election Nancy Pelosi Democratic Elected Speaker John Boehner Republican The 2010 United States House of Representatives elections were held November 2 , 2010 , as part of the 2010 midterm elections ( along with Senate elections ) , at the midpoint of President Barack Obama 's first term in office . Voters of the 50 U.S. states chose 435 U.S. Representatives . Voters of the U.S. territories , commonwealths , and the District of Columbia chose their non-voting delegates . Republicans regained control of the chamber they had lost in the 2006 midterm elections , picking up a net total of 63 seats and erasing the gains Democrats made in 2006 and 2008 . Although the sitting U.S. President 's party usually loses seats in a midterm election , the 2010 election resulted in the highest loss of a party in a House midterm election since 1938 , and the largest House swing since 1948 . This also happened to be the Republicans ' largest gain in House seats since 1938 . Republicans gained the most in New York state where they picked up six seats , defeating five incumbents and winning an open Democratic district . The heavy Democratic Party losses were attributed to anger with President Obama , opposition to the Affordable Care Act , large budget deficits and the weak economy . This was also the third consecutive midterm election in a president 's first term where the Republican Party has made gains in the House of Representatives , as well as the second consecutive midterm election where party control of the said chamber changed hands . Notable freshmen included future Senators Cory Gardner , Todd Young , James Lankford , and Tim Scott , future Governor of Delaware John Carney , future Director of the Office of Management and Budget Mick Mulvaney , future Secretary of State Mike Pompeo , future Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas Tim Griffin , and future Louisiana Attorney General Jeff Landry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Republican gains 2 Results summary 2.1 Voter demographics 3 Retiring incumbents 3.1 Democrats 3.2 Republicans 4 Incumbents defeated 4.1 Lost renomination 4.1. 1 Democrats 4.1. 2 Republicans 4.2 Lost re-election 4.2. 1 Democrats 4.2. 2 Republicans 5 Open seat gains 5.1 Democratic to Republican 5.2 Republican to Democratic 6 Predictions 7 Complete list 7.1 Alabama 7.2 Alaska 7.3 Arizona 7.4 Arkansas 7.5 California 7.6 Colorado 7.7 Connecticut 7.8 Delaware 7.9 Florida 7.10 Georgia 7.11 Hawaii 7.12 Idaho 7.13 Illinois 7.14 Indiana 7.15 Iowa 7.16 Kansas 7.17 Kentucky 7.18 Louisiana 7.19 Maine 7.20 Maryland 7.21 Massachusetts 7.22 Michigan 7.23 Minnesota 7.24 Mississippi 7.25 Missouri 7.26 Montana 7.27 Nebraska 7.28 Nevada 7.29 New Hampshire 7.30 New Jersey 7.31 New Mexico 7.32 New York 7.33 North Carolina 7.34 North Dakota 7.35 Ohio 7.36 Oklahoma 7.37 Oregon 7.38 Pennsylvania 7.39 Rhode Island 7.40 South Carolina 7.41 South Dakota 7.42 Tennessee 7.43 Texas 7.44 Utah 7.45 Vermont 7.46 Virginia 7.47 Washington 7.48 West Virginia 7.49 Wisconsin 7.50 Wyoming 7.51 Non-voting delegates 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) An anti-Pelosi `` Boehner for Speaker '' bumper sticker on a car window . Following the 2006 elections , Democrats took control of the House as well as the Senate . In the 2008 elections , which coincided with Democrat Barack Obama 's victory over Republican John McCain for the presidency , Democrats increased their majorities in both chambers . Of the 435 congressional districts , 242 were carried by Obama , while 193 voted for McCain . Of the districts Obama won , 34 elected a Republican to the House , while 49 of the districts McCain won elected a Democrat . Republican gains ( edit ) The Republicans ' 63 - seat pickup in the House to take control of that chamber , as well as their gain of six Senate seats , signified a dramatic rollback of recent Democratic gains . In the election , Republicans won their greatest number of House seats since 1946 . This has been attributed to the continued economic recession , as well as President Obama 's controversial stimulus and health care reform bills . Republicans also took control of 29 of the 50 state governorships and gained 690 seats in state legislatures , to hold their greatest number since the 1928 elections . Republicans also made historic gains in state legislatures , adding more than 675 state legislative seats , by far surpassing their state - legislative gains in 1994 . Republicans gained control of dozens of state legislative chambers , and took control of `` seven more legislatures outright than they did after 1994 and the most since 1952 . '' Republicans picked up control of the Alabama Legislature for the first time since Reconstruction ; control of the North Carolina Senate for the first time since 1870 ; and control of the Minnesota Senate for the first time since the state returned to partisan elections in 1974 . The Great Lakes region , which had recently favored the Democratic Party , went strongly Republican . In California and the Pacific Northwest , however , the Democrats retained the upper hand . Results summary ( edit ) ↓ 242 193 Republican Democratic Parties ( and Independents ) Seats Popular vote 2008 Share Vote % Republican Party 178 242 64 55.6 % 44,827,441 51.7 % 9.1 % Democratic Party 257 193 64 44.4 % 38,980,192 44.9 % 8.3 % Libertarian Party -- -- -- -- 1,010,891 1.2 % 0.3 % Independent -- -- -- -- 519,043 0.6 % Green Party -- -- -- -- 252,688 0.3 % 0.2 % Constitution Party -- -- -- -- 195,008 0.2 % Independence Party -- -- -- -- 139,473 0.2 % 0.1 % American Independent Party -- -- -- -- 56,907 0.1 % 0.1 % Tea Party -- -- -- -- 38,790 < 0.1 % Peace and Freedom Party -- -- -- -- 30,714 < 0.1 % Conservative Party -- -- -- -- 24,394 < 0.1 % Towne for Congress Party -- -- -- -- 15,248 < 0.1 % Reform Party -- -- -- -- 9,333 < 0.1 % Socialist Workers Party -- -- -- -- 8,905 < 0.1 % Independent No War Bailout Party -- -- -- -- 8,397 < 0.1 % Independent Citizen for Constitutional Government Party -- -- -- -- 8,001 < 0.1 % Liberty Party -- -- -- -- 4,387 < 0.1 % Working Families Party -- -- -- -- 4,148 < 0.1 % Independent Party of Delaware -- -- -- -- 3,704 < 0.1 % Florida Whig Party -- -- -- -- 3,244 < 0.1 % Socialist Party -- -- -- -- 3,222 < 0.1 % Bring Home Troops Party -- -- -- -- 3,084 < 0.1 % Tax Revolt Independent Party -- -- -- -- 2,873 < 0.1 % Coalition on Government Reform Party -- -- -- -- 2,802 < 0.1 % American Congress Party -- -- -- -- 2,708 < 0.1 % Independent Progressive Party -- -- -- -- 2,468 < 0.1 % Truth Vision Hope Party -- -- -- -- 2,154 < 0.1 % Citizen Legislator Party -- -- -- -- 1,991 < 0.1 % For Americans Party -- -- -- -- 1,646 < 0.1 % Time for Change Party -- -- -- -- 1,257 < 0.1 % Action No Talk Party -- -- -- -- 1,141 < 0.1 % marklovett.us Party -- -- -- -- 1,123 < 0.1 % Your Country Again Party -- -- -- -- 1,113 < 0.1 % Agent of Change Party -- -- -- -- 1,080 < 0.1 % Green Tea Patriots Party -- -- -- -- 1,017 < 0.1 % United Citizens Party -- -- -- -- 1,013 < 0.1 % Socialist Action Party -- -- -- -- 955 < 0.1 % Gravity Buoyancy Solution Party -- -- -- -- 910 < 0.1 % Tax Revolt Party -- -- -- -- 798 < 0.1 % American Labor Party -- -- -- -- 727 < 0.1 % American Renaissance Movement Party -- -- -- -- 582 < 0.1 % Defend American Constitution Party -- -- -- -- 521 < 0.1 % Natural Law Party -- -- -- -- 409 < 0.1 % Be Determined Party -- -- -- -- 336 < 0.1 % Others -- -- -- -- 608.119 0.7 % 1.1 % Totals 435 435 0 100.0 % 86,784,957 100.0 % Popular vote Republican 51.65 % Democratic 44.92 % Libertarian 1.16 % Green 0.29 % Others 1.98 % House seats Republican 55.63 % Democratic 44.37 % Sources : House Clerk -- Statistics of the Congressional Election , 2010 , House Clerk -- Statistics of the Congressional Election , 2008 Voter demographics ( edit ) 2010 U.S. House vote by demographic subgroup Demographic subgroup DEM GOP Other % of total vote Total vote 45 52 100 Ideology Liberals 90 8 20 Moderates 55 42 38 Conservatives 13 84 42 Party Democrats 91 7 35 Republicans 5 94 35 Independents 37 56 7 29 Gender Men 41 55 48 Women 48 49 52 Race / ethnicity White 37 60 77 Black 89 9 11 Asian 58 40 Other 53 44 Hispanic ( of any race ) 60 38 8 Gender by race / ethnicity White men 34 62 38 White women 39 58 40 Black men 86 13 5 Black women 92 6 6 Latino men ( of any race ) 55 44 Latino women ( of any race ) 65 33 All other races 55 42 Religion Protestant 38 59 55 Catholic 44 54 23 Jewish n / a n / a n / a Other religion 74 24 8 None 68 30 12 Religious service attendance Weekly 40 58 48 Less than weekly 53 44 52 White evangelical or born - again Christian White evangelical or born - again Christian 19 77 25 Everyone else 55 42 75 Age 18 -- 24 years old 57 39 6 25 -- 29 years old 54 44 6 30 -- 39 years old 47 48 5 14 40 -- 49 years old 43 54 21 50 -- 64 years old 46 52 32 65 and older 38 59 21 Sexual orientation LGBT 69 29 Heterosexual 46 52 97 Education Not a high school graduate 57 36 7 High school graduate 46 52 17 Some college education 43 53 28 College graduate 40 58 30 Postgraduate education 53 45 21 Education by race / ethnicity White college graduates 39 58 42 White no college degree 33 63 35 Non-white college graduates 70 28 9 Non-white no college degree 75 23 13 Family income Under $30,000 57 40 17 $30,000 -- 49,999 51 46 19 $50,000 -- 74,999 45 51 21 $75,000 -- 99,999 42 56 15 $100,000 -- 199,999 43 56 19 Over $200,000 34 64 8 Family income by race Whites under $50,000 42 54 25 Whites over $50,000 37 61 53 Non-whites under $50,000 80 19 11 Non-whites over $50,000 69 29 11 Union households Union 61 37 17 Non-union 43 54 83 Issue regarded as most important War in Afghanistan 58 40 7 Health care 51 47 18 Economy 43 54 63 Illegal immigration 26 68 6 8 Region Northeast 54 44 21 Midwest 44 53 25 South 37 61 31 West 49 48 23 Community size Urban 56 41 31 Suburban 42 55 49 Rural 36 61 20 Source : CNN exit poll Retiring incumbents ( edit ) Thirty - seven incumbents retired . Democrats ( edit ) Seventeen incumbent Democrats retired . Alabama 's 7th congressional district : Artur Davis : To run for Governor of Alabama . Arkansas 's 1st congressional district : Marion Berry : Retired due to health concerns . Arkansas 's 2nd congressional district : Vic Snyder : Retired to spend more time with family . California 's 33rd congressional district : Diane Watson : Retired ; `` It should be a seat inherited by someone who can represent everyone in this district . '' Florida 's 17th congressional district : Kendrick Meek : To run for U.S. Senate . Indiana 's 8th congressional district : Brad Ellsworth : To run for U.S. Senate . Kansas 's 3rd congressional district : Dennis Moore : Retired ; `` Time for a new generation of leadership . '' Louisiana 's 3rd congressional district : Charlie Melancon : To run for U.S. Senate . Massachusetts 's 10th congressional district : Bill Delahunt : Retired ; `` Life is about change . I think it 's healthy . It 's time . '' Michigan 's 1st congressional district : Bart Stupak : Retired ; `` I 've accomplished what I want to do . '' New Hampshire 's 2nd congressional district : Paul Hodes : To run for U.S. Senate . Pennsylvania 's 7th congressional district : Joe Sestak : To run for U.S. Senate . Rhode Island 's 1st congressional district : Patrick J. Kennedy : Retired to `` ( take ) a new direction . '' Tennessee 's 6th congressional district : Bart Gordon : Retired ; `` ... it 's time for a new chapter . '' Tennessee 's 8th congressional district : John S. Tanner : Retired ; decided 20 years was long enough . Washington 's 3rd congressional district : Brian Baird : Retired , to pursue other options . Wisconsin 's 7th congressional district : Dave Obey : Retired ; `` But even more frankly , I am bone tired . '' Media reports indicated Obey 's future plans included joining a DC lobbying firm run by former Representative Dick Gephardt . Republicans ( edit ) Twenty incumbent Republicans retired . Arkansas 's 3rd congressional district : John Boozman : To run for U.S. Senate Arizona 's 3rd congressional district : John Shadegg : Retired to pursue other interests . California 's 19th congressional district : George Radanovich : Retired to put family obligations first . Delaware 's at - large congressional district : Michael Castle : To run for U.S. Senate . Florida 's 5th congressional district : Ginny Brown - Waite : Retired due to health issues . Florida 's 12th congressional district : Adam Putnam : To run for Florida Commissioner of Agriculture . Florida 's 21st congressional district : Lincoln Díaz - Balart : Retired to return to law practice . Florida 's 25th congressional district : Mario Díaz - Balart : To run for Florida 's 21st district , held by his brother Lincoln Diaz - Balart , who had announced plans to return to law practice . Georgia 's 7th congressional district : John Linder : Retired . Illinois 's 10th congressional district : Mark Kirk : To run for U.S. Senate . Indiana 's 4th congressional district : Steve Buyer : Retired due to wife 's illness Kansas 's 1st congressional district : Jerry Moran : To run for U.S. Senate . Kansas 's 4th congressional district : Todd Tiahrt : To run for U.S. Senate . Michigan 's 2nd congressional district : Peter Hoekstra : To run for Governor of Michigan . Michigan 's 3rd congressional district : Vern Ehlers : Retired . Missouri 's 7th congressional district : Roy Blunt : To run for U.S. Senate . Oklahoma 's 5th congressional district : Mary Fallin : To run for Governor of Oklahoma . South Carolina 's 1st congressional district : Henry E. Brown Jr. : Retired to spend more time with his family . South Carolina 's 3rd congressional district : J. Gresham Barrett : To run for Governor of South Carolina . Tennessee 's 3rd congressional district : Zach Wamp : To run for Governor of Tennessee . Incumbents defeated ( edit ) There were nine Democrats who survived reelection in the 1994 Republican Revolution , but were defeated this year . Lost renomination ( edit ) Democrats ( edit ) Two Democrats lost renomination . One seat remained Democratic , and the other seat was taken by a Republican . Michigan 's 13th congressional district : Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick ( first elected in 1996 ) lost to Hansen Clarke West Virginia 's 1st congressional district : Alan Mollohan ( first elected in 1982 ) lost to Mike Oliverio , but Oliverio lost in the general election to Republican David McKinley . Republicans ( edit ) Two Republicans lost renomination . Both seats remained Republican . Alabama 's 5th congressional district : Parker Griffith ( first elected in 2008 as a Democrat ; switched parties in 2009 ) lost to Mo Brooks South Carolina 's 4th congressional district : Bob Inglis ( first elected in 1992 ) lost to Trey Gowdy Lost reelection ( edit ) Fifty - four incumbents lost re-election ; almost all of them were Democrats . Democrats ( edit ) 52 Democrats lost re-election . Alabama 's 2nd congressional district , Bobby Bright ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Martha Roby Arizona 's 1st congressional district , Ann Kirkpatrick ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Paul Gosar Arizona 's 5th congressional district , Harry Mitchell ( first elected in 2006 ) lost to David Schweikert Colorado 's 3rd congressional district , John Salazar ( first elected in 2004 ) lost to Scott Tipton Colorado 's 4th congressional district , Betsy Markey ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Cory Gardner Florida 's 2nd congressional district , Allen Boyd ( first elected in 1996 ) lost to Steve Southerland Florida 's 8th congressional district , Alan Grayson ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Daniel Webster Florida 's 22nd congressional district , Ron Klein ( first elected in 2006 ) lost to Allen West Florida 's 24th congressional district , Suzanne Kosmas ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Sandy Adams Georgia 's 8th congressional district , Jim Marshall ( first elected in 2002 ) lost to Austin Scott Idaho 's 1st congressional district , Walt Minnick ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Raúl Labrador Illinois 's 8th congressional district , Melissa Bean ( first elected in 2004 ) lost to Joe Walsh Illinois 's 11th congressional district , Debbie Halvorson ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Adam Kinzinger Illinois 's 14th congressional district , Bill Foster ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Randy Hultgren Illinois 's 17th congressional district , Phil Hare ( first elected in 2006 ) lost to Bobby Schilling Indiana 's 9th congressional district , Baron Hill ( originally elected in 1998 ) lost to Todd Young Maryland 's 1st congressional district , Frank Kratovil ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Andrew P. Harris Michigan 's 7th congressional district , Mark Schauer ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Tim Walberg Minnesota 's 8th congressional district , Jim Oberstar ( first elected in 1974 ) lost to Chip Cravaack Mississippi 's 1st congressional district , Travis Childers ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Alan Nunnelee Mississippi 's 4th congressional district , Gene Taylor ( first elected in 1989 ) lost to Steven Palazzo Missouri 's 4th congressional district , Ike Skelton ( first elected in 1976 ) lost to Vicky Hartzler Nevada 's 3rd congressional district , Dina Titus ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Joe Heck New Hampshire 's 1st congressional district , Carol Shea - Porter ( first elected in 2006 ) lost to Frank Guinta New Jersey 's 3rd congressional district , John Adler ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Jon Runyan New Mexico 's 2nd congressional district , Harry Teague ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Steve Pearce New York 's 13th congressional district , Michael McMahon ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Michael Grimm New York 's 19th congressional district , John Hall ( first elected in 2006 ) lost to Nan Hayworth New York 's 20th congressional district , Scott Murphy ( first elected in 2009 ) lost to Chris Gibson New York 's 24th congressional district , Mike Arcuri ( first elected in 2006 ) lost to Richard L. Hanna New York 's 25th congressional district , Dan Maffei ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Ann Marie Buerkle North Carolina 's 2nd congressional district , Bob Etheridge ( first elected in 1996 ) lost to Renee Ellmers North Dakota 's at - large congressional district , Earl Pomeroy ( first elected in 1992 ) lost to Rick Berg Ohio 's 1st congressional district , Steve Driehaus ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Steve Chabot Ohio 's 6th congressional district , Charlie Wilson ( first elected in 2006 ) lost to Bill Johnson Ohio 's 15th congressional district , Mary Jo Kilroy ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Steve Stivers Ohio 's 16th congressional district , John Boccieri ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Jim Renacci Ohio 's 18th congressional district , Zack Space ( first elected in 2006 ) lost to Bob Gibbs Pennsylvania 's 3rd congressional district , Kathy Dahlkemper ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Mike Kelly Pennsylvania 's 8th congressional district , Patrick Murphy ( first elected in 2006 ) lost to Mike Fitzpatrick Pennsylvania 's 10th congressional district , Chris Carney ( first elected in 2006 ) lost to Tom Marino Pennsylvania 's 11th congressional district , Paul E. Kanjorski ( first elected in 1984 ) lost to Lou Barletta South Carolina 's 5th congressional district , John Spratt ( first elected in 1982 ) lost to Mick Mulvaney South Dakota 's at - large congressional district , Stephanie Herseth Sandlin ( first elected in 2004 ) lost to Kristi Noem Tennessee 's 4th congressional district , Lincoln Davis ( first elected in 2002 ) lost to Scott DesJarlais Texas 's 17th congressional district , Chet Edwards ( first elected in 1990 ) lost to Bill Flores Texas 's 23rd congressional district , Ciro Rodriguez ( originally elected in 1996 ) lost to Quico Canseco Texas 's 27th congressional district , Solomon P. Ortiz ( first elected in 1982 ) lost to Blake Farenthold Virginia 's 2nd congressional district , Glenn Nye ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Scott Rigell Virginia 's 5th congressional district , Tom Perriello ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Robert Hurt Virginia 's 9th congressional district , Rick Boucher ( first elected in 1982 ) lost to Morgan Griffith Wisconsin 's 8th congressional district , Steve Kagen ( first elected in 2006 ) lost to Reid Ribble Republicans ( edit ) Two Republicans lost re-election . Hawaii 's 1st congressional district , Charles Djou ( first elected in 2010 ) lost to Colleen Hanabusa Louisiana 's 2nd congressional district , Joseph Cao ( first elected in 2008 ) lost to Cedric Richmond Open seat gains ( edit ) Democratic to Republican ( edit ) Fourteen open seats , held by Democrats , were won by Republicans . Arkansas 's 1st congressional district Arkansas 's 2nd congressional district Indiana 's 8th congressional district Kansas 's 3rd congressional district Louisiana 's 3rd congressional district Michigan 's 1st congressional district New Hampshire 's 2nd congressional district New York 's 29th congressional district Pennsylvania 's 7th congressional district Tennessee 's 6th congressional district Tennessee 's 8th congressional district Washington 's 3rd congressional district West Virginia 's 1st congressional district Wisconsin 's 7th congressional district Republican to Democratic ( edit ) One open seat , held by a Republican , was won by a Democrat . Delaware 's at - large congressional district Predictions ( edit ) The following were predictions of the outcome of the 2010 United States House of Representatives elections . RealClearPolitics . As of November 2 , 2010 , RCP projected the Republicans would take 224 seats , the Democrats would take 167 , and 44 races were toss - ups . Nate Silver , FiveThirtyEight ( New York Times ) As of November 2 , 2010 , Nate Silver 's prediction model projected the Republicans would win ( on average ) 232.2 seats , and the Democrats would win 202.8 . Patrick Ishmael , Hot Air.com Ishmael predicted on October 31 , 2010 , that Republicans would win a net of 63 seats , + / - 3 seats . Rasmussen Reports cited Ishmael 's calls in its election preview . The week before , Ishmael predicted a net Republican pickup of 62 -- 65 seats . Crystal Ball As of November 1 , 2010 , Larry Sabato predicted , `` If the election were held today : + 55 Republican House seats '' . Charlie Cook On October 26 , 2010 , The Cook Political Report raised its House forecast to `` a Democratic net loss of 48 to 60 seats , with higher losses possible . '' In a February 2010 interview with National Journal , he said that `` it 's very hard to come up with a scenario where Democrats do n't lose the House . It 's very hard . '' Rasmussen Reports On November 1 , 2010 , Scott Rasmussen predicted the Democrats `` will likely lose 55 or more seats in the House . '' Rothenberg Political Report . On October 28 , 2010 , Rothenberg Political Report predicted `` Likely Republican gain of 55 -- 65 seats , with gains at or above 70 seats possible . '' In April 2010 , Stuart Rothenberg wrote on his blog that `` ... the atmospherics remain strongly behind the GOP , and major Republican House gains are extremely likely '' and that `` it 's clear that the battleground is almost entirely on Democratic soil . Obviously , control of the House is at risk . '' Congressional Quarterly . In October 2010 , Congressional Quarterly projected the Democrats would take 195 seats , the Republicans 199 , and they considered 41 races too close to call . In July 2010 , Congressional Quarterly projected the Democrats would take 205 seats , the Republicans 190 , and they considered 40 races too close to call . The following table contains the final ratings of the competitiveness of selected races according to noted political analysts . Races which were considered safe for the incumbent 's party are not included . Incumbents who did not run for re-election have parentheses around their name . District Incumbent Cook Rothenberg CQ Politics Sabato 's Crystal Ball RealClear Winner AL - 2 Bright ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans D Tossup Roby ( R ) AL - 5 ( Griffith ) ( R ) Likely R Safe R Safe R Likely R Likely R Brooks ( R ) AZ - 1 Kirkpatrick ( D ) Leans R Leans R Leans R Leans R Leans R Gosar ( R ) AZ - 3 ( Shadegg ) ( R ) Lean R Safe R Safe R Leans R Leans R Quayle ( R ) AZ - 5 Mitchell ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Leans R Schweikert ( R ) AZ - 7 Grijalva ( D ) Tossup Leans D Leans D Leans D Tossup Grijalva ( D ) AZ - 8 Giffords ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans D Leans R Giffords ( D ) AR - 1 ( Berry ) ( D ) Lean R Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Leans R Crawford ( R ) AR - 2 ( Snyder ) ( D ) Likely R R Favored Likely R Likely R Likely R Griffin ( R ) CA - 3 Lungren ( R ) Leans R Leans R Leans R Leans R Leans R Lungren ( R ) CA - 11 McNerney ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans R Leans R McNerney ( D ) CA - 18 Cardoza ( D ) Likely D Safe D Safe D Likely D Leans D Cardoza ( D ) CA - 20 Costa ( D ) Tossup Leans D Leans D Leans D Leans R Costa ( D ) CA - 47 Sanchez ( D ) Leans D Leans D Leans D Likely D Leans D Sanchez ( D ) CO-3 Salazar ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Leans R Tipton ( R ) CO-4 Markey ( D ) Leans R R Favored Likely R Leans R Leans R Gardner ( R ) CO-7 Perlmutter ( D ) Leans D D Favored Leans D Likely D Tossup Perlmutter ( D ) CT - 4 Himes ( D ) Leans D D Favored Leans D Leans D Tossup Himes ( D ) CT - 5 C. Murphy ( D ) Leans D D Favored Leans D Leans D Tossup C. Murphy ( D ) DE-AL ( Castle ) ( R ) Likely D Leans D Likely D Leans D Leans D Carney ( D ) FL - 2 Boyd ( D ) Leans R R Favored Leans R Leans R Leans R Southerland ( R ) FL - 8 Grayson ( D ) Likely R R Favored Leans R Leans R Leans R Webster ( R ) FL - 12 ( Putnam ) ( R ) Lean R Tossup / Tilts R Leans R Leans R Likely R Ross ( R ) FL - 22 Klein ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Leans D Leans R Leans R West ( R ) FL - 24 Kosmas ( D ) Lean R R Favored Likely R Leans R Leans R Adams ( R ) FL - 25 ( M. Diaz - Balart ) ( R ) Lean R Leans R Leans R Leans R Leans R Rivera ( R ) GA - 2 S. Bishop ( D ) Tossup Leans D Tossup Leans R Leans R S. Bishop ( D ) GA - 8 Marshall ( D ) Lean R Leans R Leans R Leans R Leans R Scott ( R ) HI - 1 Djou ( R ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans R Tossup Hanabusa ( D ) ID - 1 Minnick ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts D Leans D Leans R Tossup Labrador ( R ) IL - 8 Bean ( D ) Likely D Safe D Safe D Likely D Leans D Walsh ( R ) IL - 10 ( Kirk ) ( R ) Leans D Tossup / Tilts D Leans D Leans D Tossup Dold ( R ) IL - 11 Halvorson ( D ) Leans R R Favored Likely R Leans R Likely R Kinzinger ( R ) IL - 14 Foster ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Leans R Hultgren ( R ) IL - 17 Hare ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Leans R Schilling ( R ) IN - 2 Donnelly ( D ) Tossup Leans D Leans D Leans D Tossup Donnelly ( D ) IN - 8 ( Ellsworth ) ( D ) Likely R R Favored Likely R Likely R Leans R Bucshon ( R ) IN - 9 Hill ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Leans R Leans R Leans R Young ( R ) IA - 1 Braley ( D ) Lean D D Favored Leans D Likely D Leans D Braley ( D ) IA - 2 Loebsack ( D ) Lean D D Favored Leans D Likely D Leans D Loebsack ( D ) IA - 3 Boswell ( D ) Lean D D Favored Leans D Leans D Leans D Boswell ( D ) KS - 3 ( Moore ) ( D ) Likely R R Favored Likely R Likely R Likely R Yoder ( R ) KY - 3 Yarmuth ( D ) Likely D D Favored Likely D Likely D Leans D Yarmuth ( D ) KY - 6 Chandler ( D ) Tossup Leans D Leans D Leans D Tossup Chandler ( D ) LA - 2 Cao ( R ) Leans D D Favored Likely D Leans D Leans D Richmond ( D ) LA - 3 ( Melancon ) ( D ) Likely R R Favored Safe R Likely R Likely R Landry ( R ) ME - 1 Pingree ( D ) Tossup D Favored Leans D Leans D Tossup Pingree ( D ) ME - 2 Michaud ( D ) Lean D D Favored Likely D Safe D Tossup Michaud ( D ) MD - 1 Kratovil ( D ) Lean R Leans R Leans R Leans R Leans R Harris ( R ) MA - 4 Frank ( D ) Lean D Safe D Likely D Likely D Leans D Frank ( D ) MA - 5 Tsongas ( D ) Likely D Safe D Likely D Safe D Likely D Tsongas ( D ) MA - 10 ( Delahunt ) ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans D Tossup Keating ( D ) MI - 1 ( Stupak ) ( D ) Leans R Tossup / Tilt R Leans R Leans R Leans R Benishek ( R ) MI - 7 Schauer ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans R Tossup Walberg ( R ) MI - 9 Peters ( D ) Lean D Leans D Likely D Leans D Tossup Peters ( D ) MN - 1 Walz ( D ) Leans D D Favored Leans D Leans D Leans D Walz ( D ) MN - 6 Bachmann ( R ) Likely R Safe R Safe R Likely R Likely R Bachmann ( R ) MN - 8 Oberstar ( D ) Tossup D Favored Likely D Leans D Tossup Cravaack ( R ) MS - 1 Childers ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Leans R Nunnelee ( R ) MS - 4 Taylor ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans D Tossup Palazzo ( R ) MO - 3 Carnahan ( D ) Lean D D Favored Likely D Likely D Leans D Carnahan ( D ) MO - 4 Skelton ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans D Tossup Hartzler ( R ) NE - 2 Terry ( R ) Likely R Safe R Safe R Likely R Likely R Terry ( R ) NV - 3 Titus ( D ) Lean R Tossup / Tilts R Leans R Leans R Leans R Heck ( R ) NH - 1 Shea - Porter ( D ) Lean R R Favored Leans R Leans R Leans R Guinta ( R ) NH - 2 ( Hodes ) ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans R Tossup Bass ( R ) NJ - 3 Adler ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Leans D Leans R Leans R Runyan ( R ) NJ - 12 Holt ( D ) Likely D Safe D Safe D Likely D Leans D Holt ( D ) NM - 1 Heinrich ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Leans D Leans D Tossup Heinrich ( D ) NM - 2 Teague ( D ) Lean R Leans R Tossup Leans R Leans R Pearce ( R ) NY - 1 T. Bishop ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts D Tossup Likely D Tossup T. Bishop ( D ) NY - 4 McCarthy ( D ) Likely D Safe D Likely D Safe D Likely D McCarthy ( D ) NY - 13 McMahon ( D ) Lean D D Favored Leans D Likely D Tossup Grimm ( R ) NY - 19 Hall ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Tossup Hayworth ( R ) NY - 20 S. Murphy ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Leans R Gibson ( R ) NY - 22 Hinchey ( D ) Lean D Safe D Likely D Likely D Leans D Hinchey ( D ) NY - 23 Owens ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans R Leans R Owens ( D ) NY - 24 Arcuri ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans D Tossup Hanna ( R ) NY - 25 Maffei ( D ) Leans D D Favored Likely D Likely D Leans D Buerkle ( R ) NY - 29 Zeller ( D ) Likely R R Favored Safe R Likely R Likely R Reed ( R ) NC - 2 Etheridge ( D ) Leans D Tossup / Tilts D Likely D Likely D Tossup Ellmers ( R ) NC - 7 McIntyre ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts D Leans D Likely D Tossup McIntyre ( D ) NC - 8 Kissell ( D ) Tossup Leans D Tossup Leans R Tossup Kissell ( D ) NC - 11 Shuler ( D ) Lean D D Favored Likely D Likely D Tossup Shuler ( D ) ND - AL Pomeroy ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilt R Tossup Leans R Leans R Berg ( R ) OH - 1 Driehaus ( D ) Leans R R Favored Likely R Leans R Leans R Chabot ( R ) OH - 6 Wilson ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans D Tossup Johnson ( R ) OH - 12 Tiberi ( R ) Likely R Safe R Safe R Likely R Likely R Tiberi ( R ) OH - 13 Sutton ( D ) Likely D D Favored Likely D Likely D Leans D Sutton ( D ) OH - 15 Kilroy ( D ) Leans R R Favored Likely R Leans R Likely R Stivers ( R ) OH - 16 Boccieri ( D ) Tossup Leans R Tossup Leans R Leans R Renacci ( R ) OH - 18 Space ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Leans R Gibbs ( R ) OR - 1 Wu ( D ) Likely D Safe D Likely D Safe D Likely D Wu ( D ) OR - 5 Schrader ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans D Tossup Schrader ( D ) PA - 3 Dahlkemper ( D ) Leans R R Favored Likely R Leans R Leans R Kelly ( R ) PA - 4 Altmire ( D ) Lean D D Favored Likely D Likely D Leans D Altmire ( D ) PA - 6 Gerlach ( R ) Likely R Safe R Safe R Likely R Leans R Gerlach ( R ) PA - 7 ( Sestak ) ( D ) Leans R Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Tossup Meehan ( R ) PA - 8 P. Murphy ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Tossup Fitzpatrick ( R ) PA - 10 Carney ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans R Leans R Marino ( R ) PA - 11 Kanjorski ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Leans R Leans R Tossup Barletta ( R ) PA - 12 Critz ( D ) Lean D Pure Tossup Leans D Leans D Tossup Critz ( D ) PA - 15 Dent ( R ) Likely R R Favored Leans R Leans R Likely R Dent ( R ) PA - 17 Holden ( D ) Likely D Safe D Likely D Likely D Likely D Holden ( D ) RI - 1 ( Kennedy ) ( D ) Lean D Leans D Leans D Leans D Tossup Cicilline ( D ) SC - 5 Spratt ( D ) Tossup Leans R Leans R Leans R Leans R Mulvaney ( R ) SD - AL Herseth Sandlin ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Leans R Noem ( R ) TN - 4 Davis ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Tossup DesJarlais ( R ) TN - 6 ( Gordon ) ( D ) Likely R R Favored Safe R Likely R Likely R Black ( R ) TN - 8 ( Tanner ) ( D ) Likely R R Favored Likely R Likely R Likely R Fincher ( R ) TX - 17 Edwards ( D ) Leans R R Favored Likely R Leans R Likely R Flores ( R ) TX - 23 Rodriguez ( D ) Tossup Pure Tossup Tossup Leans R Leans R Canseco ( R ) TX - 27 Ortiz ( D ) Lean D D Favored Likely D Safe D Tossup Farenthold ( R ) VA - 2 Nye ( D ) Lean R Leans R Leans R Leans R Leans R Rigell ( R ) VA - 5 Perriello ( D ) Lean R Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Leans R Hurt ( R ) VA - 9 Boucher ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts D Leans D Leans D Tossup Griffith ( R ) VA - 11 Connolly ( D ) Tossup Leans D Leans D Leans D Tossup Connolly ( D ) WA - 2 Larsen ( D ) Tossup Leans D Leans D Leans D Tossup Larsen ( D ) WA - 3 ( Baird ) ( D ) Lean R Tossup / Tilts R Leans R Leans R Tossup Herrera ( R ) WA - 8 Reichert ( R ) Likely R R Favored Leans R Leans R Leans R Reichert ( R ) WV - 1 ( Mollohan ) ( D ) Tossup Pure tossup Tossup Leans R Tossup McKinley ( R ) WV - 3 Rahall ( D ) Likely D Safe D Likely D Likely D Leans D Rahall ( D ) WI - 3 Kind ( D ) Leans D D Favored Leans D Likely D Tossup Kind ( D ) WI - 7 ( Obey ) ( D ) Tossup Tossup / Tilts R Tossup Leans R Leans R Duffy ( R ) WI - 8 Kagen ( D ) Leans R Leans R Leans R Leans R Leans R Ribble ( R ) District Incumbent Cook Rothenberg CQ Politics Sabato 's Crystal Ball RealClear Winner Complete list ( edit ) Most recent election results are listed . Winning candidates are listed in bold . Key : Abbreviation Party AI American Independent Party AK Alaskan Independence Party BE Blue Enigma Party Constitution Party Cons Conservative Party Cov Covenant Party Democratic Party DC D.C. Statehood Green Party FL Whig Florida Whig Party Green Party Independent IA Independent American Party IG Independent Green Party IP Independence Party Libertarian Party LU Liberty Union Party PG Pacific Green Party PF Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Party Ref Reform Party Republican Party Socialist Party SA Socialist Action Party SW Socialist Workers Party Tea Tea Party TL Term Limits Party TR Tax Revolt Party TVH Truth Vision Hope Party U Unity Party UC United Citizens Party UST U.S. Taxpayers Party WF Working Families Party W-I Write - In Candidate Alabama ( edit ) Alabama 's congressional districts Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Alabama 1 Jo Bonner Republican 2002 Re-elected Jo Bonner ( R ) 83.0 % David Walter ( C ) 17.0 % Alabama 2 Bobby Bright Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Martha Roby ( R ) 51.3 % Bobby Bright ( D ) 48.7 % Alabama 3 Mike Rogers Republican 2002 Re-elected Mike Rogers ( R ) 59.1 % Steve Segrest ( D ) 40.9 % Alabama 4 Robert Aderholt Republican Re-elected Robert Aderholt ( R ) unopposed Alabama 5 Parker Griffith Republican 2008 Lost renomination Republican hold Mo Brooks ( R ) 58.5 % Steve Raby ( D ) 41.5 % Alabama 6 Spencer Bachus Republican 1992 Re-elected Spencer Bachus ( R ) unopposed Alabama 7 Artur Davis Democratic 2002 Retired to run for Governor Democratic hold Terri Sewell ( D ) 72.6 % Don Chamberlain ( R ) 27.4 % Alaska ( edit ) Alaska 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives election in Alaska , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Alaska at - large Don Young Republican 1973 Re-elected Don Young ( R ) 69.0 % Harry Crawford ( D ) 30.5 % Arizona ( edit ) Arizona 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Arizona , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Arizona 1 Ann Kirkpatrick Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Paul Gosar ( R ) 49.7 % Ann Kirkpatrick ( D ) 43.7 % Nicole Patti ( L ) 6.6 % Arizona 2 Trent Franks Republican 2002 Re-elected Trent Franks ( R ) 64.9 % John Thrasher ( D ) 31.1 % Powell Gammill ( L ) 4.0 % Arizona 3 John Shadegg Republican 1994 Retired Republican hold Ben Quayle ( R ) 52.2 % Jon Hulburd ( D ) 41.1 % Michael Shoen ( L ) 5.0 % Leonard Clark ( G ) 1.6 % Arizona 4 Ed Pastor Democratic 1991 Re-elected Ed Pastor ( D ) 66.9 % Janet Contreras ( R ) 27.5 % Joe Cobb ( L ) 3.0 % Rebecca DeWitt ( G ) 2.6 % Arizona 5 Harry Mitchell Democratic 2006 Lost re-election Republican gain David Schweikert ( R ) 52.0 % Harry Mitchell ( D ) 43.2 % Nick Coons ( L ) 4.8 % Arizona 6 Jeff Flake Republican 2000 Re-elected Jeff Flake ( R ) 66.4 % Rebecca Schneider ( D ) 29.1 % Richard Grayson ( G ) 3.1 % Darell Tapp ( L ) 1.4 % Arizona 7 Raul Grijalva Democratic 2002 Re-elected Raul Grijalva ( D ) 50.2 % Ruth McClung ( R ) 44.2 % Harley Meyer ( I ) 2.8 % George Keane ( L ) 2.7 % Arizona 8 Gabrielle Giffords Democratic 2006 Re-elected Gabrielle Giffords ( D ) 48.8 % Jesse Kelly ( R ) 47.3 % Steven Stoltz ( L ) 3.9 % Arkansas ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Arkansas 1 Marion Berry Democratic Retired Republican gain Rick Crawford ( R ) 51.8 % Chad Causey ( D ) 43.5 % Ken Adler ( G ) 4.6 % Arkansas 2 Vic Snyder Democratic Retired Republican gain Tim Griffin ( R ) 57.9 % Joyce Elliott ( D ) 38.3 % Lance Levi ( I ) 2.1 % Lewis Kennedy ( G ) 1.7 % Arkansas 3 John Boozman Republican 2000 Retired to run for U.S. Senate Republican hold Steve Womack ( R ) 72.4 % David Whitaker ( D ) 27.6 % Arkansas 4 Mike Ross Democratic 2000 Re-elected Mike Ross ( D ) 57.5 % Beth Anne Rankin ( R ) 40.2 % Joshua Drake ( G ) 2.3 % California ( edit ) California 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in California , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates California 1 Mike Thompson Democratic 1998 Re-elected Mike Thompson ( D ) 63.0 % Loren Hanks ( R ) 31.0 % Carol Wolman ( G ) 3.5 % Mike Rodrigues ( L ) 2.5 % California 2 Wally Herger Republican 1988 Re-elected Wally Herger ( R ) 57.1 % Jim Reed ( D ) 42.9 % Mark A. Jensen ( W / I ) 0.0 % California 3 Dan Lungren Republican Re-elected Dan Lungren ( R ) 50.1 % Ami Bera ( D ) 43.2 % Jerry Leidecker ( AI ) 2.5 % Douglas Arthur Tuma ( L ) 2.4 % Mike Roskey ( PF ) 1.8 % California 4 Tom McClintock Republican 2008 Re-elected Tom McClintock ( R ) 61.3 % Clint Curtis ( D ) 31.4 % Ben Emery ( G ) 7.3 % California 5 Doris Matsui Democratic 2005 Re-elected Doris Matsui ( D ) 72.0 % Paul Smith ( R ) 25.3 % Gerald Allen Frink ( PF ) 2.7 % California 6 Lynn Woolsey Democratic 1992 Re-elected Lynn Woolsey ( D ) 65.9 % Jim Judd ( R ) 29.6 % Eugene Ruyle ( PF ) 2.3 % Joel Smolen ( L ) 2.2 % California 7 George Miller Democratic Re-elected George Miller ( D ) 68.3 % Rick Tubbs ( R ) 31.7 % California 8 Nancy Pelosi Democratic Re-elected Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 80.1 % John Dennis ( R ) 15.1 % Gloria La Riva ( PF ) 2.5 % Philip Berg ( L ) 2.3 % Summer Shields ( W / I ) 0.0 % California 9 Barbara Lee Democratic 1998 Re-elected Barbara Lee ( D ) 84.3 % Gerald Hashimoto ( R ) 10.8 % Dave Heller ( G ) 2.3 % James Eyer ( L ) 1.9 % Larry Allen ( PF ) 0.8 % California 10 John Garamendi Democratic 2009 Re-elected John Garamendi ( D ) 58.8 % Gary Clift ( R ) 37.9 % Jeremy Cloward ( G ) 3.3 % California 11 Jerry McNerney Democratic 2006 Re-elected Jerry McNerney ( D ) 48.0 % David Harmer ( R ) 46.9 % David Christensen ( AI ) 5.2 % Robert Beadles ( W / I ) 0.0 % California 12 Jackie Speier Democratic 2008 Re-elected Jackie Speier ( D ) 75.6 % Mike Moloney ( R ) 22.1 % Mark Paul Williams ( L ) 2.3 % Joseph Michael Harding ( W / I ) 0.0 % California 13 Pete Stark Democratic 1972 Re-elected Pete Stark ( D ) 72.0 % Forest Baker ( R ) 27.7 % Chris Pareja ( W / I ) 0.3 % California 14 Anna Eshoo Democratic 1992 Re-elected Anna Eshoo ( D ) 69.1 % Dave Chapman ( R ) 27.8 % Paul Lazaga ( L ) 3.1 % California 15 Mike Honda Democratic 2000 Re-elected Mike Honda ( D ) 67.6 % Scott Kirkland ( R ) 32.4 % California 16 Zoe Lofgren Democratic 1994 Re-elected Zoe Lofgren ( D ) 67.8 % Daniel Sahagún ( R ) 24.3 % Edward Gonzalez ( L ) 7.9 % California 17 Sam Farr Democratic 1992 Re-elected Sam Farr ( D ) 66.6 % Jeff Taylor ( R ) 26.5 % Mary Larkin ( L ) 4.9 % Eric Petersen ( G ) 1.9 % Ronald P. Kabat ( W / I ) 0.1 % California 18 Dennis Cardoza Democratic 2002 Re-elected Dennis Cardoza ( D ) 58.5 % Michael Clarke Berryhill ( R ) 41.5 % California 19 George Radanovich Republican 1994 Retired Republican hold Jeff Denham ( R ) 64.6 % Loraine Goodwin ( D ) 35.1 % Les Marsden ( D-W / I ) 0.3 % California 20 Jim Costa Democratic Re-elected Jim Costa ( D ) 51.7 % Andy Vidak ( R ) 48.3 % California 21 Devin Nunes Republican 2000 Re-elected Devin Nunes ( R ) unopposed California 22 Kevin McCarthy Republican 2006 Re-elected Kevin McCarthy ( R ) 98.8 % John Uebersax ( W / I ) 1.2 % California 23 Lois Capps Democratic 1998 Re-elected Lois Capps ( D ) 57.8 % Tom Watson ( R ) 37.6 % John Hager ( I ) 2.9 % Darrell Stafford ( L ) 1.7 % California 24 Elton Gallegly Republican 1986 Re-elected Elton Gallegly ( R ) 59.9 % Timothy Allison ( D ) 40.1 % California 25 Howard McKeon Republican 1992 Re-elected Howard McKeon ( R ) 61.8 % Jackie Conaway ( D ) 38.2 % California 26 David Dreier Republican 1980 Re-elected David Dreier ( R ) 54.1 % Russ Warner ( D ) 36.5 % David Miller ( AI ) 6.1 % Randall Weissbuch ( L ) 3.2 % California 27 Brad Sherman Democratic Re-elected Brad Sherman ( D ) 65.2 % Mark Reed ( R ) 34.8 % California 28 Howard Berman Democratic 1982 Re-elected Howard Berman ( D ) 69.5 % Merlin Froyd ( R ) 22.4 % Carlos Rodriguez ( L ) 8.1 % California 29 Adam Schiff Democratic 2000 Re-elected Adam Schiff ( D ) 64.8 % John Colbert ( R ) 32.0 % William Cushing ( L ) 3.2 % California 30 Henry Waxman Democratic Re-elected Henry Waxman ( D ) 64.6 % Chuck Wilkerson ( R ) 31.9 % Erich Miller ( L ) 2.1 % Richard Castaldo ( PF ) 1.3 % California 31 Xavier Becerra Democratic 1992 Re-elected Xavier Becerra ( D ) 83.8 % Stephen Smith ( R ) 16.2 % Sal Genovese ( W / I ) 0.0 % California 32 Judy Chu Democratic 2009 Re-elected Judy Chu ( D ) 71.0 % Ed Schmerling ( R ) 29.0 % California 33 Diane Watson Democratic 2001 Retired Democratic hold Karen Bass ( D ) 86.1 % James Andion ( R ) 13.9 % Mervin Leon Evans 0.0 % California 34 Lucille Roybal - Allard Democratic 1992 Re-elected Lucille Roybal - Allard ( D ) 77.2 % Wayne Miller ( R ) 22.8 % California 35 Maxine Waters Democratic 1990 Re-elected Maxine Waters ( D ) 79.3 % Bruce Brown ( R ) 20.7 % Suleiman Charles Edmonson ( W / I ) 0.0 % California 36 Jane Harman Democratic 1986 Re-elected Jane Harman ( D ) 59.6 % Mattie Fein ( R ) 34.7 % Herb Peters ( L ) 5.6 % California 37 Laura Richardson Democratic 2007 Re-elected Laura Richardson ( D ) 68.4 % Star Parker ( R ) 23.2 % Nicholas Dibs ( I ) 8.4 % California 38 Grace Napolitano Democratic 1998 Re-elected Grace Napolitano ( D ) 73.5 % Robert Vaughn ( R ) 26.5 % California 39 Linda Sánchez Democratic 2002 Re-elected Linda Sánchez ( D ) 63.3 % Larry Andre ( R ) 32.6 % John Smith ( AI ) 4.1 % California 40 Ed Royce Republican 1992 Re-elected Ed Royce ( R ) 66.8 % Christina Avalos ( D ) 33.2 % California 41 Jerry Lewis Republican 1978 Re-elected Jerry Lewis ( R ) 63.2 % Pat Meagher ( D ) 36.8 % Pamela Zander ( W / I ) 0.0 % California 42 Gary Miller Republican 1998 Re-elected Gary Miller ( R ) 62.2 % Michael Williamson ( D ) 31.9 % Mark Lambert ( L ) 5.9 % California 43 Joe Baca Democratic 1999 Re-elected Joe Baca ( D ) 65.5 % Scott Folkens ( R ) 34.5 % California 44 Ken Calvert Republican 1992 Re-elected Ken Calvert ( R ) 55.6 % Bill Hedrick ( D ) 44.4 % California 45 Mary Bono Republican 1998 Re-elected Mary Bono Mack ( R ) 51.5 % Steve Pougnet ( D ) 42.1 % Bill Lussenheide ( AI ) 6.4 % California 46 Dana Rohrabacher Republican 1988 Re-elected Dana Rohrabacher ( R ) 62.2 % Ken Arnold ( D ) 37.8 % Jay Shah ( D-W / I ) 0.0 % California 47 Loretta Sanchez Democratic Re-elected Loretta Sanchez ( D ) 53.0 % Van Tran ( R ) 39.3 % Ceci Iglesias ( I ) 7.8 % California 48 John Campbell Republican 2005 Re-elected John Campbell ( R ) 59.9 % Beth Krom ( D ) 34.5 % Mike Binkley ( L ) 3.6 % California 49 Darrell Issa Republican 2000 Re-elected Darrell Issa ( R ) 62.8 % Howard Katz ( D ) 31.5 % Dion Clark ( AI ) 3.5 % Mike Paster ( L ) 2.3 % California 50 Brian Bilbray Republican 2006 Re-elected Brian Bilbray ( R ) 56.6 % Francine Busby ( D ) 39.0 % Lars Grossmith ( L ) 2.2 % Miriam Clark ( PF ) 2.2 % California 51 Bob Filner Democratic 1992 Re-elected Bob Filner ( D ) 60.1 % Nick Popaditch ( R ) 39.9 % Marcus Shapiro ( W / I ) 0.0 % California 52 Duncan D. Hunter Republican 2008 Re-elected Duncan D. Hunter ( R ) 63.1 % Ray Lutz ( D ) 32.1 % Michael Benoit ( L ) 4.9 % California 53 Susan Davis Democratic 2000 Re-elected Susan Davis ( D ) 62.3 % Michael Crimmins ( R ) 34.0 % Paul Dekker ( L ) 3.7 % Colorado ( edit ) Colorado 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Colorado 1 Diana DeGette Democratic Re-elected Diana DeGette ( D ) 67.4 % Mike Fallon ( R ) 28.8 % Gary Swing ( G ) 1.4 % Clint Jones ( L ) 1.4 % Chris Styskal ( C ) 1.0 % Colorado 2 Jared Polis Democratic 2008 Re-elected Jared Polis ( D ) 57.4 % Stephen Bailey ( R ) 37.9 % Jenna Goss ( C ) 2.7 % Curtis Harris ( L ) 2.0 % Colorado 3 John Salazar Democratic Lost re-election Republican gain Scott Tipton ( R ) 50.1 % John Salazar ( D ) 45.8 % Gregory Gilman ( L ) 2.2 % Jake Segrest ( I ) 1.9 % Colorado 4 Betsy Markey Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Cory Gardner ( R ) 52.5 % Betsy Markey ( D ) 41.4 % Doug Aden ( C ) 4.7 % Ken Waskiewicz ( I ) 1.5 % Colorado 5 Doug Lamborn Republican 2006 Re-elected Doug Lamborn ( R ) 65.8 % Kevin Bradley ( D ) 29.3 % Brian Scott ( C ) 2.5 % Jerrell Klaver ( L ) 2.4 % Colorado 6 Mike Coffman Republican 2008 Re-elected Mike Coffman ( R ) 65.7 % John Flerlage ( D ) 31.5 % Rob McNealy ( L ) 2.8 % Colorado 7 Ed Perlmutter Democratic 2006 Re-elected Ed Perlmutter ( D ) 53.4 % Ryan Frazier ( R ) 41.8 % Buck Bailey ( L ) 4.8 % Connecticut ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Connecticut 1 John Larson Democratic 1998 Re-elected John Larson ( D ) 61.3 % Ann Brickley ( R ) 37.2 % Kenneth Krayeske ( G ) 1.1 % Christopher Hutchinson ( SA ) 0.4 % Connecticut 2 Joe Courtney Democratic 2006 Re-elected Joe Courtney ( D ) 59.9 % Janet Peckinpaugh ( R ) 38.8 % Scott Deshefy ( G ) 1.3 % Connecticut 3 Rosa DeLauro Democratic 1990 Re-elected Rosa DeLauro ( D ) 65.1 % Larry Labriola ( R ) 33.6 % Charles Pillsbury ( G ) 1.3 % Connecticut 4 Jim Himes Democratic 2008 Re-elected Jim Himes ( D ) 53.1 % Dan Debicella ( R ) 46.9 % Connecticut 5 Chris Murphy Democratic 2006 Re-elected Chris Murphy ( D ) 54.1 % Sam Caligiuri ( R ) 45.9 % Delaware ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives election in Delaware , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Delaware at - large Michael Castle Republican 1992 Retired to run for U.S. Senate Democratic gain John Carney ( D ) 56.8 % Glen Urquhart ( R ) 41.0 % Earl Lofland ( I ) 1.2 % Brent Wangen ( L ) 0.6 % Jeffrey Brown ( BE ) 0.4 % Florida ( edit ) Florida 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Florida , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Florida 1 Jeff Miller Republican 2001 Re-elected Jeff Miller ( R ) 80.0 % Joe Cantrell ( I ) 10.9 % John Krause ( I ) 8.6 % Jim Bryan ( W-I ) 0.6 % Florida 2 Allen Boyd Democratic Lost re-election Republican gain Steve Southerland ( R ) 53.6 % Allen Boyd ( D ) 41.4 % Paul McKain ( I ) 2.8 % Dianne Berryhill ( I ) 2.2 % Florida 3 Corrine Brown Democratic 1992 Re-elected Corrine Brown ( D ) 63.0 % Mike Yost ( R ) 33.9 % Terry Martin - Black ( I ) 3.1 % Florida 4 Ander Crenshaw Republican 2000 Re-elected Ander Crenshaw ( R ) 77.2 % Troy Stanley ( I ) 22.8 % Florida 5 Ginny Brown - Waite Republican 2002 Retired Republican hold Rich Nugent ( R ) 67.4 % Jim Piccillo ( D ) 32.6 % Florida 6 Cliff Stearns Republican 1988 Re-elected Cliff Stearns ( R ) 71.5 % Steve Schonberg ( I ) 28.5 % Florida 7 John Mica Republican 1992 Re-elected John Mica ( R ) 69.0 % Heather Beaven ( D ) 31.0 % Florida 8 Alan Grayson Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Dan Webster ( R ) 56.1 % Alan Grayson ( D ) 38.2 % Peg Dunmire ( Tea ) 3.8 % George Metcalfe ( I ) 1.9 % Florida 9 Gus Bilirakis Republican 2006 Re-elected Gus Bilirakis ( R ) 71.4 % Anita de Palma ( D ) 28.6 % Florida 10 Bill Young Republican 1970 Re-elected Bill Young ( R ) 65.9 % Charlie Justice ( D ) 34.1 % Florida 11 Kathy Castor Democratic 2006 Re-elected Kathy Castor ( D ) 59.6 % Mike Prendergast ( R ) 40.4 % Florida 12 Adam Putnam Republican 2000 Retired to run for Florida Agriculture Commissioner Republican hold Dennis Ross ( R ) 48.1 % Lori Edwards ( D ) 41.1 % Randy Wilkinson ( Tea ) 10.7 % Florida 13 Vern Buchanan Republican 2006 Re-elected Vern Buchanan ( R ) 68.9 % James Golden ( D ) 31.1 % Florida 14 Connie Mack IV Republican Re-elected Connie Mack ( R ) 68.6 % James Lloyd Roach ( D ) 27.1 % William Maverick St. Claire ( I ) 4.3 % Florida 15 Bill Posey Republican 2008 Re-elected Bill Posey ( R ) 64.7 % Shannon Roberts ( D ) 35.3 % Florida 16 Tom Rooney Republican 2008 Re-elected Tom Rooney ( R ) 66.9 % Jim Horn ( D ) 33.1 % Florida 17 Kendrick Meek Democratic 2002 Retired to run for U.S. Senate Democratic hold Frederica Wilson ( D ) 86.2 % Roderick Vereen ( I ) 13.8 % Florida 18 Ileana Ros - Lehtinen Republican 1989 Re-elected Ileana Ros - Lehtinen ( R ) 68.9 % Rolando Banciella ( D ) 31.1 % Florida 19 Ted Deutch Democratic Re-elected Ted Deutch ( D ) 62.6 % Joe Budd ( R ) 37.3 % Florida 20 Debbie Wasserman Schultz Democratic Re-elected Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D ) 60.2 % Karen Harrington ( R ) 38.1 % Stanley Blumenthal ( I ) 1.0 % Robert Kunst ( I ) 0.8 % Florida 21 Lincoln Diaz - Balart Republican 1992 Retired Republican hold Mario Díaz - Balart ( R ) unopposed Mario Díaz - Balart ( Moved from 25th district ) Republican 2002 Re-elected Florida 22 Ron Klein Democratic 2006 Lost re-election Republican gain Allen West ( R ) 54.4 % Ron Klein ( D ) 45.6 % Florida 23 Alcee Hastings Democratic 1992 Re-elected Alcee Hastings ( D ) 79.1 % Bernard Sansaricq ( R ) 20.9 % Florida 24 Suzanne Kosmas Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Sandy Adams ( R ) 59.6 % Suzanne Kosmas ( D ) 40.3 % Florida 25 Open seat Incumbent moved to 21st district Republican hold David Rivera ( R ) 52.2 % Joe Garcia ( D ) 42.6 % Roly Arroyo ( Tea ) 3.0 % Craig Porter ( FL Whig ) 2.2 % Georgia ( edit ) Georgia 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Georgia 1 Jack Kingston Republican 1992 Re-elected Jack Kingston ( R ) 71.6 % Oscar Harris ( D ) 28.4 % Georgia 2 Sanford Bishop Democratic 1992 Re-elected Sanford Bishop ( D ) 51.4 % Mike Keown ( R ) 48.6 % Georgia 3 Lynn Westmoreland Republican Re-elected Lynn Westmoreland ( R ) 69.5 % Frank Saunders ( D ) 30.5 % Georgia 4 Hank Johnson Democratic 2006 Re-elected Hank Johnson ( D ) 74.7 % Liz Carter ( R ) 25.3 % Georgia 5 John Lewis Democratic 1986 Re-elected John Lewis ( D ) 73.7 % Fenn Little ( R ) 26.3 % Georgia 6 Tom Price Republican Re-elected Tom Price ( R ) unopposed Georgia 7 John Linder Republican 1992 Retired Republican hold Rob Woodall ( R ) 67.1 % Doug Heckman ( D ) 32.9 % Georgia 8 Jim Marshall Democratic 2002 Lost re-election Republican gain Austin Scott ( R ) 52.7 % Jim Marshall ( D ) 47.3 % Georgia 9 Tom Graves Republican Re-elected Tom Graves ( R ) unopposed Georgia 10 Paul Broun Republican 2007 Re-elected Paul Broun ( R ) 67.4 % Russell Edwards ( D ) 32.6 % Georgia 11 Phil Gingrey Republican 2002 Re-elected Phil Gingrey ( R ) unopposed Georgia 12 John Barrow Democratic Re-elected John Barrow ( D ) 56.6 % Raymond McKinney ( R ) 43.4 % Georgia 13 David Scott Democratic 2002 Re-elected David Scott ( D ) 69.4 % Mike Crane ( R ) 30.6 % Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaii 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Hawaii 1 Charles Djou Republican Lost re-election Democratic gain Colleen Hanabusa ( D ) 53.2 % Charles Djou ( R ) 46.8 % Hawaii 2 Mazie Hirono Democratic 2006 Re-elected Mazie Hirono ( D ) 72.2 % John Willoughby ( R ) 25.3 % Patric Brock ( L ) 1.8 % Andrew Von Sonn ( I ) 0.7 % Idaho ( edit ) Idaho 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Idaho , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Idaho 1 Walt Minnick Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Raúl Labrador ( R ) 51.0 % Walt Minnick ( D ) 41.3 % Dave Olson ( I ) 5.8 % Mike Washburn ( L ) 1.9 % Idaho 2 Mike Simpson Republican 1998 Re-elected Mike Simpson ( R ) 68.8 % Mike Crawford ( D ) 24.4 % Brian Schad ( I ) 6.8 % Illinois ( edit ) Illinois 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Illinois 1 Bobby Rush Democratic 1992 Re-elected Bobby Rush ( D ) 80.3 % Ray Wardingley ( R ) 15.9 % Jeff Adams ( G ) 3.8 % Illinois 2 Jesse Jackson Jr . Democratic 1995 Re-elected Jesse Jackson Jr . ( D ) 80.5 % Isaac C. Hayes ( R ) 13.8 % Anthony Williams ( G ) 5.7 % Illinois 3 Dan Lipinski Democratic Re-elected Dan Lipinski ( D ) 69.7 % Michael Bendas ( R ) 24.3 % Laurel Lambert Schmidt ( G ) 6.0 % Illinois 4 Luis Gutiérrez Democratic 1992 Re-elected Luis Gutiérrez ( D ) 77.4 % Israel Vázquez ( R ) 14.3 % Robert J. Burns ( G ) 8.3 % Illinois 5 Michael Quigley Democratic 2009 Re-elected Michael Quigley ( D ) 70.6 % David Ratowitz ( R ) 25.4 % Matthew Reichel ( G ) 4.0 % Illinois 6 Peter Roskam Republican 2006 Re-elected Peter Roskam ( R ) 63.7 % Benjamin Lowe ( D ) 36.3 % Illinois 7 Danny Davis Democratic Re-elected Danny Davis ( D ) 81.5 % Mark Weiman ( R ) 16.1 % Clarence Desmond Clemons ( I ) 2.4 % Illinois 8 Melissa Bean Democratic Lost re-election Republican gain Joe Walsh ( R ) 48.5 % Melissa Bean ( D ) 48.3 % Bill Scheurer ( G ) 3.2 % Illinois 9 Jan Schakowsky Democratic 1998 Re-elected Jan Schakowsky ( D ) 66.3 % Joel Pollak ( R ) 31.1 % Simon Ribeiro ( G ) 2.5 % Illinois 10 Mark Kirk Republican 2000 Retired to run for U.S. Senate Republican hold Robert Dold ( R ) 51.1 % Daniel Seals ( D ) 48.9 % Illinois 11 Debbie Halvorson Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Adam Kinzinger ( R ) 57.4 % Debbie Halvorson ( D ) 42.6 % Illinois 12 Jerry Costello Democratic 1988 Re-elected Jerry Costello ( D ) 59.8 % Teri Newman ( R ) 36.5 % Rodger Jennings ( G ) 3.6 % Illinois 13 Judy Biggert Republican 1998 Re-elected Judy Biggert ( R ) 63.8 % Scott Harper ( D ) 36.2 % Illinois 14 Bill Foster Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Randy Hultgren ( R ) 51.3 % Bill Foster ( D ) 45.0 % Daniel Kairis ( G ) 3.6 % Illinois 15 Tim Johnson Republican 2000 Re-elected Tim Johnson ( R ) 64.3 % David Gill ( D ) 35.7 % Illinois 16 Donald Manzullo Republican 1992 Re-elected Donald Manzullo ( R ) 65.0 % George Gaulrapp ( D ) 31.0 % Terry Campbell ( G ) 4.0 % Illinois 17 Phil Hare Democratic 2006 Lost re-election Republican gain Bobby Schilling ( R ) 52.6 % Phil Hare ( D ) 43.0 % Roger Davis ( G ) 4.4 % Illinois 18 Aaron Schock Republican 2008 Re-elected Aaron Schock ( R ) 69.1 % D.K. Hirner ( D ) 25.8 % Sheldon Schafer ( G ) 5.1 % Illinois 19 John Shimkus Republican Re-elected John Shimkus ( R ) 71.2 % Tim Bagwell ( D ) 28.8 % Indiana ( edit ) Indiana 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Indiana 1 Pete Visclosky Democratic 1984 Re-elected Pete Visclosky ( D ) 58.6 % Mark Leyva ( R ) 38.6 % Jon Morris ( L ) 2.8 % Indiana 2 Joe Donnelly Democratic 2006 Re-elected Joe Donnelly ( D ) 48.2 % Jackie Walorski ( R ) 46.8 % Mark Vogel ( L ) 5.0 % Indiana 3 Special Vacant since the May 18 , 2010 resignation of Mark Souder ( R ) A special election for the remainder of his term ending January 3 , 2011 was held on the same day as the general election . Republican hold Marlin Stutzman ( R ) 62.7 % Tom Hayhurst ( D ) 33.1 % Scott Wise ( L ) 4.3 % Indiana 3 Vacant Republican hold Marlin Stutzman ( R ) 62.8 % Tom Hayhurst ( D ) 33.1 % Scott Wise ( L ) 4.1 % Indiana 4 Steve Buyer Republican 1992 Retired Republican hold Todd Rokita ( R ) 68.6 % David Sanders ( D ) 26.3 % John Duncan ( L ) 5.1 % Indiana 5 Dan Burton Republican 1982 Re-elected Dan Burton ( R ) 62.1 % Tim Crawford ( D ) 25.4 % Richard Reid ( L ) 7.8 % Jesse Trueblood ( I ) 4.8 % Indiana 6 Mike Pence Republican 2000 Re-elected Mike Pence ( R ) 66.6 % Barry Welsh ( D ) 29.9 % T.J. Thompson Jr . ( L ) 3.5 % Indiana 7 André Carson Democratic 2008 Re-elected André Carson ( D ) 58.9 % Marvin Scott ( R ) 37.8 % Dav Wilson ( L ) 3.3 % Indiana 8 Brad Ellsworth Democratic 2006 Retired to run for U.S. Senate Republican gain Larry Bucshon ( R ) 57.6 % Trent VanHaaften ( D ) 37.4 % John Cunningham ( L ) 5.0 % Indiana 9 Baron Hill Democratic 2006 Lost re-election Republican gain Todd Young ( R ) 52.3 % Baron Hill ( D ) 42.3 % Greg Knott ( L ) 5.4 % Iowa ( edit ) Iowa 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Iowa 1 Bruce Braley Democratic 2006 Re-elected Bruce Braley ( D ) 49.5 % Benjamin Lange ( R ) 47.5 % Rob Petsche ( L ) 1.9 % Jason Faulkner ( I ) 1.0 % Iowa 2 David Loebsack Democratic 2006 Re-elected David Loebsack ( D ) 51.0 % Mariannette Miller - Meeks ( R ) 45.9 % Gary Sicard ( L ) 1.9 % Jon Tack ( C ) 1.1 % Iowa 3 Leonard Boswell Democratic Re-elected Leonard Boswell ( D ) 50.7 % Brad Zaun ( R ) 46.5 % Rebecca Williamson ( SW ) 2.6 % Iowa 4 Tom Latham Republican 1994 Re-elected Tom Latham ( R ) 65.6 % Bill Maske ( D ) 32.0 % Dan Lensing ( I ) 2.4 % Iowa 5 Steve King Republican 2002 Re-elected Steve King ( R ) 65.8 % Matt Campbell ( D ) 32.3 % Martin James Monroe ( I ) 1.9 % Kansas ( edit ) Kansas 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Kansas 1 Jerry Moran Republican Retired to run for U.S. Senate Republican hold Tim Huelskamp ( R ) 73.7 % Alan Jilka ( D ) 22.8 % Jack Warner ( L ) 3.3 % Kansas 2 Lynn Jenkins Republican 2008 Re-elected Lynn Jenkins ( R ) 63.1 % Cheryl Hudspeth ( D ) 32.3 % Robert Garrard ( L ) 4.5 % Kansas 3 Dennis Moore Democratic 1998 Retired Republican gain Kevin Yoder ( R ) 58.4 % Stephene Moore ( D ) 38.6 % Jasmin Talbert ( L ) 2.9 % Kansas 4 Todd Tiahrt Republican 1994 Retired to run for U.S. Senate Republican hold Mike Pompeo ( R ) 58.7 % Raj Goyle ( D ) 36.4 % Susan Ducey ( Ref ) 2.4 % Shawn Smith ( L ) 2.2 % Kentucky ( edit ) Kentucky 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Kentucky 1 Ed Whitfield Republican 1994 Re-elected Ed Whitfield ( R ) 71.2 % Charles Kendall Hatchett ( D ) 28.8 % Kentucky 2 Brett Guthrie Republican 2008 Re-elected Brett Guthrie ( R ) 67.9 % Ed Marksberry ( D ) 32.1 % Kentucky 3 John Yarmuth Democratic 2006 Re-elected John Yarmuth ( D ) 54.7 % Todd Lally ( R ) 44.0 % Edward Martin ( L ) 0.8 % Michael Hansen ( I ) 0.5 % Kentucky 4 Geoff Davis Republican Re-elected Geoff Davis ( R ) 69.5 % John Waltz ( D ) 30.5 % Kentucky 5 Hal Rogers Republican 1980 Re-elected Hal Rogers ( R ) 77.4 % Jim Holbert ( D ) 22.6 % Kentucky 6 Ben Chandler Democratic Re-elected Ben Chandler ( D ) 50.1 % Andy Barr ( R ) 49.8 % Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Louisiana 1 Steve Scalise Republican 2008 Re-elected Steve Scalise ( R ) 78.5 % Myron Katz ( D ) 19.2 % Arden Wells ( I ) 2.3 % Louisiana 2 Joseph Cao Republican 2008 Lost re-election Democratic gain Cedric Richmond ( D ) 64.6 % Joseph Cao ( R ) 33.5 % Anthony Marquize ( I ) 1.4 % Jack Radosta ( I ) 0.5 % Louisiana 3 Charlie Melancon Democratic Retired to run for U.S. Senate Republican gain Jeff Landry ( R ) 63.8 % Ravi Sangisetty ( D ) 36.2 % Louisiana 4 John Fleming Republican 2008 Re-elected John Fleming ( R ) 62.3 % David Melville ( D ) 32.4 % Artis Cash ( I ) 5.3 % Louisiana 5 Rodney Alexander Republican 2002 Re-elected Rodney Alexander ( R ) 78.6 % Tom Gibbs ( I ) 21.4 % Louisiana 6 Bill Cassidy Republican 2008 Re-elected Bill Cassidy ( R ) 65.6 % Merritt McDonald ( D ) 34.4 % Louisiana 7 Charles Boustany Republican Re-elected Charles Boustany ( R ) unopposed Maine ( edit ) Maine 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Maine , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Maine 1 Chellie Pingree Democratic 2008 Re-elected Chellie Pingree ( D ) 56.8 % Dean Peter Scontras ( R ) 43.2 % Maine 2 Mike Michaud Democratic 2002 Re-elected Mike Michaud ( D ) 55.1 % Jason Levesque ( R ) 44.9 % Maryland ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Maryland 1 Frank Kratovil Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Andy Harris ( R ) 54.1 % Frank Kratovil ( D ) 42.0 % Richard James Davis ( L ) 3.8 % Maryland 2 Dutch Ruppersberger Democratic 2002 Re-elected Dutch Ruppersberger ( D ) 64.2 % Marcello Cardarelli ( R ) 33.3 % Lorenzo Gaztanaga ( L ) 2.4 % Maryland 3 John Sarbanes Democratic 2006 Re-elected John Sarbanes ( D ) 61.1 % Jim Wilhelm ( R ) 36.0 % Jerry McKinley ( L ) 2.2 % Alain Lareau ( C ) 0.7 % Maryland 4 Donna Edwards Democratic 2008 Re-elected Donna Edwards ( D ) 83.4 % Robert Broadus ( R ) 16.4 % Maryland 5 Steny Hoyer Democratic 1981 Re-elected Steny Hoyer ( D ) 64.3 % Charles Lollar ( R ) 34.6 % Gavin Shickle ( L ) 1.1 % Maryland 6 Roscoe Bartlett Republican 1992 Re-elected Roscoe Bartlett ( R ) 61.5 % Andrew Duck ( D ) 33.2 % Dan Massey ( L ) 2.8 % Michael Reed ( C ) 2.4 % Maryland 7 Elijah Cummings Democratic Re-elected Elijah Cummings ( D ) 75.2 % Frank Mirable Jr . ( R ) 22.8 % Scott Spencer ( L ) 1.9 % Maryland 8 Chris Van Hollen Jr . Democratic 2002 Re-elected Chris Van Hollen Jr . ( D ) 73.3 % Michael Lee Philips ( R ) 25.0 % Mark Grannis ( L ) 1.3 % Fred Nordhorn ( C ) 0.3 % Massachusetts ( edit ) Massachusetts 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Massachusetts 1 John Olver Democratic 1991 Re-elected John Olver ( D ) 60.0 % William Gunn ( R ) 34.9 % Michael Engel ( I ) 5.1 % Massachusetts 2 Richard Neal Democratic 1988 Re-elected Richard Neal ( D ) 57.4 % Thomas Wesley ( R ) 42.6 % Massachusetts 3 Jim McGovern Democratic Re-elected Jim McGovern ( D ) 56.5 % Martin Lamb ( R ) 39.2 % Patrick Barron ( I ) 4.3 % Massachusetts 4 Barney Frank Democratic 1980 Re-elected Barney Frank ( D ) 53.9 % Sean Bielat ( R ) 43.4 % Susan Allen ( I ) 1.5 % Donald Jordan ( I ) 1.2 % Massachusetts 5 Niki Tsongas Democratic 2007 Re-elected Niki Tsongas ( D ) 54.9 % Jonathan Golnik ( R ) 42.3 % Dale Brown ( I ) 2.0 % Robert Clark ( I ) 0.9 % Massachusetts 6 John Tierney Democratic Re-elected John Tierney ( D ) 56.9 % Bill Hudak ( R ) 43.1 % Massachusetts 7 Ed Markey Democratic 1976 Re-elected Ed Markey ( D ) 66.5 % Gerry Dembrowski ( R ) 33.5 % Massachusetts 8 Mike Capuano Democratic 1998 Re-elected Mike Capuano ( D ) unopposed Massachusetts 9 Stephen Lynch Democratic 2001 Re-elected Stephen Lynch ( D ) 68.4 % Vernon Harrison ( R ) 26.1 % Philip Dunkelbarger ( I ) 5.6 % Massachusetts 10 Bill Delahunt Democratic Retired Democratic hold William Keating ( D ) 46.9 % Jeff Perry ( R ) 42.4 % Maryanne Lewis ( I ) 5.9 % James Sheets ( I ) 3.7 % Joe Van Nes ( I ) 1.1 % Michigan ( edit ) Michigan 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Michigan 1 Bart Stupak Democratic 1992 Retired Republican gain Dan Benishek ( R ) 51.9 % Gary McDowell ( D ) 40.9 % Glenn Wilson ( I ) 3.4 % Pat Lambert ( UST ) 1.8 % Keith Shelton ( L ) 1.1 % Ellis Boal ( G ) 0.9 % Michigan 2 Pete Hoekstra Republican 1992 Retired to run for Governor Republican hold Bill Huizenga ( R ) 65.3 % Fred Johnson ( D ) 31.6 % Jay Gillotte ( L ) 1.2 % Ronald Graeser ( UST ) 1.0 % Lloyd Clarke ( G ) 0.9 % Michigan 3 Vern Ehlers Republican 1993 Retired Republican hold Justin Amash ( R ) 59.7 % Pat Miles ( D ) 37.5 % James Rogers ( L ) 1.2 % Ted Gerrard ( UST ) 1.0 % Charlie Shick ( G ) 0.7 % Michigan 4 Dave Camp Republican 1990 Re-elected Dave Camp ( R ) 66.2 % Jerry Campbell ( D ) 30.5 % John Emerick ( UST ) 1.7 % Clint Foster ( L ) 1.6 % Michigan 5 Dale Kildee Democratic 1976 Re-elected Dale Kildee ( D ) 53.0 % John Kuipec ( R ) 44.3 % Matt de Heus ( G ) 1.3 % Michael Moon ( L ) 1.3 % Michigan 6 Fred Upton Republican 1986 Re-elected Fred Upton ( R ) 62.0 % Don Cooney ( D ) 33.6 % Mel Vaulkner ( UST ) 1.8 % Fred Strand ( L ) 1.7 % Pat Foster ( G ) 0.9 % Michigan 7 Mark Schauer Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Tim Walberg ( R ) 50.2 % Mark Schauer ( D ) 45.4 % Scott Aughney ( I ) 1.6 % Greg Merle ( L ) 1.4 % Richard Wunsch ( G ) 1.4 % Michigan 8 Mike Rogers Republican 2000 Re-elected Mike Rogers ( R ) 64.1 % Lance Enderle ( D ) 34.3 % Bob Dashairya ( L ) 1.6 % Michigan 9 Gary Peters Democratic 2008 Re-elected Gary Peters ( D ) 49.8 % Andrew Raczkowski ( R ) 47.2 % Douglas Campbell ( G ) 1.0 % Adam Goodman ( L ) 1.0 % Bob Gray ( I ) 0.7 % Matthew Kuofie ( I ) 0.3 % Michigan 10 Candice Miller Republican 2002 Re-elected Candice Miller ( R ) 72.0 % Henry Yanez ( D ) 25.0 % Claude Beavers ( L ) 1.6 % Candace Caveny ( G ) 1.4 % Michigan 11 Thad McCotter Republican 2002 Re-elected Thad McCotter ( R ) 59.3 % Natalie Mosher ( D ) 38.5 % John Tatar ( L ) 2.2 % Michigan 12 Sander Levin Democratic 1982 Re-elected Sander Levin ( D ) 61.1 % Don Volaric ( R ) 35.0 % Julia Williams ( G ) 1.5 % Leonard Schwartz ( L ) 1.1 % Lester Townsend ( UST ) 1.1 % Alan Jacquemotte ( I ) 0.2 % Michigan 13 Carolyn Kilpatrick Democratic Lost renomination Democratic hold Hansen Clarke ( D ) 79.4 % John Hauler ( R ) 18.5 % George Corsetti ( G ) 0.8 % Duane Montgomery ( I ) 0.7 % Heidi Peterson ( L ) 0.6 % Michigan 14 John Conyers Jr . Democratic 1964 Re-elected John Conyers Jr . ( D ) 76.8 % Don Ukrainec ( R ) 19.9 % Marc Sosnowski ( UST ) 2.1 % Rick Secula ( L ) 1.2 % Michigan 15 John Dingell Democratic 1955 Re-elected John Dingell ( D ) 56.8 % Rob Steele ( R ) 40.1 % Aimee Smith ( G ) 1.3 % Kerry Lee Morgan ( L ) 0.9 % Matthew Furman ( UST ) 0.9 % Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Minnesota 1 Tim Walz Democratic 2006 Re-elected Tim Walz ( D ) 49.3 % Randy Demmer ( R ) 44.1 % Steven Wilson ( IP ) 5.3 % Lars Johnson ( I ) 1.2 % Minnesota 2 John Kline Republican 2002 Re-elected John Kline ( R ) 63.3 % Shelly Madore ( D ) 36.6 % Minnesota 3 Erik Paulsen Republican 2008 Re-elected Erik Paulsen ( R ) 58.8 % Jim Meffert ( D ) 36.6 % Jon Oleson ( IP ) 4.6 % Minnesota 4 Betty McCollum Democratic 2000 Re-elected Betty McCollum ( D ) 59.1 % Teresa Collett ( R ) 34.6 % Steve Carlson ( IP ) 6.1 % Minnesota 5 Keith Ellison Democratic 2006 Re-elected Keith Ellison ( D ) 67.7 % Joel Demos ( R ) 24.1 % Lynn Torgerson ( I ) 3.7 % Tom Schrunk ( IP ) 3.3 % Michael Cavlan ( I ) 1.1 % Minnesota 6 Michele Bachmann Republican 2006 Re-elected Michele Bachmann ( R ) 52.5 % Tarryl Clark ( D ) 39.8 % Bob Anderson ( IP ) 5.8 % Aubrey Immelman ( I ) 1.8 % Minnesota 7 Collin Peterson Democratic 1990 Re-elected Collin Peterson ( D ) 55.2 % Lee Byberg ( R ) 37.6 % Gene Waldorf ( I ) 3.9 % Glen Menze ( IP ) 3.3 % Minnesota 8 Jim Oberstar Democratic Lost re-election Republican gain Chip Cravaack ( R ) 48.2 % Jim Oberstar ( D ) 46.6 % Timothy Olson ( IP ) 4.3 % George Burton ( C ) 0.9 % Mississippi ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Mississippi 1 Travis Childers Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Alan Nunnelee ( R ) 55.3 % Travis Childers ( D ) 40.8 % Wally Pang ( I ) 1.0 % Les Green ( I ) 0.9 % A.G. Baddley ( I ) 0.9 % Gail Giaranita ( C ) 0.6 % Rico Hoskins ( I ) 0.2 % Harold Taylor ( L ) 0.2 % Barbara Washer ( Ref ) 0.2 % Mississippi 2 Bennie Thompson Democratic 1993 Re-elected Bennie Thompson ( D ) 61.5 % Bill Marcy ( R ) 37.6 % Ashley Norwood ( Ref ) 0.9 % Mississippi 3 Gregg Harper Republican 2008 Re-elected Gregg Harper ( R ) 68.0 % Joel Gill ( D ) 31.2 % Tracella Lou O'Hara Hill ( Ref ) 0.8 % Mississippi 4 Gene Taylor Democratic 1989 Lost re-election Republican gain Steven Palazzo ( R ) 51.9 % Gene Taylor ( D ) 46.8 % Tim Hampton ( L ) 0.9 % Anna Jewel Revies ( Ref ) 0.4 % Missouri ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Missouri 1 Lacy Clay Democratic 2000 Re-elected Lacy Clay ( D ) 73.6 % Robyn Hamlin ( R ) 23.6 % Julie Stone ( L ) 2.8 % Missouri 2 Todd Akin Republican 2000 Re-elected Todd Akin ( R ) 67.9 % Arthur Lieber ( D ) 29.2 % Steve Mosbacher ( L ) 2.9 % Missouri 3 Russ Carnahan Democratic Re-elected Russ Carnahan ( D ) 48.9 % Ed Martin ( R ) 46.7 % Steven Hedrick ( L ) 2.8 % Nick Ivanovich ( C ) 1.6 % Missouri 4 Ike Skelton Democratic 1976 Lost re-election Republican gain Vicky Hartzler ( R ) 50.4 % Ike Skelton ( D ) 45.1 % Jason Michael Braun ( L ) 2.7 % Greg Cowan ( C ) 1.7 % Missouri 5 Emanuel Cleaver Democratic Re-elected Emanuel Cleaver ( D ) 53.3 % Jacob Turk ( R ) 44.2 % Randy Langkraehr ( L ) 1.6 % Dave Lay ( C ) 0.9 % Missouri 6 Sam Graves Republican 2000 Re-elected Sam Graves ( R ) 69.4 % Clint Hylton ( D ) 30.5 % Missouri 7 Roy Blunt Republican Retired to run for U.S. Senate Republican hold Billy Long ( R ) 63.4 % Scott Eckersley ( D ) 30.4 % Kevin Craig ( L ) 6.2 % Missouri 8 Jo Ann Emerson Republican Re-elected Jo Ann Emerson ( R ) 65.6 % Tommy Sowers ( D ) 28.8 % Larry Bill ( I ) 3.7 % Rick Vandeven ( L ) 2.0 % Missouri 9 Blaine Luetkemeyer Republican 2008 Re-elected Blaine Luetkemeyer ( R ) 77.4 % Christopher Dwyer ( L ) 22.3 % Jeff Reed ( W-I ) 0.4 % Montana ( edit ) Montana 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives election in Montana , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Montana at - large Denny Rehberg Republican 2000 Re-elected Denny Rehberg ( R ) 60.3 % Dennis McDonald ( D ) 33.8 % Mike Fellows ( L ) 5.7 % Nebraska ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Nebraska 1 Jeff Fortenberry Republican Re-elected Jeff Fortenberry ( R ) 71.3 % Ivy Harper ( D ) 28.7 % Nebraska 2 Lee Terry Republican 1998 Re-elected Lee Terry ( R ) 60.8 % Tom White ( D ) 39.2 % Nebraska 3 Adrian Smith Republican 2006 Re-elected Adrian Smith ( R ) 70.1 % Rebekah Davis ( D ) 17.9 % Dan Hill ( I ) 12.0 % Nevada ( edit ) Nevada 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Nevada , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Nevada 1 Shelley Berkley Democratic 1998 Re-elected Shelley Berkley ( D ) 61.7 % Kenneth A. Wegner ( R ) 35.3 % Jonathan J. Hansen ( IA ) 1.7 % Ed Klapproth ( L ) 1.3 % Nevada 2 Dean Heller Republican 2006 Re-elected Dean Heller ( R ) 63.3 % Nancy Price ( D ) 32.7 % Russell Best ( IA ) 4.0 % Nevada 3 Dina Titus Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Joe Heck ( R ) 48.1 % Dina Titus ( D ) 47.5 % Barry Michaels ( I ) 2.4 % Joseph P. Silvestri ( L ) 1.5 % Scott David Narder ( IA ) 0.5 % New Hampshire ( edit ) New Hampshire 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates New Hampshire 1 Carol Shea - Porter Democratic 2006 Lost re-election Republican gain Frank Guinta ( R ) 54.0 % Carol Shea - Porter ( D ) 42.4 % Philip Hodson ( L ) 3.5 % New Hampshire 2 Paul Hodes Democratic 2006 Retired to run for U.S. Senate Republican gain Charlie Bass ( R ) 48.3 % Ann McLane Kuster ( D ) 46.8 % Tim vanBlommesteyn ( I ) 2.8 % Howard Wilson ( L ) 2.1 % New Jersey ( edit ) New Jersey 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates New Jersey 1 Rob Andrews Democratic 1990 Re-elected Rob Andrews ( D ) 63.2 % Dale Glading ( R ) 34.8 % Mark Heacock ( G ) 1.0 % Margaret Chapman ( I ) 0.7 % Nicky Petrutz ( I ) 0.3 % New Jersey 2 Frank LoBiondo Republican 1994 Re-elected Frank LoBiondo ( R ) 65.5 % Gary Stein ( D ) 30.9 % Peter Boyce ( C ) 2.5 % Mark Lovett ( I ) 0.7 % Vitov Valdes - Munoz ( I ) 0.4 % New Jersey 3 John Adler Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Jon Runyan ( R ) 50.0 % John Adler ( D ) 47.3 % Peter DeStefano ( Tea ) 1.5 % Russ Conger ( L ) 0.7 % Lawrence Donahue ( I ) 0.5 % New Jersey 4 Chris Smith Republican 1980 Re-elected Chris Smith ( R ) 69.4 % Howard Kleinhendler ( D ) 27.9 % Joe Siano ( L ) 1.6 % Steven Welzer ( G ) 0.8 % David Meiswinkle ( I ) 0.3 % New Jersey 5 Scott Garrett Republican 2002 Re-elected Scott Garrett ( R ) 65.0 % Tod Thiese ( D ) 32.7 % Ed Fanning ( G ) 1.2 % Mark Quick ( I ) 0.9 % James Radigan ( I ) 0.2 % New Jersey 6 Frank Pallone Democratic 1988 Re-elected Frank Pallone ( D ) 54.7 % Anna C. Little ( R ) 43.7 % Jack Freudenheim ( I ) 0.9 % Karen Anne Zaletel ( I ) 0.7 % New Jersey 7 Leonard Lance Republican 2008 Re-elected Leonard Lance ( R ) 59.4 % Ed Potosnak ( D ) 40.6 % New Jersey 8 Bill Pascrell Democratic Re-elected Bill Pascrell ( D ) 62.7 % Roland Straten ( R ) 36.1 % Raymond Giangrasso ( I ) 1.2 % New Jersey 9 Steve Rothman Democratic Re-elected Steve Rothman ( D ) 60.7 % Michael Agosta ( R ) 37.8 % Patricia Alessandrini ( G ) 1.4 % New Jersey 10 Don Payne Democratic 1988 Re-elected Don Payne ( D ) 85.2 % Michael Alonso ( R ) 12.8 % Joanne Miller ( I ) 1.0 % Robert Louis Toussaint ( I ) 1.0 % New Jersey 11 Rodney Frelinghuysen Republican 1994 Re-elected Rodney Frelinghuysen ( R ) 67.2 % Douglas Herbert ( D ) 30.5 % Jim Gawron ( L ) 2.3 % New Jersey 12 Rush Holt Jr . Democratic 1998 Re-elected Rush Holt Jr . ( D ) 53.0 % Scott M. Sipprelle ( R ) 45.9 % Kenneth Cody ( TVH ) 1.1 % New Jersey 13 Albio Sires Democratic 2006 Re-elected Albio Sires ( D ) 74.1 % Henrietta Dwyer ( R ) 23.0 % Anthony Zanowic ( I ) 1.8 % Máximo Gómez Nacer ( I ) 1.1 % New Mexico ( edit ) New Mexico 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates New Mexico 1 Martin Heinrich Democratic 2008 Re-elected Martin Heinrich ( D ) 51.8 % Jon Barela ( R ) 48.2 % New Mexico 2 Harry Teague Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Steve Pearce ( R ) 55.4 % Harry Teague ( D ) 44.6 % New Mexico 3 Ben Lujan Democratic 2008 Re-elected Ben Lujan ( D ) 57.0 % Tom Mullins ( R ) 43.0 % New York ( edit ) New York 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in New York , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates New York 1 Tim Bishop Democratic 2002 Re-elected Tim Bishop ( D ) 50.2 % Randy Altschuler ( R ) 49.8 % New York 2 Steve Israel Democratic 2000 Re-elected Steve Israel ( D ) 56.4 % John Gomez ( R ) 42.9 % Anthony Tolda ( C ) 0.7 % New York 3 Peter King Republican 1992 Re-elected Peter King ( R ) 72.0 % Howard Kudler ( D ) 28.0 % New York 4 Carolyn McCarthy Democratic Re-elected Carolyn McCarthy ( D ) 53.6 % Fran Becker ( R ) 46.4 % New York 5 Gary Ackerman Democratic Re-elected Gary Ackerman ( D ) 63.1 % James Milano ( R ) 36.2 % Elizabeth Berney ( L ) 0.7 % New York 6 Gregory Meeks Democratic 1998 Re-elected Gregory Meeks ( D ) 87.8 % Asher Taub ( R ) 12.2 % New York 7 Joseph Crowley Democratic 1998 Re-elected Joseph Crowley ( D ) 80.6 % Ken Reynolds ( R ) 18.2 % Anthony Gronowicz ( G ) 1.2 % New York 8 Jerrold Nadler Democratic 1992 Re-elected Jerrold Nadler ( D ) 75.5 % Susan Kone ( R ) 24.5 % New York 9 Anthony Weiner Democratic 1998 Re-elected Anthony Weiner ( D ) 60.8 % Bob Turner ( R ) 39.2 % New York 10 Ed Towns Democratic 1982 Re-elected Ed Towns ( D ) 91.1 % Diana Muniz ( R ) 7.1 % Ernest Johnson ( Cons ) 1.8 % New York 11 Yvette Clarke Democratic 2006 Re-elected Yvette Clarke ( D ) 90.6 % Hugh Carr ( R ) 9.4 % New York 12 Nydia Velázquez Democratic 1992 Re-elected Nydia Velázquez ( D ) 93.9 % Alice Gaffney ( Cons ) 6.1 % New York 13 Michael McMahon Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Mike Grimm ( R ) 51.3 % Michael McMahon ( D ) 48.0 % Tom Vendittelli ( L ) 0.7 % New York 14 Carolyn Maloney Democratic 1992 Re-elected Carolyn Maloney ( D ) 75.1 % David Brumberg ( R ) 22.4 % Timothy Healy ( Cons ) 1.3 % Dino LaVerghetta ( IP ) 1.1 % New York 15 Charles Rangel Democratic 1970 Re-elected Charles Rangel ( D ) 80.4 % Michael Faulkner ( R ) 10.4 % Craig Schley ( IP ) 6.8 % Roger Calero ( SW ) 2.3 % New York 16 José Serrano Democratic 1990 Re-elected José Serrano ( D ) 96.3 % Frank Della Valle ( R ) 3.7 % New York 17 Eliot Engel Democratic 1988 Re-elected Eliot Engel ( D ) 72.9 % Anthony Mele ( R ) 22.8 % York Kleinhandler ( Cons ) 4.3 % New York 18 Nita Lowey Democratic 1988 Re-elected Nita Lowey ( D ) 62.2 % James Russell ( R ) 37.8 % New York 19 John Hall Democratic 2006 Lost re-election Republican gain Nan Hayworth ( R ) 52.7 % John Hall ( D ) 47.3 % New York 20 Scott Murphy Democratic 2009 Lost re-election Republican gain Chris Gibson ( R ) 54.9 % Scott Murphy ( D ) 45.1 % New York 21 Paul Tonko Democratic 2008 Re-elected Paul Tonko ( D ) 59.3 % Theodore Danz ( R ) 40.7 % New York 22 Maurice Hinchey Democratic 1992 Re-elected Maurice Hinchey ( D ) 52.7 % George Phillips ( R ) 47.3 % New York 23 Bill Owens Democratic 2009 Re-elected Bill Owens ( D ) 47.5 % Matt Doheny ( R ) 46.4 % Doug Hoffman ( Cons ) 6.1 % New York 24 Mike Arcuri Democratic 2006 Lost re-election Republican gain Richard L. Hanna ( R ) 53.1 % Mike Arcuri ( D ) 46.9 % New York 25 Dan Maffei Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Ann Marie Buerkle ( R ) 50.2 % Dan Maffei ( D ) 49.8 % New York 26 Chris Lee Republican 2008 Re-elected Chris Lee ( R ) 73.6 % Philip Fedele ( D ) 26.4 % New York 27 Brian Higgins Democratic Re-elected Brian Higgins ( D ) 60.9 % Leonard Roberto ( R ) 39.1 % New York 28 Louise Slaughter Democratic 1986 Re-elected Louise Slaughter ( D ) 64.9 % Jill Rowland ( R ) 35.1 % New York 29 vacant * Republican gain Tom Reed ( R ) 56.6 % Matthew Zeller ( D ) 43.4 % Democrat Eric Massa resigned on March 8 , 2010 . A special election for the remainder of his term in the 111th Congress was held on the same day as the general election , which Reed won . North Carolina ( edit ) North Carolina 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates North Carolina 1 G.K. Butterfield Democratic Re-elected G.K. Butterfield ( D ) 59.3 % Ashley Woolard ( R ) 40.7 % North Carolina 2 Bob Etheridge Democratic Lost re-election Republican gain Renee Ellmers ( R ) 49.5 % Bob Etheridge ( D ) 48.7 % Tom Rose ( L ) 1.8 % North Carolina 3 Walter Jones Jr . Republican 1994 Re-elected Walter Jones Jr . ( R ) 71.9 % Johnny Rouse ( D ) 25.7 % Darryl Holloman ( L ) 2.4 % North Carolina 4 David Price Democratic Re-elected David Price ( D ) 57.2 % B.J. Lawson ( R ) 42.8 % North Carolina 5 Virginia Foxx Republican Re-elected Virginia Foxx ( R ) 65.9 % William Kennedy ( North Carolina politician , 21st century ) ( D ) 34.1 % North Carolina 6 Howard Coble Republican 1984 Re-elected Howard Coble ( R ) 75.2 % Gregory Scott Turner ( D ) 24.8 % North Carolina 7 Mike McIntyre Democratic Re-elected Mike McIntyre ( D ) 53.7 % Ilario Pantano ( R ) 46.3 % North Carolina 8 Larry Kissell Democratic 2008 Re-elected Larry Kissell ( D ) 53.0 % Harold Johnson ( R ) 43.7 % Thomas Hill ( L ) 3.0 % North Carolina 9 Sue Myrick Republican 1994 Re-elected Sue Myrick ( R ) 69.0 % Jeff Doctor ( D ) 31.0 % North Carolina 10 Patrick McHenry Republican Re-elected Patrick McHenry ( R ) 71.2 % Jeff Gregory ( D ) 28.8 % North Carolina 11 Heath Shuler Democratic 2006 Re-elected Heath Shuler ( D ) 54.3 % Jeff Miller ( R ) 45.7 % North Carolina 12 Mel Watt Democratic 1992 Re-elected Mel Watt ( D ) 63.9 % Greg Dority ( R ) 34.1 % Lon Vernon Cecil ( L ) 2.0 % North Carolina 13 Brad Miller Democratic 2002 Re-elected Brad Miller ( D ) 55.5 % William Randall ( R ) 44.5 % North Dakota ( edit ) North Dakota 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives election in North Dakota , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates North Dakota at - large Earl Pomeroy Democratic - NPL 1992 Lost re-election Republican gain Rick Berg ( R ) 54.7 % Earl Pomeroy ( D - NPL ) 44.9 % Ohio ( edit ) Ohio 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Ohio 1 Steve Driehaus Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Steve Chabot ( R ) 51.5 % Steve Driehaus ( D ) 46.0 % Jim Berns ( L ) 1.5 % Rich Stevenson ( G ) 1.0 % Ohio 2 Jean Schmidt Republican 2005 Re-elected Jean Schmidt ( R ) 58.5 % Surya Yalamanchili ( D ) 34.7 % Marc Johnston ( L ) 6.8 % Ohio 3 Mike Turner Republican 2002 Re-elected Mike Turner ( R ) 68.1 % Joe Roberts ( D ) 31.9 % Ohio 4 Jim Jordan Republican 2006 Re-elected Jim Jordan ( R ) 71.5 % Doug Litt ( D ) 24.7 % Donald Kissick ( L ) 3.8 % Ohio 5 Bob Latta Republican 2007 Re-elected Bob Latta ( R ) 67.8 % Caleb Finkenbiner ( D ) 26.5 % Brian Smith ( L ) 5.7 % Ohio 6 Charlie Wilson Democratic 2006 Lost re-election Republican gain Bill Johnson ( R ) 50.2 % Charlie Wilson ( D ) 45.1 % Richard Cadle ( C ) 2.5 % Martin Elsass ( L ) 2.2 % Ohio 7 Steve Austria Republican 2008 Re-elected Steve Austria ( R ) 62.2 % Bill Conner ( D ) 32.3 % John Anderson ( L ) 4.3 % David Easton ( C ) 1.3 % Ohio 8 John Boehner Republican 1990 Re-elected John Boehner ( R ) 65.6 % Justin Coussoule ( D ) 30.3 % David Harlow ( L ) 2.4 % James Condit ( C ) 1.7 % Ohio 9 Marcy Kaptur Democratic 1982 Re-elected Marcy Kaptur ( D ) 59.4 % Rich Iott ( R ) 40.6 % Ohio 10 Dennis Kucinich Democratic Re-elected Dennis Kucinich ( D ) 53.0 % Peter Corrigan ( R ) 43.9 % Jeff Goggins ( L ) 3.1 % Ohio 11 Marcia Fudge Democratic 2008 Re-elected Marcia Fudge ( D ) 82.9 % Thomas Pekarek ( R ) 17.1 % Ohio 12 Pat Tiberi Republican 2000 Re-elected Pat Tiberi ( R ) 55.8 % Paula Brooks ( D ) 40.9 % Travis Irvine ( L ) 3.2 % Ohio 13 Betty Sutton Democratic 2006 Re-elected Betty Sutton ( D ) 55.7 % Tom Ganley ( R ) 44.3 % Ohio 14 Steve LaTourette Republican 1994 Re-elected Steve LaTourette ( R ) 64.9 % William O'Neill ( D ) 31.5 % John Jelenic ( L ) 3.6 % Ohio 15 Mary Jo Kilroy Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Steve Stivers ( R ) 54.1 % Mary Jo Kilroy ( D ) 41.3 % William Kammerer ( L ) 2.8 % David Ryon ( C ) 1.8 % Ohio 16 John Boccieri Democratic 2008 Lost re-election Republican gain Jim Renacci ( R ) 52.1 % John Boccieri ( D ) 41.3 % Jeffrey Blevins ( L ) 6.6 % Ohio 17 Tim Ryan Democratic 2002 Re-elected Tim Ryan ( D ) 53.9 % Jim Graham ( R ) 30.1 % Jim Traficant ( I ) 16.0 % Ohio 18 Zack Space Democratic 2006 Lost re-election Republican gain Bob Gibbs ( R ) 53.9 % Zack Space ( D ) 40.5 % Lindsey Dean Sutton ( C ) 5.6 % Oklahoma ( edit ) Oklahoma 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Oklahoma , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Oklahoma 1 John Sullivan Republican 2002 Re-elected John Sullivan ( R ) 76.8 % Angelia O'Dell ( I ) 23.2 % Oklahoma 2 Dan Boren Democratic Re-elected Dan Boren ( D ) 56.5 % Charles Thompson ( R ) 43.5 % Oklahoma 3 Frank Lucas Republican 1994 Re-elected Frank Lucas ( R ) 78.0 % Frankie Robbins ( D ) 22.0 % Oklahoma 4 Tom Cole Republican 2002 Re-elected Tom Cole ( R ) unopposed Oklahoma 5 Mary Fallin Republican 2006 Retired to run for Governor Republican hold James Lankford ( R ) 62.5 % Billy Coyle ( D ) 34.5 % Clark Duffe ( I ) 1.6 % Dave White ( I ) 1.4 % Oregon ( edit ) Oregon 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Oregon 1 David Wu Democratic 1998 Re-elected David Wu ( D ) 54.8 % Rob Cornilles ( R ) 42.0 % Don LaMunyon ( C ) 1.3 % Chris Henry ( PG ) 1.0 % Joe Tabor ( L ) 0.9 % Oregon 2 Greg Walden Republican 1998 Re-elected Greg Walden ( R ) 74.1 % Joyce Segers ( D ) 25.9 % Oregon 3 Earl Blumenauer Democratic Re-elected Earl Blumenauer ( D ) 70.1 % Delia Lopez ( R ) 24.6 % Jeff Lawrence ( L ) 3.0 % Michael Meo ( PG ) 2.3 % Oregon 4 Peter DeFazio Democratic 1986 Re-elected Peter DeFazio ( D ) 54.6 % Art Robinson ( R ) 43.7 % Mike Beilstein ( PG ) 1.7 % Oregon 5 Kurt Schrader Democratic 2008 Re-elected Kurt Schrader ( D ) 51.3 % Scott Bruun ( R ) 46.0 % Chris Lugo ( PG ) 2.7 % Pennsylvania ( edit ) Pennsylvania 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Pennsylvania 1 Bob Brady Democratic 1998 Re-elected Bob Brady ( D ) unopposed Pennsylvania 2 Chaka Fattah Democratic 1994 Reelected Chaka Fattah ( D ) 89.3 % Rick Hellberg ( R ) 10.7 % Pennsylvania 3 Kathy Dahlkemper Democratic 2008 Lost reelection Republican gain Mike Kelly ( R ) 55.7 % Kathy Dahlkemper ( D ) 44.3 % Pennsylvania 4 Jason Altmire Democratic 2006 Reelected Jason Altmire ( D ) 50.8 % Keith Rothfus ( R ) 49.2 % Pennsylvania 5 G.T. Thompson Republican 2008 Reelected G.T. Thompson ( R ) 68.7 % Michael Pipe ( D ) 28.2 % Vernon Etzel ( L ) 3.1 % Pennsylvania 6 Jim Gerlach Republican 2002 Reelected Jim Gerlach ( R ) 57.1 % Manan Trivedi ( D ) 42.9 % Pennsylvania 7 Joe Sestak Democratic 2006 Retired to run for U.S. Senate Republican gain Pat Meehan ( R ) 54.9 % Bryan Lentz ( D ) 44.0 % Jim Schneller ( I ) 1.1 % Pennsylvania 8 Patrick Murphy Democratic 2006 Lost reelection Republican gain Mike Fitzpatrick ( R ) 53.5 % Patrick Murphy ( D ) 46.5 % Pennsylvania 9 Bill Shuster Republican 2001 Reelected Bill Shuster ( R ) 73.1 % Tom Conners ( D ) 26.9 % Pennsylvania 10 Chris Carney Democratic 2006 Lost reelection Republican gain Tom Marino ( R ) 55.2 % Chris Carney ( D ) 44.8 % Pennsylvania 11 Paul Kanjorski Democratic 1984 Lost reelection Republican gain Lou Barletta ( R ) 54.7 % Paul Kanjorski ( D ) 45.3 % Pennsylvania 12 Mark Critz Democratic Reelected Mark Critz ( D ) 50.8 % Tim Burns ( R ) 49.2 % Pennsylvania 13 Allyson Schwartz Democratic Reelected Allyson Schwartz ( D ) 56.3 % Dee Adcock ( R ) 43.7 % Pennsylvania 14 Mike Doyle Democratic 1994 Reelected Mike Doyle ( D ) 68.8 % Melissa Haluszczak ( R ) 28.2 % Ed Bortz ( G ) 3.0 % Pennsylvania 15 Charlie Dent Republican Reelected Charlie Dent ( R ) 53.5 % John Callahan ( D ) 39.0 % Jake Towne ( I ) 7.5 % Pennsylvania 16 Joe Pitts Republican Reelected Joe Pitts ( R ) 65.4 % Lois Herr ( D ) 34.6 % Pennsylvania 17 Tim Holden Democratic 1992 Reelected Tim Holden ( D ) 55.5 % Dave Argall ( R ) 44.5 % Pennsylvania 18 Tim Murphy Republican 2002 Reelected Tim Murphy ( R ) 67.3 % Dan Connolly ( D ) 32.7 % Pennsylvania 19 Todd Platts Republican 2000 Reelected Todd Platts ( R ) 71.9 % Ryan Sanders ( D ) 23.3 % Joshua Monighan ( I ) 4.8 % Rhode Island ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Rhode Island 1 Patrick Kennedy Democratic 1994 Retired Democratic hold David Cicilline ( D ) 50.6 % John J. Loughlin ( R ) 44.6 % Kenneth Capalbo ( I ) 4.0 % Gregory Raposa ( I ) 0.8 % Rhode Island 2 Jim Langevin Democratic 2000 Reelected Jim Langevin ( D ) 59.9 % Mark Zaccaria ( R ) 31.8 % John Matson ( I ) 8.4 % South Carolina ( edit ) South Carolina 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates South Carolina 1 Henry E. Brown Jr . Republican 2000 Retired Republican hold Tim Scott ( R ) 65.4 % Ben Frasier ( D ) 28.7 % Robert Burton ( WF ) 1.8 % Bob Dobbs ( G ) 1.4 % Keith Blandford ( L ) 1.2 % Jimmy Wood ( Ind ) 1.1 % Mac McCullough ( UC ) 0.4 % South Carolina 2 Joe Wilson Republican 2001 Reelected Joe Wilson ( R ) 53.5 % Rob Miller ( D ) 43.8 % Eddie McCain ( L ) 1.6 % Marc Beaman ( C ) 1.1 % South Carolina 3 J. Gresham Barrett Republican 2002 Retired to run for Governor Republican hold Jeff Duncan ( R ) 62.5 % Jane Ballard Dyer ( D ) 36.2 % John Dalen ( C ) 1.3 % South Carolina 4 Bob Inglis Republican Lost renomination Republican hold Trey Gowdy ( R ) 63.5 % Paul Corden ( D ) 28.8 % Dave Edwards ( C ) 5.1 % Rick Mahler ( L ) 1.4 % Faye Walters ( G ) 1.2 % South Carolina 5 John Spratt Democratic 1982 Lost reelection Republican gain Mick Mulvaney ( R ) 55.1 % John Spratt ( D ) 44.9 % South Carolina 6 Jim Clyburn Democratic 1992 Reelected Jim Clyburn ( D ) 62.9 % Jim Pratt ( R ) 36.4 % Nammu Muhammad ( G ) 0.7 % South Dakota ( edit ) South Dakota 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives election in South Dakota , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates South Dakota at - large Stephanie Herseth Sandlin Democratic Lost reelection Republican gain Kristi Noem ( R ) 48.1 % Stephanie Herseth Sandlin ( D ) 45.9 % Thomas Marking ( I ) 6.0 % Tennessee ( edit ) Tennessee 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Tennessee 1 Phil Roe Republican 2008 Reelected Phil Roe ( R ) 80.8 % Michael Clark ( D ) 17.1 % Kermit Steck ( I ) 2.1 % Tennessee 2 Jimmy Duncan Republican 1998 Reelected Jimmy Duncan ( R ) 81.7 % Dave Hancock ( D ) 14.7 % Joseph Leinweber Jr . ( I ) 1.4 % Andy Andrew ( I ) 1.2 % Greg Samples ( I ) 0.7 % H. Headings ( I ) 0.3 % Tennessee 3 Zach Wamp Republican 1994 Retired to run for Governor Republican hold Charles Fleischmann ( R ) 56.8 % John Wolfe Jr . ( D ) 28.0 % Savas Kyriakidis ( I ) 10.5 % Mark DeVol ( I ) 3.6 % Don Barkman ( I ) 0.5 % Gregory Goodwin ( I ) 0.2 % Robert Humphries ( I ) 0.2 % Mo Kiah ( I ) 0.1 % Tennessee 4 Lincoln Davis Democratic 2002 Lost reelection Republican gain Scott DesJarlais ( R ) 57.1 % Lincoln Davis ( D ) 38.6 % Paul Curtis ( I ) 1.7 % Gerald York ( I ) 1.2 % James Gray ( I ) 0.9 % Richard Johnson ( I ) 0.5 % Tennessee 5 Jim Cooper Democratic 2002 Reelected Jim Cooper ( D ) 56.2 % David Hall ( R ) 42.1 % Stephen Collings ( I ) 0.3 % Jacqueline Miller ( I ) 0.3 % John Smith ( I ) 0.3 % William Crook ( I ) 0.2 % John Miglietta ( I ) 0.2 % James Whitfield II ( I ) 0.2 % Nathan Harden ( I ) 0.1 % Joe Moore ( I ) 0.1 % Thomas Taylor ( I ) 0.1 % Tennessee 6 Bart Gordon Democratic 1984 Retired Republican gain Diane Black ( R ) 67.3 % Brett Carter ( D ) 29.4 % Jim Boyd ( I ) 1.1 % Tommy Hay ( I ) 0.7 % David Purcell ( I ) 0.7 % Brandon Gore ( I ) 0.6 % Stephen Sprague ( I ) 0.3 % Tennessee 7 Marsha Blackburn Republican 2002 Reelected Marsha Blackburn ( R ) 72.4 % Greg Rabidoux ( D ) 24.8 % Bill Stone ( I ) 2.9 % Tennessee 8 John Tanner Democratic 1988 Retired Republican gain Stephen Fincher ( R ) 59.0 % Roy Herron ( D ) 38.8 % Donn Janes ( I ) 1.5 % Mark Rawles ( I ) 0.7 % Tennessee 9 Steve Cohen Democratic 2006 Reelected Steve Cohen ( D ) 74.0 % Charlotte Bergmann ( R ) 25.1 % Sandra Sullivan ( I ) 0.5 % Perry Steele ( I ) 0.4 % Texas ( edit ) Texas 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Texas , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Texas 1 Louie Gohmert Republican Reelected Louie Gohmert ( R ) 89.7 % Charles Parkes ( L ) 10.3 % Texas 2 Ted Poe Republican Reelected Ted Poe ( R ) 88.6 David Smith ( L ) 11.4 % Texas 3 Sam Johnson Republican 1991 Reelected Sam Johnson ( R ) 66.3 % John Lingenfelder ( D ) 31.3 % Christopher Claytor ( L ) 2.4 % Texas 4 Ralph Hall Republican 1980 Reelected Ralph Hall ( R ) 73.2 % VaLinda Hathcox ( D ) 22.0 % Jim Prindle ( L ) 2.5 % Shane Shepard ( I ) 2.3 % Texas 5 Jeb Hensarling Republican 2002 Reelected Jeb Hensarling ( R ) 70.5 % Tom Berry ( D ) 27.5 % Ken Ashby ( L ) 2.0 % Texas 6 Joe Barton Republican 1984 Reelected Joe Barton ( R ) 65.9 % David Cozad ( D ) 31.2 % Byron Severns ( L ) 2.9 % Texas 7 John Culberson Republican 2000 Reelected John Culberson ( R ) 81.4 % Bob Townsend ( L ) 18.0 % Lisa Squiers ( W-I ) 0.6 % Texas 8 Kevin Brady Republican Reelected Kevin Brady ( R ) 80.3 % Kent Hargett ( D ) 17.2 % Bruce West ( L ) 2.5 % Texas 9 Al Green Democratic Reelected Al Green ( D ) 75.7 % Steve Mueller ( R ) 22.9 % Michael Hope ( L ) 1.4 % Texas 10 Michael McCaul Republican Reelected Michael McCaul ( R ) 64.7 % Ted Ankrum ( D ) 33.0 % J.P. Perkins ( L ) 2.3 % Texas 11 Mike Conaway Republican Reelected Mike Conaway ( R ) 80.8 % James Quillan ( D ) 15.4 % James Powell ( L ) 2.8 % Jim Howe ( G ) 0.9 % Texas 12 Kay Granger Republican Reelected Kay Granger ( R ) 71.9 % Tracey Smith ( D ) 25.1 % Matthew Sodolow ( L ) 3.0 % Texas 13 Mac Thornberry Republican 1994 Reelected Mac Thornberry ( R ) 87.1 % Keith Dyer ( I ) 8.6 % John Burwell ( L ) 4.3 % Texas 14 Ron Paul Republican Reelected Ron Paul ( R ) 76.0 % Robert Pruett ( D ) 24.0 % Texas 15 Ruben Hinojosa Democratic Reelected Ruben Hinojosa ( D ) 55.7 % Eddie Zamora ( R ) 41.6 % Aaron Cohn ( L ) 2.7 % Texas 16 Silvestre Reyes Democratic Reelected Silvestre Reyes ( D ) 58.1 % Tim Besco ( R ) 36.6 % Bill Collins ( L ) 5.1 % Tim Collins ( W-I ) 0.3 % Texas 17 Chet Edwards Democratic 1990 Lost reelection Republican gain Bill Flores ( R ) 61.8 % Chet Edwards ( D ) 36.6 % Richard Kelly ( L ) 1.6 % Texas 18 Sheila Jackson Lee Democratic 1994 Reelected Sheila Jackson Lee ( D ) 70.1 % John Faulk ( R ) 27.3 % Mike Taylor ( L ) 2.6 % Texas 19 Randy Neugebauer Republican 2002 Reelected Randy Neugebauer ( R ) 77.7 % Andy Wilson ( D ) 19.1 % Chip Peterson ( L ) 3.2 % Texas 20 Charlie Gonzalez Democratic 1998 Reelected Charlie Gonzalez ( D ) 63.6 % Clayton Trotter ( R ) 34.5 % Michael Idrogo ( L ) 1.9 % Texas 21 Lamar Smith Republican 1986 Reelected Lamar Smith ( R ) 68.9 % Laney Melnick ( D ) 27.9 % James Arthur Strohm ( L ) 3.2 % Texas 22 Pete Olson Republican 2008 Reelected Pete Olson ( R ) 67.5 % Kesha Rogers ( D ) 29.8 % Steven Susman ( L ) 2.7 % Texas 23 Ciro Rodriguez Democratic 2006 Lost reelection Republican gain Quico Canseco ( R ) 49.4 % Ciro Rodriguez ( D ) 44.4 % Craig Stephens ( I ) 3.6 % Martin Nitschke ( L ) 1.6 % Ed Scharf ( G ) 0.9 % Texas 24 Kenny Marchant Republican Reelected Kenny Marchant ( R ) 81.6 % David Sparks ( L ) 18.4 % Texas 25 Lloyd Doggett Democratic 1994 Reelected Lloyd Doggett ( D ) 52.8 % Donna Campbell ( R ) 44.8 % Jim Stutsman ( L ) 2.3 % Texas 26 Michael Burgess Republican 2002 Reelected Michael Burgess ( R ) 67.1 % Neil Durrance ( D ) 30.7 % Mark Boler ( L ) 2.2 % Texas 27 Solomon Ortiz Democratic 1982 Lost reelection Republican gain Blake Farenthold ( R ) 47.9 % Solomon Ortiz ( D ) 47.1 % Ed Mishou ( L ) 5.0 % Texas 28 Henry Cuellar Democratic Reelected Henry Cuellar ( D ) 56.3 % Bryan Underwood ( R ) 42.0 % Stephen Kaat ( L ) 1.7 % Texas 29 Gene Green Democratic 1992 Reelected Gene Green ( D ) 64.6 % Roy Morales ( R ) 34.1 % Brad Walters ( L ) 1.3 % Texas 30 Eddie Bernice Johnson Democratic 1992 Reelected Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D ) 75.7 % Stephen Broden ( R ) 21.6 % J.B. Oswalt ( L ) 2.6 % Texas 31 John Carter Republican 2002 Reelected John Carter ( R ) 82.5 % Bill Oliver ( L ) 17.5 % Texas 32 Pete Sessions Republican Reelected Pete Sessions ( R ) 62.6 % Grier Raggio ( D ) 34.9 % John Jay Myers ( L ) 2.5 % Utah ( edit ) Utah 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Utah , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Utah 1 Rob Bishop Republican 2002 Reelected Rob Bishop ( R ) 69.2 % Morgan Bowen ( D ) 23.9 % Kirk Pearson ( C ) 4.7 % Jared Paul Stratton ( L ) 2.2 % Utah 2 Jim Matheson Democratic 2000 Reelected Jim Matheson ( D ) 50.5 % Morgan Philpot ( R ) 46.1 % Randall Hinton ( C ) 1.8 % Dave Glissmeyer ( I ) 0.9 % Wayne Hill ( I ) 0.7 % Utah 3 Jason Chaffetz Republican 2008 Reelected Jason Chaffetz ( R ) 72.3 % Karen Hyer ( D ) 22.9 % Douglas Sligting ( C ) 2.4 % Jake Shannon ( L ) 1.5 % Joseph Puente ( I ) 0.8 % Vermont ( edit ) Vermont 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives election in Vermont , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Vermont at - large Peter Welch Democratic 2006 Reelected Peter Welch ( D ) 64.6 % Paul Beaudry ( R ) 32.0 % Gus Jaccaci ( I ) 2.0 % Jane Newton ( S ) 1.4 % Virginia ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Virginia 1 Rob Wittman Republican 2007 Reelected Rob Wittman ( R ) 63.9 % Krystal Ball ( D ) 34.8 % Glenda Gail Parker ( IG ) 1.2 % Virginia 2 Glenn Nye Democratic 2008 Lost reelection Republican gain Scott Rigell ( R ) 53.1 % Glenn Nye ( D ) 42.5 % Kenny Golden ( I ) 4.3 % Virginia 3 Bobby Scott Democratic 1992 Reelected Bobby Scott ( D ) 70.0 % Chuck Smith ( R ) 27.2 % James Quigley ( L ) 1.5 % John D. Kelly ( I ) 1.2 % Virginia 4 Randy Forbes Republican 2001 Reelected Randy Forbes ( R ) 62.3 % Wynne LeGrow ( D ) 37.5 % Virginia 5 Tom Perriello Democratic 2008 Lost reelection Republican gain Robert Hurt ( R ) 50.8 % Tom Perriello ( D ) 47.0 % Jeffrey Clark ( I ) 2.1 % Virginia 6 Bob Goodlatte Republican 1992 Reelected Bob Goodlatte ( R ) 76.3 % Jeffrey Vanke ( I ) 13.0 % Stuart Bain ( L ) 9.2 % Virginia 7 Eric Cantor Republican 2000 Reelected Eric Cantor ( R ) 59.2 % Rick Waugh ( D ) 34.1 % Floyd Bayne ( IG ) 6.5 % Virginia 8 Jim Moran Democratic 1990 Reelected Jim Moran ( D ) 61.0 % Patrick Murphy ( R ) 37.3 % Ron Fisher ( IG ) 1.4 % Virginia 9 Rick Boucher Democratic 1982 Lost reelection Republican gain Morgan Griffith ( R ) 51.2 % Rick Boucher ( D ) 46.4 % Jeremiah Heaton ( I ) 2.3 % Virginia 10 Frank Wolf Republican 1980 Reelected Frank Wolf ( R ) 62.9 % Jeff Barnett ( D ) 34.8 % William Redpath ( L ) 2.2 % Virginia 11 Gerry Connolly Democratic 2008 Reelected Gerry Connolly ( D ) 49.2 % Keith Fimian ( R ) 48.8 % Chris DeCarlo ( I ) 0.8 % David Dotson ( L ) 0.6 % David Gillis ( IG ) 0.4 % Washington ( edit ) Washington 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Washington , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Washington 1 Jay Inslee Democratic 1998 Reelected Jay Inslee ( D ) 57.7 % James Watkins ( R ) 42.3 % Washington 2 Rick Larsen Democratic 2000 Reelected Rick Larsen ( D ) 51.1 % John Koster ( R ) 48.9 % Washington 3 Brian Baird Democratic 1998 Retired Republican gain Jaime Herrera ( R ) 53.0 % Denny Heck ( D ) 47.0 % Washington 4 Doc Hastings Republican 1994 Reelected Doc Hastings ( R ) 67.6 % Jay Clough ( D ) 32.4 % Washington 5 Cathy McMorris Rodgers Republican Reelected Cathy McMorris Rodgers ( R ) 63.7 % Daryl Romeyn ( D ) 36.3 % Washington 6 Norm Dicks Democratic 1976 Reelected Norm Dicks ( D ) 58.0 % Doug Cloud ( R ) 42.0 % Washington 7 Jim McDermott Democratic 1988 Reelected Jim McDermott ( D ) 83.0 % Bob Jeffers - Schroder ( I ) 17.0 % Washington 8 Dave Reichert Republican Reelected Dave Reichert ( R ) 52.1 % Suzan DelBene ( D ) 47.9 % Washington 9 Adam Smith Democratic Reelected Adam Smith ( D ) 54.9 % Dick Muri ( R ) 45.1 % West Virginia ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates West Virginia 1 Alan Mollohan Democratic 1982 Lost renomination Republican gain David McKinley ( R ) 50.4 % Mike Oliverio ( D ) 49.6 % West Virginia 2 Shelley Capito Republican 2000 Reelected Shelley Capito ( R ) 68.5 % Virginia Lynch Graf ( D ) 29.7 % Phil Hudok ( C ) 1.8 % West Virginia 3 Nick Rahall Democratic 1976 Reelected Nick Rahall ( D ) 56.0 % Spike Maynard ( R ) 44.0 % Wisconsin ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Wisconsin 1 Paul Ryan Republican 1998 Reelected Paul Ryan ( R ) 68.2 % John Heckenlively ( D ) 30.1 % Joseph Kexel ( L ) 1.6 % Wisconsin 2 Tammy Baldwin Democratic 1998 Reelected Tammy Baldwin ( D ) 61.8 % Chad Lee ( R ) 38.2 % Wisconsin 3 Ron Kind Democratic Reelected Ron Kind ( D ) 50.3 % Dan Kapanke ( R ) 46.5 % Michael Krsiean ( I ) 3.2 % Wisconsin 4 Gwen Moore Democratic Reelected Gwen Moore ( D ) 69.0 % Dan Sebring ( R ) 29.6 % Ahmad Ayyash ( I ) 1.4 % Wisconsin 5 Jim Sensenbrenner Republican 1978 Reelected Jim Sensenbrenner ( R ) 69.3 % Todd Kolosso ( D ) 27.4 % Robert R. Raymond ( I ) 3.3 % Wisconsin 6 Tom Petri Republican 1979 Reelected Tom Petri ( R ) 70.7 % Joseph Kallas ( D ) 29.3 % Wisconsin 7 Dave Obey Democratic 1969 Retired Republican gain Sean Duffy ( R ) 52.1 % Julie Lassa ( D ) 44.4 % Gary Kauther ( I ) 3.3 % Wisconsin 8 Steve Kagen Democratic 2006 Lost reelection Republican gain Reid Ribble ( R ) 54.8 % Steve Kagen ( D ) 45.1 % Wyoming ( edit ) Wyoming 's results Main article : United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming , 2010 District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates Wyoming at - large Cynthia Lummis Republican 2008 Reelected Cynthia Lummis ( R ) 70.5 % David Wendt ( D ) 24.5 % John Love ( L ) 5.0 % Nonvoting delegates ( edit ) Main articles : United States House of Representatives election in American Samoa , 2010 ; United States House of Representatives elections in the District of Columbia , 2010 ; United States House of Representatives election in Guam , 2010 ; United States House of Representatives election in the Northern Mariana Islands , 2010 ; and United States House of Representatives election in the United States Virgin Islands , 2010 The House of Representatives includes five Delegates from the District of Columbia and outlying territories elected to two - year terms and one Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico elected to a four - year term ( for which the last election was held in 2008 , so the seat was not up for reelection in 2010 ) . These delegates are not allowed to vote on the floor of the House of Representatives . District Incumbent Party First elected Result Candidates American Samoa Eni Faleomavaega Democratic 1988 Reelected Eni Faleomavaega ( D ) 56.3 % Amata Coleman Radewagen ( R ) 40.5 % Tuika Tuika ( I ) 3.2 % District of Columbia Eleanor Holmes Norton Democratic 1990 Reelected Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D ) 88.9 % Marjorie Reilly Smith ( R ) 6.1 % Rick Tingling - Clemmons ( DC ) 3.3 % Queen Noble ( I ) 0.6 % Guam Madeleine Bordallo Democratic 2002 Reelected Madeleine Bordallo ( D ) unopposed Northern Mariana Islands Gregorio Sablan Independent 2008 Reelected Gregorio Sablan ( I ) 43.2 % Joe Camacho ( Cov ) 24.2 % Juan Babauta ( R ) 17.5 % Jesus Borja ( D ) 15.1 % U.S. Virgin Islands Donna Christian - Christensen Democratic Reelected Donna Christian - Christensen ( D ) 71.2 % Jeffrey Moorhead ( I ) 18.7 % Vincent Emile Danet ( R ) 8.5 % Guillaume Mimoun ( I ) 1.5 % See also ( edit ) United States elections , 2010 United States gubernatorial elections , 2010 United States Senate elections , 2010 111th United States Congress 112th United States Congress Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The nonvoting delegates represent the District of Columbia ; the territories of American Samoa , Guam , and the Virgin Islands ; and the commonwealths of the Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico , see 48 U.S.C. § 16 . They are all chosen biennially except for Puerto Rico 's delegate , who is elected every four years , and next faced reelection in 2012 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McDonald , Michael ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 General Election Turnout Rates '' . United States Election Project . George Mason University . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hooper , Molly K. ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Boehner favored as 61st House Speaker on his 61st birthday '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` House Democrats keep Nancy Pelosi as their leader '' . WTOP - FM . Associated Press . November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Lorraine C. ( July 10 , 2009 ) . `` Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Clerk . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haas , Karen L. ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Clerk . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boehner Must Navigate Around Senate , Obama -- And Tea Party '' . National Journal . November 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heartland Headache '' . National Journal . November 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans capture control of House '' . CNN . November 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The 2010 Midterm Election in Perspective November 10 , 2010 . Commentary . Jump up ^ Catherine Dodge and Lisa Lerer ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Democrats Face Biggest House Midterm Defeat in Years '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Midterms 2010 : What you need to know '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kate Pickert ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Mixed Results on the Health Reform Referendum '' . TIME . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CQ Politics Presidential and House election 08 results by congressional district '' . Innovation.cq.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` After the Wave > Publications > '' . National Affairs . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drake , Bruce . `` Republicans Score Big in the States and Win Leg Up on Redistricting '' . Politicsdaily.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Map of Post 2010 Election Partisan Composition of State Legislatures : Republicans Make Historic Gains , National Conference of State Legislatures . ^ Jump up to : Dan Balz , The GOP takeover in the states , Washington Post ( November 13 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Paul R Abramson , John H Aldrich and David W Rohde , Change and Continuity in the 2008 and 2010 Elections ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Senate , House , Governor Races - Election Center 2010 - Elections & Politics from CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Charles J. Dean ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` Alabama U.S. Rep. Artur Davis set to launch run for governor '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Congressman Berry to Retire '' . Fox News . January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Lyon ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Snyder wo n't seek reelection '' . Arkansas News . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Decker , Cathleen ( February 14 , 2010 ) . `` Diane Watson 's retirement inspires a look back '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Rep. Kendrick Meek considers Senate run '' . The Hill . January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kan . Congressman Moore wo n't seek re-election '' . WFAA . Associated Press . November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Melancon running against Vitter '' . Politico . August 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rep Bill Delahunt wo n't run for re-election '' . Widgets.onesite.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kraushaar , Allen ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Rep. Bart Stupak wo n't seek reelection '' . Politico . Jump up ^ John Distaso ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` In 2010 , Rep. Hodes will run for U.S. Senate '' . Union Leader . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Sestak to take on Sen. Specter '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Kennedy Wo n't Run for Re-Election '' . CBS News . Associated Press . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Josh Kraushaar ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bart Gordon retiring '' . Politico . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . When I was elected , I was the youngest member of the Tennessee congressional delegation ; now , I 'm one of the oldest . In fact , I have members of my staff who were n't even born when I took office . That tells me it 's time for a new chapter . Jump up ^ Ken Whitehouse and A.C. Kleinheider ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` Tanner to retire '' . NashvillePost.com . Jump up ^ Reid Wilson and Tim Sahd ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` Baird Retires ; GOP Lands Solid Recruit '' . The National Journal : Hotline On Call . Jump up ^ `` Retiring congressman : ' Frankly , I am bone tired ' '' . CNN . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Obey heading to K Street '' . Politico . June 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aaron Blake and Molly Hopper ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` Shadegg to retire '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Josh Kraushaar ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Radanovich retiring '' . Politico . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kraushaar , Josh ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Mike Castle announces run for Joe Biden 's Seat '' . Politico . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Florida Republican Rep. Ginny Brown - Waite Retires '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Putnam will not seek reelection '' . TheHill.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , Sean J. ; Blake , Aaron ( February 11 , 2010 ) . `` Mario Díaz - Balart confirms switch , will run for his brother 's House seat '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bob Keefe ; Jim Galloway ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` U.S. Rep. Linder will not seek re-election '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Kirk to run for Senate '' . The Hill . July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Mary Beth ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` Buyer to retire due to wife 's illness '' . The Indianapolis Star . Jump up ^ Hanna , John ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` U.S. Senate seat goes to Jerry Moran '' . The Wichita Eagle . Associated Press . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Young ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` Kansan Tiahrt makes Senate bid official '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emily Cadei ( March 27 , 2009 ) . `` Hoekstra to Announce Entry to Michigan Governor 's Race '' . CQ Politics . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kiely , Eugene ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Rep. Ehlers , a moderate Republican , announces retirement '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` The Scorecard : 2008 Congressional campaign news and analysis '' . Politico . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael McNutt ( February 28 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Rep Mary Fallin confirms decision to run for Oklahoma governor in 2010 '' . NewsOK . Retrieved February 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Henry Brown Retiring '' . Politico . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Barrett to run for S.C. governor '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee : Wamp touts poll saying he 's top GOP pick for governor '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Election 2010 : All House Races '' . CBS News . November 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Battle For The House '' . Realclearpolitics.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` The Ultimate Hour - by - Hour , District - by - District Election Guide '' . Fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ishmael , Patrick ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` Game Time : Final House rankings and printable cheat sheet '' . Hot Air . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What To Look For On Election Night '' . Rasmussen Reports . November 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ishmael , Patrick ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Eight days out , GOP still poised to gain 60 + House seats '' . Hot Air . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 House Ratings '' . Centerforpolitics.org . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cook Political Report ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Cook Political Ups Projected Democratic Losses To 48 to 60 '' . Jump up ^ `` Democrats Will Lose the House : Charlie Cook '' . Outsidethebeltway.com . February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott Rasmussen ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` A Vote Against Dems , Not for the GOP '' . wsj.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` House Ratings '' . rothenbergpoliticalreport.com . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rothenberg , The ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` The Rothenberg Political Report : New Print Edition : House Overview '' . Rothenbergpoliticalreport.blogspot.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CQ Politics House Race Ratings Map for 2010 '' . Innovation.cqpolitics.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CQ Politics House Race Ratings Map for 2010 '' . Innovation.cqpolitics.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Cook Political Report -- Charts -- 2010 House Competitive Races '' . Cookpolitical.com . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rothenberg Political Report ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` House Ratings '' . Rothenbergpoliticalreport.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 House Ratings Chart '' . CQ Politics . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Crystal Ball , as of November 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ RealClearPolitics , as of November 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` AL -- Election Results '' . clarityelections.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GEMS ELECTION RESULTS '' . alaska.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ State of Arizona Official Canvass Archived September 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Secretary of State '' . votenaturally.org . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ California SOS -- Election Results Jump up ^ Colorado Official Results General Election Jump up ^ Connecticut Election Results Archived June 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` State Of Delaware -- Elections Results '' . delaware.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Florida Election Results Jump up ^ `` 11 / 2 / 2010 -- Federal and Statewide '' . georgia.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawaii 2010 General Election Results Jump up ^ Idaho SOS -- 2010 General Election Results Archived September 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Illinois State Board of Elections General Election Results Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State : Election Division : Election Results '' . in.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Iowa SOS -- Official General Election Results Archived November 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kansas Secretary of State -- General Election Results Jump up ^ `` KY -- Election Results '' . clarityelections.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Secretary of State '' . louisiana.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Corporations , Elections & Commissions , Elections Division '' . maine.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maryland State Board of Elections. `` 2010 General Election Official Results '' . state.md.us . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Massachusetts 2010 Election Results Jump up ^ `` 2010 Official Michigan General Election Results -- Representative in Congress '' . nictusa.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Heus , Matt . `` de Heus for Congress '' . Jump up ^ Minnesota SOS -- General Election Results Jump up ^ `` 404 We Are Sorry , We Cannot Find That Page '' . ms.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ State of Missouri General Election Results Jump up ^ `` Montana Secretary of State -- Election Night Results -- November 4 , 2014 '' . mt.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nebraska General Election Results Jump up ^ `` 2010 Unofficial Statewide General Election Coverage and Reports '' . nvsos.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 election homepage '' . nh.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ State of New Jersey General Election Results Jump up ^ New Mexico 2010 General Election Results Jump up ^ New York General Election Results Archived August 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NC -- Election Results '' . clarityelections.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State -- Election Night Results -- November 4 , 2014 '' . nd.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio General Election Results '' . state.oh.us . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SUMMARY RESULTS : General Election -- November 2 , 2010 '' . ok.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State '' ( PDF ) . state.or.us . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania General Election Results Archived November 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` RI.gov : Election Results '' . ri.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SC -- Election Results '' . enr-scvotes.org . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ South Dakota General Election Results Jump up ^ Tennessee Election Results Jump up ^ Texas General Election Results Archived November 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Utah Election Results Jump up ^ `` Elections -- Home -- Vermont Secretary of State '' ( PDF ) . vermont-elections.org . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Virginia Election Results Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Washington General Election Results Jump up ^ `` WV SOS -- Elections -- Election Results -- Online Data Services '' . wv.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wisconsin General Election Results Jump up ^ Wyoming General Election Results Jump up ^ `` Prospective lawmakers in American Samoa revealed '' . Radio New Zealand International . September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DC Board Of Elections And Ethics : Election Results '' . dcboee.org . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Northern Mariana Islands Election Results Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Election Results '' . vivote.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Abramson , Paul R. John H Aldrich and David W Rohde , Change and Continuity in the 2008 and 2010 Elections ( 2011 ) Bullock , Charles S. , III et al. Key States , High Stakes : Sarah Palin , the Tea Party , and the 2010 Elections ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search External links ( edit ) Candidates for U.S. Congress at Project Vote Smart U.S. House of Representatives from OurCampaigns.com Congressional Races in 2010 from Open Secrets ( campaign contributions ) 2010 National Congressional Ballot from Pollster.com Election 2010 : House of Representatives Election from Rasmussen Reports Battle for the House from Real Clear Politics House Races in 2010 from CQ Politics A Look at 2010 Congressional Races at C - SPAN , ongoing video blog United States House of Representatives elections Years 1788 / 89 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 / 59 1860 / 61 1862 / 63 1864 / 65 1866 1868 1870 / 71 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special 1801 1917 1973 1989 1991 2001 110th Congress 111th Congress All Senate elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections ( 2009 ← ) 2010 United States elections ( → 2011 ) U.S. Senate Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware ( special ) Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts ( special ) Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New York New York ( special ) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia ( special ) Wisconsin U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida ( 19th ) Georgia ( 9th ) Guam Hawaii ( 1st ) Idaho Illinois Indiana ( 3rd ) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( 29th ) North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania ( 12th ) Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayors District of Columbia Honolulu Louisville New Orleans States ( Legislative ) Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Nancy Pelosi Political activities Electoral history of Nancy Pelosi 100 - Hour Plan United States House of Representatives elections , 2004 United States House of Representatives elections , 2006 United States House of Representatives elections , 2008 United States House of Representatives elections , 2010 Family Paul Pelosi ( spouse ) Christine Pelosi ( daughter ) Alexandra Pelosi ( daughter ) Michiel Vos ( son - in - law ) Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. ( father ) Thomas D'Alesandro III ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2010&oldid=839072701 '' Categories : United States House of Representatives elections , 2010 Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2012 Pages using bar box without float left or float right Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 02 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the republicans gain control of the house | [
"Republicans regained control of the chamber they had lost in the 2006 midterm elections, picking up a net total of 63 seats and erasing the gains Democrats made in 2006 and 2008. Although the sitting U.S. President's party usually loses seats in a midterm election, the 2010 election resulted in the highest loss of a party in a House midterm election since 1938,[6][7] and the largest House swing since 1948.[8] This also happened to be the Republicans' largest gain in House seats since 1938.[9] Republicans gained the most in New York state where they picked up six seats, defeating five incumbents and winning an open Democratic district. The heavy Democratic Party losses were attributed to anger with President Obama, opposition to the Affordable Care Act, large budget deficits and the weak economy.[10][11][12] This was also the third consecutive midterm election in a president's first term where the Republican Party has made gains in the House of Representatives, as well as the second consecutive midterm election where party control of the said chamber changed hands. Notable freshmen included future Senators Cory Gardner, Todd Young, James Lankford, and Tim Scott, future Governor of Delaware John Carney, future Director of the Office of Management and Budget Mick Mulvaney, future Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, future Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas Tim Griffin, and future Louisiana Attorney General Jeff Landry."
] | [
"the 2010 election"
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-6474493232335226199 | Ross University School of Medicine | Ross University School of Medicine - wikipedia Ross University School of Medicine Not to be confused with Ross Medical Education Center . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ross University School of Medicine Motto Dedita scientiae medendi Motto in English Dedicated to the science of healing Type Private , for - profit Established 1978 ( 1978 ) Dean William Owen , M.D. Students 3551 + Location Bridgetown , Barbados Nickname Ross Website medical.rossu.edu Ross University School of Medicine ( RUSM ) is a private international medical school located in Bridgetown , Barbados as of August 2018 . Its main campus is now located in Barbados , and separate administrative bases are located in Iselin , New Jersey and Miramar , Florida in the United States . It is owned by Adtalem Global Education Inc. , formerly DeVry Education Group , which purchased it in 2003 . Contents 1 History 2 Accreditation 3 Campus 3.1 Housing 4 Curriculum 4.1 Clinical training 4.2 Internal Medicine Foundations ( IMF ) 4.3 Clerkships 5 Academic outcomes 6 Alumni 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The medical school was founded in 1978 as The University of Dominica School of Medicine by Robert Ross , an entrepreneur . At the time , it was housed in leased facilities at The Castaways Hotel , with an inaugural class of 11 students . In 1982 , the University of Dominica School of Medicine formally changed its name to Ross University School of Medicine at the request of the government of Dominica . In 1985 California state medical licensing officials ( the Board of Medical Quality Assurance ) , began investigating RUSM , along with other medical schools located in the Caribbean . The officials released a report stating that RUSM at that time had nearly no admissions standards , and that the school was in the business of providing medical degrees to `` everyone that wants one . '' RUSM agreed to implement a number of changes recommended by the board and has since graduated over 11,000 practicing physicians . In the late 1990s , RUSM expressed interest in opening a new medical school in Casper , in the U.S. state of Wyoming , but accreditation was denied by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education , the organization that accredits MD - granting medical schools in the United States . Some local individuals welcomed the economic impact of a new medical school on the town , but critics questioned the quality of education at a for - profit institution . In 2003 , RUSM was acquired by DeVry Education Group , which has since renamed itself Adtalem Global Education . The school was impacted by Hurricane Maria in 2017 , when the Category 5 storm made landfall on the island of Dominica . The hurricane knocked out communications , effectively isolating RUSM from the outside world . The campus suffered moderate damage from the effects of Maria . Students and faculty were located through a university - initiated roll call , and then were evacuated from the campus to the U.S. mainland . In October 2017 , the university announced that classes for the fall semester would resume mid-October aboard the GNV Excellent , an Italian ferry that would be docked off the coast of the island of St. Kitts . The ship was reconfigured as an educational venue . In November 2017 , Ross University School of Medicine announced plans to relocate temporarily to Knoxville , Tennessee for continuation of medical school classes . Lincoln Memorial University ( LMU ) , based in Harrogate , Tennessee and with operations in Knoxville , will provide the necessary operational capacity and the technical capabilities to support RUSM faculty , students , and staff . Ross University School of Medicine has announced that the main campus will be relocated from Dominica to Barbados for the beginning of the 2019 Spring semester . Accreditation ( edit ) According to the university 's website , RUSM has been accredited and recognized by the following agencies : National Committee on Foreign Medical Education and Accreditation ( NCFMEA ) through the U.S. Department of Education , allowing American students to participate in the U.S. Federal Direct Student Loan Program Barbados Medical Council ( BMC ) Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and other Health Professions ( CAAM - HP ) General Medical Council of Great Britain The university has also received state - specific accreditation from California , New York , New Jersey , and Florida . Campus ( edit ) The Ross University School of Medicine pre-clinical campus will be located at the Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Centre at Two Mile Hill in Barbados . The campus is expected to feature a medical and anatomical imaging laboratory , a simulation center , and classrooms equipped with several plasma screens and projection equipment , similar to the previous campus in Dominica . Housing ( edit ) The university does not offer traditional dormitory housing options . Most students typically live in off - campus university - approved apartment buildings and complexes , selected from an internal housing database . The university also oversees a housing complex known as Ross University Housing , which features studio - style single - occupancy units . Curriculum ( edit ) The university accepts students for three different entering classes per year : September , January and May . The fall entering class is typically the largest each year. Since September 2010 , the university has followed an organ systems - based curriculum for its basic sciences . This is divided into two different tracks , known as `` Accelerated Curriculum '' and `` Curriculum '' as of May 2013 . The accelerated curriculum track covers the basic sciences in 60 weeks of study ( four semesters ) , while the Curriculum track covers the same material in 75 weeks ( five semesters ) with integrated study breaks . Both tracks share identical first semesters , allowing students more time to decide on the track they wish to pursue . Clinical training ( edit ) Unlike many American medical schools , Ross University does not own or affiliate with any particular primary teaching hospital . The university contracts with hospitals throughout the U.S. to accept and place students in clinical rotations . The Bakersfield Californian reported that Ross and Kern County in California agreed to a $35 million deal to enable Ross students to complete clinical rotations at Kern Medical Center . Upon completion of the curriculum , similar to that of U.S. medical schools , students must pass the USMLE Step 2 CS and USMLE Step 2 CK , prior to graduation . Internal Medicine Foundations ( IMF ) ( edit ) Prior to starting clerkships for the third and fourth years of the MD program , students are required to complete a six - week clinical semester known as Internal Medicine Foundations ( IMF ) in Miramar , Florida . Successful completion of this pre-clinical program is required prior to entry into a clerkship . Clerkships ( edit ) The university requires students to enter into `` track '' programs for clerkships , which would have most students complete core rotations at a single teaching hospital affiliate . The clerkship component of the program is currently composed of 48 weeks of required core rotations and 30 weeks of electives . Students have to option to enter clerkships in the United States , Canada or the United Kingdom . Academic outcomes ( edit ) In 2013 , the attrition rate at Ross University was reported to be approximately 20 - 27 % , which was significantly higher than that of U.S. medical schools ( 3 % ) . According to the university 's Gainful Employment data , 77 % of students completed the program in four years in 2014 - 2015 . According to the US Department of Education , 70 % of students completed the program on time in 2016 with a mean combined loan debt of $268,134.00 for U.S. borrowers . In 2016 , the university reported a residency match rate of 86 % among first - time eligible applicants . In 2016 , the university reported first - time pass rates for the USMLE Step 1 , USMLE Step 2 CK , and USMLE Step 2 CS were 93 % , 87 % , and 94 % , respectively . Alumni ( edit ) Since opening in 1978 , over 13,000 students have graduated from the university . Henry Bello - shooter in the Bronx Lebanon Hospital attack on June 30 , 2017 Michael R. Williams - president of the University of North Texas Health Science Center See also ( edit ) International medical graduate List of medical schools in the Caribbean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Student Consumer Information '' . rossu.edu . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Beall , Pat ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` Entrepreneur , part - time Palm Beacher Robert Ross dies at age 92 '' . The Palm Beach Post . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` Robert Ross , Global Deal Maker , Dies at 92 '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Paul ( 13 September 1985 ) . `` State Dubious , Will Monitor Caribbean Medical Schools '' . The Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Elizabeth ( June 27 , 1999 ) . `` U.S. Resists For - Profit Medical School '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Roach , Ronald ( 8 May 2003 ) . `` DeVry to Purchase Caribbean Medical School '' . Diverse Education . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ross University Blog '' . Ross University . 26 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Schencker , Lisa . `` Displaced medical school will relocate from Caribbean cruise ship to Tennessee '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Medical school relocates to Barbados after hurricane '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adtalem Global Education Announces Barbados as New Location for Ross University School of Medicine '' . Adtalem Global Education . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Accreditation and Approvals '' . medical.rossu.edu . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ross University Opens New Student Center '' . Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blog - Ross University School of Medicine - CAMPUS EXPANSION : Officials Tour New Student Center Site '' . Ross University School of Medicine . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ross University School of Medicine - Caribbean Medical Schools '' . Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hundley , Kris ( 25 December 2009 ) . `` Investigators want to know if the quality of offshore medical schools justifies the cost '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Kellie ( 29 May 2002 ) . `` Supervisors approve $35 million deal with Caribbean medical school '' . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ross University School of Medicine - Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Lorin , Janet ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` DeVry Lures Medical School Rejects as Taxpayers Fund Debt '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ED Gainful Employment Disclosure Template '' . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/sites/default/files/ross-university-school-medicine.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . medical.rossu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and figures '' . Ross University School of Medicine . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( 2017 - 07 - 01 ) . `` For Gunman at Bronx Hospital , Fleeting Success and Persistent Strife '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Williams Officially Named President of UNT Health Science Center '' . Market Watch . 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Ross University School of Medicine official site Adtalem Global Education ( formerly DeVry ) Divisions American University of the Caribbean Becker Professional Education Carrington College Chamberlain University DeVry University Ibmec Ross University School of Medicine Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine Related Bell & Howell EduPristine Coordinates : 15 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 61 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 15.556995 ° N 61.458431 ° W / 15.556995 ; - 61.458431 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ross_University_School_of_Medicine&oldid=858957712 '' Categories : Medical schools in Barbados Medical schools in the Caribbean Educational institutions established in 1978 1978 establishments in North America Adtalem Global Education Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 September 2018 , at 19 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ross university school of medicine where is it | [
"Ross University School of Medicine (RUSM) is a private international medical school located in Bridgetown, Barbados as of August 2018. Its main campus is now located in Barbados, and separate administrative bases are located in Iselin, New Jersey and Miramar, Florida in the United States. It is owned by Adtalem Global Education Inc., formerly DeVry Education Group, which purchased it in 2003. \n"
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"Bridgetown, Barbados"
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6674623607858041037 | List of Major League Baseball record holders | List of Major League Baseball record holders - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball record holders Jump to : navigation , search In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , records play an integral part in evaluating a player 's impact on the sport . Holding a career record almost guarantees a player eventual entry into the Baseball Hall of Fame because it represents both longevity and consistency over a long period of time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Batting records ( 1876 -- present ) 1.1 Career 1.2 Single - Season 2 Pitching records ( 1876 -- present ) 2.1 Career 2.1. 1 Live - ball era ( 1920 -- present ) 2.2 Single season 2.2. 1 Live - ball era ( 1920 -- present ) 3 Hitting records : single game ( 1876 -- present ) 4 Pitching records : single game ( 1876 -- present ) 5 Catcher records : career 6 Catcher records : single season 7 Other records 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Batting Records ( 1876 -- present ) ( edit ) Career ( edit ) Babe Ruth ( left ) holds the record for highest slugging percentage , and OPS while Ty Cobb ( right ) holds the records for highest batting average and most steals of home . Barry Bonds holds the most hitting records with ten , most notably the career home run and single - season home run records . Ichiro Suzuki collected 262 hits in 2004 , breaking George Sisler 's 84 - year - old record for most hits in a season . Record Player # Refs Highest batting average Ty Cobb . 3664 Most singles Pete Rose 3,215 Most doubles Tris Speaker 792 Most triples Sam Crawford 309 Most home runs Barry Bonds 762 Most grand slams Alex Rodriguez 23 Most home runs by a pitcher Wes Ferrell 38 Most grand slams by a pitcher Madison Bumgarner Oldest player to hit first home run Bartolo Colón 7004156890000000000 ♠ 42 years , 349 days old Youngest player to hit a home run Tommy Brown 7003646700000000000 ♠ 17 years , 257 days old Most runs batted in Hank Aaron 2,297 Most hits Pete Rose 4,256 Most runs scored Rickey Henderson 2,295 Highest on - base percentage Ted Williams . 482 Most stolen bases Rickey Henderson 1,406 Most steals of home Ty Cobb 54 Highest slugging percentage Babe Ruth . 690 Highest OPS Babe Ruth 1.164 Most walks Barry Bonds 2,558 Most intentional walks Barry Bonds 688 Most strikeouts Reggie Jackson 2,597 Most at - bats Pete Rose 14,555 Most total bases Hank Aaron 6,856 Most runs created Barry Bonds 2,892 Most games played Pete Rose 3,562 Single - Season ( edit ) Records Player # Season Refs Games Maury Wills 165 1962 Highest batting average Hugh Duffy . 440 1894 Most singles in a season Ichiro Suzuki 225 Most doubles Earl Webb 67 1931 Most triples Chief Wilson 36 1912 Most home runs Barry Bonds 73 2001 Most runs batted in Hack Wilson 191 1930 Most hits Ichiro Suzuki 262 Most runs scored Billy Hamilton 192 1894 Highest on - base percentage Barry Bonds . 609 Most stolen bases Hugh Nicol Rickey Henderson 138 130 1887 1982 Highest slugging percentage Barry Bonds . 863 2001 Highest OPS Barry Bonds 1.422 Most walks Barry Bonds 232 Most strikeouts Mark Reynolds 223 2009 Most extra base hits Babe Ruth 119 1921 Fastest pitch thrown Aroldis Chapman 106 mph Most total bases Babe Ruth 457 1921 Consecutive game hitting streak Joe DiMaggio 56 1941 Most at - bats Jimmy Rollins 716 2007 Pitching Records ( 1876 -- present ) ( edit ) Career ( edit ) Cy Young , the Major League record holder for most career wins , losses , innings pitched , and complete games . Record Player # Most wins Cy Young 511 Most losses Cy Young 316 Lowest E.R.A. Ed Walsh 1.82 Most no - hitters Nolan Ryan 7 Most strikeouts Nolan Ryan 5,714 Most shutouts Walter Johnson 110 Most pickoffs Steve Carlton 144 Most innings pitched Cy Young 7,354 2⁄3 Most hit batsmen Gus Weyhing 278 Most home runs allowed Jamie Moyer 522 Most complete games Cy Young 749 Lowest WHIP Addie Joss . 968 Most saves Mariano Rivera 652 Highest win -- loss percentage Spud Chandler 71.7 % Most games Jesse Orosco 1,252 Most consecutive scoreless innings pitched Orel Hershiser 59 Live - ball era ( 1920 -- present ) ( edit ) ( if different from overall records ) Record Player # Most wins Warren Spahn 363 Most losses Nolan Ryan 292 Lowest earned - run average Mariano Rivera 2.21 Most shutouts Warren Spahn 63 Most innings pitched Phil Niekro 5,404 1⁄3 Most complete games Warren Spahn 382 Lowest WHIP Mariano Rivera 1.004 Single season ( edit ) Record Player # Season Most wins Old Hoss Radbourn 59 1884 Most losses John Coleman 48 1883 Lowest E.R.A. Tim Keefe 0.86 1880 Most strikeouts Matt Kilroy 513 1886 Most shutouts George Bradley Pete Alexander 16 1876 1916 Most innings pitched Will White 680 1879 Most complete games Will White 75 1879 Lowest WHIP Pedro Martínez . 7373 2000 Most saves Francisco Rodríguez 62 2008 Highest win / loss percentage Roy Face 94.7 % 1959 Most hits allowed John Coleman 772 1883 Most earned runs allowed John Coleman 291 1883 Live - ball era ( 1920 -- present ) ( edit ) ( if different from all - time records ) Record Player # Season Most wins Jim Bagby , Sr . Lefty Grove Denny McLain 31 1920 1931 1968 Most losses Paul Derringer 27 1933 Most strikeouts Nolan Ryan 383 1973 Most shutouts Bob Gibson 13 1968 Most innings pitched Mickey Lolich 376 1971 Most complete games Bob Feller 36 1946 Most hits allowed George Uhle 378 1923 Most earned runs allowed Bobo Newsom 186 1938 Hitting Records : Single game ( 1876 -- present ) ( edit ) Most hits in a nine - inning game : 7 by Wilbert Robinson , June 10 , 1892 , and Rennie Stennett , September 16 , 1975 . Most hits in an extra-inning game : 9 , Johnny Burnett , July 10 , 1932 . Most total bases in a nine - inning game : 19 ( 4 home runs , a double and a single ) , Shawn Green , May 23 , 2002 . Pitching records : single game ( 1876 -- present ) ( edit ) Most home runs allowed : 7 , Charlie Sweeney , June 12 , 1886 Most strikeouts : 21 , Tom Cheney , September 12 , 1962 ( 16 innings ) Most strikeouts in a nine - inning game : 20 by Kerry Wood , Roger Clemens ( twice ) , and Max Scherzer Most consecutive home runs allowed : 4 by Paul Foytack , July 31 , 1963 , Chase Wright , April 22 , 2007 , and Dave Bush , August 11 , 2010 Oldest pitcher to win a game : Jamie Moyer , age 7004180480000000000 ♠ 49 years , 151 days , May 16 , 2012 Oldest pitcher to win a game : Jamie Moyer , age 49 , pitching for the Colorado Rockies in 2012 Catcher Records : Career ( edit ) Most runners caught stealing : 810 , Gary Carter Most stolen bases allowed : 1,498 , Gary Carter Most stolen - base attempts : 2,308 , Gary Carter Highest caught - stealing % : 57.40 % , Roy Campanella Most pickoffs : 81 , Iván Rodríguez Most games caught : 2,427 , Iván Rodríguez Most caught no hitters : 4 , Jason Varitek , May 19 , 2008 and Carlos Ruiz , July 25 , 2015 . Note : Pre-1950 stolen - base data is incomplete ; career leaders shown from 1950 to present . Catcher Records : Single Season ( edit ) Most runners caught stealing : Jody Davis , 89 ( 1986 ) Most stolen bases allowed : Mike Piazza , 155 ( 1996 ) Highest caught - stealing % : Mike LaValliere , 72.73 % ( 1993 ) Most no - hitters caught : 2 , Carlos Ruiz ( 2010 ) ( List of Major League Baseball no - hitters ) Both of Ruiz 's no - hitters were by Roy Halladay ; the second was in Game 1 of the National League Division Series , Halladay 's first career postseason start . In 1914 , Yankees catcher Les Nunamaker threw out three runners in the same inning . Other Records ( edit ) Most World Series wins ( as a manager ) : 7 , Casey Stengel , Joe McCarthy Most pennants won : 10 , Casey Stengel , John McGraw Most World Series appearances ( as a manager ) : 10 , Casey Stengel Most World Series appearances ( as a team ) : 40 , New York Yankees Most World Series titles ( as a team ) : 27 , New York Yankees Most regular season wins ( as a team ) : 116 , Seattle Mariners , Chicago Cubs Most MVP Awards won : 7 , Barry Bonds Most Grand Slams By a Pitcher in One Season : Tony Cloninger , Madison Bumgarner , 2 Most Consecutive Games Played : 2,632 , Cal Ripken , Jr . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball single - game records List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Prior to 1898 , a player was credited with a stolen base if he took an extra base on a base hit by another player . For example , a baserunner is on first base and the batter singles to right field . If the baserunner reaches second base , then proceeds to take third , he would be credited with a stolen base . The single - season record under modern rules is 130 by Rickey Henderson in 1982 . Jump up ^ Even though Hershiser 's 59 consecutive scoreless innings occurred completely within the 1988 season , other pitchers have had streaks spanning more than one season . Thus , it is necessary to put the record over a career . Jump up ^ Randy Johnson pitched 20 strikeouts working 9 innings in an 11 - inning game . Since the game went over 9 innings , his performance is not officially considered a record References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Singles '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Doubles '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Triples '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Total Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Mets Pitcher Bartolo Colon Becomes Oldest Player to Hit First Home Run Jump up ^ `` Home Run Records by Age '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Runs Batted In '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Runs Scored '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for On - Base % '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Stolen Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Slugging % '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for On - Base Plus Slugging '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Bases on Balls '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Intentional Bases on Balls '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Strikeouts '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for At Bats '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Total Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Runs Created '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Games Played '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Batting average '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Singles '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Doubles '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Triples '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Runs Batted In '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Runs Scored '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for On - Base % '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Stolen Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Slugging % '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for On - Base Plus Slugging '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Bases on Balls '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Intentional Bases on Balls '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Total Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for At Bats '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Records for hits at Baseball Almanac Jump up ^ `` Strikeout Records by Pitchers including Career Strikeouts , Single Season Strikeouts and Strikeouts in a Game Records , by Baseball Almanac '' . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders &Records for Caught Stealing as C - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders &Records for Stolen Bases Allowed as C - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders &Records for Caught Stealing % - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.retrosheet.org/Research/WeigandJ/Rating%20The%20Catchers.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/Gm_c_career.shtml Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders &Records for Caught Stealing as C - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders &Records for Stolen Bases Allowed as C - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Leaders &Records for Caught Stealing % - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WordPress.com '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) All - time records at Baseball-Reference.com Unbreakable Baseball Records -- slideshow by Life magazine Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_record_holders&oldid=808466693 '' Categories : Major League Baseball records Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 01 : 16 . About Wikipedia | who holds the major league record for strikeouts in a single season | [
"\n\nRecords\nPlayer\n#\nSeason\nRefs\n\n\nGames\nMaury Wills\n165\n1962\n\n\n\nHighest batting average\nHugh Duffy\n.440\n1894\n[21]\n\n\nMost singles in a season\nIchiro Suzuki\n225\n2004\n[22]\n\n\nMost doubles\nEarl Webb\n67\n1931\n[23]\n\n\nMost triples\nChief Wilson\n36\n1912\n[24]\n\n\nMost home runs\nBarry Bonds\n73\n2001\n\n\n\nMost runs batted in\nHack Wilson\n191\n1930\n[25]\n\n\nMost hits\nIchiro Suzuki\n262\n2004\n[26]\n\n\nMost runs scored\nBilly Hamilton\n192\n1894\n[27]\n\n\nHighest on-base percentage\nBarry Bonds\n.609\n2004\n[28]\n\n\nMost stolen bases[a]\nHugh Nicol\nRickey Henderson\n138\n130\n1887\n1982\n[29]\n\n\nHighest slugging percentage\nBarry Bonds\n.863\n2001\n[30]\n\n\nHighest OPS\nBarry Bonds\n1.422\n2004\n[31]\n\n\nMost walks\nBarry Bonds\n232\n2004\n[32]\n\n\nMost strikeouts\nMark Reynolds\n223\n2009\n\n\n\nMost extra base hits\nBabe Ruth\n119\n1921\n[33]\n\n\nFastest pitch thrown\nAroldis Chapman\n106 mph\n2010\n\n\n\nMost total bases\nBabe Ruth\n457\n1921\n[34]\n\n\nConsecutive game hitting streak\nJoe DiMaggio\n56\n1941\n\n\n\nMost at-bats\nJimmy Rollins\n716\n2007\n[35]\n\n"
] | [
"Mark Reynolds"
] |
8331614498065436124 | Rajya Sabha | Rajya Sabha - Wikipedia Rajya Sabha Jump to : navigation , search For Current list of Rajya Sabha members , see List of current members of the Rajya Sabha . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 0 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 30 '' E / 28.61667 ° N 77.20833 ° E / 28.61667 ; 77.20833 Rajya Sabha Council of States Emblem of India Type Type Upper house of the Parliament of India Term limits 6 years Leadership Chairman ( Vice-President ) Venkaiah Naidu , Independent Since 11 August 2017 Deputy Chairman P.J. Kurien , INC Since 21 August 2012 Leader of the House Arun Jaitley , BJP Since 2 June 2014 Leader of the Opposition Ghulam Nabi Azad , INC Since 8 June 2014 Structure Seats 245 233 Elected 12 Nominated 5 Vacant ( 5 Elected Seats ) Political groups Government coalition ( 84 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 84 ) BJP ( 56 ) JD ( U ) ( 10 ) TDP ( 6 ) SAD ( 3 ) SS ( 3 ) JKPDP ( 2 ) BPF ( 1 ) NPF ( 1 ) RPI ( A ) ( 1 ) SDF ( 1 ) Opposition Parties ( 161 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 63 ) INC ( 57 ) DMK ( 4 ) IUML ( 1 ) KC ( M ) ( 1 ) Janata Parivar Parties ( 5 ) RJD ( 3 ) INLD ( 1 ) JD ( S ) ( 1 ) Unaligned Parties ( 74 ) SP ( 18 ) AIADMK ( 13 ) AITC ( 12 ) BJD ( 8 ) CPI ( M ) ( 7 ) BSP ( 5 ) NCP ( 5 ) TRS ( 3 ) CPI ( 1 ) JMM ( 1 ) YSRCP ( 1 ) Others ( 19 ) Nominated ( 8 ) Independents ( 6 ) Vacant ( 5 ) Elections Voting system Single transferable vote Last election 21 July and 08 August 2017 Next election Indian Rajya Sabha elections , 2018 Meeting place Chamber of Rajya Sabha , Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India Website rajyasabha.nic.in The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India . Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members , and current laws have provision for 245 members . Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes , while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services . Members sit for staggered six - year terms , with one third of the members retiring every two years . The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions , and unlike the Lok Sabha , the lower house of Parliament , is not subject to dissolution . However , the Rajya Sabha , like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President . The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha , except in the area of supply , where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers . In the case of conflicting legislation , a joint sitting of the two houses can be held . However , since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha , the former would normally hold the greater power . Joint sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare , and in the history of the Republic , only three such joint - sessions have been held ; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act . The Vice-President of India ( currently , Venkaiah Naidu ) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha , who presides over its sessions . The Deputy Chairman , who is elected from amongst the house 's members , takes care of the day - to - day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman . The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952 . The salary and other benefits for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha . Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifications 2 Limitations 2.1 Money bills 2.2 Joint Sitting of the Parliament 2.3 No - confidence motion 3 Powers 3.1 Union - States Relations 3.2 Creation of All - India Services 4 Membership and composition 4.1 Membership by party 5 Officers 5.1 Leader of the House 5.2 Leader of the Opposition 6 Secretariat 7 Media 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Qualifications ( edit ) Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament . A member of the Rajya Sabha must : Must be a citizen of India . Must make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution . Must be at least 30 years old . Must be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of Single transferable vote through Proportional representation . Must have their name present on the voters ' list . Cannot be a proclaimed criminal . Cannot be an insolvent , i.e. he / she should not be in debt that he / she is not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet his / her financial expenses . Should not hold any other office of profit under the Government of India . Should not be of unsound mind . Must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament . In addition , twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge in various areas like arts and science . However , they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution . Limitations ( edit ) The Constitution of India places some restrictions on Rajya Sabha which makes Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas in comparison . Money bills ( edit ) Money bills , as defined in the Constitution of India Act 110 , can only be introduced in Lok Sabha . When Lok Sabha passes a money bill , and transmits it to Rajya Sabha , Rajya Sabha has only fourteen days to return the bill ( with or without amendments ) to Lok Sabha . If Rajya Sabha fails to return the bill in fourteen days , that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses . Also , if Lok Sabha rejects any ( or all ) of the amendments proposed by Rajya Sabha , the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament in the form Lok Sabha finally passes it . Hence , Rajya Sabha can not stall , or amend , a money bill without Lok Sabha 's concurrence on the same . Joint sitting of the Parliament ( edit ) Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases . A joint sitting can be convened by the President of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house , has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months , or has disagreed to the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it . Considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha , Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament . A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha . Also , because the joint session is convened by the President on advice of the government , which already has a majority in Lok Sabha , the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority . Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity , and have been convened three times in last 69 years , for the purpose of passage of a specific legislative act , the latest time being in 2002 : 1961 : Dowry Prohibition Act , 1958 1978 : Banking Services Commission ( Repeal ) Act , 1977 2002 : Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 No - confidence motion ( edit ) Unlike the Lok Sabha , a member of the Rajya Sabha can not bring to the house a no - confidence motion against the government . Powers ( edit ) In Indian federal structure , Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature ( Hence the name , Council of States ) . Hence , Rajya Sabha is granted powers that protect the rights of States against the Union . Union - States relations ( edit ) The Constitution empowers Parliament of India to make laws on the matters reserved for States ( States List ) . However , this can only be done if Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution by two - thirds special majority granting such a power to the Union Parliament . The union government can not make a law on a matter reserved for states without any authorisation from Rajya Sabha . Creation of all - India Services ( edit ) Rajya Sabha , by a two - thirds super majority can pass a resolution empowering the Government of India to create more All - India Services common to both Union and States , including a judicial service . Membership and Composition ( edit ) Seats are allotted in proportion to the population of people of each state or union territory in such a manner that smaller states have slight advantage over more populous states . In addition , smaller Union Territories , which are not States and which do not have legislatures , do not have representation in Rajya Sabha . Hence , Andaman & Nicobar Islands , Lakshadweep , Chandigarh , Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli do not send any representatives to Rajya Sabha. 12 members are nominated by the President . As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950 , the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States . The present strength , however , is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by the President . The twelve nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields , and are well known contributors in the particular field . A few examples of such nominated persons are cricketing icon Sachin Tendulkar , former RBI Governor Bimal Jalan and famous lyricist and poet Javed Akhtar . As of March 2014 , each state or union territory specified in the first column of the following table , there shall be allotted the number of seats specified in the second column thereof opposite to that State or that union territory , as the case may be : Name of state and union territory No. of Seats Andhra Pradesh 11 Arunachal Pradesh Assam 7 Bihar 16 Chhattisgarh 5 Goa Gujarat 11 Haryana 5 Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand 6 Karnataka 12 Kerala 9 Madhya Pradesh 11 Maharashtra 19 Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland National Capital Territory of Delhi Nominated 12 Odisha 10 Puducherry Punjab 7 Rajasthan 10 Sikkim Tamil Nadu 18 Telangana 7 Tripura Uttar Pradesh 31 Uttarakhand West Bengal 16 Total 245 Membership by party ( edit ) Main article : List of current members of the Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha Secretariat ( As of 23 October 2017 ) : Alliances Party MP National Democratic Alliance Seats : 84 Bharatiya Janata Party 56 Janata Dal ( United ) 10 Telugu Desam Party 6 Shiromani Akali Dal Shiv Sena Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Bodoland People 's Front Naga People 's Front Republican Party of India ( A ) Sikkim Democratic Front United Progressive Alliance Seats : 63 Indian National Congress 57 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Indian Union Muslim League Kerala Congress ( M ) Janata Parivar Seats : 5 Rashtriya Janata Dal Indian National Lok Dal Janata Dal ( Secular ) Other Parties Seats : 74 Samajwadi Party 18 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 13 All India Trinamool Congress 12 Biju Janata Dal 8 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 7 Bahujan Samaj Party 5 Nationalist Congress Party 5 Telangana Rashtra Samithi Communist Party of India Jharkhand Mukti Morcha YSR Congress Party Nominated 8 Independents 6 Vacant Seats 5 Total 245 Officers ( edit ) Leader of the house ( edit ) Main article : Leader of the House ( Rajya Sabha ) Besides the Chairman ( Vice-President of India ) and the Deputy Chairman , there is also a position called Leader of the House . This is a cabinet minister - the prime minister if he is a member of the House , or another nominated minister . The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman , in the front row . Leader of the Opposition ( edit ) Main article : Leader of the Opposition ( India ) Besides the Leader of the House , who is leading the majority , there is also a Leader of the Opposition ( LOP ) -- leading the minority parties . The function was only recognized in the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of the Opposition in Parliament Act 1977 . This is commonly the leader of the largest non-government party , and is recognized as such by the Chairman . The following people have been the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha : Sr No Name Portrait Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister Shyam Nandan Mishra December 1969 March 1971 INC ( O ) Indira Gandhi M.S. Gurupadaswamy March 1971 April 1972 Kamalapati Tripathi 30 March 1977 15 February 1978 INC Morarji Desai Bhola Paswan Shastri 24 February 1978 23 March 1978 INC ( O ) 5 Kamalapati Tripathi 23 March 1978 8 January 1980 INC Charan Singh 6 Lal Krishna Advani 21 January 1980 7 April 1980 Janata Party Indira Gandhi 7 P. Shiv Shankar 18 December 1989 2 January 1991 INC V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar 8 M.S. Gurupadaswamy 28 June 1991 21 July 1991 Janata Dal P.V. Narasimha Rao 9 S. Jaipal Reddy 22 July 1991 29 June 1992 10 Sikander Bakht 7 July 1992 23 May 1996 BJP 11 Shankarrao Chavan 23 May 1996 1 June 1996 INC Atal Bihari Vajpayee 12 Sikander Bakht 1 June 1996 19 March 1998 BJP H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral 13 Dr. Manmohan Singh 21 March 1998 21 May 2004 INC Atal Bihari Vajpayee 14 Jaswant Singh 3 June 2004 16 May 2009 BJP Manmohan Singh 15 Arun Jaitley 3 June 2009 26 May 2014 16 Ghulam Nabi Azad 8 June 2014 Incumbent INC Narendra Modi Secretariat ( edit ) The Secretariat of Rajya Sabha was set up pursuant to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution . The said Article , which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament , reads as follows : - 98 . Secretariat of Parliament - Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff : Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament . ( 2 ) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament . The Rajya Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Chairman . The main activities of the Secretariat inter alia include the following : ( i ) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) possible to Members of Rajya Sabha ; ( iv ) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees ; ( v ) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications ; ( vi ) recruitment of manpower in the Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters ; and ( vii ) preparing and publishing a record of the day - to - day proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and bringing out such other publications , as may be required concerning the functioning of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees . In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities , the Chairman , Rajya Sabha is assisted by the Secretary - General , who holds the rank equivalent ( 16 ) to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India . The Secretary - General , in turn , is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary , Additional Secretary , Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat . Media ( edit ) Rajya Sabha Television ( RSTV ) is a 24 hour a day , seven day a week parliamentary TV channel fully owned and operated by the Rajya Sabha . The channel is aimed at providing in - depth coverage and analysis of parliamentary affairs especially the functioning of and developments related to Rajya Sabha . During sessions of Parliament , apart from telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha , RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day - to - day parliamentary events and developments . See also ( edit ) Lok Sabha List of members of the Rajya Sabha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . New Delhi , India . 11 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deputy Chairman , Rajya Sabha , Parliament of India '' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RAJYA SABHA - AN INTRODUCTION '' . rajyasabha.nic.in . Archived from the original on 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA ( STATE WISE LIST ) '' . Rajya Sabha . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Deshmukh , Yashwant ( 11 June 2016 ) . `` Crucial polls today : A guide to calculus of Rajya Sabha for dummies '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OUR PARLIAMENT '' . Indian Parliament . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) - rajyasabha.in '' . Archived from the original on 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HANDBOOK FOR RETURNING OFFICERS - FOR ELECTIONS TO THE COUNCIL OF STATES AND STATE LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 1992 . p. 400 - 426 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Constitution of India / Part V # Article 109 . 7BSpecial procedure in respect of Money Bills. 7D Jump up ^ `` 642 Sidharth Chauhan , Bicameralism : comparative insights and lessons '' . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT RAJYA SABHA '' . Indian Parliament . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Composition of Rajya Sabha - Rajya Sabha At Work '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in . Rajya Sabha Secretariat , New Delhi . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 July 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajya Sabha members alloted ( sic ) to Telangana , Andhra Pradesh '' . The Economic Times . 30 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STRENGTHWISE PARTY POSITION IN THE RAJYA SABHA '' . Rajya Sabha . Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Rajya Sabha TV '' . Rajya Sabha . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) The Nominated Members of India 's Council of States : A Study of Role - Definition J.H. Proctor , Legislative Studies Quarterly , Vol. 10 , No. 1 , Feb 1985 , pp. 53 -- 70 . Alistair , McMillan . `` Constitution 91st Amendment Bill : A Constitutional Fraud ? '' . nuff.ox.ac.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) Rajya Sabha homepage hosted by the Indian government Rajya Sabha FAQ page hosted by the Indian government 37 Rajya Sabha members have criminal background : Study - analysis by the Association for Democratic Reforms and National Election Watch Nominated members list State wise list Rajya Sabha Television MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA ( STATE WISE LIST ) TN List of Members of Rajya Sabha by States and Territories Presiding Officers & Parliamentary Functionaries Chairman Deputy - Chairman Chairman Pro tem Panel of Deputy - Chairmen Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Chairmen of Parliamentary Committees ( Rajya Sabha ) Whips Secretary - General Current members List of current members of the Rajya Sabha See also : List of current members of the Lok Sabha Members by state , territory or nomination Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Nominated Elections 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Government of India Constitution Constitution of India Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India Federalism in India Union List State List Concurrent List Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services Cabinet Secretary of India State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name of the current chairperson of rajya sabha | [
"The Vice-President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952.[6] The salary and other benefits for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha."
] | [
"Venkaiah Naidu"
] |
-1947694801165686915 | Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 6) | Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 6 ) Cover used by the iTunes Store Starring Mimi Faust Rasheeda Karlie Redd Tammy Rivera Tommie Lee Joseline Hernandez Stevie J Country of origin United States Release Original network VH1 Original release March 6 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) -- July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta episodes The sixth season of the reality television series Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta aired on VH1 from March 6 , 2017 until July 17 , 2017 . The show was primarily filmed in Atlanta , Georgia . It is executively produced by Mona Scott - Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment , Toby Barraud , Stefan Springman , Mala Chapple , David DiGangi , Lashan Browning and Donna Edge - Rachell for Eastern TV , and Nina L. Diaz , Liz Fine and Vivian Gomez for VH1 . The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the Atlanta area , involved in hip hop music . It consists of 18 episodes , including a two - part reunion special hosted by Nina Parker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Sypnosis 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Supporting cast 3.3 Notable guest stars 4 Episodes 5 Music 6 Joseline 's Special Delivery 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) On February 21 , 2017 , VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta would be returning for a sixth season on March 6 , 2017 . A 5 - minute long `` super-trailer '' was released the following week . With the exception of K. Michelle , despite persistent rumors of a mass firing , all main cast members from the previous season returned , along with Tommie Lee , who was promoted to the main cast . Social media personality Lovely Mimi joined the supporting cast , along with club promoter Melissa Scott , Kirk 's alleged mistress Jasmine Washington , her lovers Rod Bullock and Keanna Arnold , beauty shop owner Sierra Gates , her assistant Moriah Lee and her husband Shooter Gates . Although not included in the initial cast announcement , aspiring radio personality Tresure Price , aspiring singer Estelita Quintero , Stevie J 's daughter Savannah Jordan and Tommie 's mother Samantha would also appear in supporting roles . Rapper Gunplay appeared as a supporting cast member for one episode , leading to speculation that his appearance served as a teaser for the upcoming spin - off Love & Hip Hop : Miami . On April 19 , 2017 , VH1 announced that Joseline 's Special Delivery , a special documenting the birth of Joseline 's child , will air between the season 's eighth and ninth episodes on May 1 , 2017 . It premiered to 2.18 million viewers . Additionally , Dirty Little Secrets 2 , a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes , aired on May 10 , 2017 to over 1 million viewers . The series premiere garnered big ratings for the network , with VH1 announcing a combined rating of 5.2 million viewers , up 17 % from its fifth season bow . However , ratings soon decreased and the show began receiving criticism for its focus on the new cast members and their little - to - no connection with the hip hop music industry , as well as their allegedly fabricated storylines . Funky Dineva , who has recapped the show for six years and appeared in early episodes of the show , slammed the storyline involving Sierra and Moriah as `` phony and fake '' and said executive producer Mona Scott - Young `` should be ashamed '' to put her name on `` this garbage ass , fake ass , bullshit ass show '' . Production on the season became increasingly troubled , with later episodes showing scenes of Joseline Hernandez and Kirk Frost breaking the fourth wall to express their displeasure with the producers . Long time cast members Bambi Benson , Ariane Davis and Deb Antney had their screen time reduced dramatically while Dawn Heflin was phased out of the show nearly entirely ( having only two minor guest appearances ) . On January 27 , 2017 , Bambi was hospitalized during filming , and later confirmed to have quit the show due to her drama with Scrappy . Behind the scenes during the reunion taping on June 1 , 2017 , tensions between Joseline , Mona Scott - Young and the other producers exploded , with Joseline announcing that she had quit the show after six seasons . With this season , Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta became the first incarnation of the franchise to reach 100 episodes . Sypnosis ( edit ) The season opens with a heavily pregnant Joseline at war with Stevie over the paternity of her child . Karlie and Yung Joc have rekindled their romance , however she finds it difficult to forget his past treatment of her . Tammy has left Waka . Tommie is dealing with the legal repercussions of her violent feud with Joseline last year . At Joseline 's masquerade - themed party , Karlie and Joc are shocked when they approached by a woman named Jasmine , who claims the father of her baby born a few months ago is Kirk . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Mimi Faust Rasheeda Karlie Redd Tammy Rivera ( episodes 1 -- 16 ) Tommie Lee Joseline Hernandez Stevie J Supporting cast ( edit ) Yung Joc ( episodes 1 -- 13 , 16 -- 18 ) Melissa Scott ( episodes 1 -- 3 , 5 -- 6 , 8 , 10 -- 14 , 17 -- 18 ) Jasmine Washington ( episodes 1 -- 5 , 13 -- 15 ) Kirk Frost ( episodes 1 -- 3 , 5 , 8 , 11 -- 13 , 15 -- 18 ) Rod Bullock ( episodes 2 -- 3 , 5 , 13 -- 14 ) Momma Dee ( episodes 2 , 4 , 6 , 9 , 15 -- 18 ) Ernest Bryant ( episodes 2 , 5 , 9 , 16 -- 18 ) Lil Scrappy ( episodes 2 -- 5 , 7 -- 9 , 17 -- 18 ) Karen `` KK '' King ( episodes 2 , 7 -- 8 , 10 , 15 -- 16 , 18 ) Waka Flocka Flame ( episodes 3 , 7 , 9 , 12 -- 13 ) Jessica Dime , ( episodes 3 -- 8 , 10 -- 18 ) Keanna Arnold ( episodes 3 -- 5 , 13 ) Adiz `` Bambi '' Benson ( episodes 4 , 9 -- 10 ) Sierra Gates ( episodes 4 -- 7 , 10 , 14 , 17 -- 18 ) Moriah Lee ( episodes 4 -- 7 , 16 -- 18 ) Lovely Mimi ( episodes 4 -- 8 , 10 , 13 , 16 -- 18 ) Tresure Price ( episodes 4 -- 6 , 9 , 12 -- 13 , 16 -- 18 ) Shooter Gates ( episodes 5 -- 6 , 17 -- 18 ) Deb Antney ( episodes 7 , 15 -- 16 ) Ariane Davis ( episodes 1 , 3 , 8 , 17 -- 18 ) Gunplay ( episode 9 ) Shirleen Harvell ( episodes 5 , 9 -- 10 , 15 -- 18 ) Estelita Quintero ( episodes 9 , 11 -- 12 , 14 , 16 -- 18 ) Savannah Jordan ( episodes 2 , 6 , 9 , 14 , 15 -- 16 ) Samantha ( episodes 2 , 7 -- 8 , 10 , 15 , 16 ) Notable guest stars ( edit ) Friends and family Bessie Bryant ( episode 2 ) -- Ernest 's mother . Sade Jordan ( episodes 6 , 9 , 14 -- 16 ) -- Stevie 's daughter . Dorian Jordan ( episodes 6 , 16 ) -- Stevie 's son . Sina Bina ( episodes 6 , 8 ) -- Yung Joc 's baby mama . Dawn Heflin ( episodes 6 , 8 ) -- Joseline 's friend . Kermit Silva ( episodes 6 -- 7 ) -- Joseline 's brother . Scrapp DeLeon ( episode 7 ) -- Tommie 's ex-boyfriend . Eva Jordan ( episodes 11 , 16 ) -- Stevie and Mimi 's daughter . Logan Bullard ( episodes 12 -- 15 ) -- Jasmine 's ex-boyfriend . Kelsie Frost ( episodes 15 -- 16 ) -- Kirk 's daughter . Ky Frost ( episodes 15 -- 16 ) -- Rasheeda and Kirk 's son . Stevie Jordan Jr. ( episode 16 ) -- Stevie 's son . Celebrities Young Dro ( episode 1 ) Alexis Skyy ( episodes 3 -- 4 ) Jasmine Burke ( episode 4 ) Bobby V ( episodes 5 , 9 ) Shawne Williams ( episodes 11 -- 13 , 16 ) Ceaser Emmanuel ( episodes 11 -- 12 , 14 ) Kandi Burruss ( episode 12 ) Spice ( episodes 12 -- 13 ) Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 87 `` Who 's Your Daddy '' March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 3.21 Joseline and Stevie struggle over the paternity of her unborn child . Tommie faces legal problems because of her ongoing beef with Joseline . Karlie and Joc rekindle their old flame . When a mysterious stranger drops a bomb , Kirk and Rasheeda 's marriage is placed in serious jeopardy . Tommie is added to the opening credits , replacing departing cast member K. Michelle . This episode marks the first appearances of Melissa and Jasmine . 88 `` Family Matters '' March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 3.08 The Frosts , Jasmine and her boyfriend Rod deal with the consequences of Jasmine 's bomb drop . Joseline and Stevie sit face to face for the first time in months and Joseline leaves the meeting with shocking news for her friend Melissa . Momma Dee and Ernest deal with marital issues . Tommie 's out of jail , and meeting up with her real mom Samantha , and her surrogate mom , KK . Stevie gets a visit from a surprise guest . This episode marks the first appearance of Rod . Although credited , Mimi and Tammy do not appear . 89 `` Sister Wives '' March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 2.73 Rasheeda deals with Kirk 's infidelity . Rod and Jasmine 's unconventional relationship is revealed . Waka tries to make things right with Tammy . Tommie clashes with Karlie . Joseline attempts to resolve her paternity issues . This episode marks the first appearance of Keanna . 90 `` In With the New '' March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) 3.08 Tommie is mixing it up with new friends and a potential new man . The end may be near for Scrappy and Bambi . Karlie finds out some shocking details about Jasmine , which prompts Joc to reveal a big secret . This episode marks the first appearances of Sierra , Moriah , Lovely Mimi and Tresure P. Although credited , Mimi , Rasheeda , Tammy , Joseline and Stevie do not appear . 91 5 `` War and Peace '' April 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) 2.78 Joseline wants to gather friends and asks for Melissa 's help . Joc and Karlie go on explosive double dates . Tresure and Tommie face off . Kirk continues to deal with the fallout of his infidelity . Moriah 's married man is revealed . This episode marks the first appearance of Shooter . Although credited , Mimi does not appear . 92 6 `` Frenemies '' April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 2.90 Joc confronts his ex Sina about her relationship with Rod . Joseline rekindles an old friendship . Stevie goes to great lengths to bring his family together . Although credited , Mimi , Karlie , Rasheeda , Tammy , and Tommie do not appear . 93 7 `` Grapes of Wrath '' April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 3.14 Tommie 's new business venture has people wondering if she 's making good decisions . Joseline and Stevie face off in court , right before the paternity test results come in . When Dime reveals she and Joseline have reconciled , her friendships with the other ladies are put to the test . Waka plots to fix his marriage . Sierra confronts Moriah . 94 8 `` In Due Time '' April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 2.92 Tommie 's wine tasting brings drama and a surprise guest . Scrappy holds Kirk to the fire on the paternity of baby Kannon . Karlie finds out some truths about Joc . Joseline prepares for the birth of Bonnie . Mimi confronts Melissa . 95 9 `` Bachelor Bash '' May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 2.50 Stevie adjusts to being a new dad . Scrappy throws a party to celebrate his return to single life . Momma Dee and Shirleen team up to pry into Kirk 's affairs . Waka makes a grand romantic gesture to win Tammy back . This episode marks the first and only appearance of Gunplay . Although credited , Mimi , Tommie and Joseline do not appear . 96 10 `` Up in Flames '' May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 2.29 Joseline is back in action after the birth of Bonnie Bella . Rasheeda confronts her mother about Scrappy 's party . KK convinces Tommie and her mother to give their relationship another try . Joseline and Karlie come face to face . This episode marks the final appearance of Bambi . 97 11 `` Keep It Real '' May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 2.51 Karlie and Joseline come to an understanding . Joseline goes to LA to co-host The Real . Karlie seeks revenge against Joc . Dime reveals a secret about her love life . Stevie has a shocking proposal for Joseline . This episode marks the first appearance of Estelita as a supporting cast member . Tamera Mowry , Jeannie Mai , Loni Love and Adrienne Bailon appear in archival footage of Joseline 's appearance on The Real . 98 12 `` Jamaican Flavor '' June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 2.67 Waka moves back into the house but is surprised by Tammy 's independence . Rasheeda is shocked by a surprise visitor who has news about Jasmine 's baby and seeks advice from a special friend . The guys plot against the girls . And the girls ' trip to Jamaica gets off to a rocky start with uninvited crashers . Although credited , Tommie , Joseline and Stevie do not appear . 99 13 `` Jamaican Me Crazy '' June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) 2.60 Kirk and Rasheeda finally talk . Dime gets the romantic surprise of a lifetime . Back in Atlanta , Jasmine gets an unwanted visit from her pesky ex-boyfriend . Joseline reconsiders working things out with Stevie . This episode marks the final appearance of Keanna . Although credited , Tommie and Stevie do not appear . 100 14 `` Reality Bites '' June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 2.69 A phone call from home brings the Jamaica trip to an abrupt end . Rod checks Logan , but has questions for Jasmine . Joseline has a surprise proposal for Stevie . Karlie takes one relationship to the next level and destroys another . This episode marks the final appearance of Rod . Although credited , Rasheeda and Tommie do not appear . 101 15 `` When All Else Fails '' June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) 2.50 Stevie deals with the fallout from Joseline 's botched apology to his daughters . Tommie and Dime agree to sit down to hash out their differences . Jasmine takes Kannon to get his DNA test . Kirk surprises Rasheeda on a cabin getaway . This episode marks the first appearance of Savannah as a supporting cast member , as well as the final appearance of Jasmine . Although credited , Karlie and Joseline do not appear . 102 16 `` The End Is Near '' July 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) 2.34 Kirk reaches his breaking point . Rasheeda is rocked by DNA test results . Tommie and Samantha try to deal with their issues . Joseline wants Stevie to join her in New York and fire Estelita . Stevie makes a difficult decision . This episode marks the first appearance as Samantha as a supporting cast member . Wendy Williams appears in archival footage from her show , discussing Joseline and Stevie 's cancelled appearance . 103 17 `` Reunion -- Part 1 '' July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) 2.71 This cast reunites as host Nina Parker dives into all of the drama from the season . The question of whether Joseline will confront her fellow cast members lingers in the air . Some truths are revealed when Tommie and Stevie spill some tea . Things get heated as Lovely Mimi and Karlie exchange words . We get into messiness of the glam shop , but nothing compares to the amount of tears shed onstage for Rasheeda and Kirk . 104 18 `` Reunion -- Part 2 '' July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) 2.73 The drama continues with Joseline backstage . Things with KK and Tommie get heated after their social media fiasco . The cast discusses its Jamaican trip and what really happened with Karlie and Joc . This episode marks the final appearance of Joseline . Music ( edit ) Several cast members had their music featured on the show and released singles to coincide with the airing of the episodes . List of songs performed and / or featured in Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta season six Title Performer Album Episode ( s ) Notes Ref Pop Dat ( feat . Young Dro ) Joseline Hernandez single played at release party In That Order ( feat . Yung Joc ) Momma Dee single performed in street party Baby Daddy Joseline Hernandez single 6 performed at music video shoot Movin ' & Groovin ' ( feat . Polo 2G ) Yung Joc single 7 performed onstage Bible on the Dash , Pt. 2 Gunplay ( as Don Logan ) single 9 performed in studio and onstage Bachelor ( feat . Bobby V ) Lil Scrappy single 9 performed onstage All These Kisses Tammy Rivera single 12 played in scene Sheet Spice single 12 performed onstage Big Dawg Waka Flocka Flame single 13 performed onstage Tammy Rivera 13 played in scene One Way Jessica Dime single 14 performed onstage Joseline 's special Delivery ( edit ) Joseline 's Special Delivery Genre Reality Directed by David Wolfgang Josh Richards Earl `` Slick 23 '' Barlow Jade Sandberg Production Executive producer ( s ) Mona Scott - Young Stephanie R. Gayle Toby Barraud Stefan Springman Mala Chapple David DiGangi Susan Levison Nina L. Diaz Liz Fine Vivian Gomez Joseline Hernandez Running time 60 minutes Release Original network VH1 Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) External links Website www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta Love & Hip Hop Atlanta : Joseline 's Special Delivery is a special starring Joseline Hernandez as she prepares for the birth of her daughter , Bonnie Bella . It aired on May 1 , 2017 . The special was executively produced by Mona Scott - Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment , Toby Barraud , Stefan Springman , Mala Chapple and David DiGangi for Eastern TV , and Susan Levison , Nina L. Diaz , Liz Fine and Vivian Gomez for VH1 . Joseline Hernandez also serve as co-executive producer . Joseline 's friends and family Kermit Silva -- Joseline 's brother . Yanira Hernandez -- Joseline 's sister . Abneris Martinez -- Joseline 's niece . Carmen Hernandez -- Joseline 's mother . Mimi Carpenter -- Joseline 's baby shower event planner . Shante Traynham -- Joseline 's baby shower event planner . Tomecas Thomas -- Joseline 's doula . Guests Ceaser Emanuel Dawn Heflin Lovely Mimi Mariahlynn Momma Dee Nikki Mudarris Ricco Barrino Stevie J Young Dro Yung Joc Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Joseline 's Special Delivery '' May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 2.18 From planning an over-the - top baby shower , to caring for an infant simulator , Joseline Hernandez enlists the help of family and friends to prepare her for the big day . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2017/02/21/vh1s-hit-series-love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-set-to-return-for-season-6-on-monday-march-6-at-8-pm-et-pt-70214/20170221vh101/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/video/2017/02/27/video-vh1s-hit-series-love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-supertrailer-249111/20170227vh101/ Jump up ^ `` Was The Entire Cast of ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Just Fired ? - The Daily Beast '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ http://www.hip-hopvibe.com/2017/05/08/gunplay-showed-up-on-lhhatl-and-fans-speculate-that-he-is-being-used-to-introduce-love-hip-hop-miami/ Jump up ^ `` Joseline Hernandez Reveals Baby Girl Will Be Named Bonnie '' . VH1 News . Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BQF4GhJAqRu/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-cable-ratings-may-1-2017/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2017/04/19/vh1-to-give-viewers-a-never-before-seen-look-into-love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-and-black-ink-crew-534512/20170419vh101/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-cable-ratings-may-10-2017/ Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/03/vh1s-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-premiere-jumps-in-demo-ratings-1202038957/ Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfqhnN1NPKw Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/d9d1d2/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-joseline-s-down-fall Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/2cmgdm/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-kirk-looses-it Jump up ^ http://www.intouchweekly.com/posts/bambi-benson-love-hip-hop-atlanta-hospitalized-lil-scrappy-split-124119 Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/317486/over-it-bambi-says-she-will-not-return-to-love-hip-hop-atlanta/ Jump up ^ http://www.intouchweekly.com/posts/joseline-hernandez-love-hip-hop-atlanta-mona-scott-young-133801/photos/joseline-hernandez-stevie-j7-246389 Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' ticks up , ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' premieres on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Bates Motel ' dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' ticks up , ' WWE Raw ' stays strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Street Outlaws ' ticks up , ' Bates Motel ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' leads , ' Love & Hip Hop ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low , ' Love & Hip Hop ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' hits series low , ' Bates Motel ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' series finale rises , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' ticks up , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' holds steady , ' Better Call Saul ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Better Call Saul ' tick up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' wins the night , ' Better Call Saul ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' season finale ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' holds steady , ' Preacher ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' dips but stays on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Home Run Derby leads the night , ' Preacher ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' WWE Raw ' tick up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Momma Dee - In That Order - Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joseline Hernandez - Baby Daddy - Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yung Joc - Movin ' & Groovin ' - Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Don Longan - Bible on the Dash - Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tammy Rivera - All These Kisses - Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Waka Flocka Flame - Big Dawg - Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Dime - One Way - Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://thefutoncritic.com/news/2017/04/19/vh1-to-give-viewers-a-never-before-seen-look-into-love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-and-black-ink-crew-534512/20170419vh101/ Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' takes a hit , ' Better Call Saul ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta on IMDb Love & Hip Hop franchise Domestic installments New York season 1 5 6 7 Atlanta season 1 5 6 Hollywood season 1 Miami Spin - offs Chrissy & Mr. Jones K. Michelle : My Life Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood Leave It To Stevie Other Mona Scott - Young Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_%26_Hip_Hop:_Atlanta_(season_6)&oldid=795928517 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Love & Hip Hop Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 11 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | love & hip hop atlanta new cast members | [
"\n\nLove & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 6)\n\n\n\nCover used by the iTunes Store\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nMimi Faust\nRasheeda\nKarlie Redd\nTammy Rivera\nTommie Lee\nJoseline Hernandez\nStevie J\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nVH1\n\n\nOriginal release\nMarch 6 (2017-03-06) – July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 5\n\n\n\n\nList of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta episodes\n\n",
"\n\nLove & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 6)\n\n\n\nCover used by the iTunes Store\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nMimi Faust\nRasheeda\nKarlie Redd\nTammy Rivera\nTommie Lee\nJoseline Hernandez\nStevie J\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nVH1\n\n\nOriginal release\nMarch 6 (2017-03-06) – July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 5\n\n\n\n\nList of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta episodes\n\n",
"\n\nLove & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 6)\n\n\n\nCover used by the iTunes Store\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nMimi Faust\nRasheeda\nKarlie Redd\nTammy Rivera\nTommie Lee\nJoseline Hernandez\nStevie J\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nVH1\n\n\nOriginal release\nMarch 6 (2017-03-06) – July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 5\n\n\n\n\nList of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta episodes\n\n",
"\n\nLove & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 6)\n\n\n\nCover used by the iTunes Store\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nMimi Faust\nRasheeda\nKarlie Redd\nTammy Rivera\nTommie Lee\nJoseline Hernandez\nStevie J\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nVH1\n\n\nOriginal release\nMarch 6 (2017-03-06) – July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 5\n\n\n\n\nList of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta episodes\n\n",
"\n\nLove & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 6)\n\n\n\nCover used by the iTunes Store\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nMimi Faust\nRasheeda\nKarlie Redd\nTammy Rivera\nTommie Lee\nJoseline Hernandez\nStevie J\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nVH1\n\n\nOriginal release\nMarch 6 (2017-03-06) – July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 5\n\n\n\n\nList of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta episodes\n\n",
"\n\nLove & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 6)\n\n\n\nCover used by the iTunes Store\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nMimi Faust\nRasheeda\nKarlie Redd\nTammy Rivera\nTommie Lee\nJoseline Hernandez\nStevie J\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nVH1\n\n\nOriginal release\nMarch 6 (2017-03-06) – July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 5\n\n\n\n\nList of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta episodes\n\n",
"\n\nLove & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 6)\n\n\n\nCover used by the iTunes Store\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nMimi Faust\nRasheeda\nKarlie Redd\nTammy Rivera\nTommie Lee\nJoseline Hernandez\nStevie J\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nVH1\n\n\nOriginal release\nMarch 6 (2017-03-06) – July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 5\n\n\n\n\nList of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta episodes\n\n"
] | [
"Mimi Faust",
"Rasheeda",
"Karlie Redd",
"Tammy Rivera",
"Tommie Lee",
"Joseline Hernandez",
"Stevie J"
] |
627969804755230118 | Social security in Australia | Social Security in Australia - Wikipedia Social Security in Australia hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Social security , in Australia , refers to a system of social welfare payments provided by Commonwealth Government of Australia . These payments are administered by Centrelink , a branch of the Department of Human Services . In Australia , most benefits are means tested . Contents 1 History 2 Contemporary welfare attitudes 3 Legal framework 4 Payments under the Social Security Act and the Student Assistance Act 4.1 Income support 4.1. 1 Age Pension 4.1. 2 Newstart Allowance 4.1. 3 Youth Allowance 4.1. 4 Austudy Payment 4.1. 5 ABSTUDY 4.1. 6 Disability Support Pension 4.1. 7 Sickness Allowance 4.1. 8 Carer Payment 4.1. 9 Parenting Payment 4.2 Additional and supplementary payments 4.2. 1 Rent Assistance 4.2. 2 Pharmaceutical Allowance 4.2. 3 Telephone Allowance 4.2. 4 Pensioner Education Supplement 5 Payments made under the A New Tax System ( Family Assistance ) Act 5.1 Family Tax benefit 5.2 Maternity Immunisation Allowance 5.3 Child Care Benefit 5.4 Schoolkids Bonus 6 Paid Parental Leave Scheme 7 Concession cards 8 Prisons and psychiatric hospitals 9 Review of social security decisions 9.1 Internal review 9.1. 1 Original decision maker ( ODM ) review 9.1. 2 Authorised review officer ( ARO ) review 9.2 External review 9.2. 1 The Social Security Appeals Tribunal -- SSAT 9.2. 2 The AAT and the Courts 9.2. 3 The Ombudsman 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Prior to 1900 in Australia , charitable assistance from benevolent societies , sometimes with financial contributions from the authorities , was the primary means of relief for people not able to support themselves . The 1890s economic depression and the rise of the trade unions and the Labor parties during this period led to a movement for welfare reform . In 1900 , the states of New South Wales and Victoria enacted legislation introducing non-contributory pensions for those aged 65 and over . Queensland legislated a similar system in 1907 before the Australian labor Commonwealth government led by Andrew Fisher introduced a national aged pension under the Invalid and Old - Aged Pensions Act 1908 . A national invalid diasbility pension was started in 1910 , and a national maternity allowance was introduced in 1912 . During the Second World War , Australia under a labor government created a welfare state by enacting national schemes for : child endowment in 1941 ( superseding the 1927 New South Wales scheme ) ; a widows ' pension in 1942 ( superseding the New South Wales 1926 scheme ) ; a wife 's allowance in 1943 ; additional allowances for the children of pensioners in 1943 ; and unemployment , sickness , and special benefits in 1945 ( superseding the Queensland 1923 scheme ) . The Social Services Legislation Amendment ( Welfare Reform ) Bill 2017 has changed several aspects of social security in Australia , and has been given assent to as of 11 April 2018 . It includes a demerit - point system for not meeting welfare obligations . Contemporary welfare attitudes ( edit ) Current attitudes toward welfare in Australia can be separated into support for the welfare system and support for welfare recipients . A multivariate analysis using canonical correlation analysis identified five distinct profiles of welfare attitudes and socio - demographic characteristics . The main attitude cluster was one toward support for the welfare system and welfare recipients . Having receiving government welfare in the past strongly predicted a person supporting the welfare system and its beneficiaries . The next most prominent attitude profile was summarized as ' the welfare system is good but the people on it are lazy and dependent ' . This attitude profile was found among people receiving welfare payments that were either normative ( e.g. the age pension ) or where there is little expectation that a person will return to work ( e.g. disability support pension ) . Overall , Australian 's hold more negative attitudes toward welfare recipients than they do the welfare system . People with a history of receiving unemployment benefits tend to have more negative welfare attitudes if they live in areas where other community members have more negative attitudes . Legal framework ( edit ) Social security payments and other benefits are currently made available under the following acts of parliament : Social Security Act 1991 A New Tax System ( Family Assistance ) Act 1999 Student Assistance Act 1973 Paid Parental Leave Act 2010 Payments under the Social Security Act and the student Assistance Act ( edit ) ABSTUDY -- offers a range of allowances to assist Indigenous students and New Apprentices . Age Pension -- for people planning for retirement or who are already retired aged 65 years and over . Assistance for Isolated Children -- for families with a child who can not attend school locally because of distance or special needs . Austudy Payment -- for full - time students and New Apprentices aged 25 years or over . Carer Allowance -- for people who care for minors 16 -- 17 and adults over 18 years with a disability . Carer Allowance ( Child ) -- for people who care for a child under 16 years with a disability . Carer Payment -- for people who provide full - time care for someone with a disability Disability Support Pension -- for people unable to work for 2 years due to illness , injury or disability . Double Orphan Pension -- for people who are raising children who have lost both parents . Maternity Payment -- for help with those extra costs after the birth of a new baby . Newstart Allowance -- for people who are looking for employment . Parenting Payment -- for parents or guardians to help with the cost of raising children under 6 for partnered parents and under 8 for sole parents . Pensioner Education Supplement -- for people on pensions with education expenses . Special Benefit -- for people who are in financial hardship , have no way of supporting themselves and are not entitled to another payment ( normally due to residency requirements ) Youth Allowance -- for full - time students or New Apprentices aged 15 ( under some circumstances ) 16 to 24 and people aged under 21 who are undertaking job search or a combination of approved activities . Income support ( edit ) All Centrelink income support payments are payable fortnightly , usually by direct deposit required into the recipient 's bank account . They are also subject to a means test which calculates the recipient ( and their partner 's ) fortnightly income and assets and affects the rate of their payment accordingly . As such , people on lower incomes may be entitled to part - payment of their allowance ( subject to other qualification requirements ) . The assessment of income and assets varies greatly between different social security payments and the effect that income and assets have on each payment differs in that they have different income thresholds ( i.e. how much income one can earn before it affects their payment ) and different taper rates ( the amount the payment drops by per dollar above these thresholds ) . An individual may be precluded from claiming any of income support payments listed below for a certain number of weeks following receipt of a lump sum compensation payment , made wholly or partly in respect of lost earnings or lost capacity to earn resulting from personal injury ( often received in settlement of a Workers ' Compensation claim ) . The number of weeks for which the preclusion period applies to an individual is proportional the size of the lump sum payment they received . Centrelink has a discretion to reduce the duration of the preclusion period if it is satisfied that there exist special circumstances that make an individual 's case out of the ordinary : for example , extreme financial hardship . Age pension ( edit ) The Age Pension was the first payment made by the Commonwealth Government , dating back to 1909 . It is available to persons aged 65 years and over . The eligibility age is currently being progressively increased to a cap of 67 years old . Except for the mandatory superannuation scheme , workers do not contribute to a pension or insurance scheme in Australia , unlike pension schemes in many other countries . Taxpayer - funded pensions are means tested . Newstart Allowance ( edit ) Newstart Allowance is an unemployment benefit paid to unemployed people aged 22 to 64 . To be eligible , a person must apply for the benefit and be actively seeking work . On 1 July 1991 , it replaced the Unemployment Benefit ( UB ) which had been unchanged since 1945 . It was part of a government reform called Newstart - the Active Employment Strategy . It is paid on the basis of a ' mutual agreement ' between the customer and Centrelink , where Centrelink will continue to pay fortnightly payments to the customer for so long as the customer attempts to find employment and fulfills the mutual obligation requirements . These mutual agreements are negotiated between Centrelink , the job seeker and their Job Services Australia provider or Disability Employment Services provider , and are recorded into an Employment Pathway Plan or `` EPP '' . Activities to which a job seeker may have to agree , in order to continue receiving the Newstart Allowance , include applying for a specific number of jobs ( usually ten ) per fortnight and recording these applications in a Centrelink issued diary , undertaking vocational education or training , paid work experience , participation in a labour market program or Work for the Dole project , and other activities , such as voluntary work if considered appropriate by Centrelink . For example , more elderly customers who have been made redundant and are approaching the age pension age , and who may face considerable difficulties re-entering the labour market , are often permitted to fulfil their plan by engaging in voluntary activities alone . A job seeker has to nominate and engage in one activity ( for example , either a vocational education activity or Work for the Dole activity ) in any one mutual obligation period ( lasting six months at a time ) . Clients are not expected to engage in the more intensive of these activities as soon as their receipt of the allowance commences . The amount of activity required on behalf of the client in order to continue receiving his / her benefit is usually staggered as follows : Ordinarily , during the first three months of unemployment , a job seeker has no other obligations but to submit a fortnightly Application For Payment form at the local office . The form asks the applicant a number of questions about his / her circumstances and for the basic details of four positions for which the job seeker applied in the last fortnight . Customers may also be required to make up to 10 ' Job Search Contacts ' per fortnight ( dependent on the local labour market and their personal circumstances ) and record the details of these jobs within a specifically issued Job Seeker Diary for a given period of time . The job seeker then takes the Application For Payment form personally to the local Centrelink Office . He will then attend a short one - on - one interview with a Centrelink officer . The interview is usually for the purposes of checking that the application form is in order and that the applicant is aware of any appointments that may need to be attended , and obligations that may need to be met . The client at this stage also has the opportunity to talk to a Centrelink officer about any problems the client may be encountering without having to make a prior appointment first . If after an initial three months of unemployment , during which the job seeker has only to hand in the fortnightly application form and record the Job Seeker Diary , the client remains unemployed ; the client will be required to attend appointments with a Job Services Australia provider whose responsibility it is to assist the client to re-enter the work force . The job seeker also has to attend a two - week training course which focusses on job searching skills such as writing resumes and attending interviews . If the customer remains unemployed for twelve months , they are then subject to the Work Experience Phase of their Employment Pathway Plan , which consists of more intensive assistance involving the activities listed above , such as , Work for the Dole , accredited study , part - time work , volunteer work or a combination of these . A Job Services Australia provider may require a Newstart recipient to do voluntary work ( up to 15 hours a week ) , for which clients receive a supplement to their benefit of $20.80 per fortnight . The supplement is also paid to Work for the Dole participants . They must also continue to apply for 4 or more positions at the same time to meet their mutual obligations . If the client becomes long - term unemployed ( 24 months or longer ) , the client 's activity requirements will usually consist of another Work Experience Phase style activity for six months in any twelve - month period . ( Australia 's unemployment benefits do not have a time limit : it is , in theory , possible to remain on unemployment benefits for the whole of one 's working life ) . Newstart Allowance rates are adjusted on 20 March and 20 September each year . As of September 2013 , the basic Newstart rate for a single unemployed person without children is A $501 per fortnight . However , this basic rate does not include supplement payments which can include Rent Assistance of up to A $121.00 per fortnight , and other supplements , such as Pharmaceutical Allowance , Telephone Allowance , Remote Area Allowance , Training Supplement and the Work For The Dole Supplement ; which are paid depending on personal circumstances and activity . Rates differ for married couples , registered relationships or de facto couples ( including same sex or opposite sex couples ) and persons with children . Despite significant increases in the cost of living , the increases to the Newstart Allowance have not kept pace with inflation . The initial income threshold has only risen from 1987 's $60 to $62 in 2000 where it remains today . On 1 March 2010 , the Australian Government introduced changes to Disability Employment Services . Multiple existing programs were streamlined into two clearly distinct programs , making assessment and referral processes less complex . All eligible job seekers with disability have access to individually tailored services which meet their needs including capacity building , training , work experience and other ' interventions ' to help participants obtain and maintain suitable employment . DES providers support and manage a participant 's condition in the workplace , along with providing ongoing support in the workplace for as long as it is required . New compliance rules were introduced on 1 July 2011 , dealing with client meetings with a DES provider and payment suspension . Data released in mid-November 2013 showed that the number of welfare recipients had grown by 55 % . In 2007 228,621 Newstart Allowance recipients were registered , a total that increased to 646,414 in March 2013 . Patrick McClure has as of January 2014 been appointed by the Abbott Government to a review targeting benefits on people in receipt of Newstart Allowance and the Disability Support Pension reporting in February 2014 . In the 2016 Australian federal budget , the Turnbull Government planned to cease the clean energy supplement of $4.40 for people beginning Newstart after 20 September . In 2017 , the Australian Council of Social Service stated that the Newstart Allowance was $160 below the poverty line . The Business Council of Australia also advocates for increasing the Newstart Allowance , saying that it is impossible to live on . In March 2018 , Newstart was raised by 50 cents per day , which was criticised as inadequate . After handing down the 2018 Australian federal budget , Treasurer Scott Morrison rejected calls to increase the rate of the Newstart Allowance , saying `` my priority is to give tax relief to people who are working and paying taxes '' . Newstart has not been increased since 1994 , when it was increased by $2.95 per week . The Anti Poverty Network of South Australia in 2018 with the Newstart Choir recorded a revised version of the It 's Time song used by the Australian Labor Party in 1972 to win the election after 23 years of Conservative Government . The song is a campaign to the Australian Labor Party to commit if elected at the next federal election to raising Newstart . Youth Allowance ( edit ) Youth Allowance is an income support payment available to full - time students and Australian Apprentices aged 16 -- 24 , and to job seekers and those undertaking a combination of other activities leading to employment aged 16 -- 20 . Youth Allowance recipients are considered to either be dependent on a caregiver ( s ) , or independent . The underlying philosophy of Youth Allowance is that legal guardians are responsible for supporting their children where they have the means if that young person has not lived independently from them . Dependent recipients are subject to the Parental Income Test and Family Assets Test , unless a parent is in receipt of a specified income support payment themselves . A dependent Youth Allowance recipients may be exempt from the Parental Income Test if their parent is in receipt of an income support payment themselves . A dependent recipient 's rate of payment will be reduced as a result of parental income above the parental income free area , although the parental income free area can be increased by sibling concessions . Dependent Youth Allowance recipients may also be subject to the Family Actual Means Test ( FAMT ) which applies where the parent is self - employed , involved in a trust or company or several other categories . The rationale behind the FAMT is that the taxable income on which Youth Allowance is normally based may not accurately reflect the true financial means of parents in these categories . It asks for details of the family 's spending on living expenses during the relevant tax year and extrapolates an equivalent notional taxable income from this . Sole traders involved in primary production and parents receiving drought assistance such as Exceptional Circumstances Relief Payment are exempt . All Youth Allowance recipients are subject to the Personal Income Test , which takes into account any income they may earn through part - time or casual work . If an independent Youth Allowance customer has a partner , then their income will be included under the Partner Income Test . Youth Allowance has lower payment rates for recipients who live with a parent or guardian compared to those who live away from home . Recipients living ' away from home ' may also be eligible for Rent Assistance . Fifteen - year - olds can also receive Youth Allowance if they are defined as independent and are over the school leaving age in the state of residence . The school leaving age is 17 in all states and territories of Australia . Youth Allowance was introduced from July 1998 and replaced Youth Training Allowance and Newstart Allowance for job seekers under 21 and AUSTUDY for students under 25 . In 2009 a number of significant changes to Youth Allowance were announced in the Federal Budget . Some of the proposed changes included introducing new scholarships for university students , and changes to the independence criteria and Parental Income Test . These changes were passed by Parliament on 17 March 2010 . The changes will be implemented over a number of years , beginning with the introduction of new scholarships from 1 April 2010 . In the 2011 -- 12 Budget , the Australian Government announced that from 1 July 2012 , Youth Allowance ( other ) will be extended to 21 - year - olds ( currently 21 - year - olds are eligible for Newstart Allowance ) . Twenty - one - year - olds who are on Newstart Allowance , or who have applied for it , by 1 July 2012 will not be affected by the change . Austudy payment ( edit ) Main article : Austudy Payment The Austudy Payment was originally known as the AUSTUDY Scheme , an all - ages study allowance , but since the introduction of Youth Allowance ( see above ) it has been reserved for the over-25s . To qualify , one must be an Australian resident , over 25 , and studying full - time at an approved education institution . However , students who were receiving a Youth Allowance prior to turning 25 and are still pursuing the same course of study continue to receive a Youth Allowance until they finish ( or otherwise terminate ) their course . Unlike Youth Allowance , Austudy recipients are considered to be independent and are not subject to the Parental Income Test , Family Assets Test and the Family Actual Means Test . As part of the 2007 Australian federal budget , Austudy Payment recipients are eligible for Rent Assistance from 1 January 2008 . Prior to 1 January 2008 , Rent Assistance was not payable with Austudy . Like most Centrelink payments , Austudy Payments are subject to a personal and / or partner income and assets test . ABSTUDY ( edit ) ABSTUDY ( The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Study Assistance Scheme ) is a welfare payment for Indigenous Australians undergoing some form of study . All Indigenous students at secondary or tertiary institutions , as well as those studying by correspondence , and primary students who turned 14 prior to 1 January of their current year of study . To qualify as Indigenous , a student must be of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent by Centrelink standards and be a current Australian citizen . ABSTUDY is tailored according to income tests , and the status of partners , guardians , and dependent children . Whilst this payment is administered through Centrelink , the payment is made under ABSTUDY Policy . The responsibility for ABSTUDY Policy rests with the Minister of Education and the Department of Education , Employment and Workplace Relations , and is not contained within the Social Security Act 1991 . Disability support pension ( edit ) Provides income support for people who suffer a long - term disability , which in the opinion of an assessor they will not recover from in the next two years , and which will render them unable to work or participate in a training activity enabling them to work . The basic rate for a single person is A $782.20 ( as at March 2015 ) ; different rates apply to persons under 18 with no children , and to couples , married , de facto or in a same - sex relationship . The payment is income and assets - tested . However , if an applicant is permanently blind , they can receive DSP without income and assets tests , and without needing to prove any inability to work , etc . DSP can take a while to process , so as a temporary measure claimants are placed on another payment ( e.g. Newstart with a medical certificate to cover the activity tests ) while the payment is being assessed ; once granted it is backdated to the claim date at the higher DSP rate . Patrick McClure has of January 2014 been appointed by the Abbott Government to a review targeting benefits on people in receipt of Newstart Allowance and the Disability Support Pension reporting in February 2014 . Eligibility criteria for the DSP has been made more strict , and unsuccessful claimants can only receive the Newstart Allowance , which pays $170 less per week . According to ACOSS , between 2010 and 2016 there was a large drop in successful claims to the DSP . Sickness Allowance ( edit ) A Sickness Allowance is paid for those currently suffering an illness , injury , or disability ( short - term i.e. less than two years ) , are employed , and have no access to leave or have used all their leave . It is paid under the Newstart system without an Activity Test . Carer payment ( edit ) A Carer Payment is made to those providing full - time care to someone who is ill , injured or has a disability . Parenting payment ( edit ) A payment for those who are principal carers of dependent children under the age of 6 for partnered customers and children under the age of 8 for single customers . Parenting Payment Partnered is classified as an allowance and Parenting Payment Single is classified as a pension . A controversial decision by the Labor party in 2006 and 2013 , to transfer sole parents to the lower Newstart payment , has placed sole parents well below the poverty line . Welfare groups have reported these parents , 82.3 % of which are women ( ABS 2011 ) , are turning to prostitution ( because of the cash in hand options ) , have given up their education and are sleeping in their cars . This decision was made as an incentive for parents to seek work , as 57 % of primary residential mothers work and 70 % of primary residential fathers work ( ABS 2011 ) . With one quarter of single parent households headed by a single parent being 896,542 families ( 17.7 % male & 82.3 % female , ABS 2011 ) Parenting Payment Partnered uses an individual and a partner income test to determine the rate of payment with benefit withdrawal rates of 60 cents in the dollar ( as of 1 July 2007 ) on income over the legislated limits . A partner 's gross earnings are assessed as shared , regardless of individual tax already paid . If , for example , the breadwinner is currently paying 30 per cent personal tax , the effective marginal tax rate ( EMTR ) after benefit withdrawal is 90 percent of earnings above the legislated limit ( the EMTR prior to 1 July 2007 is 100 % as the benefit withdrawal rate is 70 % of the partner 's earnings above the legislated income limit ) . Additional and supplementary payments ( edit ) Rent Assistance ( edit ) Income support recipients who are classed as non-homeowners and pay more than a required amount of board or rent for accommodation are eligible for Rent Assistance payments . This payment is paid as part of the income support payment . Verification of the rent details is required , either a lease or by completing a Rent Certificate every six months . The amount of rent assistance a recipient is eligible for depends on the amount of rent one is paying . The basic rate for a single person with no children and not sharing accommodation is as follows . As at 28 January 2010 , Rent Assistance begins to be paid when a renter 's fortnightly rent is in excess of A $99.40 . For every dollar in excess of this amount , Rent Assistance pays A $0.75 , up to a maximum of A $111.80 per fortnight . The maximum amount payable is lower for those sharing accommodation , in which case it is A $74.53 . Different rates apply to couples , couples separated by illness , couples temporarily separated and singles and couples with dependent children . Pharmaceutical Allowance ( edit ) A payment of A $6.00 per fortnight for those receiving Centrelink payments , to help cover the cost of prescription medicines . The amount covers the cost of one prescription per fortnight for a concession card holder eligible for the concessional rate of medicines ( A $5.90 per script from 1 January 2013 ) which are covered under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme , which covers most prescription medicines available . Telephone Allowance ( edit ) A payment issued quarterly to eligible customers receiving pension payments , to help cover the cost of telephone bills . Eligible customers must have a telephone service subscribed in their name to be eligible for Telephone Allowance . There are two rates payable : a basic rate of A $23.40 and a higher rate of A $35.20 . Pensioner education Supplement ( edit ) `` The Pensioner Education Supplement ( PES ) helps ( recipients ) with the costs of full - time or part - time study . '' It is an additional payment for those on a pension . It only applies to approved courses of study . Bachelor 's degrees and many TAFE courses are approved courses of study , but generally postgraduate study is not . One is still eligible for PES for study even if you have completed previous studies . Payments made under the a New Tax system ( Family Assistance ) Act ( edit ) Family Tax Benefit Part A -- for parents or carers to help with the cost of raising children . Family Tax Benefit Part B -- for single income families or sole parents . Maternity Immunisation Allowance -- for fully immunised children or those exempt from immunisation Child Care Benefit -- for families to help with the cost of child care . Schoolkids Bonus - for families for the cost of education for children in primary and secondary school . Family Tax Benefit ( edit ) Family Tax Benefit is a per - child payment made through the Department of Human Services to the people with at least 35 per cent of care for a child . Family Tax Benefit is income - tested on a family 's adjusted taxable income in the given financial year . Income support recipients are exempt from the income test and are entitled to the maximum rate of payment . Payments can be paid in fortnightly instalments or as a lump sum payment at the end of the year . For Family Tax Benefit paid in instalments , the income test is based on an estimate of adjusted taxable income that is reconciled after the recipient has lodged their tax return . The reconciliation process compares the estimated income with their actual income . Centrelink debt is accrued for overpayments , when customers underestimate their income . A top - up payment is granted at the end of the year , when customers overestimate their income which can be used to repay outstanding Centrelink debt . Family Tax benefit Part B is paid based on the lower of the recipient and their partner 's income , or , for a single parent at the maximum rate . Maternity immunisation Allowance ( edit ) Maternity Immunisation Allowance is paid to parents whose children who have received all immunisations specified by the national immunisation schedule by the time they are 2 years old . Alternatively , if the parents object to immunisation on any grounds and inform Centrelink of this , they may also receive this allowance . The allowance ceased on 1 July 2012 . Child care Benefit ( edit ) Child Care Benefit assists Australian parents with the cost of approved and registered child care . It is a means tested payment and is based on the recipient 's taxable income ; low income families receive the highest rate of Child Care Benefit . The Australian Government spent approximately $2.1 billion on Child Care Benefit to assist families with the cost of child care in the financial year ending 30 June 2011 . Schoolkids Bonus ( edit ) In May 2012 , the Australian Government abolished the Education Tax Refund ( ETR ) that allowed families to claim a refund for education expenses through the Australian Tax Office ( ATO ) . The Schoolkids Bonus replaced the ETR from 1 January 2013 . The Schoolkids Bonus aimed to assist families and students with the costs of education for children in primary and secondary school . The School Kids Bonus is paid in 2 equal instalments each year in January and July . Paid Parental Leave scheme ( edit ) The Paid Parental Leave Scheme provides financial support to eligible working parents of newborn or recently adopted children . Under the scheme , the government funds employers to provide Parental Leave Pay or Dad and Partner Pay to their eligible employees . Parental Leave Pay is paid to the child 's primary carer and eligible parents for up to 18 weeks of pay based on the rate of National Minimum Wage . Dad and Partner Pay is for eligible working dads or partners ( including adopting parents and same - sex couples ) for up to two weeks of pay based on the rate of National Minimum Wage . Concession cards ( edit ) The following concession cards are issued by Centrelink : Health Care Card -- primarily entitles holder to PBS medications at the concession rate . Most recipients of a payment are entitled to this as well as people receiving the maximum rate of Family Tax Benefit part A . This card has secondary benefits , including cheaper public transport in some states . Commonwealth Seniors Health Card - a HCC issued to senior citizens Pensioner Concession Card -- this offers additional benefits to the Pensioner , including pensioner transportation fares ( in some areas ) , and a certain number of free country rail journeys within the holder 's state . Prisons and psychiatric hospitals ( edit ) Persons imprisoned or admitted to a psychiatric institution are generally not eligible to receive benefits for the duration of imprisonment or admission . ( However , it may be payable if a psychiatric stay is classed as rehabilitation . ) The benefits resume upon release or discharge . However , upon release or discharge from imprisonment or psychiatric hospitalisation of more than two weeks , the claimant is entitled to an additional payment equal to seven days of their regular payment , to help with adjustment . Review of Social Security decisions ( edit ) Every decision made under social security law is to be in writing and given sufficient notice , usually in a letter . Applications for review of such decisions may be lodged at any time , but depending on the decision remedial action may only be taken if the review is received within 13 weeks of receiving notice , for decisions made under the Social Security act , or 52 weeks for decisions made under Family assistance law . At the bottom of each letter informing customers of a Centrelink decision , a `` your rights '' box informs individuals of potential avenues for review . Internal review ( edit ) Legislation ultimately governs the decision making process , and Centrelink policy guidelines provide the lens through which legislation is interpreted by Centrelink Customer Service Advisers ( CSAs ) . However , notwithstanding legislation and policy , there are still many areas in which significant discretion is afforded to the decision maker , which may be subject to internal and external review . Original decision maker ( ODM ) review ( edit ) Centrelink possesses a prescribed two - tiered system of internal review . The initial stage is the ODM Review , where the matter is brought back to the CSA for reconsideration . This is a wholly intra-office process and functions as an initial check on the decision , and the appeal progresses further from the ODM only if necessary . Many reviews are due to legislative changes , administrative errors , provision of new customer documentation , or customer disagreement with the decision . There is also the opportunity for the customer to make a formal written complaint . However , many individuals may not wish to have the same CSA make another decision , which may even lead to confusion as to whether internal review has actually taken place . Once the ODM review has been completed it should contain the relevant legislative provisions , any new information considered , and a determination stating whether the original decision has been set aside , affirmed or varied . Authorised review officer ( ARO ) review ( edit ) If the individual is not satisfied , an Authorised Review Officer ( ARO ) , an officer delegated review powers from the Secretary for the purposes of social security law , may affirm , vary , or set aside the original decision . Although an employee of the Centrelink , an ARO is not to defend ODM decisions as it is a strong principle that the ARO is independent of the situation and has no previous involvement in the case . Nevertheless , AROs also look at legislation with the same policy guidelines as CSAs . External review ( edit ) The Social Security Appeals Tribunal -- SSAT ( edit ) A customer dissatisfied with an internal review of a decision may apply to the Social Security Appeals Tribunal ( SSAT ) to review a decision affirmed , varied or set aside by internal review , subject to some exceptions . The SSAT generally has the same powers as the Secretary , and may affirm , vary , set aside and substitute a decision or return the matter to Centrelink with recommendations . SSAT hearings are generally informal , confidential and not bound by the Laws of Evidence . Experience has indicated that at the SSAT more weighting goes towards the legislation as opposed to policy guidelines . Welfare advocacy groups such as the Welfare Rights Centre are often involved in providing legal help to individuals affected by Centrelink decisions . As of 1 July 2015 , the SSAT is no longer is a separate tribunal . Alongside the Migration Review Tribunal and the Refugee Review Tribunal , the SSAT has instead merged with the Administrative Appeals Tribunal ( AAT ) . Decisions deemed reviewable by the ARO are now heard in the Social Services and Child Support Division of the AAT . The primary functions of the SSAT as the first tier of the review process have been converted and are now known as the ' AAT first review ' . Therefore , the traditional two - tier review process has morphed in light of the amalgamation but it has nevertheless been preserved within the AAT . The AAT and the courts ( edit ) A decision must have been reviewed by the SSAT before it can be heard at the AAT . However , the Secretary or a delegated person on behalf of the Secretary may appeal a decision from the SSAT . Only 17 % of decisions are overturned at the AAT . Further appeals ( on questions of law only ) are available to the Federal Court and High Court . The Ombudsman ( edit ) The Commonwealth Ombudsman does not conduct a merits review ( as would the ARO , SSAT or AAT ) , but considers the administrative decision making process employed by Centrelink to reach the decision or carry out the action complained of . Where the Ombudsman concludes that there has been a deficiency in Centrelink 's action ( for examples ) the Ombudsman may make recommendations to Centrelink for remedial action . This may result in Centrelink changing their decision , or providing a better explanation of their decision . Investigations by the Ombudsman are usually result from a complaint about a decision or action of Centrelink , and in the process of an investigation the Ombudsman is entitled to view Centrelink records and ask questions of Centrelink staff . While the Ombudsman does not have coercive powers to make Centrelink change a decision or act in a certain way , recommendations made by the Ombudsman are rarely rejected . See also ( edit ) Cashless Welfare Card Social security Social insurance Social welfare Social safety net Superannuation in Australia Welfare ( financial aid ) Welfare state Welfare reform Unemployment benefits References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of Pensions and Other Benefits in Australia '' . Year Book Australia , 1988 . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 1988 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Garton , Stephen ( 2008 ) . `` Health and welfare '' . The Dictionary of Sydney . Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yeend , Peter ( September 2000 ) . `` Welfare Review '' . Parliament of Australia . Archived from the original on 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Social Services Legislation Amendment ( Welfare Reform ) Bill 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Welfare reform package passes upper house - 9News '' . www.9news.com.au . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Timothy P. ; Butterworth , Peter ( 2015 ) . `` Patterns of Welfare Attitudes in the Australian Population '' . PLOS One . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0142792 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Timothy P. ; Butterworth , Peter ( 2017 ) . `` Are Negative Community Attitudes Toward Welfare Recipients Associated With Unemployment ? Evidence From an Australian Cross-Sectional Sample and Longitudinal Cohort '' . Social Psychological and Personality Science . doi : 10.1177 / 1948550617712031 . Jump up ^ Social Security Act 1991 ( Cth ) sections 1169 ( 1 ) and 17 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Social Security Act 1991 ( Cth ) s 1170 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Social Security Act 1991 ( Cth ) s 1184k ( 1 ) ; see also Groth v Secretary Department of Social Security ( 1709 ) FCA 1995 at ( 14 ) per Kiefel J , Federal Court ( Australia ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Age Pension - Eligibility & payment rates - Australian Government Department of Human Services '' . www.humanservices.gov.au . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Age Pension - Age rules - Australian Government Department of Human Services '' . www.humanservices.gov.au . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Social Security Act 1991 ( Cth ) s 2 Jump up ^ `` A Guide to Newstart '' . Parliament of Australia . 19 June 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Newstart Allowance '' . Centrelink.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Newstart Allowance '' . Centrelink.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Centrelink website '' . Centrelink.gov.au. 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Newstart Allowance '' . Centrelink.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Patricia Karvelas ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` Call for end to welfare poverty '' . The Australian . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Swan , Jonathan & Harrison , Dan ( 22 January 2014 ) . `` Kevin Andrews to target dole and disability payments '' . The Canberra Times . Jump up ^ Gartrell , Adam ( 27 August 2016 ) . `` Pressure builds on Turnbull government to abandon Newstart cuts '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SA councils join campaign to raise job seeker payment '' . ABC News . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Remeikis , Amy ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` Liberal MP Julia Banks ' claim she could live on $40 a day rebutted by Business Council '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Noyes , Jenny ( 20 March 2018 ) . `` Newstart increase : What , if anything , can you buy for 50c a day ? '' . The Age . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Why People Who Are Unemployed Wo n't Get Any More Newstart Money '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Greens Want To Increase Newstart And Youth Allowance By $150 A Week But Labor Wo n't Help '' . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Davey , Melissa ( 7 May 2018 ) . `` Tim Wilson says it 's possible to live on Newstart but ' not an easy lifestyle ' '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Newstart Choir Could be a Campaign Masterstroke PBA '' . Pro Bono Australia . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Parental income test '' . Archived from the original on 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Family Actual Means Test '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Proposed changes to Youth Allowance '' . Archived from the original on 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Building Australia 's Future Workforce -- Investing in our young people Freedom of Information '' ( PDF ) . Deewr.gov.au. 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wahlquist , Calla ( 26 April 2018 ) . `` Coalition using cuts to disability support to prop up budget , expert says '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rent Assistance '' . Centrelink.gov.au. 2013 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme Safety Net '' . Medicareaustralia.gov.au. 2013 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pharmaceutical Allowance '' . Centrelink.gov.au. 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Telephone Allowance '' . Centrelink.gov.au. 2006 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pensioner Education Supplement '' . Centrelink payments . Australian Government . 2010 . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Family Tax Benefit '' . Humanservices.gov.au. 2013 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Maternity Immunisation Allowance '' . Humanservices.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` DEEWR Budget Statements -- Outcomes and Performance -- Outcome 1 '' ( PDF ) . DEEWR Portfolio Budget Statements . Department of Education , Employment and Workplace Relations . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1.2. 14 Schoolkids Bonus ( SKB ) - Description '' . Guidesacts.fahcsia.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paid Parental Leave scheme for employers '' . Humanservices.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . This article contains quotations from this source , which is available under the Attribution 3.0 Australia Australia license . Jump up ^ Social Security ( Administration ) Act 1999 ( Cth ) s 237 . Jump up ^ Centrelink Information -- A Guide to Payments and Services , Chapter 14 -- Reviews and appeals , p 137 Jump up ^ Social Security ( Administration ) Act 1999 ( Cth ) . ss 125 -- 126 Jump up ^ Social Security ( Administration ) Act 1999 ( Cth ) s 142 ( 1 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ Tribunals Amalgamation Act 2015 ( Cth ) pt 3 div 1 sub-div A . Jump up ^ Tribunals Amalgamation Act 2015 ( Cth ) pt 4A div 2 sub-div B . Jump up ^ Ombudsman Act 1976 ( Cth ) s 15 . External links ( edit ) Government Centrelink Family Assistance Office Commonwealth Ombudsman Social Security Appeals Tribunal ( SSAT ) The Administrative Appeals Tribunal ( AAT ) Other Austudy students should receive Rent Assistance -- National Union of Students news article Taxation and social security issues in Retirement -- Retirement Basics , Investor Knowledge Centre ( Vanguard Investments Australia ) Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health care Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Welfare in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_security_in_Australia&oldid=853606388 '' Categories : Politics of Australia Public policy in Australia Retirement in Australia Social security in Australia Welfare in Australia Hidden categories : Articles with obsolete information from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use Australian English from January 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 22 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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"The Age Pension was the first payment made by the Commonwealth Government, dating back to 1909.[citation needed] It is available to persons aged 65 years and over.[11] The eligibility age is currently being progressively increased to a cap of 67 years old.[12] Except for the mandatory superannuation scheme, workers do not contribute to a pension or insurance scheme in Australia, unlike pension schemes in many other countries.[citation needed] Taxpayer-funded pensions are means tested.[11]\n"
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-3037338981508025642 | List of best-selling music artists | List of best - selling Music artists - wikipedia List of best - selling Music artists Jump to : navigation , search This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales . The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order , with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top . If two or more artists have the same claimed sales , they are then ranked by certified units . The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units ( for each country ) within the provided sources include sales of albums , singles , compilation - albums , music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums . Sales figures , such as those from Soundscan , which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine , have not been included in the certified units column . As of 2017 , based on both sales claims and certified units , The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band . Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 Artists by reputed sales 2.1 250 million or more records 2.2 200 million to 249 million records 2.3 120 million to 199 million records 2.4 100 million to 119 million records 2.5 80 million to 99 million records 2.6 75 million to 79 million records 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Definitions All artists included on this list , which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units . That is why Cliff Richard , Diana Ross , Scorpions , Charles Aznavour , Bing Crosby , Gloria Estefan , Deep Purple , Iron Maiden , Tom Jones , The Jackson 5 , Dionne Warwick , the Spice Girls , Luciano Pavarotti , Dolly Parton , Ozzy Osbourne , Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list . The more recent the artist , the higher the required percentage of certified units , so artists such as Rihanna , Taylor Swift , Flo Rida , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Adele , Lady Gaga , Bruno Mars and Nicki Minaj are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units . The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies . The certified sales percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts . The requirements of certified sales are designed to avoid inflated sales figures , which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes . The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources . For clarity , the sources used , say the term `` records '' ( singles , albums , videos ) and not `` albums '' . However , if all available sources for an artist or band say `` albums '' , such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount . This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units : inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high , are not used . The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified sales . In other words , the available certified sales for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones . The certified sales of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures . This is because Recording Industry Association of America and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification . For this reason , some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units . The over certified figures , however , are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications , one such example is Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA , yet during the time of the certification , it had sold 5.4 million downloads . The certified sales for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification . Artists by reputed sales 250 million or more records The Beatles Elvis Presley Michael Jackson Madonna Elton John Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value : each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop 7002271100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 271.1 million ( show ) US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million UK : 18.045 million GER : 8 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million ITA : 355,000 BRA : 550,000 SWE 485,000 SPA : 1.250 million SWI : 350,000 BEL : 265,000 ARG : 1.606 million DEN : 260,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country 7002212200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 212.2 million ( show ) US : 188.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.905 million GER : 1.2 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.587 million ITA : 105,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE 380,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 105,000 SWI : 185,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 110,000 DEN : 120,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B 7002184600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 184.6 million ( show ) US : 104.5 million JPN : 4.650 million UK : 27.545 million GER : 11.275 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.670 million ITA : 1.170 million BRA : 280,000 SWE : 1.230 million SPA : 1.995 million MEX : 3.670 million SWI : 910,000 BEL : 365,000 ARG : 124,000 DEN : 1.224 million AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica 7002170600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 170.6 million ( show ) US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million UK : 28.845 million GER : 12.4 million FRA : 12.795 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.717 million ITA : 465,000 BRA : 3.440 million SWE : 1.070 million SPA : 2.815 million MEX : 510,000 SWI : 1.080 million BEL : 690,000 ARG : 1.098 DEN : 407,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock 7002169000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 169 million ( show ) US : 117.850 million JPN : 1.1 million UK : 22.395 million GER : 7.9 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.837 million BRA : 835,000 SWE : 740,000 SPA : 1.2 million MEX : 100,000 SWI : 1.313 million BEL : 390,000 ARG : 128,000 DEN : 150,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock 7002139690000099999 ♠ Total available certified units : 139.7 million ( show ) US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 9.330 million GER : 3.775 million FRA : 2.310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million ITA : 345,000 BRA : 820,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock 7002118900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 118.9 million ( show ) US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 11.320 million GER : 7.5 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million ITA : 1.685 million BRA : 540,000 SWE : 220,000 SPA : 625,000 SWI : 390,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 582,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 200 million to 249 million records Rihanna Mariah Carey Celine Dion Queen Whitney Houston AC / DC The Rolling Stones To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Rihanna Barbados United States 2005 -- present 2005 R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip - hop 7002228900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 228.9 million ( show ) US : 168.55 million JPN : 1.4 million UK : 30.3 million GER : 4.675 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 2.840 million AUS : 9.220 million ITA : 1.450 million BRA : 555,000 SWE : 2.480 million SPA : 1.450 million MEX : 410,000 SWI : 840,000 BEL : 660,000 DEN : 1.117 AUT : 135,000 POL : 500,000 IRE : 240,000 NZ : 667,500 230 million Mariah Carey United States 1988 -- present R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip - hop 7002136900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 136.9 million ( show ) US : 92.6 million JPN : 14.5 million UK : 10.020 million GER : 3.750 million FRA : 4.690 million CAN : 4.1 million AUS : 3.515 million ITA : 200,000 BRA : 835,000 SWE : 425,000 SPA : 1 million SWI : 515,000 BEL : 150,000 DEN : 130,000 AUT : 200,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 200 million 175 million Celine Dion Canada 1981 -- present 1981 Pop 7002125000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 125 million ( show ) US : 56.550 million JPN : 7.150 million UK : 13.555 million GER : 8 million FRA : 15.685 million CAN : 12.245 million AUS : 3.302 million BRA : 505,000 SWE : 1.105 million SPA : 1 million SWI : 1.685 million BEL : 1.885 million ARG : 340,000 DEN : 370,000 AUT : 440,000 POL : 680,000 FIN : 356,183 NZ : 192,500 200 million 175 million Queen United Kingdom 1971 -- present 1973 Rock 7002120900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 120.9 million ( show ) US : 61 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 28.815 million GER : 11.525 million FRA : 4.495 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.167 million ITA : 505,000 BRA : 970,000 SWE : 190,000 SPA : 1.720 million SWI : 1.256 million BEL : 100,000 DEN : 115,000 ARG : 1.080 million AUT : 900,000 POL : 810,000 FIN : 366,152 NZ : 275,000 200 million 170 million Whitney Houston United States 1977 -- 2012 1984 R&B / Soul / Pop 7002113600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 113.6 million ( show ) US : 76.275 million JPN : 4.3 million UK : 14.605 million GER : 5.6 million FRA : 2.275 million CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.580 million ITA : 140,000 BRA : 1.025 SWE : 1.035 million SPA : 1.260 million SWI : 845,000 BEL : 215,000 DEN : 140,000 AUT : 535,000 POL : 180,000 FIN : 247,222 200 million 170 million AC / DC Australia 1973 -- present Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll 7002113500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 113.5 million ( show ) US : 79.7 million UK : 4.4 million GER : 10.3 million FRA : 4.180 million CAN : 2.490 million AUS : 7.470 million ITA : 750,000 SWE : 350,000 SPA : 1.355 million SWI : 894,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 594,000 DEN : 135,000 AUT : 380,000 FIN : 321,169 NZ : 140,000 200 million 150 million The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962 -- present 1963 Rock / Blues rock 7001972000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.2 million ( show ) US : 74.750 million JPN : 950,000 UK : 8.510 million GER : 3.2 million FRA : 3.370 million AUS : 417,500 CAN : 3.025 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 690,000 SWI : 238,000 BEL : 120,000 ARG : 718,000 AUT : 300,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 190,000 200 million ABBA Sweden 1972 -- 1982 1972 Pop / Disco 7001607000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.7 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million JPN : 1.5 million UK : 18.970 million GER : 10.450 million FRA : 2.750 million CAN : 2.785 million AUS : 6.127 million BRA : 275,000 SWE : 800,000 SPA : 1.005 million MEX : 260,000 SWI : 600,000 BEL : 380,000 ARG : 238,000 DEN : 600,000 AUT : 175,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 656,319 NZ : 297,500 200 million 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 120 million to 199 million records Taylor Swift Garth Brooks Eminem Eagles Bruno Mars U2 Kanye West To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Taylor Swift United States 2006 -- present 2006 Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop - rock 7002181600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 181.6 million ( show ) US : 157 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 8.9 million GER : 950,000 FRA : 250,000 CAN : 4.580 million AUS : 5.495 million ITA : 285,000 BRA : 170,000 SWE : 180,000 MEX : 450,000 DEN : 140,000 > NZ : 375,000 175 million Garth Brooks United States 1989 -- present 1989 Country 7002146000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 156 million ( show ) US : 149.4 million UK : 520,000 CAN : 5.730 million AUS : 280,000 IRE : 120,000 160 million Eminem United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7002132100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 132.1 million ( show ) US : 86.1 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 21.425 million GER : 3.450 million FRA : 3.170 million CAN : 3.770 million AUS : 5.702 million ITA : 615,000 BRA : 200,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 290,000 MEX : 365,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 475,000 DEN : 556,000 > AUT : 325,000 POL : 250,000 FIN : 124,547 IRE : 285,000 NZ : 562,500 155 million Eagles United States 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- present 1972 Rock 7002129400000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 129.4 million ( show ) US : 108.9 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 7.835 million GER : 925,000 FRA : 2.040 million CAN : 4.2 million AUS : 3.395 million SWE : 140,000 SPA : 500,000 SWI : 290,000 DEN : 185,000 > FIN : 124,749 NZ : 352,500 150 million U2 Ireland 1976 -- present 1980 Rock 7002106800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 106.8 million ( show ) US : 53.1 million JPN : 1.450 million UK : 18.620 million GER : 5.125 million FRA : 5.025 million CAN : 7.115 million AUS : 4.412 million ITA : 805,000 BRA : 2.675 million SWE : 515,000 SPA : 2.275 million MEX : 835,000 SWI : 696,000 BEL : 725,000 ARG : 806,000 DEN : 473,000 AUT : 515,000 POL : 360,000 FIN : 235,460 IRE : 316,000 NZ : 765,000 150 million Billy Joel United States 1964 -- present 1971 Pop / Rock 7002102600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.6 million ( show ) US : 87.950 million JPN : 2 million UK : 5.655 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 925,000 CAN : 3.275 million AUS : 1.267 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 162,500 150 million Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980 -- 2011 , 2015 -- present 1981 Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary 7001878000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 87.8 million ( show ) US : 39.850 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 15.250 million GER : 13.8 million FRA : 6.410 million CAN : 3.375 million AUS : 1.522 BRA : 1.370 million SWE : 245,000 SPA : 2.150 million SWI : 973,000 BEL : 305,000 ARG : 1.044 million AUT : 440,000 FIN : 182,581 NZ : 122,500 150 million Aerosmith United States 1970 -- present 1973 Hard rock 7001847000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 84.7 million ( show ) US : 70.250 million JPN : 2.7 million UK : 3.230 million GER : 2 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.950 million AUS : 225,000 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 600,000 SWE : 260,000 SPA : 200,000 MEX : 230,000 SWI : 145,000 ARG : 338,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 FIN : 101,722 150 million Frank Sinatra United States 1935 -- 1995 1939 Pop / Swing 7001373009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 37.3 million ( show ) US : 28.2 million UK : 5.445 million GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 650,000 AUS : 245,000 BRA : 350,000 SWE : 130,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 188,000 150 million Barbra Streisand United States 1960 -- present 1963 Pop / Adult contemporary 7001974000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.4 million ( show ) US : 82.450 million UK : 5.765 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 3.150 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 2.047 million SWE : 120,000 SPA : 150,000 FIN : 186,501 NZ : 137,500 145 million Bruno Mars United States 2004 -- present Pop rock / R&B 7002121200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 121.2 million ( show ) US : 86.5 million JPN : 1.2 million UK : 13.5 million GER : 3.4 million FRA : 1.850 million CAN : 5.240 million AUS : 4.970 million ITA : 710,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 470,000 MEX : 780,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 345,000 DEN : 365,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 532,500 PHL : 330,000 130 million Kanye West United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop / Electronic / Pop rock 7002102800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.8 million ( show ) US : 87.750 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 10.680 million GER : 300,000 CAN : 1.180 million AUS : 2.135 million ITA : 145,000 SWE : 160,000 DEN : 424,000 121 million Bruce Springsteen United States 1972 -- present 1973 Rock 7002101500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 101.5 million ( show ) US : 76.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 7.145 million GER : 4.325 million FRA : 1.887 million CAN : 3.2 million AUS : 3.362 million ITA : 575,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 1.730 million SWI : 400,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 290,000 FIN : 449,800 IRE : 189,500 NZ : 375,000 120 million Bee Gees United Kingdom Australia 1963 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 1963 Pop / Disco 7001683000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.3 million ( show ) US : 42.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 9.065 million GER : 6.675 million FRA : 3.4 million CAN : 3.215 million AUS : 1.187 million BRA : 350,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 415,000 ARG : 188,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 380,000 120 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 100 million to 119 million records Justin Bieber Katy Perry Adele Lady Gaga Jay - Z Metallica B'z To ensure the high level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Lady Gaga United States 2005 -- present 2008 Pop / Dance / Electronic 7001992000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 99.2 million ( show ) US : 68.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 10.985 million GER : 2.9 million FRA : 1.58 million CAN : 2.4 million AUS : 2.890 million ITA : 840,000 BRA : 470,000 SWE : 680,000 SPA : 410,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 445,000 BEL : 270,000 DEN : 340,000 AUT : 182,500 POL : 130,000 IRE : 165,000 NZ : 277,500 114 million Metallica United States 1981 -- present Heavy metal / Thrash metal 7001943000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 94.3 million ( show ) US : 73.3 million JPN : 900,000 UK : 3.335 million GER : 3.525 million FRA : 940,000 CAN : 3.805 million AUS : 2.637 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 675,000 SPA : 420,000 MEX : 430,000 SWI : 560,000 BEL : 335,000 DEN : 180,000 ARG : 874,000 AUT : 340,000 POL : 735,000 FIN : 530,676 NZ : 315,000 110 million Justin Bieber Canada United States 2008 -- present 2009 Pop / Teen pop , Dance pop 7002132000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 132 million ( show ) US : 87.5 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 17.085 million GER : 3.3 million FRA : 1.2 CAN : 5.620 million AUS : 4.725 million ITA : 1.795 million BRA : 810,000 SWE : 1.820 million SPA : 880,000 MEX : 2.910 million BEL : 450,000 DEN : 2.075 million POL : 370,000 AUT : 140,000 NZ : 615,000 100 million Katy Perry United States 2001 -- present 2008 Pop 7002129300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 129.3 million ( show ) US : 97.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.550 million GER : 2.750 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 6.160 million AUS : 5.090 million ITA : 780,000 BRA : 625,000 SWE : 520,000 SPA : 180,000 MEX : 900,000 SWI : 160,000 BEL : 135,000 DEN : 235,000 AUT : 247,500 NZ : 360,000 100 million Adele United Kingdom 2006 -- present 2008 Pop , soul 7002104700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 104.7 million ( show ) US : 61 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 20.550 million GER : 4.7 million CAN : 6.120 million AUS : 3.955 million ITA : 1.570 million BRA : 1.310 million SWE : 240,000 SPA : 800,000 MEX : 1.490 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 795,000 DEN : 597,500 POL : 300,000 FIN : 151,639 NZ : 577,500 100 million Jay - Z United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop 7001981000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 98.1 million ( show ) US : 82.7 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 9.320 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.6 million AUS : 1.260 ITA : 180,000 SWE : 130,000 100 million B'z Japan 1988 -- present Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock 7001857000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 85.7 million ( show ) JPN : 85.75 million 100 million Bon Jovi United States 1983 -- present Hard rock / Glam metal 7001840000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 84 million ( show ) US : 49.9 million JPN : 4.400 million UK : 9.490 million GER : 5.650 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 4.735 million AUS : 3.030 million ITA : 110,000 BRA : 435,000 SWE : 365,000 SPA : 1.620 million MEX : 250,000 SWI : 1.275 million AUT : 725,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 358,000 POL : 110,000 FIN : 422,500 NZ : 210,000 100 million Linkin Park United States 1996 -- present 2000 Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock 7001823000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 82.3 million ( show ) US : 61.6 million JPN : 1.550 million UK : 6.205 million GER : 5.850 million FRA : 1.025 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 1.485 million ITA : 515,000 BRA : 595,000 SWE : 165,000 SPA : 175,000 MEX : 225,000 SWI : 425,000 BEL : 140,000 DEN : 175,000 AUT : 252,500 POL : 220,000 FIN : 120,469 NZ : 252,500 100 million Beyoncé United States 1997 -- present 2002 R&B / Pop 7001810000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 81 million ( show ) US : 56.150 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 13.885 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 560,000 CAN : 1.395 million AUS : 2.975 million ITA : 260,000 BRA : 390,000 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 1.030 million MEX : 110,000 SWI : 165,000 BEL : 115,000 DEN : 312,500 POL : 100,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million Lil Wayne United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7001799000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 79.9 million ( show ) US : 77.7 million UK : 1.460 million CAN : 280,000 AUS : 525,000 100 million Britney Spears United States 1998 -- present 1998 Pop / Dance / Dance - pop 7001785000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.5 million ( show ) US : 44.2 million JPN : 2.1 million UK : 10.150 million GER : 5.050 million FRA : 3.732 million CAN : 3.680 million AUS : 3.130 million ITA : 175,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 1.010 million SPA : 990,000 MEX : 1.175 million SWI : 485,000 AUT : 365,000 BEL : 935,000 ARG : 248,000 DEN : 187,500 POL : 210,000 FIN : 143,627 NZ : 240,000 100 million Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001778000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 77.8 million ( show ) US : 43.650 million JPN : 450,000 UK : 18.330 million GER : 3.8 million FRA : 1.8 million CAN : 4.055 million AUS : 2.610 million BRA : 980,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 290,000 SWI : 100,000 ARG : 524,000 AUT : 100,000 POL : 220,000 IRE : 195,000 NZ : 280,000 100 million Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Pop 7001761009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 76.1 million ( show ) US : 51.250 million UK : 13.585 million GER : 3.5 million FRA : 800,000 AUS : 2.767 million CAN : 2.950 million SPA : 300,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 NZ : 572,500 100 million Guns N ' Roses United States 1985 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001743000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 74.3 million ( show ) US : 48.5 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 6.150 million GER : 4.1 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.520 million AUS : 2.410 ITA : 685,000 BRA : 1.9 million SWE : 485,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 760,000 SWI : 365,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 1.248 million AUT : 365,000 POL : 160,000 IRE : 105,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million George Strait United States 1981 -- present 1984 Country 7001728000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72.8 million ( show ) US : 72.150 million CAN : 705,000 100 million Backstreet Boys United States 1993 -- present 1995 Pop 7001720000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72 million ( show ) US : 41.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 4.875 million GER : 7 million FRA : 325,000 CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.4 million BRA : 1.625 million SWE : 655,000 SPA : 1.850 million MEX : 1.475 million SWI : 415,000 BEL : 425,000 ARG : 740,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 171,390 NZ : 132,500 100 million Neil Diamond United States 1966 -- present 1966 Pop / Rock 7001683000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.3 million ( show ) US : 55.9 million UK : 7.130 million GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.725 million AUS : 1.945 million SPA : 100,000 NZ : 127,500 100 million Prince United States 1976 -- 2016 1978 Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock 7001642000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.2 million ( show ) US : 48.950 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 7.045 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 2.110 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.120 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 177,500 100 million Kenny Rogers United States 1958 -- present Country / Pop 7001601000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 61.4 million ( show ) US : 54.050 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 2.520 million CAN : 4.6 million AUS : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960 -- present 1970 Rock 7001606000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.6 million ( show ) US : 41.450 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 12.365 million GER : 1.525 million FRA : 1.305 million CAN : 1.955 million AUS : 465,000 SWE : 210,000 SPA : 640,000 DEN : 210,000 100 million Janet Jackson United States 1982 -- present 1982 R&B / Pop 7001521000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 52.1 million ( show ) US : 39.750 million JPN : 1.6 million UK : 4.760 million GER : 1.4 million FRA : 1.475 million CAN : 1.460 million AUS : 1.155 SWE : 105,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 170,000 BEL : 125,000 100 million Julio Iglesias Spain 1968 -- present 1968 Latin 7001510000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51 million ( show ) US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 1.620 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 6.1 million CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 540,000 ITA : 400,000 NLD : 950,000 BRA : 12.475 million SWE : 290,000 SPA : 8.7 million MEX : 2.975 million BEL : 125,000 ARG : 3.220 million FIN : 131,636 100 million Chicago United States 1967 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001483000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48.3 million ( show ) US : 44.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 1.490 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 1.865 million SPA : 100,000 100 million The Carpenters United States 1969 -- 1983 1969 Pop 7001460000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46 million ( show ) US : 34.6 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 7.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 275,000 BRA : 100,000 100 million Bob Dylan United States 1959 -- present 1963 Folk / Rock 7001453000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.3 million ( show ) US : 35.6 million UK : 6.025 million GER : 625,000 FRA : 800,000 CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 480,000 SWI : 175,000 NZ : 105,000 100 million Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977 -- 1995 1978 Rock 7001447000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.7 million ( show ) US : 15.5 million UK : 11.1 million GER : 3.750 million FRA : 5.3 million CAN : 2.575 million AUS : 2.190 million ITA : 385,000 BRA : 175,000 SWE : 360,000 SPA : 1.380 million SWI : 1 million BEL : 100,000 AUT : 300,000 FIN : 471,530 NZ : 155,000 100 million Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977 -- present 1979 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001418009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.8 million ( show ) US : 35.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.960 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 2.995 million AUS : 385,000 SWE : 150,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 125,000 100 million Cher United States 1964 -- present 1965 Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk 7001405000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.5 million ( show ) US : 21.9 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 6.450 million GER : 4.175 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 1.340 million AUS : 1.530 million ITA : 300,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE : 850,000 SPA : 600,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 295,000 BEL : 275,000 ARG : 106,000 DEN : 300,000 AUT : 250,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 150,000 100 million Genesis United Kingdom 1967 -- 1999 2006 -- present 1969 Progressive rock / Pop rock 7001399000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 39.9 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 7.325 million GER : 5.875 million FRA : 3.460 million CAN : 805,000 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 250,000 SWI : 400,000 100 million James Taylor United States 1968 -- present 1970 Rock / Pop 7001355000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.5 million ( show ) US : 34.650 million UK : 655,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 100,000 100 million Olivia Newton - John Australia 1966 -- present 1966 Pop 7001347000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.7 million ( show ) US : 27 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 3.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 380,000 100 million Stevie Wonder United States 1961 -- present 1962 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 8.285 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 1.550 million SPA : 250,000 100 million Tina Turner United States 1955 -- present Rock / Pop 7001328009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.8 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million UK : 8.145 million GER : 6.050 million FRA : 1.135 million CAN : 1.560 million AUS : 480,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 565,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 630,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 241,954 100 million Linda Ronstadt United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Folk / Country 7001325000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.5 million ( show ) US : 31.5 million UK : 435,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 500,000 100 million Donna Summer United States 1968 -- 2012 Pop / Disco / R&B 7001308000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.8 million ( show ) US : 24.5 million UK : 3.735 million FRA : 900,000 CAN : 1.550 million BRA : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million The Beach Boys United States 1961 -- present 1962 Rock / Pop / Surf Rock 7001305000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.5 million ( show ) US : 25.6 million UK : 3.410 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 400,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 492,500 SPA : 250,000 100 million David Bowie United Kingdom 1962 -- 2016 1967 Art rock / Glam rock / Pop 7001299000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 29.9 million ( show ) US : 11.7 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 11.745 million GER : 525,000 FRA : 2.380 million CAN : 2.215 million AUS : 565,000 ITA : 345,000 SPA : 170,000 NZ : 142,500 100 million The Who United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1965 Rock / Hard rock 7001269000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 26.9 million ( show ) US : 22.150 million UK : 3.905 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 425,000 ITA : 125,000 100 million Barry White United States 1972 -- 2003 1973 R&B / Soul 7001217000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 21.7 million ( show ) US : 16.5 million UK : 3.665 million FRA : 1.1 million CAN : 150,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 150,000 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 80 million to 99 million records Coldplay Shania Twain Nicki Minaj Flo Rida Ayumi Hamasaki Van Halen Red Hot Chili Peppers To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Coldplay United Kingdom 1996 -- present 1999 Alternative rock , Pop rock , Pop 7001782000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.2 million ( show ) US : 29.6 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 23.685 million GER : 4.150 million FRA : 3.030 CAN : 3.445 million AUS : 3.655 million ITA : 2.660 million BRA : 340,000 SWE : 670,000 SPA : 1.030 million MEX : 1.890 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 735,000 ARG : 528,000 DEN : 639,000 AUT : 197,500 POL : 220,000 IRE : 210,000 NZ : 345,000 90 million Shania Twain Canada 1993 -- present Country pop 7001757000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 75.7 million ( show ) US : 54.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 6.795 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 975,000 CAN : 6.880 million AUS : 2.360 million BRA : 475,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 100,000 SWI : 310,000 BEL : 250,000 ARG : 120,000 AUT : 115,000 NZ : 402,500 90 million Santana United States 1966 -- present 1969 Rock 7001618000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 61.8 million ( show ) US : 47.475 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 2.980 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.510 million CAN : 1.660 million AUS : 855,000 BRA : 375,000 SWE : 125,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 405,000 SWI : 375,000 BEL : 190,000 ARG : 158,000 AUT : 145,000 POL : 205,000 NZ : 135,000 90 million Lionel Richie United States 1968 -- present 1981 Pop / R&B 7001404000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.4 million ( show ) US : 28.650 million UK : 6.355 million GER : 1.050 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 2.380 million AUS : 260,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 145,000 90 million Earth , Wind & Fire United States 1969 -- present 1971 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001356000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.6 million ( show ) US : 31.8 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 2.525 million FRA : 500,000 CAN : 360,000 90 million Johnny Cash United States 1954 -- 2003 1956 Country / Rock and roll / Gospel 7001307000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.7 million ( show ) US : 25.7 million UK : 3.660 million GER : 400,000 CAN : 490,000 AUS : 522,500 90 million Nicki Minaj United States 2008 -- present Hip hop , Pop 7001715000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 71.5 million ( show ) US : 58 million JPN : 350,000 UK : 7.1 million GER : 800,000 FRA : 225,000 CAN : 480,000 AUS : 2.835 million ITA : 375,000 BRA : 250,000 SWE : 400,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 180,000 DEN : 130,000 NZ : 187,500 85 million R.E.M. United States 1980 -- 2011 Alternative rock 7001426000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.6 million ( show ) US : 21.150 million UK : 8.765 million GER : 4.275 million FRA : 1.450 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 1.030 ITA : 175,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 500,000 SPA : 1.1 million SWI : 450,000 BEL : 108,000 ARG : 158,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 350,000 IRE : 127,500 NZ : 105,000 85 million Flo Rida United States 2007 -- present 2007 Hip - hop , Hip house , EDM 7001698000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 69.8 million ( show ) US : 49 million JPN : 650,000 UK : 7.960 million GER : 3 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 2.810 million AUS : 3.535 million ITA : 330,000 SWE : 780,000 SPA : 140,000 MEX : 330,000 SWI : 420,000 DEN : 205,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 247,500 80 million Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998 -- present 1998 J - pop / Pop / dance / electronic 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) JPN : 64.3 million 80 million Van Halen United States 1978 -- present 1978 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) US : 57.8 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 740,000 GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2.450 million BRA : 200,000 80 million Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983 -- present Funk rock / Alternative rock 7001578000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 57.8 million ( show ) US : 32.250 million JPN : 2.6 million UK : 9.995 million GER : 2.650 million FRA : 1.420 million CAN : 2.020 million AUS : 2.590 million ITA : 455,000 BRA : 515,000 SWE : 390,000 SPA : 640,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 170,000 ARG : 406,000 DEN : 227,000 AUT : 247,500 POL : 245,000 FIN : 171,951 NZ : 285,000 80 million Foreigner United States United Kingdom 1976 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard Rock 7001496000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 49.6 million ( show ) US : 45.1 million UK : 1.300 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 700,000 AUS : 105,000 SWI : 125,000 80 million The Doors United States 1965 -- 1973 1967 Psychedelic rock 7001469000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46.9 million ( show ) US : 36.6 million UK : 2.040 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 1.9 million CAN : 2.780 million AUS : 1.022 million ITA : 130,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 125,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million George Michael United Kingdom 1981 -- 2016 1984 Pop 7001457000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.7 million ( show ) US : 19.8 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.850 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.217 million CAN : 1.770 million AUS : 2.205 million BRA : 350,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 850,000 SWI : 335,000 BEL : 215,000 ARG : 118,000 DEN : 380,000 AUT : 140,000 POL : 340,000 NZ : 140,000 80 million Reba McEntire United States 1975 -- present Country / Country Pop 7001427000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.7 million ( show ) US : 41.9 million CAN : 850,000 80 million Meat Loaf United States 1968 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard rock 7001415000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.5 million ( show ) US : 23.6 million UK : 9.665 million GER : 2.350 million CAN : 3.260 million AUS : 2.382 million SWE : 100,000 SWI : 115,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Tom Petty United States 1976 -- 2017 1977 Rock 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 31.250 million UK : 1 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 1.7 million SWE : 200,000 80 million Johnny Hallyday France 1957 -- 2017 1960 Rock / Pop 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) FRA : 24.035 million SWI : 268,000 BEL : 430,000 80 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 75 million to 79 million records Journey The Black Eyed Peas Maroon 5 Kenny G Usher Tupac Shakur Robbie Williams To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995 -- present 1998 Hip - hop / R&B / Dance 7001556000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 55.6 million ( show ) US : 29.4 million JPN : 1.250 million UK : 10.8 million GER : 2.250 million FRA : 2.650 million CAN : 2.7 million AUS : 3.270 million ITA : 365,000 BRA : 255,000 SWE : 300,000 SPA : 460,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 460,000 BEL : 460,000 DEN : 161,000 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 340,000 76 million Journey United States 1973 -- present Rock / Soft rock 7001620000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 62 million ( show ) US : 59.7 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.360 million CAN : 725,000 75 million Maroon 5 United States 1994 -- present 2002 Pop rock / Funk rock / Dance - pop 7001583000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 58.3 million ( show ) US : 33.2 million JPN : 1.750 UK : 9.160 million GER : 1.150 FRA : 675,000 CAN : 3.525 million AUS : 2.835 million ITA : 685,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 650,000 SPA : 210,000 MEX : 3.365 DEN : 462,500 NZ : 300,000 75 million Kenny G United States 1982 -- present 1984 Smooth jazz 7001519000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.9 million ( show ) US : 48.1 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 360,000 CAN : 950,000 BRA : 1.350 million SPA : 450,000 75 million Usher United States 1991 -- present R&B / Pop 7001514000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.4 million ( show ) US : 37.435 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 8.125 million GER : 1.150 FRA : 210,000 CAN : 1.190 million AUS : 2.112 million SWE : 105,000 SWI : 170,000 DEN : 117,500 NZ : 150,000 75 million Tupac Shakur United States 1991 -- 1996 1991 Hip hop 7001513000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.3 million ( show ) US : 46.2 million UK : 3.435 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 820,000 AUS : 395,000 75 million Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990 -- present Pop rock 7001505000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.5 million ( show ) US : 500,000 UK : 27.350 million GER : 9.475 million FRA : 2.695 million CAN : 250,000 AUS : 2.905 million ITA : 385,000 SWE : 445,000 SPA : 440,000 MEX : 1.595 million SWI : 983,000 BEL : 600,000 ARG : 462,000 DEN : 631,500 AUT : 917,500 POL : 140,000 FIN : 235,743 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 445,000 75 million Enya Ireland 1982 -- present New - age / Celtic 7001500000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 4.6 million UK : 5.250 million GER : 4.2 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 1.540 million AUS : 1.505 BRA : 1.650 million SWE : 390,000 SPA : 1.760 million MEX : 125,000 SWI : 370,000 BEL : 460,000 ARG : 390,000 DEN : 100,000 AUT : 185,000 POL : 120,000 NZ : 135,000 75 million Alabama United States 1972 -- present 1980 Country / Pop rock 7001480000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48 million ( show ) US : 46.8 million CAN : 1.2 million 75 million Nirvana United States 1987 -- 1994 1989 Grunge / Alternative rock 7001457000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.7 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 5.770 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 2.5 million CAN : 2.970 million AUS : 1.257 ITA : 375,000 BRA : 725,000 SWE : 380,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 475,000 SWI : 190,000 BEL : 350,000 ARG : 522,000 AUT : 230,000 POL : 300,000 NZ : 215,000 75 million Bryan Adams Canada 1979 -- present 1979 Rock 7001446000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.6 million ( show ) US : 21 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 8.675 million GER : 3.850 million FRA : 650,000 CAN : 5.120 million AUS : 2.010 million BRA : 100,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 250,000 DEN : 105,000 AUT : 375,000 FIN : 183,444 75 million Bob Marley Jamaica 1962 -- 1981 Reggae 7001389000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.9 million ( show ) US : 21.850 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 7.4 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 4.735 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 350,000 ITA : 250,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 303,000 ARG : 376,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 427,500 75 million The Police United Kingdom 1977 -- 1986 2007 -- 2008 1978 Pop / Rock 7001388009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.8 million ( show ) US : 23.150 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 8.160 million GER : 1.775 million FRA : 3.340 million CAN : 875,000 AUS : 407,500 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 140,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 100,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 228,000 75 million Barry Manilow United States 1973 -- present 1973 Pop / Soft rock 7001365000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 36.5 million ( show ) US : 33.3 million UK : 2.825 million CAN : 400,000 75 million Kiss United States 1972 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001278000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 27.8 million ( show ) US : 26 million CAN : 1.495 million UK : 100,000 AUS : 130,000 ARG : 112,000 75 million Aretha Franklin United States 1956 -- present 1961 Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) US : 23.5 million UK : 840,000 FRA : 275,000 CAN : 150,000 75 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . See also List of best - selling albums List of best - selling singles List of best - selling girl groups List of highest - certified music artists in the United States Notes Jump up ^ To be on this list , artists who began charting : before 1975 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 % in certified units . between 1975 -- 1990 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 -- 64 % in certified units . ( That is 2.9 % for each additional year after 1975 ) between 1990 -- 2000 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 64 -- 70 % in certified units . ( That is 0.6 % for each additional year after 1990 ) between 2000 -- present are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 70 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 0.66 % for each additional year after 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century ; thus , certification databases are not able to cover all sales . Some ( or all ) records released and sold prior to a certification system 's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases . Year of establishment ( from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively ) : United States : 1958 Japan : 1989 : United Kingdom : 1973 Germany : 1975 France : 1973 Canada : 1975 Australia : 1997 ( online certification - database has begun since 1997 . Certifications ; however , existed in Australia since the 1970s ) Italy : 2009 ( online certification - database covers certifications issued since 2009 . Certifications ; however , have existed in Italy since the 1990s ) Netherlands : 1978 Brazil : 1990 Sweden : 1987 Spain : 1979 Mexico : 1999 Switzerland : 1989 Belgium : 1997 Argentina : 1980 Denmark : 2001 ( online certifications for Denmark start from 2001 . Certifications ; however , existed in Denmark since the early 1990s ) Austria : 1990 Poland : 1995 Finland : 1971 Ireland : 2005 New Zealand : July 1978 Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales , if stores order more albums than they are able to sell , due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales . Often , however , actual sales are larger than certified sales , since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications . Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification - levels , meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level . As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites , certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels . See the changes in Certification - award - levels in the following markets : United States ( Note , U.S. certification - award - levels for singles before 1989 were : 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum . Also , U.S. certification - awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were : 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum ) Japan United Kingdom Germany France Canada ( Canadian certification - award - levels for singles before February 1982 were : 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum ) Italy Netherlands Brazil Sweden Spain Mexico Switzerland Belgium Argentina Denmark Austria : Poland Finland New Zealand : ( NZ certification levels before June 2007 were : 5,000 for Gold , 10,000 for Platinum ) ( The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17 , 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold , 15,000 for Platinum , to 15,000 for Gold , 30,000 for Platinum ) References Jump up ^ NEWSLINE : A Former Music Executive . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Troubles in Store . Spin Magazine . Spin Media L.L.C. February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Debuts Album Award With Streams '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music streaming numbers now count toward Canada 's Gold / Platinum certifications '' . National Music Centre . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Now Counts Streaming Towards Certified Sales Awards '' . musicbusinessworldwide.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum : We Found Love '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Best - Selling Songs & Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ Yearbook 2017 : IFPI Global Music Report 2017 ( Page 5 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bundesverband Musikindustrie : Internationales : Abb. 28 / / Umsätze aus dem europäischen Musikverkauf '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Beatles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Gold Disc Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BVMI : Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNEP : Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum searchable database '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Itaiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABPD : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROMUSICAE Charts : Home > Weekly charts '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 928 -- 939 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Note that the certifications for DVDs need to be retrieved by selecting the years at `` http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp '' ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums and DVDs ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Austria . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recorded Music New Zealand : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope : Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loebenberg , Priscilla ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Fab Four came to America 50 years ago with the help of a Maryland teenager '' . Carroll County Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hotten , Russell ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Beatles at 50 : From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did ' Thriller ' Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Elvis Presley ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 913 -- 929 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 940 -- 952 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amprofon Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2016 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 15 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 43 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Mark ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Elvis impersonator reviews his career highlights , wardrobe '' . Daily Herald of Arlington Heights . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shah , Sabir ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Pakistan is not lone target of extortion , gangster crimes '' . The News International of Pakistan . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salo , Jackie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elvis Presley Quotes : 10 Things He Said To Remember The Icon On Anniversary Of His Death '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Michael Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc Les Certifications depuis 1973 ( singles ) '' . InfoDisc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 6th July 2009 ( Issue 1010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 13th July 2009 ( Issue 1011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverige Toplistan : Sök '' . Sverige Toplistan ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Note : To retrieve the certifications , type in artist 's name in the box of `` Sök '' , and then click on `` Visa '' of the desired album / single / video ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 952 -- 966 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin i august '' . IFPI Denmark . September 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Denmark : Søg Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' King of Pop ' Michael Jackson was born today '' . Geo News . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 100 facts about the king of pop '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agencies , China Daily ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` 50 facts about Michael Jackson that made him a legend '' . China Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Madonna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 210 ( Madonna ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' . IFPI Denmark . February 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 22 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts '' . IFPI Denmark . April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & platin januar 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna compares herself to Picasso , saying she 's going to be creative until the day she dies '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna 's Rebel Heart beats strong on latest tour '' . The Macomb Daily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : healthy pop star admits to ' weakness ' for sticky toffee pudding '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Elton John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forårets guld - og platincertificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnham , Emily ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Elton John to play two concerts in Maine this fall '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hebditch , Jon ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sir Elton John to play Aberdeen this weekend '' . The Press and Journal of Scotland . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Jacqui ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John to play at WSU 's Nutter Center '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John , songtrack to my life '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Led Zeppelin ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Albums -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 10 / 11 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 10th August 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Celebration Day ' for Led Zeppelin fans '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Jane ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Page reflects on Led Zeppelin '' . The Age . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Logue , Timothy ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend : Delco man pens the real story behind Led Zeppelin 's rise '' . Delaware County Daily Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barbrick , Greg ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Music DVD / CD Review : Led Zeppelin -- Celebration Day '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Pink Floyd ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Floyd to release a new album in 2014 , entitled The Endless River '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : January 1995 ( Page 6 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Stephen ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` CONCERT REVIEW : Pink Floyd music lives on with tribute band '' . The Sun Chronicle . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Royal Mail Marks 50 Years of Pink Floyd With Special Stamps '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd drummer fears for young musicians trying to break through '' . Irish Examiner . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Pink Floyd Designer Exhibiting His Work In Ely '' . Ely Standard . May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Rihanna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2017 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts ( 31 / 03 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i september '' . IFPI Denmark . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts : Certtifications - Awards '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seales , Rebecca ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Cyntoia Brown : Rihanna and Kim Kardashian back jailed teen '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna and the other female stars living the life dating billionaires '' . News.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Mariah Carey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 ( Million Seller List by Year ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 ( Mariah Carey ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 4 ( UGE 51 - 2016 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey will return to Vegas for a handful of Christmastime concerts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julie , Jackson ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey to hold solo concert in October '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reporter , AFP ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey asks fans to pray for sick husband '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` For Mariah Carey , the angel is in the details '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Proefrock , Stacia . `` Allmusic : Celine Dion ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 1995 年 ( 1995 million - seller list ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( July 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 47 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 22 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion to launch fashion line with The Bugatti Group '' . Kingston Whig - Standard . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ptashnick , Victoria ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Céline Dion joins Twitter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Learning to love Celine Dion '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barhat , Vikram Singh ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Celine Dion : Taking Chances tour to heights '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Queen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2004 年 ( 2004 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Jill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Queen facts you can share with your mates at the Hydro '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tolhurst , Alain ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Queen guitarist reveals Sidmouth inspiration '' . Sidmouth Herald . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vass , Eszter ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Queen + Adam Lambert to perform in Budapest '' . Daily News Hungary . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Whitney Houston ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( January 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 27th February 2012 Issue No. 1148 ( for single `` I Will Always Love You '' and albums `` The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' , `` Whitney Houston '' ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Whitney Houston : 10 Career - Defining Moments '' . Time . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levine , Barry ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Four more who should be in the Hall of Fame '' . The Albany Herald . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Michael ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at Whitney Houston 's death '' . The Australian . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ France - Presse , Agence ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at death of Whitney Houston , 48 '' . Hürriyet Daily News . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : AC / DC ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Francois ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Review : AC / DC thrill Vancouver fans at BC Place '' . The Vancouver Sun . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' AC / DC 's music is the best antidepressant there is ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Giants AC / DC Accept The Inevitable And Agree To Make Their Music Available On iTunes '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` MSPs tell AC / DC ... We Salute You '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Rolling Stones ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ; Dixon , Louise ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years on stage '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCall , Tris ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Maybe the last time ? Rolling Stones set to rock Newark , London '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : ABBA ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 2001 ( Gold Album - Page 8 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum Database ( February 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( September 8 , 1979 ) . ABBA 's Australian certifications at Billboard Magazine ( September 8 , 1979 issue ) . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 25 - 2004 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 28 April 2014 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 19 March 2007 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trauth , Beti ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` ABBA music enhances ' Mamma Mia ! ' at the Van Duzer '' . Times - Standard . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mamma Mia ! ' at ASU Gammage '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Philip ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ABBA Gold and the UK Bee Gees tribute acts to perform in Skegness '' . Skegness Standard Newspaper . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA , Hollies , Genesis enter Rock Hall in NYC bash '' . The Register Citizen Newspaper . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Taylor Swift ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor - made ' 80s sounds '' . New Straits Times . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Garth Brooks ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kelly ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Garth Brooks is back in Raleigh , doing 3 shows at PNC '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Eminem ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 17 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Jonathan ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Letter from Eminem to Tupac 's mother discovered '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Eagles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michelle , Mitchell ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Eagles tribute band comes to the Wayne '' . The Daily Progress . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : U2 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 22 / 09 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Lara ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Former U2 manager Paul McGuinness : Cracking crime on the Côte d'Azur '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Billy Joel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gierer , Larry ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Billy Joel to perform in Atlanta Braves ' new stadium '' . Ledger - Enquirer . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Phil Collins ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Collins ' fans rejoice : Artist announces end of retirement '' . CNN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Aerosmith ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ARIA Singes Chart : Annual Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leimkuehler , Matthew ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Aerosmith frontman Steven Tyler to perform at Iowa State Fair '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Frank Sinatra ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kathaleen ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` New Mexico musicians weigh in on performing with Frank Sinatra '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Barbra Streisand ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gornall , Jonathan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Newsmaker : Barbra Streisand '' . The National of Abu Dhabi . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Bruno Mars ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 12 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PARI : List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . Philippine Association of the Record Industry . PARI . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanValkenburgh , Nicky ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE PREVIEW : ' Rio 2 ' flies high '' . The Greenville News . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Kanye West ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold / Platinum database : October 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Track Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Chris ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bluesfest review : Twenty minutes late , Kanye West still captures massive crowd '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Bruce Springsteen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april '' . IFPI Denmark . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kidd , James ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Book review : with Born to Run , Bruce Springsteen charts a true artist 's life '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 448 . Jump up ^ Maury Dean ( 2003 ) . Rock ' N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Bee Gees ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 1996 ( Page 5 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : November 1996 ( Page 4 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Barry Gibb honors brothers at sold out show , reveals Bee Gees ' best song '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Lady Gaga ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barr , Gordon ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga : We chart her career as she prepares for Metro Radio Arena concert '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Metallica ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 07 / 10 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pashelka , Curtis ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Shark Hosting ' Metallica Night ' at SAP Center '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Allmusic : Justin Bieber ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber disappoints with ' hungover ' performance at V Festival '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Katy Perry ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Andrews , Travis ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is the first judge named for new ' American Idol ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Davis . `` Allmusic : Adele ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Felicity ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Adele Australian tour 2017 : Grammy winner to sing at Brisbane 's Gabba in March '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Jay - Z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pagliery , Jose ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jay - Z to buy music streaming Aspiro for $56 million '' . CNN . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : B'z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Culross , Mikey Hirano ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Meeting of the Masters '' . Rafu Shimpo . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bon Jovi ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 28th January 2008 ( Issue 935 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Australian certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mathew ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Bon Jovi recalls the early days and how Livin ' on a Prayer changed everything '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Linkin Park ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington : Lead singer of Linkin Park remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Beyonce ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company : Beyoncé '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Conciones Top 20 Anual 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schroats , Stephen ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé considers investing in a rising NBA team , report says '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Lil Wayne ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levy , Piet ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Lil Wayne , Jeezy coming to UW - Milwaukee Panther Arena June 12 '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Britney Spears ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april ( 01 / 05 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 6 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Hunter ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Finally , our elected officials are giving Britney Spears the respect she deserves '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Rod Stewart ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Andy ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Rod Stewart speaks exclusively ahead of Shrewsbury show '' . Shropshire Star . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Fleetwood Mac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 29 June 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 16 September 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Urban , Kelly ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fleetwood Mac tribute band TUSK to rock Arcadia '' . The Tribune - Democrat . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Guns N ' Roses ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ P. Mayor , Jeffrey ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses announces August concert in Seattle '' . The News Tribune . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : George Strait ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hammontree , John ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Who won the Ultimate Southern Music Bracket ? '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Backstreet Boys ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2001 年 ( 2001 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Backstreet ? s Back : Kevin Re-Joins The Backstreet Boys Permanently , Eighth Album In The Future '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Neil Diamond ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Michael ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Heider show will mine Neil Diamond hits '' . La Crosse Tribune . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Prince ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fong , Michelle ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prince 's memorable performances in Dayton '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vinopal & Erlewine , David & Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kenny Rogers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( June 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Kenny Rogers : ' Christmas Once Again ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Paul McCartney ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden : Certifications for 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer ( page 75 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Chirs ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney wanted a free Brooklyn Nets T - shirt more than anything '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Janet Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lindquist , David ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson will make good on postponed Indy date '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Julio Iglesias ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julio Iglesias 30th Anniversary . Billboard . May 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Report , Staff ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Julio Iglesias to perform in Sharjah '' . Gulf News . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Chicago ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital downloads : February 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flans , Robyn ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Newbury Park drummer will rejoin Chicago for one big night '' . Ventura County Star . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Carpenters ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum database ( June 2009 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nice , Bill ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sugar High Theatricals presents ' An Evening with The Carpenters ' '' . The Register - Mail . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bob Dylan ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is Bob Dylan 's painting taken from a photo of Blackpool 's North Pier ? '' . Blackpool Gazette . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Dire Straits ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greaves , Amanda ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dire Straits tribute turns back the clock '' . The Ilkley Gazette . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Def Leppard ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report Issue # 850 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulson , Jen ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Trifecta of rock -- Def Leppard , Poison , Tesla -- to play Colorado Springs '' . The Gazette of Colorado Springs . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Cher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Australia 's certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : Believe in the Album ( Issue January 22 , 2000 page 2 ) '' . Billboard . January 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI email -- Greatest Hits 1999 certification '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . RIANZ . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chareunsy , Don ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Fabulous and incomparable Cher to headline at The Park Theater at Monte Carlo '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Genesis ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Phil Collins ' `` Not Dead Yet '' `` . CBS News . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : James Taylor ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patinkin , Mark ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` James Taylor 's quiet perseverance is pitch perfect '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Olivia Newton - John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newton - John 's new battle with cancer 25 years after initial diagnosis '' . The Australian . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Stevie Wonder ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Michael ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Never - ending wonder : Stevie Wonder confirms suspicions that he 's still amazing '' . The Norman Transcript . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : Tina Turner ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben , Cosgrove ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tina Turner : Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Linda Ronstadt ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millican , Jim ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Rock ' n ' roll memories '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Donna Summer ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Disco Queen Donna Summer re-Embraces the Spotlight '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : The Beach Boys ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Chris ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Remember when - The Beach Boys played Cawley Stadium '' . The Sun of Lowell . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : David Bowie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eder & Erlewine , Bruce & Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Who ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huba , Nicholas ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Who to play Boardwalk Hall July 22 '' . The Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogen , Ed . `` Allmusic : Barry White ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connor , Tracy ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Barry White dies at 58 while waiting for kidney transplant in 2003 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Coldplay ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alpad , Christina ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` The ' adventure of a lifetime ' for Coldplay fans '' . The Manila Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Shania Twain ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Gavin ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Shania Twain sets North Little Rock concert '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Santana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolgamott , L. Kent ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Santana coming to Lincoln '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Lionel Richie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 05 / 05 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poplak , Richard ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Slay you , slay me ' - when Lionel Richie sang for Muammar Gaddafi '' . Daily Maverick . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Earth , Wind & Fire ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2011 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( April 2013 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Earth , Wind & Fire founder Maurice White dead at 74 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Johnny Cash ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Belanger , Joe ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tribute artist walks the line as legendary Johnny Cash '' . The London Free Press . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Nicki Minaj ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ofole - Prince , Samantha ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Nicki Minaj signs up as spokesperson and investor for Moscato wine '' . CaribPress . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R.E.M. ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Mike ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Mills : A Rock Star of Fantasy Sports '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Flo Rida ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Chuck ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Society Confidential : Flo Rida hits Sabrage '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : Ayumi Hamasaki ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( オリコン ) 浜崎 あゆみ 、 ソロ 初 の 総 売上 5000 万 枚 超え 「 ファン の みんなの 記録 」 ( First solo artist with over 50 million in sales ) '' . Oricon . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 年間 ありがとう ! 「 ケータイ ランキング 」 発表 ! アーティスト 1 位 は EXILE 、 楽曲 は GReeeeN 「 キセキ 」 ~ レコチョク の ケータイ 向け 「 着うた ( R ) 」 「 着うた フル ( R ) 」 サービス 12 / 15 終了 '' . Oricon . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Van Halen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Van Halen to Release First Concert Album With David Lee Roth '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer : Page 15 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jimmy , Blake ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers make a triumphant return to Reading and Leeds festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Foreigner ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kridlin , Jay ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Foreigner still shines at 40 at Tampa 's MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Doors ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' When You 're Strange ' looks at Doors , Morrison with fresh sensibility , footage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Allmusic : George Michael ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( UGE 20 - 2004 '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singer George Michael dies at age 53 '' . The New Zealand Herald . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Reba McEntire ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Three decades after her first hit , Reba McEntire -- now 60 -- is poised for a comeback '' . National Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Meat Loaf ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Canada '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Tom Petty ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Italie , Hillel ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Petty , down - to - earth rock superstar , dies at 66 '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Johnny Hallyday ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Vidéos -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary French Singer Johnny Hallyday Is Being Treated for Cancer '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : The Black Eyed Peas ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 31 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apl. De. Ap completes roster of artists at ' MTV Music Evolution 2015 ' '' . The Manila Times . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Journey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( September 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolle , Kali ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Still believin ' '' . The Tullahoma News . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Maroon 5 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Levine , Maroon 5 Sign With WME '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yanow , Scott . `` Allmusic : Kenny G ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Mel ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` How would you define his music ? Kenny G simply says it 's jazz '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Lynda . `` Allmusic : Usher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Souza , Alison ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` R&B star Usher toughens up to play boxer Sugar Ray Leonard in Hands Of Stone '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephan . `` Allmusic : 2 Pac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowman , Rob ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Seeing rapper Tupac Shakur 's life , death and music through ' All Eyez ' biopic '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Robbie Williams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Staffordshire Day : The county 's most famous homegrown talent '' . Express & Star . May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Enya ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roper , Kerri - Ann ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Enya on rich list despite lack of hits '' . Irish Examiner . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Alabama ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Max B ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama brings ' southern pride ' to Deadwood '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Nirvana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : 7th November 2011 ( Issue No. 1132 ) '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Brian ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Nirvana tribute night in castlebar venue '' . The Connaught Telegraph . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bryan Adams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian certifications for Bryan Adams '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Adams set to play Newmarket '' . East Anglian Daily Times . January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Bob Marley ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 20 / 05 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meschino , Patricia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Music and Marketing Genius of Bob Marley , 34 Years After His Passing '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Police ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2002 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2005 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2007 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Summers finds new magic in Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Qatar Tribune . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Barry Manilow ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Today in history : Looks like Barry 's made it '' . Abilene Reporter - News . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kiss ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Argentina 's Certification Database was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Beck , John ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` KISS Alive at 35 '' . The Press Democrat . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Aretha Franklin ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Aretha Franklin to retire after recording album with Stevie Wonder '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About RIAJ : History '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About BPI Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Albums '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( October 2 , 1976 ) . CRIA . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certifications '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos -- Certificados '' ( Brazilian Association of Record Producers -- Certificates ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier certification database covering the years 1999 -- 2010 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community -- Awards '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capif '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guld - og platinplader er devalueret ( Gold and Platinum awards are lowered ) . b.dk ( in Danish ) . April 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot '' ( IFPI Statistics ) ( in Finnish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Finland . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bialik , Carl ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Spun : The Off - the - Wall Accounting of Record Sales '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The awards : Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Recording Industry -- World Sales 2003 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Takes The Crop ( February 14 , 2008 ) '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 14 , 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIIA Certifications '' . Billboard . August 10 , 1996 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAJ Certs Plan Criticized . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 25 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 現 基準 - 旧 基準 ( ~ 2003.06 ) '' ( Current criteria - Former Criteria ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Timeline '' ( PDF ) . BPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Verleihgrenzen '' ( Guidelines for Gold and Platinum awards ) ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 2006 ) . France Lowers Gold Standard . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Singles '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Definitions '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CRIA Reports 46 % Rise for Disk Certifications . Billboard magazine . February 27 , 1982 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newsline : Italian Label Body FIMI . Billboard magazine . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI Lowers Gold , Platinum Levels '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification - award - levels '' ( Words ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tabela de Níveis de Certificação Pro-Música '' ( Levels for Certifications ( most recent ) ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Níveis de Certificação '' ( Levels for Certifications ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2009 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Certification - award - levels '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Global Newsline : Spain Lowers Certifications . Billboard magazine . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Top 100 Albums ( SEMANA 37 : del 07.09. 2009 al 13.09. 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier changes in certification - levels including levels for Pre-loaded albums / singles and Mater Ringtones ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 35 . Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries ( Unit sales ) ( Page 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . RIAJ . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2007 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark Revamps Certification Levels . Billboard . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nye regler for platinplader til downloads ( New rule for Gold and Platinum downloads ) . gaffa.dk. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark : Guld og platin . IFPI ( Denmark ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certification levels for Austria ( all periods ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . ^ Jump up to : GSA : Austria . Billboard magazine . December 6 , 1997 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pełny Tekst Regulaminu Przyznawania Wyróżnień '' ( Complete Rules of Awards ) ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Certification - levels '' ( PDF ) . ZPAV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Music Charts of NZ : June 4 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Demand Streams Added To New Zealand Top 40 Album Charts '' . scoop.co.nz . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Music industry Companies and organizations Representatives ARIA BPI Music Canada FIMI IFPI ( worldwide ) PROMUSICAE RIAA SNEP Music publishers BMG Rights Management EMI Music Publishing Fox Music Imagem MGM Music Music catalog Sony / ATV Music Publishing Universal Music Publishing Group Warner / Chappell Music Record labels Major : Sony Music Universal Music Group Warner Music Group Independent : Independent UK record labels Live music CTS Eventim Live Nation LiveStyle Ticketmaster Genres Avant - garde Blues Contemporary R&B Country Crossover Dance Disco Drum and bass Easy listening Electronica Experimental Folk Funk Gospel Hip hop Instrumental Jazz Latin Metal Motown New Age Operatic pop Pop Punk Reggae Rock Soul Soundtrack World Sectors and roles Album cover design Artists and repertoire ( A&R ) Disc jockey Distribution Entertainment law Music education Music executive Music journalism Music publisher Music store Music venue Musical instruments Professional audio store Promotion Radio promotion Record label Record shop Road crew Talent manager Tour promoter Production Arrangement Composer Conductor Disc jockey Hip hop producer Horn section Record producer Recording artist Rhythm section Orchestrator Session musician Singer Backup singer Ghost singer Vocal coach Songwriter Ghostwriter Sound engineer Release formats Album Extended play ( EP ) / Mini album Single Music video Promotional recording Phonograph record Eight - track Compact cassette CD DVD Airplay Music download Streaming media Live shows Concert Concert tour Concert residency Music festival Music competition Charts ARIA Charts Billboard Hot 100 Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Gaon Music Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart GfK Entertainment Charts Entertainment Monitoring Africa Oricon Charts New Zealand Singles Chart SNEP Singles Chart Sverigetopplistan UK Singles Chart Publications Billboard HitQuarters Hot Press Kerrang ! Mojo Musica e dischi NME Q Rolling Stone Smash Hits Top of the Pops Television Channels CMT TheCoolTV Fuse Heartland Juice MTV MTV2 Tr3s MuchMusic The Music Factory Viva VH1 The Country Network Series Idols Popstars Star Academy The Voice The X Factor Rising Star Achievements Music award Best - selling music artists Best - selling albums Best - selling albums by country Best - selling singles Highest - grossing concert tours Highest - attended concerts Global Recording Artist of the Year Other Album sales Album - equivalent unit A-side and B - side Backmasking Christian music industry Hidden track Grammy Museum White label Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_music_artists&oldid=816205235 '' Categories : Lists of bestsellers Lists of musicians Rock music Popular music Lists of best - selling music artists Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Pages with broken reference names CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 23 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's the best selling music artist of all time | [
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Beatles\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElvis Presley\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMichael Jackson\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMadonna\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElton John\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLed Zeppelin\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPink Floyd\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Michael Jackson"
] |
-5809603197631604462 | Forged in Fire (TV series) | Forged in Fire ( TV series ) - wikipedia Forged in Fire ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Forged in Fire Genre Reality Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 64 Production Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Outpost Entertainment Release Original network History Original release June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) -- present Forged in Fire is an American competition series that airs on the History channel , and is produced by Outpost Entertainment , a Leftfield Entertainment company . In each episode , four bladesmiths compete in a three - round elimination contest to forge bladed weapons , with the overall winner receiving $10,000 and the day 's championship title . The series is hosted by Wil Willis , with a three - judge panel consisting of J. Neilson ( Jason Knight during portions of season 3 and 4 ; Ben Abbott during portions of season 4 ) , David Baker , and Doug Marcaida , experts in weapon history and use . History ordered an initial eight episodes of the series with the first program premiering on Monday , June 22 , 2015 , at 10pm ET . Season two premiered on February 16 , 2016 . The third season premiered with a `` champion of champions '' match on August 23 , 2016 , and was announced as having 16 episodes . The fourth season premiered on April 11 , 2017 , with a `` Judges ' Pick '' episode in which the four judges ( Neilson , Knight , Baker , Marcaida ) each selected one smith from past seasons to compete again . The fifth season premiered on March 7 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Special episodes 2 Cast , judges , and producers 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2018 -- present ) 4 Trivia 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Format ( edit ) The series is filmed in Brooklyn , New York . The set , referred to as `` The Forge , '' is stocked with a wide range of metalworking equipment , including propane forges , coal forges , grinders , power hammers and hydraulic presses . At the end of each round , the smith whose weapon is judged to be the least satisfactory must surrender it and leave the competition . Medical personnel are present to treat any injuries or other health problems and may , at their discretion , disqualify smiths who are unable to continue safely . In the first round , the four smiths are presented with a starting material that they must use to forge a blade . In some episodes , they all begin with the same material ; in others , they may choose from an assortment of metal objects or must salvage their material from a source such as a junked car or lawnmower . Willis states one set of criteria concerning blade or blade / tang length , and often a second set for a feature that must be incorporated , such as serrations or a fuller groove ; not all competitions require a special feature . The smiths are typically given 10 minutes to sketch out their designs , but this time is occasionally extended or omitted altogether . Following the design period , they are given a set length of time to forge their blades . Once time expires , the judges evaluate the blades based on Willis ' criteria and inspect their workmanship , quality , and design . For the second round , the three remaining smiths are given an additional length of time to turn their blades into fully operational weapons . They must attach a handle , choosing from a range of provided materials and incorporating any special feature stated by Willis , and grind , sharpen , and polish the blades . They may also address any flaws or issues pointed out by the judges in the first round , if they choose to do so . After the time expires , the judges put each weapon through a series of tests to gauge properties such as sharpness , durability , and ease of use . For these tests , the weapons are used to chop / slash / stab objects that include ropes , ice blocks , animal carcasses , and steel car doors . If a weapon suffers catastrophic failure , defined as damage that renders it unsafe or ineffective for further testing , its maker is immediately disqualified . The judges may , at their discretion , choose not to subject a weapon to a particular test if it is sufficiently cracked or flawed . The working time in each of the first two rounds is typically three hours , but may be extended to four hours if an added feature poses a sufficient challenge , such as being required to forge a billet with modern damascus steel methods and use it for the blade . In the third round , the two remaining smiths are shown a historically significant ( and technically difficult ) weapon and are given five days to create a version of it . They return to their home forges to do the work and comply with any specifications set by Willis . Afterwards , they return to the Forge and submit their weapons for testing against objects and environments similar to the historical scenarios in which they were typically used . Based on the test results , the judges select one smith to receive the $10,000 prize . Special episodes ( edit ) The `` Master & Apprentice '' episode in Season 4 featured four master / apprentice pairs of smiths . Only one member of each pair was allowed to work at any time , trading off every 30 minutes in the first two rounds , and every day in the third . The non-working member was allowed to offer advice . For this episode , the forging time in the first round was extended to three and a half hours . The `` Ultimate Champions Edition '' ( season 4 ) and `` Rookies Edition '' ( season 5 ) each featured five smiths instead of four . The smiths were required to forge a particular type of blade at their homes and bring those weapons to the studio for a preliminary test . One smith was eliminated based on the results of this test , after which the competition proceeded through the normal three rounds . Cast , judges , and producers ( edit ) Willis is a former Army Ranger and decorated Air Force para-rescue specialist . Willis ' previous television experience includes Special Ops Mission and Triggers , two series that aired on the former Military Channel . J. Neilson , a knife and sword expert , holds the rank of Master Smith within the American Bladesmith Society . He has over 20 years ' experience in making knives and edged weapons . He examines the weapons ' technical qualities and tests their durability . In Season 3 , Neilson took a leave of absence in order to have surgery on his hand ; Jason Knight , another ABS Master Smith , filled his seat on the judges ' panel during that time . Neilson appeared alongside Knight for the Season 4 premiere , then resumed his seat in the eighth episode . Starting with the 21st episode of the fourth season , he was replaced by two - time Forged in Fire champion Ben Abbott . David Baker , a Hollywood prop maker who has appeared on the Spike series Deadliest Warrior , is an authority on weapons history and an expert on replicating period - accurate weapons for both museums and films . He judges the weapons ' historical accuracy and aesthetic beauty . Doug Marcaida , an edged - weapons specialist , is a U.S. military contractor , martial arts instructor and knife designer for FOX Knives Italy . Specializing in the Southeast Asian fighting style of Kali , he has taught classes in weapon awareness and use for military , law enforcement , and security organizations . Marcaida evaluates the smiths ' weapons to determine their effectiveness in combat . When he can not test the smiths ' weapons himself due to injury , he has a co-worker or family member perform this task in his place . Tim Healy and Steve Ascher are executive producers for History . Jodi Flynn , Brent Montgomery , David George , Shawn Witt and Simon Thomas are executive producers for Outpost Entertainment . Healy observed the demonstration , and later the filming , from the sidelines . Healy says that the inspiration for Forged in Fire came from his and other developers ' love of food competition shows such as Chopped and Iron Chef . However , in order to appeal to the History channel 's audience , they decided to have the competition focus on historical weaponry . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Results 1st Place 2nd Place 3rd Place 4th Place `` Japanese Katana '' Matthew Parkinson Rich Greenwood Billy Helton Joe Waites `` Chakram '' Chris Farrell Trenton Tye Grant Marcoux Chad Harding `` Viking Battle Axe '' Ryu Lim Jonathan Porter Phil Evans James Huse `` Katar '' David Goldberg Jaime L. Vining Jimmy Seymour Arnon Andrey Kartmazov 5 `` Crusader Sword '' Peter Swarz - Burt David Roeder Matt Venier Gabriel Bell 6 `` The Elizabethan Rapier '' Guy Harris Peter Martin Peter Szymanski JD Smith 7 `` The Roman Gladius '' Jamie Lundell Mareko Maumasi Maxon McCarter Adam Ison 8 `` The Moro Kris '' Mace Vitale Murray Carter Ray Kirk Jason Morrissey Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Results 1st Place 2nd Place 3rd Place 4th Place `` The War Hammer '' Craig Camerer Jeff Bridgers Kim Stahl Harry Harkins `` Khopesh '' Salem Straub Craig Trnka Chris Marks Zack Jonas `` The Scottish Claymore '' Scott Thomas Jonathan Wick Erin Simmons Earl Blackmore `` Spiked Shield '' Ilya Alekseyev Michael Coffey Tim Hintsala John Gruber 5 `` Viking Sword '' Travis Wuertz Morgan Medlen Tom Ward Mardi Meshejian 6 `` Nepalese Kukri '' Jason Reddick Josh Weston Kelly Potter Jason Ritchie 7 `` The Shotel '' Burt Foster Chad Osborne Kevin Klein Erin Aylor 8 `` The Cutlass '' Tobin Nieto Ron Mezile Bob Brandel Kyle Gahagan 9 `` The Khanda '' Ben Abbott Tom McGinnis Brent Stubblefield Nathan Zimmerman 10 `` The Tabar '' Ted Thompson Rob `` Deker '' Dekelbaum Robert Burns Edward Kim Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Results 1st Place 2nd Place 3rd Place 4th Place Champions Edition -- `` Scottish Claymore '' Ben Abbott Matthew Parkinson Salem Straub Burt Foster Fan Favorites -- `` Hook Sword '' David Roeder Rich Greenwood Kelly Potter Ryu Lim `` Butterfly Swords '' Shayne Carter Andy Alm Harry Burdett Michael Allenson ( né Hoopes ) `` The Falcata '' Kelly Vermeer - Vella Justin Jones Will Bagley Frank Christensen 5 `` Kora Sword '' Liam Hoffman Josh Smith Paul Happy Robby Bowman 6 `` Hunga Munga '' Jared Williams Eric Anthony Leong Ryan Lewis Harlan Whitman 7 `` The Boar Spear '' Allen Newberry Clayton Cowart Mike Shindel Chase Wilder 8 `` Xiphos Sword '' Keith Hill Jon Maynard Sam Rutherford Riley Butz 9 `` The Pandat '' Pete Winkler Jo Smith Brandon Brink April Franklin 10 `` Zulu Iklwa '' Matthew Moline Lyle Wynn Scott Mcreynolds Clarence Jackson 11 Champions Edition -- `` The Pata '' Travis Wuertz Shayne Carter Peter Swarz - Burt Scott Thomas 12 `` The Zweihänder '' Jay Replogle Stephan Fowler Harry Black Emiliano Carrillo 13 `` Cavalry Saber '' David Mooneyham Todd Bitler Jason Glenn Howell Nic Hanlon 14 `` The Naginata '' Theo Nazz Joe Collett Walter Sorrells Erich Ouellette 15 `` The Haladie '' Raymond Smith Stephen Williamson Jason Kraus Adlai Stein 16 Redemption -- `` Viking sword '' Gabriel Bell Clarence Jackson JD Smith Brandon Brink Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Results 1st Place 2nd Place 3rd Place 4th Place Judges ' Pick -- `` The Ida '' Mareko Maumasi Josh Smith David Goldberg Erin Simmons `` Deer Horn Knives '' Nicholas Marcelja Steve Godfrey Dustin Rhodes Thor Laizans `` The Katzbalger '' James Helm Paul Walsh Rashelle Hams Jesse Hauer ( medically disqualified ) `` Makraka '' Craig Barr Paul Brown Brian Dimmock Mark Nevling 5 Fan 's Choice -- `` The Panabas '' Josh Weston Ray Kirk Robby Bowman Chad Osborne 6 `` Akrafena '' Page Steinhardt Brock Martin Larry Clements Terry Mitchell 7 `` Talwar '' Jordan LaMothe David McConnell Rick Fenlon Carl Oliver 8 `` The Cinquedea '' Neil Kamimura Dan Hurtado Storm Richardson Demetrios Papatriantafyllou 9 `` The Charay '' Steve Grosvenor Ryan Rowe Mark Green Tyler Mandgie 10 Redemption -- `` Sword Breaker '' James Huse Erich Ouellette Earl Blackmore Morgan Medlen 11 Master & Apprentice -- `` Nzappa zap '' Frank Allen Wren II Nehemiah Brousseau Jesse Rhodes Zack Lewis Robert Timberlake Wesley Alberson Joseph Szilaski John Lewis 12 `` Ngombe ( de ) Ngulu ( de ) '' Steven Bryan Paul Brach Robert Putantsu Ryan Weeks 13 `` The Shamshir '' Andrew Taycach Tim Shoal Tom Kinder Chad Hollar 14 `` The Kachin Dao '' Shawn Ellis Rachel Oliver Buster Grubbs Chad Bozeman ( medically disqualified ) 15 `` The Gladiator Scissor '' Don Halter Jason Henderson Alf Rudd Francesco Muci 16 `` The Kampilan '' Michael Cross Todd Martin Jack Barber Leland Edward Stone 17 `` The Kpinga '' Nate Summers Richard Epting Jim Poor John Rainey 18 `` The Yatagan '' Gabe Mabry Dave Catoe Josh Fikentscher Randall W Turner 19 International Championship -- `` The Spadroon '' JW Randall Julien Maniglier Guillermo Mendoza Michal Sielicki 20 `` The Tabar - Shishpar '' Mark Steele Knapp Christopher Price Holden Bystry Dan Rotblatt 21 Ultimate Champions Edition -- `` The T'ai Chi Sword '' Theo Nazz Neil Kamimura Kelly Vermeer - Vella Nicholas Marcelja ( Round 1 ) Raymond Smith ( preliminary ) 22 Knights Templar -- `` Crusader Sword '' David Mirabile Brian Rognholt Josh Fenlon Richard Moore 23 Viking Edition -- `` Viking War Axes '' Jeremiah Backhaus Chris Rowley Jeff Renner Joel Davis Season 5 ( 2018 -- present ) ( edit ) Episode Title Results 1st Place 2nd Place 3rd Place 4th Place `` The Rhomphaia '' Bill Sowell Dwight Phillips Mark Collard Steve Culver Rookies Edition -- `` The War Golok '' Brian Schmidt Matt Wagner Tyler Grant Joey Lynn ( Round 1 ) Steve Johnson ( preliminary ) `` The Schiavona '' Jeff Wagenaar Brad McDougall Brendan McHugh Wes Whipple `` The Sica '' Tony Fetters Frank Sausto Corey Soper Gage Mason 5 `` The Jūmonji yari '' Jacob Gayton Fuad Accawi Gary Sandstrom Kyle Kilroy 6 `` The Kabyle Flyssa '' Collin Sage Daniel Casey Bob Hastings Jesse Adcock 7 Ultimate Team Challenge `` The Chinese Dao '' Mark J. Hopper Jessica D. Collins Joe Carlton Casey Perdue Raleigh Desiato Kelly Gregory Tyler Adkins Leon Vanguard 8 `` The Karabela '' 9 `` The Ninjatō '' Trivia ( edit ) In the city of Cohoes , New York near Albany , a man , inspired by the series , tried to forge a piece of metal over a fire in a barrel near his home . He caused a fire that destroyed three residential buildings and damaged 28 others . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : These four contestants , all champions from previous seasons , were invited to compete again . The winner received an additional $10,000 and the title `` Champion of Champions '' ^ Jump up to : These four contestants from previous seasons were invited to compete again based on fans ' reaction to their initial performance . ^ Jump up to : This episode featured contestants eliminated from previous episodes returning for a chance at redemption Jump up ^ These four contestants from previous seasons , each chosen by one of the four judges , were invited to compete again . Jump up ^ Four master / apprentice pairs competed in this episode . When Jesse withdrew at the end of the first round , Zack was allowed to continue on his own . Jump up ^ Five champions from previous episodes were invited to compete again . Raymond Smith was eliminated based on the results of a preliminary test performed on blades that they forged ahead of time . Jump up ^ This episode followed the same structure as the Ultimate Champions Edition in Season 4 , with five smiths who were inspired to take up the craft after watching the show . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Zumberge , Marianne ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` History 's Weapon Competition Series ' Forged in Fire ' to Debut This Summer '' . variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pfeiffer , Jeff ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Former `` Special Ops Mission '' star Wil Willis returns in new History competition series `` . www.channelguidemagblog.com . Channel Guide Magazine . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kryah , Kevin ( Jun 22 , 2015 ) . `` Talking Swords on the Brooklyn Set of History 's New Reality - Competition Series '' . www.esquire.com . Esquire . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/shows/forged-in-fire Jump up ^ `` Forged in Fire Season 3 will be released on -- August 23 , 2016 - PremiereDate.TV '' . premieredate.tv . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Bladesmiths Cut To The Chase In New Competition Series On History '' . deadline.com . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Man Inspired by TV Show ' Forged in Fire ' Sets Off Huge Blaze , Officials Say External links ( edit ) Official website Forged in Fire on IMDb ( hide ) History original programming Current series Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Hunting Hitler Ice Road Truckers Knightfall Mountain Men Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour Pawn Stars Six Swamp People Vikings Former series 20th Century with Mike Wallace Appalachian Outlaws Alaska Off - Road Warriors America Unearthed American Eats Ancient Discoveries Ancients Behaving Badly Around the World in 80 Ways Ax Men Barbarians Battle 360 ° Battlefield Detectives Battles BC Big Easy Motors Big Rig Bounty Hunters Big Shrimpin ' Billion Dollar Wreck Boneyard Brad Meltzer 's Decoded Breaking Vegas Cajun Pawn Stars Cities of the Underworld Civil War Combat Clash of the Gods The Conquerors Conquest The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross Decisive Battles Declassified Decoding the Past Deep Sea Detectives Digging for the Truth Dogfights Down East Dickering Engineering an Empire Evolve Expedition Africa Extreme Trains Food Tech Full Metal Jousting Gangland Gangland Undercover Great Minds with Dan Harmon Greatest Tank Battles God , Guns & Automobiles Hairy Bikers Haunted History The History of Sex History 's Business History 's Lost & Found History 's Mysteries How the Earth Was Made How the States Got Their Shapes Human Weapon Ice Pilots NWT Join or Die with Craig Ferguson Jurassic Fight Club Last Stand of the 300 Life After People The Lost Evidence Lost in Transmission Lost Worlds MadHouse Mail Call Man , Moment , Machine Mega Disasters Mega Movers Military Blunders Modern Marvels ( episodes ) MonsterQuest Monumental Challenge The Most Mounted in Alaska MysteryQuest Nostradamus Effect Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Patton 360 ° Pawnography Prehistoric Megastorms The Presidents Reel to Real Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire Save Our History Shark Wranglers Shootout Sliced The States Surviving History Tactical to Practical Tales of the Gun That 's Impossible Top Gear Top Guns Top Shot Tougher In Alaska UFO Files UFO Hunters United Stats of America The Universe Warriors Weird U.S. Wild West Tech The XY Factor Upcoming Blue Book The Commanders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forged_in_Fire_(TV_series)&oldid=837277725 '' Categories : American reality television series 2010s American television series 2015 American television series debuts English - language television programs History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs Television shows set in New York City Television shows about weaponry Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 20 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when will forged in fire season 5 start | [
"Forged in Fire is an American competition series that airs on the History channel, and is produced by Outpost Entertainment, a Leftfield Entertainment company. In each episode, four bladesmiths compete in a three-round elimination contest to forge bladed weapons, with the overall winner receiving $10,000 and the day's championship title. The series is hosted by Wil Willis, with a three-judge panel consisting of J. Neilson (Jason Knight during portions of season 3 and 4; Ben Abbott during portions of season 4), David Baker, and Doug Marcaida, experts in weapon history and use. History ordered an initial eight episodes of the series [1] with the first program premiering on Monday, June 22, 2015, at 10pm ET.[2][3] Season two premiered on February 16, 2016.[4] The third season premiered with a \"champion of champions\" match on August 23, 2016, and was announced as having 16 episodes.[5] The fourth season premiered on April 11, 2017, with a \"Judges' Pick\" episode in which the four judges (Neilson, Knight, Baker, Marcaida) each selected one smith from past seasons to compete again. The fifth season premiered on March 7, 2018.\n"
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"March 7, 2018"
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-535551581968548673 | Public distribution system | Public distribution system - wikipedia Public distribution system Jump to : navigation , search Indian food security system , established by the Government of India under Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution is to distribute subsidized food and non-food items to India 's poor . This scheme was first launched in February 1944 , during the Second World War and was launched in the current form in June 1947 . Major commodities distributed include staple food grains , such as wheat , rice , sugar and kerosene , through a network of fair price shops ( also known as ration shops ) established in several states across the country . Food Corporation of India , a Government - owned corporation , procures and maintains the PDS . In coverage and public expenditure , it is considered to be the most important food security network . However , the food grains supplied by the ration shops are not enough to meet the consumption needs of the poor or are of inferior quality . The average level of consump of PDS seeds in India is only 1 kg per person / month . The PDS has been criticised for its urban bias and its failure to serve the poorer sections of the population effectively . The targeted PDS is costly and gives rise to much corruption in the process of extricating the poor from those who are less needy . Today , India has the largest stock of grain in the world besides China , the government spends Rs. 750 billion ( $13.6 billion ) per year , almost 1 percent of GDP , yet 21 % remain undernourished . Distribution of food grains to poor people throughout the country is managed by state governments . As of date there are about 500,000 Fair Price Shops ( FPS ) across India . Overview The central and state governments shared the responsibility of regulating the PDS . While the central government is responsible for procurement , storage , transportation , and bulk allocation of food grains , state governments hold the responsibility for distributing the same to the consumers through the established network of Fair Price Shops ( FPSs ) . State governments are also responsible for operational responsibilities including allocation and identification of families below poverty line , issue of ration cards , supervision and monitoring the functioning of FPSs . Under PDS scheme , each family below the poverty line is eligible for 35 kg of rice or wheat every month , while a household above the poverty line is entitled to 15 kg of foodgrain on a monthly basis . A below poverty line ( BPL ) card holder should be given 35 kg of food grain and the card holder above the poverty line should be given 15 kg of food grain as per the norms of PDS . However , there are concerns about the efficiency of the distribution process . Contents ( hide ) 1 Public distribution System ( PDS ) shops 2 Fallouts of PDS 2.1 Operation Black 3 Distribution of food stamps 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Public distribution system ( PDS ) shops ( edit ) The public distribution system was made by Amartya Bhushan . A public distribution shop , also known as fair price shop ( FPS ) , is a part of India 's public system established by Government of India which distributes rations at a subsidized price to the poor . Locally these are known as `` ration shops '' and chiefly sell wheat , rice and sugar at a price lower than the market price called Issue Price . Other essential commodities may also be sold . To buy items one must have a `` Ration Card '' . These shops are operated throughout the country by joint assistance of central and state government . The items from these shops are much cheaper but are of average quality . Ration shops are now present in most localities , villages towns and cities . India has 478,000 shops constituting the largest distribution network in the world . The introduction of rationing in India dates back to the 1940s Bengal famine . This rationing system was revived in the wake of acute food shortage during the early 1960s , before the Green Revolution.It involves 2 types - RPDS and TPDS . Fallouts of PDS ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( September 2011 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The public distribution system of India is not without its defects . With a coverage of around 40 million below - poverty - line ( BPL ) families , a review of the PDS has discovered the following structural shortcomings and disturbances : Growing instances of the consumers receiving inferior quality food grains in ration shops . Deceitful dealers replace good supplies received from the F.C.I ( Food Corporation of India ) with inferior stock and sell FCI stock in the black market . Illicit fair price shop owners have been found to create large number of bogus cards to sell food grains in the open market . Many FPS dealers resort to malpractice , illegal diversions of commodities , holding and black marketing due to the minimum salary received by them . Numerous malpractices make safe and nutritious food inaccessible and unaffordable to many poor thus resulting in their food insecurity . Identification of households to be denoted status and distribution to granted PDS services has been highly irregular and diverse in various states . The recent development of Aadhar UIDAI cards has taken up the challenge of solving the problem of identification and distribution of PDs services along with Direct Cash Transfers . Regional allocation and coverage of FPS are unsatisfactory and the core objective of price stabilization of essential commodities has not met . There is no set criteria as to which family is BPL and which is APL . This non ambiguity gives massive scope for corruption and fallouts in PDS systems because those who are actually meant to be benefitted are not able to taste the fruits of PDS . Several schemes have augmented the number of people aided by PDS , but the number is extremely low . Poor supervision of FPS and lack of accountability have spurred middlemen who consume a good proportion of the stock meant for the poor . There is also no clarity as to which families should be included in the BPL list and which excluded . This results in the genuinely poor being excluded whilst the ineligible get several cards . Awareness about the presence of the PDS and FPS to poverty - stricken societies , namely the rural poor has been dismal . The stock assigned to a single family can not be bought in installments . This is a decisive barrier to the efficient functioning and overall success of PDS in India . Many BPL families are not able to acquire ration cards either because they are seasonal migrant workers or because they live in unauthorized colonies . A lot of families also mortgage their ration cards for money . Lack of clarity in the planning and structuring of social safety and security programs in India has resulted in the creation of numerous cards for the poor . Limited information about the overall use of cards has discouraged BPL families from registering for new cards and increased illegal creation of cards by such families to ensure maximum benefit for the family members . To improve the current system of the PDS , the following suggestions are furnished for : Vigilance squad should be strengthened to detect corruption , which is an added expenditure for taxpayers . Personnel - in - charge of the department should be chosen locally . Margin of profit should be increased for honest business , in which case the market system is more apt anyway . F.C.I. and other prominent agencies should provide quality food grains for distribution , which is a tall order for an agency that has no real incentive to do so . Frequent checks & raids should be conducted to eliminate bogus and duplicate cards , which is again an added expenditure and not foolproof . The Civil Supplies Corporation should open more fair price shops in rural areas . The fair price dealers seldom display rate chart and quantity available in the block - boards in front of the shop . This should be enforced . In aggregate , only about 42 % of subsidised grains issued by the central pool reach the target group , according to a Planning Commission study released in March 2008 . Food stamps given to the needy and to the underprivileged by issue of coupons , vouchers , electronic card transfer etc. they can purchase commodities at any shop or outlet . The state government would then pay back the grocery shops for the stamps said the finance minister in his budget . But the United Progressive alliance , which came to power in 2004 , decided on a common minimum programme ( CMP ) and on the agenda was food and nutrition security . Under that the government had plans to strengthen the food security program DS . However , finance minister Arun Jaitely in his budget speech went contrary to the idea proposed in the CMP and proposed the idea of the food stamp scheme . He has proposed to try the scheme in few districts of India to see its viability . In the CMP the government had proposed that if it is viable it would universalise the PDS ; if food stamps are introduced it would be a targeted public distribution system . A group of about 40 economists have cautioned the NAC headed by Sonia Gandhi against the food security bill as it would put an additional burden on the exchequer . They instead have advised to go ahead and experiment with food stamps and other alternative methods and pointed out the flaws in PDS . This set of economists hail from institutes like Delhi School of Economics , Indian Statistical Institute , Jawaharlal Nehru University , Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research , Centre for Development Studies , Harvard , MIT , Columbia , Princeton , London School of Economics , University of British Columbia , University of California and University of Warwick . In a landmark judgment , Delhi High Court has ruled that fair price shops can not be allotted to a below poverty line ( BPL ) card holder . Operation black ( edit ) Aaj Tak news channel on 14 October 2013 performed a sting operation on PDS named Operation Black . It shows how the distribution reaches to mills instead of fair price shops . Interestingly , all the documentation via computerisation is clean . NDTV did a show which documented how the Government of Chhattisgarh 's food department managed to fix its broken system so that the diversion of grain came down from about 50 % in 2004 - 5 to about 10 % in 2009 - 10 . Research on the PDS suggests ( as these two programmes show ) that the situation varies quite a lot across the country . Distribution of food stamps ( edit ) Opportunities It will reduce India 's dependence on buffer stock for price stabilization and in turn reduce cost It provides incentive must to deregulate the domestic market and thus will induce private entrepreneurs There is an immense need to develop appropriate marketing infrastructure and institutions to deal with trade in agricultural commodities . ( Kaushik Basu 2007 ) Appropriate policy changes are a must , for instance , in the post WTO period the international prices of wheat and rice came to their lowest levels . But in India due to high MSP 's the prices were relatively high . Thus as a result importing was cheaper than buying from the domestic market . As a result , the government levied 50 % tariff on wheat and 80 % percent tariff on rice which further resulted in one of the outlandish incidents in the Indian history that was accumulation of buffer stocks which were exported which , incidentally , came back for sale at high MSP 's for instance in 2002 - 03 , the government sold 1.6 million tones to exporters but in reality exports were only 0.682 million tones The government may have to set up a complete system for the same or would have to put this responsibility on post office , banks or such other institutions . In this process there could be leakages which are a matter of concern . There would also be a burden which would come on the poor class who has to benefit from the same of going and collecting the food stamps . See also ( edit ) Direct Benefit Transfer Subsidies in India Malnutrition in India SCOSTA , Indian Smart Card Operating System Standard for Transport Application evolved during 2002 - 2003 National Food Security Act , 2013 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As Grain Piles Up , India 's Poor Still Go Hungry , New York Times , June 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 5.17 The Public Distribution System is -- -- -- - '' ( PDF ) . Budget of India ( 2000 - 2001 ) . 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Public Distribution System '' . Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution ( India ) . Jump up ^ `` UP foodgrain scam trail leads to Nepal , Bangladesh '' . The Times of India . 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Public Distribution System '' . Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution ( India ) . Jump up ^ Planning Commission 11th FYP document : Nutrition and Social Safety Net , on PDS and Defects and shortcomings Jump up ^ Press Information Bureau Report on Food Security and revamp of PDS food grain Quality Control Jump up ^ Planning Commission 9th FYP on FPS and malpractices Jump up ^ Shambhu Blogpost on Secondary Data evidence on nutritional defects Jump up ^ Government of India in a fix over illegal creation of ration cards Jump up ^ `` Public Distribution System in India '' . INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT , AHMEDABAD . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL COMMON MINIMUM PROGRAMME OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Targeted ( http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/03/stories/2004080300331000.htm ) '' . The Hindu . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Food Stamps : A Model for India '' ( PDF ) . CENTRE FOR CIVIL SOCIETY . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Allow alternatives to PDS , say experts '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi HC says Fair price shop ca n't be allotted to BPL card holders '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Black by AAJ TAK NEWS Channel '' . AAJ TAK . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Truth vs Hype : The Hunger Project http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/truth-vs-hype/truth-vs-hype-the-hunger-project/277857 Jump up ^ http://ccs.in/ccsindia/ecatalyst/april09/mrinal.asp References ( edit ) Chapter 8 PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM & FOOD SECURITY Planning Commission of India External links ( edit ) PDS - Department of Food and Public Distribution , Official website at Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution Public Distribution System ( PDS ) , in 10th Plan at Planning Commission of India Public Distribution System : Introduction at Right to Food Campaign Food Banking India at Delhi FoodBanking Network ( 1 ) at Operation Black by Aaj Tak Excess Food Stocks , PDS and Procurement Policy Working Paper No. 5 / 2002 - PC , by Arvind Virmani and P.V. Rajeev , Planning Commission , Government of India , December 2001 Social issues in India Economy Brain drain Communications Famine Farmers ' suicides Labour Land reforms Debt bondage National Pension Scheme Poverty BPL Public Distribution System Remittances Reverse brain drain Slums Standard of living Street vendors Transport Urbanisation Unemployment Widening income gap Education Literacy Ragging School corporal punishment Environment Conservation Global warming Manual scavenging Natural disasters Pollution Water supply and sanitation Water disputes Family Cohabitation Divorce Domestic violence Dowry system Family planning Hindu joint family Infertility Nuclear family Polyandry Polygamy Children Abortion Child labour Child marriage Child prostitution Child trafficking Female foeticide Female infanticide Street children Women Acid throwing Bride burning Devadasi Dowry death Eve teasing Women 's health Feminism Menstrual taboo Prostitution Rape Sati Sexism Widows Caste system Caste politics Caste - related violence Dalit Reservation Communalism Proposed states and territories Ethnic relations Religious conflicts Religious violence Secularism Separatist movements Crime Corruption Groom kidnapping Human trafficking Illegal housing Illegal immigration Illegal mining Organised crime Terrorism Vigilantism Cybercrime Health Epidemics HIV / AIDS Leprosy Malnutrition Obesity Suicide Media Censorship Internet Films about social issues Freedom of expression Social impact of Indian soap opera Other issues Feudalism Gambling Hijra Homosexuality Human rights Prohibition Religious and spiritual use of cannabis Superstitions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_distribution_system&oldid=823799837 '' Categories : Poverty in India Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution Welfare in India Food politics Food security Civil Supplies Food and drink in India Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2011 Articles needing cleanup from September 2011 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from September 2011 Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 14 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the ration shop open in india | [
"Indian food security system, established by the Government of India under Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution is to distribute subsidized food and non-food items to India's poor. This scheme was first launched in February 1944, during the Second World War and was launched in the current form in June 1947. Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar and kerosene, through a network of fair price shops (also known as ration shops) established in several states across the country. Food Corporation of India, a Government-owned corporation, procures and maintains the PDS."
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"June 1947"
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8122129393610147358 | Zambezi | Zambezi - wikipedia Zambezi This article is about the river . For other uses , see Zambezi ( disambiguation ) . Zambezi Zambesi , Zambeze River The Zambezi River at the junction of Namibia , Zambia , Zimbabwe and Botswana Nickname : Besi Countries Zambia , Angola , Namibia , Botswana , Zimbabwe , Mozambique Source Zambezi Source National Forest - location Ikelenge District , North - Western Province , Zambia - elevation 1,500 m ( 4,921 ft ) - coordinates 11 ° 22 ′ 11 '' S 24 ° 18 ′ 30 '' E / 11.36972 ° S 24.30833 ° E / - 11.36972 ; 24.30833 Mouth Indian Ocean - coordinates 18 ° 34 ′ 14 '' S 36 ° 28 ′ 13 '' E / 18.57056 ° S 36.47028 ° E / - 18.57056 ; 36.47028 Coordinates : 18 ° 34 ′ 14 '' S 36 ° 28 ′ 13 '' E / 18.57056 ° S 36.47028 ° E / - 18.57056 ; 36.47028 Length 2,574 km ( 1,599 mi ) Basin 1,390,000 km ( 536,682 sq mi ) Discharge - average 3,400 m / s ( 120,070 cu ft / s ) - max 18,600 m / s ( 656,853 cu ft / s ) - min 920 m / s ( 32,489 cu ft / s ) The Zambezi ( also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi ) is the fourth - longest river in Africa , the longest east - flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa . The area of its basin is 1,390,000 square kilometres ( 540,000 sq mi ) , slightly less than half of the Nile 's . The 2,574 - kilometre - long river ( 1,599 mi ) rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola , along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana , then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique , where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean . The Zambezi 's most noted feature is Victoria Falls . Other notable falls include the Chavuma Falls at the border between Zambia and Angola , and Ngonye Falls , near Sioma in Western Zambia . There are two main sources of hydroelectric power on the river , the Kariba Dam , which provides power to Zambia and Zimbabwe , and the Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique , which provides power to Mozambique and South Africa . There is also a smaller power station at Victoria Falls . Contents 1 Course of the river 1.1 The sources 1.2 Upper Zambezi 1.3 Middle Zambezi 1.4 Lower Zambezi 1.5 Delta 1.5. 1 Ecology of the delta 2 Climate 3 Wildlife 4 Tributaries 5 Geological history 6 History 6.1 Etymology 6.2 Exploration of the river 7 Economy 8 Transport 9 Ecology 9.1 Pollution 9.2 Effects of dams 9.3 Conservation measures 9.4 Fish stocks management 9.5 EUS outbreak 10 Major towns 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Course of the river ( edit ) The sources ( edit ) The Zambezi and its river basin The river rises in a black marshy dambo in dense undulating miombo woodland 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) north of Mwinilunga and 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south of Ikelenge in the Ikelenge District of North - Western Province , Zambia at about 1,524 metres ( 5,000 ft ) above sea level . The area around the source is a national monument , forest reserve and Important Bird Area . Eastward of the source , the watershed between the Congo and Zambezi basins is a well - marked belt of high ground , running nearly east - west and falling abruptly to the north and south . This distinctly cuts off the basin of the Lualaba ( the main branch of the upper Congo ) from that of the Zambezi . In the neighborhood of the source the watershed is not as clearly defined , but the two river systems do not connect . The region drained by the Zambezi is a vast broken - edged plateau 900 -- 1200 m high , composed in the remote interior of metamorphic beds and fringed with the igneous rocks of the Victoria Falls . At Shupanga , on the lower Zambezi , thin strata of grey and yellow sandstones , with an occasional band of limestone , crop out on the bed of the river in the dry season , and these persist beyond Tete , where they are associated with extensive seams of coal . Coal is also found in the district just below Victoria Falls . Gold - bearing rocks occur in several places . Upper Zambezi ( edit ) The river flows to the southwest into Angola for about 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) , then is joined by sizeable tributaries such as the Luena and the Chifumage flowing from highlands to the north - west . It turns south and develops a floodplain , with extreme width variation between the dry and rainy seasons . It enters dense evergreen Cryptosepalum dry forest , though on its western side , Western Zambezian grasslands also occur . Where it re-enters Zambia it is nearly 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) wide in the rainy season and flows rapidly , with rapids ending in the Chavuma Falls , where the river flows through a rocky fissure . The river drops about 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) in elevation from its source at 1,500 metres ( 4,900 ft ) to the Chavuma Falls at 1,100 metres ( 3,600 ft ) , in a distance of about 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) . From this point to the Victoria Falls , the level of the basin is very uniform , dropping only by another 180 metres ( 590 ft ) in a distance of around 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) . The first of its large tributaries to enter the Zambezi is the Kabompo River in the northwestern province of Zambia . A major advantage of the Kabompo River was irrigation . The savanna through which the river has flowed gives way to a wide floodplain , studded with Borassus fan palms . A little farther south is the confluence with the Lungwebungu River . This is the beginning of the Barotse Floodplain , the most notable feature of the upper Zambezi , but this northern part does not flood so much and includes islands of higher land in the middle . Thirty kilometres below the confluence of the Lungwebungu the country becomes very flat , and the typical Barotse Floodplain landscape unfolds , with the flood reaching a width of 25 km in the rainy season . For more than 200 km downstream the annual flood cycle dominates the natural environment and human life , society and culture . Eighty kilometres further down , the Luanginga , which with its tributaries drains a large area to the west , joins the Zambezi . A few kilometres higher up on the east the main stream is joined in the rainy season by overflow of the Luampa / Luena system . A short distance downstream of the confluence with the Luanginga is Lealui , one of the capitals of the Lozi people who populate the Zambian region of Barotseland in Western Province . The chief of the Lozi maintains one of his two compounds at Lealui ; the other is at Limulunga , which is on high ground and serves as the capital during the rainy season . The annual move from Lealui to Limulunga is a major event , celebrated as one of Zambia 's best known festivals , the Kuomboka . After Lealui , the river turns to south - south - east . From the east it continues to receive numerous small streams , but on the west is without major tributaries for 240 km . Before this , the Ngonye Falls and subsequent rapids interrupt navigation . South of Ngonye Falls , the river briefly borders Namibia 's Caprivi Strip . The strip projects from the main body of Namibia , and results from the colonial era : it was added to German South - West Africa expressly to give Germany access to the Zambezi . Below the junction of the Cuando River and the Zambezi the river bends almost due east . Here , the river is broad and shallow , and flows slowly , but as it flows eastward towards the border of the great central plateau of Africa it reaches a chasm into which the Victoria Falls plunge . Middle Zambezi ( edit ) Victoria Falls , the end of the upper Zambezi and beginning of the middle Zambezi The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi . Below them the river continues to flow due east for about 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) , cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres ( 66 to 200 ft ) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres ( 660 to 820 ft ) high . The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge , the current being continually interrupted by reefs . It has been described as one of the world 's most spectacular whitewater trips , a tremendous challenge for kayakers and rafters alike . Beyond the gorge are a succession of rapids which end 240 km ( 150 mi ) below Victoria Falls . Over this distance , the river drops 250 metres ( 820 ft ) . At this point , the river enters Lake Kariba , created in 1959 following the completion of the Kariba Dam . The lake is one of the largest man - made lakes in the world , and the hydroelectric power - generating facilities at the dam provide electricity to much of Zambia and Zimbabwe . The Luangwa and the Kafue are the two largest left - hand tributaries of the Zambezi . The Kafue joins the main river in a quiet deep stream about 180 metres ( 590 ft ) wide . From this point the northward bend of the Zambezi is checked and the stream continues due east . At the confluence of the Luangwa ( 15 ° 37 ' S ) it enters Mozambique . The middle Zambezi ends where the river enters Lake Cahora Bassa ( also spelled Cabora Bassa ) . Formerly the site of dangerous rapids known as Kebrabassa , the lake was created in 1974 by the construction of the Cahora Bassa Dam . Lower Zambezi ( edit ) The lower Zambezi 's 650 km from Cahora Bassa to the Indian Ocean is navigable , although the river is shallow in many places during the dry season . This shallowness arises as the river enters a broad valley and spreads out over a large area . Only at one point , the Lupata Gorge , 320 km from its mouth , is the river confined between high hills . Here it is scarcely 200 m wide . Elsewhere it is from 5 to 8 km wide , flowing gently in many streams . The river bed is sandy , and the banks are low and reed - fringed . At places , however , and especially in the rainy season , the streams unite into one broad fast - flowing river . About 160 km from the sea the Zambezi receives the drainage of Lake Malawi through the Shire River . On approaching the Indian Ocean , the river splits up into a delta . Each of the four primary distributaries , Kongone , Luabo and Timbwe , is obstructed by a sand bar . A more northerly branch , called the Chinde mouth , has a minimum depth at low water of 2 m at the entrance and 4 m further in , and is the branch used for navigation . 100 km further north is a river called the Quelimane , after the town at its mouth . This stream , which is silting up , receives the overflow of the Zambezi in the rainy season . Delta ( edit ) The delta of the Zambezi is today about half as broad as it was before the construction of the Kariba and Cahora Bassa dams controlled the seasonal variations in the flow rate of the river . Before the dams were built seasonal flooding of the Zambezi had quite a different impact on the ecosystems of the delta from today as it brought nutritious fresh water down to the Indian Ocean coastal wetlands . The lower Zambezi experienced a small flood surge early in the dry season as rain in the Gwembe catchment and north - eastern Zimbabwe rushed through while rain in the Upper Zambezi , Kafue , and Lake Malawi basins , and Luangwa to a lesser extent , is held back by swamps and floodplains . The discharge of these systems contributed to a much larger flood in March or April , with a mean monthly maximum for April of 6,700 cubic metres ( 240,000 cu ft ) per second at the delta . The record flood was more than three times as big , 22,500 cubic metres ( 790,000 cu ft ) per second being recorded in 1958 . By contrast the discharge at the end of the dry season averaged just 500 cubic metres ( 18,000 cu ft ) per second . In the 1960s and 1970s the building of dams changed that pattern completely . Downstream the mean monthly minimum -- maximum was 500 cubic metres ( 18,000 cu ft ) to 6,000 cubic metres ( 210,000 cu ft ) per second ; now it is 1,000 cubic metres ( 35,000 cu ft ) to 3,900 cubic metres ( 140,000 cu ft ) per second . Medium - level floods especially , of the kind to which the ecology of the lower Zambezi was adapted , happen less often and have a shorter duration . As with the Itezhi - Tezhi Dam 's deleterious effects on the Kafue Flats , this has the following effects : fish , bird and other wildlife feeding and breeding patterns disrupted less grassland after flooding for grazing wildlife and cattle traditional farming and fishing patterns disrupted . Ecology of the delta ( edit ) Annotated view of the Zambezi river delta from space . As well as the Zambezi this section applies to the Buzi , Pungwe , and Save rivers which also drain the Zambezi basin . Together the floodplains of these four rivers make up the World Wildlife Fund 's Zambezian coastal flooded savanna ecoregion . They are a mixture of open grassland and freshwater swamp inland from the Indian Ocean in Mozambique . Although the dams have stemmed some of the annual flooding of the lower Zambezi and caused the area of floodplain to be greatly reduced they have not removed flooding completely . They can not control extreme floods , they have only made medium - level floods less frequent . When heavy rain in the lower Zambezi combines with good runoff upstream , massive floods still happen and the wetlands are still an important habitat . However , as well as the shrinking of the wetlands further severe damage to wildlife was caused by uncontrolled hunting of animals such as buffalo and waterbuck during the Mozambique Civil War and now the conflict has ceased it is likely the floodplains will become more populated , and further damming has also been discussed . The only protected area of floodplain is the Marromeu Game Reserve near the city of Beira . Although the region has seen a reduction in the populations of the large mammals , it is still home to some including the reedbuck and migrating eland . Carnivores found here include lion ( Panthera leo ) , leopard ( Panthera pardus ) , cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ) , spotted hyena ( Crocuta crocuta ) and side - striped jackal ( Canis adustus ) . The floodplains are a haven for migratory waterbirds including pintails , garganey , African openbill ( Anastomus lamelligerus ) , saddle - billed stork ( Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis ) , wattled crane ( `` Bugeranus carunculatus '' ) , and great white pelican ( Pelecanus onocrotalus ) . Reptiles include Nile crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus ) , Nile monitor lizard ( Varanus niloticus ) and African rock python ( Python sebae ) , the endemic Pungwe worm snake ( Leptotyphlops pungwensis ) and three other snakes that are nearly endemic ; floodplain water snake ( Lycodonomorphus whytei obscuriventris ) , dwarf wolf snake ( Lycophidion nanus ) and eyebrow viper ( Proatheris ) . There are a number of endemic butterflies . NASA false - colour image of the upper Zambezi and Barotse ( Balozi ) floodplain during an extreme flood in 2003 . The Zambezi 's delta . The river and its floodplain near Mongu in Zambia . Water is black in this false - colour image of the Zambezi flood plain . This highly detailed true - colour image shows the stark eastern edge of the Zambezi floodplain . Climate ( edit ) The north of the Zambezi basin has mean annual rainfall of 1100 to 1400 mm which declines towards the south , reaching about half that figure in the south - west . The rain falls in a 4 - to - 6 - month summer rainy season when the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone moves over the basin from the north between October and March . Evaporation rates are high ( 1600 mm - 2300 mm ) and much water is lost this way in swamps and floodplains , especially in the southwest of the basin . Wildlife ( edit ) Hippopotamus in the Zambezi River The river supports large populations of many animals . Hippo are abundant along most of the calm stretches of the river , as well as Nile crocodiles . Monitor lizards are found in many places . Birds are abundant , with species including heron , pelican , egret and African fish eagle present in large numbers . Riverine woodland also supports many large animals , such as buffalo , zebras , giraffes , elephants . The Zambezi also supports several hundred species of fish , some of which are endemic to the river . Important species include cichlids which are fished heavily for food , as well as catfish , tigerfish , yellowfish and other large species . The bull shark is sometimes known as the Zambezi shark after the river , but is found around the world . Tributaries ( edit ) Upper Zambezi : 507,200 km , discharges 1044 m / s at Victoria Falls , comprising : Northern Highlands catchment , 222,570 km , 850 m / s at Lukulu : Chifumage River : Angolan central plateau Luena River : Angolan central plateau Kabompo River : 72,200 km , NW highlands of Zambia Lungwebungu River : 47,400 km , Angolan central plateau Central Plains catchment , 284,630 km , 196 m / s ( Victoria Falls -- Lukulu ) : Luanginga River : 34,600 km , Angolan central plateau Luampa River / Luena River , Zambia : 20,500 km , eastern side of Zambezi Cuando / Linyanti / Chobe River : 133,200 km , Angolan S plateau & Caprivi Middle Zambezi cumulatively 1,050,000 km , 2442 m / s , measured at Cahora Bassa Gorge ( Middle section by itself : 542,800 km , discharges 1398 m / s ( C. Bassa -- Victoria Falls ) Gwembe Catchment , 156,600 km , 232 m / s ( Kariba Gorge -- Vic Falls ) : Gwayi River : 54,610 km , NW Zimbabwe Sengwa River : 25,000 km , North - central Zimbabwe Sanyati River : 43,500 km , North - central Zimbabwe Kariba Gorge to C. Bassa catchment , 386200 km , 1166 m / s ( C. Bassa -- Kariba Gorge ) : Kafue River : 154,200 km , 285 m / s , West - central Zambia & Copperbelt Luangwa River : 151,400 km , 547 m / s , Luangwa Rift Valley & plateau NW of it Panhane River : 23,897 km , North - central Zimbabwe plateau Lower Zambezi cumulatively , 1,378,000 km , 3424 m / s , measured at Marromeu ( Lower section by itself : 328,000 km , 982 m / s ( Marromeu -- C. Bassa ) ) Luia River : 28,000 km , Moravia - Angonia plateau , N of Zambezi Luenha River / Mazoe River : 54,144 km , 152 m / s , Manica plateau , NE Zimbabwe Shire River , 154,000 km , 539 m / s , Lake Malawi basin Zambezi Delta , 12,000 km Total Zambezi river basin : 1,390,000 km , 3424 m / s discharged into delta Source : Beilfuss & Dos Santos ( 2001 ) The Okavango Basin is not included in the figures because it only occasionally overflows to any extent into the Zambezi . Due to the rainfall distribution , northern tributaries contribute much more water than southern ones , for example : the Northern Highlands catchment of the upper Zambezi contributes 25 % , Kafue 8 % , Luangwa and Shire Rivers 16 % each , total 65 % of Zambezi discharge . The large Cuando basin in the south - west on the other hand contributes only about 2 m / s because most is lost through evaporation in its swamp systems . The 1940s and 1950s were particularly wet decades in the basin . Since 1975 , it has been drier , the average discharge being only 70 % of that for the years 1930 to 1958 . Geological History ( edit ) Victoria Falls National Park marker Up to the Late Pliocene or Pleistocene ( more than two million years ago ) , the Upper Zambezi river used to flow south through what is now the Makgadikgadi Pan to the Limpopo River . The change of the river course is the result of epeirogenic movements that uplifted the surface at the present - day water divide between both rivers . Meanwhile , 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) east , a western tributary of the Shire River in the East African Rift 's southern extension through Malawi eroded a deep valley on its western escarpment . At the rate of a few cm per year , this river , the Middle Zambezi , started cutting back the bed of its river towards the west , aided by grabens ( rift valleys ) forming along its course in an east - west axis . As it did so it captured a number of south - flowing rivers such as the Luangwa and Kafue . Eventually the large lake trapped at Makgadikgadi ( or a tributary of it ) was captured by the Middle Zambezi cutting back towards it , and emptied eastwards . The Upper Zambezi was captured as well . The Middle Zambezi was about 300 metres ( 980 ft ) lower than the Upper Zambezi , and a high waterfall formed at the edge of the basalt plateau across which the upper river flows . This was the first Victoria Falls , somewhere down the Batoka Gorge near where Lake Kariba is now . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The first European to come across the Zambezi river was Vasco da Gama , in January 1498 , who anchored at what he called Rio dos Bons Sinais ( `` River of Good Omens '' ) , now the Quelimane or Quá - Qua , a small river on the northern end of the delta , which at that time was connected by navigable channels to the Zambezi river proper ( the connection silted up by the 1830s ) . In a few of the oldest maps , the entire river is denoted as such . But already by the early 1500s , a new name emerged , the Cuama river ( sometimes `` Quama '' or `` Zuama '' ) . Cuama was the local name given by the dwellers of the Swahili Coast for an outpost located on one the southerly islands of the delta ( near the Luabo channel ) . Most old nautical maps denote the Luabo entry as Cuama , the entire delta as the `` rivers of Cuama '' and the Zambezi river proper as the `` Cuama River '' . Nonetheless , already in 1552 , Portuguese chronicler João de Barros notes that the same Cuama river was called Zembere by the inland people of Monomatapa . The Portuguese Dominican friar João dos Santos , visiting Monomatapa in 1597 , reported it as Zambeze ( Bantu languages frequently shifts between z and r ) and inquired into the origins of the name ; he was told it was named after a people . Map by Willem Janszoon Blaeu , dated 1635 , showing the course of the Zambezi , and its source in a great lake . `` The River Cuama is by them called Zambeze ; the head whereof is so farre within Land that none of them know it , but by tradition of their Progenitors say it comes from a Lake in the midst of the continent which yeelds also other great Rivers , divers ways visiting the Sea . They call it Zambeze , of a Nation of Cafres dwelling neere that Lake which are so called . '' -- J. Santos Ethiopia Oriental , 1609 Thus the term `` Zambezi '' is after a people who live by a great lake to the north . The most likely candidates are the `` M'biza '' , or Bisa people ( in older texts given as Muisa , Movisa , Abisa , Ambios and other variations ) , a Bantu people who live in what is now central - eastern Zambia , between the Zambezi River and Lake Bangweolo ( at the time , before the Lunda invasion , the Bisa would have likely stretched further north , possibly to Lake Tanganyika ) . The Bisa had a reputation as great cloth traders throughout the region . In a curious note , the Goese - born Portuguese trader Manuel Caetano Pereira , who traveled to the Bisa homelands in 1796 was surprised to be shown a second , separate river referred to as the `` Zambezi '' . This `` other Zambezi '' that puzzled Pereira is most likely what modern sources spell the Chambeshi River in northern Zambia . The Monomatapa notion ( reported by Santos ) that the Zambezi was sourced from a great internal lake might be a reference to one of the African Great Lakes . One of the names reported by early explorers for Lake Malawi was `` Lake Zambre '' ( probably a corruption of `` Zambezi '' ) , possibly because Lake Malawi is connected to the lower Zambezi via the Shire River . The Monomatapa story resonated with the old European notion , drawn from classical antiquity , that all the great African rivers -- the Nile , the Senegal , the Congo , now the Zambezi , too -- were all sourced from the same great internal lake . The Portuguese were also told that the Mozambican Espirito Santo `` river '' ( actually an estuary formed by the Umbeluzi , Matola and Tembe rivers ) was sourced from a lake ( hence its outlet became known as Delagoa Bay ) . As a result , several old maps depict the Zambezi and the `` Espirito Santo '' rivers converging deep in the interior , at the same lake . However , the Bisa - derived etymology is not without dispute . In 1845 , W.D. Cooley , examining Pereira 's notes , concluded the term `` Zambezi '' derives not from the Bisa people , but rather from the Bantu term `` mbege '' / `` mbeze '' ( `` fish '' ) , and consequently it probably means merely `` river of fish '' . David Livingstone , who reached the upper Zambezi in 1853 , refers to it as `` Zambesi '' but also makes note of the local name `` Leeambye '' used by the Lozi people , which he says means `` large river or river par excellence '' . Livingstone records other names for the Zambezi -- Luambeji , Luambesi , Ambezi , Ojimbesi and Zambesi -- applied by different peoples along its course , and asserts they `` all possess a similar signification and express the native idea of this magnificent stream being the main drain of the country '' . In Portuguese records , the `` Cuama River '' term disappeared and gave way to the term `` Sena River '' ( Rio de Sena ) , a reference to the Swahili ( and later Portuguese ) upriver trade station at Sena . In 1752 , the Zambezi delta , under the name `` Rivers of Sena '' ( Rios de Sena ) formed a colonial administrative district of Portuguese Mozambique . But common usage of `` Zambezi '' led eventually to a royal decree in 1858 officially renaming the district `` Zambézia '' . Exploration of the river ( edit ) Satellite image showing Victoria Falls and subsequent series of zigzagging gorges The Zambezi region was known to medieval geographers as the Empire of Monomotapa , and the course of the river , as well as the position of lakes Ngami and Nyasa , were given broadly accurately in early maps . These were probably constructed from Arab information . The first European to visit the inland Zambezi river was the Portuguese degredado António Fernandes in 1511 and again in 1513 , with the objective of reporting on commercial conditions and activities of the interior of Central Africa . The final report of these explorations revealed the importance of the ports of the upper Zambezi to the local trade system , in particular to East African gold trade . The first exploration of the upper Zambezi was made by David Livingstone in his exploration from Bechuanaland between 1851 and 1853 . Two or three years later he descended the Zambezi to its mouth and in the course of this journey discovered the Victoria Falls . During 1858 -- 60 , accompanied by John Kirk , Livingstone ascended the river by the Kongone mouth as far as the Falls , and also traced the course of its tributary the Shire and reached Lake Malawi . For the next 35 years very little exploration of the river took place . Portuguese explorer Serpa Pinto examined some of the western tributaries of the river and made measurements of the Victoria Falls in 1878 . In 1884 the Plymouth Brethren missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot traveled over the height of land between the watersheds of the Zambezi and the Congo , and identified the source of the Zambezi . He considered that the nearby high and cool Kalene Hill was a particularly suitable place for a mission . Arnot was accompanied by the Portuguese trader and army officer António da Silva Porto . In 1889 the Chinde channel north of the main mouths of the river was discovered . Two expeditions led by Major A. St Hill Gibbons in 1895 to 1896 and 1898 to 1900 continued the work of exploration begun by Livingstone in the upper basin and central course of the river . Two local people in the Zambezi river near Victoria falls , Zambia . Economy ( edit ) The population of the Zambezi river valley is estimated to be about 32 million . About 80 % of the population of the valley is dependent on agriculture , and the upper river 's flood plains provide good agricultural land . Communities by the river fish it extensively , and many people travel from far afield to fish . Some Zambian towns on roads leading to the river levy unofficial ' fish taxes ' on people taking Zambezi fish to other parts of the country . As well as fishing for food , game fishing is a significant activity on some parts of the river . Between Mongu and Livingstone , several safari lodges cater for tourists who want to fish for exotic species , and many also catch fish to sell to aquaria . The river valley is rich in mineral deposits and fossil fuels , and coal mining is important in places . The dams along its length also provide employment for many people near them , in maintaining the hydroelectric power stations and the dams themselves . Several parts of the river are also very popular tourist destinations . Victoria Falls receives over 100,000 visitors annually , with 141,929 visitors reported in 2015 . Mana Pools and Lake Kariba also draw substantial tourist numbers . Transport ( edit ) 1975 photo of Victoria Falls Bridge The river is frequently interrupted by rapids and so has never been an important long - distance transport route . David Livingstone 's Zambezi Expedition attempted to open up the river to navigation by paddle steamer , but was defeated by the Cahora Bassa rapids . Along some stretches , it is often more convenient to travel by canoe along the river rather than on the unimproved roads which are often in very poor condition due to being regularly submerged in flood waters , and many small villages along the banks of the river are only accessible by boat . In the 1930s and 40s a paddle barge service operated on the stretch between the Katombora Rapids , about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) upstream from Livingstone , and the rapids just upstream from Katima Mulilo . However , depending on the water level , boats could be paddled through -- Lozi paddlers , a dozen or more in a boat , could deal with most of them -- or they could be pulled along the shore or carried around the rapids , and teams of oxen pulled barges 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) over land around the Ngonye Falls . Road , rail and other crossings of the river , once few and far between , are proliferating . They are , in order from the river 's source : Cazombo road bridge , Angola , bombed in the civil war and not yet reconstructed Chinyingi suspension footbridge near the town of Zambezi , a 300 - metre ( 980 ft ) footbridge built as a community project Lubosi Imwiko II Bridge linking the towns of Mongu and Kalabo , a new 1,005 meter long concrete / steel road bridge including 38.5 km of embanked highway through Barotse Floodplain constructed between 2011 and 2016 by Chinese company ( 2nd attempt ) of 1.2 trillion kwacha . Sioma Bridge near the Ngonye Falls , anew 260 metres long road bridge ( K 108 mln ) , opened in 2016 as part of the Sesheke - Senanga road . Katima Mulilo road bridge , 900 metres ( 3,000 ft ) , between Namibia and Sesheke in Zambia , opened 2004 , completing the Trans -- Caprivi Highway connecting Lusaka in Zambia with Walvis Bay on the Atlantic coast Kazungula Bridge -- in August 2007 a deal was announced to replace the Kazungula Ferry , one of the largest river ferries in Southern Africa , with a road bridge where the river is 430 metres ( 1,410 ft ) wide Victoria Falls Bridge ( road and rail ) , the first to be built , completed in April 1905 and initially intended as a link in Cecil Rhodes ' scheme to build a railway from Cape Town to Cairo : 250 metres ( 820 ft ) long Kariba Dam carries the paved Kariba / Siavonga highway across the river Tourist boat on the Zambezi River , Mosi - oa - Tunya National Park , Zambia. 1971 photo . Otto Beit Bridge at Chirundu , road , 382 metres ( 1,253 ft ) , 1939 Second Chirundu Bridge , road , 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) , 2002 Cahora Bassa Dam is in a remote area and does not carry a highway across the river Tete Suspension Bridge , 1 - kilometre ( 1,000 m ) road bridge ( 1970s ) Dona Ana Bridge , originally railway but converted to single - lane road , ( 1935 ) , the longest at 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) , since late 2009 it is again a railway bridge , passenger and freight trains are again running across it and from 2011 on the railway line over this bridge may convey several million of tonnes of Tete coal to the port of Beira . Caia Bridge -- construction started in 2007 of a 2.3 - kilometre ( 1.4 mi ) road bridge to replace the Caia ferry , which , with Kazungula , is the largest ferry across the river There are a number of small pontoon ferries across the river in Angola , western Zambia , and Mozambique , notably between Mongu and Kalabo . Above Mongu in years following poor rainy seasons the river can be forded at one or two places . In tourist areas , such as Victoria Falls and Kariba , short - distance tourist boats take visitors along the river . Ecology ( edit ) Lake Cahora Bassa in Mozambique , one of the river 's major sources of hydroelectric energy Pollution ( edit ) Sewage effluent is a major cause of water pollution around urban areas , as inadequate water treatment facilities in all the major cities of the region force them to release untreated sewage into the river . This has resulted in eutrophication of the river water and has facilitated the spread of diseases of poor hygiene such as cholera , typhus and dysentery . Effects of dams ( edit ) The construction of two major dams regulating the flow of the river has had a major effect on wildlife and human populations in the lower Zambezi region . When the Cahora Bassa Dam was completed in 1973 , its managers allowed it to fill in a single flood season , going against recommendations to fill over at least two years . The drastic reduction in the flow of the river led to a 40 % reduction in the coverage of mangroves , greatly increased erosion of the coastal region and a 60 % reduction in the catch of prawns off the mouth due to the reduction in emplacement of silt and associate nutrients . Wetland ecosystems downstream of the dam shrank considerably . Wildlife in the delta was further threatened by uncontrolled hunting during the civil war in Mozambique . Conservation measures ( edit ) The Kavango -- Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area will cover parts of Zambia , Angola , Namibia , Zimbabwe and Botswana , including the famous Okavango Delta in Botswana and Mosi - oa - Tunya ( The Smoke That Thunders , or Victoria Falls ) . It is thought that the cross-border park will help with animal migration routes and assist in the preservation of wetlands which clean water , as sewage from communities is a problem . Funding was boosted for cross-border conservation along the Zambezi in 2008 . The Kavango -- Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation project -- which follows the Zambezi River and stretches across Angola , Botswana , Namibia , Zambia and Zimbabwe -- has received a grant of € 8 million from a German nongovernmental organisation . Part of the funds will be used for research in areas covered by the project . However , Angola has warned that landmines from their civil war may impede the project . The river currently passes through Ngonye Falls National Park , Mosi - oa - Tunya National Park , and Lower Zambezi National Park ( in Zambia ) , and Zambezi National Park , Victoria Falls National Park , Matusadona National Park , Mana Pools National Park , and the Middle Zambezi Biosphere Reserve ( in Zimbabwe ) . Fish stocks Management ( edit ) As of 2017 the situation of overfishing in the upper Zambezi and its tributaries was considered dire , in part due to weak enforcement of the respective fisheries acts and regulations . The fish stocks of Lake Liambezi in the eastern Caprivi were found to be totally depleted , and surveys indicated a decline in the whole Zambezi - Kwando - Chobe river system . Illegal fishing ( i.a. by foreign nationals employed by Namibians ) and commercially minded individuals , exploited the resources to the detriment of local markets and the communities whose culture and economy depend on these resources . Namibian officials have consequently banned monofilament nets , and imposed a closing period of about 3 months every year to allow the fish to breed . They also appointed village fish guards and the Kayasa channel in the Impalila conservancy area was declared a fisheries reserve . The Namibian ministry also promotes aquaculture and plans to distribute thousands of fingerlings to registered small - scale fish farmers of the region . EUS outbreak ( edit ) On 14 September 2007 , epizootic ulcerative syndrome ( EUS ) killed hundreds of sore - covered fish in the river . Zambia Agriculture Minister Ben Kapita asked experts to investigate the outbreak to probe the cause to find out if the disease can be transmitted to humans . Major towns ( edit ) Along much of the river 's length , the population is sparse , but important towns and cities along its course include the following : Katima Mulilo ( Namibia ) Mongu , Lukulu , Livingstone and Sesheke ( Zambia ) Victoria Falls and Kariba ( Zimbabwe ) Songo and Tete ( Mozambique ) See also ( edit ) Africa portal 2007 Mozambican flood Nyami Nyami Zambezian flooded grasslands References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos : Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta , Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley ( 2001 ) . Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m3 / s Archived 17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : International Network of Basin Organisations / Office International de L'eau : Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . `` Développer les Compétences pour mieux Gérer l'Eau : Fleuves Transfrontaliers Africains : Bilan Global . '' ( 2002 ) . Estimated annual discharge 106 km , equal to mean flow rate 3360 m / s Jump up ^ `` Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC '' . muvitv.com . Muvi TV . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ZM002 Source of the Zambezi '' . birdlife.org . Birdlife International . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dorling Kindersley , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Knifton , Dulcie ( July 2004 ) . Revise AS Level Geography for Edexcel Specification B. Heinemann . ISBN 9780435101541 . Jump up ^ `` Zambezi River Delta : Image of the Day '' . earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos : Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta , Mozambique . Archived 2 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Goudie , A.S. ( 2005 ) . `` The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous '' . Geomorphology. 67 : 437 -- 456 . Jump up ^ Moore , A.E. ( 1999 ) . `` A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa '' . South African Journal of Geology. 102 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 376 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ AWF Four Corners Biodiversity Information Package No 2 : Summary of Technical Reviews Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 1 March 2007. ( dead link ) Jump up ^ Barros , Da Asia , Dec . I , Lib . X , vol. 2 , p. 374 ) Jump up ^ Fr. J. dos Santos ( 1609 ) , Ethiopia Oriental e varia historia de cousas Notaveis do Oriente , Pt . III . English translation is from Samuel Purchas 's 1625 Haklyutus Posthumus , ( 1905 ) ed. , Glasgow , vol. 10 : p. 220 - 21 Jump up ^ The connection between Santos / Monomatapa `` Zambezi '' and the `` M'biza '' is suggested in Cooley ( 1845 ) . Jump up ^ `` Notícias dadas por Manoel Caetano Pereira , comerciante , que se entranhou pelo interior da África '' , as published in José Acúrsio das Neves ( 1830 ) Considerações Políticas e Comerciais sobre os Descobrimentos e Possessões na África e na Ásia . Lisbon : Imprensa Regia . p. 373 Jump up ^ W.D. Cooley ( 1845 ) `` The Geography of N'yassi , or the Great Lake of Southern Africa , investigated , with an account of the overland route from the Quanza in Angola to the Zambezi in the government of Mozambique '' , Journal of the Royal Geographical Society , p. 185 - 235 . Jump up ^ David Livingstone ( 1857 ) Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa ( p. 208 ) ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Cana , Frank ( 1911 ) . `` Zambezi '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 951 -- 953 . Jump up ^ Newitt , Malyn ( 2005 ) . A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion , 1400 - 1668 . Routlege . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 32404 - 8 . Jump up ^ Howard , Dr. J. Keir ( 2005 ) . `` Arnot , Frederick Stanley '' . Dictionary of African Christian Biography . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Pritchett , James Anthony ( 2007 ) . Friends for life , friends for death : cohorts and consciousness among the Lunda - Ndembu . University of Virginia Press . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2624 - 6 . Jump up ^ Fish , Bruce ; Fish , Becky Durost ( 2001 ) . Angola , 1880 to the present : slavery , exploitation , and revolt . Infobase Publishing . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6197 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Republic of Zambia Ministry of Tourism and Arts 2015 Tourism Statistical Digest Jump up ^ E.C. Mills : `` Overlanding Cattle from Barotse to Angola '' , The Northern Rhodesia Journal , Vol 1 No 2 , pp 53 -- 63 ( 1950 ) . Accessed 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Visible on Google Earth at latitude - 11.906 longitude 22.831 . Jump up ^ Visible on Google Earth at longitude 22.924 latitude - 15.214 . Jump up ^ `` Mongu - Kalabo Road - Zambia 's Engineering Marvel '' . zedcorner.com. 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President launches K108m Sioma Bridge -- Zambia Daily Mail '' . www.daily-mail.co.zm . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Funding boost for cross-border conservation project '' . ^ Jump up to : Kooper , Lugeretzia ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Zambezi fishermen warned against overfishing '' . namibian.com.na . The Namibian . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zambia warns against fish killed by mysterious disease '' . AFP . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Bento C.M. , Beilfuss R. ( 2003 ) , Wattled Cranes , Waterbirds , and Wetland Conservation in the Zambezi Delta , Mozambique , report for the Biodiversity Foundation for Africa for the IUCN - Regional Office for Southern Africa : Zambezi Basin Wetlands Conservation and Resource Utilisation Project . Bourgeois S. , Kocher T. , Schelander P. ( 2003 ) , Case study : Zambezi river basin , ETH Seminar : Science and Politics of International Freshwater Management 2003 / 04 Davies B.R. , Beilfuss R. , Thoms M.C. ( 2000 ) , `` Cahora Bassa retrospective , 1974 -- 1997 : effects of flow regulation on the Lower Zambezi River , '' Verh . Internat . Verein . Limnologie , 27 , 1 -- 9 Dunham KM ( 1994 ) , The effect of drought on the large mammal populations of Zambezi riverine woodlands , Journal of Zoology , v. 234 , p. 489 -- 526 Dorling Kindersley Publishing , Inc. ( 2004 ) . World reference atlas . New York : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 0481 - 8 Wynn S. ( 2002 ) , `` The Zambezi River - Wilderness and Tourism '' , International Journal of Wilderness , 8 , 34 . H.C.N. Ridley : `` Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia '' , The Northern Rhodesia Journal , Vol 2 No 5 ( 1954 ) -- Re Zambezi River Transport Service at Katombora . Funding boost for cross-border conservation project External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zambezi . Information and a map of the Zambezi 's watershed Zambezi Expedition - Fighting Malaria on the `` River of Life '' `` Home Page '' . Zambezi River Authority . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . The Zambezi Society Map of Africa 's river basins Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library The Nature Conservancy 's Great Rivers Partnership works to conserve the Zambezi River Rivers of Angola Rivers Chiloango Congo Cuando Cuanza Cunene Kasai Kwango Luanginga Lucala Luena Lungwebungu Okavango Rio Quicombo Zambezi Rivers of Mozambique Rivers Buzi Chinde Komati Licungo Limpopo Luambala Lugenda Lúrio Maputo Mazowe Megaruma Messalo Mocubúri Monapo Montepuez Ngalamu Pungwe Rarico Ruvuma Save Shire Zambezi Rivers of Zambia Congo System Chambeshi Kalambo Kalungwishi Luapula Mbereshi Zambezi System Major Kabompo Kafue Luangwa Lungwebungu Lunsemfwa Zambezi Minor Luanginga Luena Lukasashi Lumi Lunga Mulungushi Rivers of Zimbabwe Rivers Bubye Chiredzi Gwayi Honde Inkankezi Insiza Inyankuni Kwekwe Limpopo Luenha Manyame Mazowe Mtshabezi Mtshelele Mucheke Munyati Mupfure Mushawe Mutirikwe Mwenezi Mwewe Mtetengwe Mzingwane Ncema Ngezi ( Masvingo ) Ngezi ( Midlands ) Ngondoma River Panhane Pungwe Runde Save Sebakwe Sengwa Shangani Shashe Siwaze Tokwane Tokwe Thuli Umchabezi Zambezi GND : 4105270 - 5 NARA : 10038572 VIAF : 315526780 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&oldid=849423601 '' Categories : Rivers of Angola Rivers of Mozambique Rivers of Zimbabwe Zambezi River Border rivers Botswana -- Zambia border International rivers of Africa Mozambique Channel Namibia -- Zambia border Rivers of Namibia Rivers of Zambia Tourist attractions in Zimbabwe Zambezi basin Zambia -- Zimbabwe border Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 22 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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"The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is 1,390,000 square kilometres (540,000 sq mi),[1][2] slightly less than half of the Nile's. The 2,574-kilometre-long river (1,599 mi) rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean.\n"
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"rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean"
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-4233679132603179635 | India at the Cricket World Cup | India at the cricket World Cup - wikipedia India at the cricket World Cup The Indian cricket team are two times World Champions . In addition to winning the 1983 Cricket World Cup , they triumphed over Sri Lanka in the 2011 Cricket World Cup on home soil . They were also runners - up at the 2003 Cricket World Cup , and semifinalists thrice ( 1987 , 1996 and 2015 ) . They came last in the Super Six stage in the 1999 Cricket World Cup and have been knocked out 4 times in the Group stage ( 1975 , 1979 , 1992 and 2007 ) . India 's historical win - loss record at the cricket world cup is 46 - 27 , with 1 match being tied and another one being abandoned due to rain . Contents 1 Cricket World Cup Record 2 India at the 1975 World Cup 3 India at the 1979 World Cup 4 India at the 1983 World Cup 5 India at the 1987 World Cup 6 India at the 1992 World Cup 7 India at the 1996 World Cup 8 India at the 1999 World Cup 9 India at the 2003 World Cup 10 India at the 2007 World Cup 11 India at the 2011 World Cup 12 India at the 2015 World Cup 13 Team records 13.1 Highest innings totals 14 Lowest completed innings 14.1 Best innings figures 14.2 Highest partnerships 14.3 Highest partnership for each wicket 15 References 16 External links Cricket World Cup Record ( edit ) Year Round Games Won Tied / No result Lost Group Stage 0 1979 Group Stage 0 0 Champions 8 6 0 Semifinals 7 5 0 Round - Robin Stage 8 5 Semifinals 7 0 1999 Super Six 8 0 2003 Runner Up 11 9 0 2007 Group Stage 0 2011 Champions 9 7 2015 Semifinals 8 7 0 Total Two time Champions 75 46 27 White : Group / Round - Robin Stage Green : Quarterfinals / Super Six Light Blue : Semifinals Silver : Runner Up Gold : Champions Teamwise record Opponent NR Win % First played Australia 11 8 0 0 27.27 13 June 1983 Bangladesh 0 0 66.67 17 March 2007 Bermuda 0 0 0 100 19 March 2007 East Africa 0 0 0 100 11 June 1975 England 7 0 50 7 June 1975 Ireland 0 0 0 100 6 March 2011 Kenya 0 0 0 100 18 February 1996 Namibia 0 0 0 100 23 February 2003 Netherlands 0 0 0 100 12 February 2003 New Zealand 7 0 0 42.85 14 June 1975 Pakistan 6 6 0 0 0 100 4 March 1992 South Africa 0 0 25 15 March 1992 Sri Lanka 8 0 42.85 18 June 1979 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 100 28 February 2003 West Indies 8 5 0 0 62.5 9 June 1979 Zimbabwe 9 8 0 0 88.89 11 June 1983 Total 74 46 26 62.2 % - India at the 1975 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1975 Cricket World Cup The 1975 Cricket World Cup was the first Cricket World Cup . It was held in England in June 1975 and consisted of two weeks of one - day matches played 60 - overs - a-side . The format consisted of a group stage , in which each team played the other three teams in its group of four . The top two teams from both groups would progress to the semifinals . India competed in Group B against England , New Zealand and East Africa , a team of cricketers from Kenya , Uganda , Tanzania , and Northern Rhodesia . The Indian team was led by off spinner Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan and included leading batsmen Sunil Gavaskar , Gundappa Vishwanath , and Farokh Engineer as well as Venkataraghavan 's teammate from the Indian spin quartet , Bishen Singh Bedi . The team was relatively inexperienced at one - day cricket , having played their first ODI only a year earlier during their disastrous tour of England . India 's first match , the first match of the Cup , was against England at Lord 's in London . This match became notorious for Gavaskar 's controversial knock . Chasing a mammoth 335 for victory , Gavaskar carried his bat for the entire 60 overs to score only 36 runs off 174 balls with just a solitary boundary . As a result , India could only score 132 / 3 in 60 overs , losing the match by 202 runs , which severely affected their chances of making the semifinals . The match was a national disgrace for India with Gavaskar , in particular , castigated from all sides for his disgraceful innings . Even today , it is not fully clear as to why he played so slowly in that match , although Gavaskar claimed that he was out of form at the time . India next played East Africa at Headingley in Leeds and as expected , won the match , thanks to disciplined bowling from medium pacer Madan Lal ( 3 / 15 ) which restricted East Africa to 120 . In the chase , Gavaskar made amends for his atrocious innings against England with a fine half - century ( 65 not out from 86 balls , 9 fours ) . Supported by Engineer ( 54 not out from 93 balls , 7 fours ) , the duo hammered the amateurish East African bowling and steered India to a facile victory without losing a wicket . India 's last match in the Group stage was a must - win encounter against New Zealand at Old Trafford in Manchester . Batting first , India scored 230 , with Syed Abid Ali scoring a half - century ( 70 from 98 balls , 5 fours and 1 six ) to make up for the top - order failure . However , the Indian bowlers were then completely hammered by Kiwi opener Glenn Turner , who scored his second century of the tournament ( 114 not out from 177 balls , 13 fours ) as New Zealand chased down the target without much hassle . India crashed out of the tournament with this loss and finished 3rd in their group with 1 win and 2 losses . Not much positives could come out of India 's campaign in the inaugural World Cup . From an Indian perspective , the tournament continues to be known for Gavaskar 's notorious innings against England . Still , Gavaskar scored the highest number of runs for India in the tournament , with 113 . Among the bowlers , Abid Ali , with his 6 wickets , was the best bowler for India . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1975 World Cup comprised Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan ( captain ) Bishen Singh Bedi ( vice-captain ) Anshuman Gaekwad Brijesh Patel Eknath Solkar Farokh Engineer ( wicketkeeper ) Gundappa Vishwanath ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Karsan Ghavri Madan Lal Mohinder Amarnath Sunil Gavaskar Syed Abid Ali India 's record : 1 − 2 ( Group B , 3rd place ) West Indies 's record : 5 − 0 ( Champions ) India at the 1979 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1979 Cricket World Cup The second edition of the Cricket World Cup was held in 1979 once again in England and with the same tournament format as in 1975 . Like in 1975 , India were not having much experience in playing ODI cricket and were still neglecting the limited - overs format of the game , so they were not considered favourites to win the Cup . Still , India were expected to put up a decent show as the team for the World Cup had world - class batsmen in Sunil Gavaskar , Gundappa Vishwanath and Dilip Vengsarkar , two members of the Indian spin quartet in captain Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan and Bishen Singh Bedi and decent all rounders in Mohinder Amarnath and a rising talent in Kapil Dev , though regular wicketkeeper Syed Kirmani was surprisingly dropped . India were grouped along with the defending champions , the West Indies , who were now the best team in international cricket , New Zealand and non-Test playing nation Sri Lanka in Group B in the Group stage . India opened their campaign with a massive loss against the West Indies at Edgbaston in Birmingham . The West Indian fast bowling attack led by Michael Holding ( 4 / 33 ) and Andy Roberts ( 2 / 32 ) never allowed the Indian batsmen to settle down , and with only Vishwanath ( 75 from 134 balls , 7 fours ) showing resistance , India were bowled all out for 190 in the 54th over . In reply , West Indian opener Gordon Greenidge scored an unbeaten century as the Caribbeans effortlessly chased down the target with the loss of just a single wicket . India were knocked out of the tournament in their next match against New Zealand at Headingley in Leeds , which was another one - sided match . A combined effort from the New Zealand bowling attack saw India crash to 182 all out , with the only significant contribution coming from Gavaskar ( 55 from 144 balls , 5 fours ) . Kiwi opener Bruce Edgar then scored an unbeaten 84 in the chase as New Zealand won without any hassle . India played for pride in their last match of the tournament against Sri Lanka at Old Trafford in Manchester and were expected to win against the minnows . But they lost this match too . Chasing 239 to win , none of the Indian batsmen could manage even a half - century against the Sri Lankan bowling attack comprising Tony Opatha ( 3 / 31 ) , Stanley de Silva ( 2 / 36 ) and Somachandra de Silva ( 3 / 29 ) . India were bowled all - out for just 191 , finishing their World Cup campaign winless and last in their group . It was a nightmarish campaign for India , with no wins and none of the players contributing . The fact that India as a team were not able to score even 200 runs in a single match , that only Vishwanath crossed three - figures in terms of the total number of individual runs scored ( 106 ) with only him and Gavaskar scoring a half - century each , and that only Amarnath , with 4 wickets , and Kapil , with 2 wickets , took wickets in all the 3 matches , showed how horrible and pathetic the Indian performance was in the World Cup . This dismal performance generated an uproar in India . The tournament marked the end of the road for the now struggling Indian spin quartet , with its two members in the World Cup side , Bedi and Venkataraghavan , bowling really poorly and not even taking a single wicket . Following the World Cup and the subsequent series against England , Bedi retired from international cricket , while Venkataraghavan was sacked as captain and also dropped from the team . None of the 4 members of the spin quartet ever played in a World Cup again . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1979 World Cup comprised Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan ( captain ) Sunil Gavaskar ( vice-captain ) Anshuman Gaekwad Bharath Reddy ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Bishen Singh Bedi Brijesh Patel Dilip Vengsarkar Gundappa Vishwanath Kapil Dev Karsan Ghavri Mohinder Amarnath Surinder Khanna ( wicketkeeper ) Yashpal Sharma India 's record : 0 − 3 ( Group B , 4th place ) West Indies 's record : 4 − 0 and 1 washout ( Champions ) India at the 1983 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1983 Cricket World Cup Going by India 's past record in one - day internationals and in the World Cup , they were not expected to even progress beyond the Group stage of the 1983 Cricket World Cup which was yet again held in England , despite having the likes of Sunil Gavaskar , Krishnamachari Srikkanth , Dilip Vengsarkar , Yashpal Sharma and Sandeep Patil in batting and a decent set of all - rounders in captain Kapil Dev , who was now one of the best all - rounders in world cricket , Mohinder Amarnath , Madan Lal , Ravi Shastri and Roger Binny . This time , the tournament format was slightly different from the previous editions . Teams were still divided among 2 groups of 4 , but now each team in a group played each other twice . India were placed in Group B in the Group stage , which was considered to be the tougher of the 2 groups as it included 2 stronger opponents in the defending champions , the West Indies , whose dominance in world cricket at the time was at its peak , and Australia . World Cup debutants Zimbabwe were also in the group . The fact that the West Indies and Australia were in India 's group only worsened India 's prospects of putting a decent showing this time around . India 's first match in the tournament was against the West Indies at Old Trafford in Manchester . The West Indians were expected to steamroll India , but India caused a massive upset , winning the game by 34 runs in a match spread over 2 days . Middle - order batsman Sharma withstood the West Indian pace attack to score a fine half - century ( 89 from 120 balls , 9 fours ) as India scored 262 / 8 . Then , a disciplined performance from the Indian bowlers led by all - rounders Binny ( 3 / 48 ) and Shastri ( 3 / 26 ) ensured that the West Indian batsmen could not settle down after their starts , as a result of which the West Indies were bowled all out for 228 . India followed this victory with another win against Zimbabwe at Leicester . In a one - sided match , India , bowling first , restricted Zimbabwe to 155 with Madan Lal taking 3 / 27 , following which a half - century by Patil ( 50 from 54 balls , 7 fours , 1 six ) ensured that India chased down the paltry total easily . However , despite the good start , 2 consecutive defeats against Australia at Trent Bridge in Nottingham and the West Indies at The Oval in London followed , and with other results going Australia 's and the West Indies ' way , India were once again staring at another early exit from the World Cup . Trevor Chappell scored 110 to ensure that Australia scored a mammoth 320 / 9 , with India dishing out a listless bowling performance . Only Kapil bowled well , taking a 5 - wicket haul ( 5 / 43 ) . Australian medium - pacer Ken MacLeay took 6 / 39 as India were bowled all out for just 150 , losing by 162 runs , with none of the Indian batsmen contributing . Against the West Indies , India , chasing 283 to win , never really got going despite Amarnath 's patient knock ( 80 from 139 balls ) . A combined effort from the West Indian pace attack saw India crash to 216 all out , losing by 66 runs . To add to India 's woes , Vengsarkar was ruled out for the rest of the tournament after a Malcolm Marshall bouncer injured his jaw . To reach the semifinals now , India had to beat Zimbabwe and Australia by huge margins , a daunting prospect . Should India lose even one of the matches , they would be knocked out of the tournament . India began their match against Zimbabwe at Tunbridge Wells on 18 June 1983 disastrously . The Zimbabwean bowling attack , led by Peter Rawson ( 3 / 47 ) and Kevin Curran ( 3 / 65 ) , destroyed the Indian top order , reducing them to 17 / 5 . A massive upset by the Zimbabweans and another early exit for India was now very much on the cards , until Kapil arrived . Kapil completely changed the course of the match with a breathtaking innings ( 175 not out from 138 balls , 16 fours , 6 sixes ) . With the support of the tailenders , he ransacked the Zimbabwean bowling as he played his most famous innings , which was also the highest individual score in ODI cricket at the time and the first ever ODI century scored by an Indian batsman . As a result of his astounding knock , India finished the innings at 266 / 8 . Then , a good performance with the ball from Madan Lal ( 3 / 42 ) saw Zimbabwe being bowled all out for 235 , despite Curran 's 73 , to set up a famous win . Unfortunately , this match was not telecasted live due to a strike by the BBC staff on that day . But India 's woes were n't over yet ; they needed to beat Australia comprehensively to have any hope of reaching the semifinals . India 's must - win match against the Aussies took place at Chelmsford , two days after the famous victory against Zimbabwe . Despite Rodney Hogg ( 3 / 40 ) and Jeff Thomson ( 3 / 51 ) taking 3 wickets each , a combined effort from the Indian batsmen saw India reach 247 all out . Australia , chasing 248 to win , were rocked by the innocuous but penetrative medium - pace of Madan Lal ( 4 / 20 ) and Binny ( 4 / 29 ) and crashed to 129 all out , losing the match by a whopping 118 runs . With another win under their belt , India finished second in their group and qualified for the semifinals for the first time ever in the Cricket World Cup . India 's semifinal match was against hosts England at Manchester . Despite England being the favourites , India produced yet another upset . England won the toss and batted first . Despite an opening stand of 69 , the English batsmen mistimed many balls and used the bat 's edge frequently , as the restrictive Indian bowling led England to 213 all out . English opener Graeme Fowler top scored with 33 . Kapil Dev was the pick of the Indian bowlers ( 3 / 35 ) , with Amarnath ( 2 / 27 ) and Binny ( 2 / 43 ) also being among the wickets . In reply , Sharma ( 61 from 115 balls , 3 fours , 2 sixes ) and Sandeep Patil ( 51 not out from 32 balls , 8 fours ) made half - centuries , with Amarnath ( 46 from 92 balls , 4 fours , 1 six ) too contributing , as India reached their target comfortably , winning by 6 wickets in a classic victory over the hosts . Amarnath picked up the Man of the Match award for his all - round performance . This win brought India to the World Cup final for the very first time , which was to be played against the West Indies on 25 June 1983 at Lord 's in London . A third consecutive tournament victory for the West Indies was widely predicted by most pundits and fans . In the final , India lost the toss and were made to bat first on a seaming wicket against the mighty West Indian pace attack . Only Srikkanth ( 38 from 57 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) and Amarnath ( 26 from 80 balls , 3 fours ) put up any significant resistance as the West Indian fast bowling attack comprising Marshall ( 2 / 24 ) , Andy Roberts ( 3 / 32 ) , Joel Garner ( 1 / 24 ) and Michael Holding ( 2 / 26 ) ripped through the Indian batting , ably supported by part - timer Larry Gomes ( 2 / 49 ) . Only surprising resistance by the tail allowed India to reach 183 all out in the 55th over . It seemed to be all over for India , as the West Indies had a power - packed batting line - up comprising openers Gordon Greenidge and Desmond Haynes , followed by Vivian Richards and captain Clive Lloyd which was capable of destroying any bowling attack and were widely expected to make mincemeat out of the `` mediocre '' Indian bowling attack . Despite the early loss of Greenidge , Haynes and Richards steadied the innings and the West Indies was soon cruising to another World Cup win at 57 / 2 . At this stage , Kapil ran a great distance ( 18 - 20 yards ) to take the wicket of Richards off Madan Lal 's bowling . This proved to be the turning point of the match , as the Indian bowling then exploited the weather and pitch conditions perfectly to blow away the rest of the West Indian batting . Amarnath ( 3 / 12 ) and Madan Lal ( 3 / 31 ) took three wickets each , as the West Indies crashed to 140 all out in the 53rd over , setting up a famous tournament victory for India which was one of the biggest upsets not only in cricket , but in sport in general . India 's win ended the title defence of the West Indies , who never reached the final of the Cricket World Cup again . Amarnath was awarded a second consecutive Man of the Match award for another all - round effort . Apart from the win , there were statistically many other achievements for India in the 1983 World Cup . Binny and Madan Lal , with 18 and 17 wickets respectively , were the tournament 's top two bowlers . While Kapil , with 303 runs , was India 's best batsman and one of the top 10 batsmen in terms of total individual runs , he also took the most number of catches in the tournament , with 7 , and was India 's only centurion . Kapil 's 175 not out against Zimbabwe was the first ODI century scored by an Indian batsman and remained the highest individual score in ODI cricket until Vivian Richards broke that record the following year . It also remained the highest individual score by an Indian batsman in ODI cricket until Sourav Ganguly broke that record in 1999 . Wicketkeeper Syed Kirmani , with 14 dismissals , finished just below West Indian wicketkeeper Jeff Dujon in the most number of dismissals taken by a wicketkeeper in the tournament . India 's 1983 World Cup victory was a major turning point for Indian as well as world cricket . The win boosted the popularity of cricket in India , which was until then restricted to the urban areas . It also increased the popularity of one - day cricket in India as well as in general . India began to take ODI cricket seriously after the World Cup win and soon emerged as one of the best teams in ODI cricket . Indian corporates too started to take an interest in cricket and began to sponsor many international tournaments , marking the start of the rise of India as the leading financial power in cricket . The Indian Squad that won the 1983 World Cup comprised Kapil Dev ( captain ) Sunil Gavaskar ( vice-captain ) Balwinder Singh Sandhu Dilip Vengsarkar Kirti Azad Krishnamachari Srikkanth Madan Lal Mohinder Amarnath Ravi Shastri Roger Binny Sandeep Patil Sunil Valson Syed Kirmani ( wicketkeeper ) Yashpal Sharma ( reserve wicketkeeper ) India 's record : 6 − 2 ( Champions ) India at the 1987 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1987 Cricket World Cup The World Cup moved out of England for the first time in 1987 , with India and Pakistan co-hosting this edition of the World Cup . India were billed pre-tournament favourites and were widely expected to defend their title successfully in familiar conditions . India 's team for the World Cup did not have some important members of the World Cup - winning squad of 1983 , notably Mohinder Amarnath , Syed Kirmani , Madan Lal , Yashpal Sharma and Sandeep Patil , but all - rounder Kapil Dev once again led the side , which included world - class batsmen in veteran Sunil Gavaskar , who was to retire from all forms of cricket after the tournament , Krishnamachari Srikkanth , Dilip Vengsarkar , Ravi Shastri , Mohammed Azharuddin and Kapil . The bowling too was decent enough , with Kapil leading the attack , supported by Shastri , Maninder Singh , Manoj Prabhakar , Chetan Sharma and Roger Binny . The 1983 World Cup format was again used for the tournament , but the matches were reduced to 50 - overs - a-side , keeping in mind the shorter days in the Indian subcontinent . In the Group stage , India were placed alongside Australia , New Zealand and then - associates Zimbabwe in Group A , which was considered to be the easier of the 2 groups . India played the very first match of the tournament against Australia at Madras , which was arguably the most eventful match of the tournament . Australia won the match by just 1 run , after piling up 270 / 6 in their first innings , helped by opener Geoff Marsh 's 110 . India began their innings brightly and were cruising to an easy victory at 207 / 2 , thanks to half - centuries from Srikkanth ( 70 from 83 balls , 7 fours ) and debutant Navjot Singh Sidhu ( 73 from 79 balls , 4 fours and 5 sixes ) , until Sidhu fell . This was followed by a spectacular middle - order collapse that made India lose their last 8 wickets for just 62 runs . India were all out for 269 with one ball remaining in the match , which was a heartbreaking loss for the defending champions . Their next match against New Zealand at Bangalore was also dramatic , with Sidhu ( 75 from 71 balls , 4 fours and 4 sixes ) once again rescuing India after India had fallen to 21 / 3 , and along with Kapil ( 72 not out from 58 balls , 4 fours and 1 six ) , destroyed the New Zealand bowling attack to take India to 252 / 7 . India eventually pulled off a 16 - run victory thanks to some economical bowling from Shastri ( 2 / 45 ) and part - timer Azharuddin ( 1 / 11 ) , India thus registering its first win in the tournament . India dominated the rest of the Group stage with 2 one - sided victories against Zimbabwe at Bombay and Ahmedabad , followed by wins against Australia and New Zealand at New Delhi and Nagpur respectively . India dished out a clinical performance against the Aussies , with 4 Indian batsmen : Gavaskar ( 61 from 72 balls , 7 fours ) , Sidhu ( 51 from 70 balls , 2 fours ) , Vengsarkar ( 63 from 60 balls , 3 fours and 2 sixes ) and Azharuddin ( 54 not out from 45 balls , 5 fours and 1 six ) : scoring half - centuries as India posted an imposing 289 / 6 . Maninder ( 3 / 34 ) and Azharuddin ( 3 / 19 ) then contributed with the ball as Australia crashed to 233 all out in the 49th over . India 's last match in the Group stage against New Zealand was noted as the match in which Gavaskar scored his first and only ODI century ( 103 not out from 88 balls , 10 fours and 3 sixes ) . Supported by Srikkanth ( 75 from 58 balls , 9 fours and 3 sixes ) , Gavaskar toyed with the New Zealand bowling attack with an attacking innings uncharacteristic of his typical dour and rock - like approach as India chased down New Zealand 's modest score of 221 / 9 with the loss of only Srikkanth 's wicket and 18 overs to spare . Gavaskar and Srikkanth added 136 runs for the 2nd wicket . Also notable in this match was Chetan Sharma 's hat - trick , the first ever both by an Indian bowler and in the World Cup . His hat - trick involved the wickets of Ken Rutherford , wicketkeeper Ian Smith and tailender Ewen Chatfield . Sharma finished with figures of 3 / 51 . With 5 wins and 1 loss from 6 matches , India topped their group and qualified for the semifinals , where they were to play England at Bombay . The semifinal , which took place on 5 November 1987 , saw India winning the toss and choosing to field first . England dominated the match from the start , with opener Graham Gooch scoring an impressive 115 and ably supported by captain Mike Gatting , who contributed with 56 , the duo sharing a partnership of 117 for the 3rd wicket . England posted a strong score of 254 / 6 , with only Maninder ( 3 / 54 ) and Kapil ( 2 / 38 ) bowling well for India . India faltered in the chase , with only Azharuddin ( 64 from 74 balls , 7 fours ) making any significant contribution for India . The Indian batsmen completely faltered against off - spinner Eddie Hemmings ( 4 / 52 ) and fast bowler Neil Foster ( 3 / 47 ) as India were bowled all out for 219 in the 46th over . It was a heartbreaking loss for India , ending their title defence . This was Gavaskar 's last ever cricket match . Though India were unable to defend their title successfully , there were a lot of positives for India . Firstly , Gavaskar , in his final tournament , scored 300 runs , the highest for India , and was one of the top ten batsmen in terms of runs scored and the only centurion for India . Secondly , the partnership of 136 between Gavaskar and Srikkanth against New Zealand at Nagpur was the highest partnership for any wicket in the tournament . Thirdly , left - arm spinner Maninder Singh was the best bowler for India with 14 wickets and was the best spinner of the tournament , coming at 4th place among the tournament 's highest wicket takers , with only fast bowlers Craig McDermott , Imran Khan and Patrick Patterson above him . Finally , wicketkeeper Kiran More , with 11 dismissals , effected the most number of dismissals in the tournament , while Kapil , with 6 catches , took the most number of catches . The Indian Squad that made the semifinals of the 1987 World Cup comprised Kapil Dev ( captain ) Dilip Vengsarkar ( vice-captain ) Chandrakant Pandit ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Chetan Sharma Kiran More ( wicketkeeper ) Krishnamachari Srikkanth Laxman Sivaramakrishnan Maninder Singh Manoj Prabhakar Mohammed Azharuddin Navjot Singh Sidhu Ravi Shastri Roger Binny Sunil Gavaskar India 's record : 5 − 2 ( Semifinalists ) Australia 's record : 7 − 1 ( Champions ) India at the 1992 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1992 Cricket World Cup India were not expected to perform well in the 1992 World Cup co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand , despite playing a Test series ( and also the World Series Cup involving both Australia and the West Indies ) in Australia just prior to the World Cup . The Indian team for the World Cup had a good batting line up consisting of captain Mohammed Azharuddin , destructive opener Krishnamachari Srikkanth , all rounders Kapil Dev and Ravi Shastri , Sanjay Manjrekar and a rising talent in Sachin Tendulkar . The bowling was n't too strong though . Kapil led the bowling line up , which also included Shastri , Manoj Prabhakar and Venkatapathy Raju . A new format was introduced for the 1992 World Cup , with the group format being scrapped in favour of a round - robin format , where each team would play all the other 8 teams in the tournament once , with the top 4 teams at the end of the Round - Robin stage progressing to the semifinals . It was also the first Cricket World Cup played with coloured jerseys and which had day - night matches . India 's first match in the tournament was against England at Perth . Chasing 237 , India never really got going despite a 63 - run opening stand shared by Shastri ( 57 from 112 balls , 2 fours ) and Srikkanth ( 39 from 50 balls , 7 fours ) and a good knock from Tendulkar ( 35 from 44 balls , 5 fours ) . India crashed to 227 all out , losing by nine runs , with Dermot Reeve ( 3 / 38 ) taking the most wickets for England . Three of India 's batsmen : Shastri , Pravin Amre and Kiran More : were run out . India 's next match against Sri Lanka at Mackay was abandoned due to rain after just 2 balls and a run scored by Srikkanth , giving India its first points in the tournament . India then played co-hosts and defending champions Australia at Brisbane . The match was a thriller . Australia scored 237 / 9 in its 50 overs , with Dean Jones scoring 90 . Kapil and Prabhakar were the pick of the bowlers with identical figures of 3 / 41 . Due to rain , India 's target was revised to 235 and the overs reduced to 47 . Azharuddin led India 's reply with a near - century ( 93 from 102 balls , 10 fours ) , but the rest of India 's batsmen were unable to cross 50 and with Prabhakar ( 1 from 1 ball ) and Raju ( 0 from 1 ball ) run out in successive balls , India crashed to 234 all out in the second - last ball of the innings , ensuring that Australia scraped to victory by 1 run . India 's next match was against arch - rivals Pakistan at Sydney . It was the first time ever in the history of the Cricket World Cup that India and Pakistan played each other and therefore , the match was highly anticipated . India won the toss and batted first , posting a modest 216 / 7 in a match reduced to 49 overs due to rain , with the top contributors being Tendulkar ( 54 not out from 62 balls , 3 fours ) and rookie opener Ajay Jadeja ( 46 from 77 balls , 2 fours ) . Pakistan 's leg - spinner Mushtaq Ahmed was the pick of Pakistan 's bowlers , taking 3 / 59 , while fast bowler Aaqib Javed was economical , taking 2 / 28 in his 8 overs . In Pakistan 's reply , only opener Aamer Sohail , who scored 62 , could cross 50 runs with Kapil ( 2 / 30 ) , Prabhakar ( 2 / 22 ) and rookie Javagal Srinath ( 2 / 37 ) taking 2 wickets each , as Pakistan crashed to 173 all out in the 49th over , losing by 43 runs , earning India its first win in the tournament , a famous victory which would begin an all - win record over the arch - rivals in subsequent Cricket World Cups ( both 50 - over and 20 - over ) . The match also had its share of drama which is a regular feature in Indo - Pak cricket matches , with Javed Miandad imitating Indian wicketkeeper Kiran More 's appealing behind the stumps . Tendulkar won his first Man of the Match award in a World Cup for his allround performance ( 54 * and 1 / 37 , picking up the prized wicket of Aamer Sohail ) . However , India 's time was running out and they had to play really well from then on to have any chance of reaching the semifinals . India then moved on to New Zealand for the second half of the tournament . Their first match in New Zealand was against minnows Zimbabwe at Hamilton . India won the rain - curtailed match as expected , with Tendulkar ( 81 from 77 balls , 8 fours and 1 six ) playing an aggressive knock as India posted 203 / 7 . Zimbabwe , chasing 159 in 19 overs after a rain delay , could only score 104 / 1 in the 19 overs , Tendulkar taking the lone wicket . Tendulkar received his second Man of the Match award in the Cricket World Cup for his contribution in the match . But now India needed to win their last three matches comprehensively and also depend on other results to reach the semifinals . India next played the West Indies at Wellington . The West Indies were slowly declining at the time with the retirements of several key players , yet were still a dangerous opponent . India lost the match . Only Azharuddin ( 61 from 84 balls , 4 fours ) showed any sort of resistance against the pace attack of Curtly Ambrose ( 2 / 24 ) and Anderson Cummins ( 4 / 33 ) as India were bowled all out for 197 . The West Indies comfortably reached their target of 195 ( with the score and number of overs being reduced by rain again ) with 6 overs to spare . India crashed out of the tournament with this loss , with their last two matches against co-hosts New Zealand at Dunedin and World Cup debutants South Africa back in Australia at Adelaide reduced to dead rubbers . India lost both the one - sided matches . Only Tendulkar ( 84 from 107 balls , 6 fours ) and Azharuddin ( 55 from 98 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) made any significant contribution in India 's score of 230 / 6 , which New Zealand easily chased down . Against South Africa , in a match reduced to 30 overs due to rain , the only person who contributed for India was Azharuddin ( 79 from 77 balls , 6 fours ) . India scored 180 / 6 , which South Africa chased down without much effort . With only 2 wins and 1 abandoned match , India finished 7th in the Round - Robin stage , just above Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe . It was the first time since 1979 that India could not qualify for the semifinals of the World Cup . Ironically , Pakistan , one of the only 2 teams which India defeated , would go on to win the World Cup . There were not much positives India could take from the tournament . No Indian batsman was able to score a century and no Indian bowler could take more than 3 wickets in an innings . India 's highest scorer in the tournament was Azharuddin , who scored 332 runs . Tendulkar followed with a total score of 283 runs . Among the bowlers , Prabhakar was the best for India , taking 12 wickets . The tournament marked the end of Srikkanth 's international career , as he was dropped after the World Cup and retired from all forms of cricket the following year . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1992 World Cup comprised Mohammed Azharuddin ( captain ) Ravi Shastri ( vice-captain ) Ajay Jadeja Javagal Srinath Kapil Dev Kiran More ( wicketkeeper ) Krishnamachari Srikkanth Manoj Prabhakar Pravin Amre Sachin Tendulkar Sanjay Manjrekar ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Subroto Banerjee Venkatapathy Raju Vinod Kambli India 's record : 2 − 5 and 1 abandoned match ( Round - Robin , 7th place ) Pakistan 's record : 6 − 3 and 1 abandoned match ( Champions ) India at the 1996 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1996 Cricket World Cup Sachin Tendulkar , the top - scorer for the tournament India were the co-hosts of the 1996 Cricket World Cup along with Pakistan and Sri Lanka and were expected to perform well at home . Their batting was their strongest point , with Sachin Tendulkar , captain Mohammed Azharuddin , Ajay Jadeja , Navjot Singh Sidhu , Vinod Kambli and Sanjay Manjrekar together forming the strongest batting line - up in the tournament . While the bowling was a bit suspect , the team had a decent set of bowlers who were good at home conditions in Anil Kumble , Javagal Srinath , Manoj Prabhakar and Venkatapathy Raju . The group format was reintroduced for the tournament , with teams divided into 2 groups of 6 teams each , with the top 4 teams from each group entering the quarterfinals , where a team from one group in the Group stage would play a single match against a team which qualified from the other group . In the Group stage , India were placed in Group A with co-hosts Sri Lanka , Australia , the West Indies , Zimbabwe and World Cup debutants Kenya . India started their World cup campaign well by defeating Kenya at Cuttack , first restricting them to 199 / 6 with Kumble taking 3 / 28 and then chasing it down easily to win by 7 wickets due to Tendulkar 's century ( 127 not out from 138 balls , 15 fours , 1 six ) . India 's next match against the West Indies at Gwalior went much the same way : after bowling the West Indies side out for 173 with Kumble capturing 3 / 35 and Prabhakar 3 / 39 , Tendulkar ( 70 runs , 91 balls , 8 fours ) led the way to another victory . India then faced tournament favourites Australia at Bombay , and the tourists batted first after winning the toss . Mark Waugh 's 126 and Australian captain Mark Taylor 's 59 set the foundation with a 103 run opening stand . Australia suffered five run - outs , four in the last ten overs whilst chasing quick runs , with medium - pacer Venkatesh Prasad and Raju taking two wickets each . India 's chase started poorly , with Jadeja and Vinod Kambli dismissed by Damien Fleming with only seven runs scored . Tendulkar ( 90 from 84 balls , 14 fours , 1 six ) counter-attacked ferociously , and India were well ahead of the required run rate at 143 / 3 when Tendulkar charged a wide from Mark Waugh and was stumped for 90 . From there onward , the run chase began to falter , with only Manjrekar managing a half century ( 62 from 91 balls , 7 fours ) , resulting in a 16 - run loss , dismissed for 242 in the 48th over . India next faced Sri Lanka at New Delhi . Tendulkar hit another run - a-ball century ( 137 from 137 balls , 8 fours , 5 sixes ) and Azharuddin made 72 from 80 balls in a 175 run partnership as India compiled 271 / 3 . However , the opening pair of Romesh Kaluwitharana and Sanath Jayasuriya launched Sri Lanka to 42 after just three overs . Jayasuriya managed to score 79 from 77 balls , leaving the score at 4 / 141 . With the run - rate under control , Sri Lankan captain Arjuna Ranatunga ( 46 not out from 63 balls ) and Hashan Tillakaratne ( 70 not out from 98 balls ) made a 131 run partnership to steer them to a six wicket win with eight balls remaining . Kumble led the bowling with 2 / 39 whilst Prabhakar was punished for 47 runs in four overs . India ended the group stage with a win against Zimbabwe at Kanpur , who won the toss and sent the Indians in to bat . After slumping to 32 / 3 , opener Sidhu ( 80 from 116 balls , 5 fours ) and Kambli ( 106 from 110 balls , 11 fours ) put on 142 runs before Jadeja finished off the innings with 44 not out from 27 balls , with India scoring 247 / 5 . The Zimbabweans lost wickets at regular intervals and fell 40 runs short , with Raju taking 3 / 30 and Kumble , Srinath and Jadeja two each . With this win , India finished third in their group and qualified for the quarterfinals , setting up a match against arch - rivals and defending champions Pakistan at Bangalore . The match was widely anticipated and had a huge leadup . Pakistani captain Wasim Akram withdrew due to injury . India elected to bat after winning the toss , with Sidhu ( 93 from 115 balls , 11 fours ) and Tendulkar ( 31 off 59 balls , 3 fours ) reaching 90 before Tendulkar was dismissed by Pakistan fast bowler Ata - ur - Rehman . Although wickets fell regularly , with all Pakistani bowlers barring part - timer Salim Malik among the wickets , the Indians continued to score quickly , with Jadeja making a rapid 45 from 25 balls in the final overs , including 40 from Waqar Younis ' last two overs . India scored 287 / 8 in their 50 overs . Prasad and Kumble then took three wickets each to restrict Pakistan to 248 / 9 , despite their strong start due to a quick 55 from Pakistan 's stand - in - captain and opener Aamer Sohail , to complete a memorable victory and qualify for the semifinals , making it 2 wins in 2 World Cup matches against the arch - rivals . This resulted in widespread disappointment in Pakistan , leading to a government inquiry , crowd demonstrations outside players ' homes and the suicide of one distraught fan . In the semifinals at the Eden Gardens in Calcutta on 13 March 1996 , India played Sri Lanka in a match which became notorious for the extremely poor crowd behaviour . India won the toss and chose to field first . Both the openers Kaluwitharana and Jayasuriya were dismissed in Srinath 's first over , uppercutting wide balls down to third man . Srinath then removed veteran Asanka Gurusinha to leave the score at 35 / 3 . However half centuries from Aravinda de Silva and Roshan Mahanama helped Sri Lanka reach a formidable total of 251 / 8 . India made a solid start , with Sachin Tendulkar ( 65 from 88 balls , 9 fours ) scoring a half - century and taking India to 1 / 98 . However , the pitch began to crumble and take more spin , and when Tendulkar was stumped , the remaining Indian batsmen were unable to cope with the four pronged spin - attack of Jayasuriya , Muttiah Muralitharan and part timers de Silva and Kumar Dharmasena , who altogether took 6 wickets as India lost 7 wickets for 22 runs to slump to 120 / 8 in the 35th over , with still 132 runs to win . At this point , sections of the crowd began setting fire to the stands and throwing missiles onto the field . Play was stopped as the crowd 's anger began to develop into a dangerous riot . The umpires and match referee Clive Lloyd decided to award the game to Sri Lanka because India had no chance of winning from their current position in the match even if the match were to resume , knocking them out of the World Cup . India 's campaign was highlighted by the consistency of Tendulkar , who managed 50 plus scores in all but two matches . With 523 runs at an average of 87.16 , Tendulkar was the leading run scorer in the tournament , with two of his six dismissals due to run outs rather than batting errors . His 137 against Sri Lanka was the 4th highest score in the tournament and his partnership of 175 with Azharuddin the 4th highest partnership in the tournament . No other Indian batsmen aggregated 250 runs . India were also bolstered by the performances of leg - spinner Kumble , who was the leading wicket taker in the tournament with 15 wickets at 18.73 apiece and also made the most number of catches ( eight ) . Raju , Prasad and Srinath were tied in 10th spot with eight wickets each . Veteran all - rounder Manoj Prabhakar retired from international cricket in the middle of the tournament after being dropped for poor performance . The Indian Squad that made the semifinals of the 1996 World Cup comprised Mohammed Azharuddin ( captain ) Sachin Tendulkar ( vice-captain ) Aashish Kapoor Ajay Jadeja Anil Kumble Javagal Srinath Manoj Prabhakar Navjot Singh Sidhu Nayan Mongia ( wicketkeeper ) Salil Ankola Sanjay Manjrekar ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Venkatapathy Raju Venkatesh Prasad Vinod Kambli India 's record : 4 − 3 ( Semifinalists ) Sri Lanka 's record : 8 − 0 with 2 matches won by walkovers ( Champions ) India at the 1999 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1999 Cricket World Cup The 1999 Cricket World Cup in England was one in which India were not expected to perform too well . Despite having the likes of Sachin Tendulkar , Sourav Ganguly , Rahul Dravid , Ajay Jadeja and captain Mohammed Azharuddin in batting and Anil Kumble , Javagal Srinath and Venkatesh Prasad in bowling , they were n't having too much of a good run , losing to arch - rivals Pakistan in the finals of 2 consecutive triangular tournaments at home and at Sharjah . The format used for the tournament was slightly different from the 1996 format . Teams were divided into 2 groups of 6 teams each , with the top 3 teams in each group progressing to the Super Six stage , where a team belonging to one group in the Group stage would play once against all 3 teams belonging to the other group . India were placed in Group A in the Group stage along with hosts England , defending champions Sri Lanka , South Africa , Zimbabwe and minnows Kenya . India began their campaign with a close loss to South Africa at Hove in the final overs of the match . Although South Africa won by 4 wickets , the match was not without drama as South Africa had to score had approximately a run a ball in the last 10 overs . The match featured a good performance from Ganguly ( 97 from 142 balls , 11 fours , 1 six ) and Dravid ( 54 from 75 balls , 5 fours ) . None of the bowlers backed up the batting performance however , with Srinath the leading wicket - taker despite being very expensive , taking 2 wickets and conceding 69 runs . South Africa scored runs more quickly than India did , with Jacques Kallis ( 96 from 128 balls ) leading the way . India next played Zimbabwe at Leicester , without the services of Tendulkar , as the star batsman had returned to India due to his father 's death . The match was a thriller , with India losing in the end by 3 runs . The tailenders embarrassed supporters as India , chasing 252 , went from 246 / 7 to 249 all out with 3 overs left , with Zimbabwean fast bowler Henry Olonga taking 3 / 22 . India made up for their early losses with a very convincing win over Kenya at Bristol by 94 runs four days later . India scored a massive 329 / 2 through centuries from Tendulkar ( 140 not out from 101 balls , 16 fours , 3 sixes ) , who had rejoined the team , and Dravid ( 104 not out from 109 balls , 10 fours ) . The pair scored 237 in 29 overs at a run rate of 8.17 before medium pacer Debashish Mohanty wiped up the Kenyan batsmen with a 4 - wicket haul ( 4 / 56 ) . Tendulkar , declared Man of the Match , later dedicated his ton to his late father . India followed this victory with a record win against Sri Lanka at Taunton by 157 runs . Ganguly ( 183 from 158 balls , 17 fours , 7 sixes ) and Dravid ( 145 from 129 balls , 17 fours , 1 six ) picked up two centuries at over a run a ball to get India to a mammoth total of 373 / 6 , sharing a partnership of 318 runs in 44.9 overs . Sri Lanka were then rattled due to Robin Singh 's 5 / 31 , crashing to 216 all out . India then went on to seal a place in the Super Six stage with a win against hosts England at Edgbaston in Birmingham by 63 runs ; in a match extended by a day due to rain , once again Ganguly ( 40 from 59 balls , 6 fours ) and Dravid ( 53 from 82 balls , 6 fours ) starred with the bat to score 238 / 2 , while a strong team effort with the ball , led by Ganguly 's 3 / 27 , got England all out for just 169 . Despite India finishing second in Group A , they began the Super Six stage with no points due to the controversial Byzantine points system which gave a team 2 points at the start of the Super Six stage for beating a team in the Group stage which had also qualified for the Super Six stage ( India did not win against fellow qualifiers South Africa and Zimbabwe ) . India 's first match in the Super Six stage was against Australia at The Oval in London , which they lost badly by 77 runs , with only Jadeja ( 100 not out from 138 balls , 7 fours , 2 sixes ) and Robin Singh ( 75 from 94 balls , 5 fours , 3 sixes ) putting up any resistance . Mark Waugh 's 83 and Glenn McGrath 's 3 / 34 took the match away from India . Due to this loss , India , in order to reach the semifinals , now not only had to beat Pakistan and New Zealand , they also had to depend on other results . India beat Pakistan in their next match at Old Trafford in Manchester by 47 runs , maintaining their all - win record over their arch - rivals in the World Cup . Dravid ( 61 from 89 balls , 4 fours ) and Azharuddin ( 59 from 77 balls , 3 fours , 1 six ) , led the way as India posted a total of 227 / 6 in their 50 overs . Prasad then ripped through the Pakistani batting line - up , taking 5 / 27 as Pakistan were bowled all out for 180 . The match was even more significant than usual as the two nations were at war with each other ( see 1999 Kargil Conflict ) . Unfortunately , despite the win against Pakistan , India were soon eliminated from the tournament due to other results and their handicap in terms of points in the Super Six stage . India 's last match in the Super Six stage against New Zealand at Trent Bridge in Nottingham was also the team 's last match in the tournament . The match , reduced to a dead rubber since New Zealand had already qualified for the semifinals , was a thriller , with India losing in the end by 5 wickets as New Zealand achieved the target of 252 with just 8 balls to spare , despite a strong performance from Jadeja ( 76 from 103 balls , 6 fours , 2 six ) . Despite having a mediocre tournament , there were many plus - points for India . The tournament marked the start of the domination of the Big 3 of Indian batting viz . Tendulkar , Dravid and Ganguly , all of whom showed remarkable consistency . Dravid , who until the start of the World Cup was criticised for not being good enough for one - day cricket , was involved in two mammoth partnerships and was the leading run - scorer of the entire tournament with 461 runs at an average of 65.85 . The top 3 highest scores of the tournament were from Indians , which were Ganguly 's 183 , Dravid 's 145 and Tendulkar 's 140 not out . However , following the World Cup , Azharuddin , who had an indifferent tournament , was sacked as captain and was dropped from the team too . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1999 World Cup comprised Mohammed Azharuddin ( captain ) Ajay Jadeja ( vice-captain ) Ajit Agarkar Amay Khurasiya Anil Kumble Debashish Mohanty Javagal Srinath Nayan Mongia ( wicketkeeper ) Nikhil Chopra Rahul Dravid ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Robin Singh Sachin Tendulkar Sadagoppan Ramesh Sourav Ganguly Venkatesh Prasad India 's record : 4 − 4 ( Super Six , 6th place ) Australia 's record : 7 − 2 and 1 tie ( Champions ) India at the 2003 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Cricket World Cup Like in the previous World Cup , India began their 2003 Cricket World Cup campaign in South Africa and Zimbabwe on a string of poor performances , having just come off a disastrous tour of New Zealand . The 1999 World Cup format was retained for the tournament . The Indian team was somewhat stronger than the team representing them in the 1999 World Cup , but still contained the batting trio of Sachin Tendulkar , Rahul Dravid and Sourav Ganguly and the pace - spin duo of Javagal Srinath and Anil Kumble , now accompanied by rising talents Yuvraj Singh , Zaheer Khan , Harbhajan Singh , Mohammed Kaif and Virender Sehwag . In the Group stage , India were placed in Group A , accompanied by co-hosts Zimbabwe , defending champions Australia , arch - rivals Pakistan , England and minnows Holland and Namibia , who were playing their first World Cup . India had a horrid beginning to the tournament . Their first match was against minnows Holland at Paarl , who tumbled the Indian batsmen out for just 204 ( all out , 48.5 overs , 206 minutes ) , with only Tendulkar ( 52 from 72 balls , 7 fours ) putting up resistance , although veterans Srinath and Kumble reverted the damage with 4 wickets each and India ended up winning by 68 runs , the unconvincing victory setting the stage for immense criticism . India 's next match was against Australia at Centurion . The Indian team , batting first , was steadily making progress at 41 / 1 when disaster struck . Sehwag 's wicket triggered a middle order collapse that left India struggling at 50 / 5 having lost 4 wickets for 9 runs . Tendulkar and Harbhajan offered some resistance but the damage was done as India were out for 125 ( all out , 41.4 overs , 176 minutes ) . Australia scored the target in 22.2 overs , only losing one wicket . The Indian team 's mediocre performance in the first two matches triggered uproar in India . Player effigies were said to be burnt on streets and the Board of Control for Cricket in India was under immense pressure to reshuffle the team at the end of the World Cup . This reaction at home may have triggered the Indian team 's performance for the remainder of the World Cup . India then travelled to Zimbabwe to play their third match against the co-hosts at Harare , lacking confidence . Tendulkar ( 81 from 91 balls , 10 fours ) took India to 255 ( 7 wickets , 50 overs ) and 3 wickets from Ganguly set the stage for a strong 83 run win by the Indians . This was followed by a 181 run thrashing handed out to minnows Namibia , back in South Africa at Pietermaritzburg . Tendulkar ( 152 from 151 balls , 18 fours ) and Ganguly ( 112 from 119 balls , 6 fours , 4 sixes ) both scored centuries , contributing to a second - wicket partnership of 244 runs in 39.5 overs to take India to 311 ( 2 wickets , 50 overs , 207 minutes ) . Namibia were then all out for 130 ( all out , 42.3 overs , 163 minutes ) thanks to 4 wickets from part - timer Yuvraj . The Man of the match was Tendulkar in both matches . India finished off their engagements in Group A with an 82 run victory over England at Durban and a 6 wicket victory over Pakistan at Centurion . Paceman Ashish Nehra achieved 6 / 23 against England to help India defend 250 as England were all out for 168 . The Indian batting was bolstered by half - centuries from Dravid ( 62 from 72 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) and Tendulkar ( 50 from 52 balls , 8 fours and 1 six ) , and an attacking cameo from Yuvraj ( 42 from 38 balls , 4 fours and 1 six ) . The match against Pakistan , the most anticipated match of the tournament , lived up to its billing and was a thriller . It was ( and still is ) noted for being a match in which Tendulkar played one of his best - ever ODI innings . Chasing 274 , Tendulkar ( 98 from 75 balls , 12 fours , 1 six ) pulled off a near century , only to get out after suffering from cramps , to guide India to an unlikely victory , maintaining India 's unbeaten record over Pakistan in World Cups . Tendulkar was once again awarded the Man of the Match . With 5 victories and 1 loss from 6 matches , India finished second in Group A and qualified for the Super Six stage . India were untroubled in the Super Six stage and continued their streak of strong performances with three wins out of three matches , earning them a berth in the semifinals . The wins were comfortable , beating Kenya at Cape Town by 6 wickets through a century from Ganguly ( 107 from 120 balls , 11 fours , 2 sixes ) ; beating Sri Lanka at Johannesburg by 183 runs thanks to Tendulkar ( 97 from 120 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) , Sehwag ( 66 from 76 balls , 5 fours , 3 sixes ) and veteran Srinath 's 4 / 35 ; and winning against New Zealand at Centurion by 7 wickets , due to Zaheer 's 4 / 42 which bundled out the Black Caps for 146 , followed patient knocks from Kaif ( 68 not out off 129 balls , 8 fours ) and Dravid ( 53 not out off 89 balls , 7 fours ) in the chase . In the semifinals , India played the surprise package of the tournament , Kenya , at Durban . The match was not dramatic . Tendulkar ( 83 from 101 balls , 5 fours , 1 six ) and Ganguly ( 111 from 114 balls , 5 fours , 5 sixes ) took India to 270 / 4 in their 50 overs , from where a combined bowling effort from India 's bowlers got Kenya all out for 179 . This brought India into the finals for the first time since 1983 , where they faced a strong Australia , who had dominated the tournament from the start with an all - win record . The final , played on 23 March 2003 at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg , saw Ganguly electing to field first after winning the toss , in the hope that his pacers would exploit a damp pitch . However , the plan backfired completely on India as the Australians dominated from the very start , with the openers Adam Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden sharing a partnership of 105 runs for the 1st wicket , which was achieved in only 14 overs . Australian captain Ricky Ponting and Damien Martyn then scored 140 not out and 88 not out respectively , taking Australia to an Australian record of 359 / 2 , a record that would not be beaten until 2006 . Chasing a mammoth 360 to win , India never stood a chance after Tendulkar ( 4 from 5 balls , 1 four ) lost his wicket early . Sehwag ( 82 from 81 balls , 10 fours , 3 sixes ) and Dravid ( 47 from 57 balls , 2 fours ) then steadied the innings , sharing a partnership of 88 runs which brought India to a decent 147 / 3 in the 24th over . With India scoring at 5.96 runs an over , it seemed that they would end up creating a miracle by winning the match , but the remaining Indian batsmen struggled against the Aussie pace attack of Glenn McGrath and Brett Lee and fell to cheap shots while trying to accelerate the scoring rate . India lost their last 7 wickets for only 87 runs and crashed to 234 all out in the 40th over , losing the match by 125 runs . Though they finished the tournament as the runner up , there were a huge amount of bright sides for India . Firstly , Tendulkar was awarded the Man of the Tournament award for being the leading run scorer with 673 runs . Ganguly ended up as the second leading run scorer in the tournament , but 208 runs behind Tendulkar . Tendulkar 's 152 against Namibia was the second highest score of the tournament and he achieved an average of 61.18 . Secondly , there were upsides in the bowling department as well with Zaheer 4th on the wicket takers list . Finally , India as a team had achieved a streak of 9 wins and 2 losses from 11 matches , with both losses coming against the tournament winners Australia . The Indian Squad that finished as the runner up of the 2003 World Cup comprised Sourav Ganguly ( captain ) Rahul Dravid ( vice-captain and wicketkeeper ) Ajit Agarkar Anil Kumble Ashish Nehra Dinesh Mongia Harbhajan Singh Javagal Srinath Mohammad Kaif Parthiv Patel ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Sachin Tendulkar Sanjay Bangar Virender Sehwag Yuvraj Singh Zaheer Khan India 's record : 9 − 2 ( Runner up ) Australia 's record : 11 − 0 ( Champions ) India at the 2007 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Cricket World Cup India , this time , had gone to the West Indies with 2 convincing home series wins against the West Indies and Sri Lanka . For the 2007 tournament , India had what was considered a decent World Cup squad , as they had three batsmen who had scored more than 10,000 ODI runs ( Sachin Tendulkar , Sourav Ganguly and Rahul Dravid ) , world class spin bowlers ( Harbhajan Singh and Anil Kumble ) , destructive batsmen ( Virender Sehwag , Yuvraj Singh , Robin Uthappa and Mahendra Singh Dhoni ) , and a decent pace bowling attack led by Zaheer Khan . The format of this tournament was completely different from the 1999 format . Teams were divided into groups of 4 , with the top two teams from each group moving on to the Super Eight stage , where each team would play each other in a round - robin format . In the Group stage , India were placed in Group B , pitted against Bangladesh , Sri Lanka and World Cup debutants Bermuda . All of India 's Group matches were played at the Queen 's Park Oval in Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago . India 's World Cup campaign started disastrously , as they unexpectedly lost to minnows Bangladesh in their opening match , leaving them with two must - win matches in their group . All the Indian batsmen , barring Ganguly ( 63 from 129 balls , 4 fours ) and Yuvraj ( 47 from 58 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) , faltered against the pace of Mashrafe Mortaza ( 4 / 38 ) and the left arm spin of Abdur Razzak ( 3 / 38 ) and Mohammad Rafique ( 3 / 35 ) as India were bowled all out for 191 . None of the Indian bowlers could make an impact as Bangladesh chased down the target with ease . India next scored 413 / 5 against Bermuda , the highest team total in a World Cup game . Sehwag played a brilliant knock ( 114 from 87 balls , 17 fours and 3 sixes ) , exposing the amateur Bermudan bowling . Ganguly ( 89 from 114 balls , 6 fours and 2 sixes ) , Yuvraj ( 83 from 46 balls , 3 fours and 7 sixes ) and Tendulkar ( 57 not out from 29 balls , 2 fours and 4 sixes ) too contributed , with Ganguly and Sehwag sharing a 202 - run partnership for the 2nd wicket , followed by Tendulkar and Yuvraj sharing a 122 - run partnership for the 5th wicket . Agarkar and Kumble then contributed with identical bowling figures of 3 / 38 as Bermuda were bowled all out for 156 in the 44th over , India winning the lopsided game by 257 runs . But they still needed to beat Sri Lanka in their last group match in order to enter the Super Eight stage . The match against Sri Lanka on 23 March 2007 turned out to be a one - sided contest . Chasing 255 , the Indian batting crumbled against the Sri Lankan bowling attack with off - spinner Muttiah Muralitharan and pace bowler Chaminda Vaas taking 2 / 39 and 3 / 41 respectively , crashing to 185 all out in the 44th over . Only Dravid ( 60 from 82 balls , 6 fours ) and Sehwag ( 48 from 46 balls , 5 fours and 1 six ) made any significant contribution for India . With one victory and two losses , India 's hopes of entering the Super Eight stage were now grim and depended on a Bermuda victory over Bangladesh by a heavy margin in the last Group B match . But with Bangladesh beating Bermuda , India crashed out of the World Cup in the first round , the first time since 1992 . There were no positives India could take from the tournament , barring the heavy win against Bermuda . Apart from Sehwag , Ganguly and Yuvraj , who scored 164 , 162 and 136 runs respectively , no other Indian batsman could accumulate even 100 runs . Sehwag , with his 114 against Bermuda , was India 's only centurion in the tournament . The bowling was even more pathetic , with Zaheer being India 's best bowler with 5 wickets . After the debacle , Kumble retired from ODI cricket , while coach Greg Chappell resigned after reports that none of the senior players , including Tendulkar , were happy with him and his coaching methods . However , Dravid retained the captaincy . There were several attacks on players homes and protests by infuriated fans , especially in Bangalore and Mumbai . The Indian Squad that took part in the 2007 World Cup comprised Rahul Dravid ( captain ) Sachin Tendulkar ( vice-captain ) Ajit Agarkar Anil Kumble Dinesh Karthik ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Harbhajan Singh Irfan Pathan Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( wicketkeeper ) Munaf Patel Robin Uthappa Shanthakumaran Sreesanth Sourav Ganguly Virender Sehwag Yuvraj Singh Zaheer Khan India 's record : 1 − 2 ( Group B , 3rd place ) Australia 's record : 12 − 0 ( Champions ) India at the 2011 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Cricket World Cup As one of the host nations for the 2011 World Cup , India were expected to perform well in familiar conditions , and were considered pre-tournament favourites by the media and press . Like in 2007 , India came into the World Cup on a string of strong performances , with back - to - back series wins against Australia and New Zealand at home , followed by a moderately successful tour of South Africa . The Indian team were generally considered to be the strongest batting side in the tournament , comprising the openers Virender Sehwag and veteran Sachin Tendulkar , playing in his 6th consecutive World Cup , followed by Gautam Gambhir and rising star Virat Kohli , with Yuvraj Singh , skipper Mahendra Singh Dhoni , Yusuf Pathan and Suresh Raina completing the star - studded batting line - up . While the bowling attack was considered more suspect , three veterans in pacers Zaheer Khan and Ashish Nehra and offspinner Harbhajan Singh were joined by Munaf Patel , Piyush Chawla , Ravichandran Ashwin , and Shantakumaran Sreesanth . The 1996 World Cup format was used for the tournament , following widespread criticism , particularly from the BCCI , over the 2007 format . India were placed in Group B in the Group stage alongside co-hosts Bangladesh , South Africa , England , the West Indies and associates Holland and Ireland . India 's 2011 World Cup campaign started with an 87 - run win against Bangladesh at Dhaka . With centuries from Sehwag ( 175 from 140 balls , 14 fours , 5 sixes ) and Kohli ( 100 not out from 83 balls , 8 fours , 2 sixes ) India scored 4 / 370. Virat Kohli becomes first Indian to score century in worldcup debut match . Fast bowler Munaf ( 4 - 48 ) took 4 wickets during the Bangladesh reply , including that of opener Tamim Iqbal ( 70 from 86 balls , 3 fours , 1 six ) as Bangladesh scored 9 / 283 in 50 overs to fall short . India next played England at Bangalore , which was a thriller . On a batting - friendly track at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , India chose to bat first . Tendulkar ( 120 from 115 balls , 10 fours , 5 sixes ) lashed his way through the English attack , ably supported by Gambhir ( 51 from 61 balls , 5 fours ) and Yuvraj ( 58 from 50 balls , 9 fours ) . After the 45th over , India were 305 / 3 and were looking to pass 350 during the batting Powerplay . Instead , English bowler Tim Bresnan ( 5 - 48 ) engineered a collapse with four quick wickets in 16 deliveries , as India slumped to a still - formidable total of 338 all out . England started their run chase by blasting 77 runs off the first 10 overs . Skipper Andrew Strauss ( 158 from 145 balls , 18 fours , 1 six ) decimated the Indian bowling attack with unparalleled ferocity , and was supported by Ian Bell ( 69 from 71 balls , 4 fours , 1 six ) . At 2 / 280 in the 43rd over , England was cruising to an extraordinary victory . However , Zaheer responded by taking the wickets of Strauss , Bell , and Paul Collingwood in 11 deliveries , as England were reduced to 289 / 6 . Tailenders Bresnan , Graeme Swann , and Ajmal Shahzad each hit massive sixes in the final few overs to regain some momentum , and Swann scored 13 runs off the final over to salvage a tie with India ( 338 / 8 in 50 overs ) . It was only the fourth tied match in World Cup history . In their third group match , India defeated minnows Ireland , again at Bangalore , by 5 wickets . After winning the toss and choosing to field , India 's bowling attack proved superior to the Irish batting lineup . Yuvraj ( 5 - 31 ) was the best bowler for India , taking five successive wickets -- including the top scorer for Ireland , William Porterfield ( 75 from 104 balls , 6 fours , 1 six ) . Ireland was eventually bowled for 207 all out . During their reply , India slumped to 100 / 4 , as the batting lineup struggled to cope with the tight and accurate Irish bowling . Once again however , Yuvraj ( 50 not out from 75 balls , 3 fours ) helped the Indian side with an unbeaten half - century , and guided India to a five - wicket victory . India followed this victory with a win over Holland at New Delhi . After choosing to bat first , Holland was restricted to 189 all out , with Zaheer ( 3 - 20 ) and Yuvraj ( 2 - 43 ) doing most of the damage . Despite Sehwag 's blistering start , India 's run - chase started out poorly , as they slumped to 4 / 99 . And , once again , it was Yuvraj ( 51 not out from 73 balls , 7 fours ) who guided India to victory in a crucial 5th - wicket stand with Dhoni ( 19 not out off 56 balls , 2 fours ) . India next played South Africa at Nagpur in what was one of the most anticipated matches of the tournament . India started well , riding on the power hitting of Sehwag ( 73 from 66 balls , 12 fours ) , as well as brilliant knocks from Tendulkar ( 111 from 101 balls , 8 fours , 3 sixes ) and Gambhir ( 69 from 75 balls , 7 fours ) . However , India , from a very strong position of 267 / 2 in the 40th over , lost their last 8 wickets for just 29 runs in a massive collapse , slumping to 296 all out , with South African fast bowler Dale Steyn ripping through the Indian batting line up , generating figures of 5 - 50 in his 9.4 overs . Hashim Amla ( 61 from 72 balls , 5 fours ) and Jacques Kallis ( 69 from 88 balls , 4 fours ) top - scored in reply , as South Africa chased down the total with only 3 wickets and 2 deliveries to spare . AB de Villiers ( 52 from 39 balls , 6 fours , 1 six ) scored a quick half - century to keep South Africa ahead of the required run rate . It was India 's first and only loss in their World Cup campaign . India 's final group match was against the West Indies at Chennai . India chose to bat first . Yuvraj ( 113 from 123 balls , 10 fours , 2 sixes ) and Kohli ( 59 from 76 balls , 5 fours ) batted well but received little support from the rest of the lineup , as India were all out for 268 . With Devon Smith ( 81 from 97 balls , 7 fours , 1 six ) leading the way , the West Indies reached 154 / 2 in the 30th over before losing their last 8 wickets for 34 runs due to Zaheer 's 3 - 26 , allowing India to coast to an 80 - run victory . With this victory , India reached the quarterfinals and finished second in Group B . In the quarterfinals , India faced defending champions Australia at Ahmedabad . Australia won the toss and chose to bat first . Captain Ricky Ponting ( 104 from 118 balls , 7 fours , 1 six ) and wicketkeeper Brad Haddin ( 53 from 62 balls , 6 fours , 1 six ) scored fluently , but Ashwin , Zaheer and Yuvraj took wickets at regular intervals to restrict Australia to 260 / 6 in 50 overs . Tendulkar ( 53 from 68 balls , 7 fours ) Gambhir ( 50 from 64 balls , 2 fours ) and Yuvraj ( 57 not out from 65 balls , 8 fours ) all scored half - centuries in reply , as India chased down the target with 5 wickets and 14 deliveries to spare . With this win , Australia 's title defence ended and India entered the semifinals . India played arch - rival Pakistan in the semifinals at Mohali . India won the toss and chose to bat first . Despite Sehwag 's customary fast start ( 38 from 25 balls , 9 fours ) , the Indian batsmen had trouble coping with the Pakistani bowling attack . Pakistani fast bowler Wahab Riaz ( 5 - 46 ) took a 5 - wicket haul for Pakistan and Tendulkar ( 85 from 115 balls , 11 fours ) top - scored for India despite being dropped four times in the field . With India slumping at 187 / 5 in the 37th over , Suresh Raina ( 36 not out from 39 balls , 3 fours ) shored up the tail as India reached 260 / 9 in 50 overs . All five Indian bowlers ( Zaheer , Munaf , Nehra , Harbhajan and Yuvraj ) took two wickets in the Pakistani reply , as Pakistan fell behind the run rate and were bowled all out for 231 with 1 delivery remaining . Misbah - ul - Haq ( 56 from 76 balls , 5 fours , 1 six ) top scored for Pakistan , but his slow start allowed the required run - rate to balloon beyond Pakistan 's reach . The win ensured that India maintained their all - win record over their arch - rivals in the World Cup and set up a final with Sri Lanka at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai on 2 April 2011 . On a batting - friendly pitch , Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to bat first . Zaheer ( 2 - 60 ) , using the new ball , bowled three maiden overs and took the wicket of Upul Tharanga to leave Sri Lanka at 31 / 1 after 10 overs -- their lowest 10 - over score in the tournament . However , Mahela Jayawardene ( 103 not out from 88 balls , 13 fours ) rebuilt the Sri Lankan innings with a superb century , helped by captain Kumar Sangakkara ( 48 from 67 balls , 5 fours ) . Nuwan Kulasekara ( 32 from 30 balls , 1 four , 1 six ) and Thisara Perera ( 22 from 9 balls , 3 fours , 1 six ) plundered 91 runs from the last 10 overs , lifting Sri Lanka to a formidable total of 274 / 6 after 50 overs . India 's run chase began badly , as Sehwag and Tendulkar were bowled cheaply by Lasith Malinga ( 2 - 42 ) to leave India at 31 / 2 at the 7th over . However , Gambhir ( 97 from 122 balls , 9 fours ) rebuilt the Indian innings with an 83 - run partnership for the third wicket with Kohli ( 35 from 49 balls , 4 fours ) . After Kohli was caught and bowled to leave India at 114 / 3 , Gambhir and Dhoni ( 91 not out from 79 balls , 8 fours , 2 sixes ) scored 109 runs for the fourth wicket , in a vicious attack on the tiring Sri Lankan bowlers . After Gambhir was bowled by Perera , Yuvraj and Dhoni ensured that India would successfully chase Sri Lanka 's score , with Dhoni blasting a massive six off the final delivery . India won the match by six wickets . With the win , India secured their second World Cup , the first since 1983 . It was also the first time that the World Cup was won by the host nation in their own backyard ( Sri Lanka , though co-hosts of the 1996 World Cup , played the final at Lahore in Pakistan ) . Dhoni was named Man of the Match for his blistering innings of 91 . Apart from the win , there were other achievements for India in the tournament. Sachin played his sixth worldcup which is worldrecord . Sachin scored his sixth worldcup century which is world record. He also Tendulkar scored 482 runs , and was the second - highest run scorer in the tournament after Sri Lankan opener Tillakaratne Dilshan , who scored 500 runs . Zaheer took 21 wickets , and was the leading wicket - taker in the World Cup along with Pakistan 's Shahid Afridi . Yuvraj , who scored 362 runs and took 15 wickets , was named Man of the Tournament for his all - round performance . Yuvraj 's performance in particular was very significant as he played the tournament battling germ cell cancer . The Indian Squad that won the 2011 World Cup comprised Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( captain and wicketkeeper ) Virender Sehwag ( vice-captain ) Ashish Nehra Gautam Gambhir Harbhajan Singh Munaf Patel Piyush Chawla Ravichandran Ashwin Sachin Tendulkar Shanthakumaran Sreesanth Suresh Raina Virat Kohli Yusuf Pathan Yuvraj Singh Zaheer Khan India 's record : 7 - 1 and 1 tie ( Champions ) India at the 2015 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Cricket World Cup As the defending champions , India went into the 2015 World Cup co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand with high expectations and were billed pre-tournament favourites . Unlike in 2007 and 2011 , this time India went into the World Cup on the back of poor results , with a mediocre Australian tour preceding the event . Despite this , it was expected that India would still do well in the World Cup due to their familiarity with the Australian conditions , having already spent more than 2 months there . The Indian team for the 2015 World Cup comprised only 4 members from the 2011 World Cup - winning squad , which included captain and wicketkeeper Mahendra Singh Dhoni , Virat Kohli , who was now the vice-captain of the side and one of the best batsmen in ODI cricket , Suresh Raina and Ravichandran Ashwin . For the first time since the 1987 World Cup , the Indian World Cup squad was without Sachin Tendulkar , who had retired from all forms of cricket in 2013 , while the other stars of the 2011 World Cup such as Virender Sehwag , Yuvraj Singh , Gautam Gambhir , Harbhajan Singh and Zaheer Khan were dropped due to poor form . Despite the absence of these key performers , the Indian World Cup squad was still a strong side , with a power - packed batting lineup comprising Kohli , Dhoni , Raina , destructive openers Rohit Sharma and Shikhar Dhawan and the stylish middle - order bat Ajinkya Rahane , and a strong bowling attack comprising pacers Mohammed Shami , Umesh Yadav , Mohit Sharma and Bhuvneshwar Kumar , supplemented by the spinners Ashwin and all - rounder Ravindra Jadeja . The 1996 World Cup format , which was also used in 2011 , was used for the last time in the World Cup , as the 2019 World Cup would see the return of the round - robin format last used in 1992 . In the Group Stage , India were placed in Group B with arch - rivals Pakistan , South Africa , the West Indies , minnows Zimbabwe and associates Ireland and the UAE . India 's 2015 World Cup campaign began with a highly anticipated match against Pakistan at Adelaide . Batting first , India lost Rohit ( 15 from 20 balls , 2 fours ) early , but a century from Kohli ( 107 from 126 balls , 8 fours ) along with half - centuries from Raina ( 74 from 56 balls , 5 fours and 3 sixes ) and Dhawan ( 73 from 76 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) looked to steer India to a big total . However , excellent death bowling by the Pakistani bowlers , with fast bowler Sohail Khan ( 5 - 55 ) taking a 5 - wicket haul , restricted India to exactly 300 / 7 , with India losing 5 wickets for just 27 runs . Pakistan 's reply , however , had little effect . Barring captain Misbah - ul - Haq , who scored 76 , the Pakistani batting crumbled against the Indian pace attack , with Shami taking 4 / 35 , and crashed to 224 all out . India won the match by 76 runs , their biggest win against Pakistan in the World Cup by margin of runs , and as a result , once again maintained their all - win record over their arch - rivals in the World Cup . India next played South Africa at Melbourne , which was another highly anticipated match , in front of a packed crowd comprising mostly Indian supporters . Once again India batted first . Though India lost Rohit early for a duck , they recovered from the early setback thanks to a brilliant century from Dhawan ( 137 from 146 balls , 16 fours and 2 sixes ) and a classy half - century from Rahane ( 79 from 60 balls , 7 fours and 3 sixes ) . However , the lower middle - order then crumbled due to good death bowling from the South African pace attack , with India losing 5 wickets for just 31 runs to finish their innings at 307 / 7 . In the chase , despite losing the openers Hashim Amla and Quinton de Kock early , South Africa were going steady at 108 / 3 , with Faf du Plessis scoring a half - century . But the Indian bowlers led by Ashwin ( 3 / 41 ) then struck back as the Proteas lost their last 7 wickets for 69 runs to be bowled all out for 177 , India winning by 130 runs . It was the first time that India defeated South Africa in the World Cup , having lost to them in 3 previous Cup encounters in 1992 , 1999 and 2011 and was the heaviest defeat for South Africa in the Cricket World Cup . India ended their Australian leg of the Group stage with back - to - back victories against the UAE and the West Indies at Perth . Ashwin once again starred with the ball in the match against the UAE with his 4 / 25 as the minnows crashed to 102 all out , which was the lowest score ever registered by a team against India in the World Cup , following which an attacking half - century from Rohit ( 57 not out from 55 balls , 10 fours and 1 six ) ensured that India won the match by 9 wickets , a facile victory which was achieved even before the floodlights could be turned on at the WACA Ground . The match against the West Indies was a low - scoring thriller . Bowling first on a typical fast and bouncy Perth wicket , India restricted the West Indies to 182 all out , with Shami taking 3 / 35 . In reply , the Indian top - order were unable to successfully negotiate the West Indian fast bowling attack of Kemar Roach , Jerome Taylor and Andre Russell and were soon struggling at 107 / 5 , before Dhoni ( 45 not out from 56 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) took India to victory by 4 wickets . The win against the Caribbeans ensured India 's passage into the quarterfinals . India travelled to New Zealand to play their remaining Group matches . Their first match in New Zealand in this World Cup was against Ireland at Hamilton . Batting first on a perfect batting track , the Irish captain William Porterfield and middle - order batsman Niall O'Brien gave a massive scare to India as they scored half - centuries to propel Ireland to a formidable 206 / 3 in the 39th over , with the probability of them achieving a 300 + score high . However , Shami ( 3 / 41 ) and Ashwin ( 2 / 38 ) then triggered a collapse , with the Irish losing their last 7 wickets for just 53 runs to collapse to 259 all out . In reply , India were untroubled by the Irish bowling , with a blistering century from Dhawan ( 100 from 85 balls , 11 fours and 5 sixes ) , his second in the tournament , along with a half - century from Rohit ( 64 from 66 balls , 3 fours and 3 sixes ) reducing the match to a no - contest as India scaled down the required target with 13 overs and 8 wickets to spare . India topped Group B with 1 match remaining due to the win . India 's last match in the Group stage was against Zimbabwe at Auckland , a dead rubber since India had already topped Group B and Zimbabwe were no longer in contention for the quarterfinals with just a single win in this World Cup until this match . However , the match proved to be a thriller . Bowling first , the Indian pace attack struck early to leave Zimbabwe tottering at 33 / 3 . But Zimbabwean skipper Brendan Taylor , who was playing his last match for Zimbabwe , scored a belligerent 138 , toying with the spinners . With the support of Sean Williams , who scored 50 , and then Craig Ervine , Taylor brought Zimbabwe to a solid position of 235 / 5 in the 42nd over after which he departed . A 300 + score was imminent at the time , but good death bowling from the Indian fast bowlers comprising Yadav ( 3 / 43 ) as well as Shami and Mohit , who both took identical figures of 3 / 48 , saw Zimbabwe lose their last 5 wickets for 52 runs to be bowled all out for 287 . India 's reply began shakily , with a 2 - wicket maiden over from Tinashe Panyangara accounting for both openers Rohit ( 16 from 21 balls , 2 fours ) and Dhawan ( 4 from 20 balls , 1 four ) early in the innings . Due to good bowling and fielding from the Zimbabweans , the defending champions were soon struggling at 92 / 4 in the 23rd over and an upset win by Zimbabwe seemed likely . But Raina ( 110 not out from 104 balls , 9 fours and 4 sixes ) scored a breathtaking century under pressure . Though he began his innings scratchily , struggling against the short ball , he soon developed confidence and hammered the Zimbabwean bowling with the support of Dhoni ( 85 not out from 76 balls , 8 fours and 2 sixes ) , who secured yet another victory in the World Cup for India in his trademark style by hitting a sixer with just 6 runs to win in the 49th over . India finished the Group stage with an all - win record . India returned to Australia to play the knockout matches . In the quarterfinals , India played Bangladesh at Melbourne , which they won comfortably by 109 runs . India , batting first , scored 302 / 6 , thanks to an attacking century from Rohit ( 137 from 126 balls , 14 fours and 3 sixes ) , who dominated the Bangladeshi bowling with support from Raina ( 65 from 57 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) . The duo shared a partnership of 122 runs for the 4th wicket . Then the Indian pacers , led by Yadav ( 4 / 31 ) and Shami ( 2 / 37 ) , never allowed the Bangladeshi batsmen to settle down as they were bowled all out for 193 . The match became controversial due to an erroneous umpiring decision involving Rohit . During the 40th over , Rohit , who was batting on 90 , pulled a full toss bowled by Bangladeshi bowler Rubel Hossain and was caught at square - leg . However , the umpire Aleem Dar thought that the ball was above waist height and declared it a no - ball , meaning that Rohit was not out . Replays showed that the ball was waist height , and therefore a legal delivery . This decision led to an uproar in Bangladesh , with irate Bangladeshi fans burning effigies of Dar in protest . Even the ICC President Mustafa Kamal , who hails from Bangladesh , and the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina opposed the controversial decision . Nevertheless , this incident did not remove the shine from India 's clinical victory , which brought them to the semifinals , where they played co-hosts Australia at Sydney . India lost the toss and were made to bowl first on a perfect batting pitch . Australia recovered from the early loss of opener David Warner due to a brilliant century from vice-captain Steve Smith . Supported by a half - century from opener Aaron Finch , the duo put on 182 runs for the 2nd wicket . However , after that the Australian innings wobbled due to good bowling from Yadav ( 4 / 72 ) , who achieved a second consecutive 4 - wicket haul and provided the important breakthroughs , but due to a late blitz by fast bowler Mitchell Johnson , who scored 27 not out from just 14 balls , the Australians finished their innings at 328 / 7 . A score of 329 , though a huge one , was considered gettable taking into account the strength of the Indian batting lineup . The Indians started the chase well with an opening stand of 76 between Rohit ( 34 from 48 balls , 1 four and 2 sixes ) and Dhawan ( 45 from 41 balls , 6 fours and 1 six ) . But following the dismissal of Dhawan , the rest of the Indian batsmen succumbed to a combined effort from the Australian pace attack . A slow 70 run stand between Rahane ( 44 from 68 balls , 2 fours ) and Dhoni ( 65 from 65 balls , 3 fours and 2 sixes ) for the 5th wicket only delayed the inevitable as India crashed to 233 all out in the 47th over , losing the match by 95 runs and ending their title defence . It was the second time since 1987 that India failed to defend their World Cup title . Although India could not successfully defend their World Cup title , several positives emerged from the tournament from an Indian point of view . For the first time ever in a Cricket World Cup , India finished the Group stage unbeaten , with their only loss in the tournament coming against the eventual champions Australia in the semifinal . They achieved 11 consecutive World Cup match victories starting from 2011 during the tournament , which is just below the Cup record of 25 wins in a row , held by Australia . Barring the semifinal , the Indian team bowled out the opposition in every match , a remarkable feat for a bowling attack traditionally considered to be weaker than the batting . With 412 runs from 8 matches including 2 centuries , opener Dhawan was the fifth highest run scorer of the tournament , while the fast bowlers Yadav and Shami bagged the third and fourth spots respectively among the tournament 's leading bowlers with 18 and 17 wickets respectively . Skipper and wicketkeeper Dhoni effected 15 dismissals in the Cup , coming second among the leading wicketkeepers in the tournament . The Indian Squad that made the semifinals of the 2015 World Cup comprised Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( captain and wicketkeeper ) Virat Kohli ( vice-captain ) Ajinkya Rahane Ambati Rayudu ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Axar Patel Bhuvneshwar Kumar Mohammed Shami Mohit Sharma Ravichandran Ashwin Ravindra Jadeja Rohit Sharma Shikhar Dhawan Stuart Binny Suresh Raina Umesh Yadav India 's record : 7 - 1 ( Semifinalists ) Australia 's record : 8 - 1 ( Champions ) Team records ( edit ) Highest innings totals ( edit ) Score Teams Venue Season 413 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) v Bermuda Port of Spain 2007 373 -- 6 ( 50 overs ) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 370 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) † v Bangladesh Dhaka 2011 338 ( 49.5 overs ) † v England Bangalore 2011 Lowest completed innings ( edit ) Score Teams Venue Season 125 ( 41.4 overs ) v Australia Centurion 2003 158 ( 37.5 overs ) v Australia Nottingham 182 ( 55.5 overs ) † v New Zealand Leeds 1979 183 ( 54.4 overs ) † v West Indies Lord 's 185 ( 43.3 overs ) v Sri Lanka Port of Spain 2007 Best innings figures ( edit ) Bowling figures Player Match Venue Date 6 -- 23 ( 10 overs ) Ashish Nehra v England Durban 2003 5 -- 27 ( 9.3 overs ) Venkatesh Prasad v Pakistan Manchester 1999 5 -- 31 ( 9.3 overs ) Robin Singh v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 5 -- 31 ( 10 overs ) Yuvraj Singh v Ireland Bangalore 2011 5 -- 43 ( 12 overs ) Kapil Dev v Australia Nottingham Last updated : 3 February 2015 Highest partnerships ( edit ) Runs Players Opposition Venue Season 318 ( 2nd wicket ) Sourav Ganguly ( 183 ) & Rahul Dravid ( 145 ) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 244 ( 2nd wicket ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 152 ) & Sourav Ganguly ( 111 ) v Namibia Pietermaritzburg 2003 237 * ( 3rd wicket ) Rahul Dravid ( 104 * ) & Sachin Tendulkar ( 140 * ) v Kenya Bristol 1999 203 ( 3rd wicket ) Virender Sehwag ( 175 ) & Virat Kohli ( 100 ) v Bangladesh Dhaka 2011 202 ( 2nd wicket ) Sourav Ganguly & Virender Sehwag ( 115 ) v Bermuda Port of Spain 2007 Last updated : 24 February 2015 Highest partnership for each wicket ( edit ) Wicket Runs Players Opposition Venue Season 1st 172 Rohit Sharma ( 64 ) & Shikhar Dhawan ( 100 ) v Ireland Hamilton 2015 2nd 318 Sourav Ganguly ( 183 ) & Rahul Dravid ( 145 ) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 3rd 237 * Rahul Dravid ( 104 * ) & Sachin Tendulkar ( 140 * ) v Kenya Bristol 1999 4th 142 Navjot Singh Sidhu ( 80 ) & Vinod Kambli ( 106 ) v Zimbabwe Kanpur 5th 196 * Suresh Raina ( 110 * ) & Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( 85 * ) v Zimbabwe Auckland 2015 6th 74 * Suresh Raina & Yuvraj Singh v Australia Ahmedabad 2011 7th 58 Kapil Dev ( 175 * ) & Madan Lal ( 17 ) v Zimbabwe Tunbridge Wells 8th 82 * Kapil Dev & Kiran More v New Zealand Bangalore 9th 126 * Kapil Dev ( 175 * ) & Syed Kirmani ( 24 * ) v Zimbabwe Tunbridge Wells 10th 32 Zaheer Khan & Munaf Patel v Bangladesh Port of Spain 2007 Last updated : 12 March 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` India vs Australia , 2nd Quarter - Final ICC World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs Pakistan , 2nd Semi-Final ICC World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs Sri Lanka , Final ICC World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` 2011 ICC World Cup Batting Statistics '' . Cricket Archives . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 ICC World Cup Bowling Statistics '' . Cricket Archives . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Yuvraj Singh Named Man of the Tournament '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs Pakistan , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs South Africa , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs UAE , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs West Indies , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ Ashwin , Dhawan make it nine in a row Jump up ^ Raina , Dhoni ensure clean slate Jump up ^ Responsible Rohit sees off Bangladesh threat Jump up ^ Smith ton sets up trans - Tasman finale Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships for any wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships by wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to India national cricket team matches in the World Cup . Team India at Cricket World Cup and World T20 Countries at the Cricket World Cup Team appearances Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh India Pakistan Sri Lanka United Arab Emirates Africa East Africa Kenya Namibia South Africa Zimbabwe America Bermuda Canada West Indies East Asia - Pacific Australia New Zealand Europe England Ireland Netherlands Scotland Full Member Test playing Countries Associate Member Countries Country no longer exists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_at_the_Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=854695545 '' Categories : India in international cricket History of the Cricket World Cup Indian cricket lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 04 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was india won the cricket world cup | [
"The Indian cricket team are two times World Champions. In addition to winning the 1983 Cricket World Cup, they triumphed over Sri Lanka in the 2011 Cricket World Cup on home soil. They were also runners-up at the 2003 Cricket World Cup, and semifinalists thrice (1987, 1996 and 2015). They came last in the Super Six stage in the 1999 Cricket World Cup and have been knocked out 4 times in the Group stage (1975, 1979, 1992 and 2007). India's historical win-loss record at the cricket world cup is 46-27, with 1 match being tied and another one being abandoned due to rain.\n",
"The Indian cricket team are two times World Champions. In addition to winning the 1983 Cricket World Cup, they triumphed over Sri Lanka in the 2011 Cricket World Cup on home soil. They were also runners-up at the 2003 Cricket World Cup, and semifinalists thrice (1987, 1996 and 2015). They came last in the Super Six stage in the 1999 Cricket World Cup and have been knocked out 4 times in the Group stage (1975, 1979, 1992 and 2007). India's historical win-loss record at the cricket world cup is 46-27, with 1 match being tied and another one being abandoned due to rain.\n"
] | [
"1983",
"2011"
] |
-666779231463699792 | Flying shuttle | Flying shuttle - wikipedia Flying shuttle Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flying shuttle showing metal capped ends , wheels , and a pirn of weft thread The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution . It allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics , and it could be mechanized , allowing for automatic machine looms . The flying shuttle , which was patented by John Kay ( 1704 -- c. 1779 ) in 1733 , greatly sped up the previous hand process and halved the labour force . Where a broad - cloth loom previously required a weaver on each side , it could now be worked by a single operator . Until this point the textile industry had required four spinners to service one weaver . Kay 's innovation , in wide use by the 1750s , greatly increased this disparity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operation 2 Social effects 3 Obsolescence 4 References Operation ( edit ) In a typical frame loom , as used previous to the invention of the flying shuttle , the operator sat with the newly woven cloth before him or her , using treadles or some other mechanism to raise and lower the heddles , which opened the shed in the warp threads . The operator then had to reach forward while holding the shuttle in one hand and pass this through the shed ; the shuttle carried a bobbin for the weft . The shuttle then had to be caught in the other hand , the shed closed , and the beater pulled forward to push the weft into place . This action ( called a `` pick '' ) required regularly bending forward over the fabric ; more importantly , the coordination between the throwing and catching of the shuttle required multiple operators if the width of the fabric exceeded that which could be reasonably reached across ( typically 60 inches ( 150 cm ) or less ) . The flying shuttle employs a board , called the `` race , '' which runs , side to side , along the front of the beater , forming a track on which the shuttle runs . The lower threads of the shed rest on the track and the shuttle slides over them . At each end of the race , there is a box which catches the shuttle at the end of its journey , and which contains a mechanism for propelling the shuttle on its return trip . The shuttle itself has some subtle differences from the older form . The ends of the shuttle are bullet - shaped and metal - capped , and the shuttle generally has rollers to reduce friction . The weft thread is made to exit from the end rather than the side , and the thread is stored on a pirn ( a long , conical , one - ended , non-turning bobbin ) to allow it to feed more easily . Finally , the flying shuttle is generally somewhat heavier , so as to have sufficient momentum to carry it all the way through the shed . Social effects ( edit ) The increase in production due to the flying shuttle exceeded the capacity of the spinning industry of the day , and prompted development of powered spinning machines , beginning with the spinning jenny and the waterframe , and culminating in the spinning mule , which could produce strong , fine thread in the quantities needed . These innovations transformed the textile industry in Great Britain . All were attacked as threats to the livelihood of spinners and weavers , and Kay 's patent was largely ignored . It is often incorrectly written that Kay was attacked and fled to France , but in fact he simply moved there to attempt to rent out his looms , a business model that had failed him in England . The flying shuttle produced a new source of injuries to the weaving process ; if deflected from its path , it could be shot clear of the machine , potentially striking workers . Turn - of - the - century injury reports abound with instances in which eyes were lost or other injuries sustained and , in several instances ( for example , an extended exchange in 1901 ) , the British House of Commons was moved to take up the issue of installing guards and other contrivances to reduce these injuries . Obsolescence ( edit ) The flying shuttle dominated commercial weaving through the middle of the twentieth century . By that time , other systems had begun to supplant it . The heavy shuttle was noisy and energy - inefficient ( since the energy used to throw it was largely lost in the catching ) ; also , its inertia limited the speed of the loom . Projectile and rapier looms eliminated the need to take the bobbin / pirn of thread through the shed ; later , air - and water - jet looms reduced the weight of moving parts further . Flying shuttle looms are still used for some purposes , and old models remain in use . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of technology '' . www.historyworld.net . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Landes , David . S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Robert ( 1989 ) . `` Technological Transformations and Long Waves '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ House of Commons of the United Kingdom ( January -- August 1901 ) . `` Factories and workshops : Annual report for 1900 '' . Sessional Papers . H.M. Stationery Off . X : 289 -- 290 . OCLC 4689281 . During the past year I have investigated many shuttle accidents , and on no occasion where serious injury had resulted , has the shuttle guard been placed in that position for which it was intended . Handbook of technical textiles . Woodhead Publishing . 2000 . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85573 - 385 - 5 . `` Leclerc Loom Options : Flying Shuttle Option '' . Camilla Valley Farm Weavers ' Supply . `` John Kay 1704 - 1780 : Inventor of the Flying Shuttle '' . New Opportunities Fund . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Broudy , Eric ( 1993 ) . The Book of Looms . University Press of New England . pp. 148 , 151 . ISBN 0 - 87451 - 649 - 8 . `` Flying Shuttle '' ( PDF ) . Master Weaver . November -- December 1961 . McNeil , Ian ( 1990 ) . An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology . Taylor & Francis . pp. 821 -- 822 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 33017 - X . 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About Wikipedia | what invention allowed a single weaver to weaver much wider fabrics | [
"The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics, and it could be mechanized, allowing for automatic machine looms. The flying shuttle, which was patented by John Kay (1704–c. 1779) in 1733, greatly sped up the previous hand process and halved the labour force. Where a broad-cloth loom previously required a weaver on each side, it could now be worked by a single operator. Until this point the textile industry had required four spinners to service one weaver. Kay's innovation, in wide use by the 1750s, greatly increased this disparity.[1]"
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"flying shuttle"
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3793431068444961765 | Llama | Llama - wikipedia Llama For other uses , see Llama ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Lama . Llama Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Clade : Tetrapodomorpha Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Camelidae Genus : Lama Species : L. glama Binomial name Lama glama ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Domestic llama and alpaca range Synonyms Camelus glama Linnaeus , 1758 The llama ( / ˈlɑːmə / ; Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈʎama ) ) ( Lama glama ) is a domesticated South American camelid , widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the Pre-Columbian era . The height of a full - grown , full - size llama is 1.7 to 1.8 m ( 5.6 to 5.9 ft ) tall at the top of the head , and can weigh between 130 and 200 kg ( 290 and 440 lb ) . At birth , a baby llama ( called a cria ) can weigh between 9 and 14 kg ( 20 and 31 lb ) . Llamas typically live for 15 to 25 years , with some individuals surviving 30 years or more . They are very social animals and live with other llamas as a herd . The wool produced by a llama is very soft and lanolin - free . Llamas are intelligent and can learn simple tasks after a few repetitions . When using a pack , they can carry about 25 to 30 % of their body weight for 8 to 13 km ( 5 -- 8 miles ) . The name llama ( in the past also spelled ' lama ' or ' glama ' ) was adopted by European settlers from native Peruvians . Llamas appear to have originated from the central plains of North America about 40 million years ago . They migrated to South America about three million years ago during the Great American Interchange . By the end of the last ice age ( 10,000 -- 12,000 years ago ) , camelids were extinct in North America . As of 2007 , there were over seven million llamas and alpacas in South America , and due to importation from South America in the late 20th century , there are now over 158,000 llamas and 100,000 alpacas in the United States and Canada . Contents 1 Classification 2 Characteristics 3 Reproduction 3.1 Mating 3.2 Gestation 3.3 Crias 3.4 Breeding methods 3.5 Pregnancy 4 Nutrition 5 Behavior 5.1 Guard behavior 6 History 6.1 Pre-Incan cultures 6.2 Inca empire 6.3 Spanish empire 7 Fiber 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Classification A traditionally dressed Quechua girl with a llama in Cusco , Peru Lamoids , or llamas ( as they are more generally known as a group ) , consist of the vicuña ( Vicugna vicugna , prev . Lama vicugna ) , guanaco ( Lama guanicoe ) , Suri alpaca , and Huacaya alpaca ( Vicugna pacos , prev . Lama guanicoe pacos ) , and the domestic llama ( Lama glama ) . Guanacos and vicuñas live in the wild , while alpacas -- as well as llamas -- exist only as domesticated animals . Although early writers compared llamas to sheep , their similarity to the camel was soon recognized . They were included in the genus Camelus along with alpaca in the Systema Naturae ( 1758 ) of Carl Linnaeus . They were , however , separated by Georges Cuvier in 1800 under the name of lama along with the guanaco . Alpacas and vicuñas are in genus Vicugna . The genera Lama and Vicugna are , with the two species of true camels , the sole existing representatives of a very distinct section of the Artiodactyla or even - toed ungulates , called Tylopoda , or `` bump - footed '' , from the peculiar bumps on the soles of their feet . The Tylopoda consist of a single family , the Camelidae , and shares the order Artiodactyla with the Suina ( pigs ) , the Tragulina ( chevrotains ) , the Pecora ( ruminants ) , and the Whippomorpha ( hippos and cetaceans , which belong to Artiodactyla from a cladistic , if not traditional , standpoint ) . The Tylopoda have more or less affinity to each of the sister taxa , standing in some respects in a middle position between them , sharing some characteristics from each , but in others showing special modifications not found in any of the other taxa . A domestic llama The 19th - century discoveries of a vast and previously unexpected extinct Paleogene fauna of North America , as interpreted by paleontologists Joseph Leidy , Edward Drinker Cope , and Othniel Charles Marsh , aided understanding of the early history of this family . Llamas were not always confined to South America ; abundant llama - like remains were found in Pleistocene deposits in the Rocky Mountains and in Central America . Some of the fossil llamas were much larger than current forms . Some species remained in North America during the last ice ages . North American llamas are categorized as a single extinct genus , Hemiauchenia . Llama - like animals would have been a common sight 25,000 years ago , in modern - day California , Texas , New Mexico , Utah , Missouri , and Florida . The camelid lineage has a good fossil record . Camel - like animals have been traced from the thoroughly differentiated , modern species back through early Miocene forms . Their characteristics became more general , and they lost those that distinguished them as camelids ; hence , they were classified as ancestral artiodactyls . No fossils of these earlier forms have been found in the Old World , indicating that North America was the original home of camelids , and that Old World camels crossed over via the Bering Land Bridge . The formation of the Isthmus of Panama three million years ago allowed camelids to spread to South America as part of the Great American Interchange , where they evolved further . Meanwhile , North American camelids died out at the end of the Pleistocene . Characteristics The following characteristics apply especially to llamas . Dentition of adults : - incisors 1 / 3 canines 1 / 1 , premolars 2 / 2 , molars 3 / 2 ; total 32 . In the upper jaw , a compressed , sharp , pointed laniariform incisor near the hinder edge of the premaxilla is followed in the male at least by a moderate - sized , pointed , curved true canine in the anterior part of the maxilla . The isolated canine - like premolar that follows in the camels is not present . The teeth of the molar series , which are in contact with each other , consist of two very small premolars ( the first almost rudimentary ) and three broad molars , constructed generally like those of Camelus . In the lower jaw , the three incisors are long , spatulate , and procumbent ; the outer ones are the smallest . Next to these is a curved , suberect canine , followed after an interval by an isolated minute and often deciduous simple conical premolar ; then a contiguous series of one premolar and three molars , which differ from those of Camelus in having a small accessory column at the anterior outer edge . Names of llama body parts : 1 ears -- 2 poll -- 3 withers -- 4 back -- 5 hip -- 6 croup -- 7 base of tail -- 8 tail -- 9 buttock -- 10 hock -- 11 metatarsal gland -- 12 heel -- 13 cannon bone -- 14 gaskin -- 15 stifle joint -- 16 flank -- 17 barrel -- 18 elbow -- 19 pastern -- 20 fetlock -- 21 Knee -- 22 Chest -- 23 point of shoulder -- 24 shoulder -- 25 throat -- 26 cheek or jowl -- 27 muzzle Picture of a Black Llama The skull generally resembles that of Camelus , the larger brain - cavity and orbits and less - developed cranial ridges being due to its smaller size . The nasal bones are shorter and broader , and are joined by the premaxilla . Vertebrae : cervical 7 , dorsal 12 , lumbar 7 , sacral 4 , caudal 15 to 20 . The ears are rather long and slightly curved inward , characteristically known as `` banana '' shaped . There is no dorsal hump . The feet are narrow , the toes being more separated than in the camels , each having a distinct plantar pad . The tail is short , and fibre is long , woolly and soft . In essential structural characteristics , as well as in general appearance and habits , all the animals of this genus very closely resemble each other , so whether they should be considered as belonging to one , two , or more species is a matter of controversy among naturalists . The question is complicated by the circumstance of the great majority of individuals that have come under observation being either in a completely or partially domesticated state . Many are also descended from ancestors that have previously been domesticated , a state that tends to produce a certain amount of variation from the original type . The four forms commonly distinguished by the inhabitants of South America are recognized as distinct species , though with difficulties in defining their distinctive characteristics . These are : the llama , Lama glama ( Linnaeus ) ; the alpaca , Vicugna pacos ( Linnaeus ) ; the guanaco ( from the Quechua huanaco ) , Lama guanicoe ( Müller ) ; and the vicuña , Vicugna vicugna ( Molina ) The llama and alpaca are only known in the domestic state , and are variable in size and of many colors , being often white , brown , or piebald . Some are grey or black . The guanaco and vicuña are wild , the former being endangered , and of a nearly uniform light - brown color , passing into white below . They certainly differ from each other , the vicuña being smaller , more slender in its proportions , and having a shorter head than the guanaco . The vicuña lives in herds on the bleak and elevated parts of the mountain range bordering the region of perpetual snow , amidst rocks and precipices , occurring in various suitable localities throughout Peru , in the southern part of Ecuador , and as far south as the middle of Bolivia . Its manners very much resemble those of the chamois of the European Alps ; it is as vigilant , wild , and timid . The fiber is extremely delicate and soft , and highly valued for the purposes of weaving , but the quantity that each animal produces is minimal . Alpacas are descended from wild vicuna ancestors , while domesticated llamas are descended from wild guanaco ancestors , though a considerable amount of hybridization between the two species has occurred . Differential characteristics between llamas and alpacas include the llama 's larger size , longer head , and curved ears . Alpaca fiber is generally more expensive , but not always more valuable . Alpacas tend to have a more consistent color throughout the body . The most apparent visual difference between llamas and camels is that camels have a hump or humps and llamas do not . Llamas are not ruminants , pseudo-ruminants , or modified ruminants . They have a complex stomach with several compartments that allows them to consume lower quality , high cellulose foods . The stomach compartments allow for fermentation of tough food stuffs , followed by regurgitation and re-chewing . Ruminants have four compartments ( cows , sheep , goats ) , whereas llamas have only three stomach compartments : the rumen , omasum , and abomasum . In addition , the llama ( and other camelids ) have an extremely long and complex large intestine ( colon ) . The large intestine 's role in digestion is to reabsorb water , vitamins and electrolytes from food waste that is passing through it . The length of the llama 's colon allows it to survive on much less water than other animals . This is a major advantage in arid climates where they live . Reproduction Dam and her cria Llamas have an unusual reproductive cycle for a large animal . Female llamas are induced ovulators . Through the act of mating , the female releases an egg and is often fertilized on the first attempt . Female llamas do not go into estrus ( `` heat '' ) . Like humans , llama males and females mature sexually at different rates . Females reach puberty at about 12 months old ; males do not become sexually mature until around three years of age . Mating Llamas mate with the female in a kush ( lying down ) position , which is fairly unusual in a large animal . They mate for an extended time ( 20 -- 45 minutes ) , also unusual in a large animal . Gestation The gestation period of a llama is 11.5 months ( 350 days ) . Dams ( female llamas ) do not lick off their babies , as they have an attached tongue that does not reach outside of the mouth more than half an inch ( 1.3 cm ) . Rather , they will nuzzle and hum to their newborns . Crias A cria ( from Spanish for `` baby '' ) is the name for a baby llama , alpaca , vicuña , or guanaco . Crias are typically born with all the females of the herd gathering around , in an attempt to protect against the male llamas and potential predators . Llamas give birth standing . Birth is usually quick and problem - free , over in less than 30 minutes . Most births take place between 8 am and noon , during the warmer daylight hours . This may increase cria survival by reducing fatalities due to hypothermia during cold Andean nights . This birthing pattern is speculated to be a continuation of the birthing patterns observed in the wild . Crias are up and standing , walking and attempting to suckle within the first hour after birth . Crias are partially fed with llama milk that is lower in fat and salt and higher in phosphorus and calcium than cow or goat milk . A female llama will only produce about 60 ml ( 2.1 imp fl oz ) of milk at a time when she gives milk , so the cria must suckle frequently to receive the nutrients it requires . Breeding methods In harem mating , the male is left with females most of the year . For field mating , a female is turned out into a field with a male llama and left there for some period of time . This is the easiest method in terms of labor , but the least useful in terms of prediction of a likely birth date . An ultrasound test can be performed , and together with the exposure dates , a better idea of when the cria is expected can be determined . Hand mating is the most efficient method , but requires the most work on the part of the human involved . A male and female llama are put into the same pen and mating is monitored . They are then separated and remated every other day until one or the other refuses the mating . Usually , one can get in two matings using this method , though some stud males routinely refuse to mate a female more than once . The separation presumably helps to keep the sperm count high for each mating and also helps to keep the condition of the female llama 's reproductive tract more sound . If the mating is not successful within two to three weeks , the female is mated again . Pregnancy Llamas at San Pedro de Atacama , Chile This section contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( December 2016 ) Llamas should be tested for pregnancy after mating at two to three , six and at least 12 weeks . For `` spit '' testing , bring the potentially pregnant dam to an intact male . If the stud attempts to mate with her and she lies down for him within a fairly short period of time , she is not pregnant . If she remains on her feet , spits , attacks him , or otherwise prevents his being able to mate , it is assumed she is probably pregnant . This test gets its name due to the dam spitting at the male if she is pregnant . For progesterone testing , a veterinarian can test a blood sample for progesterone . A high level can indicate a pregnancy . With palpation , the veterinarian or breeder manually feels inside the llama to detect a pregnancy . Some risks to the llama exist , but it can be an accurate method for pregnancy detection . Ultrasound is the most accurate method for an experienced veterinarian , who can do an exterior examination and detect a fetus as early as 45 days . Spit testing with an intact male is generally free and is usually accurate . However , some hormonal conditions in females can make them reject a male when they are in fact not pregnant , and , more rarely , accept a male when they are pregnant . Progesterone tests can give a high reading in some females with a hormonal problem that are in fact not pregnant . Neither of the previous methods , nor palpation , can give a reasonably accurate idea of the age of the fetus , while an ultrasound procedure can . In addition , an ultrasound procedure can distinguish between pregnancy and misleading physical conditions , or between a live and dead fetus . The disadvantages of an ultrasound procedure are cost , some training in the use of ultrasound equipment is required , and not all veterinarians have the equipment needed to perform the examination . Nutrition Options for feeding llamas are quite wide ; a wide variety of commercial and farm - based feeds are available . The major determining factors include feed cost , availability , nutrient balance and energy density required . Young , actively growing llamas require a greater concentration of nutrients than mature animals because of their smaller digestive tract capacities . Estimated daily requirements of bromgrass hay , alfalfa hay and corn silage on an as - fed and 100 % dry matter basis for llamas from 22 to 550 pounds . Body weight ( lb ) Bromgrass Alfalfa Corn silage ( as fed ) ( dry matter ) ( as fed ) ( dry matter ) ( as fed ) ( dry matter ) 22 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.4 44 1.3 0.9 0.8 2.6 0.7 88 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.3 4.3 110 2.6 2.3 1.7 1.6 5.2 1.4 165 3.4 3.1 2.3 2.1 6.9 1.9 275 5.0 4.5 3.4 3.1 10.1 2.8 385 6.4 5.7 4.3 3.9 12.9 3.6 495 7.8 7.0 5.3 4.8 15.8 4.4 550 8.5 7.6 5.7 5.2 17.0 4.8 Behavior A pack llama in the Rocky Mountain National Park Llamas , which are well - socialized and trained to halter and lead after weaning , are very friendly and pleasant to be around . They are extremely curious and most will approach people easily . However , llamas that are bottle - fed or over-socialized and over-handled as youth will become extremely difficult to handle when mature , when they will begin to treat humans as they treat each other , which is characterized by bouts of spitting , kicking and neck wrestling . When correctly reared , llamas spitting at a human is a rare thing . Llamas are very social herd animals , however , and do sometimes spit at each other as a way of disciplining lower - ranked llamas in the herd . A llama 's social rank in a herd is never static . They can always move up or down in the social ladder by picking small fights . This is usually done between males to see which will become dominant . Their fights are visually dramatic , with spitting , ramming each other with their chests , neck wrestling and kicking , mainly to knock the other off balance . The females are usually only seen spitting as a means of controlling other herd members . While the social structure might always be changing , they live as a family and they do take care of each other . If one notices a strange noise or feels threatened , a warning bray is sent out and all others become alert . They will often hum to each other as a form of communication . The sound of the llama making groaning noises or going `` mwa '' ( / mwah / ) is often a sign of fear or anger . If a llama is agitated , it will lay its ears back . One may determine how agitated the llama is by the materials in the spit . The more irritated the llama is , the further back into each of the three stomach compartments it will try to draw materials from for its spit . An `` orgle '' is the mating sound of a llama or alpaca , made by the sexually aroused male . The sound is reminiscent of gargling , but with a more forceful , buzzing edge . Males begin the sound when they become aroused and continue throughout the act of procreation -- from 15 minutes to more than an hour . Guard behavior Main article : Guard llama Llama guarding sheep on the South Downs in West Sussex Using llamas as livestock guards in North America began in the early 1980s , and some sheep producers have used llamas successfully since then . They are used most commonly in the western regions of the United States , where larger predators , such as coyotes and feral dogs , are prevalent . Typically , a single gelding ( castrated male ) is used . Research suggests the use of multiple guard llamas is not as effective as one . Multiple males tend to bond with one another , rather than with the livestock , and may ignore the flock . A gelded male of two years of age bonds closely with its new charges and is instinctively very effective in preventing predation . Some llamas appear to bond more quickly to sheep or goats if they are introduced just prior to lambing . Many sheep and goat producers indicate a special bond quickly develops between lambs and their guard llama and the llama is particularly protective of the lambs . Using llamas as guards has reduced the losses to predators for many producers . The value of the livestock saved each year more than exceeds the purchase cost and annual maintenance of a llama . Although not every llama is suited to the job , most are a viable , nonlethal alternative for reducing predation , requiring no training and little care . History Moche 100 -- 300 AD at Lombards Museum This sculpture , originating from the Chancay Valley and adjacent Chillón Drainage region ( Late Intermediate Period ) , captures the llama 's natural inquisitiveness . The Walters Art Museum . Pre-incan cultures Scholar Alex Chepstow - Lusty has argued that the switch from a hunter - gatherer lifestyle to widespread agriculture was only possible because of the use of llama dung as fertilizer . The Moche people frequently placed llamas and llama parts in the burials of important people , as offerings or provisions for the afterlife . The Moche culture of pre-Columbian Peru depicted llamas quite realistically in their ceramics . Inca Empire In the Inca empire , llamas were the only beasts of burden , and many of the people dominated by the Inca had long traditions of llama herding . For the Inca nobility , the llama was of symbolic significance , and llama figures were often buried with the dead . In South America , llamas are still used as beasts of burden , as well as for the production of fiber and meat . The Inca deity Urcuchillay was depicted in the form of a multicolored llama . Carl Troll has argued that the large numbers of llamas found in the southern Peruvian highlands were an important factor in the rise of the Inca Empire . It is worth considering the maximum extent of the Inca Empire roughly coincided with the greatest distribution of alpacas and llamas in Pre-Hispanic America . The link between the Andean biomes of puna and páramo , llama pastoralism and the Inca state is a matter of research . Spanish Empire The first image of llamas in Europe , 1553 One of the main uses for llamas at the time of the Spanish conquest was to bring down ore from the mines in the mountains . Gregory de Bolivar estimated that in his day , as many as 300,000 were employed in the transport of produce from the Potosí mines alone , but since the introduction of horses , mules , and donkeys , the importance of the llama as a beast of burden has greatly diminished . According to Juan Ignacio Molina , the Dutch captain Joris van Spilbergen observed the use of hueques ( possibly a llama type ) by native Mapuches of Mocha Island as plow animals in 1614 . In Chile hueque populations declined towards extinction in the 16th and 17th century being replaced by European livestock . The causes of its extinction are not clear but it is known that the introduction of sheep caused some competition among both domestic species . Anecdotal evidence of the mid-17th century show that both species coexisted but suggests that there were many more sheep than hueques . The decline of hueques reached a point in the late 18th century when only the Mapuche from Mariquina and Huequén next to Angol raised the animal . Fiber Llamas have a fine undercoat , which can be used for handicrafts and garments . The coarser outer guard hair is used for rugs , wall - hangings and lead ropes . The fiber comes in many different colors ranging from white or grey to reddish - brown , brown , dark brown and black . Handspun llama yarn from Patagonia Average diameter of some of the finest , natural fibers Animal Fiber diameter ( micrometres ) Vicuña 6 -- 10 Alpaca ( Suri ) 10 -- 15 Muskox ( Qiviut ) 11 -- 13 Merino sheep 12 -- 20 Angora rabbit ( Angora wool ) 13 Cashmere goat ( Cashmere wool ) 15 -- 19 Yak ( Yak fiber ) 15 -- 19 Camel ( Camel hair ) 16 -- 25 Guanaco 16 -- 18 Llama ( Tapada ) 20 -- 30 Chinchilla 21 Angora goat ( Mohair ) 25 -- 45 Huacaya alpaca 27.7 Llama ( Ccara ) 30 -- 40 See also Alpaca Cama , a crossbreed between a llama and a camel Grass Mud Horse , a parody originating from Mainland China of 2009 that features the alpaca and llama Guard llama , llamas used as livestock guardians Lamoid Llama hiking The Emperor 's New Groove , a 2000 animated Disney film where an Incan emperor gets turned into a llama . Notes Jump up ^ Daniel W. Gade , Nature and culture in the Andes , Madison , University of Wisconsin Press , 1999 , p. 104 Jump up ^ `` Llama Characteristics '' . Nose - n - Toes. 25 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Llama Facts 1 '' . Llamas of Atlanta . 25 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Llama FAQ '' . Twin Creeks Llamas. 25 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Llama '' . Oklahoma State University . 25 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition , `` llama '' Jump up ^ South Central Llama Association ( 22 January 2009 ) . `` Llama Facts 2 '' . Jump up ^ Perry , Roger ( 1977 ) . Wonders of Llamas . Dodd , Mead & Company . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 396 - 07460 - X . Jump up ^ Murray E. Fowler ( 1998 ) . Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 8138 - 0397 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Lama '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kurtén , Björn ; Anderson , Elaine ( 1980 ) . Pleistocene Mammals of North America . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 307 . ISBN 0231037333 . Jump up ^ Grayson , Donald K. ( 1991 ) . `` Late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America : Taxonomy , chronology , and explanations '' . Journal of World Prehistory . Springer Netherlands . 5 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 231 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00974990 . Jump up ^ Colorado State University , Hypertexts for Biomedical Science : Dental Anatomy of Ruminants Jump up ^ https://veteriankey.com/camelids-are-not-ruminants/ Jump up ^ Sheri Amsel ( 13 November 2017 ) `` Llama Thoracic & Abdominal Organs '' https://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/Llama-Thoracic-and-Abdonimal-Organs-Right-View Jump up ^ Chen , B.X. , Yuen , Z.X. and Pan , G.W. ( 1985 ) . `` Semen - induced ovulation in the bactrian camel ( Camelus bactrianus ) '' . J. Reprod . Fert. 74 ( 2 ) : 335 -- 339 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Greta Stamberg & Derek Wilson ( 12 April 2007 ) . `` Induced Ovulation '' . Llamapaedia . Archived from the original on 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ L.W. Johnson ( 17 April 2007 ) . `` Llama reproduction '' . College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , Colorado State University , Fort Collins . National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health . Jump up ^ Chris Cebra ; David E. Anderson ; Ahmed Tibary ; Robert J. Van Saun ; LaRue Willard Johnson ( 15 February 2014 ) . Llama and Alpaca Care : Medicine , Surgery , Reproduction , Nutrition , and Herd Health . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 24291 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The llama reproductive cycle '' . LlamaWeb. 17 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2007 . Jump up ^ The Department of Veterninary Clinical Sciences at Ohio State University ( 2002 ) . Camelid Medicine , Surgery , and Reproduction for Veterinarians . Part II . Jump up ^ Long , Patrick O. ( 1996 ) . Llama & Alpaca Neonatal Care . p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 9646618 - 3 - 7 . Jump up ^ Birutta , Gale ( 1997 ) . A Guide to Raising Llamas . p. 327 . ISBN 0 - 88266 - 954 - 0 . Jump up ^ Linda March . `` Llamas : A Different Kind of Pet '' . University of Illinois , College of Veterinary Medicine . Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Randy Sell ( 17 April 2007 ) . `` Llama '' . Department of Agricultural Economics , North Dakota State University . Jump up ^ Murray E. Fowler , DVM ( 1989 ) . `` Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids ; Llama , Alpaca , Vicuña , Guanaco '' . Iowa State University Press . Jump up ^ Britton , Rick ( 24 May 2001 ) . `` Llama farmers say beasts no burden '' . Washington Times . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Greta Stamberg & Derek Wilson ( 2 September 1997 ) . `` Behavior : Sounds '' . Llamapedia . Archived from the original on 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Brian and Jane Pinkerton ( 17 May 2008 ) . `` Llama Sounds '' . Humm Page . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ International Llama Association . ( 1995 ) . `` Guard Llamas . '' ILA Educational Brochure No. 2 . Jump up ^ Walker , Cameron . `` Guard Llamas Keep Sheep Safe From Coyotes . '' National Geographic , 10 June 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Guard Llamas : An Alternative for Effective Predator Management '' . Jump up ^ `` Llama Effigy '' . The Walters Art Museum . Jump up ^ Anning , Caroline. ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) BBC News -- Inca success in Peruvian Andes ' thanks to llama dung ' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Berrin , Katherine & Larco Museum . The Spirit of Ancient Peru : Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera . New York : Thames & Hudson , 1997 ISBN 0 - 500 - 01802 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Little Llamas '' . Inca culture . 10 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Jean Larson , Judith Ho ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Information Resources on the South American Camelids : Llamas , Alpacas , Guanacos , and Vicunas 1943 -- 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ D'Altroy , Terence N. ( 2002 ) . `` The Inca Pantheon '' . The Incas . The People of America . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 17677 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gade , Daniel ( 2016 ) . `` Urubamba Verticality : Reflections on Crops and Diseases '' . Spell of the Urubamba : Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 20849 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hardoy , Jorge Henríque ( 1973 ) . Pre-Colombian Cities . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0802703804 . Jump up ^ Gade , Daniel W. ( 1996 ) . `` Carl Troll on Nature and Culture in the Andes ( Carl Troll über die Natur und Kultur in den Anden ) '' . Erdkunde. 50 ( 4 ) : 301 -- 316 . Jump up ^ Jared Diamond ( 12 April 2007 ) . `` Guns , Germs & Steel . The Show : Episode Two '' . PBS . Jump up ^ Jared Diamond ( 12 April 2007 ) . `` Guns , Germs & Steel . The story of ... Llamas '' . PBS . Jump up ^ Juan Bautista Ignacio Molina ( 1808 ) . The geographical , natural and civil history of Chili , tr. by an American gentleman . II . pp. 15 -- 16 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bonacic , Cristián ( 1991 ) . Características biológicas y productivas de los camélidos sudamericanos Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Avances en ciencias veterinarias . Vol. 6 , No. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Torrejón , Fernando ; Cisternas , Marco ; Araneda , Alberto ( 2004 ) . `` Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé , sur de Chile '' ( Environmental effects of the spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago , southern Chile ) . Revista Chilena de Historia Natural ( in Spanish ) . 77 : 661 -- 677 . Jump up ^ Beula Williams ( 17 April 2007 ) . `` Llama Fiber '' . International Llama Association . References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Llama '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links Wikispecies has information related to Lama glama Wikimedia Commons has media related to Llama . `` Llamapaedia Orgle Sound '' . Archived from the original ( AIFF ) on 30 October 2007 . Llamas Close Up -- slideshow by Life magazine `` Llama '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . The dictionary definition of llama at Wiktionary Camelids Afro - Asiatic Camelids Bactrian Camel Dromedary Wild Bactrian camel South American Camelids Alpaca Chilihueque Guanaco Llama Vicuña Hybrid Cama Bukht Huarizo Fibers Natural Plant Abacá Bagasse Bamboo Coir Cotton Fique Flax Linen Hemp Jute Kapok Kenaf Piña Pine Raffia Ramie Rattan Sisal Wood Animal Alpaca Angora Byssus Camel hair Cashmere Catgut Chiengora Guanaco Hair Llama Mohair Pashmina Qiviut Rabbit Silk Tendon Spider silk Wool Vicuña Yak Mineral Asbestos Man - made Regenerated Art silk Semi-synthetic Acetate Diacetate Lyocell Modal Rayon Triacetate Synthetic Mineral Glass Carbon Tenax Basalt Metallic Polymer Acrylic Aramid Twaron Kevlar Technora Nomex Microfiber Modacrylic Nylon Olefin Polyester Polyethylene Dyneema Spectra Spandex Vinylon Vinyon Zylon Commons Meat Main articles Entomophagy Fish Game Livestock Meat Poultry Seafood Poultry and game Alligator Bear Chicken Crocodile Duck Goose Grouse Kangaroo Monkey Ostrich Partridge Pheasant Bat Pigeon Quail Hare and Rabbit Seal Snake Turkey Turtle Venison Livestock and minilivestock Beef Bison Black soldier fly maggots Buffalo Camel Cat Crickets Dog Elephant Frog Chevon ( goat meat ) Grasshoppers ( Locust ) Cuy Horse Lamb and mutton Llama Mealworm Silkworm Mopane worm Palm grub Pork Veal Yak Fish and seafood Abalone Anchovy Basa Bass Calamari Carp Catfish Cod Crab Crappie Crayfish Dolphin Eel Flounder Grouper Haddock Halibut Herring Kingfish Lobster Mackerel Mahi Mahi Marlin Milkfish Mussel Octopus Orange roughy Oyster Pacific saury Perch Pike Pollock Salmon Sardine Scallop Shark Shrimp / prawn Sole Swai Swordfish Tilapia Trout Tuna Sea urchin Walleye Whale Cuts and preparation Aged Bacon Barbecued Braised Burger Charcuterie Chop Corned Cured Cutlet Dried Dum Fillet / Supreme Fried Ground Ham Kebab Liver Luncheon meat Marinated Meatball Meatloaf Offal Pickled Poached Roasted Salt - cured Salumi Sausage Smoked Steak Stewed Tandoor Tartare List articles Beef dishes Chicken dishes Countries by meat consumption Countries by meat consumption per capita Fish dishes Food and drink prohibitions Goat dishes Lamb dishes Meatball dishes Pork dishes Ham dishes Sausage dishes Sausages Seafood dishes Smoked foods Steaks Veal dishes Related subjects Animal rights Bushmeat Butcher Cannibalism Carnism Case - ready meat Christian vegetarianism Cultured meat Ethics of eating meat Factory farming Feed conversion ratio Environmental impact of meat production List of meat dishes Meat cutter Meat tenderness Pescetarianism Pink slime Plant - based diet Preservation Psychology of eating meat Meat paradox Red meat Semi-vegetarianism Slaughter Slaughterhouse Veganism Vegetarianism White meat Meat portal Category : Meat Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q42569 Wikispecies : Lama glama EoL : 309018 EPPO : LMAAGL Fossilworks : 145832 GBIF : 5220190 iNaturalist : 121026 IRMNG : 10228663 ITIS : 625028 MSW : 14200117 NBN : NHMSYS0020975296 NCBI : 9844 NZOR : 00d82233 - 8f35 - 446b - b013 - 08f3802d1b14 TSA : 8923 uBio : 106021 GND : 4166491 - 7 NARA : 10646476 NDL : 00576988 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llama&oldid=860025038 '' Categories : Domesticated animals Camelids Animal hair products Livestock Mammals of the Andes Mammals of Bolivia Mammals of Ecuador Mammals of Peru Pack animals Animals by common name Mammals described in 1758 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from November 2010 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles needing cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Taxonbar pages without Wikidata taxon IDs Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray Žemaitėška 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2018 , at 20 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the llama first appear in north america | [
"Llamas appear to have originated from the central plains of North America about 40 million years ago. They migrated to South America about three million years ago during the Great American Interchange. By the end of the last ice age (10,000–12,000 years ago), camelids were extinct in North America.[5] As of 2007, there were over seven million llamas and alpacas in South America, and due to importation from South America in the late 20th century, there are now over 158,000 llamas and 100,000 alpacas in the United States and Canada.[7]\n"
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"about 40 million years ago"
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-4555140994124022586 | Altar (Bible) | Altar ( Bible ) - wikipedia Altar ( Bible ) Jump to : navigation , search This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Altars ( Hebrew : מזבח , mizbeaḥ , `` a place of slaughter or sacrifice '' ) in the Hebrew Bible were typically made of earth ( Exodus 20 : 24 ) or unwrought stone ( 20 : 25 ) . Altars were generally erected in conspicuous places ( Genesis 22 : 9 ; Ezekiel 6 : 3 ; 2 Kings 23 : 12 ; 16 : 4 ; 23 : 8 ) The first altar recorded in the Hebrew Bible is that erected by Noah ( Genesis 8 : 20 ) . Altars were erected by Abraham ( Genesis 12 : 7 ; 13 : 4 ; 22 : 9 ) , by Isaac ( Genesis 26 : 25 ) , by Jacob ( 33 : 20 ; 35 : 1 - 3 ) , and by Moses ( Exodus 17 : 15 , Adonai - nissi ) . After the theophany on biblical Mount Sinai , in the Tabernacle -- and afterwards in the Temple -- only two altars are mentioned : the Altar of Burnt Offering , and the Altar of Incense . Contents ( hide ) 1 Altar of burnt offering 1.1 In the tabernacle 1.2 In the Temple 2 Altar of Incense 3 References 4 External links Altar of Burnt offering ( edit ) The first altar was the Altar of Burnt Offering ( mizbach ha'olah ) ( Exodus 30 : 28 ) , also called the Brasen Altar ( Exodus 39 : 39 ) , the Outer Altar ( mizbach hachitzona ) , the Earthen Altar ( mizbach adamah ) , the Great Altar ( mizbach hagedola ) and the Table of the Lord , ( Malachi 1 : 7 ) This was the outdoor altar and stood in the Court of the Priests , between the Temple and the Court of Israel , and upon which the korbanot ( animal and bird sacrifices ) were offered . The blood of the sacrifices would be thrown against the base of the altar ( Exodus 29 : 12 ; Leviticus 4 : 18 ) , and portions of the sacrifices would be burned on top of it ( precisely which portions would depend upon the type of sacrifice ) . Also consumed at the altar would be some of the meat offerings , and the drink offerings ( libations of wine ) were poured out here . All sacrifices had to be `` seasoned with salt '' ( Leviticus 2 : 13 , Numbers 18 : 19 ) There are three separate piles of wood burned atop the altar . The largest of these was where all the portions of the sacrifices were burned ; the second fire provided the coals for the Altar of Incense within the sanctuary , and the third was the `` perpetual fire '' which constantly burned on the altar . Nothing was placed on it , and no coals were taken from it . It existed solely to fulfill the commandment that there be a perpetual fire , as the Torah states : `` And a fire shall burn there on the altar constantly ; it shall not be extinguished '' ( Leviticus 6 : 12 - 13 ) . There was no commandment regarding the type of wood to be used ; however , the Rabbis forbade the use of olive wood and grape vine , as these would not burn well and needed to be conserved because of their commercial value to the people . Three particular types of wood were preferred : fig , walnut , and pine . These woods all burn well , and were therefore preferable . The choicest branches of fig were used for the second fire , the one from which coals were taken for the Altar of Incense . If all of the lamps of the menorah went out , they would have to be rekindled from the fire on the Altar of Burnt Offering . A large pile of ashes was formed in the center of the altar from the remnants of the three fires . A portion of the ashes from this pile were required to be removed every morning before the first sacrifice of the day . In the Second Temple , the priest who fulfilled this mitzvah ( commandment ) was chosen by lottery every morning . He would vest in his priestly vestments and wash his hands before approaching the altar . The ashes were taken up in a silver shovel and set on the ground to the east of the altar at what was called , `` the place of the ashes . '' Then he would change from his priestly vestments into ordinary clothing and remove the ashes to a clean place outside the camp ( Leviticus 6 : 10 - 11 , Cf , 1 : 16 ) . In Exodus 27 : 3 the various utensils used with the altar are enumerated . They were made of brass . ( Comp. 1 Samuel 2 : 13 - 14 ; Leviticus 16 : 12 ; Numbers 16 : 6 - 7 ) . The altar could not be carved using utensils made of iron or of bronze ( Exodus 20 : 25 ) , nor were any allowed on or near it , because iron and bronze were used for implements of war . The Altar and its utensils were considered to be sacred , and the priests had to vest and wash their hands before touching them -- even so much as removing the ashes from the altar . According to the Bible , the fire on the altar was lit directly by the hand of God and was not permitted to go out ( Leviticus 6 : 12 - 13 ) . No strange fire could be placed upon the altar . The burnt offerings would remain on the altar throughout the night before they could be removed ( Leviticus 6 : 9 ) . A second lottery would be made to determine which priests would fulfill the various duties involved in offering the sacrifice and preparing the menorah and the Golden Altar . In the Tabernacle ( edit ) Model depiction of the Altar of Burnt Offerings in the Tabernacle . The first altar of this type was made to be moved with the Children of Israel as they wandered through the wilderness . Its construction is described in Exodus 27 : 1 - 8 . It was square , 5 cubits in length and in breadth , and 3 cubits in height . It was made of shittim wood , and was overlaid with brass . In each of its four corners projections , called `` horns '' ( keranot ) , rose up . The altar was hollow , except for a mesh grate which was placed inside halfway down , on which the wood sat for the burning of the sacrifices . The area under the grate was filled with earth . There were rings set on two opposite sides of the altar , through which poles could be placed for carrying it . These poles were also made of shittim wood and covered with brass . When Moses consecrated the Tabernacle in the wilderness , he sprinkled the Altar of Burnt Offering with the anointing oil seven times ( Leviticus 8 : 10 - 11 ) , and purified it by anointing its four horns with the blood of a bullock offered as a sin - offering , `` and poured the blood at the bottom of the altar and sanctified it , to make reconciliation upon it '' ( 8 : 14 - 15 ) . The Kohathites were the Levites who were responsible for moving and setting up the altar . When it was time for the Israelites to move , they removed the ashes from the altar , and spread a purple cloth over it , placed all of the instruments and vessels used in the sacrifices on it , covered it with a blanket of badger skin , and put the carrying poles in place ( Numbers 4 : 13 - 14 ) . After the rebellion of Korah , the bronze censers that were used by the rebels were converted by Eleazar into broad plates used to cover the altar , as a warning that only priests of the seed of Aaron may offer incense before the Lord ( Numbers 16 : 36 - 40 ) . In the Temple ( edit ) The description of the altar in Solomon 's Temple gives it larger dimensions ( 2 Chronicles 4 : 1 . Comp. 1 Kings 8 : 22 , 8 : 64 ; 9 : 25 ) , and was made wholly of brass , covering a structure of stone or earth . Because this altar was larger than the one used in the wilderness , it had a ramp leading up to it . A ramp was used because the use of steps to approach the altar was forbidden by the Torah : `` Do not climb up to My altar with steps , so that your nakedness not be revealed on it '' ( Exodus 20 : 26 ) . On the day of the consecration of the new temple , Solomon also sanctified a space in the center of the Court of the Priests for burnt offerings , because the brasen altar he made was not large enough to hold all of the offerings ( 2 Chronicles 7 : 7 ) . This altar was said to be renewed by Asa ( 2 Chronicles 15 : 8 ) and removed by Ahaz ( 2 Kings 16 : 14 ) , and `` cleansed '' by Hezekiah , in the latter part of whose reign it was rebuilt . It was finally broken up and carried away by the Babylonians in 586 BCE ( Jeremiah 52 : 17 ) . After their return from the Babylonian captivity according to the biblical narrative it was re-erected ( Ezra 3 : 3 - 6 ) where it had formerly stood . When Antiochus IV Epiphanes pillaged Jerusalem , he defiled the Altar of Burnt Offering by erecting a pagan altar upon it . Judas Maccabeus renewed the altar when he re-took Jerusalem . Since the existing altar had been defiled by the blood of pagan sacrifices the old stones of the altar were removed and replaced with new , unhewn ones . However , since the old stones had been previously sanctified by the Jewish sacrifices they could not be moved to an unclean place ; so they remained on the Temple Mount , `` until there should come a prophet to tell what to do with them . '' ( 1 Maccabees 4 : 41 - 47 ) . Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem , by Francesco Hayez . This imaginative depiction centers on the Altar of Burnt Offerings . During Herod the Great 's extensive building activity on the Temple Mount , it was likely refurbished . Talmudic scholars give a very precise description of the altar during the Second Temple period . The altar was built as a perfect square and was quite large : it reached a height of 10 cubits ( app . 5 meters ) and its width was 32 cubits ( app . 16 meters ) . It was constructed of two main parts : the altar itself , and the ascent ramp . Both were constructed of stones and earth . On top of the altar at its four corners , there were hollow boxes which made small protrusions or `` horns . '' These horns measured one cubit square and 5 handbreadths high , each ( or , app . 18 '' x 18 '' x 15 `` ) . In this form , the altar remained in its place until the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE . Today , in the Dome of the Rock , immediately underneath the great golden dome , which is believed to occupy the site of the old temple , there is a rough projection of the natural rock known as the Foundation Stone , measuring about 60 feet in its extreme length , 50 feet in its greatest breadth , and at its highest point about 4 feet above the pavement . Altar of incense ( edit ) Model of the Golden Altar The second altar was the Altar of Incense ( mizbach haketoros ) ( Exodus 30 : 1 - 10 ) , called also the Golden Altar ( mizbach hazahav ) ( 39 : 38 ; Numbers 4 : 11 ) , and the Inner Altar ( mizbach hap'nimi ) stood inside , in the Holy Place `` before the Veil that is by the Ark of the Covenant . '' The altar was constructed of shittim wood ( acacia wood ) and covered in pure gold . It was an upright rectangular stand , measuring one cubit wide , one cubit deep , and two cubits high , with a `` horn '' on each corner , a border of gold around the top , and rings on opposite sides through which poles could be passed to carry it ( Exodus 37 : 25 - 26 ) . The poles were made of shittim wood covered with gold . Moses consecrated the altar with the anointing oil when the Tabernacle was dedicated ( Exodus 40 : 9 ) . Incense was burned daily on this altar at the time of the morning and the evening sacrifices . The coals used on this altar had to be taken from the Altar of Burnt Offerings . The incense used had to be made according to a specific formula ( Exodus 30 : 34 - 35 ) , and no other incense was permitted ( Exodus 30 : 9 ) . According to Jewish tradition , the incense was made by the Avtinas family , who closely guarded its secret . The offering of incense also had to be seasoned with salt . The offering of incense was the apex of the daily morning and the evening services . According to the Rabbis , this was the part of the temple service that was most beloved by God ( Zohar I 130 : A ) . The burning of the incense was symbolic of the prayer of the people rising up to God ( Psalm 141 : 2 ; Revelation 5 : 8 ; 8 : 3 - 4 ) . The offering of incense had to take place after the sacrifice , because only after the atonement could communion with God take place . After the offering of incense , the Kohenim ( priests ) pronounced the Priestly Blessing upon the people . Whenever certain sin - offerings were brought , the coals from the incense that was lit that morning were pushed aside and the blood of the `` inner sin - offering '' was sprinkled seven times on the top of the Golden Altar ( Leviticus 4 : 5 - 7 ) . Once a year , on Yom Kippur , the Altar of Incense was purified ( Exodus 30 : 10 , Leviticus 16 : 18 - 19 ) . The High Priest , after sacrificing a bull and a goat and purifying the Holy of Holies with their blood , would mix the blood of the two animals together . Then , starting at the northeast corner , he smeared the mixture of blood on each of the four corners of the Golden Altar . He then sprinkled the blood eight times on the altar . In Solomon 's temple the altar was similar in size , but was made of cedar - wood ( 1 Kings 6 : 20 ; 7 : 48 ) overlaid with gold . In Ezekiel 41 : 22 it is called `` the altar of wood . '' ( Comp . Exodus 30 : 1 - 6 ) In the temple rebuilt after the Babylonian Exile the Golden Altar was restored . Antiochus Epiphanes took it away , but it was afterwards restored by Judas Maccabeus ( 1 Maccabees 1 : 23 ; 4 : 49 ) . It was at this altar that Zechariah ministered when an angel appeared to him ( Luke 1 : 11 ) . Among the trophies carried away by Titus after the destruction of Jerusalem , and depicted on the Arch of Titus in Rome , the Altar of Incense is not depicted , though the menorah , silver trumpets ( the hasoserah mentioned in Numbers 10 : 2 - 10 ) , the mortar and pestle used for preparing the incense , and possibly the Table of Showbread are . It should be mentioned that there are other offerings involving incense , such as the meat offerings , but these were consumed on the Altar of Burnt Offering , not on the Altar of Incense . On the day of Yom Kippur only , the High Priest would offer incense in the Holy of Holies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Altar '' , Encyclopedia Biblica Jump up ^ `` Three Fires Atop the Altar '' . A Day in the Holy Temple . The Temple Institute . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` About the Altar : The Horns and the Ramp '' . A Day in the Holy Temple . The Temple Institute . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Altar ( Bible ) Detailed reconstruction of the Altar of Burnt Offering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altar_(Bible)&oldid=800276960 '' Categories : Altars Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 All articles lacking sources Articles needing more viewpoints from May 2016 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 14 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first altar built in the bible | [
"Altars (Hebrew: מזבח, mizbeaḥ, \"a place of slaughter or sacrifice\")[1] in the Hebrew Bible were typically made of earth (Exodus 20:24) or unwrought stone (20:25). Altars were generally erected in conspicuous places (Genesis 22:9; Ezekiel 6:3; 2 Kings 23:12; 16:4; 23:8) The first altar recorded in the Hebrew Bible is that erected by Noah (Genesis 8:20). Altars were erected by Abraham (Genesis 12:7; 13:4; 22:9), by Isaac (Genesis 26:25), by Jacob (33:20; 35:1-3), and by Moses (Exodus 17:15, Adonai-nissi)."
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"Genesis 8:20"
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8633692099359574325 | Guardians of the Galaxy (film) | Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) - wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 '' redirects here . For the first volume of the comic book series , see Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team ) . Guardians of the Galaxy Theatrical release poster Directed by James Gunn Produced by Kevin Feige Written by James Gunn Nicole Perlman Based on Guardians of the Galaxy by Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Starring Chris Pratt Zoe Saldana Dave Bautista Vin Diesel Bradley Cooper Lee Pace Michael Rooker Karen Gillan Djimon Hounsou John C. Reilly Glenn Close Benicio del Toro Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Fred Raskin Craig Wood Hughes Winborne Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Box office $773.3 million Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact . Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 . It was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third highest - grossing film of 2014 . The film garnered praise for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 , scheduled to be released in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 7.2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , following his mother 's death , a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers , a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta . Twenty - six years later on the planet Morag , Quill steals an orb but is attacked by Korath , a subordinate to the fanatical Kree , Ronan . Although Quill escapes with the orb , Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture , while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb . When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar , capital of the Nova Empire , Gamora ambushes him and steals it . A fight ensues , drawing in a pair of bounty hunters : the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket , and the tree - like humanoid Groot . Nova Corps officers capture the four , detaining them in the Kyln . A powerful inmate there , Drax , attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan , who killed his family . Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him , though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan , unwilling to let him use the orb 's power . Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb , Quill , Rocket , Groot , and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill 's ship , the Milano . Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father , Thanos , to discuss her betrayal . Quill 's group flee to Knowhere , a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial . A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact , the collector Taneleer Tivan . Tivan opens the orb , revealing an Infinity Stone , an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it . Tivan 's tormented assistant Carina grabs the Stone , triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive . Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax , while the others flee by ship , pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's adoptive sister Nebula . Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship , leaving her floating in space , and Ronan 's fighters capture the orb . Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space , giving her his helmet to survive ; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair . Rocket , Drax , and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them , but Quill negotiates a truce , promising the orb to Yondu . Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death , but that they can not let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy . On Ronan 's flagship , the Dark Aster , Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer , taking its power for himself . He contacts Thanos , threatening to kill him after first destroying Xandar ; hateful of her adoptive father , Nebula allies with Ronan . The Ravagers and Quill 's group join with the Nova Corps to confront the Dark Aster at Xandar , with Quill 's group breaching the Dark Aster with the Milano . Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet . Gamora fights and defeats Nebula , who then escapes , but the group find themselves outmatched by Ronan 's power until Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the Dark Aster . The damaged Dark Aster crash - lands on Xandar , with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group . Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar , but Quill distracts him , allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer . Quill grabs the freed Stone , and with Gamora , Drax , and Rocket sharing its burden , they use it to destroy Ronan . In the aftermath , Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone , and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps . As the Ravagers leave Xandar , Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract . Quill 's group , now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy , have their criminal records expunged , and Quill learns that he is only half - human , his father being part of an ancient , unknown species . Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother : a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs . The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot . In a post-credits scene , Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits : a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Guardians of the Galaxy promoting the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . From top to bottom : Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , Hounsou , and del Toro . ( Scrollable image ) Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . About the character , Pratt said , `` He had a hard time as a kid , and now he goes around space , making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk , and through teaming up with these guys , finds a higher purpose for himself . '' He also added that the character is a mix of Han Solo and Marty McFly . Pratt , who was mostly known for playing supporting characters , including Andy Dwyer on the television series Parks and Recreation , initially turned down the role . Pratt had lost weight to portray fit characters in films such as Moneyball and Zero Dark Thirty , and had given up ambitions to play the lead role in action films after humbling auditions for Star Trek and Avatar . Casting director Sarah Finn suggested Pratt to Gunn , who dismissed the idea despite struggling to cast that role . Despite this , Finn arranged for a meeting between the two , at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role . Pratt also won over Feige , despite having gained weight again for Delivery Man . Prior to filming , Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose 60 lb ( 27 kg ) in six months . Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel , and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation in order to accommodate his participation in the film . Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Quill . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : An orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes . She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin . Saldana said that she became Gamora through make - up rather than computer generated imagery ( CGI ) or performance capture . On taking the role , Saldana said , `` I was just excited to be asked to join by James Gunn and to also play someone green . I 've been blue before ( in Avatar ) . '' Saldana described Gamora as `` ... a warrior , she 's an assassin and she 's very lethal but what saves her is the same thing that can doom her . She has a sense of righteousness . She 's a very righteous individual . '' Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A warrior who seeks to avenge his family 's death at the hands of Ronan . On relating to the character , Bautista said , `` I can just relate to Drax so much it 's not even funny . Just the simple things that we have in common . Simple things like the tattoos , the tragedy -- because you know , I had a bit of tragedy in my life as well . So it 's really easy for me to pull from that . '' Bautista also said that there was `` a lot of comic relief to Drax '' , but the character was not aware of it . Bautista stated that he did not do much preparation for the role , because `` Luckily , for me , I 'm a lifelong athlete and I adapted real quick . '' Bautista 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply , though it could be removed in just 90 minutes . Drax has various scarring patterns on his body , which replace the simple tattoos from the comics , each having a specific story . Additionally , his skin tone was changed from the bright green in the comics to a muddier grey , to avoid visual similarities to the Hulk . Vin Diesel as Groot : A tree - like humanoid who is the accomplice of Rocket . Diesel stated that he provided the voice and motion capture for Groot , after originally being in talks to star in a new Phase Three Marvel film . Diesel also provided Groot 's voice for several foreign - language releases of the film . Krystian Godlewski portrayed the character on set , though his acting was not used in the final character CGI . On the character , which Gunn based on his dog , Gunn said , `` All the Guardians start out the movie as bastards -- except Groot . He 's an innocent . He 's a hundred percent deadly and a hundred percent sweet . He 's caught up in Rocket 's life , really . '' Gunn added that the design and movement of Groot took `` the better part of a year '' to create . Gunn added , `` The ways in which Vin Diesel says , ' I am Groot , ' I am astounded . All of the ' I am Groots ' that were earlier voices did n't sound very good at all ... Vin came in and in one day , laid down all these ' I am Groot ' tracks , and he 's a perfectionist . He made me explain to him with ever ( sic ) ' I am Groot , ' exactly what he was saying ... It was amazing when we first put that voice in there how much the character changed and how much he influenced the character . '' Regarding the limited words used by Groot , Diesel said in many ways this was , `` ... the most challenging thing to ask an actor to do . '' Diesel found an emotional note in his performance , invoking the death of his friend and Fast and Furious co-star Paul Walker , saying , `` This was in December ( 2013 ) , and the first time I came back to dealing with human beings after dealing with death , so playing a character who celebrates life in the way Groot does was very nice . '' Groot 's form and size - changing abilities are seen , with Gunn stating that he has the ability to grow in the film . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A genetically engineered raccoon - like bounty hunter and mercenary who is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Gunn worked with live raccoons to get the correct feel for the character , and to make sure it was `` not a cartoon character '' , saying , `` It 's not Bugs Bunny in the middle of the Avengers , it 's a real , little , somewhat mangled beast that 's alone . There 's no one else in the universe quite like him , he 's been created by these guys to be a mean - ass fighting machine . '' Gunn also based the character on himself . Describing Rocket in relation to the rest of the Guardians , Cooper said , `` I think Rocket is dynamic . He 's the sort of Joe Pesci in Goodfellas guy . '' Cooper voiced Rocket , while Sean Gunn ( James ' younger brother ) stood in for the character during filming . James Gunn said that for the role of Rocket , some physical movement from Cooper , including facial expressions and hand movements , was recorded as potential reference for the animators , though much of Sean Gunn 's acting is used throughout the film . Before Cooper was cast , James Gunn said that it was a challenge finding a voice for Rocket , that he was looking for someone that could balance `` the fast - talking speech patterns that Rocket has , but also can be funny , because he is really funny . But also has the heart that Rocket has . Because there are actually some pretty dramatic scenes with Rocket . '' Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser : A Kree radical who agrees to retrieve an artifact for Thanos in exchange for eradicating his mortal enemies , the Xandarians . Ronan and his Sakaaran army hunt down the Guardians when they interfere with his goals . Describing Ronan , Gunn said , `` He is the primary villain , and he is a really twisted guy , he has a really religious bent in this film . He has a very sick and twisted view of what morality is ; strength is virtue and weakness is sin and that is what he lives by , and I think he is very scary because of his beliefs , which are real to him . '' Pace , who originally auditioned for Peter Quill , described Ronan as a `` psycho '' and a `` monster '' . Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta : A blue - skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill . Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him , leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians . On the character , Rooker said , he has `` some interesting issues -- not a good guy , not a bad guy . There 's hope and there 's a heart inside Yondu . '' Gunn created the film 's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind , while borrowing the character 's mohawk and use of a whistle - controlled arrow from the comics . Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending . Rooker 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings and is a loyal lieutenant in the employ of Ronan and Thanos . About the character , Gillan said , `` She is the female villain of the film ... She is very sadistic and evil , but I like to think for a very valid reason . '' She also added , `` I think she 's a really interesting character . What I like to play around with is how jealous she is . She 's Gamora 's sister , and there 's a lot of sibling rivalry . That 's the most interesting aspect to me , because jealousy can consume you and turn you bitter , and ugly . And she 's a total sadist , so that 's fun too . '' Gillan researched the ancient Spartans , shaved off her hair , and trained for two months for the role . The character 's makeup took approximately four and a half hours to be applied . Djimon Hounsou as Korath : A Kree ally of Ronan who is a feared intergalactic hunter . As to why he took the role Hounsou said , `` I have a four - year old son who loves superheroes from Spider - Man to Iron Man to Batman . He 's got all the costumes . One day he looks at me and says ' Dad , I want to be light - skinned so I could be Spider - Man . Spider - Man has light skin . ' That was sort of a shock . This is why I am excited to be a part of the Marvel Universe , so I could hopefully provide that diversity in the role of the superhero . '' John C. Reilly as Rhomann Dey : A corpsman in the Nova Corps , the Nova Empire 's military and police force . Glenn Close as Irani Rael : The leader of the Nova Corps , known as Nova Prime , whose mission is to protect the citizens of the Nova Empire and keep peace . Close stated that she `` had always wanted to be in a movie like ( Guardians of the Galaxy ) , and that it would be `` the most fun to play something like the Judi Dench ( as M or ) Samuel L. Jackson ( as Nick Fury ) role '' . She said that she took the role because she `` love ( s ) to do stuff that 's different '' and wanted to show that she `` ( has ) always been up for anything . '' She also stated that her contract has `` several '' films on it , and that she would be open to working on other Marvel Studios films in addition to returning for Guardians sequels . Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : An obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species in the galaxy who operates out of a place in space named Knowhere . Describing del Toro 's performance , Gunn said , `` He 's like an outer - space Liberace . That 's what it says in the script , which he 's kind of doing . '' On bringing the character to life , del Toro said , `` What James ( Gunn ) wanted , that I found out little by little as I was doing it , is that he wanted me to explore and just keep pushing the character and keep creating ( him ) as I was in front of the camera . '' Additionally , Josh Brolin appears , uncredited , as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture . Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin , Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers . Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier , `` The Other '' , from The Avengers . Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina , the Collector 's slave ; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal , a Nova Corps officer ; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather ; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother , Meredith ; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet ; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker ; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant ; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar , The Boot ; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard ; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar ; Tom Proctor plays Horuz , a Ravager ; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman . Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo . Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role . Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film , though it was cut in the final version . Cameos in the film include : James Gunn as a Sakaaran ; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man ; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate ; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate ; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator ; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot ; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I think anybody ... who would have said that this would make a great main movie would have been laughed off . It 's such an unlikely thing to do . So I think it 's lovely to work on something and expose its potential to the point where a company like Marvel will say , ' Yes , this makes sense . ' '' -- Dan Abnett , co-writer of the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy relaunch , on the project Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , stating , `` There are some obscure titles , too , like Guardians of the Galaxy . I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the ( comic ) book . '' Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly , saying , `` There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic , which Thor sort of hints at , in the cosmic side '' of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Feige added , should the film be made , it would feature an ensemble of characters , similar to X-Men and The Avengers . Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International during the Marvel Studios panel , with an intended release date of August 1 , 2014 . He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star - Lord , Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , Groot , and Rocket Raccoon . Two pieces of concept art were also displayed , one of Rocket Raccoon , and one featuring the entire team . In August 2012 , James Gunn entered talks to direct the film , beating out other contenders , including Peyton Reed and the duo Ryan Fleck and Anna Boden . The Avengers director Joss Whedon , who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel , was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct , saying `` James ( Gunn ) is what makes me think it will work ... He is so off the wall , and so crazy , but so smart , such a craftsman and he builds from his heart . He loves the raccoon . Needs the raccoon ... He has a very twisted take on it , but it all comes from a real love for the material . It 's going to be hard for ( the human characters ) to keep up . '' Writing ( edit ) Nicole Perlman , who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009 , was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on . Out of those , Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy , due to her interest in space and science fiction , adding , `` I think ( Marvel ) were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians , because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic - comedy writer or something like that . '' Perlman spent two years writing a draft , immersing herself in the Guardians universe , and was asked in late 2011 to create another draft , before Gunn was brought in in early 2012 to contribute to the script . Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because `` it did n't work '' for him ; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel . Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming , including a different story , character arcs and no Walkman ; he stated , `` In Nicole 's script everything is pretty different ... it 's not about the same stuff . But that 's how the WGA works . They like first writers an awful lot . '' In August 2012 , Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script , however , it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script , since he did not receive production credit . Gunn revealed that character introductions were the `` hardest scenes to crack '' , with Thanos ' introduction being the most difficult . He felt that `` having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the ( MCU ) than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy , '' yet he still wanted Thanos in the film , without `` ( belittling ) the actual antagonist of the film , which is Ronan . '' To solve his dilemma , Gunn chose to have Ronan kill `` The Other '' , Thanos ' vizier , saying , `` I thought that was interesting , because we 've had the Other , who 's obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki , and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him . So that I liked , but even that was sort of difficult , because it played as funnier when I first wrote it , and the humor did n't work so much . '' Pre-production ( edit ) In September 2012 , Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script . By the end of November , Joel Edgerton , Jack Huston , Jim Sturgess , and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill , as did Lee Pace , which he confirmed a week later in early December . Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor : The Dark World 's Zachary Levi , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , Michael Rosenbaum , and John Gallagher Jr . Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013 , as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel . Gunn promoting the film at 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International In January 2013 , filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London , United Kingdom , and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D . Victoria Alonso , an executive producer on the film , said that filming would begin in June . She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture , going on to say that `` You ca n't do any motion capture with a raccoon -- they wo n't let you put the suit on . But we will do rotomation , probably , for some of the behavior ... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be , the behavior and the performance . He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters . '' In March 2013 , Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` It 's much more of a standalone film . It takes place in the same universe . And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies , you might see those characteristics in Guardians , but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time . '' Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space . In mid-March , Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer . Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa , Brian Patrick Wade and Jason Momoa . By the following week , sculptor Brian Muir , who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films , was revealed to be working on the film . In early April 2013 , Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film , and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month . Also in April , Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu , and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role . By this point in time , Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film . In May , Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey . At the same time , it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie , Alan Rickman , and Ken Watanabe , for another role , and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script . A few days later , Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film , followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain . By June 2013 , Benicio del Toro was cast in the film , as part of a multi-film deal with Marvel Studios . Later in the month , it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey . Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors , such as Bautista , to experiment with materials used to create the characters . White said , `` James always pushed for practical and makeup effects . He wanted , like me , to see the real deal there on set . '' White was careful not to use `` modern '' creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world . White and his team created upwards of 1,000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2,000 molds of different colored aliens . For the specific aesthetic look to the film , Gunn wanted to create `` a colorful science - fiction world '' , and include elements of 1950s and 60s pulp movies , citing the Ravagers ' spaceships , which he compared to muscle cars , as an example of the latter . Science fiction artist Chris Foss inspired and helped design the final look of some of the spacecrafts that appear in the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began around July 6 , 2013 in London , United Kingdom , under the working title of Full Tilt . Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios . Later in July , Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic - Con International , where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser , Gillan would be Nebula , del Toro as The Collector , and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath . Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael . Also at San Diego Comic - Con , Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the `` mastermind '' . On August 11 , 2013 , filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge , which was selected as a double for Xandar . In August 2013 , Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket . On September 3 , 2013 , Gunn said that filming was `` a little over half ( way ) '' complete . Also in September , Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot . However , Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time . On October 12 , 2013 , Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed . Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film , saying , `` I 'm traditionally a photochemical fan , but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie ... the Alexa ( provided ) the right look for this particular film . '' During the opening scenes in the 1980s , Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal ( Crystal ) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they `` had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations , which ( he ) felt added something . '' Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film . Additionally , Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene . Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times , usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot . Gunn revealed that his brother , Sean Gunn , took on multiple roles during the filming process , such as standing in for Rocket , which he noted was beneficial for the other actors , including Saldana , Pratt , and Bautista , who responded positively to Sean and his on - set performances . Special effects makeup designer David White made two life - size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects , with White saying , `` it gives ( the filmmakers ) a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices . '' These busts were also used to see how the on - set lighting would affect the characters , to assist with the visual effects lighting process . In January 2015 , Disney revealed that the film came in `` slightly over the agreed budget '' at $232.3 million , with Disney receiving a rebate of $36.4 million from the British government . It was previously estimated to have had a $170 million budget . Post-production ( edit ) In November 2013 , Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production , saying , `` Our sets are enormous . We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel . Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects ... I ca n't wait for people to see it , because it 's astonishingly beautiful . '' After the release of Thor : The Dark World , Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film , as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU . In a separate interview for The Dark World in November , Feige added that a third , unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film , referred to as the `` Power Stone '' by the Collector . The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide , later named Carina . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot . A few weeks of additional filming , involving the film 's main cast and crew , occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . In April 2014 , Gunn described Thanos as the `` head of the snake '' in the film , and confirmed he would appear via performance capture . In May 2014 , Gunn stated that the film features an `` enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe , adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date . Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying , `` We really , really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy . We visit five planets , we see a hundred different races . '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran , who act as Ronan 's mercenaries , as a replacement to the Badoon , as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox . By the end of May , Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos , with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character . Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film , though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula . In June 2014 , Feige added that Thanos and his followers are `` the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future . '' On casting Brolin , Feige said , We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it 's very nice , where he was totally intrigued . He was a fan of what we did , he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit . I spoke to him on the phone a few times . We ran it by James who loved it , ran it by Joss ( Whedon ) who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers . Then we shot him and recorded for it . On July 7 , 2014 , Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film . In August , regarding the post-credit scene , Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed , rather he was added during post-production , a decision made by `` some combination of ( Gunn ) and the editor Fred Raskin '' . As the decision to add the character was made late in the post-production process , he had to be designed that day , before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate . Also in August , regarding the pre-credit scene of Groot dancing , Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators , and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits , rather than during or after them , because of positive responses from a test audience , which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they did not want `` people walking out and missing this thing '' . Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences , after liking their work for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits , which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery . One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film . Visual effects ( edit ) The Gardens by the Bay ( top ) in Singapore helped inspire the look of the planet Xandar ( bottom ) . The film featured 2,750 visual effects shots , which make up approximately 90 % of the film . The visual effects were created by : Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) , who worked on creating Groot , as well as Morag , Xandar , the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar ; Framestore , who worked on creating Rocket , extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere ; Luma Pictures , who worked on Thanos ; Method Studios , who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers , as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center ; Lola VFX ; Cantina Creative ; Sony Pictures Imageworks , who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC ; CoSA VFX ; Secret Lab ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; and Technicolor VFX . Pre - and post-visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor , with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot . Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set , as it provided references for lighting and on - set performances to the animators . When creating Groot , MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities , as his face could n't move in the way that humans ' do . MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that , `` When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections -- trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place -- trying to make them strange and look more human . '' Textures for Groot came from a number of sources , including inspiration from a botanical garden in London , and the character was modeled as individual branches , rigged individually , to simulate a muscle system for the character . One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur . Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that , since `` raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs '' , these layers were separated and animated individually , removing the need to use `` guide hairs '' to control the movements of thick sections of fur . Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets , to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore , and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio . In order to give Thanos `` the performance and the weight that he deserved '' , Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re-create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character , using his `` eyes , some of his cheek , how his muscles move when he talks '' . The character 's large jaw , and the deep groves that run down his face , had `` to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( soundtrack ) In August 2013 , Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score . Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music , as opposed to scoring to the film . In February 2014 , Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s , such as `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman , which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth , home , and family he lost . In May 2014 , Gunn added that using the songs from the 60s and 70s were `` cultural reference points '' , saying , `` It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie , through something that is very unique , but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time . The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that , yeah , ( Quill ) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me . Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure . '' When choosing the songs , Gunn revealed he `` started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s '' , downloading `` a few hundred '' songs that were `` semi-familiar -- ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head '' and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally . He added that he `` would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house -- sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song , and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist , visualizing various songs , figuring out which would work the best . '' Most of the songs were played on set to help `` the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot '' , with David Bowie 's `` Moonage Daydream '' the only song chosen and added during post-production . Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in mind ; however once Gunn discovered `` Come and Get Your Love '' , the song used in the sequence , Gunn felt it was a `` better fit . '' Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29 , 2014 : The film 's score , Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) , which features the music composed by Bates for the film ; Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape ; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums . By August 2014 , the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack on November 28 , 2014 , as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants . The cassette , which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003 , comes with a digital download version of the album . Release ( edit ) Karen Gillan at the London premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy . The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood . The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States , making it the widest August release , breaking the five year record held by G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 4,007 theatres ) . The breakdown of venues was : 354 IMAX screens , 3,200 3D screens , 350 large format screens and 240 D - Box screens . In its sixth weekend , Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories , its most . In June 2014 , Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film , and `` Unlike many directors , I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D , making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film , making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly , distracting , or overly showy . '' Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios , to make the viewing experience `` even fuller and more encompassing . I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur ... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling . '' In July 2014 , Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film , and he was investigating how to release them , either in an extended cut of the film , or as bonus features on the film 's home media release . Marketing ( edit ) The cast and crew of Guardians of the Galaxy at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . ( L-R : producer Kevin Feige , Bautista , director James Gunn , del Toro , Saldana , Hounsou , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , and Pratt ) At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013 , Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013 . The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on February 18 , 2014 , with a special introduction by Chris Pratt . The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered `` some spirited alien action , with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys , not to mention a few purely comedic moments , '' while spotlighting `` a number of the offbeat characters . '' Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians , and made note of the `` edgy '' humor used throughout . Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic - Con and D23 , with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector . Social media response to the trailer was strong , with 88,000 mentions across Twitter , Facebook and various blogs in a 12 - hour period . Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , and noteworthy for the late night time period in which it premiered . The trailer received 22.8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted . After the debut of the trailer , Blue Swede 's version of `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , which was prominently used throughout the trailer , went up 700 % in sales the following day . The line from Serafinowicz 's character , `` What a bunch of A-holes . '' , was only intended to be featured in the trailers , but due to its positive reception , was included in the final cut of the film . Gunn noted that a different teaser was almost released `` that was very cheesy ( and ) sold the movie as something different than what it was '' , as it tested better than the version that was ultimately released . Gunn credited the marketing teams at Marvel and Disney for having faith in the latter version , despite how it tested , over choosing the version that would have mis - marketed the film . In March 2014 , the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' introduced the Kree race to the MCU , which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city . Also in March , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy . Starting in April 2014 , a two - part comic was released , titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude . Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning , with art by Wellington Alves , the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos ; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians . In June 2014 , Mike Pasciullo , senior VP of Marvel Studios , described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had `` built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising , social media , digital marketing , strategic promotional partnerships , organic entertainment integrations ( and ) publicity . '' In July 2014 , Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called `` Galaxy Getaways '' , a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film , including Xandar , Morag , and Knowhere . Beginning July 4 , 2014 , a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters , respectively . Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7 , 2014 , in IMAX 3D in the United States , and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada , along with two trailers . The screening was met with positive reviews , praising the humor , the 3D and IMAX conversion , and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket . However , it was criticized for beginning partway through the film , not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone , and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances . On July 12 , 2014 , Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore . On July 17 , 2014 , Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon for iOS , Android and Windows devices . The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett , and was meant to complement the film . On July 21 , Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content . On July 29 , Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy . On August 14 , Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing , which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy `` Dancing Groot '' . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release , along with the rush announcement from Funko , indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene . The scene also produced the word `` grooting '' , coined by Michael Rooker , in which a person dances similar to Groot , with the word entering the social media lexicon . Also in August , Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles , where Pratt dressed as Star - Lord to entertain the patients . Merchandise ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy , covering a variety of consumer products , from video games to cosmetics . Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine , C - Life , New Era , Hasbro , Disguise , Rubies , Sideshow Collectibles , Lego , KIDdesigns , iHome , Funko , Freeze , Fast Forward , and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film , with releases starting in June 2014 . Mad Engine and C - Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters , producing a line of T - shirts and fleece jackets , while New Era produced headwear and hats . Hasbro produced toys for the film ; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes ; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles . Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film , while iHome created character speakers , Funko made vinyl bobble heads , Freeze crafted 1980s - inspired apparel , and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs . Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off - limits to licensees , Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships . Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character , with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics ; Star - Lord 's obsession with 1980s nostalgia , including his `` Awesome Mix Vo. 1 '' cassette , has also served as a basis for tie - in products . In August 2014 , Funko announced a toy based on `` Dancing Groot '' , while in October 2014 , Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot , for release in December 2014 . In December 2014 , Disney made a second marketing push , to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise . Merchandise partners included : KID designs with its replica dancing Groot ; Funko 's Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket ; Mattel 's Hot Wheels character cars ; C - Life , Hybrid - Jem Sportswear , Freeze , MZ Berger , Accutime , AME and Her Universe with apparel ; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches ; American Greetings with cards ; Jay Franco with homegoods ; and Vandor with drinkware . Additional partners included Mad Engine , Just Play and Dragon Models . Paul Gitter , senior vice president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said , `` The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world . Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round . '' Home media ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18 , 2014 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on November 24 , 2014 , in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and an exclusive preview of Avengers : Age of Ultron . As of October 4 , 2015 , the film has earned over $118 million in sales in the US . The film was also included in the 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $333.2 million in North America and an estimated $440.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $773.3 million . The film became the third highest - grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3 . It was the third highest - grossing 2014 film ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ) and the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 . It had a worldwide opening weekend of $160.7 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit for the film to be $204.2 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's gross ( $10.2 million ) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014 . IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ( $1.9 million ) , which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format . On its opening day , the film earned $37.8 million , including the Thursday night earnings . Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $94.3 million , setting an August weekend record . During the opening weekend , IMAX earnings amounted to $11.7 million and 3 - D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales . The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders : the opening weekend audience was 44 % female , which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film ; 55 % of the opening - weekend audience was over the age of 25 . Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the film was number one in its fourth , fifth and sixth weekend . By doing so , it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non-consecutive weeks , the first film of the summer ( May -- August ) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and The Avengers , both of which were number one for three weeks , and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book - based films . Phil Contrino , vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was `` unconventional '' and was `` shattering expectations '' . The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends . The film was the top grossing film of summer 2014 ( ahead of Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross , and was the third highest - grossing domestic film of 2014 ( behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ) . The film was said to have `` injected life '' into an otherwise lower than normal summer box office . Outside North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend . The biggest debuts came from Russia ( $13 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $10.8 million ) , Mexico ( $6.5 million ) , Brazil ( $6.5 million ) and South Korea ( $4.7 million ) . The film topped the weekend box office two times , in its first and second weekends . In its eleventh weekend , the film opened in China , earning $29.8 million , its largest , and became the third highest opening in the country for any Disney release , behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and was an all - time industry record opening in October . The following weekend saw an additional $21.3 million from China , making China the highest grossing market with $69 million . The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were : China ( $96.5 million ) ; the UK ( $47.4 million ) ; and Russia ( $37.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 288 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect -- as well as funny , thrilling , full of heart , and packed with visual splendor . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an `` A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale , while earning an `` A + '' among under - 18 and 25 - to 34 - year - old viewers . Scott Foundas of Variety said `` James Gunn 's presumptive franchise - starter is overlong , overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please , but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant -- as does Chris Pratt 's winning performance '' , and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis , production designer Charles Wood , and special effects makeup designer David White . Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look , and felt `` A well - matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style , abundant thrills and no shortage of humor . '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said , `` A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be , but it plays by old , half - forgotten rules ; trimming out the clutter and cross-referencing for snappy , streamlined , Saturday - cartoon fun '' . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Blessed with a loose , anarchic B - picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on , the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind , in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn , it also pulls you into -- and , for the most part , keeps you in -- a fully realized other world . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat -- a mostly lighthearted and self - referential comic - book movie with loads of whiz - bang action , some laugh - out - loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well , '' calling it `` a refreshing confection of entertainment . '' Jim Starlin , creator of Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , and Thanos , said it `` might be Marvel 's best movie yet '' . Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film , calling it `` terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects ... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness , and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat . '' He also felt that Close , Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` In place of wit , Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing , an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it . Everyone is clearly working , but nothing is really happening -- and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film , comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern , and criticizing the dialogue , villains , soundtrack , lack of suspense , and the characters of Quill , Rocket , and Drax . The film received mixed reviews in China , where viewers complained that the film 's `` poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it , but also made it difficult to understand its humor . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2014 CinemaCon Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Chris Pratt Won Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Blockbuster Award Guardians of the Galaxy Won Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Chris Pratt Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Pratt Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Makeup David White Won Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Karen Gillan Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Contemporary Hair Styling in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Nominated Best Contemporary Make - Up in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Make - Up Effects in Feature Length Motion Picture David White Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Male Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Bradley Cooper and Vin Diesel Nominated Best Shirtless Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best Musical Moment Chris Pratt Nominated Best Comedic Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Transformation Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Hero Chris Pratt Nominated Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Top 10 Films of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Ensemble Acting Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Live Action Family Film Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Poster Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Charles Wood Won Writers Guild of America Awards Best Adapted Screenplay James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Paul Corbould , Jonathan Fawkner , Nicolas Aithadi Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Director James Gunn Won Best Writing James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated Best Actor Chris Pratt Won Best Editing Fred Raskin , Craig Wood and Hughes Winborne Nominated Best Production Design Charles Wood Nominated Best Costume Alexandra Byrne Nominated Best Make - up David White and Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Hugo Awards ( Science Fiction Achievement Awards ) Best Dramatic Presentation ( Long Form ) James Gunn ( director , screenplay ) , Nicole Perlman ( screenplay ) Won Sequels ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on May 5 , 2017 , again written and directed by James Gunn . Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel , Cooper , Rooker , Gillan , and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film , and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha , Chris Sullivan as Taserface , and Kurt Russell as Quill 's father Ego . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( edit ) In April 2017 , Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . It is scheduled to be released in 2020 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Identified offscreen as Cosmo the Spacedog and Howard the Duck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( IMAX ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals Why Taserface Is In Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marston , George ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star - Lord 's Father Revealed ... James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cameos , Hints at MCU 's Future ( Heavy Spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . July 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Charles ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Who Was That Voice In The Guardians of The Galaxy End Credits Scene ? ( Massive Spoilers ) '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Official Character Descriptions ( minor spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . May 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' crew comes down to Earth '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of The Galaxy ' Connects to ' Avengers 3 ; ' Plus New Image '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con : Marvel 's ' Age of Ultron , ' ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' more '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Next Movie Star '' . Entertainment Weekly : 24 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Christopher ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` How Chris Pratt Dropped 60 Pounds in Six Months '' . Men 's Fitness . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Mike ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt on Heartbreak , ' Delivery Man ' And Gearing Up For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Why Are Rob Lowe And Rashida Jones Leaving ' Parks And Rec ' ? EP Mike Schur Says Decision Was Mutual '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy : The Expendables In Outer Space '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vespe , Eric ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Quint describes the funny and awesomely weird first footage from Marvel 's GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ! Comic - Con 2013 ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Chief Kevin Feige On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana updates on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Exclusive : Zoe Saldana Gets Honest About Gamora 's Look '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Dave Bautista Talks Fight Scenes and Finding The Humor in Drax on the Set of Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Q&A Highlights : James Gunn 's Influences , the Soundtrack , the Sequel , Avengers Crossovers , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians Of The Galaxy '' Set Visit Puts Concerns To Rest `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Read the Official Synopsis For Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel . January 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel Reveals Details of His Marvel Meetings for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel in Talks To Join ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : conversationsMM ( September 5 , 2013 ) . Vin Diesel Conversations with Maria Menounos September 4 , 2013 . YouTube . Event occurs at 1 : 00 : 35 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Listen To Vin Diesel Voice Groot In Five Other Languages '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dietsch , TJ ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals His Brother 's Roles in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Acuna , Kristen ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's How Groot And Rocket Raccoon Look Without Visual Effects In ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn says Groot was inspired by his dog '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Dawww , Groot '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Larson , Jared ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` What Can Fans Expect from Vin Diesel 's Groot ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leyland , Nick ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Vine Diesel talks ' Guardians ' and playing Groot '' . The Movie Network . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLauchlin , Jim ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Liberating ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Not in the Regular ' Marvel Scheme of Things ' '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official : Bradley Cooper to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . August 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Bradley Cooper in Talks to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director James Gunn Explains Rocket Raccoon as a `` Mangled Little Beast '' `` . / Film . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Reminds Bradley Cooper Of ' Goodfellas ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P. ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel on Stilts Is n't Even The Weirdest Thing About This Video '' . MTV . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Latest on Vin , Bradley and the Scene Everyone 's Talking About '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Why The Success Of Guardians Of The Galaxy Depends On A Talking Raccoon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AMC Theatres ( July 24 , 2013 ) . Comic Con ' 13 -- Guardians of the Galaxy Cast Chats with AMC . YouTube . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn : Guardians of the Galaxy are Rolling Stones to Avengers ' Beatles '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lee Pace Confirms He 's Auditioning For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ; ' Says Script Is ' Great ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Daniel ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace on His Guardians of the Galaxy Character -- ' He 's af * * king psycho ! ' '' . Click . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Rooker Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com. April 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Rooker 's feeling blue as ' Guardians ' alien Yondu '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Actor Michael Rooker Talks Yondu And The Future of Guardians Of The Galaxy ! '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IAR VIDEO : Director James Gunn and Karen Gillan Talk ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . IAmRogue . November 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Gillan Discusses `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' Nebula , Ronan 's Intimidation Factor `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC ' 13 : Marvel Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron , Guardians Cast , More '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ibarra , Sabina ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con 2013 : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast Talk Rocket Raccoon and Playing Badasses '' . ScreenCrave . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` John C. Reilly Firmed For Rhomann Dey , leader of the Nova Corps , In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Glenn Close Is Head Cop in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Glenn Close on Donning ' Full Drag ' for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Serious actress ' Glenn Close embraces ' Guardians ' fun '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Benicio Del Toro Takes Lead Role in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Benicio del Toro Talks Guardians Of The Galaxy , Playing the Collector , His Marvel Contract , Inherent Vice , Paradise Lost LOST , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin to Play Thanos in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin Voicing Thanos in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Feige Talks GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY , THOR 3 , CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 , DOCTOR STRANGE , Casting Josh Brolin as Thanos , Comic - Con Plans , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Alyssa Milano , Howard the Duck , and Other Secrets of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Adds One More to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sunu , Steve ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Comic Reel : `` Justice League '' Movie Confirmed ; New Look At `` Guardians of the Galaxy 's '' Nebula `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serafinowicz , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Re Guardians , I 'm a Nova Corps Officer with John C Reilly . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Original Guardians Of The Galaxy Ending Was Removed For Being Too Sad '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diabolique Magazine ( November 28 , 2013 ) . NYCC 2013 : Laura Haddock on Da Vinci 's Demons , Season 2 . YouTube . Event occurs at 2 : 37 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Posting this one as I land in Singapore . It 's @ meliakreiling as Bereet and @ prattprattpratt as I think you know by now . Thanks for all your kind messages about the 17 minute preview . Glad you all enjoyed it ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knight , Chris ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , reviewed : Marvel 's new film franchise is off to a promising start '' . National Post . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Happy Birthday to one of my very best friends ( and Nova Prime 's assistant ) @ mikaelahoover ! Love you lots , Mikaela ! Follow her ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- Plenty Had To Be Removed From The Final Cut '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Emmett J. ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Myself & the brilliant @ KarenGillan2 in @ JamesGunn AWESOME LOOKING # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` '' Constantine '' Brings Jim Corrigan To Television `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gunn , James ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Also # FF AMAZING # gotg supporting cast @ Thejudgegunn @ MaramaCorlett @ AlexisRodney @ Melia_Kreiling @ GreggHenry88 @ BigSpenWilding '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodney , Alexis ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Great unseen image from Guardians of the Galaxy featuring myself as ( Moloka Dar ) . From the dude himself ... '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians Tom Headshot '' . TomProctor.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bussey , Ben ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Teases Deleted Guardians Of The Galaxy Musical Scene '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Filming a scene with my old pal @ blackehart , who is unfortunately about to tangle with Drax the Destroyer @ DaveBautista . # gotg '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Says He Will Cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Cannes Interview : Lloyd Kaufman on Nuke ' Em High '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday I was grateful when my old boss , the president of Troma Entertainment , @ lloydkaufman , came to London to do a cameo in the film -- as a prisoner in the Kyln . Lloyd taught me more than anyone else about making films . One of the things that keeps me sane in this business is staying true to my roots -- whether with friends , family , or co-workers . As the world around me changes it 's nice to have some consistency in my personal life ( even if that consistency is as crazy as @ michael_rooker ) . Have a great day , folks ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotgFollow '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to make cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( July 21 , 2014 ) . Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Red Carpet Premiere . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning : A cosmic odyssey from `` Legion '' to `` Guardians '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Considering ' Iron Fist ' & ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Movies , ' Black Panther ' & ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' Too ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel 's next 5 movies after The Avengers could include some weird surprises '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Marvel Panel : Ant - Man Smackdown , Iron Man 's Downfall , and Rocket Raccoon ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn in Talks to Direct Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Mastermind Believes In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Who Deserves Credit for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Great Script ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Nicole Perlman Writes the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` How Nicole Perlman Became the First Woman to Write a Marvel Movie '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Badass Interview : James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madison , Charles ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 -- the promise of Nebula , Yondu and Peter Quill 's father '' . Film Divider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Hires Three - Time Black List Writer for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ; Buchanan , Kyle ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Toughest Scene I Wrote : James Gunn on Writing Thanos Into Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn Confirmed to Direct and Rewrite Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Testing Short List of Actors For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Leader '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' tests male leads '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Race '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Smallville 's Michael Rosenbaum Up for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn on ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : ' It 's a Richer , More Emotional Film ' '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Andreas ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy due to land at Shepperton '' . Screen International . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America & Guardians Coming in 3D '' . Marvel.com . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` How The Avengers Made A Motion Capture Hulk And Snagged An Oscar Nomination '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` SFX 233 Preview : Marvel Boss On Phase 2 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Signs WWE 's Dave Bautista for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Man Who Carved Darth Vader 's Mask Is Busy on the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana in Talks to Star in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace in Final Negotiations to Play Villain in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` Will John C. Reilly join the Marvel Universe for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Joins Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Under the Skin of `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' With Makeup FX Wizard David White `` . Fast Company Co. Create . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is n't weird ( and the sequel he 'd like to make ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Foss Designed Spaceships For Guardians of the Galaxy ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Head Talks Thanos & Ultron -- Comic - Con 2013 . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shahid , Sharnaz ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTOS : Guardians Of The Galaxy Cast Get Physical In London Shoot '' . Entertainmentwise . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Filming Schedule Passes Halfway Mark '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige Says Vin Diesel 's ' Guardians ' Role Is ' Close ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` And after our last shot with @ DaveBautista that 's a full wrap on # GotG ! It 's been a long strange wonderful trip ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tracking for $60 Million Opening '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians : Thanos , SFX & More '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` / Film Interview : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Producer Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Much Thanos Will You See in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diente , Tanya ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Spoilers : Thanos , Gamora And The Infinity Stones '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Vin Diesel to Voice Groot in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dwarves at Twilight . Disney lot , additional shooting , early as hell . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Wrapping additional photography on # GotG with @ prattprattpratt @ Michael_Rooker & @ Thejudgegunn -- 3 dudes I love working with . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saldana , Zoe ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Seriously , do you guys like @ Guardians trailer ? We shot some more stuff last weekend . @ JamesGunn @ prattprattpratt @ DaveBautista @ KarenGillan2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige updates on Guardians Of The Galaxy , Thanos , Ant - Man , TV shows and Doctor Strange '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Benicio Del Toro may not know he 's in a scene with you - know - who '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Story Behind Howard The Duck 's Credit Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Pre-Credits Dancing Was Performed By James Gunn Himself '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy : Erin Sarofsky -- President , Owner And Executive Creative Director -- Sarofsky '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` The VFX of Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Exec Talks ' Avengers 2 ' and Why the Studio `` Wants to Make Movies in L.A. '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` SHH 's Exclusive Interview with James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Foundas , Scott ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holman , Jordyn ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Method Studios Taps VFX Veteran Marc Weigert to Spearhead Growth '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 2013 ) . `` James Gunn On ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Composer Tyler Bates ' Approach '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suskind , Alex ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Original Score '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Records And Marvel Set To Release Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Deluxe Soundtrack , Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 And Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Digital Score Soundtrack '' . Digital Journal via PR Newswire . July 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Becomes First Soundtrack in History Without New Songs to Land No. 1 Spot '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Guardians ' Soundtrack To Be Released On Cassette Tape '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Hilary ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast to Appear on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Friday : Summer Savior As ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' $92.2 M to $95.5 M ; ' Get On Up ' Down Low With $14.7 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : ' Lucy ' Tops Chart ; ' Expendables 3 ′ In China ; Pics From Korea , Spain , Argentina Get A Look - In ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` First `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' TV Spot Released , Gunn Hypes 3D Experience `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' trailer : Marvel unveils cosmic action comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Indiana Jones ' Influence '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Edgy Humour '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Nebula 's introduction '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : The Collector '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer a Social Media Smash , Bigger Than ' Man of Steel ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer Sends ' Hooked On a Feeling ' Sales Through the Roof '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- ' What A Bunch Of A-Holes ' Was Originally Only Meant For The Trailer '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn on Trailer Pressures and Nearly Shelving the First ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Teaser '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Blue Alien Confirmed As Kree '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning Put the Band Back Together for Guardians of the Galaxy Movie Prequel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Does n't Scare Licensing Partners '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Offers Fans Interstellar Travel Via Galaxy Getaways '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sneak Peek Landing in Disney Parks July 4 '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get an Early Look at Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy in IMAX July 7 '' . Marvel.com . June 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Missed Guardians Of The Galaxy Sneak Peek ? Here 's a New Trailer ! '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Evan ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Footage Review : Evan 's Reaction to Marvel Screening 17 Minutes of Footage '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Screened 17 Minutes Of Guardians Of The Galaxy And This Is What We Saw '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Hooked On A Preview : `` Guardians '' Sneak Preview Footage Is Deliriously Fun `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` 17 Minute ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' IMAX 3D Presentation Elicits Cheers And Some Confusion ; Watch An Extended Clip '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , John ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians of the Galaxy '' cast thrill fans in Singapore `` . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Play Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon '' . Marvel . July 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Mobile Game ? You 're Welcome '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt and Zoe Saldana Join Marvel Entertainment Executives To Ring The Opening Bell at the NYSE to Promote the Highly - Anticipated Summer Film , Marvel s Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Stock Exchange . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Polowy , Kevin ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Here 's That Clip of Dancing Baby Groot in All Its Galactic Glory '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Dancing Groot Is the Breakout Character of Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grooting ' has entered the lexicon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt Visits Children 's Hospital Los Angeles in Costume as Star - Lord From Guardians of the Galaxy '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Ramps Up Guardians of the Galaxy Trademarks '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Rallies New Merchandise Partners Around ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krupa , Daniel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy LEGO Toy Sets Coming Soon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Lego Sets Officially Unveiled '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dancing Baby Groot of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' to Hit Shelves in December '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Wave of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Merchandise Launches Around Homevideo Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel UK ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy comes to 3D / 2D Blu - ray & DVD in the UK November 24 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' on Blu - Ray 12 / 9 with Deleted Scenes , Audio Commentary and More ; Digital HD in November '' . Stitch Kingdom . October 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - DVD and Blu - ray Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Guardians ' Now 3rd Biggest Marvel Movie Ever ; ' Dracula Untold ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Annabelle ' Hold Well ; Action In France , Mexico ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office FINAL : ' Happy New Year ' Uncorks Record Bollywood Bow ; ' Annabelle ' Still A Doll With $26.2 M ; ' Lucy ' Outmuscles ' Hercules ' In China ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : Milestones For ' Godzilla ' , ' 22 Jump Street ' , ' Transformers ' + ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $67.4 M ; Local Pics Make Waves In Asia ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 5 ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Soars to Biggest Thursday Box Office Opening of the Year '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $37.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suber , Ray ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Obliterates August Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Nets $65 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles ' tops ' Expendables 3 , ' ' Let 's Be Cops ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brett ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Back on Top , ' Sin City 2 ′ Flops '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tops Weak Labor Day Box Office , Summer Stumbles to Close '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Wins Cold U.S. Box Office with $10.2 Million , ' The Identical ' Tanks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Becomes Only Summer Movie To Top Box Office For Three Weekends '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Among Marvel Titles , ' Guardians ' Has The Most No. 1 Weekends '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' Edges Out ' Annabelle ' In Race That Energizes Box Office : Monday Actuals '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians ' Becomes Biggest Movie of the Summer '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office End of Summer : Some Profitable Hits In An Overall Blah Season '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Hits $600 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' retakes box office , passes ' Transformers ' for summer 's top film '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 -- via U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : ' Turtles ' Kicks In $29 M Opening ; ' Guardians ' At $313 M WW ; ' Maleficent ' Tops $500 M ; ' InBetweeners 2 ′ Smashes UK Records '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Annabelle ' Wins Over ' Gone Girl ' At Overseas Box Office In Hair - Pulling Race ; ' Dracula ' Drinks Up $34 M+ ; ' Guardians ' Strong In China ; More -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Zooms to $37.8 M Friday for Likely $92 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Zooms To $94 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Justin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , review : ' a pop - culture gem ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turran , Kenneth ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy 's ' heroes are n't what you 'd expect '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Yee - Ha ! Space Cowboy Rides to the Rescue '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : A giddy space oddity makes the summer sunnier '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Greg ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Is Marvel 's Best Movie Yet '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' relaxes Marvel 's seriousness , but not enough '' . Associated Press via Star Tribune . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' review : Space jaunt no marvel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is space junk '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poor subtitles may deal blow to superhero film '' . China Daily . October 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon honour for Chris Pratt '' . Screen Daily . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2014 : And the winners are ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog '' . empireonline.com . Jump up ^ O'Mally , Zach ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Grammy Nominees 2015 : The Full List '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grand Budapest ' , ' Guardians ' , ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards '' . Deadline.com . Deadline Hollywood . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2014 Awards '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Announce Nominees '' . AwardsDaily . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards Nominations : ' Whiplash ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Guardians ' On Diverse List '' . Deadline.com . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations Unveiled -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . Signs On For ' Sand Castle ' ; Pom Klementieff Joins ' Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming In 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) . Official website Guardians of the Galaxy on IMDb Guardians of the Galaxy at AllMovie Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the primary villain in the 2014 film guardians of the galaxy | [
"Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser:\nA Kree radical who agrees to retrieve an artifact for Thanos in exchange for eradicating his mortal enemies, the Xandarians. Ronan and his Sakaaran army[45] hunt down the Guardians when they interfere with his goals.[9][46] Describing Ronan, Gunn said, \"He is the primary villain, and he is a really twisted guy, he has a really religious bent in this film. He has a very sick and twisted view of what morality is; strength is virtue and weakness is sin and that is what he lives by, and I think he is very scary because of his beliefs, which are real to him.\"[47] Pace, who originally auditioned for Peter Quill,[48] described Ronan as a \"psycho\" and a \"monster\".[49]\n"
] | [
"Ronan the Accuser"
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3537926276125463193 | List of Silicon Valley episodes | List of Silicon Valley episodes - wikipedia List of Silicon Valley episodes Jump to : navigation , search Silicon Valley is an American television sitcom created by Mike Judge , John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky . The series focuses on five young men who found a startup company in Silicon Valley . The series premiered on April 6 , 2014 , on HBO . As of June 25 , 2017 , 38 episodes of Silicon Valley have aired , concluding the fourth season . The series has been renewed for a fifth season , which will premiere in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 10 April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 10 April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 10 April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Minimum Viable Product '' Mike Judge Mike Judge & John Altschuler & Dave Krinsky April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 1.98 Richard Hendricks is a low - level programmer with futuristic internet giant Hooli . He is often taunted by his more successful work colleagues , and his ideas are dismissed by egotistical entrepreneur Erlich Bachman , who owns the technology development incubator where Richard lives with fellow programmers Nelson `` Big Head '' Bighetti , Bertram Gilfoyle and Dinesh Chugtai . However when Hooli stumbles upon the music copyright service that Richard is working on , entitled Pied Piper , they discover that hidden within the useless application is the best file compression algorithm in the world , and news spreads quickly . Eventually Richard is caught between a $10 million buyout by Hooli CEO Gavin Belson , and a $200,000 investment from eccentric billionaire Peter Gregory , and must decide whether to give up his program to the highest bidder or to take the investment and create a business out of it himself . After having a panic attack and vomiting on the street , Richard runs into Peter 's assistant Monica , who tells him that she believes in him and his idea , and he decides to take the investment and run the business himself . `` The Cap Table '' Mike Judge Carson Mell April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 1.69 After rejecting Belson 's offer and siding with Peter Gregory , Richard is overwhelmed by the amount of work that needs to be done in establishing the business to Gregory 's satisfaction . Luckily , Belson 's former PA , Jared Dunn , arrives at the incubator , begging Richard to hire him , as he sees huge potential in the Pied Piper idea , and is hired due to his business expertise . However , in evaluating the Pied Piper team , Jared discovers that while Gilfoyle and Dinesh are brilliant coders , Big Head is comparatively mediocre , and Richard is pressured by everyone to fire him as he brings nothing to the table . After much arguing , Richard refuses to do so , but Big Head announces that he was given a huge raise and promotion at Hooli , as Gavin Belson wants to publicize Big Head as co-founder of Pied Piper . Later , Big Head tells Richard that work has begun on reverse - engineering Pied Piper to create the same product , branded under a different name . `` Articles of Incorporation '' Tricia Brock Matteo Borghese & Rob Turbovsky April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 1.62 Richard and Jared discover that the Pied Piper business name is already in use by an irrigation enterprise in Gilroy , California . While Jared , Dinesh and Gilfoyle begin brainstorming new names for the application , Erlich decides to find a name by setting off to a vision quest at Sonora Desert , which results on Erlich having a panic attack after consuming hallucinogenic mushrooms . Adamant on keeping the original name , Richard attempts to prove that he is a good negotiator by convincing the irrigation company to give up the name Pied Piper . Initially the company 's owner asks for a small amount of money but after reading about the technology 's success on the web , he asks for a lot more . After confronting him , Richard manages to keep the name for almost the original price , while Erlich , still in the aftermath of his vision quest , returns with a child by his side , convinced he has found another version of himself . Meanwhile , Peter Gregory becomes obsessed with Burger King products , leaving his assistant Monica in a difficult position with some of their clients , who need an urgent cash injection or risk firing hundreds of people . Taking his time . Gregory ends up investing in sesame seed production , earning a huge profit in stock and solving the situation to Monica 's and their associates ' relief . `` Fiduciary Duties '' Maggie Carey Ron Weiner April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 1.55 Peter assigns an attorney , Ron , to the Pied Piper venture , who accidentally lets slip that Richard 's project is only one of eight file compression suites that Peter invests in . This impacts Richard , who suddenly panics that he has no sense of where the company should go and what it should be doing . Meanwhile , Big Head is removed from Hooli 's copycat compression software project , named Nucleus , because of his complete lack of understanding of what Richard actually did to create Pied Piper , and is not reassigned to anything , joining the other unassigned employees that spend their days doing nothing on the company 's roof . During a toga party organized by Gregory , Erlich is mistakenly appointed to the Pied Piper board of directors when Richard gets drunk . Richard initially reverses the decision , but after Erlich elaborates during a meeting about Pied Piper 's direction causing Peter to continue funding , Richard permanently appoints him on the board . 5 5 `` Signaling Risk '' Alec Berg Jessica Gao May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 1.82 Erlich hires a convicted felon and graffiti artist , Chuy , to create a new logo for Pied Piper and to paint it on the incubator garage , but Chuy 's creation depicts Dinesh having sexual intercourse with the Statue of Liberty because he believes Dinesh is of Latin descent . Pied Piper gains entry to the TechCrunch Startup Battlefield , a technology conference that pits unseeded startup companies against each other , with $50,000 as the grand prize - the only problem is , Pied Piper is not unseeded , and this angers Peter . Richard suggests withdrawing from the Battlefield , but Belson beats him to it and announces the release of Nucleus will take place at the Battlefield , and due to Peter 's intense rivalry with Belson , he refuses to allow Pied Piper to withdraw and tells them to have a finished demo for the Battlefield in eight weeks , instead of the initial five months . 6 6 `` Third Party Insourcing '' Alec Berg Dan O'Keefe May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 1.69 Pied Piper is nearing completion , but Richard is having serious issues coding the cloud - based integration modules for the application , so much so that Jared , Gilfoyle , Erlich and Dinesh pressure him into hiring Kevin `` The Carver '' , an Adderall - addicted teenaged programmer with a specialty in cloud integration . Gilfoyle 's new satanistic girlfriend , Tara ( Milana Vayntrub ) , visits the incubator , and Gilfoyle wrongfully tells Dinesh that Tara wants to have sex with him , and that this prospect sexually arouses both Tara and Gilfoyle . Jared gets stranded on Peter 's automated island due to a programming error , and The Carver inadvertently destroys all of the Pied Piper code , forcing the team to revise all of it . 7 7 `` Proof of Concept '' Mike Judge Clay Tarver May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 1.68 The team arrives at the Battlefield , however Pied Piper still is n't finished , and Richard is having trouble concentrating due to the presence of an ex-girlfriend at the conference . Dinesh meets an attractive girl , Charlotte ( AJ Michalka ) , who appears to be proficient in Java , but when Gilfoyle tells him that the Java code was in fact written by him , Dinesh loses interest in Charlotte . Erlich panics when it transpires that one of the judges of the Battlefield is the man whose wife he had an affair with years earlier , and in an attempt to remedy the situation , Erlich ends up having sex with the judge 's new wife , which results in the judge attacking Erlich on stage , preventing the Pied Piper Battlefield presentation . 8 8 `` Optimal Tip - to - Tip Efficiency '' Mike Judge Alec Berg June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 1.74 Desperate to avoid litigation after the brawl , TechCrunch offers Pied Piper a ticket straight through to the final Battlefield stage , but the team is despondent after watching the Nucleus presentation and learning that not only is Hooli 's Weissman compression quality score 2.89 , the exact same as theirs , but they also have a number of additional features which make Nucleus a much better application . Jared suggests pivoting the company , which results in him being arrested by the police after an incident involving Adderall . The PP team retreats to their hotel room where they mock up a mathematical model for Erlich to give handjobs to every male in the Battlefield audience instead of doing their presentation , which gives Richard an epiphany about compression algorithms . He stays up all night , deletes most of the Pied Piper features and leaves only one - the all - important compression engine , which , using Richard 's brand new compression code , achieves a Weissman score of 5.2 . Pied Piper wins the Battlefield , embarrassing Belson and Hooli . After learning from Monica , amidst some flirting between the two , that Pied Piper will be fielding business interests and that things will only get harder , Richard has another panic attack and vomits into a dumpster in the alley . Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 9 `` Sand Hill Shuffle '' Mike Judge Clay Tarver April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 2.13 Pied Piper learns of Peter Gregory 's death in the Serengeti , leading to questions about Raviga Capital 's viability as an investor for their Series A funding . With this uncertainty , Bachman and Hendricks pitch Pied Piper to numerous venture capitalists who are trying to woo them . They find that being rude leads to better reception , to Bachman 's surprise . Meanwhile , Raviga 's partners select Laurie Bream as their new managing partner , whose eccentricity resembles Peter Gregory 's . Monica learns that Pied Piper is the firm 's only hope for survival . The firms deliver their term sheets and just as Bachman selects a firm , Bream and Monica arrive to deliver Raviga 's term sheet -- $20 million at a $100 million valuation , the highest . They are about to accept it when Monica sneaks by after hours to warn Hendricks against taking a high amount , saying that if the company can not increase their valuation , they will not be able to secure further funding . At Peter Gregory 's funeral , Bream approaches Hendricks and asks if he has made a decision . Hendricks says that he will choose Raviga if they lower their term sheet to $10 million at a $50 million valuation , a move Bream is surprised by but accepts . The funeral is attended by many , including the founders of Snapchat and Gavin Belson . As Belson speaks about his relationship with Gregory , Hendricks receives a message informing him that Hooli is suing Pied Piper for intellectual property theft . 10 `` Runaway Devaluation '' Mike Judge Ron Weiner April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 1.73 After learning of Hooli 's lawsuit , Laurie Bream decides that Pied Piper is too big of a risk and decides to drop the company from Raviga Capital 's portfolio . Bachman and Hendricks meet with the other venture capitalists and are informed that due to the lawsuit , along with their behavior at the previous meetings , they are no longer interested in Pied Piper . Meanwhile , Dinesh meets with his cousin Wajeed who is crowdfunding an app called Bro , which is similar to Yo but instead sends the word `` bro '' . After hosting a crowdfunding party and a $500 donation from Gilfoyle meant to irritate Dinesh , Wajeed meets his goal of $50,000 . Jared finds a venture capitalist on the Bro app , but when they meet it turns out to be a `` brain rape '' scam to steal their algorithm , causing Bachman and Jared to quickly end the presentation . With no options left but to hire a `` cheap '' lawyer for $2.5 million , Gavin Belson calls Hendricks and asks to meet him privately . At a bar , Belson proposes Hooli acquiring Pied Piper and bringing Hendricks back into the Hooli team . Belson says that on the path he is on right now , Hendricks is forming the exact type of `` soulless '' corporation he despises . As Hendricks begins to respond , a mariachi band interrupts them , and the episode ends . 11 `` Bad Money '' Alec Berg Alec Berg April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 1.94 Though his colleagues disapprove , Richard Hendricks reluctantly agrees to take Monica 's advice and let Hooli acquire Pied Piper . On the way to meeting with Gavin Belson , he is stopped by Russ Hanneman , a flashy billionaire who made his money by putting radio on the internet ( a parody of Mark Cuban ) . Hanneman takes Richard to an expensive restaurant and offers him $5 million for equity in Pied Piper and two seats on its board . Monica tells Richard that Hooli is by far the safer option and that Hanneman is a terrible person , but Richard ignores her . Monica informs Bream of his decision , and Bream expresses disgust at the idea of being associated with Hanneman . With the knowledge that they are funded , Pied Piper begins creating a budget for the next 18 months , and negotiating how many new people they will hire . During the budget meeting , Hanneman visits Pied Piper and disrupts it by talking loudly on the phone and hanging out with his friend Cory . Erlich tries to befriend Hanneman but fails . Hanneman tells Pied Piper that revenue is a bad thing , explains that the check he gave them is just a `` show check '' , and buys several Pied Piper billboards without asking . Meanwhile , Belson compares the treatment of billionaires to the suffering of Jews in the Holocaust during an interview , manages the backlash , and gets his lawyers to figure out how to improve his case for suing Pied Piper . 12 `` The Lady '' Alec Berg Carson Mell May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 1.75 Pied Piper begins interviewing new people to hire . The two most notable candidates are Jared Patakian , an eccentric man who labels himself as a cyborg , and Carla Walton , a friend of Dinesh and Gilfoyle . With the introduction of Jared Patakian , Jared Dunn is renamed `` Other Jared '' , which is often shortened to `` OJ '' . Other Jared hires Carla , awkwardly tries to explain that it 's better to hire her because she 's a woman , and tries to enforce company human resources policies . Erlich discourages Richard from hiring Jared Patakian because he chose a different job just as Erlich was about to hire him at Aviato , and Carla tortures Gilfoyle and Dinesh by making them think she makes way more money than them . Additionally , Pied Piper has a meeting of the Board of Directors at Hanneman 's house . Hanneman gives his girlfriend a seat on the board , and Erlich turns against Richard to vote to order $30,000 worth of merchandise . Later , Richard decides to hire Jared despite Erlich 's disapproval , but quickly finds out that Patakian has done the exact same thing to him as Patakian did to Erlich . Simultaneously , Belson promotes Big Head to be Co-head Dreamer on the Hooli XYZ project with the intention of making him seem like the primary force behind Pied Piper , and thus evidence for his lawsuit . Big Head is given a massive office and an assistant , but suspiciously no responsibilities , while Davis Bannercheck , a pioneer of robotics , is named the other Co-head Dreamer and leads operations at the lab . 13 5 `` Server Space '' Mike Judge Sony Lee May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 1.53 Richard is suffering from night sweats , and is told by his doctor if his stress level remains high he will begin bedwetting . Richard begins searching for office space , thus separating work and life and accommodating for growth . The team tours an office neighboring a modeling agency , leading Dinesh to suggest leasing it . Meanwhile , Gavin Belson is more concerned with grudges than innovation at Hooli XYZ , blatantly ignoring Bannercheck 's concerns about Big Head 's progress . Bannercheck resigns and Big Head becomes the sole Head Dreamer of Hooli XYZ . Richards asks the team to begin setting up servers , and they learn all of the major hosting providers have blacklisted Pied Piper due to Hooli threatening to cease business with them . Gilfoyle mentions that the providers would eventually be unable to meet their needs and suggests building the servers himself . The parts can be purchased if the team does not lease the office , so team agrees to stay in the house . The delivery truck for the parts draws suspicions from their neighbor Noah , who is adamant about the neighborhood only being for families and pets and threatens to turn them in to the City Inspector - especially after a mistake by Dinesh temporarily cuts power to the neighborhood . He is forced to back down after Erlich and Richard discover he is keeping ferrets illegally in his backyard and also lease his guest house to Jared , who has been sleeping on a cot in Richard 's room and speaking German in his sleep . 14 6 `` Homicide '' Mike Judge Carrie Kemper May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 1.54 Hooli launches Nucleus by using it to broadcast a major mixed martial arts ( UFC ) event . The demo fails miserably . Pied Piper sees this as an opportunity to show off their technology by partnering with `` Homicide '' energy drink , owned by a former classmate of Erlich 's , and broadcasting a publicity stunt . Dinesh and Gilfoyle notice that Blaine , the stunt driver , has miscalculated his ramp speed and will likely be killed attempting the stunt . Blaine arrogantly refuses to listen to their concerns . Gavin Belson , caught short by the Nucleus failure , worries that he has surrounded himself with sycophants who only tell him what he wants to hear . Gilfoyle and Dinesh debate the morality of letting Blaine kill himself performing the stunt . Later , Blaine comes in to apologize and sees the SWOT analysis they performed for it posted on the wall , becoming highly offended . Richard discovers that Homicide has omitted the Pied Piper logo from the broadcast and the partnership with Homicide falls apart , and Richard agrees to broadcast a live stream of a condor egg as a technology demo instead . At the end of the episode the Homicide stunt is broadcast along with End Frame 's logo . The group remembers End Frame as the company that tricked them into revealing their algorithm in episode 2 . 15 7 `` Adult Content '' Alec Berg Amy Aniobi May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 1.60 The team from Pied Piper storms into the offices of End Frame to accuse them of stealing the Pied Piper algorithm . End Frame responds that since they have a finished platform and a sales team , that ultimately they will beat Pied Piper . Gavin Belson holds a board meeting to discuss the failure of the launch of their Nucleus product . He then meets with the engineers and begs them to come up with something new and radical . Russ Hanneman informs Richard and Erlich that due to bad investments he is no longer a billionaire and now Pied Piper must come up with a way to become profitable . Gilfoyle obtains the details of End Frame 's service contract with Intersite , a porn company . Richard meets the CEO of Intersite at a conference and convinces her to consider Pied Piper for the contract . Big Head meets with Belson to explain some exciting new technology , but adds that it wo n't be available until their grandchildren 's time . The episode ends with Pied Piper and End Frame being brought to Intersite offices for a `` bake off '' to determine who will get the contract . 16 8 `` White Hat / Black Hat '' Alec Berg Daniel Lyons May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 1.78 Richard returns home and discovers Russ Hanneman waiting for him to celebrate Richard 's victory over End Frame . Gavin Belson attends a board meeting where he tries to urge restraint on Nucleus publicity without admitting that Nucleus is in trouble . The meeting ends with Gavin realizing that he may need a scapegoat . In the next scene , he convinces Davis Bannercheck to return to Hooli to head up the Nucleus project . Richard learns that Seth Lee , the network security engineer for End Frame had been fired , presumably due to Gilfoyle 's breaching of End Frame security in episode 7 . Richard feels bad and reaches out to Seth . Richard tells Seth that the break - in had not been his fault . Seth becomes enraged and threatens to hack into Pied Piper and get revenge . Richard becomes very concerned about Seth 's threats . Gilfoyle is unconcerned , assuring Richard that Pied Piper 's security is solid . Dinesh stresses that Richard should not be admitting to anybody that Pied Piper had broken into End Frame , explaining that Richard is now a `` black hat '' and needs to be careful . Bannercheck interviews the Nucleus team to assess the state of the project . In the next scene , Gavin learns that Bannercheck has quit Hooli and left as fast as his car would take him . Gavin realizes that he has lost his scapegoat for the upcoming Nucleus fiasco . Richard 's increasing paranoia about Seth annoys the Pied Piper team . Richard reaches out to Seth again and they mutually apologize . Richard tells Seth that Gilfoyle had n't been worried at all and Seth feels insulted and issues fresh threats . Pied Piper begins transferring data from Intersite for the bake - off . Russ Hanneman arrives to celebrate and Richard becomes angry at the interruption and begins shouting at Hanneman . Suddenly Pied Piper receives a frantic phone call from the CTO of Intersite informing them that Pied Piper is deleting all of Intersite 's data . In the ensuing panic , they conclude that Seth has made good on his threats and has hacked into their system although Gilfoyle ca n't figure out how . Eventually it is discovered that Hanneman had put a tequila bottle down on the `` Delete '' key of one of the laptops . The episode ends with Intersite angrily dismissing Pied Piper . 17 9 `` Binding Arbitration '' Mike Judge Dan O'Keefe June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 1.87 Big Head finds a prototype Nucleus phone left behind at a bar by the `` brogrammers '' and , stunned at how bad Nucleus really is , provides it to Richard to use as leverage against Belson as thanks for helping him advance at Hooli . It is revealed that all of Pied Piper 's new developers quit and Richard has low hopes for the company 's survival . After negotiations , aided by their lawyers , Belson agrees to drop the lawsuit in favor of binding arbitration to prevent the press from finding out about the phone . Ron suggests disbarred lawyer Pete Monahan to represent them , who is willing to work on spec because he is no longer allowed to practice law in a real court due to suspected sex crimes . During discovery , Monahan discovers that Richard had used a Hooli computer to run a single test of Pied Piper while his personal laptop was being repaired , which is referred to as his `` girlfriend '' . Per the terms of Richard 's employment contract , that would mean that Hooli owns the rights to Pied Piper . At the arbitration , Hooli 's lawyers do n't appear to have a real case , and instead try to build up Big Head as the modest genius who actually invented Pied Piper . However , an unintentional slip by Bachman leads Hooli to realize that the `` girlfriend '' that Richard said in his emails that he had `` dropped off at the Apple store '' was actually his laptop , meaning that he must 've used a Hooli computer . Hooli calls Richard as a witness and , unwilling to lie under oath , Richard admits that he used a Hooli computer . Meanwhile , the museum providing the video of the condor egg decides to remove the camera due to low viewership numbers , but the technician taking it down falls and becomes trapped with the camera in a ravine . Suddenly , viewership of the feed spikes while the team awaits the results of the arbitration . 18 10 `` Two Days of the Condor '' Alec Berg Alec Berg June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 2.11 Before the judge reveals his verdict , Gavin Belson reveals that he would 've paid $250 million for Pied Piper before it became clear that Hooli would win the arbitration hearing . Meanwhile , the feed of the injured technician goes viral , forcing Gilfoyle , Dinesh , and Jared to scramble to keep their servers online . Despite numerous setbacks , including a server catching on fire , they are able to keep the feed online until the technician is rescued . Erlich starts to question the value of the incubator and considers selling the house , but changes his mind when he finds out that it would be torn down . Erlich codes for the first time in the series , helping the team with emergency improvements while Richard is away . At the binding arbitration , the judge rules that per Richard 's employment contract Hooli would own Pied Piper 's intellectual property , and Richard sends a text to the team to delete all of the Pied Piper code before Hooli can seize it . However , the judge continues that Hooli 's claim is actually nullified by an illegal non-compete clause and Richard , whose phone runs out of battery , has to sprint back to the incubator to stop Pied Piper from being deleted . Richard arrives just after the deletion program is run but the program crashes before any damage is done . Word spreads at Hooli of the verdict , which renders over half of their employees ' contracts invalid . Word also spreads of Big Head 's series of promotions , leading Denpok to begin mentoring him . Belson is called to meet with Hooli 's Board of Directors ; his fate is left uncertain . Meanwhile , Raviga decides to buy out Russ Hanneman 's stake in Pied Piper , securing 3 of Pied Piper 's 5 board seats and making Hanneman a billionaire again . As Pied Piper celebrates their arbitration victory , Hendricks is notified that the now Raviga - run board has removed him from the CEO position . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Founder Friendly '' Mike Judge Dan O'Keefe April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 1.86 After failing to convince the board of directors to keep him on as Pied Piper CEO instead of demoting him to Chief Technology Officer , Richard threatens to quit and sue to regain his intellectual property . Richard meets with a company called Flutterbeam that wants to hire him as CTO . However , disappointed at how banal the project assigned to him would be , he rejects the offer and decides to stay with Pied Piper . Afterwards , Richard meets with Jack Barker , Raviga 's choice for the CEO of Pied Piper . Meanwhile , at Hooli , Belson discovers that the now invalid employment contracts would allow him to fire affected employees without severance and take back unvested stock options . Belson fires the entire Nucleus team , and uses the profits from the reclaimed stock options to offer Big Head a $20 million severance package in exchange for non-disclosure and non-disparagement agreements . 20 `` Two in the Box '' Mike Judge Ron Weiner May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 1.72 Richard meets with the sales team at Pied Piper . During the meeting , Richard finds out the plans for platform are business - facing , instead of consumer - facing . Referring to his experience of the Dot - com bubble , Jack explains to Richard that they need to make profit fast , and promises that he would never compromise the product , explaining later that by `` product '' he means in fact the company 's stock value . Richard tells the sales team what he wants the platform to be , but they want to remove every feature that Richard wants , so it 's easier to sell it to businesses . Later , the sales team show Richard a commercial for the product , and it 's exactly what Richard does not want it to be . Meanwhile , Jared plans to move back into his condo , but the tenant refuses to leave or pay rent ; as Erlich explains how difficult it is to evict a tenant , Jian - Yang decides not to accept the end of his own lease . At Hooli , Gavin suggests to the engineers to alter the company 's search algorithm so it does n't display any more negative Nucleus stories about him or his company . The Nucleus team crack the middle - out compression shortly before their contracts expire , and decide to take this knowledge with them . 21 `` Meinertzhagen 's Haversack '' Charlie McDowell Adam Countee May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 1.69 The team visit the data center where Pied Piper box would be stored , along with one engineer on site for 24 / 7 support . Further appalled by this prospect , Richard continues to push his idea of Pied Piper as a platform versus the box appliance , but Jack refuses . Upon learning this , Gilfoyle quits and begins to receive several job offers and gifts from recruiters . In an attempt to have Jack 's decision reverted , Richard meets with Laurie who turns out to agree with Richard 's vision that Pied Piper should be a platform . However , Laurie 's influence is limited as firing a recently appointed senior CEO would make the company look bad . In one of his job interviews Gilfoyle finds himself at Endframe , now employing two of the coders from Hooli , and Gilfoyle learns that they have cracked Richard 's middle - out algorithm . Gilfoyle reports back to his old team at Pied Piper and they decide on what they call a Skunkworks project : to secretly pursue the original vision for Pied Piper alongside working on the box appliance , seemingly complying with Jack 's order . Jared refers to Meinertzhagen 's Haversack , cautioning everyone to act inconspicuously , and to destroy all traces of their conspiracy . However , upon entering their office space the next morning , Richard trips , and incriminating documents which he had meant to shred are spread all over the floor and brought to Jack 's attention . 22 `` Maleant Data Systems Solutions '' Charlie McDowell Donick Cary May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 1.89 After he caught the team red - handed trying to develop the platform in secret , Jack threatens to fire them . Richard fires back , stating that without him and his team he wo n't be able to deliver a working prototype of the box to Maleant before the planned deadline . The team agrees with Jack to create a basic functioning box to meet the requirements of the deal , after which they are free to create the platform . However , due to the team 's inability to deliver a lesser product on purpose , the final box ends up being far better than anything else available in the market . Meanwhile , Erlich keeps trying to rent rooms in his incubator . After a prospective tenant rejects his house in favor of another one , Erlich finds out that he moved to a 9 bedroom mansion which belongs to Big Head , who is hosting tenants for free in return of a share of their startups . Initially , he confronts him and leaves in a rage , but when his car does n't start , he turns back and proposes a partnership , to which an oblivious Big Head agrees . In a board meeting at Pied Piper to vote for Maleant 's box deal , Monica notices that the sales agreement includes exclusive rights to use Pied Piper 's algorithm for 5 years , which would effectively prevent Richard from creating the platform during that period . Jack admits he never specified a time frame when he made a deal with Richard . He also adds that neither he nor Laurie can do anything about it . Even though Laurie notices Jack 's low blow , she stands with him as she does n't have proof that Richard 's platform can be more valuable than the box deal . Monica ends up voting against it , alongside Richard and Erlich , effectively denying the motion , even if it means her job and board seat . Later that night , Gavin Belson phones Richard , triumphantly informing him that he just acquired Endframe 's middle out compression platform for $250 million . Unbeknownst to him , by doing this he also set a price point on Pied Piper 's platform , valuing it way above ( and thus terminating ) the box deal , rendering a new vote useless and saving Monica 's position . When the team returns to the office the next day , they find out Laurie fired Jack for undermining her at the meeting . She leaves the CEO position open , and gives them permission to start working on the platform . 23 5 `` The Empty Chair '' Eric Appel Megan Amram May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 1.71 The team finds out Pied Piper is running out of money , as Raviga is funding them in installments and will only continue to do so when they deliver the finished product , which is now the platform . They take drastic measures and decide to get rid of the office , its equipment and all employees , returning to Erlich 's incubator . Meanwhile , Erlich drafts a manipulative partnership agreement with Big Head which gives Erlich complete control over Big Head 's assets , even if his Pied Piper shares are n't included in it . Richard confronts Laurie about an article on a tech blog called Code / Rag which mocks Pied Piper 's absence of a CEO and Richard himself . Laurie agrees that he should meet with its author , C.J. Cantwell , in order to restore their reputation , but demands that he speaks with their head of PR first . When Richard gets to Raviga to do so , he enters the wrong room and ends up ranting about Laurie 's actions in front of Cantwell , mistaking her for the head of PR . At the same time , Laurie confides to Monica that she was wrong to remove Richard as CEO in the first place , but that he should n't be perceived as the first choice but rather the correct one , thus her search for lesser prospective candidates ( including Big Head ) . Laurie planned to award Richard the position at the next board meeting , as long as he remained professional . When Richard realizes he 's been talking to Cantwell all along , he tries to prevent her from publishing the story . She tells him she will only back away if he feeds her something better . Erlich and Big Head meet at the incubator to sign their partnership deal , as Erlich announces its name : `` Bachmanity '' . Upon hearing of Richard 's predicament , Big Head lets slip that Gavin Belson secretly ordered his employees to scrub all negative publicity about Hooli from the internet . Richard immediately seeks Cantwell to publish this story instead of his and ends up finally being repromoted to CEO . Meanwhile , the team reveals that they hired an engineering team composed of outsourced coders working remotely from various places around the globe , at a fraction of the cost of hiring them in Palo Alto . 24 6 `` Bachmanity Insanity '' Eric Appel Carson Mell May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 1.62 Gavin Belson faces public backlash from the story published by Cantwell . He ends up threatening her with legal action if she does n't reveal her source . Meanwhile , Erlich sets up an expensive Hawaiian - themed party at Alcatraz to launch Bachmanity while Big Head warns him that he can lose all his severance money if Belson finds out he shared the story with Cantwell , which constitutes a breach of his NDA agreement . Erlich dismisses him and says he 'll fix it . Richard starts dating Winnie , a coder for Facebook , and eventually brings her home . The following morning , Gilfoyle and Dinesh notice that Winnie uses spaces instead of tabs for coding , a technique which , they tell her , Richard despises . When she reveals this to him , Richard tries to deny it as an issue , but the relationship eventually goes sour because of his inability to deal with it . Meanwhile , Big Head 's business manager , Arthur Clayman , warns him that he has to control spending or risk going bankrupt . At the same time , Erlich phones Big Head , announcing that he acquired Code / Rag , Cantwell 's blog , for $500,000 , thus buying her into not revealing her source , to Clayman 's shock . Dinesh flirts via video chat with Elizabet , one of Pied Piper 's outsourced coders who lives in Estonia , but when he finally reveals himself she mentions her `` boyfriend '' , while Gilfoyle mocks him . During the party , which Erlich dubbed `` Bachmanity Insanity '' , Sasha , the party manager , tells Bachman that the supplier 's checks have bounced . Right before the big speech , Clayman informs him that Bachmanity has gone broke . 25 7 `` To Build a Better Beta '' Jamie Babbit John Levenstein June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 1.70 Erlich and Big Head 's venture firm , Bachmanity , is unable to pay its debtors following its million dollar luau . While bankruptcy looms over their partnership , Pied Piper anticipates an early launch following good rapport from their selective beta launch . One of the selected early users of the beta is revealed to be a Hooli spy after Gilfoyle reveals adding a God view to the beta app allowing them access to users IP to their pinpoint geographic location . Erlich and Big Head discover that Big Head 's former business manager has misappropriated $6 million which is needed to pay the million - dollar Alcatraz party bills . Erlich and Big Head threaten legal action via consultation with a district attorney , but Bachmanity 's cause is a low priority for the justice department . Erlich ultimately is able to pay the Alcatraz party bills by selling some of his Pied Piper shares to Laurie . At Hooli , Gavin gets paranoid after learning Pied Piper has discovered the illegally downloaded beta app and shuts down the power to Hooli . The principal ( recently re-hired ) developers of Nucleus resign , leaving the Hooli rebuild of Nucleus in a hiatus state . Erlich has a private meeting with Laurie about his shares in Pied Piper . Gilfoyle decommissions `` Anton , '' his server , while getting flak from Dinesh about his best friend being a piece of hardware . Erlich gets a call about his debts being erased while Richard and team count the seconds down to the official public launch of the Pied Piper platform . 26 8 `` Bachman 's Earning 's Over-Ride '' Jamie Babbit Carrie Kemper June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 1.64 Pied Piper is a success , hitting 100,000 downloads in just 10 days , receiving significant media coverage and being hailed as the next unicorn of the tech world . During an interview for Bloomberg , Erlich almost lets slip that he no longer owns any Pied Piper shares . When Richard learns about this during an interview with a prospective head of PR he threatens Erlich with the release of a press statement to minimize the negative effect on the company , at the expense of Erlich 's reputation in the Valley , stating that he will sever all links with him and remove the team from his incubator . At Hooli , the board of directors inform Gavin Belson that they are discharging him from his position due to the failure of the investment Endframe , confirming at the same time that they are allowing the Pied Piper app to enter the Hooli App Store . When C.J. Cantwell contacts Erlich about a rumor spreading about Pied Piper , he decides to tell her all about his shares , taking the blame and saving Pied Piper from bad reputation . When Laurie tells Richard that by selling his shares , Erlich only managed to cover his debts without any profit , he understands that Erlich is broke , and offers him a position as Pied Piper 's head of PR . 27 9 `` Daily Active Users '' Alec Berg Clay Tarver June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 1.63 Laurie hosts a cocktail party at her place to celebrate the five hundred thousandth download of Pied Piper 's platform . Richard calls Monica aside and reveals to her that the number of daily active users is actually very poor , something that only he and Jared know . Realizing that the beta version of the platform was only a success because they only showed it to fellow engineers and tech - savvy users , Richard proposes introducing a series of seminars and tutorials about how to use the platform , which , ironically , is too advanced for regular users . Confronted with this , all of Pied Piper 's recently employed staff quits , including Douglas , a customer service rep , who heads for an interview at Hooli . Sensing an opportunity , Gavin Belson interviews him personally and learns about Pied Piper 's low number of DAU 's . Later , he summons the board to announce that his intention was never to develop a platform , introducing Hooli Endframe 's new director , Jack Barker , and their new product : a box just like the one Barker had planned for Pied Piper . The board gets Belson reinstated as CEO . Facing Pied Piper 's apparent downfall , Richard tells Jared that he will dissolve the company . The following morning , however , the number of daily active users has risen sharply , which unbeknownst to the whole team ( including Richard ) is only so because Jared has paid for a click farm in Bangladesh to provide daily active users to the platform . 28 10 `` The Uptick '' Alec Berg Alec Berg June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 2.04 An elephant that Gavin Belson used to make a point at a board meeting dies at Hooli Campus . When his assistant Patrice opposes Belson for getting rid of the 9 - ton corpse in secret , she gets fired . Patrice contacts C.J. Cantwell to publish the story on Code / Rag . Richard finds out about Jared 's clickfarm operation with Dinesh and Gilfoyle telling him they know about it as well and producing software to make clickfarm operation undetectable , thus backing it up . Oblivious to all of this , Erlich reveals that he managed to gather buzz over Pied Piper throughout the valley and attract a significant investment from Coleman Blair Partners , a venture capital firm . Jared encourages Richard not to sign the deal , as he will be effectively legitimizing fraud . When pressed to sign , Richard reveals the truth to Erlich and the Coleman Blair board , terminating the deal . Erlich gets furious , as the whole valley will now know that Pied Piper has faked its numbers , stripping it of all interest to investors . Laurie pulls away and puts the platform up for sale to the highest bidder . Anxious to get revenge on Richard , Gavin Belson offers $1 million to buy it and effectively extinguish the company . He also buys Code / Rag for $2 million in order to prevent the elephant story from spreading to the public . Monica , having been fired from Raviga for opposing Laurie , joins the team , which ultimately realizes that their video chat app , a side project by Dinesh , is considerably better than Hooli 's . Big Head and Erlich , who owned half of Code / Rag through their partnership firm Bachmanity , use the money they earned to beat Gavin Belson 's offer by one dollar , thus becoming the new owners of Pied Piper . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 29 `` Success Failure '' Mike Judge Alec Berg April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 0.867 Pied Piper has officially pivoted to PiperChat , a video chat app created by Dinesh , which is seeing a constant increase in users and is vastly superior to everything else in the market . However , the team is desperately trying to fund it and failing , mostly because of the bad rep generated by the demise of Pied Piper 's compression platform and associated clickfarm upticks . After clashing with Dinesh and Gilfoyle over the development of the app and making a last - ditch attempt to get Russ Hanneman to fund it , Richard realizes that he ca n't go on being the CEO of a project he does n't believe in . Just as the team prepares to replace him with Big Head , he quits his position and equity to use his algorithm and the Pied Piper brand in the pursuit of a more ambitious goal : a new , decentralized and free internet based on users and smartphones and not companies and mainframes . Having created the software , he suggests Dinesh become the CEO of PiperChat , even if Jared is heartbroken by Richard leaving . Meanwhile , Gavin Belson and Jack Barker are returning from China after closing a deal to manufacture Hooli Endframe 's box there . Jack asks for their private jet to be diverted to fly him to Jackson Hole , which is completely out of the way of Gavin 's destination at Moffett Field . Jack then acts like a slob on the plane . An enraged Belson `` promotes '' Jack by assigning him a position at a desk in Hooli 's data center , deep underground . 30 `` Terms of Service '' Mike Judge Clay Tarver April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 0.762 PiperChat is gathering attention from investors and a steady stream of daily active users , while Richard keeps working on his `` new internet '' project . When he asks Dinesh for access to PiperChat 's data repository , Dinesh informs him that he has blocked him out , as well as all former employees , which breaks their verbal agreement . A sympathetic Big Head secretly gives him his login access , and Richard finds out that the main users of PiperChat are children , since the app 's terms of service never included a clause that prevented them from using the app and Dinesh never bothered to port Pied Piper 's terms of service to PiperChat . This violates the Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act and can incur in a potential penalty of $21 billion . Meanwhile Jack Barker has an apparent positive reaction to his demotion to the data center underground , but Gavin Belson thinks he is up to something and seeks to spy on his video chat sessions . Since Barker uses PiperChat , the only way to do this is to acquire the company . Accusing him of stealing Hooli Chat 's tech and threatening with a lawsuit , Gavin Belson calls Dinesh to take PiperChat from him , oblivious of its legal problems . Dinesh , who planned to shut down the app all along , happily agrees . 31 `` Intellectual Property '' Jamie Babbit Carrie Kemper May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 0.774 In the disastrous aftermath of the acquisition of PiperChat , Gavin Belson is fired and replaced with Jack Barker , who has found a way to prevent Hooli from paying the penalty from COPPA . Having learned that Jian - Yang 's app is actually about octopus recipes and not Oculus VR , Erlich hopelessly watches as he tries to pitch it to Coleman Blair Partners . During the meeting , Erlich manages to convince them that the app is like a `` Shazam for food , '' a concept that Raviga ends up investing in , as Monica , eager to see Laurie 's new right hand man Ed Chen fail , captures his attention by faking a phone call near him . This backfires when , after a dinner with Jian - Yang and Erlich , Chen finds out that they do n't have a working demo and retires from the project , suggesting that Monica be put in charge of it . Erlich recruits Dinesh and Gilfoyle to help him build the non-existent app , refusing help from Big Head . Big Head , under pressure from his father to do something , applies to Stanford University but is rejected based on his mediocre transcript ( showing five years at Arizona State without graduating ) . Once the admissions officer realizes who Big Head is , thanks to his Hooli promotions and media exposure , he ends up being invited to be a guest lecturer at Stanford 's Department of Computer Science . Dinesh dates a hacker , Mia , who is impressed with his takedown of Gavin . Mia , as it turns out , knows Gilfoyle from his online persona and also hates him . Meanwhile , Richard is obsessively thinking about his decentralized internet project and close to a breakthrough . After Monica tells him that the late Peter Gregory dedicated a lot of his time to a similar concept , Richard accesses Gregory 's archives . Even though Richard is excited that Gregory achieved some of the same conclusions as he did and that his notes will save him a lot of work , Jared finds out that the whole concept was patented in the name of Hooli years ago , when Gregory was founding the company in a garage with Gavin Belson and others . Richard is enraged , but ends up seeking Belson to meet with him . 32 `` Teambuilding Exercise '' Jamie Babbit Megan Pleticha May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 0.859 Gavin is initially reluctant to build Richard 's idea , but seeing as it will render Hooli 's servers ( and Jack Barker 's Hooli Endframe box ) obsolete , he agrees . Knowing that the guys would never work for Gavin , he assembles a team of people outside the incubator to assemble the platform , but ends up adding Gilfoyle and Jared , who admit they want to be in the team . Jian - Yang tests his Seefood app , but it only works for recognizing if a food is a hotdog or not . Erlich , realizing that the app will only work properly if thousands of pictures of food from the internet are checked manually , convinces Big Head to make his students do this instead of their regular assignment , which is watching technology - related movies in class . However , they meet with Coleman Blair Partners and create their own food based app , rendering Seefood useless . Predicting that the app will fail to be funded , Erlich trades his equity for a Corvette Jian - Yang bought with the rest of the initial funding money . However , Jian - Yang manages to pivot the project as a filter for ' dick pics ' and Periscope acquires the app for $4 million . Dinesh , who , thanks to Gilfoyle 's remarks , is starting to get paranoid about his new girlfriend , is still the app 's main programmer , and ends scrubbing pictures of penises from the internet as his main duty . 33 5 `` The Blood Boy '' Tim Roche Adam Countee May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 0.844 As Richard presents the business plan for the decentralized internet project , he almost convinces Gavin to have a discreet , under - the - radar launch , but Bryce , a jock who regularly donates his blood to Belson and is present at the meeting , influences Gavin to have them rethink their entire launch strategy . After the meeting , a furious Richard and an enraged Jared warn Bryce not to interfere with their company . Gavin demands that Richard apologizes , and he visits Bryce , eventually discovering that he actually consumes marijuana and sugary snacks and is not as healthy as Gavin thinks he is . Meanwhile , Erlich correctly predicts that Ed Chen is planning to force Laurie out of Raviga . When Monica tries to warn her , Laurie says she knew about this all along , rewarding Monica 's loyalty with an invitation to be her partner on a new VC fund , as she always had planned to exit Raviga . Dinesh is paranoid about what his girlfriend Mia can do to him if she finds out that he did n't end Gavin 's career at Hooli on purpose . For this reason , he does n't have the courage to break up with her . When Mia reveals to Dinesh that she has hacked access to the elevators at the Freedom Tower in New York City , he calls the FBI who have Mia arrested . After this , he offers Richard his services . Having found out that Bryce was not only a corporate spy but also had high cholesterol , a disillusioned Gavin decides to leave Palo Alto , handing Richard full ownership of the decentralized internet patent . 34 6 `` Customer Service '' Clay Tarver Graham Wagner & Shawn Boxe May 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 28 ) 0.728 Russ Hanneman visits the incubator and angrily confronts Richard for presenting Gavin Belson with the decentralized internet idea , which Russ considers he co-owns . Richard still tries to get Russ to fund them , but he urinates inside Erlich 's yellow Corvette before leaving . After this , Richard decides to skip trying to convince investors and go directly to the customers , presenting the project to companies so they buy the product even if it 's not built yet . After several meetings that fail because all the valley knows Gavin Belson has jumped ship , they present their idea to Liz , Head of Compliance at insurance company FGI whose CTO , and Liz 's fiancée , is Dan Melcher , who punched Erlich at Tech Crunch disrupt after he slept with his two former wives . Richard keeps Erlich at bay so that he does n't put the deal at risk by seducing Liz , but ends up having sex with her during a late night meeting . Unaware of this , Melcher informs him that the deal will go ahead . Meanwhile , Erlich inadvertently crashes into a tech meeting with Keenan Feldspar , whose VR headset is the valley 's latest sensation . Having previously failed to convince Monica and Laurie to hire him at their new VC company Bream - Hall , he uses Feldspar and his promising tech as leverage to get a job with them . 35 7 `` The Patent Troll '' Jamie Babbit Andrew Law June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 0.862 Pied Piper 's space saver app is online and reaches the top 500 apps on the Hooli store . Richard is contacted by Stewart Burke , a retired attorney that lives off royalties earned by `` patent trolling '' musicians and tech companies for intellectual property of their work . He asks Richard for a licensing fee of $20,000 as he owns the patent for the `` storage of media files on a network '' . Even if this is hardly enforceable , the costs of paying him are significantly lower than paying an attorney to dispute this in court . When Richard tries to convince some other top 500 apps owners to do a joint litigation against Burke , the plan backfires as Burke informs him that the other companies have reached out to him to settle at a discount rate and if Richard wants to do it too it will now cost him $300,000 . Richard responds by pretending to use his old Pied Piper app to find a flaw in one of Burke 's previous copyright claims , regaining full control of his patent without having to pay him . However , the failed joint litigation deal was drafted by Ron Laflamme , who charges Richard a fee of $22,000 for it . Meanwhile , Jian - Yang buys a $14,000 intelligent refrigerator , which Gilfoyle obsesses over trying to hack it , eventually using Pied Piper 's former mainframe ' Anton ' to do it . Keenan Feldspar signs with Bream - Hall , but Monica and Laurie avoid hiring Erlich by giving him a generous finder 's fee . Erlich has already spread news across the valley that he is employed by Bream - Hall and begs them to stay for half the money they are giving him , which they accept . Ed Chen invites him to a basketball game , but when Erlich gets to Oracle Arena , he finds out that he 's supposed to play for Chen 's team . Trying to fit in , he buys a hoop and falls off the roof trying to install it while standing on an open garage door , breaking his leg in the process . 36 8 `` The Keenan Vortex '' Jamie Babbit Graham Wagner & Rachele Lynn June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 0.798 Due to a wave of unusually cold weather and consequent insurance claims , FGI faces a lot more data processing requirements than Pied Piper is expected to handle , and the team is facing an astronomical bill from their data storage center provider for the sudden spike . Richard decides to attract investment from another client to handle this , approaching Erlich so that he gets Keenan Feldspar to hear their pitch . Richard thinks Feldspar 's VR tech is a fad , but Dinesh and Gilfoyle are so impressed after trying it that they integrate Pied Piper 's middle out algorithm into Feldspar 's VR , which improves it greatly . As a result Feldspar offers to acquire Pied Piper altogether . Richard does n't want this , so he counters with an offer of $25 million , which Keenan still accepts . Richard intends to concede , but Monica warns him that Feldspar 's VR is n't that great and that he 's walking into a trap , promising that she will fund their series A round if they can implement the decentralized internet project on a sufficient number of cell phones . After texting him telling him the deal is off , Richard learns that Feldspar has signed with Hooli , abandoning Erlich in the process . Richard decides to enter Hooli - Con , Hooli 's tech conference , to put Monica 's challenge into practice . 37 9 `` Hooli - Con '' Mike Judge Chris Provenzano June 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) 0.840 The team heads to Hooli - Con with a plan to mask the Pied Piper app as the event 's wifi access point using strategically placed routers , in order to get Pied Piper installed in the maximum number of phones possible . After running into his ex-girlfriend Winnie , who is presenting her boyfriend 's app , Richard sabotages their laptop 's screensaver , which triggers a ' tactical response team ' sent by Hoover , Hooli 's head of security . He tries to warn Jack Barker that Pied Piper is up to something , but is violently dismissed and threatened to be fired . After Hoover finally catches Dinesh and Gilfoyle red - handed on CCTV , he lets them go as Richard once collaborated with Gavin Belson to hinder Jack Barker 's plans at Hooli and he sympathizes with this . Pied Piper finally gets installed on a sufficient number of phones , which allows Richard to move all of FGI 's data into the app , eliminating the need for an auxiliary data server and its related costs . The high point of the event sees Jack Barker and Keenan Feldspar presenting their VR mobile tech to the world , but it fails miserably and causes Hooli phones all over the auditorium to explode . Meanwhile , Erlich decides to accept Gavin Belson 's invitation ( originally addressed to Richard and company but taking `` and company '' literally ) to come and join him at a monastery in Tibet , to Belson 's shock . 38 10 `` Server Error '' Mike Judge Dan O'Keefe June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 0.790 After the incident with the exploding Hooli phones at Hooli - Con , Jack Barker intends to replace all 9 million affected devices , instead of just releasing a firmware update , an exceedingly expensive plan that goes against the wishes of the Hooli board . This puts Pied Piper in risk of breaching contract with FGI , as the cell phone network where the data is stored will effectively be eliminated . Richard decides to use ' Anton ' , Pied Piper 's server , to store the data , even if this will exceed its capacity and probably destroy it . Barker heads to China and tries to force the Hooli plant workers to increase production . As a result , he is taken hostage until they get better wages and work environment . Gavin Belson , who is in Tibet , learns about this through Erlich and sees an opportunity . Before heading to China to rescue Jack , he ditches Erlich and hands a Tibetan local enough cash for Erlich to stay at his place for the next 5 years . He then rescues Barker and leaves him in Jackson Hole before being reinstated as Hooli 's CEO by the Hooli board . Meanwhile , after the broadband service at the incubator is cut due to lack of payment , Richard plans to connect Anton to Stanford Tech 's server cluster , using Big Head 's position there to do so . When they arrive , they discover that the back of the truck was n't closed and Anton 's parts have been scattered all over the road . At the same time , Melcher frantically tries to contact Richard . When they head to FGI to face him , the team are surprised to find that , before shutting down , Anton backed itself up to Jian - Yang 's smart refrigerator , as Gilfoyle used some of the Pied Piper code when he was trying to hack it , which in turn connected itself to a network of other refrigerators like it , distributing the data and proving the decentralized internet is a working concept . Melcher attacks Richard , as he finally found out that Richard had sex with his fiancée after she accidentally told him about it . Pied Piper is again sought by investors all over the Valley . Gavin Belson offers a very generous acquisition deal to Richard , who turns it down and decides to be funded by Bream / Hall . Gavin threatens to devour Pied Piper , but Richard answers back , promising to render the entire physical server rental business , and Hooli itself , obsolete . Ratings ( edit ) Silicon Valley : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 1.98 1.69 1.62 1.55 1.82 1.69 1.68 1.74 N / A 2.13 1.73 1.94 1.75 1.53 1.54 1.60 1.78 1.87 2.11 1.86 1.72 1.69 1.89 1.71 1.62 1.70 1.64 1.63 2.04 0.86 0.76 0.77 0.85 0.84 0.72 0.86 0.79 0.84 0.79 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Filming ' Silicon Valley ' Pilot In Palo Alto '' . CBS San Francisco . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` HBO 's Silicon Valley sitcom : A first impression '' . Contra Costa Times . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Judge 's Silicon Valley to Premiere April 6 on HBO '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Veep ' & ' Silicon Valley ' Renewed By HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Bar Rescue ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' River Monsters ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NHL Conference Finals , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta : Kandi 's Wedding ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta , ' ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Royals ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , NASCAR , ' Botched ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Silicon Valley ' suffers without ' Game of Thrones ' as lead - in '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' American Gods ' has decent premiere on Starz '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : MTV Movie & TV Awards down , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' improves , ' Naked and Afraid XL ' leads a quiet day '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Twin Peaks ' return comes in low for Showtime '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' tops a down day '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Leftovers ' ends on up note , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' premieres to series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' ties low , ' Claws ' has decent premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' American Gods ' finale improves , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' hits another low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : BET Awards fall , ' Power ' and ' Preacher ' have solid premieres '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Official website List of Silicon Valley episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Silicon_Valley_episodes&oldid=804751339 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 22 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes will be in season 4 of silicon valley | [
"\n\nSeason\nEp. 1\nEp. 2\nEp. 3\nEp. 4\nEp. 5\nEp. 6\nEp. 7\nEp. 8\nEp. 9\nEp. 10\n\n\n\n1\n1.98\n1.69\n1.62\n1.55\n1.82\n1.69\n1.68\n1.74\nN/A\n\n\n\n2\n2.13\n1.73\n1.94\n1.75\n1.53\n1.54\n1.60\n1.78\n1.87\n2.11\n\n\n\n3\n1.86\n1.72\n1.69\n1.89\n1.71\n1.62\n1.70\n1.64\n1.63\n2.04\n\n\n\n4\n0.86\n0.76\n0.77\n0.85\n0.84\n0.72\n0.86\n0.79\n0.84\n0.79\n\n"
] | [
"10"
] |
5053173866089692202 | Eddie Robinson (American football coach) | Eddie Robinson ( American football coach ) - wikipedia Eddie Robinson ( American football coach ) Jump to : navigation , search Eddie Robinson Robinson c. 1980 Sport ( s ) Football , basketball Biographical details ( 1919 - 02 - 13 ) February 13 , 1919 Jackson , Louisiana April 3 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 03 ) ( aged 88 ) Ruston , Louisiana Spouse ( s ) Doris Robinson ( d . September 2015 ) Children Eddie Robinson , Jr . Lillian Rose Robinson Alma mater McKinley Senior High School Leland College University of Iowa Coaching career ( HC unless noted ) Football 1941 -- 1997 Grambling Basketball 1943 -- 1956 Grambling Head coaching record Overall 408 -- 165 -- 15 ( football ) Bowls 9 -- 6 Tournaments 0 -- 3 ( NCAA D-I - AA playoffs ) Accomplishments and honors Championships Football 9 Black college national ( 1955 , 1967 , 1972 , 1974 -- 1975 , 1977 , 1980 , 1983 , 1992 ) 17 SWAC ( 1960 , 1965 -- 1968 , 1971 -- 1974 , 1977 -- 1980 , 1983 , 1985 , 1989 , 1994 ) College Football Hall of Fame Inducted in 1997 ( profile ) Eddie Gay Robinson , Sr. ( February 13 , 1919 -- April 3 , 2007 ) was an American football coach . He coached the second most victories in NCAA Division I history and the third most overall . From July 2012 to January 2015 , Robinson held the Division I record , as 111 of Joe Paterno 's wins had been vacated during that time as a result of the Jerry Sandusky child sex abuse scandal and subsequent NCAA sanctions . With the restoration of the wins by the NCAA in 2015 , Paterno has again been recognized as the Division I record holder . For 56 years , from 1941 to 1942 and again from 1945 to 1997 , he was the head coach at Grambling State University , a historically black university ( HBCU ) in Grambling , Louisiana . Robinson is recognized by many college football experts as one of the greatest coaches in history . During a period in college football history when black players were not allowed to play for southern college programs , Robinson built Grambling State into a `` small '' college football powerhouse . He retired in 1997 with a record of 408 wins , 165 losses , and 15 ties . Robinson coached every single game from the field and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Career 3 Awards and honors 4 Museum 5 In media 6 Head coaching record 6.1 Football 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Biography ( edit ) Robinson was born in Jackson in East Feliciana Parish in South Louisiana , to the son of a sharecropper and a domestic worker . He graduated in 1937 from McKinley Senior High School in the capital city of Baton Rouge , Louisiana and briefly attended Southern University there . He then played quarterback and earned his bachelor 's degree in English at Leland College in Baker , Louisiana , before obtaining his master 's degree in 1954 from the University of Iowa in Iowa City -- at which he was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity . Career ( edit ) Robinson dreamed of becoming a college football coach himself , but he faced an enormous drawback -- he was black in the days of Jim Crow discrimination . The only college position he could possibly hope to obtain would be at a traditionally all - black school , and these were all well staffed . Having earned his bachelor 's degree at Leland , Robinson returned to Baton Rouge and took a job at a feed mill for 25 cents an hour . Not long after that , he heard that the Louisiana Negro Normal and Industrial Institute -- now Grambling State University -- was searching for a new football coach . He applied for the job and was hired by the school 's president and baseball coach , Ralph Waldo Emerson Jones . In 1941 the 22 - year old Robinson assumed his duties as head football coach at Grambling State . The days of assistant coaches , offensive and defensive coordinators , and specialty coaches were long in the future , so Robinson did everything : he taught offense and defense , mowed the football field , fixed sandwiches for road trips through towns that would not serve blacks in restaurants , taped his players ' sore joints , and even wrote game stories for the newspapers . He had strict standards of personal conduct and educational achievement for his players . In his first year the team went 3 -- 5 -- 1 , but the following season -- during which he recruited new players and dismissed those who did not live up to his expectations -- the Tigers had a perfect 9 -- 0 season , going unbeaten , untied , and unscored upon . More than 200 of his players went on to play in the American Football League , CFL , and NFL . Robinson coached three American Football League players who would later be inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame : the Kansas City Chiefs ' Buck Buchanan ; the Oakland Raiders ' Willie Brown ; and the Houston Oilers ' Charlie Joiner . Robinson also coached James Harris , who with the AFL 's Buffalo Bills became the first black quarterback in modern Pro Football history to start at that position in a season opener . He also coached Packers defensive end and Hall of Famer Willie Davis and the Super Bowl XXII MVP , Redskins quarterback Doug Williams , who would ultimately succeed Robinson as Grambling 's head coach in 1998 . During his coaching career , Robinson compiled 45 winning seasons , including winning or sharing 17 Southwestern Athletic Conference championships and nine black college football national championships . Enormous publicity attended Robinson 's record - breaking win with Grambling State in 1985 . Some observers feared that the coach would become the target of white hatred , much as Henry Aaron had when he broke Babe Ruth 's home run record . Instead Robinson reported that he did not receive a single hate letter , even from the legion of southern fans who worshiped Bear Bryant . When asked if his record was somehow tarnished by the fact that his team played most of its games against Division I - AA caliber competition , Robinson told Sports Illustrated : `` I grew up in the South . I was told where to attend elementary school , where to attend junior high school , where to attend high school . When I became a coach , I was told who I could recruit , who I could play , where I could play and when I could play . I did what I could within the system . '' He added that his philosophy had always been `` whatever league you 're in , whatever level , win there . '' Eddie Robinson held several jobs other than football coach , including teaching at Grambling High School , and coaching the girls basketball team during World War II . His girls team lost the state championship by 1 point . He also coached boys basketball , baseball , directed the band , and was in charge of the cheerleaders -- with a budget of $46 . Robinson recorded just one losing season between 1960 and 1990 ; however , after three consecutive losing seasons in the mid-1990s , pressure mounted for the now 78 - year old coach to resign . Fellow college coach Joe Paterno is quoted in the Grambling State press guide as saying , `` Nobody has ever done or ever will do what Eddie Robinson has done for the game ... Our profession will never , ever be able to repay Eddie Robinson for what he has done for the country and the profession of football . '' In 1997 news escaped that Grambling was planning to dismiss him in mid-season . Public outcry -- including condemnation from Louisiana elected officials like then - Gov. Mike Foster -- led Grambling to retain Robinson 's services through the remainder of the season . Robinson developed Alzheimer 's disease after his retirement . He died on April 3 , 2007 , at Lincoln General Hospital in Ruston , Louisiana , after having been admitted earlier in the day . Robinson and his wife , Doris , who died at the age of ninety - six in September 2015 , had two children ; Eddie , Jr. and Lillian Rose Robinson . Awards and honors ( edit ) Grambling named its football facility , built in 1983 , Eddie Robinson Stadium . A street on GSU 's campus is also named for him . In 1985 South 13th Street in Baton Rouge , Louisiana was renamed for him . The Los Angeles Football Classic Foundation 's black college football national championship trophy was named for Robinson in 1988 . Beginning in 1994 , a separate Eddie Robinson Trophy was awarded in Atlanta to the top HBCU player of the year . The Eddie Robinson Classic ( held from 1997 -- 2002 ) was named for him , as was the Eddie G. Robinson Classic ( begun in 2015 ) . In 1997 the Football Writers Association of America 's Eddie Robinson Award was renamed for him . Robinson was awarded the General Robert R. Neyland trophy by the Knoxville Quarterback club in 1999 . The American Urban Radio Networks named its HBCU coach of the year trophy for Robinson . Robinson received the Amos Alonzo Stagg Award from the American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) in 1982 and the Amos Alonzo Stagg Coaching Award from the United States Sports Academy in 1985 . Robinson was the 1992 winner of the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award , which was established to honor the NCAA Division I football coach whose team excels on the field , in the classroom , and in the community . The award is named for Bobby Dodd , longtime head football coach of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets ; it was established in 1976 to honor the values that Dodd exemplified . Super Bowl XXXII , played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , was dedicated to Robinson . He was accompanied onto the field by Williams and Joe Gibbs to perform the ceremonial coin toss . Eddie G. Robinson Museum on the campus of Grambling State University Museum ( edit ) In 2010 , the Eddie G. Robinson Museum opened on GSU 's campus . The museum chronicles and celebrates the major accomplishments of the G - Men football program and former head coach Eddie Robinson . The museum is 18,000 square feet and costed approximately $3.3 million to complete . In media ( edit ) In the 1981 TV movie Grambling 's White Tiger set in late 1960s , about the true story of Jim Gregory , the first white quarterback at Grambling , Robinson is played by Harry Belafonte . Head coaching record ( edit ) Football ( edit ) Today 's Grambling State University was Grambling College from 1946 through 1973 . It was Louisiana Negro Normal and Industrial Institute ( commonly Louisiana Normal ) from 1928 through 1945 . Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl / playoffs NCAA TSN Louisiana Normal Tigers ( Independent ) ( 1941 -- 1945 ) 1941 Louisiana Normal 1 -- 5 -- 1 1942 Louisiana Normal 9 -- 0 1943 No team -- World War II 1944 No team -- World War II 1945 Louisiana Normal 10 -- 2 W Flower Grambling Tigers ( Independent ) ( 1946 -- 1951 ) 1946 Grambling 6 -- 6 1947 Grambling 10 -- 2 L Vulcan 1948 Grambling 8 -- 2 1949 Grambling 7 -- 3 -- 2 1950 Grambling 6 -- 4 -- 1 1951 Grambling 3 -- 5 -- 1 Grambling Tigers ( Midwestern Athletic Conference ) ( 1952 -- 1957 ) 1952 Grambling 7 -- 3 -- 1 1953 Grambling 8 -- 2 1955 Grambling 4 -- 3 -- 2 1955 Grambling 10 -- 0 W Orange Blossom Classic 1956 Grambling 8 -- 1 1957 Grambling 4 -- 4 Grambling Tigers ( Southwestern Athletic Conference ) ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 1958 Grambling 6 -- 3 1 -- 3 6th 1959 Grambling 4 -- 6 2 -- 5 T -- 5th 1960 Grambling 9 -- 1 6 -- 1 T -- 1st 1961 Grambling 8 -- 2 5 -- 2 T -- 2nd 1962 Grambling 6 -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 3 -- 2 3rd 1963 Grambling 5 -- 3 -- 1 3 -- 3 -- 1 T -- 4th 1964 Grambling 9 -- 2 6 -- 1 2nd L Orange Blossom Classic 1965 Grambling 8 -- 3 6 -- 1 1st L Pecan 1966 Grambling 6 -- 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 -- 1 T -- 1st 1967 Grambling 9 -- 1 6 -- 1 1st W Orange Blossom Classic 1968 Grambling 9 -- 2 6 -- 1 1st W Pasadena 1969 Grambling 6 -- 4 5 -- 2 3rd L Orange Blossom Classic 1970 Grambling 9 -- 2 5 -- 1 2nd 1971 Grambling 9 -- 2 5 -- 1 1st 1972 Grambling 11 -- 2 5 -- 1 T -- 1st W Pelican 1973 Grambling 10 -- 3 5 -- 1 T -- 1st W Boardwalk ( Division II first round ) L Grantland Rice ( Division II semifinal ) Grambling State Tigers ( Southwestern Athletic Conference ) ( 1974 -- 1997 ) Grambling State 11 -- 1 5 -- 1 T -- 1st W Pelican Grambling State 10 -- 2 4 -- 2 T -- 1st 1976 Grambling State 8 -- 4 4 -- 2 T -- 2nd 1977 Grambling State 10 -- 1 6 -- 0 1st W Mirage 1978 Grambling State 9 -- 1 -- 1 5 -- 0 -- 1 1st L Orange Blossom Classic 1979 Grambling State 8 -- 3 5 -- 1 T -- 1st 1980 Grambling State 10 -- 2 5 -- 1 T -- 1st L NCAA Division I - AA Semifinal 1981 Grambling State 6 -- 4 -- 1 4 -- 1 -- 1 2nd 1982 Grambling State 8 -- 3 5 -- 1 2nd 10 Grambling State 8 -- 1 -- 2 6 -- 0 -- 1 1st 10 1984 Grambling State 7 -- 4 5 -- 2 3rd 1985 Grambling State 9 -- 3 6 -- 1 1st L NCAA Division I - AA First Round 8 1986 Grambling State 7 -- 4 4 -- 3 T -- 3rd Grambling State 5 -- 6 3 -- 4 T -- 5th Grambling State 8 -- 3 5 -- 2 2nd 18 Grambling State 9 -- 3 7 -- 0 1st L NCAA Division I - AA First Round 19 Grambling State 8 -- 3 3 -- 3 T -- 3rd 1991 Grambling State 5 -- 6 3 -- 4 T -- 6th Grambling State 10 -- 2 6 -- 1 2nd W Heritage Grambling State 7 -- 4 4 -- 3 3rd Grambling State 9 -- 3 6 -- 1 T -- 1st W Heritage 7 1995 Grambling State 5 -- 6 4 -- 3 4th Grambling State 3 -- 8 2 -- 5 T -- 6th Grambling State 3 -- 8 2 -- 6 T -- 7th La . Normal / Grambling / Grambling St. : 408 -- 165 -- 15 Total : 408 -- 165 -- 15 National championship Conference title Conference division title Rankings from final Coaches Poll . Rankings from final AP Poll . See also ( edit ) Biography portal African American portal List of college football coaches with 200 wins List of presidents of the American Football Coaches Association References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joe Planas ( October 7 , 1985 ) . `` Robinson moves out front to bask in splendid glory '' . Baton Rouge Morning Advocate ( sec . D , p. 1 ) . Jump up ^ EDDIE ROBINSON : 1919 - 2007 - Robinson 's Record . The Advocate. April 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Farewell loss ca n't tarnish Robinson 's winning legacy '' . southcoasttoday.com . November 30 , 1997 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Mary ( August 2 , 2004 ) . `` Ex-Grambling Coach Endures Alzheimer 's '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2004 . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foster , Mary ( April 4 , 2007 ) . `` Legendary Grambling coach Robinson dies '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/college-football/story/wife-of-legendary-grambling-coach-eddie-robinson-dies-at-96-091615 Jump up ^ `` Eddie G. Robinson '' . encyclopedia.com. 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Accomplishments '' . robinsonmuseum.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Central State Marauders , ' Tank ' Younger Feted In L.A. '' . Jet ( p. 49 ) . May 22 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Robinson Trophy to be awarded '' . Deseret News ( sec . D , p. 2 ) . September 21 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing the Inaugural Eddie G. Robinson Classic '' . egrobinsonclassic.com . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://knoxqbclub.com/?page_id=76 Jump up ^ `` Fobbs Named the Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year '' . gsutigers.com . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Foundation -- Past Winners '' . Bobby Dodd Foundation . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samuel G. Freedman ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Louisiana Museum Confronts Segregation '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thenewsstar.com/story/life/discover/2017/06/25/gateway-american-folklore/357734001/ Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/13/us/13grambling.html Jump up ^ AP ( January 2 , 1946 ) . `` Louisiana Normal Is Flower Bowl Victor '' . Lubbock Morning Avalanche . Lubbock , Texas . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ http://www.robinsonmuseum.com/pages/bio.php External links ( edit ) Remembrances of Robinson from The Advocate ( Louisiana ) Eddie Robinson at the College Football Hall of Fame Eddie Robinson at Find a Grave Eddie G. Robinson Museum Links to related articles Grambling State Tigers head football coaches R.W.E. Jones ( 1928 -- 1931 ) No team ( 1932 ) Unknown ( 1933 ) Ozias Johnson ( 1934 ) Emory Hines ( 1935 -- 1940 ) Eddie Robinson ( 1941 -- 1942 ) No team ( 1943 -- 1944 ) Eddie Robinson ( 1946 -- 1997 ) Doug Williams ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Melvin Spears ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Rod Broadway ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Doug Williams ( 2011 -- 2013 ) George Ragsdale # ( 2013 ) Dennis Winston # ( 2013 ) Broderick Fobbs ( 2014 -- ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim coach . Grambling State Tigers men 's basketball head coaches W.L. Garner Ozias Johnson ( 1940 -- 1942 ) Eddie Robinson ( 1943 -- 1956 ) Fred Hobdy ( 1956 -- 1986 ) Bob Hopkins ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Aaron James ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Lacey Reynolds ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Larry Wright ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Rick Duckett ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Bobby Washington ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Joseph Price ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Shawn Walker ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Donte Jackson ( 2017 -- ) Amos Alonzo Stagg Award winners 1940 : Herring Jr . 1941 : Cowell 1942 -- 1945 No award given 1946 : Rice 1947 : Alexander 1948 : Dobie , Warner & Zuppke 1949 : Harlow 1950 No award given 1951 : McLaughry 1952 : McMillin 1953 : Little 1954 : Bible 1955 : Tomlin 1956 No award given 1957 : Neyland 1958 : Bierman 1959 : Wilce 1960 : Harman 1961 : Eliot 1962 : Wieman 1963 : Kerr 1964 : Faurot 1965 : Stuhldreher 1966 : Moore 1967 : Neely 1968 : Martin 1969 : Engle 1970 : Waldorf 1971 : Murray 1972 : Curtice 1973 : Jordan 1974 : Gaither 1975 : Zornow 1976 No award given 1977 : Schwartzwalder 1978 : Hamilton 1979 : Crisler 1980 No award given 1981 : Russell 1982 : Robinson 1983 : Bryant 1984 : Wilkinson 1985 : Daugherty 1986 : Hayes 1987 : Scovell 1988 : McCracken 1989 : Nelson 1990 : Casanova 1991 : Blackman 1992 : McClendon 1993 : Jackson 1994 : Devaney 1995 : Merritt 1996 : Neinas 1997 : Parseghian 1998 : Reade 1999 : Schembechler 2000 : Osborne 2001 : Dooley 2002 : Paterno 2003 : Edwards 2004 : Schipper 2005 : Fry 2006 : Teaff 2007 : Curry 2008 : Walsh 2009 : Gagliardi 2010 : Royal 2011 : Bowden 2012 : DeBerry 2013 : Westering 2014 : Slocum 2015 : Hatfield 2016 : Cooper 2017 : Nehlen Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award winners 1976 : Dooley 1977 : Schembechler 1978 : Osborne 1979 : Edwards 1980 : Bowden 1981 : Paterno 1982 : G. MacIntyre 1983 : Hatfield 1984 : Wacker 1985 : DeBerry 1986 : Sheridan 1987 : MacPherson 1988 : Nehlen 1989 : Curry 1990 : Ross 1991 : Welsh 1992 : Robinson 1993 : Alvarez 1994 : Goldsmith 1995 : Barnett 1996 : Sutton 1997 : Price 1998 : Snyder 1999 : Beamer 2000 : O'Leary 2001 : Friedgen 2002 : Tressel 2003 : Stoops 2004 : Johnson 2005 : Paterno 2006 : Grobe 2007 : Carr 2008 : Brown 2009 : Patterson 2010 : Petersen 2011 : Swinney 2012 : Snyder 2013 : Cutcliffe 2014 : Saban 2015 : Ferentz 2016 : M. MacIntyre VIAF : 13692241 LCCN : n83184415 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie_Robinson_(American_football_coach)&oldid=801023980 '' Categories : 1919 births 2007 deaths Grambling State Tigers football coaches Grambling State Tigers men 's basketball coaches College Football Hall of Fame inductees McKinley Senior High School alumni University of Iowa alumni People from Jackson , Louisiana People from Baton Rouge , Louisiana Sportspeople from Grambling , Louisiana Sportspeople from Ruston , Louisiana African - American coaches of American football Deaths from Alzheimer 's disease Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Pages using infobox college coach with unsupported parameters Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 06 : 04 . About Wikipedia | when did the eddie g. robinson museum open | [
"In 2010, the Eddie G. Robinson Museum opened on GSU's campus.[15] The museum chronicles and celebrates the major accomplishments of the G-Men football program and former head coach Eddie Robinson.[16] The museum is 18,000 square feet and costed approximately $3.3 million to complete.[17]"
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"2010"
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-3310825619508832905 | List of Line of Duty episodes | List of Line of Duty episodes - Wikipedia List of Line of Duty episodes Jump to : navigation , search Line of Duty is a BBC police procedural television series created by Jed Mercurio starring Martin Compston and Vicky McClure as Steve Arnott and Kate Fleming ; detectives assigned to an elite anti-corruption unit designated AC - 12 . The stories follow investigations into suspected corrupt police officers , at the behest of Superintendent Ted Hastings ( Adrian Dunbar ) . They are Lennie James as DCI Tony Gates , Keeley Hawes as DI Lindsay Denton , Daniel Mays as Sergeant Danny Waldron and Thandie Newton as DCI Roseanne Huntley . Numerous characters appear outside of their initial arcs , including Hawes ' reprisal of her second series role during series 3 , and Craig Parkinson 's reprisal of his role during both series 2 and 3 . To date , 23 episodes have aired , with the first and fourth series linked thematically , and the second and third series similarly connected : however , all series have a single overarching connection , with all series referring to the same criminal network involved in the events of each series ' plot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Series 1 ( 2012 ) 2.2 Series 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Series 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Series 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Series 5 2.6 Series 6 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Ave . UK viewers ( millions ) Series premiere Series finale 5 26 June 2012 24 July 2012 3.80 6 12 February 2014 19 March 2014 3.43 6 24 March 2016 28 April 2016 5.42 6 26 March 2017 30 April 2017 9.55 Episode list ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Series 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) The first series of Line of Duty , broadcast from 26 June 2012 and consisting of five episodes , follows DC Kate Fleming ( Vicky McClure ) , DS Steve Arnott ( Martin Compston ) and Superintendent Ted Hastings ( Adrian Dunbar ) as they lead an investigation into the corrupt actions of DCI Tony Gates ( Lennie James ) . The supporting characters include DC Nigel Morton ( Neil Morrissey ) and DS Matthew Cottan ( Craig Parkinson ) . No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Original air date UK viewers ( million ) `` A Disastrous Affair '' David Caffrey 26 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 26 ) 3.76 A counter-terrorist police raid kills an innocent man after mistakenly raiding the wrong flat . DS Steve Arnott refuses to take part in a cover - up . He is transferred to AC - 12 , an anti-corruption squad led by Superintendent Ted Hastings . Hastings informs Arnott that his first investigation will focus on DCI Tony Gates , the senior officer of TO - 20 , a unit of Central Police CID , who has just been made Officer of the Year . Hastings has received a tip - off that Gates has a suspiciously high clearance rate due to `` laddering '' -- a process in which a number of different charges are placed on the same defendant to increase an officer 's number of successful cases . Initially , Hastings interviews Gates on a minor charge -- failure to report accepting a free breakfast for apprehending a mugger outside a local cafe . Meanwhile , Gates offers advice to his lover , Jackie Laverty , after she claims to have hit a dog after drink driving on her way home from a work party . Gates initially offers to help her cover up the incident , by faking a break - in at her home . However , when DS Cottan informs him of the cases that have come in overnight during the morning briefing , he discovers that Jackie actually killed a person during the incident , and not a dog as she claimed . Gates urges her to come clean . Meanwhile , Kate Fleming , currently assigned to divisional CID , approaches Gates and asks if she can join his team . He suggests she come out for drinks with the team to see how they get along , unaware that she is secretly working for AC - 12 . Meanwhile , DS Leah Janson informs Gates that crime statistics on the Bogg estate are on the rise once more , so Gates assigns TO - 20 to investigate . Surveillance reveals that two suspected drug dealers are operating out of a derelict house . Gates asks his team to take turns keeping an eye on the property . Laverty comes in to make a statement about the hit and run to an intelligence officer , but fails to disclose her part in the victim 's death . When the victim is identified , Gates manages to gain access to the computer records , and deletes the missing persons report which identifies the victim -- but not before Arnott manages to take a look . `` The Assault '' David Caffrey 3 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 03 ) 3.84 Gates continues his investigation into the double murder of the two suspected drug dealers , and interviews a less than co-operative witness -- whom he forces to talk by threatening that , even if he does not talk , he will be labelled a police snitch . Dot and Deepak apologise for leaving the surveillance early . Meanwhile , Simon and Karen respond to a silent alarm at a block of flats and catch a burglar in the act . Leah interviews him , and during interrogation he also confesses to a number of other offences . Meanwhile , Arnott ponders why Gates has taken on the case of the hit and run . Whilst interviewing waitress Nadzia , she informs him that Gates ' breakfast companion was tall , slim and dark - haired , and Arnott suspects she may have been describing Laverty . A search on the police database reveals a number of burglaries committed by the offender caught by Simon and Karen were on properties owned by Laverty Holdings PLC . Arnott visits a hairdresser 's that was burgled and suspects that Laverty may be running a money laundering scam . Back at the murder scene , the team realise that the attackers can not have found what they were looking for , but upon discovery of a secret hiding place where they suspect the drugs may have been stashed , they find it has been emptied . Meanwhile , Gates confronts Laverty over the death of her accountant . She tells him that her plan was to expand her business and that he disagreed with the idea , but Gates realises that he discovered that she was laundering money and threatened to tell the police . Gates arrests her , but on the way to the police station she persuades him to release her . Meanwhile , another drug dealer is found dead on the estate , but Gates is nowhere to be found . Kate realises that Gates has disappeared and informs Arnott . Back at Laverty 's house , she and Gates engage in another passionate encounter , until masked intruders force their way in . Gates is knocked unconscious , Laverty is murdered , and the unconscious Gates 's fingerprints are placed on the murder weapon . `` In the Trap '' David Caffrey 10 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) 3.80 Arnott speeds to Laverty 's house following a tip - off from Fleming , only to find Gates supposedly searching the property , claiming that he has come to arrest Laverty . Whilst at the property , Gates tampers with evidence , hiding his whisky glass and wiping his prints from the bottle just as his team arrives . Arnott demands that Forensics dust the table for prints in the hope of proving that Gates was at the property before Laverty disappeared . Hastings and Arnott haul Gates in for questioning . Gates confirms that Laverty was an old flame , but he denies all knowledge of the money laundering scam . Gates flounders when Arnott asks him how he managed to park his car on Laverty 's drive unless she let him onto the property , a hesitation which Arnott suspects is a sign of guilt . Hastings informs Gates ' senior officer that he is to be taken off the Laverty case . Fleming looks at CCTV from the night of the murder of the two drug dealers . She finds video footage which suggests that the killers circulated the area for some time in a car on false plates until Dot and Deepak left . Meanwhile , Gates tries to dispose of the whiskey glass from Laverty 's house . Fleming receives a call from uniform to say that the cloned car has been spotted , and Gates and Morton give chase . During the pursuit , Gates is kidnapped and taken to a warehouse where he is shown Jackie Laverty 's body and is told to stay quiet , or the knife with his fingerprints on will be handed in to the police . A dogged Arnott acts on a tip - off to say the whiskey glass is hidden in a storm drain -- a fact which Gates reveals he falsely told Deepak , supposedly confirming Deepak is the mole leaking information to AC - 12 . Meanwhile , Arnott discovers his colleagues from the armed raid have accused him of messing up the orders , which resulted in the death of an innocent victim . Racked with guilt and his inability to see past his colleagues ' betrayal , Arnott sends a text to Fleming and Hastings reading `` I 'm no longer the man for the job . Gates has won . '' `` Terror '' Douglas Mackinnon 17 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 17 ) 3.87 Fleming suggests to Arnott that the link between Laverty 's money laundering scam and Gates may be his children 's school fees . Arnott visits the school , who later confirm that Laverty paid the deposit and the first full term in cash . Arnott agrees to return to AC - 12 . Meanwhile , Hastings decides to bring in the rest of Gates ' squad to interrogate them over the ' laddering ' charge . Morton refuses to comment , Fleming sticks to her cover and decides to back up Gates , but during questioning Hastings interrogates Cottan about the night of the surveillance on Greek Lane , and he claims that Gates ordered Deepak and him to end surveillance , unaware that this would create a prime slot in the timeline for the killers to strike . Meanwhile , forensic evidence at the crime scene and Arabic books belonging to the victims leads Gates to cook up a story regarding a possible terrorism plot , allowing him to wind up Arnott about the armed raid in which he failed to capture a terrorist cell . Meanwhile , Gates tries to find the location where Jackie Laverty 's body is being kept . He receives another call from ' Tommy ' , who informs him that Arnott has been poking his nose into Laverty 's businesses , causing him to lose profits . ' Tommy ' informs Gates that he wants Arnott out of the way . Hastings and Arnott inform Hilton that they have a witness who claims that Gates controlled the sequence of events to allow the murder of the two drug dealers . Gates finds the location where he was held , but Laverty 's body has disappeared . Morton catches Fleming with two phones and realises she was the real AC - 12 mole . He assaults her and drives off to find Gates . Arnott receives a phone call from the owner of the hairdresser 's claiming he has information linking Gates to the gang . He sets up a meet , but when Arnott arrives he finds Gates colluding with the gang . Before he can escape , he is ambushed and tied to a chair , and his fingers are placed in a vice . Gates drives away , realising there is no way out . 5 5 `` The Probation '' Douglas Mackinnon 24 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) 3.72 Gates returns to rescue Arnott from the hands of his torturers . Arnott , who is convinced that Gates is innocent of the murders and believes Gates can lead him to the killers , lies to Fleming and tells her that Gates did not play any part in his kidnapping . Meanwhile , with her cover blown , Fleming is forced to leave TO - 20 , but not before Morton expresses his disgust . Cottan is assigned as deputy SIO on the triple murder case , while Arnott 's former counter-terrorism Chief Inspector is brought in to oversee the operation into apprehending the suspects . Fleming interviews Ryan , who denies any knowledge of ' Tommy ' or the murder of Jackie Laverty . He does , however , reveal to Fleming that it was Gates who rescued Arnott . Fleming , upset that her colleague has lied to her , informs Hastings . Meanwhile , Arnott uses Morton to set up a midnight rendezvous with Gates . Gates tries to convince Arnott that he has never ' crossed the line ' , even once , and that he was forced to turn rogue and did not have any choice in the matter . Arnott persuades Hastings to let him use Gates to get to Tommy . Hastings agrees to put a tap on the phone network used by Tommy until one of his many phone numbers is re-activated . Arnott primes Gates , who convinces his wife to let him spend one final hour with his children . When the phone number is re-activated , Gates , Arnott and Fleming trail Tommy to the Edge Park golf club . Gates arrests Tommy . Under interrogation , Tommy reveals that his boys were responsible for the murder of Jackie Laverty and also took out the three drug dealers . Tommy claims that the murders were committed by ' an inside man , someone special to him ' who ' always follows orders ' and who would admit to them if he forced him to . As Arnott and Fleming catch up with them , Gates realises that his career is over and decides to commit suicide , telling Arnott to inform his wife that he was killed in the line of duty . After Tommy is arrested , Cottan has a quiet word with him . Tommy says , ' You tell me how I 'm going to play this one ' , to which Cottan replies , ' Offer them all the information you can and plead immunity ' , seemingly confirming that Cottan is Tommy 's inside man , later revealed as ' The Caddy ' , having been recruited as a teenager when he caddied for Tommy at a local golf club . In an epilogue , Gates 's family receives a death - in - service benefit of £ 107,000 plus a pension for life . Arnott and his former counter-terrorism colleagues are acquitted of all charges . The evidence obtained on Tommy is never used , and he is put in the witness protection system . The case against Gates is closed . Series 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The second series of Line of Duty -- consisting of six episodes -- premiered on 12 February 2014 . The series follows DC Kate Fleming ( Vicky McClure ) , DS Steve Arnott ( Martin Compston ) and Superintendent Ted Hastings ( Adrian Dunbar ) as they lead an investigation into the corrupt actions of DI Lindsay Denton ( Keeley Hawes ) . The series ' supporting characters include DC Nigel Morton ( Neil Morrissey ) and DS Matthew Cottan ( Craig Parkinson ) . Series two received even better reviews than its predecessor , despite lower viewing figures , and was ranked the best television drama of 2014 by The Observer . No . Overall No. in Series Title Directed by Original air date UK viewers ( million ) 6 `` The Ambush '' Douglas Mackinnon 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) 2.74 A police convoy escorting a civilian under a witness protection scheme is attacked . The witness is hospitalised and all police officers are killed -- with the exception of Inspector Lindsay Denton , who organised the operation at very short notice and who only informed DCC Dryden . Ted Hastings asks Steve and Kate to investigate Denton , but Kate initially asks not to take part . She explains that she trained together with Jayne Akers , one of the dead officers , but she has also been having an affair with Jayne 's husband , Rich . She is replaced by Georgia Trotman , an ambitious but less - experienced officer who is troubled that the team are treating Denton as a suspect and delving into her finances . However , she and Steve quickly grow close , while Hastings tries to keep up appearances with his estranged wife . Denton , shunned by her fellow officers , is transferred to a missing persons unit , and Kate , undercover once again , becomes her assistant . Kate follows Denton to the nursing home where her mother lives and sees Denton ring the hospital where the injured witness is being treated . Georgia and Steve race to the hospital and confront a man disguised as a nurse . Steve is knocked unconscious ; Georgia , who sees the killer 's face , is thrown out of a window to her death , and the witness is killed . 7 `` Carly '' Douglas Mackinnon 19 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) 3.21 Steve discovers that a nurse on the witness 's ward , Claire Tindall , was threatened into giving the killer access by a man she knows as Joe , but whom she is unable to identify . Denton begins her work in missing persons with the case of a vanished teenager named Carly Kirk . As they work together , Kate attempts to gain Denton 's confidence , but Denton sees through this , assaults Kate and steals her phone . Denton is interviewed again by AC - 12 and claims that she rang the hospital to ask that the witness exonerate her , but the team do not believe her and Hastings arrests her for conspiracy . At this point Denton turns the tables and gives evidence , on the record , that Steve made an unofficial romantic visit to Claire , Hastings has financial problems ( something he previously cited as making Denton vulnerable to bribery ) and Kate 's cell phone has an `` interesting '' call history ( alluding to her affair with Richard Akers ) . Meanwhile , a story surfaces in the press that DCC Dryden took penalty points for his wife when she committed a driving offence . In a parallel sub-plot , Denton has a dispute with her alcoholic neighbour . The neighbour plays loud music late at night , and accepts cash in return for not doing so . One evening Denton snaps and strikes her with a wine bottle , which she then wipes down and disposes of . When the neighbour reports the attack , Denton flatly denies it . Again the music disturbs Denton , who finds her neighbour 's door open and the woman asleep , while a chip pan is heating up . On reflection , Denton turns the gas off , takes the money and leaves . 8 `` Behind Bars '' Douglas Mackinnon 26 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 3.34 Denton is remanded in custody , where she is victimised by both staff and prisoners , having her hands badly burnt and warned not to speak to the authorities . Hastings requests witness protection records from Dryden , allowing AC - 12 to discover the identity of the dead witness : Tommy Hunter , the gang leader previously arrested by Tony Gates . Cottan believes that the mole who betrayed the escort was in fact Jayne Akers , the liaison officer . Kate visits Denton , who knows about Kate 's affair with Jayne 's husband , which Cottan also suspects . Denton 's accusations also cause friction between Hastings and Steve , and Dryden 's driving offence continues to occupy the press . To draw attention away from himself , Dryden leaks the information that Denton is the officer under investigation . At the site where Denton stole Kate 's phone and blew her cover , Kate discovers a body , apparently that of the missing Carly . She re-interviews Denton , who claims that Dryden , a married man , had an affair with her and has set her up . Kate discovers that Dryden and Denton did previously work together , lending some credence to this story . Cottan discovers from forensic accountants that Jayne Akers received a large sum of cash shortly before she died . 9 `` Blood Money '' Daniel Nettheim 5 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 3.46 Steve and Kate persuade Hastings to bring Dryden in for questioning but find the DCC uncooperative and frosty . They face a further problem when the Major Violent Crimes team bring in Richard Akers before they can do so , as Steve mistakenly assumed that Richard was unaware of his wife 's corruption and so decided he was not a priority . When they do get to interview Akers , he reveals that Jayne kept recordings of Tommy as leverage and stored them at a PO Box . The recordings show Tommy threatening to inform on various parties , including corrupt police officers `` from the two - faced bastard right down to The Caddy '' , unless they ensure his witness protection and immunity are maintained . A recording of Dryden publicly criticising the immunity Tommy and others like him receive suggest he is the corrupt officer in question , and AC - 12 begin seeking the identity of ' The Caddy ' . Denton is granted permission to visit her dying mother at her nursing home , but on the return journey Denton 's prison van is run off the road . Fleeing for her life , Denton finds herself confronted by two corrupt police officers , including the man who murdered Georgia Trotman . 10 5 `` Last Words '' Daniel Nettheim 12 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) 3.73 Denton manages to escape her kidnappers in violent circumstances that lead to the death of one and the hospitalisation of the other , and AC - 12 find themselves forced to decide where their loyalties lie between Denton and Dryden . With the evidence mounting against the latter , the discovery of pictures showing Dryden and 15 - year - old Carly Kirk in a compromising situation is the final nail in the coffin , resulting in Steve and Kate finally arresting the DCC . However , when presented with AC - 12 's evidence , Dryden still strongly maintains he is being set up . Meanwhile , Cottan approaches DC Morton from his old team . Morton is the officer who sold the story about Dryden 's driving offence to the papers , and Cottan blackmails him into falsely saying Jeremy Cole , the deceased kidnapper , was nicknamed ' The Caddy ' by fellow officers . 11 6 `` The Caddy '' Daniel Nettheim 19 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 4.12 Dryden claims that Denton was at the car park when he was photographed in the car with Carly . Steve gets closer to Denton but reveals to Kate that he is undercover , as she was earlier . Steve finds the pay - off money hidden among the possessions Denton took from her mother 's room . A flashback shows the events leading up to the ambush . Denton follows Dryden to the reception , where Carly meets and attempts to seduce him . Denton has a brief conversation with her in the ladies ' cloakroom and then follows Carly and Dryden to the car park , where she sees Carly fellate Dryden and that she is working for Tommy . Some days later , Denton approaches Tommy but is surprised to find him accompanied by a police detective -- Akers . Akers visits Denton at her home to request help in handing Tommy over to his criminal associates , who want to kill him out of fear he will inform on them in witness protection . With a pay - off , and appealing to Denton 's desire to protect Carly from her pimp and abuser , Akers persuades her to assist in the handover . In reality the handover is being planned by Cottan , the mastermind who is known only to Akers and Tommy . He orders two corrupt officers to ambush the convoy , who follow it using a tracker placed on Denton 's vehicle . Akers and Tommy are both killed to protect Cottan 's identity , Denton is left alive to take the blame . Further details are revealed in an epilogue . The buried body is not Carly 's , who has fled the country unknown to the authorities and criminal parties . DS Prasad , who carried out the ambush and kidnapped Denton , gives evidence against her in return for complete immunity from prosecution . DC Morton is not suspected of any wrongdoing and will retire in a year on full pension ; he continues to sell confidential information to the press . DCC Dryden is given a suspended sentence for perverting the course of justice regarding his wife 's speeding ticket and resigns from the police force . Denton is convicted of conspiracy to commit murder and given a life sentence . Cottan is asked to remain in AC - 12 . Major Violent Crimes continue to investigate who organised Tommy 's murder , but no police officers beyond Denton are suspected . Series 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The third series of Line of Duty -- consisting of six episodes -- premiered on 24 March 2016 . The series follows DC Kate Fleming ( Vicky McClure ) , DS Steve Arnott ( Martin Compston ) and Superintendent Ted Hastings ( Adrian Dunbar ) as they lead an investigation into the corrupt actions of Sergeant Danny Waldron ( Daniel Mays ) . The series ' supporting characters include DC Nigel Morton ( Neil Morrissey ) , DS Matthew Cottan ( Craig Parkinson ) , and DI Lindsay Denton ( Keeley Hawes ) . The storyline in this series is a direct continuation of the second series ' plot . No . Overall No. in Series Title Directed by Original air date UK viewer ( millions ) 12 `` Monsters '' Michael Keillor 24 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) 3.54 Sgt . Danny Waldron and his team of armed officers are deployed to detain Ronan Murphy , a suspect wanted in connection with a plot to commit a gangland execution . Waldron orders a ' hard stop ' on the suspect 's vehicle , forcing the suspect to decamp into a nearby housing estate . Waldron gives chase , but catches up with him long before his team arrive . Waldron decides to shoot the suspect in cold blood , despite him having already surrendered his gun , and fakes the scene to make it look like he opened fire before he was shot . When Waldron 's team arrive , he orders them to discharge their weapons . Under interrogation from AC - 12 , Waldron looks to have an answer for everything , until DS Arnott 's line of questioning into his private life begins to spook him . Hastings agrees to send Fleming undercover as a new member of Waldron 's squad in an attempt to uncover the truth . Waldron 's team are tense as a result of being bullied into collaborating with Waldron , and Fleming identifies PC Harinderpal ' Hari ' Bains as a possible informer , but Bains refuses to testify . After pressure from AC - 12 department lawyer Gill Biggeloe , Waldron 's team are returned to active duty along with Fleming . On their first call , they are tasked with raiding a house where drugs are kept . Waldron steals an illegal firearm , then stops Fleming from aiming her gun at a child who surprises them . Waldron demands Fleming transfer out of his squad . Waldron lingers outside Bains ' house with the stolen gun , but leaves when spotted . He later spies on Ronan Murphy 's funeral . He follows Linus Murphy , one of the mourners , breaks into his house , and holds him at gunpoint , implying as he does so that Ronan and Linus were part of a group who abused him as a child , and that he killed Ronan for revenge . He murders Linus off screen and returns to his flat , where he leaves a list of names including Ronan , Linus and Tommy Hunter in an envelope addressed to Arnott . Waldron 's team raids another drug house , where he orders Fleming to stay behind while the rest of the team search upstairs . Fleming hears shots fired , and rushes upstairs to find the other squad members standing around Waldron , who has been shot in the neck . 13 `` The Process '' Michael Keillor 31 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 6.02 Kate Fleming attempts to provide first aid to the wounded Sgt . Waldron , who dies in the ambulance . The remaining members of the team , PC Rod Kennedy , PC Hari Bains and PC Jackie Brickford , are interviewed by AC - 12 and claim Waldron shot himself despite their attempts to stop him . Hastings attempts to arrest them , but Gill Biggeloe convinces him to rescind the arrest . The police search Waldron 's flat , finding Linus Murphy 's dog ( who Waldron took with him after the murder to help lead the police to Murphy 's body ) and DI Cottan discovers a box containing the stolen gun , a photograph of a young Waldron and other boys alongside Ronan and Linus Murphy , and the envelope , addressed to Arnott , containing Waldron 's list . Cottan steals the list . Arnott agrees to take over the investigation of Waldron while Cottan focuses on his colleagues . Arnott locates Linus 's home and finds his tortured and decapitated body , then finds the head in a storage room rented by Waldron . Waldron 's team - mates find themselves suspected by their colleagues , and Fleming pressures them further by suggesting she knows they murdered Waldron , and indicating she will tell AC - 12 about a radio call Bains made to Waldron moments before his death , which was not included in the reports . Meanwhile , Lindsay Denton has appealed against her conviction for conspiracy to murder Tommy Hunter , and Arnott is called as a witness . He denies having a sexual relationship with Denton , but the suggestion puts strains on his relationship with his girlfriend , DS Sam Railstone . Scared by pressure from Fleming , Kennedy demands to meet Bains in a disused warehouse , blaming Bains for their situation . This results in a brief physical confrontation . Denton claims in court that she had sex with Arnott . Next morning , Kennedy 's body is found hanged in the warehouse where he confronted Bains . Brickford and Bains meet , and appear the next morning to alter their statements to AC - 12 . They now claim Kennedy shot Waldron , and Brickford confesses she had a relationship with Kennedy until some months earlier , when they broke up after she had a one - night stand with Waldron . Bains receives a package containing a phone , and receives a call from someone who congratulates him on his deception . 14 `` Snake Pit '' Michael Keillor 7 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 5.73 Hastings authorizes Fleming to begin surveillance of Hari Bains . She watches him meeting with Jackie Brickford ; when Arnott interviews Bains ' superior , Bains panics and is observed calling his contact from a payphone . Fleming asks Cottan to organize a second examination of Rod Kennedy 's body , which Cottan intentionally neglects to do . The photo of Waldron and Ronan Murphy is traced to his time in Sands View boys ' home . Arnott identifies Joseph Nash , another boy in the picture , and interviews him . Nash explains Linus Murphy was the caretaker at Sands View , that both men abused boys at the home , and that boys at the home were sexually abused by other men both at Sands View and at private parties . He identifies then - Councillor Dale Roach , but Roach is unable to stand trial , due to a stroke . Brickford visits Fleming to find out what AC - 12 has been asking her . Fleming reveals Bains has been making phone calls , seemingly to Brickford . Brickford confronts Bains , who can not explain the calls . Brickford returns to AC - 12 and confesses Waldron was shot in a struggle that Brickford and Kennedy were involved with . Only Bains saw how it began . Bains claimed Waldron had aimed at him , and that Bains grabbed the gun in self - defence . Brickford also confesses to lying about Ronan Murphy 's death . Hastings has Brickford 's police contract terminated and warns her she may yet be charged . Meanwhile , Arnott orders a second post mortem on Rod Kennedy 's body . It indicates he was murdered . AC - 12 moves to arrest Bains and the firearms unit are deployed to arrest him , but his contact ( revealed to be Cottan ) warns him and he escapes . He travels to the warehouse where Kennedy was hanged , and finds Cottan ( unaware that Cottan is his contact ) . As the firearms team approach , Cottan handcuffs and injures himself to fake a fight . Bains is arrested and the police find a noose , supporting Cottan 's story that Bains was attempting to hang him . Lindsay Denton 's trial reaches its conclusion . The jury finds her not guilty of conspiracy to murder , and she is released with time served . She tells Arnott she forgives him , outside the courthouse . Cottan is congratulated by his colleagues , but the unregistered phones in Bains ' home suggest he was acting on orders , and , as Cottan watches TV news footage of Denton 's release , a number of mobile phones in his house begin to ring simultaneously . 15 `` Negative Pressure '' John Strickland 14 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 5.55 Lindsay Denton is taken to AC - 12 , where she demands a formal apology . She reveals she has a recording of herself and DS Steve Arnott in a compromising situation that she will use against him as evidence of perjury if they do not comply with her requests . Denton is forced to work as a supermarket cleaner and later entraps an exploitative parole sponsor trying to pressure her into sex . Arnott -- who is losing confidence within the department -- eventually meets with Denton and asks for help in finding the link between Sands View and Tommy Hunter . DI Matthew Cottan is awarded with a commendation for his perceived bravery arresting a corrupt police officer , Hari Bains . He then proceeds to tell Gill and DC Kate Fleming he is concerned about Steve 's behaviour and that Steve is carrying a firearm in his jacket . Bains confesses to killing Danny Waldron on the demands of his unknown contact , but insists he did not murder Rod Kennedy . Steve and Kate confront Ted , saying they believe they should question a retired officer on the subject of allegedly reporting to a mother that a sexual - abuse complaint of Dale Roach was dealt with , resulting in Roach being charged and sent to prison . The mother saw Dale Roach in the newspaper some time later , so knew she had been lied to . The death of a former social worker at Sands View , ruled as a suicide , is reinvestigated due to allegations that he attempted to report the abuse to police and may have been murdered to prevent his case being pursued . They eventually interview former vice chief superintendent Fairbank , who claims to remember no details of the case . He and Hastings share a handshake that Arnott identifies as Masonic . Cottan meets former colleague Nigel Morton and threatens to derail his pension if he does not hand over the last known evidence of Cottan 's true allegiance -- a mobile phone and SIM card with records of calls made to Hunter . Morton tells AC - 12 the Caddy is probably still alive , leading Cottan to create a presumptive profile which he deliberately engineers to fit Arnott . Morton hands the phone and SIM to Cottan in a car park ( where Cottan was prepared to kill him if he had not complied ) , but it is then revealed it was a duplicate and Morton still has the real items hidden in his car . 16 5 `` The List '' John Strickland 21 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 5.72 Cottan continues to stack the deck against Arnott , first by pressurising PC Maneet Bhandra to hold off on key forensics ( specifically the envelope found in Danny Waldron 's flat ) , and then by spreading rumours surrounding Arnott 's conduct , including telling Fleming he has a lead linking Arnott to Lindsay Denton 's bribe money . Arnott is eventually suspended by a hesitant Hastings , to whom he reveals the redacted file that would have linked Ronan and Linus Murphy to Tommy Hunter . Hastings challenges Gill on this but is rebuffed . Meanwhile Fairbank is called in for interview and maintains his ignorance as he is presented with images of alleged abusers , such as councillor Dale Roach and real - life BBC DJ Jimmy Savile ( who is not identified by name in the show ) . Joseph Nash is shown a photograph of Fairbank , ostensibly to identify him as an officer that had overlooked accusations , but his reaction suggests Fairbank was one of the abusers . Arnott continues to meet with Lindsay Denton as they investigate the possibility of Danny Waldron hiding another copy of his list of abusers . Denton realises the list is likely kept digitally , so she tricks Arnott into pursuing a false lead while she , after stealing Arnott 's pocketbook , goes to an internet cafe to access Waldron 's emails . She finds a photograph of the list in his drafts folder and transfers it to hers as insurance . Outside , Cottan -- who has been following Denton -- summons her into his car , revealed to be DS Arnott 's service vehicle with fake licence plates , and drives her to an industrial facility demanding at gunpoint she hand over the information , offering money for her obedience . Denton , staying true to her morals as a former police officer , defiantly emails the list to Hastings . Cottan murders Denton but is too late to prevent the list being sent . 17 6 `` Breach '' John Strickland 28 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 5.93 Patrick Fairbank is arrested and interviewed on new information submitted by Joe Nash during an identity parade . During the interview , Hastings receives the list sent by Lindsay Denton which identifies Fairbank as one of the abusers . Meanwhile , Arnott awakens to find his pocketbook missing and his car stolen . As he reports the car missing , Hastings attends a call to a dockers ' yard where the body of Lindsay Denton has been discovered in Arnott 's car . Arnott is arrested on suspicion of murder . During questioning , evidence identifying Arnott as ' The Caddy ' , such as money from Lindsay 's Denton 's bribe and the mobile phone he used to contact Hari Bains , are shown to have been found in Arnott 's gym bag . Arnott realises the evidence records relating to his hiring of a firearm have been doctored to suggest he did not return it . He knows somebody within the department has set him up , but has no way of proving it . Cottan then reveals , much to the surprise of Hastings and Fleming , he has suppressed the evidence found in the envelope left to Arnott by Danny Waldron , and that the evidence is a golf tee , supposedly confirming that Arnott is ' The Caddy ' . Fleming informs Hastings she has been carrying out an undercover operation into the officers of AC - 12 , under the orders of a superintendent from AC - 3 . She highlights inconsistencies within Cottan 's line of questioning against Arnott . Having spoken with DS Nicola Rogerson , she identifies Cottan was the one who fed AC - 12 the doctored file on Ronan Murphy . Hastings confronts Gill Biggeloe , who confirms it was Cottan who gave her the file . Maneet later reveals to Fleming it was Cottan who told her not to inform Arnott of the forensic findings of the envelope found in Waldron 's flat . Fleming also uncovers CCTV which confirms Arnott 's car was being driven on false plates shortly before the time of the murder . Cottan is brought in for questioning . He denies all knowledge of the doctored file and claims Arnott must have been the one responsible , having previously had a relationship with DS Rogerson . Hastings pressures Cottan on the suppression of the golf tee from evidence , as well as the fact that no blood was found on the tee despite blood being found on both the envelope and the list . Cottan claims he only removed it to prevent Arnott from becoming aware he was investigating him . Fleming reveals new forensic evidence against Cottan -- fibres from the rope found at Rod Kennedy 's murder scene , in the boot of his car . Cottan strenuously denies any involvement with Kennedy 's murder . Hastings probes him on evidence submitted by Nigel Morton , which suggests he pressured Morton into wrongly identifying ' The Caddy ' , and also used a secret mobile phone . Phone records reveal he previously called Tommy Hunter several times in the months leading up to his death . Fleming presses Cottan on the lead he claimed to have on Arnott linking him to Lindsay Denton 's bribe , which Hastings points out could not have been the money in Arnott 's gym bag as that was not discovered until after Denton had been killed , the morning after Cottan alleged to have evidence against Arnott . Questioned about his whereabouts on the morning of Lindsay Denton 's murder , Cottan fails to provide a solid alibi , and Fleming reveals that he was not at his flat when he claimed he was . Cottan sends a text to three recipients , ' Removals ' , ' Talk ' , and ' Ride ' . An armed officer guarding the interview shoots a fellow armed officer dead , fires shots into the interview room , enabling Cottan 's escape , and then hands Cottan a pistol . Pursued by an armed Fleming , Cottan is rescued by a getaway car . Fleming manages to shoot the driver and brings the car to a standstill . As she goes to confront Cottan , another passenger fires three shots aimed at her , but Cottan jumps in front of her , taking the bullets . In a final act of redemption , Cottan records a dying declaration that directly leads to Fairbank being jailed for ten years . The epilogue reveals Arnott is exonerated , Fleming is awarded for her bravery and later promoted to Sergeant , Denton receives posthumous recognition for her contributions by the coroner but is buried with no mourners , and Nigel Morton retires on full pension plus disability benefits . The epilogue also states Hastings , Arnott , and Fleming remain with AC - 12 . Series 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The fourth series of Line of Duty , consisting of six episodes , began broadcasting on 26 March 2017 on BBC One . The story follows DS Kate Fleming ( Vicky McClure ) , DS Steve Arnott ( Martin Compston ) and Superintendent Ted Hastings ( Adrian Dunbar ) as they investigate the actions of DCI Roseanne Huntley ( Thandie Newton ) . The supporting characters include FC Tim Ifield ( Jason Watkins ) , DC Jodie Taylor ( Claudia Jessie ) , and DS Sam Railston ( Aiysha Hart ) . As with the previous two series , the storyline is linked thematically to that of series 1 . No . Overall No. in Series Title Directed by Original air date UK viewer ( millions ) 18 `` Episode 1 '' Jed Mercurio 26 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 9.21 DCI Roz Huntley identifies and captures a suspected serial killer . The suspect is uncooperative under questioning and appears not to have an alibi . After months of fruitless investigation , ACC Derek Hilton puts pressure on Huntley to charge the suspect . Forensic Coordinator Tim Ifield informs Huntley of concerns he has relating to the forensic evidence , which he believes proves the suspect 's innocence , but Huntley seems uninterested . Ifield alerts AC - 12 to a possible miscarriage of justice . Tim tells Steve Arnott he believes DCI Huntley is deliberately ignoring forensic evidence which proves the suspect 's innocence . Tim explains the forensics suggest someone has manipulated the crime scene in an attempt to frame the suspect . With the authorisation of Ted Hastings , Kate Fleming goes undercover to investigate Huntley , and also interviews the suspect . Arnott informs Huntley that AC - 12 are investigating . Huntley suspects Ifield and turns up at his house at night , where she accuses Ifield of talking to AC - 12 . Ifield admits this , and a row breaks out over the guilt of the suspect . Huntley scalds Ifield 's hand on a hot pan , and Ifield slaps Huntley . Huntley then accuses Ifield of assault . Ifield pushes Huntley , who hits her head on a table and becomes unconscious . Realising Huntley has no pulse , Ifield sets about disposing of the body . 19 `` Episode 2 '' Jed Mercurio 2 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 9.04 When being interviewed by DS Fleming , Michael Farmer correctly gives the name of the hospital he was in when Leonie Collersdale , the second murder victim , was killed , throwing further doubt on his guilt . Worries grow when DCI Roz Huntley fails to report for duty . A dismembered female body is discovered , Leonie Collersdale 's . When she reappears , Roz brushes off her absence , saying she had some kind of bug . ACC Hilton tells Roz that Hastings is going to serve her with a Regulation 15 notice . AC - 12 interviews Roz and throws doubt on forensic evidence concerning the attack on Hana Reznikova , which Roz alleges is by Michael Farmer , and says Roz failed to present any contrary evidence to the Crown Prosecutor . Hastings says he will be recommending she be taken off the case . Roz is shown examining Ifield 's laptop in her car . Tim Ifield is missing ; DS Arnott goes to his flat , breaks in and finds his body . Three fingers had been amputated . Roz arrives and takes charge of the crime scene , despite Steve 's protests . Inside , she notices the blood spatter on the edge of the kitchen counter , which is hers . She hears the sample being labelled KRG - 13 , but notes it incorrectly as KRG - 30 . Roz obtains a sample of Ifield 's blood from her car , labelling it KRG - 30 . Managing to gain access to the forensic samples , she can not find KRG - 30 , but realises her error and over-writes her sample bag as KRG - 13 . Ifield 's mobile phone records are investigated , and communications with Hana Reznikova are found . DS Arnott finds from forensics that Ifield was probably wearing a white forensic oversuit at the time of death . Summarising the evidence , he implies to Hastings that Roz is Ifield 's killer . Roz takes a further sample of Ifield 's blood and inserts it into forensic submissions for Leonie Collersdale 's murder , implicating him . She requests further forensic tests ; forensics find the match to Ifield . DS Fleming passes the Inspector 's exam . Hastings has chats with both her and DS Arnott , and indicates informally to Kate he has decided on Arnott for promotion . Roz tells ACC Hilton that , if AC - 12 's informant was Ifield , the evidence against him undermines his evidence and therefore undermines the case against her . She tells him she 's convinced Tim Ifield 's murder and Michael Farmer 's crimes are connected . 20 `` Episode 3 '' John Strickland 9 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 9.05 Roz continually shuts Kate out of the investigation meetings . The officers try to find links between Tim Ifield and Michael Farmer . In order to gain access to information from the investigation , AC - 12 seize evidence forcibly , since Kate is unable to gain access undercover . A security camera shot of Ifield in the balaclava mask and purchasing the cutting tools found at his flat does not convince Steve that Ifield is Balaclava Man . His requests to Hastings to open a second investigation are authorised . Steve theorises Roz was the one to kill Ifield after her phone history proves suspicious . A note to Roz left on her computer warns her she is being watched and she soon suspects Kate . Jody notices Kate checking the forensics ( that Roz had swapped ) and reports back to Huntley . Roz interviews Hana , the victim of Balaclava Man , whom she saved originally , and , having discovered Hana is a prostitute who had had sexual encounters with Ifield , sets about framing her for his murder . Steve begins questioning Nick Huntley about his wife 's whereabouts on the night Tim died , but Nick refuses to confirm or deny his wife 's alibi . A new DC , Jamie Desford , is assigned to Steve to assist him . Having heard no response from Nick , Steve returns to his office to question him and misses various voice messages from AC - 12 warning him Nick could be dangerous as his car was identified both approaching and departing from the area near Ifield 's flat on the night of the murder . On the way up in the lift , Steve is attacked by a man in a balaclava , hit in the face with a baseball bat and thrown down the stairs . With blood pooling round his head , his fate is left uncertain . 21 `` Episode 4 '' John Strickland 16 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 9.60 After the attack on DS Arnott , Roz picks up husband Nick outside his offices and advises him to go back inside away from CCTV and ask security to look for Steve Arnott . Arnott is found to be badly injured , but alive . Nick is interviewed by Superintendent Hastings and DC Jamie Desford . Nick says it was a complete coincidence that only he knew Arnott was to be at his office building when he fell down three flights of stairs . He did not explain why his car was seen near Ifield 's flat when Ifield was murdered . Nick said his wife Roz was asleep in the spare room that night . Nick 's solicitor , Jimmy Lakewell , says very officiously that with no evidence or CCTV Nick should be free to go . AC - 12 find a CCTV image of a man in a balaclava by Nick Huntley 's offices at the time of the attack on Steve . In her car , Nick and Roz argue , Nick saying he had seen Roz going into Ifield 's flat 's building that night . Roz says she was having an affair . Quizzed by Hastings in hospital , Steve is unable to identify his attacker . At a meeting in his club , Roz appeals for ACC Hilton to help her by making an official complaint against AC - 12 and closing the case against Michael Farmer . Hilton says there are some things he could tell Roz to help her with AC - 12 . Despite her friendliness , she rejects his advances , but suggests they meet again . Roz and then DS Fleming talk with Kevin Gill , the forensics officer KRG . Roz 's wrist injury is now considerably worse ; she has it examined by a doctor , who takes a swab . Roz and Nick argue again , at home . Nick says he ca n't believe anything she says any more and he knows she was in the flats where the murder happened . She slaps him , twice ; he breaks down . AC - 12 finds an anomaly in the second forensic examination of KRG - 13 , the blood - spatters sample with the overwritten label : traces of white fibres from a forensic oversuit . Roz is interviewed by AC - 12 . Hastings appears to have the upper hand . After running through evidence , he says he will be recommending she be suspended from duty immediately . Roz then turns the tables , accusing Hastings of sexism . She has identified DS Fleming as an undercover AC - 12 officer in her team . Roz asks Hastings whether he is a mason . All through this altercation , a clearly - rattled Hastings is asking her where she is getting this information . She suggests DS Flynn was induced to tamper with evidence concerning Ifield 's murder , accuses Hastings of a conspiracy to pervert the course of justice in the case against her , and brandishes a supporting letter from ACC Hilton , recusing AC - 12 from their inquiry . Hilton and Roz meet again at his club , but Roz again rejects him , saying she loves her husband . Afterwards , PC Maneet Bindra is seen handing a file to ACC Hilton . 22 5 `` Episode 5 '' John Strickland 23 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 9.98 Hastings accuses ACC Hilton of a wilful effort to bury allegations of wrongdoing . Hilton denies this and demands a copy of the recording of Matthew Cottan 's dying declaration ( `` DD '' ) . Hastings declines , claiming no reciprocity . At a team briefing , DS Neil Twyler reports biometrics suggest Balaclava Man who attacked Steve Arnott and Balaclava Man seen in the area of Leonie Collersdale 's murder are the same man . Roz says maybe , but Michael Farmer may change his plea to guilty . Neil clearly has doubts and tells a colleague Roz is so keen to pin Ifield 's murder on Hana . Kate tells Hastings the leak of her cover is likely to have been from within AC - 12 . More female body parts are discovered : they are more of Leonie Collersdale . Steve arrives back in the office , returning to work despite his immobility . He 's in a wheelchair . He says Roz can not be allowed to mislead the investigation and Hilton said nothing about AC - 12 not investigating Ifield 's murder . He suggests looking at Nick Huntley 's alibi , and Maneet finds it does not clear him . Maneet asks Jamie for his username and password , claiming they 're being changed , then uses them to enter the system and download a copy of the recording of Cottan 's DD , which she passes to Hilton . Soon after , Maneet asks to finish work , due to the strains of her pregnancy . Later , Kate notes the sensitive information access and tells Hastings , who gives Jamie a dressing down . Jamie says he is being scapegoated , requests a transfer and leaves the office . Steve visits Michael Farmer in prison , suggesting a change of solicitor ; Farmer says he liked the one he had before . Steve has Farmer 's Nan visit to try to prevent him from changing his plea ; she succeeds . Steve tells Kate the framing of Farmer could not have been random and finds Farmer 's earlier solicitor was Jimmy Lakewell . Steve and Kate visit Lakewell , but get nowhere . Roz 's wrist injury is worsening ; Nick says it 's stinky ; the doctor who took the swab tries to contact her . At home , she faints after taking off the dressing . Nick meets Lakewell , saying Roz is lying and has a wound which dates from the night of Ifield 's murder . He thinks Roz murdered Ifield . Lakewell floats the idea of a voluntary interview and immunity . Forensics ( Rupal ) reveals proof the latest remains had been frozen and were buried after both Farmer 's incarceration and Ifield 's murder , and suggests a team briefing to Roz . Rupal goes to the team office for the briefing she expects to take place , but no - one has been made aware of the information . Neil , who hears this , meets Kate and , stressing anonymity , relays the information . This triggers Steve 's memory : Jackie Laverty 's body ( series 1 ) was buried after being kept in deep freeze . Men in balaclavas with baseball bats were involved . He suggests the Laverty case , which is unsolved , be re-opened , giving them the chance to examine the latest forensics . Roz is in hospital . Nick explains to her that her hand had to be amputated to save her life . With the new forensic evidence , Steve finds the blood sample of Ifield ( relating to Leonie Collersdale 's murder ) was contaminated with white forensic oversuit fibres , just as the blood spatter on the kitchen counter had been . So both were falsified . He says he believes Roz has been protecting Nick . Hastings says `` to hell with ACC Hilton '' and tells Kate to go and pick up both Roz and Nick Huntley . But Roz had discharged herself from hospital . Roz 's sidekick Jodie picks Roz up and tells her Lakewell has requested a voluntary interview with independent detectives about Ifield 's murder , seeking immunity . Nick meets Roz at home . She says they 're getting a divorce and accuses him of amputating her hand in retribution for her having an affair . He says it was all her lies and she had MRSA in her wound . She arrests him for Ifield 's murder . Once Nick has been taken away , Roz reaches for the holdall she 'd retained which contains contaminatory items from the scene of Ifield 's murder and runs his hairbrush over one of Nick 's pullovers . Hastings , Steve and Kate visit ACC Hilton . Steve and Kate explain evidence was planted in order to falsely implicate Ifield in Leonie Collersdale 's murder and that Ifield had uncovered a conspiracy to frame Michael Farmer for the murders . Hastings says he 'd like to arrest Roz straight away on suspicion of perverting the course of justice . Hilton brushes all this aside and reminds them of the recusion of AC - 12 , and that these are Roz 's cases . Hastings says they came across this as a result of looking again into the disappearance of Jackie Laverty . Hilton looks disturbed by this revelation , then praises their work , but again calls for their files to be handed over to a more impartial authority . Hilton tells Steve and Kate to leave and plays the recording of Cottan 's DD to Hastings . Hastings protests vehemently . From the DD , the ' top dog ' ( top corrupt policeman ) promoted Cottan and his name began with H. Hilton tells Hastings , calling him H , that he will be served with a Regulation 15 notice , with 10 working days to answer the allegations , and dismisses him . Kate drives Steve home , where he is not able to look after himself . He confesses to Kate he may never walk again ; Kate consoles him . Before he is interviewed , Nick again tells his solicitor Roz is lying about everything . 23 6 `` Episode 6 '' John Strickland 30 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 10.40 Nick Huntley is interviewed regarding his movements on the night of Ifield 's murder . AC - 12 realise it is consistent with the few CCTV recordings and witness testimonies they have , but struggle to find any evidence to implicate Roz . Jamie has transferred to ACC Hilton 's team and is thus in conflict with AC - 12 , further complicated by the fact his partner is Arnott 's ex-girlfriend . Roz leads them to Nick 's tampered jumper , which allows Polk Avenue to formally charge him with Ifield 's murder , as well as the previous crimes attributed to Balaclava Man . Nick asks Lakewell to get AC - 12 involved , but he declines . Roz also asks Jodie to analyse some telecoms on the quiet . Arnott realises Ifield 's killer stole a tracksuit , as his or her clothes were covered in blood , and then would probably have changed clothes again when they got home before hiding both . They try to narrow their search to a specific time and area , managing to find a three - hour window shortly after Ifield 's murder , and are able to spot Roz driving towards a large area of woodland . They also discover the MRSA that infected Roz 's wound is likely to be traceable in Ifield 's balaclava . Arnott works out the time taken for Roz to drive to and from the area would have only given her a few minutes to hide the evidence . They find out she led a previous search of the area and that she hid her own incriminating evidence in the same place . Roz is subsequently arrested for Ifield 's murder and requests Lakewell as her solicitor . After being interrogated and facing damning evidence against her , Roz admits to Ifield 's accidental death in self - defence and to framing Nick . Just as the interview appears to be concluding , Roz arrests Lakewell for perverting the course of justice . It is revealed that Lakewell , whom Nick rang immediately when Arnott was approaching his office , tipped off ACC Hilton using a ' burner ' phone , and Hilton tipped off the man who attacked Arnott . Roz is able to prove Hilton 's involvement as he gave her his number when attempting to seduce her . Hastings and Fleming head to Hilton 's office , but Jamie has tipped him off and he has already gone by the time they arrive . Jamie attempts to leave with Lakewell , but Arnott and Roz stop him , saying he has probably been set up to be murdered . Hastings and Fleming return but one of the balaclava men ( Lakewell admits there are many ) holds a security guard at gunpoint . Hastings promptly shoots him . When they get upstairs , Jamie has pulled a gun on Arnott . However , Hastings and Arnott are able to persuade him to drop his firearm . Hilton is found dead the next day , ruled as a suicide but at the same location as a murder relating to the Sands View child - molestation ring . As the dust settles on this particular case , Hastings , seemingly no closer to untangling the bigger conspiracy , admits he thinks this has become a life 's job . The epilogue reveals Roz was sentenced to ten years for Ifield 's manslaughter and the subsequent cover - up . She and Nick remain married . Lakewell pleaded guilty to perverting the course of justice , but declined witness protection and refused to testify . Michael Farmer was released without charge , and the Regulation 15 order against Hastings was dropped . Hastings remains in charge of AC - 12 . Series 5 ( edit ) The fifth series was commissioned on 6 May 2016 . Series 6 ( edit ) The BBC announced the commission of a sixth series on 5 May 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Series 1 - 2 based on 7 day data . Series 3 - 4 based on 28 day data . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty - Cops unter Verdacht - Season 1 '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 2 May 2017 -- via Amazon . ^ Jump up to : `` BARB '' . BARB . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 26 February 2014 ) . `` Line of Duty review '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( 27 February 2014 ) . `` Ratings : BBC2 's Line of Duty Remains Steady '' . TV Wise . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Euan ( 7 December 2014 ) . `` The best British TV Dramas of 2014 '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty - Cops unter Verdacht - Season 2 '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 2 May 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty - Cops unter Verdacht - Season 3 '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 2 May 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ 28 day data Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Programmes -- BARB '' . barb.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two celebrates 50th birthday with ambitious new commissions '' . BBC Television . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two announces Jed Mercurio 's Line Of Duty commissioned for further two series '' . BBC Television . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Line of Duty to move to BBC1 for two more series '' . Radiotimes.com . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty WILL be back for a sixth series '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Line_of_Duty_episodes&oldid=834270170 '' Categories : Lists of British crime television series episodes Lists of British drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 20 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in season 1 line of duty | [
"\n\nSeries\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nAve. UK viewers\n(millions)[1]\n\n\nSeries premiere\nSeries finale\n\n\n\n1\n5\n26 June 2012\n24 July 2012\n3.80\n\n\n\n2\n6\n12 February 2014\n19 March 2014\n3.43\n\n\n\n3\n6\n24 March 2016\n28 April 2016\n5.42\n\n\n\n4\n6\n26 March 2017\n30 April 2017\n9.55\n\n"
] | [
"5"
] |
-652451516806056853 | List of Downton Abbey characters | List of Downton Abbey characters - wikipedia List of Downton Abbey characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings. ( April 2017 ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters from Downton Abbey , a British period drama television series created by Julian Fellowes and co-produced by Carnival Films and Masterpiece for ITV and PBS , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring characters 1.3 Guest cast 2 The Crawley Family 2.1 Robert Crawley , Earl of Grantham 2.2 Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham 2.3 Violet Crawley , Dowager Countess of Grantham 2.4 Lady Mary Crawley 2.5 Lady Edith Crawley 2.6 Lady Sybil Crawley 2.7 Matthew Crawley 2.8 Isobel Crawley 2.9 Lady Rosamund Painswick 2.10 Tom Branson 2.11 Martha Levinson 2.12 Harold Levinson 2.13 Miss Sybbie Branson 2.14 Master George Crawley 2.15 Miss Marigold Crawley 2.16 Hugh MacClare , Marquess of Flintshire 2.17 Lady Rose MacClare 2.18 The Hon . Atticus Aldridge 3 Staff 3.1 Mr Carson 3.2 Mrs Hughes 3.3 John Bates 3.4 Anna Bates 3.5 Thomas Barrow 3.6 Sarah O'Brien 3.7 Daisy Mason 3.8 Mrs Patmore 3.9 William Mason 3.10 Alfred Nugent 3.11 James `` Jimmy '' Kent 3.12 Ethel Parks 3.13 Joseph Molesley 3.14 Phyllis Baxter 3.15 Gwen Dawson 3.16 May Bird 3.17 Henry Lang 3.18 Jane Moorsum 3.19 Andrew Parker 4 Friends and acquaintances 4.1 The Hon . Evelyn Napier 4.2 Philip , Duke of Crowborough 4.3 Patrick Gordon 4.4 Lavinia Swire 4.5 Sir Richard Carlisle 4.6 Dr Richard Clarkson 4.7 The Rev. Albert Travis 4.8 Kemal Pamuk 4.9 John Drake 4.10 Sir Anthony Strallan , Bt 4.11 Michael Gregson 4.12 Richard Grey , Lord Merton 4.13 Anthony Foyle , Viscount Gillingham 4.14 Igor Kuragin 5 Miscellaneous characters 5.1 Vera Bates 5.2 Mr Mason 5.3 Joe Burns 5.4 Lieutenant - General Sir Herbert Strutt 6 Historical figures 6.1 King George V 6.2 Queen Mary of Teck 6.3 Dame Nellie Melba 6.4 The Prince of Wales 6.5 Cosmo Lang , Archbishop of York 6.6 Neville Chamberlain 7 References Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Actor Character Series 5 6 Hugh Bonneville Robert Crawley , 7th Earl of Grantham Main Jessica Brown Findlay Lady Sybil Crawley Main Does not appear Laura Carmichael Lady Edith Crawley Main Jim Carter Charles `` Charlie '' Carson Main Brendan Coyle John Bates Main Michelle Dockery Lady Mary Crawley Main Siobhan Finneran Sarah O'Brien Main Does not appear Joanne Froggatt Anna Bates née Smith Main Phyllis Logan Elsie Hughes Main Thomas Howes William Mason Main Does not appear Rob James - Collier Thomas Barrow Main Rose Leslie Gwen Dawson Main Does not appear Guest Elizabeth McGovern Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham Main Sophie McShera Daisy Mason née Robinson Main Lesley Nicol Beryl Patmore Main Maggie Smith Violet Crawley , Dowager Countess of Grantham Main Dan Stevens Matthew Crawley Main Does not appear Penelope Wilton Isobel Crawley Main Amy Nuttall Ethel Parks Does not appear Main Does not appear Kevin Doyle Joseph Molesley Recurring Main Allen Leech Thomas `` Tom '' Branson Recurring Main Matt Milne Alfred Nugent Does not appear Main Does not appear Ed Speleers James `` Jimmy '' Kent Does not appear Main Does not appear Lily James Lady Rose MacClare Does not appear Recurring Main Guest David Robb Dr Richard Clarkson Recurring Main Cara Theobold Ivy Stuart Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Raquel Cassidy Phyllis Baxter Does not appear Recurring Main Tom Cullen Anthony Foyle , Viscount Gillingham Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Julian Ovenden Charles Blake Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Michael Fox Andrew `` Andy '' Parker Does not appear Recurring Main Matthew Goode Henry Talbot Does not appear Guest Main Recurring characters ( edit ) Actor Character Series 5 6 Andrew Alexander Sir John Bullock Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Matt Barber The Hon . Ephraim Atticus Aldridge Does not appear Recurring Guest Robert Bathurst Sir Anthony Strallan Recurring Guest Recurring Does not appear Neil Bell Durrant Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Antonia Bernath Laura Edmunds Does not appear Recurring Samantha Bond Lady Rosamund Painswick , née Crawley Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Zoe Boyle Lavinia Swire Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Patrick Brennan Mr Dawes Does not appear Guest Recurring MyAnna Buring Edna Braithwaite Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Clare Calbraith Jane Moorsum Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Gary Carr Jack Ross Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Michael Cochrane Reverend Albert Travis Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Recurring Paul Copley Mr Mason Does not appear Recurring Guest Recurring Jonathan Coy George Murray Guest Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Michael Culkin Archbishop of York Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Joanna David Duchess of Yeovil Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Penny Downie Rachel Aldridge , Lady Sinderby Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Maria Doyle Kennedy Vera Bates Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Sebastian Dunn Charles `` Charlie '' Rogers Does not appear Guest Recurring Charles Edwards Michael Gregson Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Peter Egan Hugh `` Shrimpie '' MacClare , Marquess of Flintshire Does not appear Guest Does not appear Recurring Guest Joncie Elmore John Pegg Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Victoria Emslie Audrey Does not appear Recurring James Faulkner Daniel Aldridge , Lord Sinderby Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jason Furnival Craig Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Iain Glen Sir Richard Carlisle of Morningside Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Richard E. Grant Simon Bricker Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Lionel Guyett Taylor Recurring Does not appear Harry Hadden - Paton Herbert `` Bertie '' Pelham Does not appear Guest Recurring Nigel Harman Alex Green Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Karl Haynes Dent Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Nicky Henson Charles Grigg Guest Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Clare Higgins Mrs. Bartlett Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Louis Hilyer Inspector Vyner Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Sue Johnston Gladys Denker Does not appear Recurring Patrick Kennedy Terence Sampson Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Daisy Lewis Sarah Bunting Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Christine Lohr May Bird Guest Recurring Does not appear Emma Lowndes Margie Drewe Does not appear Recurring Guest Cal MacAninch Henry Lang Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Christine Mackie Daphne Bryant Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Shirley MacLaine Martha Levinson Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Kevin R. McNally Horace Bryant Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Brendan Patricks The Hon Evelyn Napier Recurring Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Guest Mark Penfold Mr. Clarkham Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Daniel Pirrie Maj Charles Bryant Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Paul Putner Mr Skinner Does not appear Recurring Douglas Reith Richard `` Dickie '' Grey , Baron Merton Does not appear Guest Recurring Jake Rowley Paparazzo Does not appear Recurring Christopher Rozycki Count Nikolai Rostov Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Andrew Scarborough Timothy `` Tim '' Drewe Does not appear Recurring Guest Lucille Sharp Miss Reed Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Helen Sheals Mrs. Wigan , the Postmistress Recurring Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Rade Sherbedgia Prince Igor Kuragin Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ged Simmons Turner Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Phoebe Sparrow Amelia Cruikshank ( becomes `` Amelia Grey '' near the end of Series 6 ) Does not appear Recurring Hayley Jayne Standing Lucy Does not appear Recurring Catherine Steadman The Hon Mabel Lane Fox ( becomes `` Mabel Foyle , Viscountess Gillingham '' after her final episode ) Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jeremy Swift Septimus Spratt Does not appear Recurring Richard Teverson Dr Ryder Does not appear Guest Does not appear Recurring Stephen Ventura Davis Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Harriet Walter Prudence , Dowager Lady Shackleton Does not appear Guest Recurring Howard Ward Sergeant Willis Does not appear Recurring Andrew Westfield Mr Lynch Recurring Does not appear Guest cast ( edit ) Actor Character Position Appearances Charlie Cox Philip , The Duke of Crowborough Suitor of Lady Mary ; lover of Thomas Barrow Series 1 Bill Fellows Joe Burns Mrs Hughes 's former suitor Series 1 Bernard Gallagher William `` Bill '' Molesley Joseph Molesley 's father Series 1 , Series 3 -- 4 Theo James Kemal Pamuk Ottoman ( Turkish ) Embassy attaché Series 1 Sean McKenzie Mr. Bromidge Owner of a telephone fitting company Series 1 Fergus O'Donnell John Drake Farmer on the Grantham estate Series 1 -- 2 Cathy Sara Mrs Drake Wife of John Drake Series 1 -- 2 Jane Wenham Mrs. Bates Mother of John Bates Series 1 Jeremy Clyde General Robertson Army general Series 2 Tom Feary - Campbell Captain Smiley Army captain Series 2 Lachlan Nieboer Lt Edward Courtenay Wounded officer Series 2 Peter McNeil O'Connor Sergeant Stevens Army sergeant Series 2 Julian Wadham Sir Herbert Strutt Army general Series 2 Trevor White Maj Patrick Gordon Wounded officer who claims to be heir presumptive Patrick Crawley Series 2 Nigel Havers Lord Hepworth Suitor of Lady Rosamund Christmas Special 2011 Sharon Small Marigold Shore Lady Rosamund 's maid Christmas Special 2011 Charlie Anson The Hon Larry Grey Lord Merton 's elder son Series 3 , Series 5 , 2015 Christmas Special Edward Baker - Duly Terence Margadale Rose 's adulterous lover Series 3 Ruairi Conaghan Kieran Branson Tom 's brother Series 3 Sarah Crowden Lady Manville One of the local gentry near Downton Series 3 , Series 5 Terence Harvey Jarvis Manager of Downton Abbey Series 3 Emma Keele Mavis Prostitute Series 3 Edmund Kente Mead Lady Rosamund 's butler Series 3 Tim Pigott - Smith Sir Philip Tapsell London obstetrician and gynaecologist Series 3 Tony Turner Inspector Stanford York Police inspector Series 3 John Voce Photographer photographer Series 3 , Series 6 Kenneth Bryans Nield Duneagle Castle gamekeeper Christmas Special 2012 Ron Donachie McCree Lord Flintshire 's butler Christmas Special 2012 John Henshaw Jos Tufton Grocer and Mrs Patmore 's suitor Christmas Special 2012 Simone Lahbib Wilkins Lady Flintshire 's maid Christmas Special 2012 Phoebe Nicholls Susan MacClare , Marchioness of Flintshire Lord Flintshire 's wife Christmas Special 2012 , Series 5 Yves Aubert Arsene Avignon Chef at the Ritz Series 4 Di Botcher Nanny West Nanny Series 4 Christina Carty Virginia Woolf Writer Series 4 Stephen Critchlow John Ward Liberal MP Series 4 Jonathan Howard Sam Thawley Local gardener Series 4 Kiri Te Kanawa Nellie Melba Opera singer Series 4 Michael Benz Ethan Slade Harold Levinson 's valet Christmas Special 2013 Alastair Bruce Lord Chamberlain Chamberlain to the King Christmas Special 2013 Valerie Dane Queen Mary Queen Consort to George V Christmas Special 2013 Oliver Dimsdale Prince of Wales Heir to the British throne Christmas Special 2013 Poppy Drayton The Hon Madeleine Allsopp Rose 's friend Christmas Special 2013 James Fox William `` Billy '' Allsopp , Baron Aysgarth Madeleine 's father Christmas Special 2013 Paul Giamatti Harold Levinson Cora 's brother Christmas Special 2013 Janet Montgomery Freda Dudley Ward Mistress of the Prince of Wales Christmas Special 2013 Jonathan Townsend Duke of York Younger brother to the Prince of Wales Christmas Special 2013 Guy Williams George V King of the United Kingdom , Emperor of India Christmas Special 2013 Dean Ashton Evans Tombstone maker Series 5 Devon Black Receptionist receptionist Series 5 -- 6 Louise Calf Kitty Colthurst Friend of the Crawleys Series 5 Anna Chancellor Dowager Lady Anstruther , née Mountevans James Kent 's former employer Series 5 Ed Cooper Clarke The Hon Timothy `` Tim '' Grey Lord Merton 's younger son Series 5 Jon Glover George V ( voice ) King of the United Kingdom , Emperor of India Series 5 Darren Machin Basil Shute Owner of the Velvet Violin club Series 5 Naomi Radcliffe Mrs. Elcot Local villager and widowed by the War Series 5 Alun Armstrong Stowell Lord Sinderby 's butler Christmas Special 2014 Jane Lapotaire Princess Irina Kuragin Prince Kuragin 's wife Christmas Special 2014 Alice Patten Diana Clark Lord Sinderby 's mistress Christmas Special 2014 Rick Bacon Mr. Henderson Owner of Mallerton Hall Series 6 Philip Battley John Harding Gwen 's husband Series 6 Nichola Burley Rita Bevan Lady Mary 's blackmailer Series 6 Trevor Cooper Mr. Moore Butler at Rothwell Manor Series 6 Rupert Frazer Neville Chamberlain Politician Series 6 Charlotte Hamblin Lady Anne Acland Dinner guest of Evelyn Napier 's at Criterion restaurant Series 6 Christos Lawton Billy Talbot and Rogers ' race team crew member Series 6 Adrian Lukis Sir John Darnley Crawley family friend Series 6 Mark Morrell Mr. Fairclough Farmer on the Grantham estate Series 6 Ronald Pickup Sir Michael Reresby Estate owner Series 6 Martin Walsh Mr. Finch Fat Stock Show agent Series 6 James Greene Sir Mark Stiles Temporary employer of Barrow 2015 Christmas Special Patricia Hodge Mirada Pelham Bertie Pelham 's mother 2015 Christmas Special The Crawley family ( edit ) Henry , 3rd Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) Josephine , Countess of Grantham ( deceased ) younger son wife James , 4th Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) Aurelia , Countess of Grantham ( deceased ) son wife Clarence , 5th Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) Annabel , Countess of Grantham ( deceased ) son wife younger son wife Charles , 6th Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) Violet Henrietta Charlotte Crawley , Dowager Countess of Grantham Isidore Levinson ( deceased ) Martha Levinson Roberta husband Dr. Reginald Crawley ( deceased ) Lady Isobel Grey ( formerly Mrs. Crawley , née Turnbull ) Baroness of Merton Richard `` Dickie '' Grey Baron of Merton James Crawley ( deceased ) Alice Lady Rosamund Painswick ( née Crawley ) Marmaduke Painswick ( deceased ) Robert Crawley , 7th Earl of Grantham Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham ( née Levinson ) Harold Levinson Susan MacClare , Former Marchioness of Flintshire Hugh `` Shrimpie '' MacClare , Marquess of Flintshire Patrick John Crawley Original heir presumptive ( presumed dead ) of Robert Crawley Matthew Reginald Crawley Heir presumptive of Robert Crawley . Died with issue . Lady Mary Charlotte Violet Josephine Talbot ( née Crawley ) Henry Talbot Michael Gregson ( deceased ) Natural father of Marigold Lady Edith Susan Jane Pelham ( née Crawley ) 5th Marchioness of Hexam Bertie Pelham 5th Marquess of Hexham Tom Branson Sybil Lilly Claire Branson ( née Crawley ) ( deceased ) The Hon Atticus Aldridge Lady Rose Emily Aldridge ( née MacClare ) James MacClare Lady Abigail ( née MacClare ) George Matthew Robert Charles Crawley Heir and son of Matthew Crawley and heir presumptive of Robert Crawley Viola Alexandra Charlotte Crawley Marigold ' Maggie ' Ann Susan Crawley Illegitimate daughter of Michael Gregson Sybil ' Sybbie ' Cora Aoife Branson Victoria Aldridge Robert Crawley , Earl of Grantham ( edit ) Robert Crawley ( The Earl of Grantham ) Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Hugh Bonneville First appearance Episode 1.01 Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Home Downton Abbey , Yorkshire , England Bonneville portrays Robert Crawley show Family Family Crawley Father Patrick Crawley , 6th Earl of Grantham Mother Violet Crawley , Dowager Countess of Grantham Sisters Lady Rosamund Painswick Wife Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham Daughters Lady Mary Talbot Edith Pelham , Marchioness of Hexham Lady Sybil Branson Grandsons Master George Crawley Granddaughters Miss Sybbie Branson Miss Marigold Crawley First cousins Susan MacClare , Marchioness of Flintshire Hugh MacClare , Marquess of Flintshire Lady Rose Aldridge Robert Crawley , The 7th Earl of Grantham ( also known as Lord Grantham ) ( played by Hugh Bonneville ) was born in 1866 at Downton Abbey . His parents are the late 6th Earl of Grantham and the Dowager Countess of Grantham , Violet Crawley . He has a sister named Rosamund . Despite the family 's financial situation , Robert 's education was privileged and he was tutored from ages 7 to 13 , before attending Eton and then Christ Church , Oxford , where he studied philosophy . To ensure the survival of the estate , Robert 's father knew that his son needed to marry a wealthy heiress who would bring a large dowry to the estate . Robert married Cora Levinson , the only daughter of Isidore and Martha Levinson . Isidore was an American millionaire , and when Cora married Robert , Robert 's father insisted that she sign an entailment which legally combined the estate with Cora 's fortune . Robert was forced into the marriage by his father and Cora by hers . Robert 's father wanted Robert to marry a rich girl ; Isidore wanted Cora to marry into the British aristocracy . He later said that he was ashamed of his motives for pursuing Cora . After about a year of marriage , however , Robert truly fell in love with Cora and they eventually had three daughters : Mary , Edith , and Sybil . Because of the entail , as they had no sons , Robert 's heir was the closest male relative , his cousin James . However , when James and his only son Patrick died in the sinking of the Titanic , Robert 's heir became his third cousin once removed , Matthew Crawley , a young middle - class solicitor from Manchester , setting the stage for him to inherit not only the Abbey and its estate , but also Cora 's fortune . While Violet , Cora and Mary wish to contest the entail so that Cora 's money , at least , will remain in the immediate family , Robert refuses even to countenance this possibility . He sees it as his responsibility to preserve his heritage and ensure that Downton Abbey and the estate remain intact , even if the property and title will go into the hands of a stranger . He knows that it would be impossible to maintain Downton Abbey if Cora 's fortune were separated from the estate . The earl served in the Second Boer War from 1899 -- 1902 where John Bates , later to be his valet , was his batman . He is the Lord Lieutenant for the North Riding of Yorkshire and even though he wants to serve at the front during the Great War , he is made a Colonel of the ( fictional ) North Riding Volunteers . He is immensely proud of Downton as the place he grew up and takes his responsibility for the estate very seriously . Robert considers Downton 's nurturing of him , and his nurture of the estate , to be like having a third parent and a fourth child . There are references in the series to Robert sitting as a Conservative member in the House of Lords , although this is only implied . He loves his daughters very much , but always longed for a son who would be a true heir to the estate . His wish almost became reality with Cora 's surprise fourth pregnancy , but it ended in a miscarriage . For a short time , feeling ignored by Cora , he became infatuated with a housemaid , Jane Moorsum ( whose husband had been killed in the First World War ) , and they seemed on the verge of an affair , but came to their senses after a timely interruption by an oblivious Mr Bates . To avoid further incidents , Jane decided to leave Downton . Out of kindness , Robert pulled some strings so that Jane 's highly intelligent son Freddie could go to Ripon Grammar School , and he gave Jane the name and address of his man of business , to give Freddie a start in life . Although in some ways his character embodies the traditional values of the aristocracy , Robert does not shun all progress as he allows telephones and electricity to be installed at Downton , much to the horror of his mother Violet , the Dowager Countess . After initial dismay and anger , he gives his blessing to his daughter Sybil 's marriage to family chauffeur Tom Branson and goes along with Tom and Matthew 's plan to modernise Downton in Series 3 . Tom , despite his republican beliefs and disdain for the aristocracy , once described his father - in - law as `` a good man and a decent employer '' . When Matthew and his mother Isobel arrive at Downton , the family are initially wary of them , because they are of the emerging upper middle and professional class , and the family resents that the estate is to pass to Matthew . Robert is the only one who welcomes them without reservation , and he becomes friends with Isobel and later becomes a surrogate father to Matthew . Robert is enthusiastic about the idea of Mary marrying Matthew , thus keeping the estate and fortune in his immediate family , and can not understand when they fall out with each other at the end of Series 1 . He dislikes Sir Richard Carlisle because of his rude and selfish behaviour , and is pleased when Mary decides to end her engagement to him . Robert also forgives Mary when he learns of her indiscretion with Kemal Pamuk , telling her cryptically that she is `` not the only Crawley to have made a mistake '' and acknowledges that he would rather she be happy than enter an unhappy marriage with a wealthy man . He is very protective of his family and servants , and in many cases treats the servants almost like family members . He is loyal , going to great lengths to retain the slightly disabled John Bates as his valet . He is respectful to Mr Lang , who serves as his valet during the First World War , although Lang is suffering from shell - shock and proves unfit to work . When William Mason , a footman , is given a white feather of cowardice by some women from the village during the First World War , Robert angrily throws them out of his house . When William is called up to fight , Robert does his best to keep him out of danger by getting him appointed as Matthew 's batman in hopes that they could look out for one another . He also pays for Mrs Patmore 's cataract surgery in London . When Thomas , then his valet , is caught kissing Jimmy , the new footman , and is subsequently pressured to leave Downton , Robert asserts his authority over the staff politics and promotes him to under - butler , reasoning that everyone makes mistakes and deserves a second chance . In addition , after Alfred reports Thomas 's `` indecent assault '' to the police and they come round to investigate , Robert convinces Alfred to recant his story , thus protecting Thomas from an almost certain prison sentence and public disgrace . Despite these virtues , Robert 's adherence to tradition has let him down in other ways . Although he eventually comes to accept Branson as part of the family , their initial exchanges after Sybil 's revelation are fraught with thinly veiled insults and disdain ; Branson accuses his former employer of believing his kind `` have the monopoly of honour '' . Robert has little patience for Sybil 's aspirations to participate in politics . His attitudes also occasionally clash with that of the more progressive and pragmatic Cora ; while she becomes highly active during the period in which Downton acts as a convalescent home for injured First World War veterans , Robert is largely reduced to a figurehead . In Series 3 , it is revealed that he lost the lion 's share of Cora 's fortune through poor investments during the war , and has financially crippled Downton to the point of bankruptcy ; it is only through the timely intervention of Matthew that the Crawley family is allowed to remain on the estate . Despite this , Matthew becomes concerned that Robert is mismanaging the property , which leads to tension between them ; Matthew and Tom 's ideas for radical sweeping changes cause Robert to oppose many decisions . He suggests that any changes begin slowly and they instead use investment to raise their capital . Matthew abhors this prospect , as Robert 's interest in investment nearly brought Downton to ruin , and any profits raised would merely be used to prop up the old system until the money ran out again . However , with Robert 's exchanges with Matthew becoming increasingly bitter , particularly as most of the family acknowledge that Matthew is probably right , it is Tom , being the more eloquent of his sons - in - law , who manages to persuade Robert to think differently . By the end of the series , Robert accepts the vision for the future , combining his knowledge of the estate and tenants , Matthew 's background in law and business , and Tom 's practical experience in agriculture . He realised just how crucial Matthew was to the survival of Downton after `` Shrimpie '' ( Lord Flintshire ) admits to him privately that he would have to sell the ancestral home Duneagle Castle due to debts incurred when he failed to modernise the estate . The future of Downton is once again thrown into turmoil in Series 4 with the death of Matthew at the end of the second Christmas Special . Although the birth of his son George means there is now a direct heir , Matthew 's death and the apparent lack of a legal will mean that death duties will have to be paid on the half of the estate that Matthew owned , and Lady Mary now owns only a small portion of the estate , meaning she has very little control over how Downton is run . Mary herself has done nothing but grieve since Matthew died , and Robert is against her doing anything other than recover . This once again causes tension between himself and Branson ( though he has accepted Branson as part of the family ) , who thinks that Mary should have a say in the running of the estate . Branson also disagrees with Robert about how the death duties should be paid off . After Mary partially recovers from her grief , a letter is discovered that can be interpreted to be Matthew 's will after all , in which he leaves his entire half of the estate to Mary . Mary now prepares to take a hand in the running of the estate , something that is shown to irritate Robert , particularly as she is learning about the estate from Branson , and has been persuaded to see his side of the argument . Different sources have identified Robert as either the 7th or 5th Earl of Grantham . Robert has been inflicted with an ulcer that flares to emergency surgery and bed rest in the 6th series . Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham ( edit ) Cora Crawley ( The Countess of Grantham ) Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Elizabeth McGovern First appearance Episode 1.01 Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Home Downton Abbey , Yorkshire , England McGovern portrays Lady Grantham show Family Family Crawley Father Isidore Levinson Mother Martha Levinson Brothers Harold Levinson Husband Robert Crawley , Earl of Grantham Daughters Lady Mary Talbot Edith Pelham , Marchioness of Hexham Lady Sybil Branson Grandsons Master George Crawley Granddaughters Miss Sybbie Branson Miss Marigold Gregson Cora Crawley ( née Levinson ) ( played by Elizabeth McGovern ) , called The Countess of Grantham or Lady Grantham , was born in 1868 to Isidore Levinson , a Jewish millionaire dry goods merchant , and his wife Martha Levinson . Cora married Robert in 1890 at the age of 22 and is mother of Mary , Edith and Sybil . She was pressured into the marriage by her mother , who was `` eager '' for her daughter to marry a member of the British aristocracy ( as did many Americans at the time ) , though the relationship seems relatively loving in spite of this . The marriage settlement ( contract ) folded her dowry into the Grantham estates , to be controlled by the head of the family , the Earl of Grantham . When she did not have a son , this meant that the bulk of her money would not pass to her daughters , but to the cousin who was the heir . The heir , Robert 's cousin James , had a son , Patrick . Patrick and Lady Mary were persuaded by their parents to become engaged , so that their son would be the eventual heir , keeping the money and the title in the immediate family . When both James and Patrick drown on the Titanic , Matthew Crawley becomes heir to the title , the estate and Cora 's dowry . At first , Cora and Violet try to persuade Robert to break the entail but they learn that this will require a private Bill in Parliament which can only be passed if the estate is in danger and with Matthew 's acquiescence . After that , she and Violet try to get Mary to marry Matthew . In the summer of 1914 , Cora is surprised to find that she has become pregnant . However , when her maid O'Brien mistakenly believes that Cora intends to replace her , O'Brien seeks vengeance by deliberately leaving a bar of wet soap beside the bathtub . Cora slips on it , falls , and suffers a miscarriage , and it is later revealed that the baby had been a boy . During the First World War , Cora is reluctantly convinced by Isobel Crawley to open up Downton as a convalescent home for soldiers returning from the field . Although she comes to enjoy her volunteering work as a co-liaison nursing officer , Cora finds that maintaining the household takes up so much of her time that she begins to neglect Robert , who briefly considers an affair with one of the housemaids . It also puts her in conflict with Isobel , whose intentions for the convalescent home were more self - serving than she would admit . However , they reconcile and combine forces to give aid to refugees after the war ends . Shortly after the war , Cora is bedridden with Spanish influenza and nearly dies before making a full recovery . In the first series , Cora is often shown as in conflict with her mother - in - law Violet , which is attributed to the underlying difference in their cultural origins and social class : Cora is an American and daughter of nouveau riche parents , while the dowager countess is descended from English nobility . While Cora has adopted her husband 's lifestyle , her character is portrayed as more forward - thinking and open - minded than that of her mother - in - law , a trait her husband and daughters attribute to her `` American - ness '' . While historically , members of the aristocracy rarely had occupations during the time period portrayed in the series , Cora defends Matthew 's decision to continue working after being named heir and later supports Sybil 's choice to take up nursing . When Sybil dies in childbirth in the third series , Cora becomes estranged from Robert due to his favouring a renowned obstetrician over Dr Clarkson ; their conflicting views on how to handle the birth presumably causes a misdiagnosis of Sybil 's condition . After Violet pressures Clarkson to admit that Sybil would probably have died regardless of their efforts , Cora forgives Robert . In Series 6 , Cora 's efforts are focused on being a member of the hospital board as the local hospital merges with a larger intercity hospital . Following the merger , Cora is promoted to president of the hospital board , receiving much more responsibility . Robert is reluctant to have Cora assume so much responsibility , but relents after seeing how effective she is in the position . Gillian Anderson was offered this role , but she turned it down . Violet Crawley , Dowager Countess of Grantham ( edit ) Violet Crawley ( The Dowager Countess of Grantham ) Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Maggie Smith First appearance Episode 1.01 Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Home Downton Abbey , Yorkshire , England Maggie Smith portrays the Dowager Countess show Family Family Crawley Sisters Roberta ( possibly ) Husband Patrick Crawley , 6th Earl of Grantham Sons Robert Crawley , Earl of Grantham Daughters Lady Rosamund Painswick Granddaughters Lady Mary Talbot Edith Pelham , Marchioness of Hexham Lady Sybil Branson Violet Crawley ( The Dowager Countess of Grantham ) ( played by Maggie Smith ) is Robert 's mother and widow of the previous earl . Violet was born in 1842 to a baronet . Violet also has a sister , the mother of her niece Susan , who is married to The Marquess of Flintshire , known as Shrimpy . In the 1860s , Violet was pursued by The Lord Hepworth of Hatton Park . Violet symbolises the `` old world '' and order of the pre -- First World War days and sometimes has difficulty accepting change . When Robert has electricity and telephones installed , she complains to him about the amount of light in the house and the `` loud noises '' the phone makes ; she is even confused by a swivel chair . Initially she is opposed to Matthew 's position as heir as he is from the upper middle / professional class and not the aristocracy . She is also shocked at their more modern attitudes but comes to accept Matthew and later his mother , Isobel , into the family . Violet sees that a marriage between Mary and Matthew could be the answer to the family 's problems , and discusses the possibility with her daughter - in - law Cora . Following Matthew 's proposal , and the unexpected pregnancy of Cora , Violet believes it is still in Mary 's best interests to accept Matthew 's proposal , as Matthew is unlikely to accept her if he inherits everything , if Mary does not want him if he ends up with nothing . The interference of Violet 's daughter Rosamund , as well as the unfortunate incident involving Mr Pamuk , makes Mary hesitant to accept the proposal , causing Matthew to withdraw it . When Isobel , who was also in favour of the engagement , confronts Violet about the business , Violet reacts with her typical acid tongue in blaming Rosamund for the way things turned out . When Matthew announces his engagement to Lavinia , who is from a similar background to Matthew , she broods over Lavinia 's lower social standing . Violet is portrayed as a matriarchal figure and quick of wit despite her age . She is immensely proud of her son and loves her granddaughters very much . At heart , Violet is a kind woman who has less trouble in accepting people for their worth than she cares to admit . Despite her `` old fashioned '' way of thinking and motives , she has demonstrated time and time again that she is willing to put aside her own misgivings to preserve the family reputation and maintain harmony in the household , even if her logic is sometimes flawed . When her nephew , James , the heir to Downton , and his son , Patrick , die in the sinking of the Titanic and Matthew appears on the scene , she disapproves of him and favours Mary , preferring that the entail be broken so that Mary can inherit the estate . Although initially appalled when she hears of Lady Mary 's affair with Mr Pamuk , and Cora 's hand in carrying the man back to his room , she eventually tells Cora that she hopes she would have done the same to help a child . She also quickly puts a stop to Lady Susan spreading rumours of the incident for Mary 's sake . When her youngest granddaughter , Sybil , insists on marrying Tom Branson , the family chauffeur , Violet assures Robert that she will `` minimise the damage '' by making up details about Branson 's family to make the marriage more acceptable to their social class . She is also quick to defend Mary when she is threatened by Sir Richard Carlisle after Mary calls off their engagement . In Series 3 , she reveals it was she who sent money over to Sybil and Branson so they could travel to England to attend Mary 's wedding . After Sybil 's death , Violet suggests Branson take over managing the estate when Jarvis resigns , taking advantage of his practical experience , his ability to work with Matthew , and the fact it will ensure her great - granddaughter will remain at Downton . Although Violet has been accused of being unable to communicate across the class divide , she is kind and compassionate to the servants . When it becomes apparent that one of their footmen , William , has been fatally wounded , Violet , backed by Lady Edith and William 's father , uses her personal connections to ensure that William is brought back to Downton so he can die in familiar surroundings with friends and family . She also insists that the local vicar wed William and Daisy , the scullery maid / kitchen maid , and attends the ceremony . Later , Daisy feels guilty about it and is discovered crying while cleaning the fireplace . Violet goes against social norm to hear Daisy out and comfort her . Throughout the Great War , Violet remains a strong influence at Downton Abbey but finds her influence under threat from as social norms change and particularly from Isobel Crawley and her daughter - in - law Cora , both of whom are more forward - thinking and strong - minded women . She has a tendency to quarrel with Isobel , Matthew 's outspoken mother , which has occasionally put him and Mary in an awkward position . As president of the Downton Hospital , Violet had complete control over the hospital and its lead doctor , Richard Clarkson . A trained nurse and physician 's widow , Mrs Crawley begins to push the doctor into pursuing more modern medical practices , much to Violet 's horror . Violet is also frequently shown at odds with Cora due to their conflicting cultural backgrounds : for example , she reacts with horror when Cora decides to take a more hands - on approach in managing the convalescence home during the war . Lady Mary Crawley ( edit ) Lady Mary Crawley Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Michelle Dockery First appearance Episode 1.01 Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Home Downton Abbey , Yorkshire , England Dockery portrays Lady Mary Crawley show Family Family Crawley Father Robert Crawley , Earl of Grantham Mother Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham Sisters Edith Pelham , Marchioness of Hexham Lady Sybil Branson Husband Matthew Crawley ( deceased ) Henry Talbot Sons Master George Crawley Grandfathers Patrick Crawley , 5th Earl of Grantham Isidore Levinson Grandmothers Violet Crawley , Dowager Countess of Grantham Martha Levinson Uncles Harold Levinson Aunts Lady Rosamund Painswick Nieces Miss Sybbie Branson Miss Marigold Crawley First cousins Lady Rose Aldridge Lady Mary Josephine Talbot ( née Crawley ) ( played by Michelle Dockery ) ( b . 1891 ) , the eldest daughter of Lord and Lady Grantham and arguably the main character and protagonist of the series , is twenty - one in April 1912 , when the series begins . Early on , she is portrayed as a petulant and cold young woman ; as the series progresses , however , she shows more vulnerability and compassion . One of her most constant traits is her unfailing devotion to Downton as her home and , eventually , the estate which she will preside over . In the first episode , news of the deaths of her two cousins , James and Patrick , is a shock because it disrupts the family 's strategy for dealing with the entail that requires the estate , incorporating her mother 's large marriage settlement , as well as the title to pass to male heirs . The family had arranged that Mary would marry Patrick , second in line to the title after James , but Mary did not have strong feelings for him and questions whether she must even wear mourning clothes . Early on in the series , she is seduced by a visitor to the house , Ottoman attaché Kemal Pamuk , who suddenly dies in her bed . Her outraged mother and the Chief Housemaid , Anna , help her carry his body out of her room and back to his own to try to prevent a public scandal that would ruin her marriage prospects . Mary 's relationship with the new heir , distant cousin , Matthew Crawley , begins coldly as she overhears him complaining to his mother that he expects the family will `` push '' the daughters on him . She refuses to acknowledge him as the new heir , declaring that he was `` not one of us '' . Over time , however , the pair grow closer and a romance develops . In 1914 , Matthew asks Mary to marry him , but she is hesitant . However her mother becomes pregnant , and if the baby is a boy , he will inherit the title instead of Matthew , so Mary delays her acceptance of his proposal on the advice of her aunt , Lady Rosamund . Another reason for her hesitancy was that she feels she would have to tell Matthew about the incident with Mr Pamuk . Heartbroken and angered by her hesitancy , Matthew withdraws his proposal and decides to leave Downton . When the First World War is declared , Matthew joins the British Army and becomes engaged to Lavinia Swire . As Matthew fights in Europe , Mary gets engaged to Sir Richard Carlisle , a newspaper magnate who -- after Mary 's confession and request for his assistance -- promises to help keep the Pamuk affair under wraps . They plan to marry in July 1919 , after the marriage of Matthew and Lavinia , and to move to a neighbouring , stately home that Sir Richard plans to buy and completely renovate . After Lavinia 's death , it becomes clear that Matthew and Mary still have feelings for each other . Her relationship with Sir Richard deteriorates , and Lord Grantham in particular , becomes concerned that she would not be happy with the marriage even if it meant wealth and status . In 1920 Lord Grantham 's distress finally prompts Lady Grantham to tell him the truth regarding Mr Pamuk . Although initially disappointed , he makes up his mind almost at once ; he tells Mary to break off the engagement to Sir Richard and spend time with her mother 's family in America to wait out the furore that will follow . Overjoyed that her father has not abandoned her , Mary finally manages to tell Matthew the truth ; although initially shocked , he also agrees that she must be rid of Sir Richard . As soon as Sir Richard returns , she ends their engagement ; he angrily vows to break the story , and then insults Matthew with cruel remarks about Lavinia . Matthew attacks Sir Richard , who leaves Downton shortly afterwards , never to return . Just as the Servant 's Ball ends , Matthew reveals that he does not feel the need to forgive Mary for her affair with Pamuk as there was nothing to forgive , and proposes to her again , and the two become engaged . In series 3 the couple happily plan and prepare for their wedding , but a shadow is cast when Lord Grantham reveals Downton 's finances are in ruins . Matthew then learns that Lavinia 's father Reginald , who died in the Christmas Special , has made him one of his potential heirs , and he now stands to inherit an unexpected fortune if the others can not be found . Unwilling to take the money on false pretenses , given his conflicted feelings regarding Lavinia , Matthew vows not to keep it . Mary is initially distraught by his decision and threatens to call the wedding off . The words of Branson and Anna , as well as a short conversation and a kiss , persuade them to put aside any conflict , and they happily marry the next day . After her youngest sister Sybil dies , Mary supports her brother - in - law Tom Branson 's decision to raise her niece and goddaughter , Sybil `` Sybbie '' Branson , a Catholic . While she and Matthew are intent on having children , it is hinted throughout the series that they could be having trouble conceiving . Matthew believes he might not be able to have children as a result of the severe back injury he suffered at Amiens in 1918 during the Great War , which temporarily paralysed him from the waist down . In the penultimate episode of Series 3 , Mary and Matthew meet by coincidence at a reproductive health clinic in London , where Mary reveals to Matthew that she underwent a small and successful operation in order to strengthen their chances of conceiving ( the nature of the problem is not disclosed ) . Despite previous tension between them , the series ends with them happily reaffirming their love for each other as they celebrate the birth of their son , George . Unfortunately , Matthew is killed in a car accident after leaving the maternity hospital on his drive back to Downton . Due to Matthew 's death , Mary will never become Countess of Grantham as her son is now the heir presumptive . For months she remains in mourning , until the combined efforts of Carson , Tom , and Violet bring her out of it . Robert tries to keep full control over Downton now that Matthew is dead and the heir , George , is still a baby , but a letter is found from Matthew stating he intended to name Mary his sole heiress . Though he never actually wrote a will , it is determined that the letter was meant to serve as such until he could finalise a proper one . Mary as a result owns half the estate and she immediately begins working with Tom in the management . She also urges Tom to speak to her when she sees something is wrong ( namely Edna Braithwaite 's scheming ) but he feels she would despise him and says nothing , however she urges him to find someone that he can talk to . Tom eventually confides in Mrs Hughes , and she quickly puts an end to Edna 's blackmail . Later , when Tom presents the family with the idea of leaving , perhaps for America , she is the only one who speaks out against it . She eventually has two suitors . First is Anthony -- or Tony -- Foyle , Lord Gillingham , an old childhood acquaintance whom she turns down as she has not moved on from Matthew . He becomes engaged to another woman , but calls it off as he still has feelings for Mary . Later , Evelyn Napier returns with his boss , Charles Blake . Mary and Blake do not hit it off to start , until both dirty themselves in order to help out some pigs that the family had begun to invest in and they warm up to one another . When Mary learns from Anna that she was raped by Lord Gillingham 's valet Green , she goes to Gillingham and urges him to sack Green without telling him why . In the 2013 Christmas special , Mrs Hughes hands Mary evidence potentially implicating Mr Bates in Green 's subsequent death . Although Mary suffers initially from a crisis of conscience , when Bates proves instrumental in averting a royal scandal caused in part by Rose , she decides to destroy the evidence . It is later revealed that the ticket in fact proved his innocence . After Rose declares to Mary her intentions to marry African American jazz singer Jack Ross , Mary goes and speaks to him , citing that she feels Rose 's primary reason is to shock her mother , whom she hates . Jack tells her he does not want Rose to suffer and has already decided to break off their relationship . When he tells her he would not do it if they lived in a better world , Mary replies that if they were in a better world , she would not want him to . Although Blake and Gillingham initially vie for Mary 's affections , Blake decides to back down , and Tony offers to have a sexual relationship with Mary to persuade her of his love , but the encounter leaves Mary even more unsure of her feelings . Mary later decides to turn Gillingham down , but he refuses to break up with her , as he believes they are to be married . Soon his previous fiancée Mabel Lane Fox reappears , with the help of Blake , and divides his attention . Blake then intervenes again , and kisses Mary in front of Gillingham at a theater to persuade Tony that their `` understanding '' is over . Tony then tells Mary that he is re-engaged with Mabel , although it is clear that he loves Mary more , and is just settling with Mabel . Blake then tells Mary he is departing for Poland for several months . While at a shooting party at a rented castle of cousin Rose 's in - laws , Mary meets Henry Talbot ( played by Matthew Goode ) . Mary is at first cold to him , but then warms up to him when she sees what a good shooter he is . Talbot believes Mary is a war widow , but Mary is about to tell him that her husband actually died in a car accident . She learns that Talbot is a race car driver , and they dance at a party . The next morning Talbot abruptly leaves . After the Carson wedding , Mary reunites with him at a family dinner party . They then get married at the end of Series 6 . Lady Edith Crawley ( edit ) Lady Edith Crawley Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Laura Carmichael First appearance Episode 1.01 Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Occupation Columnist Newspaper Editor Home Brancaster Castle , Northumberland , England show Family Family Crawley Father Robert Crawley , Earl of Grantham Mother Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham Sisters Lady Mary Talbot Lady Sybil Branson ( deceased ) Husband Herbert Pelham , 5th Marquess of Hexham Daughters Marigold Crawley Grandfathers Patrick Crawley , 5th Earl of Grantham Isidore Levinson Grandmothers Violet Crawley , Dowager Countess of Grantham Martha Levinson Uncles Harold Levinson Aunts Lady Rosamund Painswick Nephews Master George Crawley Nieces Miss Sybbie Branson First cousins Lady Rose Aldridge Lady Edith Pelham ( née Crawley ) , Marchioness of Hexham ( played by Laura Carmichael ) ( b . 1892 ) , the middle child and second daughter of Lord and Lady Grantham . During the first series , Edith is often the `` forgotten '' one as she is not considered as pretty and smooth - talking as her older sister , Mary , or as daring and passionate as her younger sister , Sybil . Her bitter rivalry with Mary is further fuelled by the fact that Edith genuinely loved the dead heir , Patrick , but no one took her feelings seriously and instead Mary , who had no feelings for Patrick , was engaged to him . After initially trying to woo Matthew Crawley , she begins a relationship with Sir Anthony Strallan . Towards the end of Series 1 he is on the verge of asking for her hand , but changes his mind when Mary tricks him into thinking that Edith was simply leading him on for her own amusement . Anthony Strallan was Edith 's last chance at making a successful marriage , and Mary intentionally intervened in revenge , because Edith had written a letter to the Turkish Embassy in London informing them about the exact nature of their attaché 's death in Mary 's bed , which was one of the most important factors in her hesitance to accept Matthew 's proposal , which results in Matthew withdrawing it . During Series 2 , Edith steps out of her comfort zone . She was the first of the Crawley family to learn how to drive a car , taking lessons from the chauffeur , Branson . Upon the outbreak of the First World War , Edith uses her driving skills to work on a local farm driving tractors , much to the bemusement and gratitude of the farmer . She is exposed to the horrors of war firsthand while helping Sybil and the nurses care for the wounded soldiers . As a result , she becomes more sympathetic and is commended by a general Matthew brought back to Downton while on leave . After the war ends , she tries to resume a relationship with Sir Anthony Strallan , but he refuses as he sustained a severe injury that rendered one of his arms useless , and does not want to tie her down to a disabled veteran . In Series 3 , Sir Anthony Strallan eventually proposes and they get engaged . Some of the family quietly disapprove but keep quiet to make Edith happy . They are set to marry , but Anthony has second thoughts and jilts her at the altar , leaving Edith devastated and believing she is destined to be a spinster . In Episode 6 , she receives a very interesting proposition , to write for a newspaper , after writing a letter about women 's suffrage . The prospect excites her , and most of the family -- with the exception of Violet and Robert -- encourage her . When Lady Edith notices that her editor , Michael Gregson , seems to have romantic feelings for her , she makes inquiries about him . Finding out that he is married , he tells Edith that his wife is mentally incapacitated and can no longer recognise him , so he is unable to move on with his life . Despite having fallen in love with Edith , he decides to step away when her family disapprove of his intentions toward her . The final straw is thought to have come when Matthew , who Edith hoped would understand , agrees with the other Crawleys and advises Gregson to bid Edith goodbye . However , Edith is in love with Gregson and decides to pursue a relationship with him despite the fact that it can not lead to marriage . In Series 4 , Gregson begins searching for ways to divorce his wife , and learns that by becoming a German citizen , he could achieve this and marry Edith . Gregson soon disappears and Edith finds out she is pregnant , increasing her worry . Much as she loves Michael and wants his child , she is afraid of becoming an outcast for having a child out of wedlock . Having heard of a clinic where abortions are performed , she reluctantly decides to go there . After her aunt Rosamund learns the truth , she offers her support and her worries for Edith doing this . Nevertheless , she goes with her , but when Edith sees another woman in tears , she can not go through with it . Edith considers having a local farmer raise the child , but Rosamund proposes going abroad and giving the child away there , so Edith 's reputation will be safe . Eventually Violet finds out and agrees with Rosamund , but Edith does not like the thought of giving her child away . Nevertheless , she goes to Geneva and gives her daughter away . However , she soon decides she can not live with this arrangement and returns to Geneva to reclaim her . She chooses to go with her original plan and has a local farmer , Mr Drewe , take her in . However , tensions rise between Edith and Mrs Drewe over her attachment to the girl , named Marigold . Rosamund suggests sending Marigold abroad again . Finally , when Edith and the family receive word that Michael is indeed dead , Edith tells Mrs Drewe the truth and reclaims Marigold before leaving for London . However , Mrs Drewe reveals the truth to Cora , who finds Edith and persuades her to come home , inventing a story that the Drewes are unable to support the extra child , so Marigold becomes part of the Crawley household . Lord Grantham eventually suspects the child 's true connection to the family , but is persuaded by Lady Grantham not to reveal the truth while the family become used to Marigold . Eventually Robert does confront Edith and she admits the truth and is shocked when her brother - in - law , Tom , tells her about a cousin of his that was in the same situation . She then realises that everyone has guessed the truth about Marigold being her illegitimate child , except for Mary . In Series 6 , she begins a warm friendship and later becomes engaged to Bertie Pelham , the former agent and heir to Brancaster Castle , although he is only known as the agent when they meet him in the Season 5 finale , `` A Moorland Holiday '' . Their engagement is threatened when Mary , who has recently found out about Marigold 's parentage and illegitimacy , spitefully hints at Marigold being Edith 's daughter , forcing Edith to tell her fiancé the truth . Because she had not told him initially , he feels as if he can not trust her and breaks off the engagement . After a heated argument with Mary , Edith leaves for London , where she sees Bertie again . Their engagement resumes and they are married at the end of the series . Lady Sybil Crawley ( edit ) Lady Sybil Crawley Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Jessica Brown Findlay First appearance Episode 1.01 Last appearance Episode 3.05 Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Occupation Nurse Home Downton Abbey , Yorkshire , England show Family Family Crawley Father Robert Crawley , Earl of Grantham Mother Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham Sisters Lady Mary Talbot Edith Pelham , Marchioness of Hexham Husband Tom Branson Daughters Miss Sybbie Branson Grandfathers Patrick Crawley , 5th Earl of Grantham Isidore Levinson Grandmothers Violet Crawley , Dowager Countess of Grantham Martha Levinson Uncles Harold Levinson Aunts Lady Rosamund Painswick Nephews Master George Crawley Nieces Marigold Crawley First cousins Lady Rose Aldridge Lady Sybil Cora Branson ( née Crawley ) ( played by Jessica Brown Findlay ) ( 1895 -- 1920 ) is the third daughter of Lord and Lady Grantham , born in 1895 . She is fiercely political ( devoted to the cause of votes for women ) which fuels her desire to break free from the social restrictions of the times . During one episode , she dons a pair of trousers , which was daring for women at the time , and somewhat shocks the family , especially the Dowager Countess . During another episode , against the will of her father , she attends the reading of the results of a by - election in the local town , where there is a disturbance and she is injured . At one point , she requests cooking lessons from Mrs Patmore and Daisy to help prepare herself for nursing college in York . During the First World War , Sybil is distressed when she learns that her friend Tom Bellasis was killed in action , deciding to become an auxiliary nurse with the encouragement of Mrs Crawley and the Dowager Countess . Now called `` Nurse Crawley '' , she tends to the sick and wounded soldiers both at Downton and in the nearby village . After developing a brief crush on her cousin Matthew , she develops stronger feelings for Tom Branson , the family 's chauffeur and a staunch Irish nationalist . For several years , the couple carry out a secretive courtship , knowing that their relationship would not be accepted by her family . Throughout the series , Sybil seems detached from the family quarrels about inheritance ; this is most evident when Sybil reveals their love to her family and declares she does n't want any money from the estate if it means they have to be apart . By the end of the second series , the couple leave for Dublin , having gained Lord Grantham 's blessing and the offer of a small dowry . The pair marry in a small ceremony , attended by Sybil 's sisters . By December 1919 , Sybil is pregnant and writes to her mother to inform her that she is to become a grandmother . Cora is excited by the prospect while Robert is still resentful , declaring that he will not visit her . Cora , however , warns Robert that she will not let him keep her from her grandchild and says that he should accept Sybil 's new family with as much grace as possible . In the third series , Sybil and Tom briefly visit Downton for Mary and Matthew 's wedding . When Tom witnesses fellow Irish Republicans burning down the home of a wealthy nobleman , he fears he will be implicated and flees to Downton alone , leaving pregnant Sybil to follow on her own . Despite mutual distrust , Lord Grantham defends Tom with the Home Secretary , eventually securing his freedom on condition that he not return to Ireland . Not long after , Sybil goes into labour . Dr Clarkson and Lady Grantham believe that Sybil is suffering from eclampsia and must be sent to hospital , while Lord Grantham and his hired physician , Sir Philip Tapsell , believe she is fine and should remain at Downton . The night after giving birth to a baby daughter , Sybil dies surrounded by her loved ones at the age of 24 . Her death leads to a temporary estrangement between Lord Grantham and his wife , but they reconcile when Dr Clarkson ( under pressure from the Dowager Countess ) assures them that the chances of Sybil 's survival from a Caesarean section were negligible . Sybil 's daughter is later named after her , and is nicknamed `` Sybbie '' . Her husband and child now permanently live at Downton . Matthew Crawley ( edit ) Matthew Crawley Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Dan Stevens First appearance Episode 1.01 Last appearance `` A Journey to the Highlands '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Occupation Solicitor Home Manchester Downton Abbey , Yorkshire , England Stevens portrays Matthew Crawley show Family Family Crawley Father Reginald Crawley Mother Isobel Grey , Baroness Merton Wife Lady Mary Talbot Sons Master George Crawley Grandfathers Sir John Turnbull Grandmothers Lady Turnbull Uncles Edward Turnbull Nieces Miss Sybbie Branson Miss Marigold Crawley Matthew Reginald Crawley ( played by Dan Stevens ) ( 1885 -- 1921 ) is the son of the late Dr Reginald Crawley , a physician , and Mrs Isobel Crawley , a trained nurse . He is Lord Grantham 's third cousin once removed -- his great - great - grandfather was a younger son of the third Earl -- and works as a qualified solicitor in Manchester . After Robert 's heirs perish on the Titanic , the family lawyer discovers that Matthew is the next closest relative and Lord Grantham invites him to move to Downton and become part of the local community . Matthew eventually agrees , on the condition that he continue to work . His arrival is initially met with skepticism from the rest of the family and servants , especially Violet , as he was a `` middle class lawyer '' . As the new heir presumptive he finds it difficult at first to adjust to the change in lifestyle . He refuses to adopt their traditionalist views , but is eventually accepted into the family and becomes something of a surrogate son to Lord Grantham . After a lukewarm introduction , he and Mary begin to fall in love . It is thought the two will marry , though when Cora becomes pregnant and there is a chance that Matthew will not inherit after all , Mary 's aunt Rosamund persuades her to refuse his proposal . Unfortunately , Cora miscarries and so there is no longer any doubt about Matthew being the heir to the earldom . Matthew withdraws his proposal after she hesitates to accept him , as he is unsure of her motives . He later becomes engaged to Miss Lavinia Swire , daughter of a London businessman . Following the outbreak of the First World War , he joins the British Army and is commissioned as a lieutenant , later promoted to captain . He is injured whilst serving alongside the family 's footman William Mason , who was assigned as Matthew 's batman , in Amiens , France but saved from death by William , who shielded him from an explosion and succumbs to his own injuries . Matthew is diagnosed as being paralysed from the waist down , and despite being told that he will never walk again and can not have children , Lavinia continues to care for him and insists on staying with Matthew . Following a miraculous and happy recovery , he and Mary realise that they are still in love but he insists that Lavinia 's efforts to care for him even when it was thought that he could not have children mean that he can not break up their relationship , for he is indebted to her . When Lavinia dies of Spanish influenza at Downton , he is plunged into grief and vows that neither he nor Mary deserve to be together , because it would be an insult to Lavinia 's memory . He tells Mary , `` You and I are cursed . '' He is later persuaded to think differently and proposes to Mary in January 1920 . This time , she accepts . Matthew finally marries Lady Mary in the spring of 1920 . It is discovered that his father - in - law , Lord Grantham , made a disastrous financial investment in the Canadian Grand Trunk Railway , which is now bankrupt , and has lost most of his and his wife 's fortune . He has also been mismanaging the running of the estate for many years , leaving it on the verge of bankruptcy . However , after his death in December 1919 , it is discovered that Reggie Swire , Lavinia 's father , has left an enormous fortune to one of three prospective heirs , the third of whom is Matthew . After the first heir dies in the flu pandemic and the second dies in India , Matthew inherits the fortune . After much debate , he uses the money to save Downton . With the help of brother - in - law Tom Branson as his land agent , he puts his legal background in company and industrial law to good use in managing Downton while Branson oversaw the daily operations of the estate due to his having some knowledge of farming from his grandfather . Lord Grantham , who agreed to make Matthew joint owner of Downton , is very slow to accept that Matthew and Branson make a brilliant team . Although Mary and Matthew sometimes disagree on various issues , they have a very happy marriage . Mary tells Matthew in bed , `` we must never take us for granted ; we do n't know what 's coming '' , Matthew responds , `` I will love you forever until the last breath leaves my body . '' Although only a few months have passed since their marriage , Mary is not pregnant and both fear that they have fertility problems . A year later , Mary gives birth to their son George in September 1921 . Prior to the baby 's birth , the family goes to Duneagle Castle , home of Hugh MacClare `` Shrimpie '' , Marquess of Flintshire , for the holidays and Robert finally realises that Matthew 's instincts were accurate when Shrimpie tells Robert that he would be selling Duneagle , due to crippling debts incurred from the failure to modernise . While Lord Grantham is telling his family how thankful he is for Matthew and the new baby , Matthew is driving home to tell the waiting family about the baby . Matthew is gloriously happy ( telling Mary after meeting his newborn son , `` I feel like I 've just swallowed a box of fireworks '' ) . While still awash in the glow of his love for Mary and his baby son , he looks at the trees as his open top car speeds up the narrow road to Downton Abbey . Not paying attention , he swerves to avoid another vehicle and tumbles down an embankment ( not shown , except for tire tracks in the soil ) . The car flips over on top of Matthew , crushing him and killing him almost instantly . Following his death , his son George is now the heir to the earldom but Mary will never be Countess . Later on , a letter is found that serves as a will for Mary to inherit Matthew 's share of Downton . Isobel Crawley ( edit ) Isobel Crawley Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Penelope Wilton First appearance Episode 1.01 Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Occupation Nurse almoner Home Crawley House , Downton , Yorkshire , England show Family Family Crawley Father Sir John Turnbull Mother Lady Turnbull Brothers Edward Turnbull Husband Reginald Crawley Richard Grey , Baron Merton Sons Matthew Crawley Grandsons Master George Crawley Isobel Grey ( formerly Crawley , née Turnbull ) , Baroness Merton ( played by Penelope Wilton ) is Matthew 's widowed mother . Originally from Manchester , she is the daughter of a doctor : Sir John Turnbull . Her first husband Reginald Crawley studied under her father and her brother is also a doctor . Isobel was a nurse during the Boer War and initially helps Dr Clarkson at the village hospital , much to his chagrin ( as she constantly undermines his decisions ) . Upon moving to Downton she and Matthew live in a relatively modest dwelling with a butler , Molesley , and a cook , Mrs Bird . Isobel embodies a different set of values to those of the Crawleys . When she and Matthew first arrive at Downton she tells him that she will not alter her lifestyle , and neither will she succumb to their stereotypes and expectations . A recurring theme during the first two series is the clash between her more modern and liberal values with the traditionalist ideas of Lord Grantham and his family . Despite their disagreements , she and the rest of the Crawleys tolerate each other , largely for Matthew 's sake . In the second series , Isobel returns to nursing when she takes up a position of authority at Downton when , at her suggestion , it is turned into a convalescent home for injured soldiers . At first expecting to be in charge of the day - to - day operations , she engages in a rather petty power struggle with Cora , much to the amusement of their children , and eventually leaves Downton for France to work with the Red Cross . She returns to Downton after learning that Matthew , who had been serving in France , was seriously injured , and stays for the remainder of the war . Although initially opposed to Matthew 's relationship with Lady Mary after the death of his fiancée Lavinia , she tries to talk him out of his grief and to propose to Mary again . Towards the end of the second series she leaves to work for a war refugee organisation , encouraged by Cora ( whose ulterior motive was to avoid her ) . In the third series , with the end of the Great War , Isobel turns her attention to helping prostitutes and other down - on - their - luck women change their way of life . She equally gives a hand to Ethel ( a maid at Downton Abbey who fell in love with an injured soldier and became an unwed mother ) by employing her as a cook , to the consternation of her current cook Mrs Bird . Although she had a contentious working relationship with Dr Clarkson in Series one and two , while helping out at his village hospital , she and Clarkson quickly form a friendly relationship . Dr Clarkson is ready to propose marriage , but Isobel tells him she is happy to have his friendship . Following Matthew 's death at the end of the second Christmas special ( series 3 ) , Isobel is completely grief - stricken like Mary . Matthew was her only child and she feels as if she has nothing to live for , although the Dowager Countess , Lady Edith and Mrs Hughes all try to console her . When Mrs Hughes discovers Mr Carson has ignored requests for help from Charlie Grigg , an old friend from Carson 's performing days who unsuccessfully attempted to blackmail him in Series 1 , and is now in a workhouse , she decides to arrange for him to stay with Isobel . Although Isobel is reluctant at first , she relents , nurses Mr Grigg back to health , and arranges a job for him in Ireland . Though she is saddened at the idea of Mary continuing to live her life as best she can without Matthew , she recognises that it is not Mary 's fault , and finds some comfort in the form of consoling words from her once bitter rival , the Dowager Countess . In Series 4 , Isobel and Violet become closer following Matthew 's shocking and tragic death . Violet gets ill , and Isobel nurses her back to health . They seem to finally form a bond when Isobel re-introduces card games to her while she is still in bed . In Series 5 , the two women , once rivals , are very close now . They share cars and do several activities together including lunches , dinners , and picnics . In episode 6 of Series 4 , Isobel tells Violet that she wants to accept Lord Merton 's marriage proposal . Although Violet approves of Lord Merton ( Mary 's Godfather ) , she is devastated that her companion will be moving away . However , Isobel is badly shaken when she meets Lord Merton 's sons ; the elder son Larry insults the Crawley family 's choice of in - laws ( he had previously doped Branson 's drink during Matthew and Lady Mary 's pre-wedding dinner out of spite , much to his father 's embarrassment , before being exposed by Sir Anthony Strallan ) , but is most scathing in attacking Isobel 's engagement . She asks Lord Merton to give her time to consider whether their engagement will go ahead . After seeing the treatment from his children after a diagnosis and the support of Violet , she decided to marry him in the final series . Lady Rosamund Painswick ( edit ) Lady Rosamund Painswick Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Samantha Bond First appearance Episode 1.07 Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Occupation Socialite Home Eaton Square , London show Family Family Crawley Father Patrick Crawley , 5th Earl of Grantham Mother Violet Crawley , Dowager Lady Grantham Brothers Robert Crawley , Earl of Grantham Husband Marmaduke Painswick Nieces Lady Mary Talbot Edith Pelham , Marchioness of Hexham Lady Sybil Branson First cousins Susan MacClare , Marchioness of Flintshire Hugh MacClare , Marquess of Flintshire Lady Rose Aldridge Lady Rosamund Painswick ( née Crawley ) ( played by Samantha Bond ) is Robert 's sister . Rosamund lives on her own in a house on Eaton Square in Belgravia , London , which was purchased by her late husband , Mr Marmaduke Painswick , directly after their wedding . They had no children . Her mother looks down on Marmaduke , a wealthy banker and member of the nouveau riche , for the humble origins of the Painswick family . Rosamund is first mentioned when she writes a letter to Matthew Crawley , welcoming him into the family . She often writes to her family from London and is occasionally mentioned in their conversations . Rosamund is one of the more headstrong and outspoken members of the family . She is devoted to Robert and his family and thus feels it is her duty to speak her mind on every possible occasion , though her interference in her nieces ' decisions has disastrous results . During the first series , when Matthew 's position as heir is in doubt due to Cora 's surprise pregnancy , Rosamund convinces Mary not to answer Matthew 's marriage proposal . Although Mary 's other reason for her silence was the Pamuk affair , Matthew begins to doubt her sincerity and withdraws the proposal , much to the chagrin of Violet . When Matthew brings home his new fiancée Lavinia , Rosamund digs up her past and tries to get Mary to tell Matthew ; Mary , who intensely dislikes her aunt 's meddling , refuses to blackmail Lavinia . In the Christmas episode she brings her lover Lord Hepworth , a family friend of Violet 's , to Downton but Violet discovers that despite his title he is , in effect , on the brink of bankruptcy . In the end they break when it is revealed that he was having an affair with her maid , and Rosamund fumes to Mary about how she hates it whenever `` Mama is proved right '' . She is also upset in 1920 when her mother tricks her into revealing that their relative Rose was caught in a secret relationship with a married man . Rosamund is the first to learn about Edith 's pregnancy , sometime after learning from one of her maids that Edith sneaked back into the house after spending the night with Gregson . Rosamund accompanies Edith to an illegal abortion clinic , though she does not approve of this plan . After Edith rejects this path , Rosamund devises a plan to take Edith abroad to Switzerland , officially to `` improve our French '' but instead for Edith to give birth and have her child adopted without the family knowing and preserving Edith 's reputation . Only Violet sees through this charade , noting Rosamund has no interest in French ; when she wants to be understood by a foreigner , `` she shouts '' . Edith is devastated by not being a part of her child 's life . Rosamund insists Edith should move on and says there will be future `` other loves . '' Edith , however , returns to Switzerland and reclaims her daughter , Marigold , bringing her back to England . After Edith has conflicts with Marigold 's foster family who will not allow her to see the girl ( proving Rosamund 's point that it was better to give Marigold up for adoption ) , Rosamund and Violet try and persuade her to send Marigold abroad again . But after the Crawleys hear Michael Gregson is dead , Edith takes Marigold and leaves for London . Violet decides they must tell Cora the truth , though Rosamund considers it a betrayal of Edith 's trust . But Cora learns the truth instead from Mrs Drewe , and Cora is furious with both Rosamund and Violet for never involving her or telling her the truth in the first place . Rosamund accompanies Cora in persuading Edith to come home with Marigold , but Cora warns her in - laws that she will never trust them again . Although Rosamund brushes over the warning , Violet is neither surprised by nor unsympathetic to Cora 's opinion . In 1925 , Rosamund continues to support Edith as Edith begins to manage the magazine she inherited from Michael Gregson . Rosamund also advises that Edith should use the flat that Gregson left to her . Rosamund becomes a board member of the Hillcroft College for Women and invites the patrons , John and Gwen Harding , to Downton to discuss the college . It is then that the family realizes that Mrs Harding was a maid at Downton Abbey and that Sybil was the one who helped her to get a start at a better life . Rosamund hosts the family when they all go to Brooklands to attend a car race in which Mary 's suitor Henry Talbot participates . She is devastated when Henry 's friend Charlie Rogers dies during the race in an accident . Rosamund later visits Downton and is happy to learn about Edith 's possible engagement to Bertie Pelham , but constantly bickers with Robert because she thinks that Edith should tell Bertie about Marigold 's parentage . Rosamund is furious with Mary when she forces Edith to reveal her secret to Bertie , who ends up leaving Edith . Rosamund later suggests the idea to have tea at Mrs Patmore 's Bed & Breakfast in order to help her after the business was involved in a scandal . Rosamund attends Mary and Henry Talbot 's wedding . Tom Branson ( edit ) Tom Branson Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Allen Leech Duration 2010 -- 2015 First appearance Episode 1.04 Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Occupation Chauffeur ( formerly ) journalist ( formerly ) Estate Manager Home Downton Abbey , Yorkshire , England Leech portrays Tom Branson show Family Family Crawley Brothers Kieran Branson Wife Lady Sybil Branson Daughters Miss Sybbie Branson Nephews Master George Crawley Nieces Miss Marigold Crawley Thomas `` Tom '' Branson ( played by Allen Leech ) was initially the family chauffeur , employed in Series 1 . He aspires to a career in politics and is a socialist Irish nationalist and republican . It becomes clear that he is political and very determined , much like Lady Sybil . Once in conversation with Sybil he makes no secret of his distaste for the aristocracy and the ruling class , but is quick to add that he respects Lord Grantham and his family for their fairness towards their employees and only disapproves of him as a `` representative of the oppressive class '' . Sybil forces him to take her to the announcement of the by - election results but a group of thugs stir up trouble and they barely escape the chaos , assisted by Matthew . He forms a strong friendship with Lady Sybil , which develops into romantic feelings , but both are afraid to act due to the difference in social class and the potential loss of his job . He refuses to fight for Britain in the First World War but the conflict shows him and Sybil that the class boundaries are breaking down . After sharing a kiss , the pair decide to elope to Gretna Green , but are persuaded to return by Mary and Edith . After breaking the news of their love to the Grantham family and being fired by Lord Grantham , Branson finally gets a muted blessing for their wedding and the promise of a dowry . They move to Dublin where Tom has found a job as a journalist and are married in a small ceremony which Sybil 's sisters attend . However , Cora , Robert and Violet do not go . In December 1919 , Sybil writes a letter to her family telling them that she is pregnant . Tom and Sybil return to Downton Abbey for Mary and Matthew 's wedding in 1920 , Violet having sent them the money to cover their travel expenses , feeling that their attendance will be less of a topic of conversation in the county than if they were excluded . The older generation upstairs , except Cora and Isobel , and many of the servants , except Mrs Hughes and Anna , find it hard to accept Tom in his new role as a member of the Crawley family , while Mary , Edith and Matthew readily welcome him as their brother - in - law . The pre-wedding dinner is nearly ruined when he falls victim to a prank by one of the Crawleys ' aristocratic guests . At the dinner table Matthew stuns everyone when he asks Tom to be his best man , quipping that `` We 're brothers - in - law with high - minded wives . We 'd better stick together . '' Due to his anti-aristocrat feelings and illegal political activities , Tom is a witness and co-conspirator as fellow Irish Republicans burn the house of a wealthy Anglo - Irish nobleman . Now a fugitive , he escapes with Sybil and finds refuge at Downton . He admits that he was involved in the planning of the attack and present at its execution but felt sorry for the wealthy nobleman 's family . Robert , though outraged , pleads his case with the Home Secretary and manages to obtain Tom 's freedom ; however , Tom is barred from returning to Ireland and is forced to remain at Downton . When Sybil dies in childbirth , Tom becomes a widower and insists that his daughter have a Catholic christening , despite Robert 's objections . Mary and the rest of the family defend Tom 's decision because Sybil did not object . At the end of the series , as suggested by Violet and strongly supported by Cora , Tom becomes the land agent for the estate , who will help Matthew transform Downton into a modern , profitable estate . He asks Cora if he and his daughter can stay at Downton and Cora happily agrees . The final image of the series shows Tom , Robert , and Matthew happily enjoying a cricket match together , showing that Tom has finally been accepted by Robert into the family . In the Christmas Special , set a year later , he is shown as the object of affection for the new maid , Edna Braithwaite , who tries to make him feel ashamed of his new position and life in the house . After Edna kisses him and is fired because of it , Tom is shown breaking down in grief over Sybil before Mrs Hughes . Mrs Hughes touchingly tells him that he should not be ashamed of his achievements in his new station of life and that he is no longer a `` downstairs person . '' Sybil , she believes , would be proud of his accomplishments `` above stairs '' ( being the manager of Downton Abbey ) and as a member of the family . Edna later returns to Downton to be Lady Grantham 's new lady 's maid in 1922 , following the sudden departure of Miss O'Brien , using the glowing reference that Mrs Hughes wrote at Tom 's request . Tom consults Carson and Mrs Hughes when he learns of her imminent return . Carson , reasoning that there is no way they can refuse her the job without explaining why she was fired , which he feels would almost certainly break the hearts of the Crawley household , decides to allow Edna to take the role and advises Tom to keep his distance . Tom tries to do so , but following a party where many of the Crawleys ' old friends make him feel hopelessly out of place , is seduced by Edna after she gives him a large whiskey . Edna then attempts to blackmail Tom into forcing him to marry her if she is carrying his child , trying to make him feel guilty when she is the guilty party . Tom confides in Mrs Hughes ( after Mary urges him to confide in someone , knowing something is wrong though he refuses to talk to her ) , who finds a book in Edna 's room regarding contraception and uses it to call Edna 's bluff : she intended to get pregnant once she was married and he would not have been the father . This results in Edna leaving Downton Abbey again after Mrs Hughes threatens to have her examined by a doctor and not give her a reference if she does not tell the truth . Though he has come to love his in - laws , Tom feels more than ever that he could never fit in at Downton . He now feels he can not go back to Ireland and does not even know what his beliefs are any more . He considers emigrating to America , feeling it would be better for his daughter to have a clean start , rather than having to live with the idea that her father is an `` uppity chauffeur '' . Isobel tries to rekindle his interest in politics and send him to a political rally , where he meets school teacher Sarah Bunting ( played by Daisy Lewis ) . Their friendship is a source of tension in Downton , as she has several altercations with Lord Grantham over politics and the Great War . When she leaves , Branson is reminded of his choice to stay in Downton or go to America with Sybbie . Finally , at the end of series 5 , he decides to join his cousin in a venture to invest in farming machinery in Boston , Massachusetts , resolving to leave Downton after spending one last Christmas there . Months later , in 1925 , Tom and Sybbie surprise the family by appearing at Mr. Carson and Mrs. Hughes 's wedding and reveal that they are moving back to Downton permanently , much to the family 's delight . Later in series 6 , Branson is instrumental in setting up Lady Mary with Henry Talbot , and in the series finale , goes in with Talbot on an automobile dealership . Tom Branson was supposed to appear in only three episodes of the first series , and Branson was originally Yorkshire - born . Moreover , actor Leech wanted to audition for Thomas Barrow , but chose Branson . Leech 's audition for the role convinced Julian Fellowes to expand his role and to transform Branson to an Irishman . Leech at first tried to develop a Yorkshire accent in an effort to prevent his character from becoming an Irish stereotype , but when he was persuaded that Tom would not become such , he used his native Irish accent . Martha Levinson ( edit ) Martha Levinson Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Shirley MacLaine First appearance Episode 3.01 Last appearance `` The London Season '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Occupation Socialite Home Newport , Rhode Island show Family Family Levinson Crawley Husband Isidore Levinson Sons Harold Levinson Daughters Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham Granddaughters Lady Mary Crawley Edith Pelham , Marchioness of Hexham Lady Sybil Branson Martha Levinson ( played by Shirley MacLaine ) is Cora 's brash , outspoken American mother , a wealthy widow with homes in New York City and Newport , Rhode Island . She visits Downton with great fanfare in Series 3 for Mary and Matthew 's wedding and then returns to the United States . Unlike Violet , Martha wears up - to - date clothing . Martha has a slightly strained relationship with her daughter Cora , making her rarely visit the house . She is mentioned once in series one when Cora was pregnant with her miscarriage as being very anxious but Violet wrote to her to come admire the baby . Martha arrives in Downton for Mary 's wedding to Matthew , and remains there for a short time afterwards . Violet and Mary scheme to have her give the Crawleys more money to save Downton from ruin by putting on a lavish banquet , but the evening nearly ends in disaster when the oven fails . It is Martha who saves the feast , instead arranging an indoor picnic for the guests . Martha reveals to Violet and Mary that even if she wanted to sink more money into Downton , her late husband 's will ties up the Levinson fortune up too tightly . Martha leaves Downton shortly afterwards , telling Robert she is `` homesick for America '' . She decides to return in 1923 with her son Harold for Rose 's coming out ball , wanting to see another London season in her life . She leads on Lord Aysgarth for her own amusement , before bluntly turning down his proposal by telling him she finds his kind `` narrow and pompous and boring '' . She then offers Aysgarth the chance to visit her home in Newport , where she promises to find him plenty of wealthy widows who would like to marry into nobility . Martha and Violet frequently trade barbed insults , but Martha is unperturbed , telling Violet that her world is slipping away , whilst Martha 's is growing nearer all the time . Harold Levinson ( edit ) Harold Levinson ( played by Paul Giamatti ) is Cora 's younger brother . His peripheral involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal leads Martha to request that Lord Grantham appear before Congress to vouch for Harold 's character late in Series 4 -- he escapes with only a reprimand . Harold then accompanies his mother to England in July 1923 . While in England he makes the acquaintance of the Hon . Madeleine Allsopp , the daughter of Lord Aysgarth , who after finding out about Harold 's wealth tells his daughter to get better acquainted with him . Harold sees through her tactics almost at once , but is more attracted to Madeleine than any who have tried to seduce him before , and tells she is a far better person than her father . The two part on good terms , with Madeleine promising to write to Harold frequently . Harold , not known for enjoying British cooking , found he enjoyed the cooking and had his valet , Ethan Slade , to try to have Daisy Mason , whom Ethan had a crush on , move from England to America to work for him as his new cook . Daisy , although flattered that her cooking was well - received enough for her to be offered a new job ( and by an American no less ) , would decline the offer , because she did not want to leave her `` family '' ( Mrs. Patmore and her father in - law ) . She would graciously suggest Ivy , the kitchen maid , to take the position in her stead , which Harold would agree to . Miss Sybbie Branson ( edit ) Miss Sybbie Branson Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Ava Mann ( Series 4 ) Fifi Hart ( Series 5 ) First appearance Episode 3.05 Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Home Downton Abbey , Yorkshire , England show Family Family Crawley Branson Father Tom Branson Mother Lady Sybil Branson Grandfathers Robert Crawley , Earl of Grantham Mr Branson Grandmothers Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham Mrs Branson Uncles Kieran Branson Matthew Crawley Henry Talbot Herbert Pelham Aunts Lady Mary Talbot Edith Pelham , Marchioness of Hexham First cousins Master George Crawley Miss Marigold Crawley Lady Rose Aldridge Miss Victoria Aldridge Sybil `` Sybbie '' Branson , ( b . Late May 1920 ) is the daughter and only child of Tom Branson and the late Lady Sybil Branson ( née Crawley ) whom she is named after . She is the first grandchild and eldest granddaughter of Robert and Cora . She is the great - granddaughter of Violet . She is the niece of Lady Mary , Lady Edith , and the late Matthew Crawley . George Crawley and Marigold Crawley are her first cousins . Her father named her after her mother , who died of eclampsia shortly after her birth . Her father felt it was right even if it would be painful , stating he wanted to remember her mother whenever he looked at her . After her father and grandfather argued over which church she would be christened into , she was baptised Catholic per her father 's wishes . Her father named his brother Kieran and Lady Mary as her godparents . Tom decided he and she would live at Downton until she was older . In the beginning of Series 4 , Sybbie and her cousin George have a nanny , Nanny West , who favours George and is fired after Lady Grantham overhears her blaming Sybbie for waking up baby George and calling her `` that chauffeur 's daughter '' and a `` wicked little cross-breed '' . A new nanny later comes in . She calls her maternal grandfather `` Donk '' -- a reference to the game Pin the tail on the donkey -- to Robert 's chagrin and the family 's amusement . She is four years old in the fifth series . It was Cora who would be the one who would call her by her nickname , Sybbie . In Series Six , she and her father return in the third episode after a brief stint in America . She and George would be the ones who grow up in the abbey , while their cousin , Marigold , would move to Brancaster Castle after her mother married . As she was named after her late mother , she is considered Sybil the Second . Master George Crawley ( edit ) Master George Crawley Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Logan and Cole Weston ( series 4 ) Oliver and Zac Barker ( series 5 ) First appearance `` A Journey to the Highlands '' Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Occupation Heir presumptive of the Downton Estate Home Downton Abbey , Yorkshire , England show Family Family Crawley Father Matthew Crawley Mother Lady Mary Talbot Stepfather Henry Talbot Grandfathers Robert Crawley , Earl of Grantham ( maternal ) Reginald Crawley ( paternal ) Grandmothers Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham Isobel Grey , Baroness Merton Uncles Tom Branson Herbert Pelham Aunts Edith Pelham , Marchioness of Hexham Lady Sybil Branson First cousins Miss Sybbie Branson Marigold Crawley Lady Rose Aldridge Miss Victoria Aldridge George Crawley ( born September 1921 ) is the son and only child , and heir of the late Matthew Crawley and Lady Mary Crawley . He is the second grandchild and first grandson of Robert and Cora Crawley , The Earl and Countess of Grantham ; the first and only grandson of Isobel Crawley ; great - grandson of Violet Crawley , The Dowager Countess of Grantham ; nephew of Lady Edith , the late Lady Sybil , and Tom Branson , and the cousin of Sybil Branson , the daughter of the late Lady Sybil and Tom Branson and Marigold Gregson , the daughter of Lady Edith from the Crawley side as of 1921 . George was born a month early , shortly before his father was killed in a car crash . Following his father 's premature death , George becomes heir presumptive to his grandfather and the Downton estate . Initially his mother largely ignores him as she mourned the loss of her husband and George was cared for by the nanny and the rest of the family . As he grew , he would bond with under - butler Thomas Barrow , much like his mother had done with Carson , when she was his age . Thomas would always find time to give George piggy - back rides or fly him around like an airplane . Miss Marigold Crawley ( edit ) Miss Marigold Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Eva & Karina Samms First appearance Episode 5.01 Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Home Downton Abbey ( formerly ) Brancaster Castle , Northumberland , England ( currently ) show Family Family Crawley Father Michael Gregson ( deceased ) Mother Edith Pelham , Marchioness of Hexham Stepfather Herbert Pelham Grandfathers Robert Crawley , Earl of Grantham Grandmothers Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham Uncles Matthew Crawley Tom Branson Henry Talbot Aunts Lady Mary Talbot Lady Sybil Branson First cousins Miss Sybbie Branson Master George Crawley Lady Rose Aldridge Miss Victoria Aldridge Miss Marigold Crawley ( born c. late December 1922 or mid January 1923 ) is the illegitimate child and only daughter of the late Michael Gregson and Lady Edith Crawley , as a result of their hidden love affair . She is the third grandchild and youngest granddaughter of Robert and Cora Crawley , the Earl and Countess of Grantham ; second great - granddaughter of Violet Crawley , The Dowager Countess of Grantham ; niece of Lady Mary , the late Lady Sybil , Tom Branson , and the late Matthew Crawley and the first cousin of Sybbie Branson , the only daughter of the late Lady Sybil and Tom Branson , and George Crawley , the only son of Lady Mary and the late Matthew Crawley , both from the maternal side of her family as of 1923 . She was born in , either , late December 1922 or early January 1923 in Geneva , Switzerland and given up for adoption to Mr and Mrs Schroeder after her mother suckled her . The year before she was born , her mother had first considered having an abortion ( because she feared becoming an outcast for having bore an illegitimate child , Michael Gregson having mysteriously vanished without a trace ) but backed out at the last minute . She then considered giving her to a local farmer , Timothy Drewe after she was born , so that she could be near her child without giving her away . But Edith 's aunt Rosamund Painswick decided it best to take her abroad to keep Edith 's reputation safe . Violet quickly saw through the story and learnt the truth before the two left England . But after returning , Edith was troubled at having to give up her child . Rosamund insisted that the child was no longer hers , and Violet hurt Edith more by calling the child `` it '' instead of `` she '' and joking about Edith 's `` French '' -- the cover story of her travels being to improve her French . But Edith , fearing even more that she would never see Michael again , and knowing he gave her power of attorney , felt obliged to give at least half to her daughter should Michael indeed be proven dead . Ultimately , Edith decided to go back and reclaim her daughter , and have her grow up on Drewe 's farm . Drewe himself discovered her secret , but sympathetic to Lady Edith , agreed to keep it for her and raise her two - year - old daughter for the time being . Unfortunately her repeated visits began to arouse the suspicion and anger of Drewe 's wife Margie . When news reaches the Crawleys confirming Michael Gregson 's tragic death , and with Rosamund and Violet considered taking Marigold abroad again , Edith told a terribly distraught Mrs Drewe the truth , reclaimed her daughter , and fled to London . Edith was quickly found by her mother , who had learned the truth , and suggested Edith bring Marigold back to Downton on the pretense that Edith was adopting her because the Drewes could no longer afford to raise her . Robert figures out Marigold 's true identity when he realises her close resemblance to her deceased father , but is persuaded by Cora not to reveal he 's guessed the truth . He also says , much to his surprise , he believes he will love her , as well . During the family 's visit to Brancaster Castle , Robert tells Edith that he figured out Marigold 's identity as her daughter and his youngest granddaughter , and accepts her into the family . In April 1925 , at the toddling age of two or three , Marigold remains at Downton with her cousin George until her five - year - old cousin Sybbie returns . When Mr. Carson and Mrs. Hughes get married , she hugs her returning cousin , Sybbie , when she and her father , Tom , come back from America . When her mother marries Bertie Pelham , the Marquess of Hexham , she moves with them to their new home at Brancaster Castle , along with a new nanny , to live out her childhood with her stepfather and stepgrandmother , Mrs. Pelham . Hugh MacClare , Marquess of Flintshire ( edit ) Hugh MacClare ( The Marquess of Flintshire ) ( played by Peter Egan ) is a Scottish nobleman nicknamed `` Shrimpie '' and married to Susan , the niece of Violet , the Dowager Countess of Grantham . They have three children , the youngest being Rose . Lord Flintshire is mentioned offscreen in series two as being a minister in the First World War ; Violet and Edith successfully contact him so he can pull strings to allow William Mason , who was seriously wounded in France , to be sent to a hospital in Leeds , and return to Downton to die in familiar surroundings . His nickname , `` Shrimpie '' is derived from his being the smallest of three children . In 1921 , as Laird of Duneagle , he hosts the Crawleys at Duneagle Castle , his family 's Scottish estate with Susan and Rose , who has returned home after living at Downton for a time . It becomes clear he is deeply unhappy about his marriage to Susan , who seems determined to argue with him , and trample on Rose 's ambitions , at every opportunity . Full of regret , Shrimpie later privately confesses to Robert that he has to sell his estate to pay off debts -- 1921 was the last year the Crawleys holidayed there -- and says that he admires Robert for thinking ahead and modernising Downton . He is appointed Governor of Bombay that year , and he and his wife travel to India , after agreeing to allow Rose to return to Downton . However , the two fail to resolve their marital problems , and agree to separate upon returning to England for Rose 's wedding . Despite no longer having direct ties to the family , Shrimpie continues to be useful , providing assistance to Lady Violet in locating the long - lost wife of Violet 's old flame Prince Kuragin . Unlike Susan , he has no objection to his daughter 's marriage to Atticus Aldridge , who is Jewish . Shrimpie is loved by the Crawleys and he is invited to the give the wedding speech at Edith 's wedding where he identifies himself as family . `` I am a cousin of Edith 's father '' He says before reading a letter from Martha 's . He is seen with the rest of the family on the last scene of the show . Lady Rose MacClare ( edit ) Lady Rose MacClare Downton Abbey character Portrayed by Lily James First appearance Episode 3.08 Last appearance `` The Finale '' Created by Julian Fellowes Introduced by Julian Fellowes Profile Occupation Socialite Home Duneagle Castle , Scotland ( formerly ) Downton Abbey , Yorkshire , England show Family Family MacClare Crawley Aldrige Father Hugh , Marquess of Flintshire Mother Susan , Marchioness of Flintshire Brothers Lord James MacClare , Earl of Newtonmore Sisters Lady Annabelle MacClare Husband Atticus Aldridge Daughters Miss Victoria Rachel Cora Aldridge Grandfathers The Marquess of Flintshire Unnamed grandfather Grandmothers The Marchioness of Flintshire Unnamed grandmother Aunts Lady Agatha MacClare Lady Louisa MacClare Lady Rose Aldridge ( née MacClare ) ( portrayed by Lily James ) is the daughter and youngest child of Hugh and Susan MacClare ( Lord and Lady Flintshire ) . During her visit to Violet in 1920 , she unexpectedly joins Edith and Matthew on a trip to London , claiming that she is planning a surprise for her mother . When Violet tricks Rosamund into telling the truth -- that Rose is meeting a married lover -- she has Rose sent to Duneagle early as punishment with her paternal aunt Agatha , whom she despises . In 1921 , Rose 's relationship with her mother has soured , though her relationship with her father is better . Susan disapproves of Rose 's choices and tastes , while Rose hates her mother . While her parents are posted to India , Rose stays at Downton , where she is living by 1922 . Rose becomes restless , and persuades Anna into accompanying her to a dance hall in York , where Anna attracts the attention of some young men but barely escapes when a fight ensues . Rose later becomes attracted to Sir John Bullock , a guest at a Downton house party with whom she later meets up in London along with some of her relatives . They go to the Lotus night club , but Bullock gets drunk and leaves Rose on the dance floor . She is rescued ( to her relatives ' dismay ) by African - American singer Jack Ross . Rose secretly invites Ross and his band members to perform at Downton for Robert 's birthday , by which times she has entered into a secret relationship with Jack . Though Jack loves her , he fears the repercussions of an inter-racial romance . Rose wants to marry Jack , though Mary sees that Rose 's primary motivation is to upset her mother . Jack breaks off the relationship to protect Rose . Rose 's society debut is in 1923 , when Cora presents her before the king , queen , and Prince of Wales . Rose befriends the prince 's mistress , Freda Dudley Ward , who comes to her when a letter from the prince is stolen by Terence Sampson , a greedy acquaintance from Robert 's club . The Crawleys and Rose succeed in retrieving the letter , after which the grateful prince unexpectedly arrives and opens a ball at their house , dancing with Rose . Rose matures and become less self - centred . She volunteers with a charity in Leeds to help Russian refugees who have resettled in England . In 1924 , she meets , falls in love with , and marries Atticus Aldridge , the Jewish son of Lord and Lady Sinderby . Between Series 5 and Series 6 they move to New York , and are later blessed with a daughter named Victoria . The Hon . Atticus Aldridge ( edit ) The Honourable Ephraim Atticus Aldridge , more commonly known by his middle name , is the son and heir of Lord and Lady Sinderby . He meets Lady Rose MacClare one stormy day in York in the spring of 1924 , while she is leaving a pastry shop , and helps her with her packages . He goes with her to the church of St. Mary Magdalene , where Rose helps care for exiled Russians . He is initially reticent about his family , but mentions that his great - grandfather and his family were Russian Jews from Odessa who had emigrated to England during the 19th century and eventually anglicised their family name . After a confrontation with one of the Russian emigres , Count Rostov , which Rose witnesses , Atticus reveals his family had emigrated after being driven from Odessa in that city 's 1859 and 1871 pogroms . Lord Sinderby was said to have been opposed to his marriage to Rose while his wife accepts her because `` her son 's happiness is more important '' . Staff ( edit ) Mr Carson ( edit ) Jim Carter Charles ' Charlie ' Carson ( played by Jim Carter ) is the butler at Downton Abbey . Mr Carson is in charge of the pantry , wine cellar , and dining room , as well as the male staff , who report to him . He has worked at Downton since he was a young man , when his grandfather was its Head Groom , beginning as a junior footman . He tends towards nostalgia and fears change ( such as the installation of telephones in the house and electricity in the kitchen ) . He has a fatherly disposition over the servants . He also has a special place in his heart for Lady Mary , given she was the first child born at Downton during his tenure as butler . He is one of the few people who is prepared to speak frankly to her , and is prepared to leave Downton Abbey to join her at Haxby when she is engaged to Sir Richard Carlisle . He only changes his mind when he learns more of Sir Richard 's questionable moral character , and is clearly distressed by Lady Mary 's reaction to his decision . It is he who eventually talks Lady Mary out of her listless grief over Matthew 's death . She reacts callously at first , reminding him of his place , but soon comes to apologise , and finally breaks down and cries . Carson quickly steps forward to comfort her , and assures her she will always find a source of support in him . For a brief time before entering into household service , Mr Carson was a music hall performer in the vaudeville duo the `` Cheerful Charlies '' alongside former friend Charlie Grigg . When this secret becomes known in Downton , Carson offers his resignation to Lord Grantham . Amused instead of scandalised at the revelation , Grantham gently declines Carson 's offer , ending the matter as a non-issue . In the second series , with most of the male staff depicted as serving in the First World War , Mr Carson finds himself under mostly self - imposed pressure to ensure household duties are carried out to his exacting standards . Carson is mortified when he suffers severe chest pains while serving the family dinner and as a consequence is forced to accept help from the female staff . After the war , with male staff able to be hired , the full household staff are brought up to the pre-war levels and Mr Carson is able to return to solely undertaking the duties of butler . It is revealed in series 4 that Carson almost married a young woman during his time as a performer but the woman chose the other half of the duo - Mr Grigg . At the end of the series five Christmas special , Carson has purchased a house and added both his and Mrs Hughes 's names to the registry . Following this , he asked Mrs Hughes to marry him and she has accepted . Series 6 deals with Carson and Hughes ' marriage and life as a married couple . Still a man of high standards , his reactions to Hughes ' cooking lead to a comic incident where he is forced to cook dinner and fail at his own high standards . The final series also deals with Carson downsizing staff to adjust for the current times . In the series finale , Carson begins to suffer from palsy that ultimately forces him into retirement . Mrs Hughes ( edit ) Phyllis Logan plays Mrs. Hughes Elsie May Carson ( née Hughes ) ( played by Phyllis Logan ) is the housekeeper at Downton Abbey . Elsie was born in the year 1862 . Though unmarried , she is referred to as Mrs Hughes according to traditional titles for servants during the time period . She is originally from Argyll , Scotland , where her father was a farmer . Elsie worked as a maid at Duneagle Castle for an unknown period of time . She has one sibling , a sister who lives in Lytham St Annes . Before she came to Downton in 1895 as head housemaid , she was courted by a farmer , Joe Burns . But she refused him and he married a woman named Ivy and had a son , Peter . In 1913 , three years after Ivy dies and his son joins the army , Joe comes to Downton and asks Elsie to marry him , but once again she refuses him , even though she has previously expressed doubts about choosing a life of service over having a husband and family . Outwardly prim and somewhat strict in her manner as housekeeper , Mrs Hughes is essentially kindly and generous , as shown when she assists Ethel after she leaves her position and has a baby out of wedlock . In series 3 , she has a breast cancer scare ; the lump is eventually diagnosed as benign . She is best friends with Mrs Patmore . Although she is usually supportive of Mr Carson when it comes to matters of discipline , she is seldom afraid of speaking her mind when he makes decisions ; Carson in turn dislikes proceeding with any choice without her approval . She also speaks frankly about her employers when she and Mr Carson are alone ; she enjoys seeing the Dowager Countess ( whom she calls `` the old bat '' ) getting her comeuppance with the arrival of Isobel Crawley . Unlike Carson , she privately views Lady Mary as a silly girl whose misfortune comes mostly from her own mistakes ; her attitudes have likely softened over the years . She is one of Anna 's closest allies , being the first person who helps her in the aftermath of Mr Green 's attack . She also refused to hand the police the ticket regarding Mr Bates 's trip to London on the day Mr Green died , telling Lady Mary she could never condemn a man for defending his wife 's honour against such a crime . At the end of the series five Christmas special Mrs Hughes has accepted Mr Carson 's marriage proposal . John Bates ( edit ) John Bates ( played by Brendan Coyle ) , who is mainly known as Mr Bates or just Bates , is Lord Grantham 's valet . He previously served in the Army alongside the earl as his batman during the Boer Wars and suffered an injury to his right leg . He arrives at Downton in the first episode to replace Lord Grantham 's previous valet . When the staff see that he uses a cane , they are at best surprised and at worst angry feeling that they will have to pick up the slack for him , due to his disability slowing him down in the large house . Most of the staff give him the cold shoulder , while Thomas and O'Brien try to get rid of him to further their own ends . Only the housemaid Anna offers him any sympathy and friendship . O'Brien , Cora 's lady 's maid , schemes to get Cora to talk to Lord Grantham about Bates 's unsuitability . And while the household is lined up to receive a duke , O'Brien discreetly kicks Bates 's cane on which he was leaning , knocking him on his face in the gravel , in order to cause a scene and bring attention to his disability . Lord Grantham , after being pressured by Cora and Carson to see how Bates is not fulfilling his job properly , regretfully tells Bates that it is not working out . Carson 's main complaint is that a valet should perform extra duties outside of just seeing to Lord Grantham , including carrying trays and acting as a third footman if necessary . Bates nearly begs to stay , pointing out that he is unlikely to find another position ( because of his disability ) , but Lord Grantham is unmoved . However , when he sees the departing Bates leaving , Lord Grantham is overcome with feelings of guilt . He runs after the car and orders Bates to get out , telling him to get back inside and that nothing more would be said about him leaving . Throughout much of the series Bates is at odds with Thomas , who tries to get rid of him so that he can take his place as valet . Bates tries to ignore him at first . Still being ignored by the rest of the staff save Anna , he gains an ally in William when he observes Thomas bullying the younger man , who is suffering with severe homesickness . An overconfident Thomas makes a snide remark that Mr Bates can do nothing to stop him only for Bates to violently grab him and shove him against the wall , proving that despite his disability he is not to be underestimated . He and Anna fall in love , but he explains he has yet to divorce his estranged wife , Vera . She comes to Downton only to inform Bates that if he does not come away with her , she will sell the scandalous story of the death of Kemal Pamuk in Mary 's bed to the newspapers , which could ruin the reputation of Downton Abbey . Bates goes with her , and it is thought that his romance with Anna is over . He returns to Downton , having apparently settled affairs with his wife , but Miss O'Brien contacts Vera and once again , she returns to cause more trouble . She manages to stop the divorce that Mr Bates thought was a foregone conclusion , and he goes to London to confront her . After his return , he receives a telegram informing him of her death . It is revealed that she was poisoned by eating rat poison cooked in a pie , and Bates is put under suspicion . Anna insists that they marry so that she will have legal rights if the worst happens . Bates is subsequently charged with murder . He is arrested in front of the entire Downton staff after Lavinia 's funeral and is put on trial , during which some other staff members at Downton and Robert are called to testify . The evidence does not portray Bates in a good light ; the jury finds him guilty of the murder of his wife , and he is sentenced to be hanged . Determined to prove him innocent , Anna and Robert try to appeal the decision and are successful in reducing Bates 's sentence from execution to life imprisonment . After visiting Bates in prison , Anna declares that she will not rest until Bates had been proven completely innocent and is free . She searches for anyone Vera may have been in contact with , and finds a neighbour who saw her the day of her death . The neighbour mentions she saw Vera cleaning crust from under her nails , confirming she made the pie herself . Although the neighbour at first recants her story , she eventually gives a statement that clears Bates , who is freed from prison , returns to Downton , and moves into a nearby cottage with Anna . Surprisingly , it is Bates who intervenes to save Thomas 's prospects after he attempts to seduce Jimmy , as he is unwilling to see another man lose his livelihood due to the schemes of others . Deducing that Miss O'Brien is pressuring Jimmy to have Mr Carson demand Thomas leave Downton with no reference , he informs Lord Grantham of the details , and asks Thomas to give him a weapon to use against his former ally . Bates then invite O'Brien to his cottage , and whispers the words `` her ladyship 's soap '' in her ear , before warning her that unless she calls Jimmy off , he will not keep her secret . Bates remains ignorant of the true meaning of the words , but he soon has other concerns when Lord Grantham decides to appoint Thomas as under - butler to take advantage of his skills at cricket ; Bates had only hoped to allow Thomas to leave with a good reference . In Series 4 , Anna is violently raped and Bates is confused and hurt at her attempts to push him away , as he is unaware of Anna 's distress . He threatens Mrs Hughes with leaving Downton in order to find out what is wrong with his wife . She reveals the story of Anna 's attack but states that the attacker was a stranger who broke into the house . He tells Anna he knows what has happened , and reassures her that he still loves her . The two attempt to move past the attack , but both find it very difficult . Bates is suspicious that the attacker could be Mr Green , valet of Lord Gillingham . When Green returns to the Abbey , Bates is further convinced of his guilt . Bates goes to York for the day but does not reveal the reason for going and Mr Green dies in Piccadilly after `` falling into the road '' . Mrs Hughes discovers a round - trip ticket stub from York to London in an article of Bates 's clothing that Anna donates to charity . She gives it to Lady Mary , who destroys it after Bates uses his skills as forger and pickpocket in suppressing a royal scandal . When a witness comes forward to claim Mr Green was murdered and the investigation reaches Downton , police question Bates and Anna on several occasions . This puts strain on the couple , as Anna is too frightened to ask John the truth of his trip to York . Matters become worse when Anna assists Lady Mary in procuring contraception for a sexual relationship with Lord Gillingham , and Bates finds the evidence and mistakenly believes his wife is using it so she does not become pregnant with a murderer 's child . Bates finally confronts Anna and reveals the truth ; he realised Green was the attacker as soon as he returned to Downton , and he did intend to murder the valet the day he was killed . However , having bought the train ticket to London in York , he decided not to go through with the plan at the last minute , as he considered his actions would do far more harm than good , since he would certainly have been hanged for the crime if convicted ; his love for his wife proved greater than his desire to defend her honour . Bates reveals that he kept the untorn ticket in his coat as a talisman for a time . Anna 's attempts to locate the ticket prove fruitless , due to Lady Mary 's prior actions . Bates is angered when Miss Baxter informs the police that he could have made it to London the day Green was killed , despite her making clear she could not swear on the evidence . Miss Baxter refuses to inform Bates that , as a convicted criminal herself , she had to speak honestly to avoid another prison sentence . However , the investigation into Green 's death begins to wind down , as the police have failed to find anything more than circumstantial evidence to link Bates to the crime . At the end of the series , Bates is livid as Inspector Vyner calls Anna into Scotland Yard as part of an identity parade . Although convinced that there is no evidence for anything to happen , Anna is later arrested for Green 's murder . A distraught Bates along with Lady Mary is adamant that Anna will not be convicted or even go to trial . During the Christmas episode , Bates visits Anna in prison where she reveals that a secret from her past could compromise any character witness statement the Crawleys make in her favour . Matters are made much worse when Murray confirms that her history , of which the police are now aware , would look convincingly to the police like Anna was capable of violence . Anna is then given a trial date and Bates is forced into taking action . He leaves Downton , telling Carson in a letter that he has confessed to murdering Green in order to have Anna freed . He tells Robert in another letter how to contact him . Bates then disappears and is now on the run . Molesley gains access to the Bateses cottage and finds a picture of Bates ; he and Baxter use it as they travel around York 's pubs to find out which pub Bates had been to the day Green died . A pub owner confirms that Bates was indeed in York and would swear to it , which clears him . However , it would endanger Anna once again , who is released on bail . As Anna returns to Downton , Bates is still missing , leaving her miserable . At Christmas there is still no sign of him . At the Christmas carol service Bates manages to sneak in ; he sneaks up on Anna , surprising her , and pulls her away from the crowd . When she asks how it 's possible he silences her , insisting they speak later about it but for the moment , enjoy their Christmas . They kiss and the enjoy a reunion In Series 6 , Bates and Anna must deal with the shadow of Green 's murder ; however , the case is resolved quickly when a confession is made by another of Green 's victims and Anna is freed from bail . However , problems between the two are not over as Bates realises something has upset Anna . She tells him that she believed she was pregnant , but that she had miscarried , and that it had potentially happened twice before . Despite being upset that she kept it from him , he comforts her when she tells him she thinks she 's let him down . In episode 2 , Bates discovers Anna yet again upset , after having told Lady Mary about her pregnancy problems . He asks her if she had ever considered adoption , but she tells him that the idea would never work for him nor her as they would want their own child . Bates believes they must be content as they are , but Anna continues to believe that she can not give him what he needs . Bates does not accept this , and insists that she alone is enough for him . In episode 2 , without his knowledge , Anna visits Dr Ryder in London , who offers to perform a cervical stitch to rectify the problem with her carrying a child to term , but she must become pregnant again first . Anna returns to Downton in a lighter mood , which does not go unnoticed by Bates . He continues to notice the change in her mood after Anna tells Mary that she believes she 's pregnant again . Still in the dark about her pregnancy , Anna begins to experience pains in episode 4 , for which Lady Mary rushes her down to London , claiming to Bates that the emergency is hers , not Anna 's . However , Bates is not fooled , and when she returns to Downton , tells her he believes he knows what took them to London , believing the worst has happened . Anna , however , tells him that the news is nothing sad and that actually , she 's pregnant and expecting their child . Bates is overjoyed by the news . In episode 5 , Bates is insistent that nothing will go wrong with the pregnancy , when Anna begins to worry . In episode 6 he insists on paying for Anna to have an appointment with Dr Ryder when she begins to experience lingering pains again , and asks that she stop keeping him in the dark . Despite the pains , Anna is fine , as her body is adjusting to pregnancy . Bates becomes protective over Anna at the car racing at Brooklands , when she insists in running after Lady Mary after a fatal crash on the track . His protectiveness leads Baxter to discover Anna 's pregnancy . Whilst Anna is pregnant , Bates continues to attempt selling his mother 's house in London as well as purchasing a house in the north . Bates does not say much about his family or childhood , though he does mention that his late mother was Irish and he has a Scottish grandmother . Anna Bates ( edit ) Joanne Froggatt plays Anna Bates Anna May Bates ( née Smith ) ( played by Joanne Froggatt ) is lady 's maid to Lady Mary at Downton Abbey ; previously she was first parlour maid and head housemaid . She is 26 at the beginning of the series . She is very trustworthy , polite , and loyal to the Crawley family and her `` downstairs '' co-workers . Anna was the member of staff who helped Lady Mary and her mother Cora carry the corpse of Kemal Pamuk out of Lady Mary 's bedroom and was the only one who openly welcomed Mr Bates to the household , despite everyone else 's initial prejudice against him on account of his limp . After a long and somewhat secretive courtship she married valet John Bates in the end of the second series in a private ceremony at a registrar 's office . Lady Mary prepares a room for Anna and her husband in the main house so they can spend their wedding night together . Shortly after their wedding night , Bates is arrested for murdering his previous wife , although Anna and the rest of the residents at Downton are convinced that he is innocent . When Bates is deemed guilty and is sentenced to be hanged , Anna breaks down and briefly prepares to leave Downton Abbey with Lady Mary , whom she is very close to , offering to accompany her mistress on an extended holiday to America , much to Mary 's delight . When the Crawleys manage to reduce Bates 's sentence to life imprisonment , she decides to stay at Downton , although she vows that she will not rest until Bates is free . Anna is promoted from head housemaid to Lady 's Maid to Mary during Bates 's incarceration . During the time apart from Bates , Anna refuses to fall into hopelessness or despair , though there is a brief period where this wavers , when letters and visits with her husband are stopped for a time . Her efforts to prove her husband 's innocence become a success when a neighbour of Vera 's inadvertently tells Anna details of their last meeting which prove that Vera committed suicide in order to have her husband convicted and hanged for the crime . Bates is freed , and the reunited married couple move into a cottage on the grounds shortly thereafter . In the third episode of the fourth series , Anna is violently assaulted and raped by Lord Gillingham 's valet while the rest of family members and staff are attending a concert above stairs in the house . Anna only tells Mrs Hughes of the crime , fearing her husband would commit murder if he discovered the truth . She becomes distant from everyone , and is unable to even bear Mr Bates 's touch , as she confesses to Mrs Hughes that she feels she no longer deserves him , and feels unclean . She decides to move back into Downton Abbey , leaving Mr Bates hurt and confused . Soon , however , Mrs Hughes tells Mr Bates what happened to Anna , although she refuses to disclose who was the culprit . Mr Bates reassures Anna that nothing will change between them , and that he will always support her . The two try to continue their lives ; however , both find it difficult to look past what has happened . Mr Green briefly returns to Downton , and Lady Mary persuades Lord Gillingham to dismiss him , although she does not give him a reason . Anna worries that Mr Bates will have his revenge if her attacker 's identity is ever revealed . Bates one day sets off to York alone , and returns the same day , and the family soon learn that Mr Green died in London that day , after falling under a bus . Anna is frightened that Bates discovered the truth and took his revenge . When a witness comes forward to claim Mr Green was murdered , the investigation causes Anna to fear Bates was responsible , but she is too frightened to confront him , as it will confirm the identity of her attacker . Anna then assists Lady Mary with procuring contraception for a sexual relationship with Lord Gillingham , but Bates finds the evidence and mistakenly believes Anna has been using it so she does not become pregnant with a murderer 's child . Bates finally confronts his wife and reveals the truth ; he realised Green was the attacker as soon as he returned to Downton , and he did intend to murder the valet the day he was killed . However , having bought the train ticket to London in York , he decided not to go through with the plan at the last minute , as he considered his actions would do far more harm than good , since he would certainly have been executed had he been convicted . Overjoyed that her husband is once again innocent , Anna then attempts to locate the untorn ticket to London , as Bates kept it in his coat as a talisman for a time , and its existence would prove Bates could not have been in London when Green was killed . She is forced to accept defeat in this , not knowing that Lady Mary had already destroyed the ticket , as she wrongly believed it proved Bates 's guilt . However , the investigation into Green 's death begins to wind down , as the police have failed to find anything more than circumstantial evidence to link Bates to the crime . The overjoyed couple once again begin to discuss and plan their future . Inspector Vyner of Scotland Yard returns to Downton and informs Anna and Bates that they have discovered that Green attacked several women . They had been too scared to come forward before but had now stepped forward and informed the police of his actions . He also reveals that Bates is no longer a suspect , as the person seen talking to Green appeared to be shorter than him . Vyner then asks that Anna visit Scotland Yard for further questions during the Crawleys ' stay in London . Anna and Bates both visit Scotland Yard where Anna is forced to be part of an identity parade to which Bates is outraged . Later , having returned to Grantham House , Mrs Hughes interrupts Anna and Lady Mary and informs them that Vyner has returned and has come to arrest her . Vyner tells Mary and Anna that the witness has confirmed that they had seen Anna on the pavement near Green in Picaddilly when the incident occurred . Shocked , Anna is cuffed as Mary , Robert and Bates attempt to plead her case but to no use . As Bates is left helpless , Anna is escorted away to the police station having been arrested on suspicion of Green 's murder . Later , at the memorial , Mary speaks to Bates , certain that Anna will not be convicted , and feels there will not even be a trial , as the police have nothing to go on . Bates is less sure , but agrees that Anna will not be convicted . During the 2014 Christmas special , Anna awaits trial in prison as Mary and Bates visit her . More is revealed about Anna 's past . During a conversation with Bates , Anna tells him that something in her history could stack against her in a court case . She reveals that her father died when she was about six years old and that her mother remarried , of which Bates already knew , however Anna had not told him the whole story . It is implied that her stepfather was a drunkard and abusive , touching her in inappropriate ways whilst she was young . When she feared what he might do next and knew what was about to happen , Anna hid in the dark , waiting for him with a knife . She struck him ; however , she did not kill him , merely wounded him . Anna 's mother managed to convince police that it was an accident and he had slipped , but Anna is now terrified that either the police have found a file on the incident or her stepfather had heard of her arrest and tipped them off and it would be used to disprove the Crawleys ' character reference of her and portray her as violent . Matters are not made better when the Crawleys ' lawyer , Murray , confirms that things do not look good for Anna and Bates is forced into action when a trial date for Anna is set . Bates then leaves Downton , writing in a letter to Carson that he is going to confess to murdering Green in order for Anna to be freed . He writes to Robert also with an address attached so he can be contacted . However both Molesley and Baxter investigate Bates 's confession and find the pub he claims he was at in York the day Green died , and a witness confirms Bates was indeed in York . They then take this to Robert who ensures that the witness makes a statement , then tries to contact Bates . Anna is freed but on bail whilst her husband is classified as being on the run . She returns to work as Mary 's lady 's maid but is alone until Christmas . During the Crawleys ' Christmas celebrations , Anna is seen alone and concerned about her husband . However at the very end , Mrs Patmore notices a familiar face has snuck into the room . Bates sneaks up behind Anna , surprising her , then pulls her aside . A shocked Anna begins to ask how the case is sorted out but Bates silences her , saying they will speak of it later . The episode ends with Anna and Bates sharing a Happy Christmas alone . At the beginning of Series 6 Anna is in a dark place as the case of Green 's death lingers over her and Bates as she 's still out on bail . However , relatively quickly , the mystery is solved as another of Green 's victims comes forward and confesses to his murder . Problems for Anna , however , continue . After discussing Edith 's child , Marigold , at the servants dinner , Bates notices she has become subdued . Anna reveals to him that she believed she was pregnant , but that morning had realised that she had miscarried their child , and that it was n't the first time it had happened , but the third . Distraught in believing that it is impossible for her to carry a child to term , Anna becomes upset , believing she had let Bates down . He tries to convince her that despite wanting children , she alone is enough for him , which she has trouble accepting . Anna later tells Mary of her troubles . Mary offers to take Anna to London , paying for her to visit Dr Ryder , the doctor that had treated Mary for problems when she had trouble conceiving a child with Matthew . Ryder informs Anna that he has identified the problem and that she has a common issue of having cervical incompetence , a condition which results in a baby becoming too heavy for the womb to support after about three months , but also tells her that the condition is easily treatable with cervical cerclage , a stitch inserted into the womb after a woman has been pregnant for about 12 weeks ; however , it does not always work . Anna returns to Downton but chooses not to inform Bates of the news until she becomes pregnant again and the stitch has worked , so as not to get his hopes up . In episode 3 , Mary asks if Anna has considered Dr Ryder 's advice . Anna reveals that she 's already pregnant again . However , in episode 4 she begins to suffer severe cramps and fears she is suffering another miscarriage . Mary , claiming the emergency to be for herself , rushes Anna to London to see Ryder and manages to get there in time to save the baby . When they return , Bates knows that it was she , not Mary that had the medical emergency ; however , this time she tells him that the news is happy and that she is in fact pregnant , to which Bates is overjoyed . Whilst Anna is pregnant , she still fears that as there are months to wait , the baby is still in danger of being lost , despite her husband 's insistence that nothing will go wrong . In episode 6 Anna begins to experience uncomfortable pains again and Bates insists he pay for her to see Ryder again . However , the pains are nothing to worry about , as it 's just her body adjusting to the pregnancy . In episode 7 , after the accident at the car racing in Brooklands , Anna rushes after Mary , Bates warns her not to do so `` in her condition '' and he asks Baxter to go after her . That leads Baxter to guess that Anna is pregnant . Anna and Bates also continue the plan to sell Bates 's mother 's London house in order to purchase a house up north and hire it out . The rest of Anna 's pregnancy goes seemingly without a hitch . In `` The Finale '' , the final episode of the series and of the show , Anna is shown to be pregnant and still working as a ladies maid , much to the dislike and discomfort of Carson , who feels a woman in `` her condition '' should not be working . Time skips to 29 December 1925 , and Anna is shown to be close to giving birth . When Lady Rose returns to Downton , having had a child of her own , and asks when the baby is due , Anna reveals that she is about ten days away from her due date . Despite the concern of her husband and of Lady Mary , Anna does keep working , although some of her duties are undertaken by other members of staff . Whilst Anna is in Lady Mary 's bedroom after the wedding of Lady Edith and Bertie Pelham , her waters unexpectedly break . Mary insists that Anna should n't return to her and Bates 's cottage and instead allows Anna to stay in her room to have her baby . Anna gives birth to a healthy baby boy on New Year 's Eve , much to her and her husband 's delight . Mary tells the Bateses that their newborn son is welcome to stay at Downton 's nursery during the day , as Anna wants to continue working at Downton , and that soon their son will be joined by a child of her own , as Mary is now pregnant . During the New Year celebrations , the Bateses welcome the new year away from the others , together with their newborn son . Thomas Barrow ( edit ) Robert James Collier plays Thomas Barrow Thomas Barrow ( played by Robert James - Collier ) is under - butler at Downton Abbey and arguably the main antagonist of the show , having started his employment there as first footman . Thomas tells O'Brien that his father was a clockmaker . He constantly hatches schemes with O'Brien , intending to have Bates removed from service at Downton . When Bates catches him stealing some wine , Thomas attempts to frame him for the theft . Bates , however , manages to prove his innocence . Thomas is also gay . In series one , he tries to blackmail his former lover , The Duke of Crowborough . Later , when Kemal Pamuk visits Downton , Thomas is rebuffed when he attempts to kiss the Ottoman diplomat . Pamuk later uses this incident to blackmail Thomas , threatening to inform Lord Grantham about his past unless Thomas agrees to guide Pamuk to the room of Lady Mary later that same evening . Thomas also leads the kitchen maid Daisy along , partly for his amusement as the second footman William Mason has feelings for her , but also manipulates her for his plans to have Mr Bates removed from Downton . At the end of the series , he is punched by William for his cruel remarks regarding Lady Grantham 's miscarriage and the death of William 's mother . Shortly beforehand , Thomas signs up to the Royal Army Medical Corps in an effort to avoid being sent to the frontline for the war that is soon coming . In series two , in the First World War , Thomas has ended up on the battlefield in spite of his attempts to avoid it , and he has become terrified by the conflict . He purposefully puts his hand in the line of fire in order to gain a blighty wound and be sent home . Upon his return to Britain , he gets permission to work at Downton in a military capacity when the residence is made into a hospital for injured officers . When the war ends , Thomas tries to make a profit by taking advantage of the nationwide rationing by selling goods on the black market . This scheme fails , however , when he is sold worthless goods and is rendered penniless . He returns to Downton as first footman although , as always , he plans to move up to a higher position in the house staff . During Bates 's murder trial , Thomas applies for Bates 's old job , but is rejected by Lord Grantham . He steals the Crawley family dog , Isis , whom he hopes to `` find '' to falsely curry Lord Grantham 's favour . However , when he goes to reclaim the dog , he discovers her missing , and in his panic trying to find her in the woods , trips on several fallen branches and becomes muddied . On returning home , relieved to find that Isis is safe , he learns from Grantham that some children had found and returned the dog , seemingly ruining Thomas ' plan . However , his physical dishevelment deceives Grantham into thinking that Thomas has more concern for the family than Grantham believed , and Grantham later tells Carson that he is willing to give Thomas a try as valet . In the third series , Thomas and O'Brien's alliance begins to fall apart with the appointment of her nephew Alfred as footman . When O'Brien seeks to assist Alfred by enlisting Thomas ' support , he refuses to help tutor him , irritated that someone else should progress rapidly when he spent years trying to reach his position . Thomas is then attracted to the handsome new footman Jimmy and walks into his room , trying to kiss the sleeping Jimmy . He is caught by Alfred , who walks in on this scene and eventually tells Mr Carson at O'Brien's insistence . O'Brien then preys on Jimmy 's discomfort and embarrassment to have him blackmail Mr Carson into sacking Thomas without a reference , otherwise Jimmy will go to the police . Mr Bates , to Thomas 's surprise , intervenes , by informing Lord Grantham of the details and then offering to force O'Brien to call Jimmy off . Thomas provides Bates with words that lead her to believe Bates knows of her hand in Lady Grantham 's miscarriage , and she quickly backs down . Although Bates had hoped Thomas would leave with a good reference , Lord Grantham decides to let him stay on so Thomas can lend his skills to the upcoming cricket match between the village and the house . Thomas excels in the match and a new job is created for him as he is made under - butler , to Mr Bates 's consternation . In the second Christmas special , Thomas , now known mostly as Mr Barrow , participates in the Tug - of - War match for the Downton side . When they win , Barrow follows Jimmy who , having won a large bet , has too much to drink . Barrow finds Jimmy just as he is cornered by two members of the opposing team , and puts himself in the way so Jimmy can avoid being beaten and mugged . Barrow is badly beaten instead . While he is recuperating , Jimmy comes to speak with him . Barrow accepts that Jimmy can never give him what he wants , so they instead agree to be friends . In Series 4 , Barrow is as shocked as anyone when his old ally Miss O'Brien leaves Downton in the middle of the night . He comes to dislike the new nanny for the two young children of Downton , and refuses to pass on her instructions to other members of staff . He informs Lady Grantham that he suspects the new nanny may be mistreating the children in some way . This suspicion leads to Lady Grantham 's discovering the nanny 's cruelty to Sybbie Branson , resulting in her immediate sacking . Barrow then attempts to gain an ally in the form of Lady Grantham 's new maid Edna , a maid fired from Downton following her attempt to seduce Tom Branson , by claiming that Edna 's accidental damage to one of Lady Grantham 's favourite garments was in fact due to Anna Bates . However , this alliance does not last very long , as Edna is fired after she successfully seduces Tom Branson but is foiled in her effort to blackmail him into marrying her . She insults Barrow 's arrogance and manner , though he responds in kind , and she leaves Downton once again . Thomas was originally meant to be written out of the show at the end of the first series once he had had his `` comeuppance '' . However , after James - Collier had filmed the first two episodes of the show the producers contacted his agent and asked if he would like to be optioned for the second and third series . Sarah O'Brien ( edit ) Sarah O'Brien ( played by Siobhan Finneran ) , who is mainly known as Miss O'Brien by the other servants or just O'Brien by the family , was Lady Grantham 's personal maid . She is especially bitter and resentful towards most of the other servants , perhaps due to her family circumstances ; the animosity is common knowledge , even for the Crawleys . She had one favourite brother who had shell shock and later died during the Great War . She uses her position to curry favour with Lady Grantham to consolidate her influence , although her actions usually benefit them both . Although scheming in nature and always looking to manipulate circumstances to her and Thomas 's benefit , she has a conscience and softens up over the second series . She is one of the few servants who smoke on a regular basis . This is at a time when most women did not smoke and it was very rare for a woman to be seen smoking in public . O'Brien and Thomas were the only servants who never did like Bates and the duo constantly try to find faults and uncover his past in an attempt to force Mr Carson to sack him . She tells Bates 's vengeful estranged wife Vera about the family 's dirty secrets in an attempt to force Bates out and Vera uses that to blackmail Bates . In the last episode of series one , O'Brien comes to believe that Cora is going to replace her . Out of spite , she leaves a bar of soap on the bathroom floor while Cora is taking a bath . When Cora gets out , she slips on the soap , causing her to miscarry . O'Brien is racked with guilt , and following the incident she becomes even more loyal and devoted to Cora . When Thomas decides to buy extra food and supplies on the black market to sell to Downton 's kitchen staff , she refuses to get involved in his business , but she sympathises with Thomas after he realises he has been swindled . After Lady Grantham is struck by a severe case of Spanish flu , O'Brien maintains a bedside vigil , attempting to atone for the miscarriage . Towards the end of the second series she becomes guilt - ridden when she finds out her meddling in Bates 's private life has started a chain reaction which led to Vera 's threatening to expose the family secrets and bring the Crawley family into disrepute . O'Brien is one of several servants asked to testify at Bates 's trial and is genuinely relieved when they learn that Bates had been reprieved . She also has a nephew , Alfred Nugent , who later becomes a footman at Downton . When it is revealed the new valet , Henry Lang , had shell shock , she was uncharacteristically sympathetic towards him and it was revealed that her own brother suffered from it due to the War . In the second Christmas special , she accompanies Lady Grantham to Scotland to visit Duneagle Castle . While there , she apparently comes to like Lady Flintshire , and manages to arrange to become her lady 's maid . She leaves Downton at the very beginning of the fourth series in the middle of the night to take her new position , leaving only a letter to explain her actions . Daisy Mason ( edit ) Sophie McShera plays Daisy Robinson Daisy Mason ( née Robinson ) ( played by Sophie McShera ) is the kitchen maid , later assistant cook , at Downton . Timid by nature , other characters frequently took advantage of her naivete or would pull rank by tricking her or handing her the more undesirable and menial tasks . She is one of eleven children and her parents are deceased . In the first series , she is shown to have feelings for first footman Thomas , something that Mrs Patmore tries to discourage as she can see that Thomas is `` not a ladies ' man '' . After being caught stealing a bottle of wine , Thomas takes advantage of her feelings for him to persuade her to tell Mr Carson and Mrs Hughes that she saw Mr Bates take the wine . She later retracts the statement as she feels guilty and over time , her feelings for Thomas diminish and she notices that Downton 's other footman , William , likes her . She is unsure how to handle the situation , especially when he enlists during the First World War and convinces himself that she is his sweetheart . She decides , with some encouragement from Mrs Patmore , to allow William his fantasy to boost his morale in battle and gives him a photo . After William is severely injured saving Matthew Crawley during the Battle of Amiens , Daisy agrees to marry him to give him some happiness in his life but is widowed six hours later . She resists claiming her widow 's pension as she thinks it wrong to claim money for marrying a man that she liked but would have not married under normal circumstances . William 's father reaches out to her and Daisy tries to tell him about her guilt but he refuses to listen . The older Mr Mason later explains to Daisy that William was his only surviving child and he had realised that William married Daisy not just because he cared for her but so his father would have someone to keep company . Upon learning that her parents are dead , he offers to take her under his wing as a surrogate daughter , which she accepts , though reluctantly at the outset . Eventually she does grow close to him and learns he wishes to name her his sole heir . Daisy has a close relationship with Mrs Patmore , the cook , which is frequently more mother - daughter than two servants working together . At other times , Mrs Patmore becomes flustered and takes her frustration out on Daisy . She is also entrusted with teaching Lady Sybil how to cook , something which the pair enjoy . In 1919 , she asks Mrs Patmore if , after many years in service , she can be promoted from kitchen maid to assistant cook and Mrs Patmore agrees to ask Mrs Hughes if the budget can support a promotion for Daisy . In the third series , she grows to like Alfred but resents Ivy , the new kitchen maid , who steals Alfred 's attention . By series 4 the love triangle is getting nowhere , until Alfred decides to leave after catching Ivy kissing Jimmy . Daisy is devastated and blames Ivy . She decides to avoid seeing him when he comes to say final goodbyes , but her father - in - law , whom she goes to see , convinces her she must say goodbye to him . When she does , Alfred apologises to her , regretting being blinded by his infatuation for Ivy and failing to see how good and true Daisy had been to him . Daisy admits she loved Alfred , but that is gone and they need to go their separate ways . They agree to be friends forever . In 1923 Harold Levinson apparently takes a liking to Daisy 's cooking , and his valet Ethan Slade offers Daisy a position so she can come to America and work for him . She declines . In Series six , she gets irate when her father in - law loses his tenancy on a nearby estate . For her explosion of anger , she almost loses her job , but Cora , who understood her frustration and anger , reprieved her , and talked Carson into letting her stay . She works unstintingly and unflaggingly to remedy what happened . Her efforts were rewarded when her father in - law was offered the tenancy of Yew Tree Farm , located in the Downton estate . At first , she was afraid of losing both Mrs. Patmore and her father in - law , when they begin to see one another , but she would later drop any objections when they tell her that no matter what happens , they would always love her . In the final episode , she falls for Andy Parker , the new footman who would also become a new farmhand at Mr. Mason 's farm . She would get a new hairstyle ( after Anna helped her ) and she would also announce that she would leave the Abbey and move into Yew Tree Farm with Mr. Mason . Mrs Patmore ( edit ) Lesley Nicol plays Mrs. Patmore Beryl Patmore ( played by Lesley Nicol ) is the cook at Downton . Mrs Patmore is in charge of the kitchen and kitchen staff . She takes great pride in her cooking and is a perfectionist in the kitchen . When the food does not meet her exacting standards , she takes her frustration out on the maids , especially Daisy . Throughout the first series she is often seen bossing around and shouting at Daisy while working but cares for her like a daughter and often offers her advice . She also seems to have protective feelings towards Daisy when she suspects that some of the other staff such as Thomas or Miss O'Brien are trying to make a fool or take advantage of her . Occasionally her caring attitude may become even counterproductive , as when she advises that Daisy should not sacrifice that much of her spare time to try to self - educate herself , as she sees that hopes for that kind of lifestyle which would justify such efforts are set too high considering Daisy 's chances to move in the social hierarchy of that era . Mrs Patmore tries to hide her deteriorating eyesight but Lord Grantham decides to send her to Moorfields in London for treatment when she accidentally puts salt on the pudding instead of sugar . This eyesight problem is declared to be cataracts , the surgery for which is new and daunting to Mrs Patmore , but the operation is successful and she regains the full use of her eyesight . During the Great War she learns that her nephew Archibald `` Archie '' Philpotts deserted and was shot for cowardice at the front . Hence , she becomes sensitive and upset when confronted with the topic of war . She would receive some money from a deceased family member and purchases a cottage in the nearby community of Haughton - le - Skerne and opens a Bed and Breakfast , hiring her niece , Lucy to help her . At first , it was considered to be a `` house of ill repute '' but with the aid of her employers , they have their tea there and that image is dispelled once and for all . She also begins to see Albert Mason , Daisy 's father in law , and between the two of them , help Daisy to realize that no matter what happens with them , they would always be there for Daisy and that they love her very much . This helps Daisy drop any objections she has about their pairing . William Mason ( edit ) William Mason ( played by Thomas Howes ) ( d . 1918 ) was the second footman at Downton . His father was a local farmer and William used to help with the horses . William had three brothers and a sister but all died at or shortly after birth , leaving him as the only child . His mother died of illness towards the end of the first series . Affable and good - natured , he was also a competent pianist ( actor Thomas Howes is a pianist ) and would entertain other servants during their free time . During the first series he had strong feelings for Daisy . In the second series , William wanted to enlist in the Army but was forbidden by his father , as he was the only other surviving member of the family . The Dowager Countess learns of his situation and tells the doctor that William had an embarrassing skin condition in order to keep him from being drafted . He was further humiliated after being handed a white feather at a benefit concert held in the Crawley mansion . After being informed that this story was untrue by Isobel Crawley , the doctor corrected the report to the War Department , and William is drafted shortly thereafter . William asked Daisy if she would give him a photo that he could carry with him . Daisy was worried about being William 's sweetheart but Mrs Patmore urged her not to send him to the front with a broken heart , saying that if she refused , he would never return . Fearing for his safety , Lord Grantham had him assigned to Matthew Crawley 's battalion to be his batman . During the Battle of Amiens , he threw himself in front of Matthew to shield him from a shell explosion and both men were seriously wounded . He was hospitalised in Leeds as Downton , then used as a convalescent home , was only for officers , but William 's father could not afford to leave his farm or repeatedly travel to and fro to visit . After failing to persuade Dr Clarkson to `` bend the rules '' , a furious Violet manages to pull some strings to have William sent back to Downton , where he was cared for by Lady Edith . After being told he would not make it , William proposes to Daisy and tells her that he wants to marry her , not just out of love , but also to secure her a widow 's pension so that she would be taken care of . Violet convinces the local parish vicar to officiate the bedside wedding ceremony and attends along with Lady Edith and the entire staff present . He dies hours later . Alfred Nugent ( edit ) Alfred Nugent ( played by Matt Milne ) was the new footman brought on to replace William Mason and is introduced in Series Three . His aunt is Sarah O'Brien , who brings him forward as a candidate for the empty post based on his previous experience as a waiter at a hotel . He is extremely tall , which Carson comments is almost too much , even though height is a desirable aspect for a footman . Almost immediately , Daisy Mason falls head - over-heels in love with Alfred , but is impeded by the new kitchen maid , Ivy Stuart , who Alfred is quick to develop a crush on . He often helps Ivy when she fumbles in the kitchen with his culinary skills , much to Daisy 's ire . Alfred 's largest rival is fellow footman Jimmy Kent , who is shorter than Alfred , but quite handsome . They are both in competition for the top position of first footman , which Jimmy is constantly sabotaging Alfred for . But because Ivy has a crush on Jimmy , Alfred decides to confront Jimmy about the fact that he 's not interested in her . When he pushes into Jimmy 's room , he catches Thomas Barrow in the act of trying to kiss Jimmy . Horrified , Alfred is pressured by his aunt , O'Brien , to report the incident to Carson , as homosexuality is considered a crime at this time . Poor Alfred is used as a pawn in his aunt 's scheming , which eventually comes to nothing . In the Series Three Christmas Special , he tries to call Jimmy off his aggressive streak towards Thomas , and then spends the rest of the episode talking about his interest in cooking . In Series Four , Alfred pursues that interest and leaves Downton to become a chef at the Ritz . Also in Series Four , Alfred is still caught up in the downstairs `` love square '' . He is in love with Ivy , who is in love with Jimmy , while Daisy is in love with Alfred and determined to break them up . It takes Alfred too long to realize that Daisy was the better match , and only tries to approach her when he comes back to the Abbey after leaving for his cooking course . Daisy initially tried to avoid seeing Alfred at all , but eventually speaks to him and wishes him well as a friend . In the Christmas Special , she receives a letter from Alfred , implying that they keep in touch . James `` Jimmy '' Kent ( edit ) Jimmy Kent ( played by Ed Speleers ) was one of two new footmen introduced in Series Three , after the end of World War I. Before the war , he worked for Lady Anstruther and was her favorite footman . He first appears onscreen after Lord Grantham has given Carson permission to hire another footman in addition to Alfred Nugent . Turning up in the servants ' hall unannounced , his good looks and charm quickly impress a number of the maids -- as well as Thomas Barrow , currently valet to Lord Grantham . Thomas is quickly drawn to Jimmy , whose flirty and vague behavior leads him to believe that Jimmy might be interested in sharing a homosexual relationship . Sarah O'Brien , who is angry with Thomas for the way he has treated her nephew , Alfred , quickly latches on to this dynamic and uses it to her own ends . Through careful manipulation of both Thomas and Jimmy , O'Brien crafts a situation in which Thomas is caught publicly making a move on Jimmy , who reacts in fear and anger , as homosexuality was still illegal in the 1920s . Jimmy continues to be manipulated against Thomas by O'Brien , while John Bates and Elsie Hughes work to protect Thomas from the fallout . At the end of Series Three , Jimmy is promoted to first footman , but he holds a grudge against Thomas into the Christmas Special . At that time , it 's implicated that Jimmy has kept up appearances by teasing Thomas and giving him a very clear cold shoulder that even Alfred notices is extreme . Alfred also notes that Thomas always defends Jimmy no matter how unkindly Jimmy behaves , and suggests that perhaps he take it easy . Jimmy ignores this advice and continues to behave recklessly , winning a large bet at the village fair only to spend most of it on alcohol . The toughs who lost the bet follow drunk Jimmy underneath a quiet bridge and jump him . Jimmy is only rescued by Thomas , who had been following him to keep an eye out . Thomas tells Jimmy to run , while Thomas is left to take the beating in Jimmy 's place . When Jimmy returns with Dr. Clarkson and the other fair - goers , they find Thomas beaten and bloody . Thomas does not admit to the others why he was attacked , and only sends a significant stare to Jimmy , who is guilt - stricken with the truth . Later , he confronts Thomas about what happened , and though he is hesitant , eventually agrees to be friends . After that , the two of them are often seen in one another 's company . Their increased companionship is suggested by showing Jimmy often with a cigarette . In Series Four , Jimmy is something of an antagonist , stirring the pot for amusement and to get at Alfred , his professional rival . Because Alfred quickly becomes enamored with the new kitchen maid , Ivy Stuart , Jimmy also takes an interest . Daisy Mason , who is interested in Alfred , repeatedly tries to sabotage Ivy , Jimmy and Alfred in hopes that Alfred will realize that Ivy is no good for him . In the end , Alfred realizes too late that he was chasing the wrong girl , while Ivy comes to a similar realization about Jimmy , who was clearly out for sport . He crosses the final line when he takes Ivy out and gets a bit too familiar with her . Angry , she casts Jimmy off , and Jimmy laments to Thomas that the whole venture was a waste of time and money . In the Series Four Christmas Special , Jimmy travels with the Crawley family to London for the Season . At the end , he is seen playing football on the beach , while Thomas watches from a nearby chair . By the time Series Five begins , Thomas and Jimmy have grown much closer in their friendship , though it is clear Thomas is still in love with him . When the Valentine he sent to his former employer , Lady Anstruther as a joke , comes back to bite him . Lady Anstruther , returned from France , orchestrates a plan to turn up at Downton Abbey in pursuit of Jimmy . Through a series of notes and letters , all of which Jimmy desperately begs Thomas for advice on , the audience learns that Jimmy 's former position with Lady Anstruther included a sexual aspect . Eventually , Jimmy decides that the only thing to do is to satisfy her and hope it 'll get her out of his hair . Thomas escorts Jimmy to the guest corridor upstairs and plans to watch the door while Jimmy goes through with it . They share a moment in which Jimmy exhibits some doubt about the plan , wondering if perhaps Lady Anstruther just wants to talk . Thomas watches forlornly as Jimmy enters Lady Anstruther 's room , silently wishing Jimmy was coming to him instead . Unluckily , while the tryst is occurring , Lady Edith accidentally starts a fire in a nearby bedroom , which pulls Thomas away from his post . Lord Grantham sends Thomas after Lady Edith , and Thomas can only watch in horror , unable to protect Jimmy this one last time . Lord Grantham bursts into Lady Anstruther 's room , discovers her with Jimmy , and then decides after the fire that Jimmy should be sacked . Thomas and Jimmy share a heartfelt goodbye in which Jimmy tearfully tells Thomas that though he never thought he 'd get on with a man like him , they truly had been great friends . Thomas tries to remain calm , quietly asking if Jimmy might try writing . Jimmy says he would try , though he 's not very good at it , and then leaves the estate a broken man . Thomas later tells Anna Bates that he 's upset because he was n't special to Jimmy , which Anna very adamantly disagrees with . He also later mentions Jimmy to Phyllis Baxter in a bout of sadness and annoyance that he 's gone . Jimmy 's whereabouts post-Downton are never revealed . Jimmy is mentioned by Thomas during the Series Five Text Santa short while the servants are playing strip poker . Ethel Parks ( edit ) Ethel Parks ( played by Amy Nuttall ) was the new maid introduced in the second series as Gwen 's replacement . Outspoken , Ethel does not like being told what to do by anyone , which often has her in conflict with Anna or Mrs Hughes . She says that she does not want to be in service for the rest of her life and often complains about her surroundings . She begins an affair with Major Charles Bryant ( played by Daniel Pirrie ) when he is being treated at Downton while it is a temporary convalescent home . Mrs Hughes dismisses her after discovering the two of them in bed together , but Ethel shortly returns having nowhere else to go when she finds out she is pregnant with his child . She names her son Charlie after his father , before moving away from Downton to start a new life . She is replaced in her position by Jane , a war widow . In the Great War , Ethel has trouble supporting herself and her son and Mrs Hughes helps her , acting as her friend and bringing her food . Ethel tells Mrs Hughes that her neighbours think she is a war widow but admits that Major Bryant refuses to acknowledge that he is Charlie 's father , despite Ethel and Mrs Hughes 's best efforts to get him to admit paternity . However , he is killed during the Battle of Vittorio Veneto . When Lady Cora learns that Mrs Hughes is supporting Ethel , she is persuaded to invite Major Bryant 's parents to Downton Abbey . Ethel bursts into the meeting with her son , proclaiming that Charlie is their grandchild , but Mr Bryant accuses Ethel of only being after their money and insists that his son was a good man . He also insists that Ethel can not prove that Charlie is Major Bryant 's child . Eventually , his wife persuades him to accept the child as his grandson , and Mr Bryant offers to adopt Charlie . Ethel , however , would not allowed contact , learning that Charlie will be told that his father died during the war and his mother died of Spanish flu . They insist that they can give Charlie a far better future than Ethel ever could . Horrified by Major Bryant 's refusal to acknowledge Charlie and his father 's bullying , Ethel refuses the offer . In the third series , Ethel returns , having entered into a life of prostitution . Considering Charlie 's future , she gives him to Mr and Mrs Bryant . She is employed in Crawley house by Isobel and Mrs Patmore teaches her to cook , despite Mrs Bird leaving her post . After Ethel attracts considerable gossip , the Dowager Countess intervenes , having Lady Edith place an advertisement for Ethel , so she may find a position elsewhere and have a fresh start . Despite misgivings , Mrs Crawley agrees with the plan , although Ethel seems unwilling to accept any position aside from one close to Charlie 's new home . In response to this , the Dowager Countess decides to ask Mrs Bryant in person if Ethel could have contact with Charlie . Mrs Bryant , who had been unhappy abandoning Ethel from the start , agrees and Ethel leaves Mrs Crawley 's employment . Joseph Molesley ( edit ) Joseph Molesley ( played by Kevin Doyle ) was the butler of Crawley House , in the village of Downton , and valet for Matthew Crawley . He is the son of Bill Molesley , the winner of the best bloom at the Downton Flower Show in 1913 . With Matthew off at war and Mrs Crawley working with the Red Cross in France he and Mrs Bird , the family cook , find themselves in an empty house with no one to serve . A loyal servant , he volunteers his service at the earl 's mansion . He has feelings for Anna , but they are unrequited and she later marries Mr Bates . After the war ends he covers for Carson when he falls ill with Spanish influenza , only to accidentally become drunk while tasting the wine for dinner . He returns to Crawley House immediately upon Mr Carson 's recovery , though he goes to the great house with Matthew Crawley to be his full - time valet after his marriage to Lady Mary . After Matthew dies in a car accident Molesley loses his job , moves in with his father and struggles to find work as a servant , forced to be a road construction worker and delivery boy . With the possibility of Alfred leaving to pursue his dreams of being a chef , Mr Carson offers Molesley a job as second footman if Alfred leaves . Molesley is not happy with the prospect , thinking it degrading to become a footman when he has been trained as a valet and butler . In the end , when Alfred does leave , Molesley seeks the job but Carson refuses , citing his great reluctance . But Mrs Hughes and Mrs Patmore intervene and Carson eventually gives in and takes Molesley on as a second footman . Even so , the family still call him by his last name . He finds himself mutually attracted to Lady Grantham 's new maid , Baxter . Phyllis Baxter ( edit ) Phyllis Baxter ( played by Raquel Cassidy ) , is hired as Cora 's maid following the departure of Edna Braithwaite . Baxter is hired on Barrow 's recommendation , and Cora is pleased with Baxter . However , it becomes clear that Barrow knows a secret about her , which he uses to his advantage to make her spy on the servants and family , something Baxter is very uncomfortable with . While Barrow is away in America with Lord Grantham ( as John Bates asked to be excused from the trip to remain with his wife ) , Baxter grows closer to Joseph Molesley , who treats her with respect . He continues to do so after Barrow returns , telling her that he does not care to know what Barrow has over her , but urges her to stand up to him and not let him make her do things she does not wish to do . She , in turn thanks him , describing him as strong and lucky -- neither of which he considered himself to be . Eventually , after Barrow threatens to reveal her secret to Lady Grantham , Baxter is encouraged by Molesley to do so first . She reveals that she had stolen jewelry from a previous employer who treated her nicely , and she went to prison but was released early for good behaviour . Cora is surprised but confused . Baxter is not telling the whole story , something Molesley is convinced of when he hears the same story from Barrow . He believes she must have been lured into doing it , because it is not in her nature . Baxter later tells Cora the rest of the story : she was tricked into stealing the jewelry by another servant who made her think he loved her , but he ran and left her to take the blame . While Baxter expected to be fired , Cora forgives her and lets her stay on , with the condition that she wo n't rob her . Mrs Hughes also learns the truth but says no more when she learns that Cora knows . When Barrow begins treating himself to cure his homosexuality and is suffering , Baxter convinces him to see Dr Clarkson , after which Barrow treats her with more respect . At Brancaster Castle , she helps him embarrass Lord Sinderby 's butler at Mary 's behest ( because the butler was being rude to Tom ) , and helps Molesley find evidence exonerating Bates of the murder of Mr Green . Gwen Dawson ( edit ) Rose Leslie Gwen Harding ( née Dawson ) ( played by Rose Leslie ) was a housemaid at Downton . She is the daughter of a farm - hand . Ambitious , she decides that she no longer wants to work in service and saves up her money to buy a typewriter to take a correspondence course in typing and shorthand . When her typewriter is discovered by Miss O'Brien , she informs the whole staff and Gwen 's plan to leave service to become a secretary is the cause of much discussion above and below stairs . Lady Sybil quickly befriends Gwen and tries to help her get a job as a secretary . In August 1914 they are successful and Gwen wins a position at a telephone firm . She does not return in the second series and is replaced by Ethel . In series four , the staff at Downton Abbey receive a letter from Gwen where she tells them she is married . In Series 6 , Gwen returns , eleven years later , to Downton as a successful married woman , although she visits the mansion only in the fourth episode . Some of the family do not recognize her at first , but when they do they are surprised at her elevated status . Gwen endears herself to the family by recalling the everlasting selflessness and generosity of the late Lady Sybil . May Bird ( edit ) May Bird ( played by Christine Lohr ) was the cook for Isobel and Matthew Crawley at Crawley House . Before 1912 , she lived in Manchester with the Crawleys as their cook , but when they moved , she went with them . In the first series , she is asked to stand - in for Mrs Patmore as cook at the Abbey while she is away having an eye operation . When Mrs Patmore returns , they run the Garden Party for the hospital fund together . During the Great War , she opened a soup kitchen at Crawley House , in secret , and was helped by Mrs Patmore and Daisy to run it from the money given by the government for the hospital . This all occurs when Matthew and his mother were away in France , in the trenches and field hospitals respectively . In the third series , Isobel wants to hire Ethel to work alongside Mrs Bird . When Mrs Bird refuses to work with a former prostitute , she chooses to leave . Henry Lang ( edit ) Henry Lang ( played by Cal MacAninch ) was Lord Grantham 's valet in the absence of Mr Bates . He is a recent war veteran and suffers from severe Combat Stress Reaction ( CSR , or shell shock ) that causes him to be very nervous and somewhat disconnected to his surroundings . On one notable occasion he wakes the staff in the middle of the night by horrifically screaming during a nightmare . O'Brien , whose brother suffered from shell shock and eventually died in combat , is uncharacteristically sympathetic and kind to him . He later leaves Downton as he feels he is unfit for service . Jane Moorsum ( edit ) Jane Moorsum ( played by Clare Calbraith ) was a maid at Downton Abbey and Ethel 's replacement . She is a widow as her husband died during the First World War . From the start it is clear that Lord Grantham finds Jane attractive and he takes a great interest in the education of her twelve - year - old son , Freddie . At one point Grantham kisses Jane , but they are interrupted by an oblivious Mr Bates and they decide not to have an affair . Shortly after this , of her free will , Jane leaves service at Downton . Lord Grantham insists on using his influence to get Freddie into Ripon Grammar School and to pay the fees in the future . Andrew Parker ( edit ) Andrew `` Andy '' Parker ( played by Michael C. Fox ) is a footman who starts working at Downton Abbey in 1924 . When he was at school he fooled around and never learned how to read or how to write anything but his own name . Andrew is hired by the Butler , Mr Carson , to work the week of Lady Rose MacClare 's wedding at Grantham House in London . He formerly worked as a hall boy , but wants to become a footman . The Dowager Countness 's Lady 's Maid Gladys Denker takes advantage of him to go out drinking , but Thomas Barrow comes to his rescue , teaching Denker a lesson in the process . Mr Carson overhears the news of Lord Grantham 's della Francesca painting selling `` amazingly well '' and takes advantage of this news to hire a new footman at Downton Abbey . Thomas Barrow asks Mr Carson to hire Andrew for the job . Carson had expressed his concerns about Andrew 's suitability to fill the new footman 's post ( because of the gambling club incident ) , but head housekeeper Mrs Hughes , Mr Barrow , and Daisy Mason urge him to give Andrew a second chance . Andrew serves drinks before a fox hunt . He appears to have been warned off Thomas by Mr Carson , Mrs Hughes , and Mrs Patmore . During an informal ball in the servant 's hall , he dances with Daisy . Andy tries to break ties with Thomas , on account of Mr Carson , Mrs Hughes , and Mrs Patmore informing him that Thomas is a homosexual . Andy helps Mr Mason move into Yew Tree Farm with Mrs Patmore and Daisy . He volunteers to help Mr Mason take care of Downton 's pigs and shows an interest in farming . Mr Mason gave some books to Andy , and he reveals to Thomas that he can write no more than his own name ; Thomas offers to teach him to read and write . Andy later apologizes to Thomas about his treatment towards him . In series 6 and the 2015 Christmas Special , Andy and Daisy share some special moments with each other , and it looks as if they might live at Yew Tree farm with Mr Mason and possibly get married . Friends and acquaintances ( edit ) The Hon . Evelyn Napier ( edit ) Evelyn Napier ( played by Brendan Patricks ) is the son and heir of Viscount Branksome and a suitor for Lady Mary , but later becomes engaged to `` one of the Semphill girls '' . This engagement is broken off and during the war he is injured . He returns to Downton in 1922 , clearly still interested in the recently widowed Mary . He is accompanied by his boss Charles Blake as they are working on a government project studying estates and their progress . Philip , Duke of Crowborough ( edit ) The Duke of Crowborough ( played by Charlie Cox ) was one of many potential suitors for Lady Mary , but he was seeking a wealthy wife to cure his financial problems . He is a past lover of Thomas , at the time first footman , but this affair ends in autumn 1912 , after the duke visits Downton under the pretext of courting Mary , then tricks her into leading him into the servants ' quarters , where he retrieves a packet of love letters to prevent Thomas from blackmailing him over the affair . He is never referred to by name on the show , but the published scripts reveal his first name to be Philip . His last name remains unknown . Patrick Gordon ( edit ) Patrick Gordon ( played by Trevor White ) is a major in the Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry who made a request to stay at the convalescent home at Downton Abbey because he claims he is related to the Crawley family . Major Gordon then claims to be Patrick Crawley , the first cousin once removed of the Earl who perished with his father James Crawley in the sinking of the Titanic ( neither of their bodies were recovered ) . Gordon says he was rescued from the freezing ocean by Fifth Officer Harold Lowe but developed amnesia and was sent to Montreal after being mistaken for a Canadian . He took his new surname from a bottle of gin . It is impossible to recognise Major Gordon as Patrick Crawley because his face was severely burned during the Battle of Passchendaele . Gordon convinces Lady Edith by relating experiences in Downton . For example , he recalls that he and the sisters disliked their governess , which Edith identifies specifically as Fräulein Kelder . Gordon decides to leave , rather than commit to his claim , after learning the earl 's agents will be investigating Peter Gordon 's history after his emigration to Canada . It is suggested by the earl 's solicitor , George Murray , that Major Gordon might actually be Peter Gordon , who worked with the real Patrick Crawley at the Foreign Office , which would explain how he knew some of the private details of the Earl 's family . Lavinia Swire ( edit ) Lavinia Catherine Swire ( played by Zoe Boyle ) ( 1895 -- 1919 ) was the sweetheart and fiancée of Matthew Crawley . She is the daughter of London solicitor Reggie Swire whom she has been very close to ever since her mother 's death during her early childhood . In 1912 , she brings private papers of her uncle Jonathan Swire , a Liberal minister , to Sir Richard Carlisle since Sir Richard was about to financially ruin her father . The papers Lavinia stole inadvertently helped create the Marconi scandal . She first met Matthew when he was back in England on leave from the Army and they later become engaged . When Matthew returns from the First World War injured she refuses to leave him despite being told that he will never walk again and is impotent . Lavinia dies at Downton of Spanish influenza after Matthew regains use of his legs and shortly before their wedding . Just before her death she confesses to Matthew that she had seen the kiss between him and Mary and tells him that her death is the best for all of them . Her father dies shortly after and Matthew honours his deathbed wish for his ashes to be placed in Lavinia 's grave . Matthew is left a considerable sum by Mr Swire , and Matthew is initially consumed with guilt and refuses to accept it . Matthew eventually relents , and uses the money to save Downton Abbey from bankruptcy , following Lord Grantham 's bad investments resulting in his wife 's fortune being lost . Sir Richard Carlisle ( edit ) Iain Glen portrays Sir Richard Carlisle Richard Carlisle ( played by Iain Glen ) was the fiancé of Lady Mary Crawley . The brusque , domineering and nouveau riche Carlisle is a self - made , extremely wealthy newspaper magnate from Edinburgh whose paper , with the help of Lavinia Swire , was instrumental in breaking the Marconi scandal story . It is to Carlisle , as a man of influence , that Lady Mary turns to when she concludes that marrying Matthew is not an option . However , Violet and the family remain suspicious of him as he is `` new money '' and is described by Lord Grantham as `` a hawker of newspaper scandal '' . Although he says his feelings for her are sincere , and he offers to buy a stately home near Downton where they can live together and start a family , he demands near - total control and threatens that if she leaves him he will expose her liaison with Ottoman attaché Kemal Pamuk , which he has covered up from exposure . He also helps cover up the scandal that the murder trial of Downton valet Bates would cause . In the second series Christmas episode , it is apparent that Carlisle 's pragmatism does not sit well with the Crawleys and he and Mary begin to argue more frequently , much to the consternation of Matthew and her grandmother . Eventually Mary breaks off the engagement to him after the pair argue with increased frequency , and after Lord Grantham discovers the truth from Lady Grantham and advises Mary not to be unhappy with someone she does not love . Carlisle leaves the morning before the Servants ' Ball , but not before revealing that he did genuinely love her . It is not known whether he went ahead and published the story . Ultimately , his actions do not matter , as she confesses to Matthew about Pamuk and Matthew proposes to her despite this . Dr Richard Clarkson ( edit ) Richard Clarkson ( played by David Robb ) is the Crawley family doctor . During the second series , he becomes an army surgeon after the outbreak of the Great War , and as a major becomes the military commander at Downton when the estate becomes a convalescent hospital . When Matthew is injured , he thinks his spine may have been broken , but is proven wrong when Matthew walks again ( he was just suffering from spinal shock , which did n't permanently disable his legs ) . In the third series , when Lady Sybil goes into labour , he sees signs that she is suffering from eclampsia and is in danger of dying from the intense seizures and distress . However , because of his misdiagnosis of Matthew , Robert hires a well - known doctor who strongly disagrees with Clarkson . At first Sybil seems fine after the birth , but late in the night is found having fits and dies . Cora blames Robert for Sybil 's death because he did not listen to Clarkson . Violet has Clarkson lie to mend their marriage . In a journey to the highlands it is revealed that Dr Clarkson has developed romantic feelings for Isobel Crawley . However , after she explains her feelings on marriage he does n't act . The Rev. Albert Travis ( edit ) Albert Travis ( played by Michael Cochrane ) is the Rector of St Mary 's Downton whose living is under the patronage of the Earl of Grantham . During the Great War , after William is brought back to Downton mortally wounded , the Dowager Countess summons him to wed William and Daisy before William dies . Despite his questions , he does so . Later he arranges Lavinia Swire 's funeral and then the wedding for Matthew and Mary , even though the Archbishop of York performs it . He also nearly weds Edith to Anthony Strallan before he jilts her at the altar ( Travis and the Dowager discussed Strallan 's first wife beforehand ) . Robert then asks him to dinner after Tom Branson expresses his wish to baptise his daughter Catholic like himself , a decision Robert opposes . Travis insults the Catholic faith and believes the Anglican Church is superior . But Edith , Mary , Matthew and Isobel defend Tom , and Mary settles the matter once and for all by revealing Sybil did not object to her child being a Catholic . Cora then silences Robert . Theo James played Kemal Pamuk Kemal Pamuk ( edit ) Kemal Pamuk ( played by Theo James ) ( d . 1913 ) was an attaché at the Turkish Embassy in London and the son of one of the Ottoman Sultan 's ministers . While participating in the `` Albanian talks '' he visits Downton as a guest , accompanying Evelyn Napier . His good looks are widely commented on and attract both Mary and Thomas . In the course of a sexual encounter with Mary , Pamuk dies in her bed of a heart attack . The story was inspired by true events . In 1996 , Julian Fellowes learned that , according to a friend 's great aunt 's diary , around 1890 a diplomat did die in the bed of a single woman ; the woman and a matron carried the diplomat 's corpse to his guest bed , where a valet later found him ; the secret was kept for a century . John Drake ( edit ) John Drake ( played by Fergus O'Donnell ) is a tenant farmer on the estate of the Earl of Grantham . He is married and has several young children . In March 1913 , he is diagnosed as suffering from dropsy of the heart and is certain to die . Isobel Crawley knows of a cure , but as a modern medical technique it is unfamiliar to Dr Clarkson , who is reluctant to try it . Her determination to treat the man piques the ire of Violet , Dowager Countess of Grantham , and preparing for a showdown , Violet shows up at Mr Drake 's bedside only to witness the procedure and its unmitigated success . During the First World War with the men away fighting , Mr Drake needs help on his farm . Lady Edith has recently learned to drive and she volunteers to drive their tractor . Over the next few weeks she continues to help while Drake has taken a liking to her . One evening Drake kisses her and Lady Edith is pleased . Mrs Drake secretly witnesses the kiss and soon after , the Drakes hire a man to replace Edith . Sir Anthony Strallan , bt ( edit ) Anthony Strallan ( played by Robert Bathurst ) was Edith 's much older suitor . He has been widowed since the death of his wife Maud . His love of automobiles was a common interest that he shared with Edith and as well as bringing them close together inspired Edith to learn to drive . He was planning to propose to Edith before Mary tricked him into thinking Edith would reject him and he leaves without an explanation . In the Christmas special he is invited by Lord Grantham to the traditional Christmas shoot but repeatedly turns it down . Edith learns that he suffered a debilitating injury to his arm serving in the First World War , hence his refusal . She is convinced that he may take her back and they can get married , but he gently tells her that he is too old for her and that he does n't want her to waste away her life caring for him . In series 3 , Edith and Anthony reconnect and are soon engaged . However , Anthony jilts Edith at the altar , devastating her . He has a sister , Mrs Chetwood , who writes to Cora with the recipe for his favourite dessert , apple charlotte . Michael Gregson ( edit ) Michael Gregson ( played by Charles Edwards ) ( d. around 8 November 1923 ) is a London editor for the society magazine The Sketch . After Lady Edith has a letter published in a newspaper proclaiming support for women 's rights , Michael writes to her at least twice offering her a column in his magazine . Encouraged by her family ( excepting her father , who thought Gregson just wanted to take advantage of her title and wealth ) she went to see him in London and accepted his offer . Michael encouraged Edith to never be afraid to speak her mind and to write about whatever she wanted , even if it was not expected of a woman . He began flirting with her , later admitting he is attracted to her . But when she reveals she knows he is married , he explains that his wife , Lizzy , whom he loved very much , has been in an insane asylum for some years with no hope of recovery . Under British law , her status as a lunatic can not be used as grounds for divorce because she is neither the guilty nor innocent party . Edith stays on ( she had intended to resign because she was repulsed that a married man was flirting with her ) after Michael expresses his hope that she will , citing how much it cheers him to meet her when they do and to read her column . Michael follows Edith and her family to Scotland in 1921 , where he meets her family . Cora instantly takes a liking to him , whereas Mary and Robert do not . Matthew defends Michael against his wife and goes stalking and fishing with him . But when learning of his status , Matthew ( as the heir to Downton Abbey ) instructs him to put an end to his relationship with Edith . Though he tries , Edith tells him she does n't care that he is married , and agrees to be his secret mistress in the future . Matthew dies suddenly in a car crash only days later , and he never informed his wife Mary or her parents of his discussion with Gregson while fishing . Determined to find any way to legally marry Edith , he learns if he becomes a German citizen he can divorce Lizzy . He cares not for what others will think of him for changing his citizenship ( particularly when England only beat Germany in the Great War a few years previously ) , only of Edith 's love . She visits him in London , and he has a cocktail party that important artists and literary figures like Virginia Woolf attend . Edith then invites him to a party at Downton , where he begins to earn her father 's respect . Before going to Munich to begin his path to obtain German citizenship , he and Edith spend their last night together , making love for the first and last time . She loses her virginity to him . Gregson then has Edith sign legal papers ; should anything happen to him , she will inherit his modern London apartment and the newspaper . Gregson arrives in Munich , then vanishes with no word . Edith does not hear from him , which worries her , especially when she receives a shocking letter from a London doctor informing her that she is pregnant . Despite not hearing from him , her intense romantic affections for him never falter . Edith is very worried , and decides to get an abortion . Her Aunt Rosamund finds out , and accompanies her to get the abortion . Edith changes her mind at the very last second , and she and Rosamund concoct a ridiculous story that they would like to stay in Switzerland for six months to `` learn French . '' Edith 's grandmother ( and Rosamund 's mother ) is highly suspicious of this plan , and discovers later that Edith left when she was around 3 -- 4 months pregnant to give birth there . By 1923 , he still has not been found , but pieces of what happened to him are coming to light . At first Edith was told he disappeared after going out once he checked into his Munich hotel . Then she learns he got into a fight with some men in Munich after taking exception to what they were saying . `` They 're quite well known apparently . They wear brown shirts and go around preaching the most horrible things , '' as Edith later tells her aunt . Her child by him , a daughter named Marigold , was at first given to a family in Switzerland , where she gave birth . Edith decides she wants the child back and plans to reclaim her , then places her in the care of a local pig farmer and his wife . She also feels , knowing Michael granted her power of attorney and she might inherit all he has if he is confirmed dead , that she must give something to their daughter , whom she then decides to reclaim . In 1924 , news arrives that Michael was probably killed during the Beer Hall Putsch , leaving Edith devastated as she never lost hope that he might be alive in prison perhaps . Her father Robert tells his wife Cora that there is no identifiable body , and `` what was left of him '' was supposedly buried somewhere . Edith inherits his publishing company , and reclaims their daughter , Marigold . This greatly upsets the farmer 's wife , who was led to believe that the child was the orphaned daughter of her husband 's friends she never met . The wife tells Cora that Marigold is Edith 's illegitimate child , which shocks her . She now realizes the six - month trip to Switzerland was a farce . Cora agrees , though , that Marigold should be brought up at Downton . Cora and Edith make up a story to tell her father Robert , that the pig farmer can not financially care for this child along with his own children , and Edith asks Robert if Marigold can become her `` ward . '' Robert very reluctantly agrees , and feels sorry that Edith is a `` spinster '' with no boyfriend or prospects in site . Robert later realizes Marigold bears a strong resemblance to Gregson , and then tells Cora that he thinks Marigold is Edith 's daughter . Months later , while on vacation , he tells Edith he knows about Marigold , and he believes Michael was an honourable man , with which she agrees , stating Michael would have married her as soon as he could . Robert says they will do their best for Marigold for both Michael 's and Edith 's sakes , while still keeping the truth confined to the family . Her sister Mary is the last in the family to discover , in late 1925 , that Marigold is Edith 's daughter , and that she is Marigold 's aunt . Richard Grey , Lord Merton ( edit ) Richard `` Dickie '' Grey , Baron Merton ( played by Douglas Reith ) is Mary 's godfather and a widower with at least two sons , Larry and Tim Grey . He was interested in studying medicine once in his life , but his father did not think it suitable for someone of his position . Nevertheless , he maintains a fascination with medicine . Lord Merton is invited to dinner at Downton Abbey along with his family before Mary and Matthew 's wedding . His son Larry , who was once keen on Sybil , treats her husband Tom with rudeness and disrespect . He drugs Tom 's drink so that he appears drunk . When Anthony Strallan reveals what Larry had done , Lord Merton asks his son if it was true . After Larry unremorsefully calls Tom `` only a grubby little chauffeur chappie '' , Lord Merton angrily tells him to be silent , and apologises very sincerely to Tom for what Larry did , adding his hope that Tom would recover before the wedding . In 1922 he joins Violet and Isobel for lunch , later taking a walk with Isobel . By 1923 he has taken a keen interest in Isobel , whom he meets again at a ball at Grantham House . In 1924 they announce they are getting married , but Violet is n't so happy ( because she does not want to lose her friend and companion in Isobel ) . Isobel becomes disheartened after Larry and his brother Tim treat her disrespectfully . Lord Merton remarks that both his sons are very much like his late wife , to whom he was not happily married . Though Isobel is concerned about marrying Lord Merton when his sons do not approve of her , Violet insists she should not let them ruin her future . With Violet 's help , Isobel proposes to Lord Merton , who accepts , to the horror of his son and daughter in - law , and they are married in the series finale . Anthony Foyle , Viscount Gillingham ( edit ) Anthony Foyle , Viscount Gillingham , also known as Tony Gillingham ( played by Tom Cullen ) , is a love interest of Lady Mary in series four and five . During the War , he served with Charles Blake in the Royal Navy and fought at the Battle of Jutland . He knew Mary since they were young children , but they did not become reacquainted as adults until after Matthew 's death at the end of series three . At this time , he had only recently succeeded to the viscountcy . He announces he is in love with Mary and proposes to her surprise , but she says they barely know each other , and she is not ready to marry again so soon after being widowed . Tony instead becomes engaged to the Hon . Mabel Lane Fox , whom Mary refers to as `` the greatest heiress of the season . '' Nevertheless , Tony remains lukewarm about Mabel and seems keen on Mary . When he returns to Downton to attend a house party , his valet , Mr. Green , rapes Anna . When Mary discovers that it was Green who assaulted Anna , she asks Tony to dismiss him , but says she can not tell him why . Shortly after this , Green is killed in front of Tony 's house in Piccadilly Circus , and Tony travels to Downton to tell Mary the shocking news . Tony later calls off his engagement to Mabel , because of his interest in Mary . She begins to feel he is a sensible match for her . He convinces her to go away with him to a hotel in Liverpool to be lovers , and she agrees , wanting to be sure he is the right man for her . After spending the weekend together , he talks of their engagement , but she realises he is not the man for her . She says they do not have enough in common , and Violet later says it is because Tony was not clever enough for her . She calls it off with him but he becomes angry and refuses to break it off with her . Mabel Lane Fox returns and begins pursuing him again , but he is still convinced that it would be dishonorable not to marry Mary after their affair . Charles Blake stages a scene where Mabel and Tony come across Charles and Mary supposedly in a passionate kiss , and finally Tony gives up on Mary and decides to marry Mabel . Igor Kuragin ( edit ) Prince Igor Kuragin ( Russian : Князь Игорь Курагин ; played by Rade Sherbedgia ) is a former Russian nobleman forced into exile as a result of the 1917 Revolution . As a powerful and extremely wealthy noble with palaces and thousands of acres of land , he and Violet met in Saint Petersburg in 1874 while she and her husband , the then Earl of Grantham , were in the retinue of Prince Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh . Though both Prince Kuragin and Violet were married , they fell in love and attempted to run away together , but did not succeed . During the Revolution many years later , Prince Kuragin and his wife , Princess Irina Kuragina , were arrested by the Bolsheviks and separated . Though Prince Kuragin was subsequently released , he learned that his wife had been exiled a year before . Left virtually penniless , he makes his way to England and settles in York , where he receives aid from a charity for Russian refugees . Through Lady Rose MacClare , who is one of the helpers , he learns of her relationship to Violet and that the Dowager Countess still lives at Downton . He joins his fellow former nobles on an outing to Downton in the spring of 1924 . At Downton Abbey , he meets Violet again , who is shocked by his reappearance and what has happened to him . Violet attempts to find the whereabouts of Princess Irina through Lord Flintshire , who is her nephew - in - law , and eventually receives a letter from Lord Flintshire saying the Princess may have fled to Wan Chai , Hong Kong , where she might be working as a nurse . Unlike many Russian aristocrats after the Revolution , Prince Kuragin does not appear to be an anti-Semite ; when he meets Atticus Aldridge and realises his family fled Odessa due to the Tsar 's anti-Jewish pogroms , he tells Atticus that he is `` not proud of why they chose to go . '' Miscellaneous characters ( edit ) Maria Doyle Kennedy played Vera Bates Vera Bates ( edit ) Vera Bates ( played by Maria Doyle Kennedy ) ( d . 1918 ) was the estranged wife of John Bates . Having known each other since childhood , they marry young and had a very unhappy marriage . In between serving in the Anglo - Boer War and joining the staff at Downton Abbey , John Bates went to prison for a theft that Vera had committed . Using her husband 's name , she obtains a service post in the household of the Marquess of Flintshire since the Marchioness of Flintshire is the Earl of Grantham 's cousin . The Marchioness 's lady 's maid tells Vera about Lady Mary 's liaison with Kemal Pamuk . When Vera learns that her husband has a larger than expected inheritance after his mother 's death , she arrives at Downton Abbey . She asks for large amounts of money , refusing a divorce so he can not marry fellow servant Anna , and blackmails him , threatening to expose Lady Mary 's secret . She also wants her husband back since she has tried living on her own and does not like it . Bates returns to London with her to live in his mother 's home but soon separates after learning that she has been unfaithful to him . Eventually he returns to his post as Robert 's valet , and he and Anna rekindle their romance . O'Brien , always against Bates , writes to Vera to tell her where he is and about his and Anna 's blossoming romance . Irate , she goes to Sir Richard Carlisle and sells him the story of Lady Mary , unaware that Sir Richard is engaged to Lady Mary and has no intention of publishing the story . Furious over this , she tells the judge in her divorce case that Bates paid her off to consent to it . The judge voids the divorce decree , with the result that Vera and John are still legally married . Mr Bates goes to London to confront her and returns to Downton with a large scratch on his face , telling Anna that their meeting went terribly . The next day , Vera is found dead from ingestion of rat poison . The police are convinced that Bates murdered her and he is convicted and sentenced to death , before the sentence is commuted to life in prison . While John is in prison , Anna is able to track down a neighbour of Vera 's who saw her on the day of her death . She tells Anna that she remembers Vera had dried food under her fingernails , meaning that Vera made the pie herself knowing that her husband would be implicated for murder . The neighbour also stated that she had seen Vera walking down the street when the gas lights had come on ( she said they made a sort of `` halo '' around Vera 's head ) , which would have been when Bates was already on his way back home . Bates is then released from prison due to the neighbour 's statement . Mr Mason ( edit ) Mr. Albert Mason ( played by Paul Copley ) is the father of William , the Downton footman who died of injuries received in the Great War . In 1913 , Mason 's wife dies of a heart attack leaving him on his own on their farm . Mr Mason becomes father - in - law to Daisy when she marries his son on his deathbed . After William 's death in 1918 , Mr Mason sometimes calls at Downton to speak to Daisy , believing that she loved William as much as he did . Although Daisy finds this awkward at first , after he tells Daisy that William thought she was special and that his father would have no children left after his own death , their relationship changes and becomes akin to that of father and daughter . In 1920 , he expresses his wish to name Daisy his sole heir , and asks her to come live at the farm so he may teach her how to run it . When Daisy visits him again in 1922 , she is trying to avoid Alfred , who is saying his final goodbyes at the house . But Mr Mason insists to Daisy she has to say goodbye to him properly , and offers to help her find the right words to say . In the final season , after losing his tenancy at a neighboring estate , he is offered the tenancy of Yew Tree Farm in Downton , thanks to the unflagging efforts of Daisy . He would take on Andy Parker as a farmhand , and at series end , would be pleased when Daisy would finally move to Yew Tree Farm with him at long last . He would also gain the companionship of Mrs. Patmore . With them together , it was clear that Daisy would have her `` family '' ( she would drop any objections she had about her father in - law and her superior at Downton Abbey being together ) . Joe Burns ( edit ) Joe Burns ( played by Bill Fellows ) is a former suitor to Mrs Hughes . When Elsie turns his proposal down he later married Ivy ( died 1910 ) and had one son Peter , who joined the army . He meets Mrs Hughes at a fair in Downton after the death of Ivy and asked her a second time to marry him , giving her a parting gift of a small doll . Later , however , he is turned down as Mrs Hughes does not wish to leave Downton , but the two part on good terms . Lieutenant - general Sir Herbert Strutt ( edit ) Lieutenant - General Sir Herbert Strutt KCB , DSO ( played by Julian Wadham ) is a senior British Army general known as the `` Hero of the Somme '' . He visits Downton Abbey in 1917 as part of a tour of England to drum up support for the war effort . During a dinner in his honour , Branson , the Irish nationalist and socialist chauffeur , attempts to avenge himself on the Army by pouring a soup tureen of slop over the general , but he is stopped in time by Carson the butler ( who after reading Branson 's apology note to Lady Sybil , found by Anna , thought Branson meant to assassinate the general ) . Sir Herbert leaves Downton the next morning with no knowledge of the incident . Historical figures ( edit ) King George V ( edit ) Queen Mary of Teck ( edit ) Dame Nellie Melba ( edit ) The Prince of Wales ( edit ) Cosmo Lang , Archbishop of York ( edit ) The Archbishop of York and future Archbishop of Canterbury , Dr Cosmo Gordon Lang ( played by Michael Culkin ) , is one of the few historical characters in the series . He marries Lady Mary Crawley and Matthew Crawley in the spring of 1920 . He also comes to Downton Abbey for dinner later that year . Neville Chamberlain ( edit ) As the Minister for Health , the future Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain is persuaded to dine at Downton Abbey by Violet in May 1925 ( his wife Anne is her goddaughter ) . Violet hopes to persuade him to allow the Downton village hospital to remain under the control of the Crawley family , instead of having it merge with a major hospital in York . The intended dinner conversation quickly becomes a heated argument in front of the bemused minister , and the Earl of Grantham collapses from a perforated ulcer , ending the gathering while he is rushed to hospital . Chamberlain later reveals to Tom that he had been blackmailed into attending by Violet , who knew of his role in one of the notorious pranks performed by his brother - in - law , Horace de Vere Cole ( in their youth , de Vere Cole , Chamberlain and some others had disguised themselves as workmen and had dug a trench across Piccadilly Circus , causing a massive traffic jam `` from the East End to Belgrave Square . '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In Downton Abbey : Series 2 Scripts ( Official ) : Page 7 Robert is described as `` someone of fifty '' indicating , as the first episode is set in 1916 , that he was born in 1866 . Jump up ^ `` A Tale of Two Nurses - Early 20th century nursing on `` Downton Abbey '' `` . The Truth About Nursing. 27 January 2013 . Cora and Isobel ( a trained nurse ) act as co-liaisons between Thomas and ( Dr ) Clarkson . Isobel seems to have authority over the nurses , but she desperately tries to inject herself into other aspects of the operation . Isobel would seem to be far more qualified than Thomas or , needless to say , Cora . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` Gillian Anderson Turned Down Downton Abbey '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ FELLOWES , Julian ( 2013 ) . Downton Abbey : The Complete Scripts -- Season 2 : `` At the start of the show , set in 1912 , we needed Violet to be about 70 . This means she was born in 1842 and she would have come out in 1860 , to enjoy a few flirtations before marriage claimed her '' . ^ Jump up to : Browse Inside Downton Abbey Script Book Season 1 by Julian Fellowes Jump up ^ Lord Grantham says she is 24 in 1920 Jump up ^ Downton Abbey : Jessica Brown Findlay on Lady Sybil Radio Times Jump up ^ `` In the bleak midwinter : Downton Abbey begin filming season four with the cast at the graveside of Matthew Crawley '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Fellowes , Jessica ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` DOWNTON ABBEY SPECIAL : While the men are away at war , the women left behind -- both above and below stairs -- find independence and new opportunities '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Abbey ever after : Downton star reveals excitement at TV wedding '' . Daily Record . 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Randall , Lee ( 15 September 2012 ) . `` Interview : Allen Leech on the return of Downton Abbey '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Louise ( 15 September 2012 ) . `` Taking the reins at Downton Abbey : Allen Leech rides into the hot seat of Britain 's favourite period drama '' . The Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Finn , Melanie ( 5 January 2011 ) . `` Downton star told to keep his Irish accent '' . Jump up ^ `` Lily James to return for final episode of Downton Abbey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` Rob James - Collier : ' Downton Abbey is the best job I 've ever done ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey author Julian Fellowes says Lady Mary sex scandal based on real life '' . News.com.au. 12 October 2011 . Downton Abbey Character list Episode list Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Series 6 Awards and nominations Downton Abbey ( film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Downton_Abbey_characters&oldid=850318906 '' Categories : Lists of British television series characters Downton Abbey Cultural depictions of George V Cultural depictions of Nellie Melba Cultural depictions of Neville Chamberlain Hidden categories : Articles that may be too long from April 2017 Articles that may contain original research from April 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from August 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Română Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 03 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays cora's mother on downton abbey | [
"Martha Levinson (played by Shirley MacLaine) is Cora's brash, outspoken American mother, a wealthy widow with homes in New York City and Newport, Rhode Island. She visits Downton with great fanfare in Series 3 for Mary and Matthew's wedding and then returns to the United States. Unlike Violet, Martha wears up-to-date clothing. Martha has a slightly strained relationship with her daughter Cora, making her rarely visit the house. She is mentioned once in series one when Cora was pregnant with her miscarriage as being very anxious but Violet wrote to her to come admire the baby. Martha arrives in Downton for Mary's wedding to Matthew, and remains there for a short time afterwards. Violet and Mary scheme to have her give the Crawleys more money to save Downton from ruin by putting on a lavish banquet, but the evening nearly ends in disaster when the oven fails. It is Martha who saves the feast, instead arranging an indoor picnic for the guests. Martha reveals to Violet and Mary that even if she wanted to sink more money into Downton, her late husband's will ties up the Levinson fortune up too tightly. Martha leaves Downton shortly afterwards, telling Robert she is \"homesick for America\".\n"
] | [
"Shirley MacLaine"
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5623868378796218929 | American Paint Horse | American Paint Horse - wikipedia American Paint Horse Jump to : navigation , search American Paint Horse American Paint Horse Other names Paint Country of origin United States Traits Distinguishing features Broad pinto spotting patterns of white and dark hair Breed standards American Paint Horse Association Equus ferus caballus The American Paint Horse is a breed of horse that combines both the conformational characteristics of a western stock horse with a pinto spotting pattern of white and dark coat colors . Developed from a base of spotted horses with Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred bloodlines , the American Paint Horse Association ( APHA ) breed registry is now one of the largest in North America . The registry allows some non-spotted animals to be registered as `` Solid Paint Bred '' and considers the American Paint Horse to be a horse breed with distinct characteristics , not merely a color breed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Registration 1.1 Regular APHA registration 1.2 Solid Paint - Bred 2 Color 2.1 Terms for color patterns defined 2.2 Paint or Pinto ? 3 History 4 Uses 5 Genetic problems 6 References 7 External links Registration ( edit ) The American Paint Horse 's combination of color and conformation has made the American Paint Horse Association ( APHA ) the second - largest breed registry in the United States . While the colorful coat pattern is essential to the identity of the breed , American Paint Horses have strict bloodline requirements and a distinctive stock - horse body type . To be eligible for registry , a Paint 's sire and dam must be registered with the American Paint Horse Association , the American Quarter Horse Association , or the Jockey Club ( Thoroughbreds ) . At least one of the parents must be a registered American Paint Horse . There are two categories of registration , regular , for horses with color , and solid Paint - bred , for those without color . Regular APHA registration ( edit ) A regular registry Paint In addition to bloodlines , to be eligible for the Regular Registry of the American Paint Horse Association ( APHA ) , the horse must also exhibit a `` natural paint marking '' , meaning either a predominant hair coat color with at least one contrasting area of solid white hair of the required size with some underlying unpigmented skin present on the horse at the time of its birth . Or , in the case of a predominantly white hair coat , at least one contrasting area of the required size of colored hair with some underlying pigmented skin present on the horse . Natural Paint markings usually must cover more than two inches and be located in certain designated areas of the body . Solid Paint - bred ( edit ) Solid Paint - bred foal . Sire was a sorrel and white tobiano , dam is a black and white tovero . Foal is a solid Chestnut . Solid colored offspring of two registered Paint parents , called `` Solid Paint - Breds '' or `` Breeding Stock Paints , '' are also eligible for registration , with certain restrictions . They are able to participate in some recognized Paint breed shows , and there are alternative programs offered , and many incentive programs within the registry are available to Solid Paint - bred horses . If a solid - colored horse is bred to a regular registry Paint horse , it is possible to produce a spotted foal . In some cases , such as the recessive sabino patterns , described below , even a solid colored horse may still carry genes for color . However , in the case of the dominant tobiano pattern , a Breeding Stock Paint will not carry these color genes , though it may retain other desirable traits . Color ( edit ) A tobiano Paint Each Paint Horse has a particular combination of white and another color of the equine spectrum . Most common are horses with white spots combined with black , bay , brown , and chestnut or sorrel . Less common are horses with spot colors influenced by dilution genes such as palomino , buckskin , cremello , perlino , pearl or `` Barlink factor '' , and champagne , various shades of roan , or various shades of dun , including grullo . Paints may also carry the gray gene and have spots that eventually fade to white hair , though retaining pigmented skin underneath the areas that were once dark . Spots can be any shape or size , except leopard complex patterning , which is characteristic of the Appaloosa , and located virtually anywhere on the Paint 's body . Although Paints come in a variety of colors with different markings and different underlying genetics , these are grouped into only four defined coat patterns : overo ( includes frame , splash and sabino ) , tobiano and tovero and solid . Breeding Stock Paints can sometimes showcase small color traits , particularly if they carry sabino genetics . Such traits include blue eyes , pink skin on lips and nostrils , roan spots , and minimal roaning . Terms for color patterns defined ( edit ) An Overo Paint Tobiano : The most common spotting pattern , characterized by rounded markings with white legs and white across the back between the withers and the dock of the tail , usually arranged in a roughly vertical pattern and more white than dark , with the head usually dark and with markings like that of a normal horse . i.e. star , snip , strip , or blaze . Overo : A group of spotting patterns characterized by sharp , irregular markings with a horizontal orientation , usually more dark than white , though the face is usually white , sometimes with blue eyes . The white rarely crosses the back , and the lower legs are normally dark . The APHA recognizes three overo patterns : Frame : The most familiar overo pattern , the gene for frame has been genetically mapped and in the homozygous form , results in Lethal White Syndrome ( LWS ) . Visually identified frames have no health defects connected to their color , and are characterized by ragged , sharp white patches on the sides of the body , leaving a `` frame '' of non-white color that typically includes the topline . Sabino : Often confused with roan or rabicano , sabino is a slight spotting pattern characterized by high white on legs , belly spots , white markings on the face extending past the eyes and / or patches of roaning patterns standing alone or on the edges of white markings . Splashed white : The least common spotting pattern , splashed whites typically have blue eyes and crisp , smooth , blocky white markings that almost always include the head and legs . The tail is often white or white - tipped , and body markings originate under the belly and extend `` upwards '' . Tovero : spotting pattern that is a mix of tobiano and overo coloration , such as blue eyes on a dark head . Solid : A horse otherwise eligible for registration as a Paint that does not have any white that constitutes a recognized spotting pattern . `` Color '' : An informal term meaning that the horse has a spotting pattern . ( The opposite of `` Solid . '' ) `` Chrome '' : An informal term of approval used in some geographic regions to describe a particularly flashy spotting pattern . Paint or pinto ? ( edit ) The terms `` paint '' and `` pinto '' are sometimes both used to describe spotted horses , but in modern use there is a clear difference between the two terms . A pinto differs from a Paint solely due to bloodlines . A pinto may be of any breed or combination of breeds , though some Pinto registries may have additional restrictions . ( Some do not register draft horses or mules , for example . ) For a horse to be registered as an American Paint Horse however , it must have registered American Quarter Horse , American Paint Horse , or Thoroughbred parents . Therefore , all Paint horses ( except for the small number of `` solids '' allowed into the Paint registry ) could be registered as pintos , but not all pintos qualify to be registered as Paints . History ( edit ) The American Paint Horse shares a common ancestry with the American Quarter Horse and the Thoroughbred . A registered Paint horse should conform to the same `` stock horse '' body type desired in Quarter Horses : a muscular animal that is heavy but not too tall , with a low center of gravity for maneuverability , and powerful hindquarters suitable for rapid acceleration and sprinting . When the American Quarter Horse Association emerged in 1940 to preserve horses of the `` stock '' type , it excluded those with pinto coat patterns and `` crop out '' horses , those born with white body spots or white above the knees and hocks . Undeterred , fans of colorful stock horses formed a variety of organizations to preserve and promote Paint horses . In 1965 some of these groups merged to form the American Paint Horse Association . Uses ( edit ) An overo Paint Horse exhibited in a Western riding discipline . The Paint Horse is used in a variety of equestrian disciplines , most commonly Western pleasure , reining and other Western events , although it is also ridden English in hunt seat or show jumping competition . Genetic problems ( edit ) Main article : Lethal white syndrome One medical issue associated with the breed is the genetic disease lethal white syndrome ( LWS ) . Also called Overo Lethal White Syndrome ( OLWS ) or , less often , White Foal Syndrome ( WFS ) , it is linked to a recessive gene associated with the frame overo pattern . Horses that are heterozygous carriers of the gene do not develop the condition and are physically healthy . However , when a foal is born that is homozygous for the LWS gene , it should be humanely euthanized shortly after birth , or else will die within a few days from complications involving an underdeveloped intestinal tract . A DNA test is available for LWS so that horses who are carriers of this gene are not bred to one another . Horses can carry the LWS gene and not visibly exhibit overo coloring ; cases have appeared in the offspring of both tobiano and solid - colored parents , though all cases to date are horses that had overo ancestors . LWS is also not unique to Paint Horses ; it can occur in any equine breed where the frame overo coat pattern is found . Due to the heavy influx of American Quarter Horse breeding , some Paints may also carry genetic disorders such as Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis ( HYPP ) , Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia ( HERDA ) , Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy ( called PSSM - polysaccharide storage myopathy - in Paints , Quarter Horses and Appaloosas ) , Malignant hyperthermia ( MH ) and Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency ( GBED ) . The influence of Thoroughbred breeding puts some bloodlines at higher risk for Wobbler 's syndrome . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ American Paint Horse Association Jump up ^ APHA Color Requirements Archived 2008 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Solid Paint - Breds Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Stamatelakys , Irene ( October 2008 ) . `` True Champagne . '' Paint Horse Journal . Jump up ^ APHA coat colors . Archived 2009 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ APHA web site Jump up ^ `` American Paint Horse '' . HorseChannel.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Paul D. Vrotsos RVT and Elizabeth M. Santschi DVM . University of Minnesota Genetics Group . `` Stalking the Lethal White Syndrome '' . Paint Horse Journal . July 1998 . Bowling , Ann T. `` Coat Color Genetics : Positive Horse Identification '' from Veterinary Genetics Laboratory , School of Veterinary Medicine , University of California , Davis . Web site accessed February 9 , 2007 External links ( edit ) American Paint Horse Association Paint Horse Journal Paint Racing Paint Horse Legends Equine Equine science and management Equine anatomy Equine nutrition Horse behavior Horse care Horse breeding Horse genome Equine conformation Equine coat color Horse gait Equestrianism and sport Glossary of equestrian terms Horse industry List of equestrian sports Horse tack Bit Bridle Saddle Harness English riding Western riding Driving Horse training Horse racing Equestrian at the Summer Olympics ( medalists , venues ) Horse show Equitation Evolution and history Domestication of the horse Horses in warfare Horses in the Middle Ages Horses in the United States Horses in East Asian warfare History of the horse in South Asia Horses in the Napoleonic Wars Horses in World War I Horses in World War II History of the horse in Britain Horse worship Horse burial Horse breeds , types and other Equidae Horses List of horse breeds Draft horse Feral horse Gaited horse Mountain and moorland pony breeds Sport horse Stock horse Warmblood Wild horse Other Equus List of donkey breeds Donkey Zebra Onager Hybrids Hinny Mule Zebroid Category Horses portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Paint_Horse&oldid=822868998 '' Categories : Horse breeds Horse breeds originating in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the american paint horse originate from | [
"The American Paint Horse is a breed of horse that combines both the conformational characteristics of a western stock horse with a pinto spotting pattern of white and dark coat colors. Developed from a base of spotted horses with Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred bloodlines, the American Paint Horse Association (APHA) breed registry is now one of the largest in North America. The registry allows some non-spotted animals to be registered as \"Solid Paint Bred\" and considers the American Paint Horse to be a horse breed with distinct characteristics, not merely a color breed."
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"Developed from a base of spotted horses with Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred bloodlines"
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-9087646540196401323 | He's Gonna Step on You Again | He 's Gonna Step on You Again - wikipedia He 's Gonna Step on You Again Jump to : navigation , search `` He 's Gonna Step On You Again '' Single by John Kongos from the album Kongos B - side `` Sometimes It 's Not Enough '' Released 1971 Format 7 '' 45rpm Length 4 : 24 Label Fly Ariola Songwriter ( s ) John Kongos Christos Demetriou Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon John Kongos singles chronology `` He 's Gonna Step On You Again '' ( 1971 ) `` Tokoloshe Man '' ( 1971 ) `` He 's Gonna Step On You Again '' ( 1971 ) `` Tokoloshe Man '' ( 1971 ) `` He 's Gonna Step On You Again '' ( a.k.a. `` Step On '' ) is a song co-written by Christos Demetriou and performed by John Kongos in 1971 . It was cited in the Guinness Book of Records as being the first song to have used a sample , however , according to the sleeve note of the CD reissue of the Kongos album , it is actually a tape loop of African drumming , and the use of tape loops and instruments using prerecorded samples such as the Mellotron and Optigan were well established by this time . The song , released by Fly Records , entered the UK Singles Chart on 22 May 1971 and spent 14 weeks on the chart , peaking at No. 4 . The band 's song `` Tokoloshe Man '' also peaked at No. 4 later that year . The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 2006 video game Test Drive Unlimited . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 Cover versions 2.1 1987 Australian versions 2.1. 1 The Party Boys 2.1. 2 Chantoozies 2.1. 3 Exploding White Mice 2.2 Happy Mondays version 2.3 Other versions 3 See also 4 References Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 77 France ( IFOP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 26 Italy ( FIMI ) 51 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 27 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 70 Cover versions ( edit ) `` He 's Gonna Step On You Again '' Single by The Party Boys from the album The Party Boys B - side `` Small Talk '' Released Format 7 '' 45rpm Length 4 : 08 Label CBS Songwriter ( s ) John Kongos Christos Demetriou Producer ( s ) Alan Lancaster John Brewster Paul Christie The Party Boys singles chronology `` Kashmir '' ( 1984 ) `` He 's Gonna Step On You Again '' ( 1987 ) `` Hold Your Head Up '' ( 1987 ) `` Kashmir '' ( 1984 ) `` He 's Gonna Step On You Again '' ( 1987 ) `` Hold Your Head Up '' ( 1987 ) 1987 Australian versions ( edit ) In 1987 three Australian bands The Party Boys , Chantoozies and Exploding White Mice each released their own cover version of `` He 's Gonna Step On You Again '' . The Party Boys ' single was issued in June , which peaked at No. 1 , for two weeks , in late July on the Australian Music Report chart while the Chantoozies version reached No. 36 . The Party Boys ( edit ) The Party Boys were an Australian rock band with a floating membership that mostly performed cover versions and existed from 1982 until 1992 . By 1987 , the members were Kevin Borich on guitar and backing vocals , John Brewster on guitar and backing vocals , Paul Christie on drums and backing vocals , Richard Harvey on drums , Alan Lancaster on bass guitar and backing vocals , and John Swan on lead vocals . Their version also reached No. 10 on the New Zealand Singles Chart . The Party Boys also recorded a 12 '' single , `` He 's Gonna Step On You Again ( Stomp Mix ) '' with Nick Mainsbridge remixing , which was backed by `` She 's a Mystery '' . Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Chantoozies ( edit ) Chantoozies were a pop group active from 1986 to 1991 . The band featured four female singers : Eve von Bibra , Angie La Bozzetta , Ally Fowler and Tottie Goldsmith ; and four male musicians : Brett Goldsmith on bass guitar , keyboards and programming , Scott Griffiths on keyboards and programming , Frank McKoy on lead vocals and guitar , and David Reyne on drums and backing vocals . Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 36 Exploding White Mice ( edit ) Exploding White Mice were a pop punk band from 1983 and by 1987 had a line - up of Paul Gilchrist on vocals , Andy MacQueen on bass guitar , David Bunney on drums , Giles Barrow on rhythm guitar and Jeff Stephens on guitar . Exploding White Mice issued their version as the B - side of their `` Blaze of Glory '' single on Adelaide 's Greasy Pop Records . Happy Mondays version ( edit ) `` Step On '' Single by Happy Mondays from the album Pills ' n ' Thrills and Bellyaches A-side `` Step On '' ( Stuff It In Mix Edit ) B - side `` Step On '' ( One Louder Mix Edit ) Released Format 7 '' 45rpm Genre Madchester Length 4 : 20 ( 7 '' single edit ) 5 : 19 ( album version used in most compilation albums ) Label Factory FAC 272 / 7 Songwriter ( s ) John Kongos Christos Demetriou Producer ( s ) Paul Oakenfold Steve Osborne Happy Mondays singles chronology `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( 1989 ) `` Step On '' ( 1990 ) `` Kinky Afro '' ( 1990 ) `` WFL ( Wrote for Luck ) ( Remix ) ( 1989 ) `` Step On '' ( 1990 ) `` Kinky Afro '' ( 1990 ) Happy Mondays covered the song , retitling it `` Step On '' in 1990 , with two different music videos . It was originally intended as a contribution to the Rubáiyát : Elektra 's 40th Anniversary compilation for their US label Elektra , but they decided to keep it to release as a single , and instead covered Kongos 's `` Tokoloshe Man '' for the compilation . The Happy Mondays version incorporates a short sample of three guitar notes from the original . It became their biggest - selling single , peaking at No. 5 in the UK and even making it on to the Billboard Hot 100 chart at No. 57 . Chart ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 157 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 64 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 57 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 13 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 46 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 9 Other versions ( edit ) Other artists have recorded cover versions of this song , including Def Leppard ( on their 2006 cover album Yeah ! ) . Although probably never recorded , the song was also a staple of Canada 's MacLean & MacLean live act where its percussion rhythms and topical lyric made it popular with their audiences . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` John Kongos `` Kongos '' Liner Notes `` . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 306 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Test Drive Unlimited -- Credits at the Wayback Machine ( archived 12 December 2014 ) . AllGame . All Media Network . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian Charts -- 16 October 1971 '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5322 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le Détail par Artiste '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select `` John Kongos '' from the artist drop - down menu . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- John Kongos -- He 's Gonna Step On You Again '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : K '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- John Kongos - He 's Gonna Step On You Again search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- John Kongos -- He 's Gonna Step On You Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( K ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1971 - 07 - 03 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Kongos -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book Ltd . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : McFarlane , Ian ( 1999 ) . `` Encyclopedia entry for ' The Party Boys ' '' . Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 768 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- The Party Boys -- He 's Gonna Step On You Again '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia No. 1 hits -- 1980 's '' . World Charts . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McFarlane , Ian ( 1999 ) . `` Encyclopedia entry for ' The Chantoozies ' '' . Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 768 - 2 . Jump up ^ McFarlane , Ian ( 1999 ) . `` Encyclopedia entry for ' Exploding White Mice ' '' . Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 768 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Steve ( Winter 1993 ) . `` Exploding White Mice '' . Noise for Heroes ( 22 ) . Divine Rites Records ( Didier Georgieff ) . Jump up ^ `` Blaze of glory / Jeff Stephens ; ( performed by ) the Exploding White Mice . He 's gon na step on you again / Kongos - Demetriou ; ( performed by ) the Exploding White Mice ( sound recording ) '' . Music Australia . National Library of Australia . 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 2013 ) . Energy Flash : A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 28914 - 1 . Jump up ^ Berry , Mark `` Bez '' ( 1998 ) . Freaky Dancin ' ( 1st ed . ) . London : Pan . p. 285 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 37054 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Fw : ARIA chart peaks '' . Imgur. 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 1552 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Happy Mondays -- Step On '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1990 - 04 - 14 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Happy Mondays -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He%27s_Gonna_Step_on_You_Again&oldid=797822797 '' Categories : 1971 songs 1971 singles 1987 singles 1990 singles Ariola Records singles CBS Records singles Debut singles Fly Records singles Happy Mondays songs John Kongos songs Number - one singles in Australia Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon Songs written by John Kongos Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from March 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart making named ref Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 11 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang he going to step on you again | [
"\"He's Gonna Step On You Again\" (a.k.a. \"Step On\") is a song co-written by Christos Demetriou and performed by John Kongos in 1971."
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"John Kongos"
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4540233903823257251 | Make It Stop (September's Children) | Make It Stop ( September 's Children ) - wikipedia Make It Stop ( September 's Children ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Make It Stop ( September 's Children ) '' Single by Rise Against from the album Endgame B - side `` Lanterns '' Released May 30 , 2011 Format 7 '' CD single digital download Recorded The Blasting Room , Fort Collins , Colorado Genre Punk rock , alternative rock Length 3 : 55 Label DGC Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Rise Against Producer ( s ) Bill Stevenson Jason Livermore Rise Against singles chronology `` Help Is on the Way '' ( 2011 ) `` Make It Stop ( September 's Children ) '' ( 2011 ) `` Satellite '' ( 2011 ) `` Help Is on the Way '' ( 2011 ) `` Make It Stop ( September 's Children ) '' ( 2011 ) `` Satellite '' ( 2011 ) Audio sample file help `` Make It Stop ( September 's Children ) '' is the second single from punk rock band Rise Against 's sixth studio album , Endgame . The single was released to digital music outlets on May 30 , 2011 . The song impacted radio the following day . It peaked at number six on Billboard 's Alternative Songs chart and number eight on Billboard 's Rock Songs chart . The song is part of the It Gets Better Project . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song meaning 2 Reception 3 Music video 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly Charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 References 6 External links Song meaning ( edit ) In an article for Punknews.org , lead singer Tim McIlrath revealed that `` a number of events were the catalyst for the creation of Make It Stop , everything from the suicides in September 2010 , to our own fans voicing their fears and insecurities from time to time . I decided to create the song as a response , and when I discovered the It Gets Better campaign and ( It Gets Better Project co-founder ) Dan Savage 's commitment to such an important and concise message , I was moved . '' The song explicitly deals with the bullying and harassment LGBT youth face . According to McIlrath , `` The message is : It can get better , it does get better , give it a chance to get better , do n't end your life prematurely . '' During the middle 8 , the first 5 of the 9 names of the September 2010 suicides are read aloud : ( Tyler Clementi , age 18 ; Billy Lucas , age 15 ; Harrison Chase Brown , age 15 ; Cody J. Barker , age 17 ; Seth Walsh , age 13 ) . Reception ( edit ) `` Make It Stop ( September 's Children ) '' received positive reviews from critics . Thomas Nassiff of AbsolutePunk wrote that despite its more accessible sound , `` ( the ) song becomes an example of the way that radio - ready rock music should be written '' . Scott Heisel of Alternative Press noted that the song borrows the guitar opening from `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day , but characterized the lyrics as `` more pointed than Billie Joe Armstrong 's have ever been '' . Davey Boy of Sputnikmusic described the children 's choir and spoken names during the bridge as `` effective devices employed to bring awareness to such a worthwhile issue '' . Conversely , Jason Heller of The A.V. Club criticized the children 's choir , noting that it `` sends the song flying into a tear - filled well of self - parody '' . Commercially , `` Make It Stop ( September 's Children ) '' reached several music charts , peaking at number eight on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart , number seventeen on the Canadian Active Rock Songs chart , number twelve on the Czech Republic Modern Rock chart , and number twenty - nine on the Mexico Ingles Airplay chart . Music Video ( edit ) In this scene , a teenage girl finds her locker covered in derogatory gay slurs , such as dyke and fag . The accompanying music video was directed by Marc Klasfeld and filmed at Rolling Meadows High School in Rolling Meadows , Illinois , the same school McIlrath attended as a student . The video was a collaboration with the It Gets Better Project , a nonprofit organization that aims to prevent suicide within the LGBT community . The music video was nominated for the `` Best Video with a Message '' award at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , but lost to Born This Way by Lady Gaga . Charts ( edit ) Weekly Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Canada Active Rock Songs ( America 's Music Charts ) 17 Czech Republic ( Modern Rock ) 12 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) 29 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 35 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AllAccess.com Alternative eWeekly '' . AllAccess . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Videos : Rise Against : `` Make it Stop ( September 's Children ) '' `` . Punknews.org . June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Rise Against 's ' Make It Stop ' Tackles Bullying , Suicide '' . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nassiff , Thomas . `` Rise Against - Endgame '' . AbsolutePunk . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heisel , Scott ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Rise Against - Endgame - Alternative Press '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boy , Davey ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Review : Rise Against - Endgame Sputnikmusic '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heller , Jason ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Rise Against : Endgame '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise Against -- Chart history '' . Billboard Hot Rock Songs for Rise Against . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Active Rock & Alt Rock Chart Archive - August 16 , 2011 '' . America 's Music Charts . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI ČR Hitparáda - Radio - Top 20 Modern Rock Týden - 2011_51 , 52 '' ( in Czech ) . IFPI Czech Republic . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico Ingles Airplay : October 15 , 2011 - Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` '' Make It Stop ( September 's Children ) Video Premiere `` . riseagainst.com . June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kavner , Lucas ( August 28 , 2011 ) . `` VMAs 2011 : ' Best Video With A Message ' Category Premieres Tonight '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Marc ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry Wins Big , Beyonce Shines at VMAs '' . Spin . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Songs Year End 2011 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Make It Stop ( September 's Children ) '' Official music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Rise Against Tim McIlrath Zach Blair Joe Principe Brandon Barnes Dan Wlekinski Kevin White Todd Mohney Chris Chasse Toni Tintari Dan Lumley Studio albums The Unraveling Revolutions per Minute Siren Song of the Counter Culture The Sufferer & the Witness Appeal to Reason Endgame The Black Market Wolves Compilation albums Long Forgotten Songs : B - Sides & Covers 2000 -- 2013 Extended plays Transistor Revolt This Is Noise Video albums Generation Lost Another Station : Another Mile Singles `` Heaven Knows '' `` Like the Angel '' `` Give It All '' `` Swing Life Away '' `` Life Less Frightening '' `` Ready to Fall '' `` Prayer of the Refugee '' `` The Good Left Undone '' `` Re-Education ( Through Labor ) '' `` Audience of One '' `` Savior '' `` Help Is on the Way '' `` Make It Stop ( September 's Children ) '' `` Satellite '' `` Wait For Me '' `` I Do n't Want to Be Here Anymore '' `` Tragedy + Time '' `` The Violence '' Tours The Sufferer & the Witness Tour Appeal To Reason Tour Endgame Tour The Hunting Party Tour ( as special guests ) Related articles Discography Songs 88 Fingers Louie Arma Angelus Baxter The Honor System The Killing Tree Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_It_Stop_(September%27s_Children)&oldid=808088178 '' Categories : 2011 singles 2011 songs DGC Records singles Interscope Records singles LGBT - related songs Music videos directed by Marc Klasfeld Rise Against songs Songs about bullying Songs about suicide Songs written by Tim McIlrath Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 20 : 17 . 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433554993758324120 | Pride & Prejudice (2005 film) | Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 film ) - wikipedia Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Pride & Prejudice UK theatrical release poster Directed by Joe Wright Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Paul Webster Screenplay by Deborah Moggach Based on Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Starring Keira Knightley Matthew Macfadyen Brenda Blethyn Donald Sutherland Tom Hollander Rosamund Pike Jena Malone Talulah Riley Carey Mulligan Judi Dench Music by Dario Marianelli Cinematography Roman Osin Edited by Paul Tothill Production company StudioCanal Working Title Films Distributed by Focus Features Release date 11 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 11 ) ( TIFF ) 16 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 16 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 127 minutes Country United Kingdom United States France Language English Budget £ 22 million ( $ 39 million ) Box office $121.1 million Pride & Prejudice is a 2005 romantic drama film directed by Joe Wright and based on Jane Austen 's 1813 novel of the same name . The film depicts five sisters from an English family of landed gentry as they deal with issues of marriage , morality and misconceptions . Keira Knightley stars in the lead role of Elizabeth Bennet , while Matthew Macfadyen plays her romantic interest Mr Darcy . Produced by Working Title Films in association with StudioCanal , the film was released on 16 September 2005 in the United Kingdom and Ireland and on 11 November in the United States . Screenwriter Deborah Moggach initially attempted to make her script as faithful to the novel as possible , writing from Elizabeth 's perspective while preserving much of the original dialogue . Wright , who was directing his first feature film , encouraged greater deviation from the text , including changing the dynamics within the Bennet family . Wright and Moggach set the film in an earlier period and avoided depicting a `` perfectly clean Regency world '' , presenting instead a `` muddy hem version '' of the time . It was shot entirely on location in England on a 15 - week schedule . Wright found casting difficult due to past performances of particular characters . The filmmakers had to balance who they thought was best for each role with the studio 's desire for stars . Knightley was well - known in part from her work in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , while Macfadyen had no international name recognition . The film 's themes emphasise realism , romanticism and family . It was marketed to a younger , mainstream audience ; promotional items noted that it came from the producers of 2001 's romantic comedy Bridget Jones 's Diary before acknowledging its provenance as an Austen novel . Pride & Prejudice earned a worldwide gross of approximately $121 million , which was considered a commercial success . Pride & Prejudice earned a rating of 82 % from review aggregator Metacritic , labeling it universally acclaimed . It earned four nominations at the 78th Academy Awards , including a Best Actress nomination for Knightley . Austen scholars have opined that Wright 's work created a new hybrid genre by blending traditional traits of the heritage film with `` youth - oriented filmmaking techniques '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Conception and adaptation 3.2 Casting 3.3 Costume design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Editing 4 Major themes and analysis 4.1 Romanticism and realism 4.2 Family 4.3 Depiction of Elizabeth Bennet 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Box office 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Accolades 7 Impact and legacy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 10.1. 1 Books 10.1. 2 Essays and journals 10.1. 3 Interviews 10.1. 4 Newspaper and magazine articles 10.1. 5 Online 10.1. 6 Press releases 10.1. 7 Visual media 11 External links Plot ( edit ) During the late 18th century , the Bennet family , consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet and their five daughters -- Jane , Elizabeth , Mary , Kitty and Lydia -- live in comparative financial independence as gentry at Longbourn , a working farm in rural England . As the Bennets have no sons , Longbourn is destined to be inherited by Mr. Bennet 's cousin , Mr. Collins , and so Mrs. Bennet is anxious to marry off her five daughters before Mr. Bennet dies , to secure herself in her widowhood . Wealthy bachelor Charles Bingley has recently moved into Netherfield , a nearby estate . He is introduced to local society at an assembly ball , along with his haughty sister Caroline and reserved friend , Mr. Darcy , who `` owns half of Derbyshire '' . Bingley is enchanted with the gentle and beautiful Jane , while Elizabeth takes an instant dislike to Darcy after he coldly rebuffs her attempts at conversation and after she later overhears him insulting her . When Jane becomes sick on a visit to Netherfield , Elizabeth goes to stay with her , verbally sparring with both Caroline and Darcy . Later the Bennets are visited by Mr. Collins , a pompous clergyman who talks of little but his patroness , Lady Catherine de Bourgh . After learning from Mrs. Bennet that Jane is expected to become engaged soon , Collins decides to pursue Elizabeth , utterly oblivious to her lack of interest in him . Meanwhile , the easy - going and charming Lieutenant Wickham of the newly - arrived militia captures the girls ' attention ; he wins Elizabeth 's sympathy by telling her that Darcy had cheated him of his inheritance . At a ball at Netherfield , Elizabeth , startled by Darcy 's abrupt appearance and request , accepts a dance with him before realizing it , but vows to her best friend Charlotte Lucas that she has `` sworn to loathe him for all eternity '' . During the dance , she attacks him with witty sarcasm and Darcy responds in kind . At the same ball , Charlotte expresses concern to Elizabeth that Jane 's behaviour towards Mr. Bingley is too reserved and that Bingley may not realise that she loves him . The next day at Longbourn , Collins proposes to Elizabeth but she strongly declines . When Bingley unexpectedly returns to London , Elizabeth dispatches a heartbroken Jane to the city to stay with their aunt and uncle , the Gardiners , in hopes of re-establishing contact between Jane and Bingley . Later , Elizabeth is appalled to learn that her friend Charlotte will marry Collins to gain financial security and avoid remaining a spinster . Months later , Elizabeth visits the newly - wed Mr. and Mrs. Collins at Rosings , Lady Catherine 's manor estate ; they are invited to dine there and meet Darcy and Colonel Fitzwilliam , Lady Catherine 's nephews . Here Darcy shows greater interest in Elizabeth . The next day , not realizing that Jane is Elizabeth 's sister , Colonel Fitzwilliam lets slip to Elizabeth that Darcy had separated Bingley from Jane . Distraught , she flees outside , but Darcy chooses that moment to track her down and propose marriage . He says he loves her `` most ardently '' despite her `` lower rank . '' Elizabeth refuses him , citing his treatment of Jane , Bingley , and Wickham ; they argue fiercely , with Darcy explaining that he had been convinced that Jane did not return Bingley 's love . Darcy leaves angry and heartbroken . He finds Elizabeth later and presents her with a letter , which explains that Wickham is a gambler who demanded and received £ 3,000 in cash in - lieu of the clergy position intended for him by Darcy 's father ; upon being refused more money , after having squandered it all a few years later , Wickham attempted to seduce and elope with Darcy 's 15 - year - old sister , Georgiana , to obtain her £ 30,000 inheritance but abandoned her upon learning that he would never receive the money . A couple of months later , the Gardiners take Elizabeth on a trip to the Peak District ; their visit also includes Darcy 's estate , Pemberley ; Elizabeth agrees to go with them , believing he is in London . Elizabeth is impresssed by its wealth and beauty and hears nothing but good things about Darcy from his housekeeper . There , she accidentally runs into Darcy who has arrived home early . He invites her and the Gardiners to meet his sister . His manners have softened considerably , and Georgiana takes an instant liking to Elizabeth . When Elizabeth learns that her immature and flirtatious youngest sister Lydia has run away with Wickham , she tearfully blurts out the news to Darcy and the Gardiners before returning home . Her family expects social ruin for having a disgraced daughter , but over a week later they are relieved to hear that Mr. Gardiner had discovered the pair in London and that they had married . Lydia later slips to Elizabeth that Darcy was the one who found them and paid for the marriage . When Bingley and Darcy suddenly return to Netherfield , Jane accepts Bingley 's proposal . The same evening , Lady Catherine unexpectedly visits Elizabeth , insisting she renounce Darcy as he is supposedly to marry her own daughter , Anne . Elizabeth refuses and , unable to sleep , walks on the moor at dawn . There , she meets Darcy , also unable to sleep after hearing of his aunt 's behaviour . He admits his continued love and Elizabeth accepts his proposal . Mr. Bennet gives his consent after Elizabeth assures him of her love for Darcy . In the U.S. release of the film , an additional last scene shows the newlyweds outside at Pemberley , happy together . Cast ( edit ) Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Bennet Matthew Macfadyen as Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy Brenda Blethyn as Mrs Bennet Donald Sutherland as Mr Bennet Tom Hollander as Mr William Collins Rosamund Pike as Jane Bennet Carey Mulligan as Catherine ( Kitty ) Bennet Jena Malone as Lydia Bennet Talulah Riley as Mary Bennet Judi Dench as Lady Catherine de Bourgh Simon Woods as Mr Charles Bingley Tamzin Merchant as Georgiana Darcy Claudie Blakley as Charlotte Lucas Kelly Reilly as Caroline Bingley Rupert Friend as Mr George Wickham Rosamund Stephen as Anne de Bourgh Cornelius Booth as Colonel Fitzwilliam Penelope Wilton as Mrs Gardiner Peter Wight as Mr Gardiner Meg Wynn Owen as Mrs Reynolds Sinead Matthews as Betsy Production ( edit ) Conception and adaptation ( edit ) As with several recent Jane Austen adaptations , Pride & Prejudice was an Anglo - American collaboration , between British studio Working Title Films ( in association with French company StudioCanal ) and its American parent company Universal Studios . Working Title at the time was known for mainstream productions like Bridget Jones 's Diary and Love Actually that drew international audiences , rather than films in the historical drama genre . Its co-chairman Tim Bevan explained that the studio wanted to `` bring Austen 's original story , concentrating on Lizzie , back in all its glory to the big screen for audiences everywhere to enjoy '' . Given a `` relatively inexpensive '' budget of £ 22 million ( $28 million ) , the film was expected to excel at the box office , particularly based on the commercial successes of Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) and Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) as well as the resurgence of interest in Austen 's works . Screenwriter Deborah Moggach changed the film 's period setting to the late 18th century partly out of concern that it would be overshadowed by the 1995 BBC adaptation . Given little instruction from the studio , screenwriter Deborah Moggach spent over two years adapting Pride and Prejudice for film . She had sole discretion with the early script , and eventually wrote approximately ten drafts . Realising it held `` a perfect three - act structure '' , Moggach attempted to be as faithful to the original novel as possible , calling it `` so beautifully shaped as a story -- the ultimate romance about two people who think they hate each other but who are really passionately in love . I felt , ' If it 's not broken , do n't fix it . ' '' While she could not reproduce the novel 's `` fiercely wonderful dialogue in its entirety '' , she attempted to keep much of it . Moggach 's first script was closest to Austen 's book , but later versions trimmed extraneous storylines and characters . Moggach initially wrote all scenes from Elizabeth 's point of view in keeping with the novel ; she later set a few scenes from the male perspective , such as when Bingley practices his marriage proposal , in order to `` show Darcy and Bingley being close '' and to indicate Darcy was a `` human being instead of being stuck up '' . Small details were inserted that acknowledged wider events outside of the characters ' circle , such as those then occurring in France . While Moggach is the only screenwriter credited for the film , playwright Lee Hall also made early additions to the script . Television director Joe Wright was hired in early 2004 , making Pride & Prejudice his directional feature film debut . He was considered a surprising choice for a film in the romance drama genre due to his past work with social realism . Wright 's body of work had impressed the producers , who were looking for a fresh perspective ; they sent him a script despite the fact that Wright had not read the novel . He commented that at the time , `` I did n't know if I was really all that interested ; I thought I was a little bit more mainstream than this , a bit more edgy . But then I read the script and I was surprised I was very moved by it '' . He next read the novel , which he called `` an amazing piece of character observation and it really seemed like the first piece of British Realism . It felt like it was a true story ; had a lot of truth in it about understanding how to love other people , understanding how to overcome prejudices , understanding the things that separate us from other people ... things like that . '' `` I wanted to make something that is about young people , about young people experiencing these emotions for the first time and not understanding the feelings they are having . If you have a 40 - year - old man as your star not understanding the feeling he 's having then it becomes a bit unbelievable and suspect , rather like The 40 - Year - Old Virgin or something instead of Pride & Prejudice '' . -- Director Joe Wright commenting on the ages of the actors in the 1940 adaptation The only adaptation of Pride and Prejudice Wright had seen was the 1940 production , which was the last time the novel had been adapted into a feature film . The director purposely did not watch the other productions , both out of fear he would inadvertently steal ideas and because he wanted to be as original as possible . He did , however , watch other period films , including Ang Lee 's Sense and Sensibility , Roger Michell 's Persuasion , and John Schlesinger 's Far from the Madding Crowd ; Wright cited this last film as the greatest influence on his own adaptation , calling it `` very real and very honest -- and it is quite romantic as well '' . In trying to create an atmosphere of charged flirtation , the director also gained inspiration from teen romance films such as Sixteen Candles and The Breakfast Club . Wright 's hire occurred while Moggach was on her third draft . Despite her desire to work closely with Austen 's dialogue , Wright made an effort to not `` be too reverential to ( it ) . I do n't believe people spoke like that then ; it 's not natural . '' While a few scenes , such as the discussion over accomplished women , aligned closely with the author 's original dialogue , many others `` substituted instead a mixture of modern idiom and archaic - sounding sentence structure '' . One alteration concerned politeness ; Wright noted that while Austen 's work had characters waiting before speaking , he believed that `` particularly in big families of girls , everyone tends to speak over each other , finishing each other 's sentences , etc . So I felt that the Bennet family 's conversations would be overlapping like that . '' Sense and Sensibility actress and screenwriter Emma Thompson aided in script development , though she opted to be uncredited . She advised the nervous director about adapting Austen for the screen and made dialogue recommendations , such as with parts of the Collins - Charlotte storyline . Citing the year Austen first wrote a draft of the novel , Wright and Moggach changed the period setting from 1813 ( the novel 's publication date ) to the late eighteenth century ; this decision was partly because Wright wanted to highlight the differences within an England influenced by the French Revolution , as he was fascinated that it had `` caused an atmosphere among the British aristocracy of fear '' . Additionally , Wright chose the earlier period because he hated dresses with an empire silhouette , which were popular in the later period . The decision helped make the film visually distinct from other recent Austen adaptations . In comparison to the popular 1995 BBC version , which featured Colin Firth and Jennifer Ehle , producer Paul Webster desired to make an adaptation that `` does n't conform to the television drama stereotypes of a perfect clean Regency world '' . Wright and Moggach opted for a `` muddy hem version '' of Longbourn , presenting a more rural setting than in previous adaptations out of a desire to depict the Bennets in `` very close proximity to their rural life '' and to emphasise their relative poverty . While the degree of poverty was criticised by some critics , Wright felt that the `` mess adds to the drama of the predicament that the family were in '' , and helps contrast the Bennets , Darcys , and Bingleys . Casting ( edit ) See also : Main characters of Pride and Prejudice Wright found casting of the film to be difficult because he was very particular about `` the types of people ( he ) wanted to work with '' . While interviewing to direct , he insisted that the actors match the ages of the characters in the novel . Wright specifically cast actors that had rapport on and off screen , and insisted that they partake in three weeks of rehearsal in improvisation workshops . Wright also had to balance who he thought was best for each role with what the producers wanted -- mainly a big name attraction . Though Wright had not initially pictured someone as attractive as English actress Keira Knightley for the lead role of Elizabeth Bennet , he cast her after realising that the actress `` is really a tomboy ( and ) has a lively mind and a great sense of humour '' . Knightley at the time was known for Bend It Like Beckham and the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . She had been an Austen fan since age 7 , but initially feared taking the role out of apprehension that she would be doing `` an absolute copy of Jennifer Ehle 's performance '' , which she deeply admired . Knightley believed Elizabeth is `` what you aspire to be : she 's funny , she 's witty and intelligent . She 's a fully rounded and very much loved character . '' For the period , the actress studied etiquette , history and dancing but ran into trouble when she acquired a short haircut while preparing for her role in the bounty hunter film Domino . Keira Knightley 's name recognition allowed the casting of actor Matthew Macfadyen , who was little known internationally . Webster found the casting of Darcy especially hard due to the character 's iconic status and because `` Colin Firth cast a very long shadow '' as the 1995 Darcy . Wright later commented that his choice of Knightley allowed him to cast comparative unknown Matthew Macfadyen , something that would have been impossible had he chosen a less well - known actress for Elizabeth Bennet . Macfadyen at the time was known for his role in the British television spy series Spooks , but had no recognition internationally . A fan of the actor 's television work , Wright called Macfadyen `` a proper manly man ... I did n't want a pretty boy kind of actor . His properties were the ones I felt I needed ( for Darcy ) . Matthew 's a great big hunk of a guy . '' Macfadyen did not read the novel before filming , preferring to rely solely on the script . According to Wright , Rosamund Pike was cast as the eldest sister `` because ( he ) knew she was n't going to play her as a nice , simple person . Jane has a real interior world , she has her heart broken . '' Despite being Pike 's ex-boyfriend , Simon Woods was cast as her romantic interest Mr Bingley . The other three Bennet sisters were played by Talulah Riley , Carey Mulligan , and Jena Malone , the only American actress among them . Wright believed Malone to have a `` pretty faultless English accent '' . Mulligan heard about the casting call at a dinner hosted by Julian Fellowes , to whom she had written a letter after failing to get into drama school ; she won the part after three auditions . Tamzin Merchant appears as Georgiana Darcy ; she was hired despite having no previous acting experience after she wrote a letter to the casting director . In addition to Merchant , Pride & Prejudice was the feature film debut of both Mulligan and Riley . Donald Sutherland reminded Wright of his own father and was cast as the Bennet patriarch ; Wright thought the actor possessed the `` strength to handle those six women '' . Brenda Blethyn was hired to play Mrs Bennet , whom Moggach believed to be the unsung heroine of the film ; Wright explained that it was `` a tricky part ( to fill ) , as she can be very annoying ; you want to stop her chattering and shrieking . But Brenda has the humour and the heart to show the amount of love and care Mrs Bennet has for her daughters . '' Wright convinced veteran actress Judi Dench to join the cast as Lady Catherine de Bourgh by writing her a letter that read `` I love it when you play a bitch . Please come and be a bitch for me . '' Dench had only one week available to shoot her scenes , forcing Wright to make them his first days of filming . Costume design ( edit ) Jacqueline Durran designed the Bennet sisters ' costumes based on their characters ' specific characteristics . From left : Mary , Elizabeth , Jane , Mrs Bennet , Kitty and Lydia . Known for her BAFTA award - winning work on the 2004 film Vera Drake , Jacqueline Durran was hired as the costume designer . She and Wright approached his film `` as a difficult thing to tackle '' because of their desire to distinguish it from the television adaptation . Due to Wright 's dislike of the high waistline , Durran focused on later eighteenth century fashions that often included a corseted , natural waistline rather than an empire silhouette ( which became popular after the 1790s ) . A generational divide was established : the older characters dress in mid-eighteenth century fashions while the young wear `` a sort of proto - Regency style of hair and dress '' . Mrs Bennet was of the older generation , and her dresses appeared to have been mended . Durran 's costumes also helped emphasise social rank among the different characters ; Caroline Bingley for instance is introduced in an empire silhouetted dress , clothing that would have then been at the height of fashion . During her interview , Durran opined that all the women wear white at the Netherfield Ball due to its contemporary popularity , an idea that Wright credits as his reason for hiring her . All of the costumes were handmade , as clothing was at the time . However , costumes and hairstyles were adjusted to appeal to contemporary audiences , sacrificing historical accuracy . To help differentiate the Bennet sisters , Durran viewed Elizabeth as the `` tomboy '' , clothing her in earthy colours because of her love of the countryside . For the other sisters , Durran remarked , `` Jane was the most refined and yet it 's still all a bit slapdash and homemade , because the Bennets have no money . One of the main things Joe wanted was for the whole thing to have a provincial feel . Mary is the bluestocking : serious and practical . And then Lydia and Kitty are a bit Tweedledum and Tweedledee in a kind of teenage way . I tried to make it so that they 'd be sort of mirror images . If one 's wearing a green dress , the other will wear a green jacket ; so you always have a visual asymmetry between the two . '' In contrast to the 1940 film , the 2005 production displayed the Bennet sisters in worn - down but comfortable dresses that allowed the actors better moveability . Mr Darcy 's costume went through a series of phases . Durran noted : `` The first time we see him he 's at Meriton ( sic ) , where he has a very stiffly tailored jacket on and he 's quite contained and rigid . He stays in that rigid form for the first part of the film . By the time we get to the proposal that goes wrong in the rain , we move to a similar cut , but a much softer fabric . And then later he 's got a completely different cut of coat , not interlined and he wears it undone . The nth degree is him walking through the mist in the morning , completely undressed by 18th - century standards . It 's absolutely unlikely , but then Lizzie 's in her nightie , so what can you say ? '' Filming ( edit ) Stamford , Lincolnshire represented the fictional village of Meryton . ( Filming of the militia pictured ) Moggach believed the novel was very filmable , `` despite it containing no description and being a very unvisual book '' . To Wright , many other period films had relied on paintings for inspiration rather than photographs , causing them to appear unreal . He thus used `` Austen 's prose ( to give him ) many visual references for the people in the story '' , including using close - up shots of various characters . The filmmakers also changed several scenes to more romantic locales than those in the book . For instance , in the film , Darcy first proposes outdoors in a rainstorm at a building with neoclassical architecture ; in the book , this scene takes place inside a parsonage . In the film , his second proposal occurs on the misty moors as dawn breaks ; in the book , he and Elizabeth are walking down a country lane in broad daylight . Wright has acknowledged that `` there are a lot of period film clichés ; some of them are in the film and some are not , but for me it was important to question them '' . Filming of Pemberly partly occurred at Chatsworth House , often believed to have been Austen 's inspiration for the Darcy residence . Basildon Park During script development , the crew spent four to five months scouting locations , creating a `` constant going back and forth between script and location '' . The film was shot entirely on location within England on an 11 - week schedule during the 2004 summer . Co-producer Paul Webster noted that `` it is quite unusual for a movie this size to be shot entirely on location . Part of Joe ( Wright ) 's idea was to try to create a reality which allows the actors to relax and feel at one with their environment . '' Working under production designer Sarah Greenwood and set decorator Katie Spencer , the crew filmed on seven estates in six different counties . Because `` nothing exists in the United Kingdom that is untouched by the twenty - first century '' , many of the sites required substantial work to make them suitable for filming . Visual effects company Double Negative digitally restored several locations to make them contemporaneous ; they eradicated weeds , enhanced gold plating on window frames , and removed anachronisms such as gravel driveways and electricity pylons . Double Negative also developed the typeface used for the film 's title sequence . Production staff selected particularly grand - looking residences to better convey the wealth and power of certain characters . Locations included Chatsworth House in Derbyshire , the largest privately held country house in England . Chatsworth and Wilton House in Salisbury stood in for Pemberley . After a search of various sites in England , the moated manor house Groombridge Place in Kent was chosen for Longbourn . Location manager Adam Richards believed Groombridge had an `` immense charm '' that was `` untouched by post-17th Century development '' . Reflecting Wright 's choice of realism , Groombridge 's interior was designed to be `` shabby chic '' . Representing Netherfield Park was the late - 18th century site Basildon Park in Berkshire , leading it to close for seven weeks to allow time for filming . Burghley House in Cambridgeshire stood in for Rosings , while the adjacent town of Stamford served as Meryton . Other locations included Haddon Hall ( for The Inn at Lambton ) , the Temple of Apollo and Palladian Bridge of Stourhead ( for the Gardens of Rosings ) , Hunsford ( for Collins ' parsonage and church ) and Peak District ( for Elizabeth and the Gardiners ' tour ) . The first dance scenes were shot on a set in a potato warehouse in Lincolnshire with the employment of local townspeople as extras ; this was the only set the crew built that was not already in existence . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Film locations of Pride and Prejudice ( 2005 ) . Music ( edit ) Further information : Pride & Prejudice ( soundtrack ) Italian composer Dario Marianelli wrote the film score , the first of his four collaborations with Wright . Their relationship began when Paul Webster , who had worked with Marianelli on the 2001 film The Warrior , introduced him to Wright . In their first conversation , Marianelli and Wright discussed the early piano sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven , which `` became a point of reference '' and `` starting point '' for the original score . In addition to Beethoven , pieces such as `` Meryton Townhall '' and `` The Militia Marches In '' ( featuring the flute ) were inspired by the film 's period , with the intention that they could conceivably have been heard during that time . `` Meryton Townhall '' and `` Another Dance '' contained actual dance cues that were fitting for the late eighteenth century . According to music critic William Ruhlmann , Marianelli 's score had a `` strong Romantic flavour to accompany the familiar romantic plot '' . Multiple scenes feature actors playing pianos , forcing Marianelli to complete several of the pieces before filming began . According to him , `` Those pieces already contained the seeds of what I developed later on into the score , when I abandoned historical correctness for a more intimate and emotional treatment of the story '' . Marianelli was not present when the actors played his music due to the birth of his second daughter . The soundtrack featured French pianist Jean - Yves Thibaudet , whom Wright considered one of the greatest piano players in the world . Thibaudet was accompanied by the English Chamber Orchestra . The soundtrack ultimately contained seventeen instrumental tracks of music organised in a different way from the film . Editing ( edit ) `` You have to be true to the integrity of the book and to Jane Austen , but then you also have to be quite ruthless . What you do n't see , you do n't miss ... By focusing on Elizabeth Bennett and what 's happening to her , and her gruelling and difficult journey , certain things slough off as you go along . '' -- Deborah Moggach on editing the film In contrast to the five - hour BBC adaptation , Wright compressed his film into two hours and nine minutes of screen time . He remarked that the film is `` obviously about Elizabeth and Darcy , following them and anything that detracts or diverts you from that story is what you have to cut '' . Some of the most notable changes from the original book include time compression of several major sequences , including the departure of Wickham and the militia , Elizabeth 's visit to Rosings Park and Hunsford Parsonage , Elizabeth 's visit to Pemberley , Lydia 's elopement and subsequent crisis ; the elimination of several supporting characters , including Mr and Mrs Hurst , Mr and Mrs Phillips , Lady and Maria Lucas , Mrs Younge , several of Lydia 's friends ( including Colonel and Mrs Forster ) and various military officers and townspeople ; and the elimination of several sections in which characters reflect or converse on events that have recently occurred -- for example , Elizabeth 's chapter - long change of mind after reading Darcy 's letter . Moggach and Wright debated how to end the film , but knew they did not want to have a wedding scene `` because we did n't want Elizabeth to come off as the girl who became a queen at this lavish wedding , or for it to be corny '' . Shortly before the North American release , the film was modified to include a final scene ( not in the novel ) of the married Darcys enjoying a romantic evening and passionate kiss at Pemberley in an attempt to attract sentimental viewers ; this became a source of complaint for the Jane Austen Society of North America ( JASNA ) . After watching a preview of the film before its wide release , former JASNA president Elsa Solender commented , `` It has nothing at all of Jane Austen in it , is inconsistent with the first two - thirds of the film , insults the audience with its banality and ought to be cut before release '' . It had been removed from the British version after preview audiences found it unintentionally humorous ; however , later audiences complained that they were excluded from viewing this version , causing the film to be re-released in the UK and Ireland 10 weeks after the original UK premiere date . The original British version ended with Mr Bennet 's blessing upon Elizabeth and Darcy 's union , thus circumventing the last chapter in the novel , which summarises the lives of the Darcys and the other main characters over the next several years . Major themes and analysis ( edit ) Romanticism and realism ( edit ) Film , literary , and Austen scholars noted the appearance of romance and romanticism within Pride & Prejudice , especially in comparison to previous adaptations . Sarah Ailwood marked the film as `` an essentially Romantic interpretation of Austen 's novel '' , citing as evidence Wright 's attention to nature as a means to `` position Elizabeth and Darcy as Romantic figures ... Wright 's Pride & Prejudice takes as its central focus Austen 's concern with exploring the nature of the Romantic self and the possibilities for women and men to achieve individual self - fulfillment within an oppressive patriarchal social and economic order . '' Likewise , Catherine Stewart - Beer of Oxford Brookes University called Elizabeth 's presence on the Derbyshire cliff a `` stunning , magical evocation of Wright 's strong stylistic brand of Postmodern Romanticism '' , but found this less like Austen and more reminiscent of Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights . In her analysis , University of Provence scholar Lydia Martin concluded that the `` Romantic bias of the film is shown through the shifts in the characters ' relationships , the soundtrack and the treatment of landscape '' . Realism is a prominent aspect of the film , a theme confirmed by Wright in interviews as well as the DVD audio commentary . In a 2007 article , Ursinus College film studies professor Carole Dole argued that Pride & Prejudice is `` a hybrid that embraces both an irreverent realism to which younger audiences are accustomed ( and which reflects the director 's realist aesthetic ) and the classic heritage film 's reverence for country houses , attractive landscapes and authentic period detail '' . Such `` irreverent realism '' included the depiction of Longbourn as a working farm complete with chickens , cattle and pigs ; as Dole explains , `` The agricultural realities of 1790s England are equally evident in the enclosed yard with barn and hay where Lizzie twirls barefoot over the mud on a rope swing '' . Referring to recent adaptations such as 1999 's gritty Mansfield Park , Dole cited Pride & Prejudice as evidence that the heritage film is still around but has `` been transformed into a more flexible genre '' . Jessica Durgan agreed with this assessment , writing that the film `` simultaneously reject ( s ) and embrac ( es ) heritage to attract a larger audience '' . Family ( edit ) Raised with three sisters , Moggach was particularly interested in the story 's family dynamics . Brock University professor Barbara K. Seeber believed that in contrast to the novel , the 2005 adaptation emphasises the familial over the romantic . Evidence of this can be seen in how Pride & Prejudice `` significantly recast the Bennet family , in particular its patriarch , presenting Mr Bennet as a sensitive and kind father whose role in the family 's misfortunes is continually downplayed . '' Seeber further observed that the film is `` the first to present Mrs Bennet in a sympathetic light '' , with Mr Bennet displayed as `` an attentive husband as well as a loving father . '' Stewart - Beer and Austen scholar Sally B. Palmer noted alterations within the depiction of the Bennet family ; Stewart - Beer remarked that while their family home `` might be chaotic , in this version it is , at heart , a happy home -- much happier and much less dysfunctional , than Austen 's original version of Longbourn ... For one , Mr and Mrs Bennet actually seem to like each other , even love each other , a characterisation which is a far cry from the source text . '' Producer Paul Webster acknowledged the familial theme in the DVD featurette `` A Bennet Family Portrait '' , remarking `` Yes , it 's a great love story between Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy , but underpinning it all is the kind of love that runs this family . '' Depiction of Elizabeth Bennet ( edit ) Wright intended for the film to be `` as subjective as possible '' in being from Elizabeth 's perspective ; the audience first glimpses Darcy when she does . This focus on Elizabeth features some dramatic changes from the novel . Knightley 's Elizabeth has an `` increasingly aloof and emotionally distant '' relationship with her family . Evidence of this can be seen with Elizabeth 's gradual alienation from Jane as the film progresses ; this is in contrast to the book , where Elizabeth confides more of her feelings to Jane after difficult events . Wright wanted to create a `` real '' relationship between the two sisters and have them grow apart , as he thought the book depicted them as too `` syrupy . '' Moggach 's intent was for Elizabeth to `` keep secrets to herself . They are a great burden to her ... As she keeps all this to herself , we feel for her more and more . The truest comedy , I believe , is born from pain . '' In her `` feisty , impassioned '' interactions with Darcy and `` rebellious refusal to ' perform ' '' for Lady Catherine , Stewart - Beer sees Knightley 's depiction as `` far removed from Austen 's original Elizabeth , who has a greater sense of grounded maturity , even though both Elizabeths have an occasional inclination to fluster , fun and giggles . '' According to George Washington University professor Laurie Kaplan , while Wright 's focus on Elizabeth is consistent with the novel , the screenplay removed her line of self - recognition : `` Till this moment , I never knew myself '' . Kaplan characterises the sentence as Elizabeth 's `` most important '' , and believes its deletion `` violates not only the spirit and the essence of Austen 's story but the viewer 's expectations as well . '' Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) After a string of Jane Austen semi-adaptions in the late 1990s and early 2000s , Pride & Prejudice was positioned to take audiences `` back into the world of period drama and what many saw as a more authentic version of Austen . '' While the novel was known to audiences , the large number of related productions required the film to distinguish itself . It was marketed to attract mainstream , young viewers , with one observer referring to it as `` the ultimate chick - flick romance '' and `` more commercial than previous big - screen Austen adaptations . '' Another wrote that it brings `` millennial girlhood to the megaplex ... If Ehle 's Lizzie is every forty - , or fifty - something 's favorite independent , even ' mature , ' Austen heroine , Knightley is every twenty - something 's sexpot good girl . '' An ampersand replaced the word `` and '' in the film title , similar to the 1996 postmodern film Romeo + Juliet . Already a star at the time of release , Knightley 's appearance in the film was emphasised by featuring her in all promotional materials ( similar to Colin Firth 's prominent appearance in the 1995 adaptation ) . Several commentators likened the main poster of Pride & Prejudice to that of 1995 's Sense and Sensibility , which was seen as an attempt to attract the same demographic . Advertising noted that the film came `` from the producers of Bridget Jones 's Diary '' , a 2001 romantic comedy film , before mentioning Austen . Leading up to the release , fans were allowed to download pictures and screensavers online , which emphasised the differences between Pride & Prejudice and previous adaptations . Lydia Martin wrote that in contrast to past Pride and Prejudice productions , marketing materials downplayed the `` suggested antagonism between the heroes '' in favour of highlighting a `` romantic relationship '' , as can be seen with the positioning of the characters as well as with the tagline , `` Sometimes the last person on earth you want to be with is the one you ca n't be without . '' Box Office ( edit ) On 11 September 2005 , Pride & Prejudice premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival as a special Gala Presentation . The film was released in cinemas on 16 September in the United Kingdom and Ireland . It achieved the number one spot in its first week , earning £ 2.5 million ( $4.6 million ) while playing on 397 screens . The film stayed at the top for two more weeks , earning by then a total of over £ 9 million at the UK box office . It was featured on 412 screens at its widest domestic release . On 11 November 2005 , the film debuted in the United States with an opening weekend of $2.9 million on 215 screens . Two weeks later , it played on 1,299 screens and box office returns increased to $7.2 million ; the film left cinemas the week of 24 February 2006 with a total US gross of $38,405,088 . Jack Foley , the president of distribution of Focus Features , the film 's US distributor , attributed Pride & Prejudice 's success in America to Austen 's appeal to `` the boomer market '' and its status as a known `` brand '' . Pride & Prejudice was released in an additional fifty - nine countries between September 2005 and May 2006 by United International Pictures . With a worldwide gross of $121,147,947 , it was the 72nd highest grossing film of 2005 in the US and was the 41st highest internationally . Home media ( edit ) In the US and UK , Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the standard VHS and DVD in February 2006 for both widescreen and fullframe ; attached bonus features included audio commentary by director Joe Wright , a look into Austen 's life and the ending scene of Elizabeth and Darcy kissing . On 13 November 2007 , Universal released the deluxe edition DVD to coincide with the theatrical arrival of Wright 's 2007 film Atonement . The deluxe edition included both widescreen and fullscreen features , the original soundtrack CD , a collectible book and booklet , as well as a number of special features not included in the original DVD . In the US , a Blu - ray version of the film was released by Universal on 26 January 2010 , which also contained bonus features . Reception ( edit ) Pride & Prejudice was only the second film version after `` the famed , but oddly flawed , black - and - white 1940 adaptation , starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier '' , and until 2005 , The Times considered the 1995 television adaptation `` so dominant , so universally adored , ( that ) it has lingered in the public consciousness as a cinematic standard . '' Wright 's film consequently met with some scepticism from admirers of Austen , especially in relation to plot changes and casting choices. `` Any resemblance to scenes and characters created by Miss Austen is , of course , entirely coincidental , '' mocked The New Yorker 's film critic . Given Austen 's characters were landed gentry , especially criticised was the re-imagining of the Bennetts as country bumpkins , lacking even the basics of table manners , and their home `` a barnyard '' . Comparing six major adaptations of Pride and Prejudice in 2005 , The Daily Mirror gave the only top marks of 9 out of 10 to the 1995 serial and the 2005 film , leaving the other adaptations behind with six or fewer points . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has a `` certified fresh '' approval rating of 85 % based on reviews from 172 critics , with an average rating of 7.7 out of 10 . The website 's consensus reads : `` Sure , it 's another adaptation of cinema 's fave Jane Austen novel , but key performances and a modern filmmaking sensibility make this familiar period piece fresh and enjoyable . '' Metacritic reported an average score of 82 out of 100 , based on 37 reviews and classified the film as `` universally acclaimed '' . Critics claimed the film 's time constraints did not capture the depth and complexity of the television serials and called Wright 's adaptation `` obviously ( not as ) daring or revisionist '' as the serial . JASNA president Joan Klingel Ray preferred the young age of Knightley and Macfadyen , saying that Jennifer Ehle had formerly been `` a little too ' heavy ' for the role . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian , while praising Knightley for an outstanding performance `` which lifts the whole movie '' , considered the casting of the leads `` arguably a little more callow than Firth and Ehle . '' He does add that `` Only a snob , a curmudgeon , or someone with necrophiliac loyalty to the 1995 BBC version with Colin Firth and Jennifer Ehle could fail to enjoy ( Knightley 's ) performance . '' At the time , BBC film critic Stella Papamichael considered it Knightley 's `` best performance yet . '' However , The Daily Telegraph critic thought Knightley 's acting skills slight , in her view , `` Someone who radiates little more than good - mannered perkiness '' , and that between her and Macfadyen there was `` little spark '' . Critics were divided about Macfadyen 's portrayal of Darcy , expressing pleasant surprise , dislike for his lack of gradual emotional shift as in the novel , and praise for his matching the insecure and sensitive personality of the book character better than Firth . Critics also drew attention to other aspects of the film . Writing for The Sydney Morning Herald , Sandra Hall criticised Wright 's attention to realism for being `` careless with the customs and conventions that were part of the fabric of Austen 's world . '' In another review , Time Out magazine lamented the absence of Austen 's `` brilliant sense of irony '' , remarking that the film 's `` romantic melodrama 's played up at the expense of her razor - sharp wit . '' More positively , Derek Elley of Variety magazine praised Wright and Moggach for `` extracting the youthful essence '' of the novel while also `` providing a richly detailed setting '' under Greenwood and Durran 's supervision . Equally pleased with the film was the San Francisco Chronicle 's Ruthe Stein , who wrote that Wright made a `` spectacular feature film debut '' that is `` creatively reimagined and sublimely entertaining '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today called it `` a stellar adaptation , bewitching the viewer completely and incandescently with an exquisite blend of emotion and wit . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards Best Actress Keira Knightley Nominated Best Original Score Dario Marianelli Nominated Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood , Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Paul Tothill Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics Best New Filmmaker Joe Wright Won British Academy Film Awards Best British Film Pride & Prejudice Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Brenda Blethyn Nominated Most Promising Newcomer Joe Wright Won Best Adapted Screenplay Deborah Moggach Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Best Makeup & Hair Fae Hammond Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Actress Keira Knightley Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Best Actress Keira Knightley Nominated Best Cinematography Roman Osin Nominated Best Supporting Actor Donald Sutherland Nominated Most Promising Filmmaker Joe Wright Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress Keira Knightley Nominated Best British Film Pride & Prejudice Won Best Director Joe Wright Nominated Best Newcomer Kelly Reilly Won European Film Awards Best Cinematographer Roman Osin Nominated Best Composer Dario Marianelli Nominated Best Film Joe Wright Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Keira Knightley Nominated Best Film -- Musical or Comedy Pride & Prejudice Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle British Actress of the Year Keira Knightley Nominated British Director of the Year Joe Wright Won British Film of the Year Pride & Prejudice Nominated British Newcomer of the Year Matthew Macfadyen Nominated British Newcomer of the Year Joe Wright Nominated British Supporting Actor of the Year Tom Hollander Won British Supporting Actress of the Year Brenda Blethyn Nominated British Supporting Actress of the Year Rosamund Pike Nominated Impact and legacy ( edit ) Wright 's adaptation failed to have the same cultural impact as the 1995 serial and has since attracted sharply - divided opinions . However , even three years after the release , Knightley was still associated with Elizabeth Bennet among a generation of young viewers who had not seen the 1995 production . Given the varied opinions about the film , JASNA published an edited special issue of its online journal Persuasions On - Line in 2007 with the collaboration of nineteen Austen scholars from six countries ; the intent was to foster discussion and stimulate scholarly analysis . JASNA had done this only once before , for the 1996 film Emma . Pride & Prejudice impacted later productions in the costume drama and heritage film genres . Literary critics protested that Wright 's adaptation effectively `` popularized Austen 's celebrated romance and brought her novel to the screen as an easy visual read for an undemanding mainstream audience . '' Carole Dole noted that the film 's success `` only made it more likely that future adaptations of Austen will feature , if not necessarily mud , then at least youthful and market - tested performers and youth - oriented filmmaking techniques balanced with the visual pleasures of the heritage film . '' She cited Anne Hathaway in the 2007 film Becoming Jane as an example . Jessica Durgan added that Pride & Prejudice conceived a new hybrid genre by rejecting the visual cues of the heritage film , which attracted `` youth and mainstream audiences without alienating the majority of heritage fans . '' Production of Pride & Prejudice began Wright 's relationship with Working Title Films , the first of four collaborations . Many members of the film 's cast and crew joined Wright in his later directorial efforts . For his adaptation of Atonement , which he viewed as `` a direct reaction to Pride & Prejudice '' , Wright hired Knightley , Blethyn , Marianelli , Thibaudet , Greenwood , and Durran . Atonement employed themes similar to Austen 's , including the notion of a young writer living in `` an isolated English country house '' who `` mixes up desires and fantasies , truths and fiction . '' Wright 's 2009 film The Soloist included Hollander , Malone , and Marianelli , while Hollander was also featured in Hanna ( 2011 ) . Wright 's 2012 adaptation of Anna Karenina features Knightley , Macfadyen , Marianelli , Durran , and Greenwood and is produced by Bevan , Eric Fellner , and Webster . On 11 December 2017 , Netflix announced that a person from Chile watched the film 278 times during the entire year . It was later reported that the person is a 51 - year old woman , who declared herself as `` obssesed '' to the film and sees Elizabeth Bennet as `` a feminist icon '' . See also ( edit ) Film portal Jane Austen portal Jane Austen in popular culture Janeite List of literary adaptations of Pride and Prejudice Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Austen wrote a draft of First Impressions ( later renamed Pride and Prejudice ) between October 1796 and August 1797 . Jump up ^ Recent Austen adaptations included Mansfield Park ( 1999 ) , Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy ( 2003 ) , and Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pride & Prejudice ( U ) '' . United International Pictures . British Board of Film Classification . 25 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : British Film Institute . ^ Jump up to : The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Box Office Mojo Profile . ^ Jump up to : Dole 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Elley 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Higson 2011 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Durgan 2007 . Jump up ^ Troost 2007 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Focus Features Production 2005 . Jump up ^ Andrew 2011 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Higson 2011 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Cartmell 2010 , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Spunberg 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Wells 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Dawtrey 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Holden 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Hoggard 2005 . Jump up ^ Higson 2011 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : DeGennaro 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Fetters . ^ Jump up to : Haun 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Austen 2008 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 10 : 00 -- 10 : 40 . ^ Jump up to : Hewitt 2005 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 55 : 30 -- 55 : 44 . Jump up ^ Silvers & Olsen 2011 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Cartmell 2010 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Cartmell 2010 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Woodworth 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rojas Weiss 2005 . Jump up ^ Lee 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Alberge 2004 . ^ Jump up to : The Daily Mail 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Wright 2005 , 4 : 10 -- 4 : 35 . Jump up ^ Hall 2010 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Challand & Graham 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2010 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2005 , 3 : 10 -- 3 : 20 . Jump up ^ Cartmell 2010 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 1 : 00 : 05 -- 1 : 00 : 15 . ^ Jump up to : Robey 2006 . Jump up ^ Tandy 2007 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 23 : 40 -- 24 : 00 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 7 : 30 -- 7 : 40 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 35 : 10 -- 35 : 30 . Jump up ^ Demory 2010 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Focus Features Locations 2005 . Jump up ^ Chan 2007 . Jump up ^ Gymnich , Ruhl & Scheunemann 2010 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Austen 2006 , pp. 392 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Cartmell 2010 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Knightley 2005 , 1 : 25 -- 1 : 30 . Jump up ^ Whitlock 2010 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Desowitz 2005 . Jump up ^ Silvers & Olsen 2011 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 4 : 50 -- 4 : 55 . Jump up ^ BBC News 2004 . Jump up ^ Whitlock 2010 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ McGhie 2005 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 5 : 00 -- 5 : 14 , 11 : 00 -- 11 : 30 . ^ Jump up to : Goldwasser 2006 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 1 : 00 -- 1 : 20 . ^ Jump up to : Gilligan 2011 . ^ Jump up to : PRNewswire 2006 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Hudelet & Wiltshire 2009 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Gymnich , Ruhl & Scheunemann 2010 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Higson 2011 , pp. 172 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Brownstein 2011 , pp. 53 . Jump up ^ Dawson Edwards 2008 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Working Title Films 2005d . Jump up ^ Austen 2006 , pp. 403 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Demory 2010 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Ailwood 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart - Beer 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Martin 2007 . Jump up ^ Paquet - Deyris 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Seeber 2007 . Jump up ^ Palmer 2007 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 6 : 40 -- 6 : 55 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 14 : 00 -- 14 : 30 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2007 . Jump up ^ Higson 2011 , pp. 161 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Dawson Edwards 2008 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Troost 2007 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Higson 2011 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Sadoff 2010 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Camden 2007 . Jump up ^ MTV 2005 . Jump up ^ Working Title Films 2005a . ^ Jump up to : Papamichael 2005 . Jump up ^ Working Title Films 2005b . Jump up ^ Working Title Films 2005c . ^ Jump up to : Box Office Mojo International Box Office . ^ Jump up to : UK Film Council . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times 2005 . Jump up ^ Gray 2005 . Jump up ^ Carrier 2006 . Jump up ^ PRNewswire 2007 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Briscoe 2005 . Jump up ^ Demory 2010 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony `` Parent Traps '' , The New Yorker , 14 November 2005 Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony `` Parent Traps '' , The New Yorker , 14 November 2005 Jump up ^ Edwards 2005 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : Bradshaw 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings 2005 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev `` A jolly romp to nowhere '' , The Daily Telegraph ( London ) , 16 September 2005 Jump up ^ Gleiberman 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Time Out 2005 . Jump up ^ Hall 2005 . Jump up ^ Stein 2005 . Jump up ^ Puig 2005 . Jump up ^ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ Soares 2006a . Jump up ^ Kimmel 2005 . Jump up ^ British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Jump up ^ Working Title Films 2006 . Jump up ^ Broadcast Film Critics Awards 2006 . Jump up ^ Soares 2006b . Jump up ^ Empire Awards 2006 . Jump up ^ Soares 2006c . Jump up ^ Hollywood Foreign Press Association 2005 . Jump up ^ Barraclough 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Camden & Ford 2007 . Jump up ^ Wightman 2011 . Jump up ^ Wells 2008 , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Copeland & McMaster 2011 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Sabine 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Working Title Films 2011 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna 2007 . Jump up ^ Wells 2008 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Monger . Jump up ^ Bradshaw 2009 . Jump up ^ Pham 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2011 . Jump up ^ Villa 2017 . Jump up ^ Gutiérrez 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Andrew , Dudley ( 2011 ) . `` The Economies of Adaptation '' . True to the Spirit : Film Adaptation and the Question of Fidelity . Colin MacCabe , Rick Warner , Kathleen Murray ( editors ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 27 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 537467 - 3 . Austen , Jane ( 2006 ) . Jane Austen : Complete and Unabridged . Sarah S.G. Frantz ( editor ) . Barnes & Noble Publishing , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7401 - 3 . Austen , Jane ( 2008 ) . Pride and Prejudice : A Penguin Enhanced e-Book Classic . Vivian Jones , Tony Tanner , Juliette Wells ( editors ) . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 143951 - 3 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2014 . Brownstein , Rachel M. ( 2011 ) . Why Jane Austen ? . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 15390 - 2 . Cartmell , Deborah ( 2010 ) . Screen Adaptations : Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice : A Close Study of the Relationship between Text and Film . A&C Black Publishers Ltd . ISBN 1 - 4081 - 0593 - 4 . Copeland , Edward ; McMaster , Juliet ( 2011 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 74650 - 7 . Dawson Edwards , Kyle ( 2008 ) . Corporate Fictions : Film Adaptation and Authorship in the Classical Hollywood Era . ProQuest Information and Learning Company . ISBN 0 - 549 - 38632 - 7 . Demory , Pamela ( 2010 ) . `` Jane Austen and the Chick Flick in the Twenty - first Century '' . Adaptation Studies : New Approaches . Christa Albrecht - Crane , Dennis Cutchins ( editors ) . Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp. pp. 121 -- 149 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 4262 - 4 . Gymnich , Marion ; Ruhl , Kathrin ; Scheunemann , Klaus ( 2010 ) . `` Revisiting the Classical Romance : Pride and Prejudice , Bridget Jones 's Diary and Bride and Prejudice '' . Gendered ( Re ) Visions : Constructions of Gender in Audiovisual Media . Bonn University Press . pp. 23 -- 44 . ISBN 3 - 89971 - 662 - 0 . Higson , Andrew ( 2011 ) . Film England : Culturally English Filmmaking Since the 1990s . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84885 - 454 - 4 . Monaghan , David ; Hudelet , Ariane ; Wiltshire , John ( 2009 ) . The Cinematic Jane Austen : Essays on the Filmic Sensibility of the Novels . McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3506 - 2 . Silvers , Josh ; Olsen , Toby D. ( 2011 ) . `` Pride and Prejudice : Establishing Historical Connections Among the Arts '' . Conjuring the Real : The Role of Architecture in Eighteenth - And Nineteenth - Century Fiction . Rumiko Handa , James Potter ( editors ) , Iain Borden ( foreword ) . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 191 -- 214 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1743 - 9 . Troost , Linda V. ( 2007 ) . `` The Nineteenth - Century Novel on Film : Jane Austen '' . The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen . Deborah Cartmell , Imelda Whelehan ( editors ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 75 -- 89 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61486 - 4 . Whitlock , Cathy ( 2010 ) . Designs on Film : A Century of Hollywood Art Direction . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 088122 - 4 . Essays and journals ( edit ) Ailwood , Sarah ( Summer 2007 ) . `` What Are Men to Rocks and Mountains ? ' Romanticism in Joe Wright 's Pride & Prejudice ' '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Camden , Jen ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Sex and the Scullery : The New Pride & Prejudice '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 29 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Camden , Jen ; Ford , Susan Allen ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Something new to be observed ... for ever '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Chan , Mary ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Location , Location , Location : The Spaces of Pride & Prejudice '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Dole , Carole ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Jane Austen and Mud : Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) , British Realism and the Heritage Film '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Durgan , Jessica ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Framing Heritage : The Role of Cinematography in Pride & Prejudice '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Gilligan , Kathleen E. ( 2011 ) . `` Jane Austen 's Unnamed Character : Exploring Nature in Pride and Prejudice ( 2005 ) '' . Student Pulse. 3 ( 12 ) . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Kaplan , Laurie ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Inside Out / Outside In : Pride & Prejudice on Film 2005 '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Martin , Lydia ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Joe Wright 's Pride & Prejudice : From Classicism to Romanticism '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Palmer , Sally B. ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Little Women at Longbourn : The Re-Wrighting of Pride and Prejudice '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Paquet - Deyris , Anne - Marie ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Staging intimacy and interiority in Joe Wright 's Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Sabine , Maureen ( Fall 2008 ) . `` With My Body I Thee Worship : Joe Wright 's Erotic Vision in Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) '' . Journal of Religion and Popular Culture . 20 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Sadoff , Dianne F. ( Spring 2010 ) . `` Marketing Jane Austen at the Megaplex '' . Novel : A Forum on Fiction. 43 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 92 . doi : 10.1215 / 00295132 - 2009 - 067 . Seeber , Barbara K. ( Summer 2007 ) . `` A Bennet Utopia : Adapting the Father in Pride and Prejudice '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Stewart - Beer , Catherine ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Style over Substance ? Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Proves Itself a Film for Our Time '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Tandy , Ann M. ( Summer 2007 ) . `` ' Just What a Young Man Ought to Be ' : The 2005 Pride & Prejudice and Transitional Ideas of Gentility '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Wells , Juliette ( Summer 2007 ) . `` A Fearsome Thing to Behold ' ? The Accomplished Woman in Joe Wright 's Pride & Prejudice ' '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Wells , Juliette ( 2008 ) . `` Shades of Austen in Ian McEwan 's Atonement '' ( PDF ) . New Directions in Austen Studies . 30 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 112 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Woodworth , Megan ( Summer 2007 ) . `` ' I am a gentleman 's daughter ' ? Translating Class from Austen 's Page to the Twenty - first - century Screen '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Interviews ( edit ) `` Interview with the cast of Pride & Prejudice '' . Daily Mail . 9 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . DeGennaro , Alexa ( 12 November 2005 ) . `` Interview with New Pride and Prejudice Director Joe Wright '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Fetters , Sara Michelle . `` It 's Austen All Over Again '' . MovieFreak.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Goldwasser , Dan ( March 2006 ) . `` Interview -- Dario Marianelli '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . 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Film Journal International . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Holden , Stephen ( 11 November 2005 ) . `` Marrying Off Those Bennet Sisters Again , but This Time Elizabeth Is a Looker '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Kimmel , Daniel M. ( 11 December 2005 ) . `` Boston film crix hail Brokeback , Capote '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . McGhie , Caroline ( 24 August 2005 ) . `` A house in want of a fortune '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 23 June 2013 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Papamichael , Stella ( 16 September 2005 ) . `` Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Pham , Alex ( 24 July 2010 ) . `` COMIC - CON 2010 : Zack Snyder 's Sucker Punch goes for grrrl power '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Puig , Claudia ( 10 November 2005 ) . `` This Pride does Austen proud '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Roberts , Laura ( 16 December 2010 ) . `` British actresses who made their name starring in Jane Austen adaptations '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 24 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Rojas Weiss , Sabrina ( 11 November 2005 ) . `` Keira Knightley Has Austen Power '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 12 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Sanderson , Elizabeth ; Challand , Christine ; Graham , Caroline ( 3 May 2010 ) . `` The miseducation of Carey Mulligan : How did actress become our hottest leading lady ? '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 7 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Stein , Ruthe ( 11 November 2005 ) . `` Luscious new Pride & Prejudice updates the mating game '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . 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Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . `` 63rd Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . 13 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Hall , Katy ( 18 March 2010 ) . `` Carey Mulligan Gets An Education In Movie Stardom '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . `` Weekend box office '' . Los Angeles Times . 15 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . McCarthy , Todd ( 30 March 2011 ) . `` Hanna : Movie Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . McCutcheon , David ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` Pride Finds Prejudice '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 film ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . 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Gutiérrez , Catalina ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` '' Me gusta Orgullo y Prejuicio porque es feminista `` '' ( `` I like Pride & Prejudice because is a feminist film '' ) ( in Spanish ) . Women Talk . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Press releases ( edit ) `` Pride & Prejudice : The Locations '' ( Press release ) . Focus Features . 1 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice : The Production '' ( Press release ) . Focus Features . 1 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . `` Nominated for Four Academy Awards ( R ) * Including Best Actress Keira Knightley Universal Studios Home Entertainment Is Proud to Announce the DVD Release of Jane Austen 's Ultimate Romance Pride & Prejudice '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. 31 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . `` From Universal Studios Home Entertainment : Pride & Prejudice 2 Disc Deluxe Gift Set '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. 20 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice gala screening in Toronto '' ( Press release ) . Working Title Films. 29 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice released this weekend '' ( Press release ) . Working Title Films. 15 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice is a number 1 hit '' ( Press release ) . Working Title Films. 19 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice -- US ending now on release in UK '' ( Press release ) . Working Title Films. 25 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . 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External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pride and Prejudice ( 2005 film ) Official website Pride & Prejudice on IMDb Pride & Prejudice at Rotten Tomatoes Pride & Prejudice at Metacritic Pride & Prejudice at Box Office Mojo Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice Characters Bennet family Elizabeth Bennet Fitzwilliam Darcy William Collins Lady Catherine de Bourgh Mr. Wickham Films Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy ( 2003 ) Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Television Pride and Prejudice ( 1958 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1967 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1980 ) Trishna ( 1985 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1995 ) Will be Somewhere ( 2004 ) Lost in Austen ( 2008 ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2013 ) Novels Darcy 's Story ( 1995 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Mr. Darcy 's Daughters ( 2003 ) Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman An Assembly Such as This ( 2003 ) Duty and Desire ( 2004 ) These Three Remain ( 2005 ) Austenland ( 2007 ) Love , Lies and Lizzie ( 2009 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2009 parody ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls ( 2010 parody ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2011 ) Longbourn ( 2013 ) Other First Impressions ( 1959 musical ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1993 musical ) Beyond a Joke ( 1997 ) Stolthet och fördom ( 2011 opera ) The Lizzie Bennet Diaries ( 2012 web series ) Austenland ( 2013 film ) See also Pride & Prejudice ( soundtrack ) Pemberley List of literary adaptations Joe Wright Films Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) The Soloist ( 2009 ) Hanna ( 2011 ) Anna Karenina ( 2012 ) Pan ( 2015 ) Darkest Hour ( 2017 ) Television Charles II : The Power and the Passion ( 2003 ) Black Mirror ( `` Nosedive '' ( 2016 ) ) Empire Award for Best British Film Shallow Grave ( 1996 ) Trainspotting ( 1997 ) The Full Monty ( 1998 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1999 ) Notting Hill ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Love Actually ( 2004 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2005 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2006 ) United 93 ( 2007 ) Atonement ( 2008 ) RocknRolla ( 2009 ) Harry Brown ( 2010 ) Kick - Ass ( 2011 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2012 ) Sightseers ( 2013 ) The World 's End ( 2014 ) Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) Spectre ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) God 's Own Country ( 2018 ) BNE : XX5018874 BNF : cb15099859r ( data ) GND : 7643135 - 6 SUDOC : 110142225 VIAF : 212908763 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_%26_Prejudice_(2005_film)&oldid=842617460 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s historical films 2000s romantic drama films American films American historical films American romantic drama films Best British Film Empire Award winners British films British historical films British romantic drama films Directorial debut films Feminist films Films based on Pride and Prejudice Films directed by Joe Wright Films produced by Tim Bevan Films produced by Eric Fellner Films scored by Dario Marianelli Films set in country houses Films shot in Berkshire Films shot in Kent Films shot in Wiltshire French films French historical films French romantic drama films Historical romance films Romantic period films StudioCanal films Universal Pictures films Working Title Films films Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 15 : 41 . 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-9204643594655795851 | The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 1) | The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( season 1 ) - wikipedia The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search See also : Secret Life ( disambiguation ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( season 1 ) Season 1 Volume 1 DVD Cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 23 Release Original network ABC Family Original release July 1 , 2008 -- March 23 , 2009 Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of The Secret Life of the American Teenager episodes The first season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager , an American television series created by Brenda Hampton , debuted on the ABC Family television network on July 1 , 2008 . The first season comprises 23 episodes , the first eleven of which ended on September 9 , 2008 . Despite marketing issues , the remaining twelve ended up as part of the first season , which concluded its initial airing on March 23 , 2009 . Season one regular cast members include Shailene Woodley , Molly Ringwald , Daren Kagasoff , Kenny Baumann , Francia Raisa , Megan Park , India Eisley , Greg Finley II , Jorge Pallo , Mark Derwin , and Luke Zimmerman . Kyle XY was ABC Family 's highest rated original series from June 2006 - July 2008 , but lost its reign when the series premiere of The Secret Life of the American Teenager brought in 2.8 million viewers . The season finale brought in 4.50 million viewers , 2.4 million of whom were females . The show was the number one scripted telecast on March 23 , 2009 in viewers 12 - 34 and the number one telecast that night in viewers . The season focuses on the relationships between families and friends dealing with the unexpected teen pregnancy of character Amy Juergens , portrayed by Shailene Woodley . Probably the last girl anyone would expect to suffer such a scandalous event , Amy 's world begins to expand as she discovers that virtually every student at her high school deals with some secret or unexpected problems , from the religious good - girl Grace to the tough - kid Ricky and to clingy loving Ben . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 2 Episodes 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Main cast ( edit ) Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens Kenny Baumann as Ben Boykewich Mark Derwin as George Juergens India Eisley as Ashley Juergens Greg Finley as Jack Pappas Daren Kagasoff as Ricky Underwood Jorge - Luis Pallo as Marc Molina Megan Park as Grace Bowman Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens Episodes ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Falling In Love '' Ron Underwood Brenda Hampton July 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 01 ) 2.82 After losing her virginity to 16 - year - old Ricky Underwood at band camp , 15 - year - old Amy Juergens discovers that she is pregnant . Scared to tell her parents and unsure what to do , she turns to her two best friends , Lauren and Madison , for help . To confirm the pregnancy they run out and buy her three different pregnancy tests , all of which turn up positive . They encourage her to go to her doctor but not to tell until she is absolutely certain . Meanwhile , in a quest to lose his virginity , Ben Boykewich , sees Amy across the crowded hallway and is encouraged by his best friends , Henry and Alice , to ask her out . He joins the band to meet her and one day asks her to the homecoming dance after the school 's big football game . There he becomes completely enamored by her , as does she , however Amy struggles with having to tell him that she 's pregnant . Lauren and Madison attempt to convince Amy to have sex with Ben and tell him the baby is his , but she refuses . Ricky comes up to Amy telling her she should n't be with Ben . Meanwhile , Jack Pappas , longtime boyfriend to the adherently Christian Grace Bowman , struggles with the idea of having to wait at least ten more years to have sex with Grace . Under pressure he secretly spends the night with Adrian Lee , the school majorette and Ricky 's girlfriend . At the dance he begs her not to tell anyone about their night spent together . They kiss and are caught by Tom Bowman , Grace 's brother , who alerts Grace ( as well as the entire school ) to Jack 's infidelity . `` You Are My Everything '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton July 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 08 ) 2.81 Despite Madison and Lauren 's insistence that Amy tell her parents about their pregnancy , Amy insists on convincing herself that Ricky and her pregnancy never happened and tries to go about her life as normal . As they discuss Amy 's situation , they are overheard by Henry and Alice in the hallway and the rumor spreads throughout the school that Ricky and Amy had sex . Meanwhile , Ricky attempts to pursue Amy , despite her insistence that she is seeing someone else and is not interested . Despite the new rumor about Ricky and Amy and despite Adrian 's kiss with Jack , Adrian and Ricky continue to see each other , however their relationship is wrought with constant bickering . Ben continues to be completely enamored by Amy , even going to far as admitting to Henry and Alice that he can see himself marrying her . They warn him about the rumor they overheard and he begins to fear that he is in competition with Ricky . He tells Amy he heard the rumors but that they mean nothing to him , telling Amy he loves her . During this time , Jack is also pleading with Grace for forgiveness but she refuses to speak to him . At school , she calls her mother and asks to take her home . Her mother encourages her not to blame herself ( or Jack and Adrian ) and to just let things go . When Jack comes by Grace 's house her father shoos him off the porch , however , hearing that Jack came to see her makes her begin to want Jack back again , despite her father 's warnings to stay away from him from now on . She tells Jack the next day at school that she is willing to forgive Jack and go back out with him as long as she gets her parent 's permission and as long as he does n't try to pressure her into having sex until she 's ready and Jack agrees . `` I Feel Sick '' Ron Underwood Brenda Hampton July 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) 2.48 Ben continues to fall hard for Amy , and the two share their first kiss . Elsewhere , Amy tells her sister about her pregnancy before she tells her parents , Grace uses Ricky as a cover to sneak around with Jack , and a jealous Adrian feels like Ricky is just using her for sex . `` Caught '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton July 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) 3.09 Amy ca n't stand Ben 's clingy behavior , especially in the face of her parents ' increasingly strained relations with one another . Elsewhere , Ricky continues to play a part in Grace and Jack 's plot to see each other , but as things backfire , Jack seeks comfort from Adrian . 5 5 `` What Have You Done to Me ? '' Ron Underwood Brenda Hampton July 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 29 ) 3.58 Ben and Amy are at odds about what to do : he 's thinking marriage and that the baby might be his , while she 's thinking about having an abortion . Elsewhere , Ashley pleads with her dad not to leave home and Grace learns that Jack did more than kiss Adrian . 6 6 `` Love for Sale '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 05 ) 4.10 After much delay , Amy tells her mother that she 's pregnant . Meanwhile , on a day Amy does n't show up at school , rumors circulate that she took off in order to `` take care '' of her problem . 7 7 `` Absent '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Jeffery Rodgers August 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 12 ) 3.70 Amy weighs her options regarding her residency situation . Meanwhile , Ricky wrestles with taking responsibility for his actions . 8 8 `` Your Cheatin ' Heart '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata August 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 19 ) 3.91 Amy 's grandmother , `` Mimsy '' ( Alice Hirson ) , visits the family and offers to help out with Amy 's situation . Later on they , find out that she has Alzheimer 's . Elsewhere , Adrian makes sure her budding friendship with Grace is on display for all to see . 9 9 `` Slice of Life '' Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton , Jeff Olsen , & Chris Olsen August 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 26 ) 3.65 Amy and Ashley spend some time bonding with their dad , while Adrian locates her estranged father . Elsewhere , Tom has a little party for himself , complete with pizza and a prostitute ( Jennifer Coolidge ) he calls , and Jason and Madison see Lauren kissing Ricky . Amy finds out that her dad , George , is seeing Adrian 's mom . Meanwhile , Adrian finds her dad as she waits out by his house . Near the end , Anne find out that George was sleeping with Adrian 's mom and is now sleeping in the furniture store . Anne and Ashley now think that George is broke and they are now in poverty . 10 10 `` Back to School Special '' Keith Truesdell Caroline Kepnes September 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 02 ) 3.90 Amy finally makes a decision regarding where she will go to school . Elsewhere , Adrian 's mom suggests that Adrian develop a relationship with her dad ; and Henry and Alice take a new step in their relationship . When Amy returns to school the next day , Ben , Grace , Jack , Henry , Alice , Lauren , Madison , Jason , and Ricky supports Amy 's decision to come back to school . 11 11 `` Just Say No '' Jason Priestley Teleplay by : Jeff Olson & Caroline Kepnes Story by : Elaine Arata & Brenda Hampton September 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 09 ) 4.54 Adrian disappears from school , which sparks a salacious rumor and a call to the police from her dad . Meanwhile , Grace receives multiple warnings about Ricky , and Amy and Ben mull the next move in their relationship . 12 12 `` The Secret Wedding of the American Teenager '' Lindsley Parsons III Brenda Hampton January 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 05 ) 4.37 After hearing that she will need to get a job and accept responsibility if she was to keep her baby , Amy plans to get married to Ben with fake IDs . Ricky finds out and goes to a boy at school to get one for himself -- as do Henry , Alice , Ashley , Adrian , Grace , Lauren , Madison , Jason , and Jack . George moves into the Juergens ' garage . 13 13 `` Baked Nevada '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton January 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 12 ) 3.10 Party 's over when George and Leo catch Amy and Ben at their wedding reception . Back at the chapel , Tom wants to marry Tammy but Grace stops him . Elsewhere , Ricky starts visiting Adrian again and Amy and Ben learn that their marriage is not legally valid . Jack steps up and falsely confesses to creating the fake IDs , and is forced to do community service . Anne talks with Amy and Ben and gives them advice on what they should do with the baby , when Amy feels her baby kick for the first time . 14 14 `` The Father and the Son '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton January 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) 3.91 Ashley enlists the help of Reverend Stone ( Tom Virtue ) to ensure that her parents will stay together . Ricky 's estranged father , Bob ( MADtv 's Bryan Callen ) , returns to town on parole in search of his son . He pays a visit to Amy and her family and later threatens Ricky with the possibility of giving the baby up for adoption . Amy reveals to her parents that Ricky has been sexually abused by his father and Anne suggests that they should seriously consider what 's best for the baby - -- adoption . Amy seriously considers this option and discusses it with Ben and Ricky , who both want her to keep the baby , but for very different reasons . Anne seeks out the advice of Reverend Stone to see if he knows any nice families who are looking to adopt . 15 15 `` That 's Enough of That '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers January 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 26 ) 3.10 Ricky tells Adrian about his abusive father and reveals that as long as his father is around , he wo n't see Grace . Come time to find out the sex of the baby , Ben is disappointed when Amy tells him she does n't want him to come with her to her appointment . Meanwhile , Bob ( Bryan Callen ) again approaches Ricky with the idea of giving up the baby for adoption , and Jack 's community service starts out very unexpectedly . Anne begins to fully accept the consequences of Amy being pregnant and Ben records a video of Amy , revealing that she is having a boy . Ricky 's father goes back to jail for possession of illegal drugs . 16 16 `` Chocolate Cake '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers February 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) 3.05 Ben is distraught over the fact that Ricky and Amy were planning to meet to talk about the baby without him . Frustrated , he decides to join them in their decision . Meanwhile , Anne goes to meet Reverend Stone and finds out about Ashley 's plan to stop her parents ' divorce . Jack finds out Shawna is n't interested in him and goes to see Grace to tell her that Ricky and Adrian are still having sex and Adrian 's father catches her in a compromising position with her stepbrother , Max . Meanwhile , George finds out his two gay co-workers are interested in adopting Amy 's baby and Ashley admits to Anne that she has been upset and promises not to act out anymore . Later , Ricky agrees to let Amy give the baby up for adoption . 17 17 `` Unforgiven '' Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata February 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 09 ) 3.50 Ben tells Amy that he needs some space and starts to doubt about his relationship with Amy who becomes aggravated . Jack and Shawna agree to see each other . Adrian and Grace argue over Ricky , but become closer to each other as a result . Elsewhere , Grace 's parents apologize to each other and George interviews people who are interested in adopting Amy 's baby . Meanwhile , Ricky and Amy get into a heated discussion about her breakup with Ben and putting the baby up for adoption . Making her hurt and upset by his objections , Ricky then tries to console her . George 's gay co-workers come by and talk to George and Anne about them wanting to adopt Amy 's baby , and Amy agrees . Ricky tells Jack that he is through with both of Adrian and Grace for good and wants to be with Amy . 18 18 `` Making Up Is Hard to Do '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton , Chris Olsen , & Jeff Olsen February 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 16 ) 3.51 Ricky sees Dr. Fields and tells him that he has his mind set on Amy . He also tells him that he 's going to try and sabotage the adoption . Ashley skips school , and runs into a schoolmate , Thomas . Then , Ashley tries to talk Ben into pursuing Amy . Elsewhere , Max comes over to Adrian 's condo and go on their first date . Duncan tells Jack that if he hurts Shawna , he will pay the consequences . Later on , Amy and Ricky meet with Donovan and Leon . After the interview , Donovan and Leon decide that they want to try to adopt their foster kids instead . 19 19 `` Money for Nothing , Chicks for Free '' Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton & Caroline Kepnes February 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) 3.27 Anne receives a potential job offer , Adrian tries to change her style by `` becoming a virgin again '' , and Jack raises money for underprivileged children . Elsewhere , Amy and Ben get back together , Donovan and Leon tell the Juergens they do n't want to adopt Amy 's baby , and Amy decides not to go through with adoption . Ashley sneaks around with Thomas and gets to know him better . Because of Amy 's decision , Anne and Ben pressure her into getting a job . 20 20 `` Maybe Baby '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton March 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) 3.32 Ben and Ricky both get a job together at Ben 's dad 's sausage shop . Meanwhile , George gets a loan on a foreclosed house , and Amy begins to worry about her diet . Ashley is clearly upset over Amy wanting to get rid of the baby and expresses her anger when she finds the tape that Amy and Ben made for the baby . Amy fights with Ashley and George , admitting she really does care about her son and Ashley tells Amy that she is a smart girl and that she can handle the baby . However , both envious Grace and Adrian want to make sure she does NOT keep the baby because it gives her a tie to Ricky . Amy 's friends mysteriously all show up at her house and Grace tells Amy she found her a job at the Church where she could get day care and insurance . With the support of her friends and her father and sister , Amy changes her mind about keeping the baby . She asks her mother if she can keep the baby and her mother agrees . 21 21 `` Whoomp ! ( There It Is ) '' Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) 3.35 A baby shower is planned for Amy . In the mean time , Grace and Jack reconnect and Ricky practices how to change a diaper . George tells Anne and Ashley that he is moving out , however , on her way to her baby shower , Amy goes into labor and George gets a call so he can meet Amy , Anne , and Ashley at the hospital . Ben suggests to Amy to call Ricky and tell him that she is in labor . 22 22 `` One Night at Band Camp '' John Schneider Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) 3.11 As Amy goes into labor , she becomes cranky and flashes back to the first time she met Ricky at band camp and how he charmed her . Tom tries to get Grace and Jack back together and Grace asks her parents for their permission . Amy realizes the sex between her and Ricky was n't entirely his fault and feels bad for blaming it all on him . Elsewhere , Ricky tells Ashley that he wants to care for the baby and help Amy by being a good friend and Adrian realizes she still cares for Ricky . 23 23 `` And Unto Us , A Child Is Born '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) 4.49 Friends and family gather at the hospital to give their support to the Juergens family , who eagerly await the arrival of Amy 's baby . At the same time , Ben and Ricky agree to forge a friendship as they discuss their future relationship . When Adrian arrives at the hospital to support Ricky , Grace tells Ricky that she 's getting back together with Jack . Several hours later , Amy 's baby is finally born , Amy 's classmates all get to see the baby , and Amy and Ashley decide to name him John . Upon returning home , however , Amy struggles with adjusting to being a new mom . Later , Ricky visits his newborn son and realizes he might like fatherhood , while Ashley and George surprise Anne by moving out of the family home . Reception ( edit ) The series received a mixed reception when it began broadcasting . Many mainstream critics praised the messages presented in the series , although it was also criticized for its direction and writing . New York Post praised the series for having a set of characters that are `` ... real and come from families of all stripes -- from intact to single - parent households to one boy in foster care ... '' The pilot episode broke the record for highest rated debut for ABC Family , beating Kyle XY , with 2.82 million viewers . The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers , beating the night 's 90210 which had almost half its usual number of viewers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family 's The Secret Life of the American Teenager picked up for second season - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 2009 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Show listings : The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Millions of viewers tune - in to discover who is ' Kyle XY ' '' ( PDF ) . ABC FamilyNet. 2006 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards , Penguins of Madagascar and WWE RAW lead cable '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jul 2 , 2008 03 : 19 PM ( 2008 - 07 - 02 ) . `` ' American Teenager ' sets ABC Family record - The Live Feed THR '' . Thrfeed.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick . ( July 15 208 ) TV originals drive small ratings gain Variety . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick . ( July 23 , 2008 ) Secret a teen dream Variety . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick . ( 6 August 2008 ) ' American Teenager ' stays hot Variety . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick . ( August 6 , 2008 ) American Teenager stays hot Variety . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family scores with ' Teenager ' - Entertainment News , Weekly TV , Media '' . Variety . 2008 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick . ( August 19 , 2008 ) Olympic Games wins ratings gold Variety . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Top 20 : The Closer , Cheetah Girls and Law & Order : CI '' . TV by the Numbers . August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama and CNN Best ' The Closer ' and NASCAR on Cable '' . TV by the Numbers . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - ABC Family 's `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' Defeats the First Hour of CW 's Highly - Promoted `` 90210 '' Debut in Viewers 12 - 34 and Females 12 - 34 `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2008 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` Fringe underwhelms but wins night '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Secret Life handily defeats CW 's Gossip Girl '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle XY debut disappoints ; Real Chance soars '' . THRfeed.com . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings : Top cable shows for the week ending January 25 , 2009 including Obama inauguration coverage , WWE RAW , Burn Notice , Psych , SpongeBob , Back at the Barnyard , Battlestar Galactica , Kyle XY and Damages - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Closer , Monk and Burn Notice lead weekly Nielsen Ratings for cable viewing for the week ending February 1 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Monk , WWE RAW , The Closer and Burn Notice lead cable viewing - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : NBA All - Star festivities , The Closer , WWE RAW , and Monk lead week , Damages to return despite ratings - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WWE RAW , The Closer and Monk lead weekly cable viewing - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WWE RAW , The Closer and President Obama lead cable viewing - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` iCarly , Burn Notice and WWE RAW top cable charts - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WWE RAW , Cars , Hannah Montana and SpongeBob Lead Weekly Cable Viewing - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WWE RAW , Hannah Montana and Northern Lights lead cable show rankings - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Good Daughter Comes Home with Bad News in Secret Life '' . New York Post . NYPost.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Secret Life of the American Teenager on IMDb The Secret Life of the American Teenager at TV.com Villarreal , Yvonne ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Secret Life of the American Teenager explores teen pregnancy '' . The Los Angeles Times . LATimes.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . ( hide ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Production Episode list Character list Brenda Hampton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager_(season_1)&oldid=811850628 '' Categories : 2008 American television seasons 2009 American television seasons The Secret Life of the American Teenager seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 12 : 06 . About Wikipedia | when does amy decide to keep the baby | [
"\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n1\n1\n\"Falling In Love\"\nRon Underwood\nBrenda Hampton\nJuly 1, 2008 (2008-07-01)\n2.82[5]\n\n\nAfter losing her virginity to 16-year-old Ricky Underwood at band camp, 15-year-old Amy Juergens discovers that she is pregnant. Scared to tell her parents and unsure what to do, she turns to her two best friends, Lauren and Madison, for help. To confirm the pregnancy they run out and buy her three different pregnancy tests, all of which turn up positive. They encourage her to go to her doctor but not to tell until she is absolutely certain. Meanwhile, in a quest to lose his virginity, Ben Boykewich, sees Amy across the crowded hallway and is encouraged by his best friends, Henry and Alice, to ask her out. He joins the band to meet her and one day asks her to the homecoming dance after the school's big football game. There he becomes completely enamored by her, as does she, however Amy struggles with having to tell him that she's pregnant. Lauren and Madison attempt to convince Amy to have sex with Ben and tell him the baby is his, but she refuses. Ricky comes up to Amy telling her she shouldn't be with Ben. Meanwhile, Jack Pappas, longtime boyfriend to the adherently Christian Grace Bowman, struggles with the idea of having to wait at least ten more years to have sex with Grace. Under pressure he secretly spends the night with Adrian Lee, the school majorette and Ricky's girlfriend. At the dance he begs her not to tell anyone about their night spent together. They kiss and are caught by Tom Bowman, Grace's brother, who alerts Grace (as well as the entire school) to Jack's infidelity.\n\n\n2\n2\n\"You Are My Everything\"\nKeith Truesdell\nBrenda Hampton\nJuly 8, 2008 (2008-07-08)\n2.81[6]\n\n\nDespite Madison and Lauren's insistence that Amy tell her parents about their pregnancy, Amy insists on convincing herself that Ricky and her pregnancy never happened and tries to go about her life as normal. As they discuss Amy's situation, they are overheard by Henry and Alice in the hallway and the rumor spreads throughout the school that Ricky and Amy had sex. Meanwhile, Ricky attempts to pursue Amy, despite her insistence that she is seeing someone else and is not interested. Despite the new rumor about Ricky and Amy and despite Adrian's kiss with Jack, Adrian and Ricky continue to see each other, however their relationship is wrought with constant bickering. Ben continues to be completely enamored by Amy, even going to far as admitting to Henry and Alice that he can see himself marrying her. They warn him about the rumor they overheard and he begins to fear that he is in competition with Ricky. He tells Amy he heard the rumors but that they mean nothing to him, telling Amy he loves her. During this time, Jack is also pleading with Grace for forgiveness but she refuses to speak to him. At school, she calls her mother and asks to take her home. Her mother encourages her not to blame herself (or Jack and Adrian) and to just let things go. When Jack comes by Grace's house her father shoos him off the porch, however, hearing that Jack came to see her makes her begin to want Jack back again, despite her father's warnings to stay away from him from now on. She tells Jack the next day at school that she is willing to forgive Jack and go back out with him as long as she gets her parent's permission and as long as he doesn't try to pressure her into having sex until she's ready and Jack agrees.\n\n\n3\n3\n\"I Feel Sick\"\nRon Underwood\nBrenda Hampton\nJuly 15, 2008 (2008-07-15)\n2.48[7]\n\n\nBen continues to fall hard for Amy, and the two share their first kiss. Elsewhere, Amy tells her sister about her pregnancy before she tells her parents , Grace uses Ricky as a cover to sneak around with Jack, and a jealous Adrian feels like Ricky is just using her for sex.\n\n\n4\n4\n\"Caught\"\nKeith Truesdell\nBrenda Hampton\nJuly 22, 2008 (2008-07-22)\n3.09[8]\n\n\nAmy can't stand Ben's clingy behavior, especially in the face of her parents' increasingly strained relations with one another. Elsewhere, Ricky continues to play a part in Grace and Jack's plot to see each other, but as things backfire, Jack seeks comfort from Adrian.\n\n\n5\n5\n\"What Have You Done to Me?\"\nRon Underwood\nBrenda Hampton\nJuly 29, 2008 (2008-07-29)\n3.58[9]\n\n\nBen and Amy are at odds about what to do: he's thinking marriage and that the baby might be his, while she's thinking about having an abortion. Elsewhere, Ashley pleads with her dad not to leave home and Grace learns that Jack did more than kiss Adrian.\n\n\n6\n6\n\"Love for Sale\"\nKeith Truesdell\nBrenda Hampton\nAugust 5, 2008 (2008-08-05)\n4.10[10]\n\n\nAfter much delay, Amy tells her mother that she's pregnant. Meanwhile, on a day Amy doesn't show up at school, rumors circulate that she took off in order to \"take care\" of her problem.\n\n\n7\n7\n\"Absent\"\nAnson Williams\nBrenda Hampton & Jeffery Rodgers\nAugust 12, 2008 (2008-08-12)\n3.70[11]\n\n\nAmy weighs her options regarding her residency situation. Meanwhile, Ricky wrestles with taking responsibility for his actions.\n\n\n8\n8\n\"Your Cheatin' Heart\"\nKeith Truesdell\nBrenda Hampton & Elaine Arata\nAugust 19, 2008 (2008-08-19)\n3.91[12]\n\n\nAmy's grandmother, \"Mimsy\" (Alice Hirson), visits the family and offers to help out with Amy's situation. Later on they, find out that she has Alzheimer's. Elsewhere, Adrian makes sure her budding friendship with Grace is on display for all to see.\n\n\n9\n9\n\"Slice of Life\"\nJason Priestley\nBrenda Hampton, Jeff Olsen, & Chris Olsen\nAugust 26, 2008 (2008-08-26)\n3.65[13]\n\n\nAmy and Ashley spend some time bonding with their dad, while Adrian locates her estranged father. Elsewhere, Tom has a little party for himself, complete with pizza and a prostitute (Jennifer Coolidge) he calls, and Jason and Madison see Lauren kissing Ricky. Amy finds out that her dad, George, is seeing Adrian's mom. Meanwhile, Adrian finds her dad as she waits out by his house. Near the end, Anne find out that George was sleeping with Adrian's mom and is now sleeping in the furniture store. Anne and Ashley now think that George is broke and they are now in poverty.\n\n\n10\n10\n\"Back to School Special\"\nKeith Truesdell\nCaroline Kepnes\nSeptember 2, 2008 (2008-09-02)\n3.90[14]\n\n\nAmy finally makes a decision regarding where she will go to school. Elsewhere, Adrian's mom suggests that Adrian develop a relationship with her dad; and Henry and Alice take a new step in their relationship. When Amy returns to school the next day, Ben, Grace, Jack, Henry, Alice, Lauren, Madison, Jason, and Ricky supports Amy's decision to come back to school.\n\n\n11\n11\n\"Just Say No\"\nJason Priestley\nTeleplay by: Jeff Olson & Caroline Kepnes\nStory by: Elaine Arata & Brenda Hampton\nSeptember 9, 2008 (2008-09-09)\n4.54[15]\n\n\nAdrian disappears from school, which sparks a salacious rumor and a call to the police from her dad. Meanwhile, Grace receives multiple warnings about Ricky, and Amy and Ben mull the next move in their relationship.\n\n\n12\n12\n\"The Secret Wedding of the American Teenager\"\nLindsley Parsons III\nBrenda Hampton\nJanuary 5, 2009 (2009-01-05)\n4.37[16]\n\n\nAfter hearing that she will need to get a job and accept responsibility if she was to keep her baby, Amy plans to get married to Ben with fake IDs. Ricky finds out and goes to a boy at school to get one for himself--as do Henry, Alice, Ashley, Adrian, Grace, Lauren, Madison, Jason, and Jack. George moves into the Juergens' garage.\n\n\n13\n13\n\"Baked Nevada\"\nAnson Williams\nBrenda Hampton\nJanuary 12, 2009 (2009-01-12)\n3.10[17]\n\n\nParty's over when George and Leo catch Amy and Ben at their wedding reception. Back at the chapel, Tom wants to marry Tammy but Grace stops him. Elsewhere, Ricky starts visiting Adrian again and Amy and Ben learn that their marriage is not legally valid. Jack steps up and falsely confesses to creating the fake IDs, and is forced to do community service. Anne talks with Amy and Ben and gives them advice on what they should do with the baby, when Amy feels her baby kick for the first time.\n\n\n14\n14\n\"The Father and the Son\"\nKeith Truesdell\nBrenda Hampton\nJanuary 19, 2009 (2009-01-19)\n3.91[18]\n\n\nAshley enlists the help of Reverend Stone (Tom Virtue) to ensure that her parents will stay together. Ricky's estranged father, Bob (MADtv's Bryan Callen), returns to town on parole in search of his son. He pays a visit to Amy and her family and later threatens Ricky with the possibility of giving the baby up for adoption. Amy reveals to her parents that Ricky has been sexually abused by his father and Anne suggests that they should seriously consider what's best for the baby-–adoption. Amy seriously considers this option and discusses it with Ben and Ricky, who both want her to keep the baby, but for very different reasons. Anne seeks out the advice of Reverend Stone to see if he knows any nice families who are looking to adopt.\n\n\n15\n15\n\"That's Enough of That\"\nAnson Williams\nBrenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers\nJanuary 26, 2009 (2009-01-26)\n3.10[19]\n\n\nRicky tells Adrian about his abusive father and reveals that as long as his father is around, he won't see Grace. Come time to find out the sex of the baby, Ben is disappointed when Amy tells him she doesn't want him to come with her to her appointment. Meanwhile, Bob (Bryan Callen) again approaches Ricky with the idea of giving up the baby for adoption, and Jack's community service starts out very unexpectedly. Anne begins to fully accept the consequences of Amy being pregnant and Ben records a video of Amy, revealing that she is having a boy. Ricky's father goes back to jail for possession of illegal drugs.\n\n\n16\n16\n\"Chocolate Cake\"\nKeith Truesdell\nBrenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers\nFebruary 2, 2009 (2009-02-02)\n3.05[20]\n\n\nBen is distraught over the fact that Ricky and Amy were planning to meet to talk about the baby without him. Frustrated, he decides to join them in their decision. Meanwhile, Anne goes to meet Reverend Stone and finds out about Ashley's plan to stop her parents' divorce. Jack finds out Shawna isn't interested in him and goes to see Grace to tell her that Ricky and Adrian are still having sex and Adrian's father catches her in a compromising position with her stepbrother, Max. Meanwhile, George finds out his two gay co-workers are interested in adopting Amy's baby and Ashley admits to Anne that she has been upset and promises not to act out anymore. Later, Ricky agrees to let Amy give the baby up for adoption.\n\n\n17\n17\n\"Unforgiven\"\nJason Priestley\nBrenda Hampton & Elaine Arata\nFebruary 9, 2009 (2009-02-09)\n3.50[21]\n\n\nBen tells Amy that he needs some space and starts to doubt about his relationship with Amy who becomes aggravated. Jack and Shawna agree to see each other. Adrian and Grace argue over Ricky, but become closer to each other as a result. Elsewhere, Grace's parents apologize to each other and George interviews people who are interested in adopting Amy's baby. Meanwhile, Ricky and Amy get into a heated discussion about her breakup with Ben and putting the baby up for adoption. Making her hurt and upset by his objections, Ricky then tries to console her. George's gay co-workers come by and talk to George and Anne about them wanting to adopt Amy's baby, and Amy agrees. Ricky tells Jack that he is through with both of Adrian and Grace for good and wants to be with Amy.\n\n\n18\n18\n\"Making Up Is Hard to Do\"\nKeith Truesdell\nBrenda Hampton, Chris Olsen, & Jeff Olsen\nFebruary 16, 2009 (2009-02-16)\n3.51[22]\n\n\nRicky sees Dr. Fields and tells him that he has his mind set on Amy. He also tells him that he's going to try and sabotage the adoption. Ashley skips school, and runs into a schoolmate, Thomas. Then, Ashley tries to talk Ben into pursuing Amy. Elsewhere, Max comes over to Adrian's condo and go on their first date. Duncan tells Jack that if he hurts Shawna, he will pay the consequences. Later on, Amy and Ricky meet with Donovan and Leon. After the interview, Donovan and Leon decide that they want to try to adopt their foster kids instead.\n\n\n19\n19\n\"Money for Nothing, Chicks for Free\"\nJason Priestley\nBrenda Hampton & Caroline Kepnes\nFebruary 23, 2009 (2009-02-23)\n3.27[23]\n\n\nAnne receives a potential job offer, Adrian tries to change her style by \"becoming a virgin again\", and Jack raises money for underprivileged children. Elsewhere, Amy and Ben get back together, Donovan and Leon tell the Juergens they don't want to adopt Amy's baby, and Amy decides not to go through with adoption. Ashley sneaks around with Thomas and gets to know him better. Because of Amy's decision, Anne and Ben pressure her into getting a job.\n\n\n20\n20\n\"Maybe Baby\"\nKeith Truesdell\nBrenda Hampton\nMarch 2, 2009 (2009-03-02)\n3.32[24]\n\n\nBen and Ricky both get a job together at Ben's dad's sausage shop. Meanwhile, George gets a loan on a foreclosed house, and Amy begins to worry about her diet. Ashley is clearly upset over Amy wanting to get rid of the baby and expresses her anger when she finds the tape that Amy and Ben made for the baby. Amy fights with Ashley and George, admitting she really does care about her son and Ashley tells Amy that she is a smart girl and that she can handle the baby. However, both envious Grace and Adrian want to make sure she does NOT keep the baby because it gives her a tie to Ricky. Amy's friends mysteriously all show up at her house and Grace tells Amy she found her a job at the Church where she could get day care and insurance. With the support of her friends and her father and sister, Amy changes her mind about keeping the baby. She asks her mother if she can keep the baby and her mother agrees.\n\n\n21\n21\n\"Whoomp! (There It Is)\"\nJason Priestley\nBrenda Hampton\nMarch 9, 2009 (2009-03-09)\n3.35[25]\n\n\nA baby shower is planned for Amy. In the mean time, Grace and Jack reconnect and Ricky practices how to change a diaper. George tells Anne and Ashley that he is moving out, however, on her way to her baby shower, Amy goes into labor and George gets a call so he can meet Amy, Anne, and Ashley at the hospital. Ben suggests to Amy to call Ricky and tell him that she is in labor.\n\n\n22\n22\n\"One Night at Band Camp\"\nJohn Schneider\nBrenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers\nMarch 16, 2009 (2009-03-16)\n3.11[26]\n\n\nAs Amy goes into labor, she becomes cranky and flashes back to the first time she met Ricky at band camp and how he charmed her. Tom tries to get Grace and Jack back together and Grace asks her parents for their permission. Amy realizes the sex between her and Ricky wasn't entirely his fault and feels bad for blaming it all on him. Elsewhere, Ricky tells Ashley that he wants to care for the baby and help Amy by being a good friend and Adrian realizes she still cares for Ricky.\n\n\n23\n23\n\"And Unto Us, A Child Is Born\"\nKeith Truesdell\nBrenda Hampton\nMarch 23, 2009 (2009-03-23)\n4.49[4]\n\n\nFriends and family gather at the hospital to give their support to the Juergens family, who eagerly await the arrival of Amy's baby. At the same time, Ben and Ricky agree to forge a friendship as they discuss their future relationship. When Adrian arrives at the hospital to support Ricky, Grace tells Ricky that she's getting back together with Jack. Several hours later, Amy's baby is finally born, Amy's classmates all get to see the baby, and Amy and Ashley decide to name him John. Upon returning home, however, Amy struggles with adjusting to being a new mom. Later, Ricky visits his newborn son and realizes he might like fatherhood, while Ashley and George surprise Anne by moving out of the family home.\n\n"
] | [
"\"Maybe Baby\""
] |
-596092551637359468 | German military administration in occupied France during World War II | German military administration in occupied France during World War II - wikipedia German military administration in occupied France during World War II Interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II `` Occupation of France '' and `` Occupied France '' redirect here . For other occupations , see Military occupation of France . Not to be confused with French occupation zone . Military Administration in France Militärverwaltung in Frankreich Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne 1940 -- 1944 Flag Emblem German ( pink ) and Italian ( green ) occupation zones of France : the zone occupée , the zone libre , the zone interdite , the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France , and annexed Alsace - Lorraine . Status Territory under German military administration Capital Paris Military Commander 1940 -- 1942 Otto von Stülpnagel 1942 -- 1944 Carl - Heinrich von Stülpnagel 1944 Karl Kitzinger Historical era World War II Second Compiègne armistice 22 June 1940 Case Anton 11 November 1942 Liberation of Paris 25 August 1944 Preceded by Succeeded by French Third Republic Provisional Government of the French Republic The Military Administration in France ( German : Militärverwaltung in Frankreich ; French : Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne ) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France . This so - called zone occupée was renamed zone nord ( `` north zone '' ) in November 1942 , when the previously unoccupied zone in the south known as zone libre ( `` free zone '' ) was also occupied and renamed zone sud ( `` south zone '' ) . Its role in France was partly governed by the conditions set by the Second Armistice at Compiègne after the blitzkrieg success of the Wehrmacht leading to the Fall of France ; at the time both French and Germans thought the occupation would be temporary and last only until Britain came to terms , which was believed to be imminent . For instance , France agreed that its soldiers would remain prisoners of war until the cessation of all hostilities . Replacing the French Third Republic that had dissolved during France 's defeat was the `` French State '' ( État français ) , with its sovereignty and authority limited to the free zone . As Paris was located in the occupied zone , its government was seated in the spa town of Vichy in Auvergne , and therefore it was more commonly known as Vichy France . While the Vichy government was nominally in charge of all of France , the military administration in the occupied zone was a de facto Nazi dictatorship . Its rule was extended to the free zone when it was invaded by Germany and Italy during Case Anton on 11 November 1942 in response to Operation Torch , the Allied landings in French North Africa on 8 November 1942 . The Vichy government remained in existence , even though its authority was now severely curtailed . The military administration in France ended with the Liberation of France after the Normandy and Provence landings . It formally existed from May 1940 to December 1944 , though most of its territory had been liberated by the Allies by the end of summer 1944 . Contents 1 Occupation zones 2 Administrative structure 3 Collaboration 4 Occupation forces 5 Anti-partisan actions 6 Civilians 6.1 Daily life 6.2 Nightlife in Paris 6.3 Oppression 7 Aftermath 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links Occupation zones ( edit ) German soldiers march by the Arc de Triomphe on the Avenue des Champs - Élysées in Paris ( June 1940 ) . Alsace - Lorraine , which had been annexed after the Franco - Prussian war in 1871 by the German Empire and returned to France after the First World War , was re-annexed by the Third Reich ( thus subjecting their male population to German military conscription . ) The departments of Nord and Pas - de-Calais were attached to the military administration in Belgium and Northern France , which was also responsible for civilian affairs in the 20 - kilometre ( 12 mi ) wide zone interdite along the Atlantic coast . Another `` forbidden zone '' were areas in north - eastern France , corresponding to Lorraine and roughly about half each of Franche - Comté , Champagne and Picardie . War refugees were prohibited from returning to their homes , and it was intended for German settlers and annexation in the coming Nazi New Order ( Neue Ordnung ) . The occupied zone ( French : zone occupée , French pronunciation : ( zon ɔkype ) , German : Besetztes Gebiet ) consisted of the rest of northern and western France , including the two forbidden zones . The southern part of France , except for the western half of Aquitaine along the Atlantic coast , became the zone libre ( `` free zone '' ) , where the Vichy regime remained sovereign as an independent state , though under heavy German influence due to the restrictions of the Armistice ( including a heavy tribute ) and economical dependency on Germany . It constituted a land area of 246,618 square kilometres , approximately 45 percent of France , and included approximately 33 percent of the total French labor force . The demarcation line between the free zone and the occupied zone was a de facto border , necessitating special authorisation and a laissez - passer from the German authorities to cross . German control post on the Demarcation Line These restrictions remained in place after Vichy was occupied and the zone renamed zone sud ( `` south zone '' ) , and also placed under military administration in November 1942 . The Italian occupation zone consisted of small areas along the Alps border , and a 50 - kilometre ( 31 mi ) demilitarised zone along the same . It was expanded to all territory on the left bank of the Rhône river after its invasion together with Germany of Vichy France on 11 November 1942 , except for areas around Lyon and Marseille , which were added to Germany 's zone sud , and Corsica . The Italian occupation zone was also occupied by Germany and added to the zone sud after Italy 's surrender in September 1943 , except for Corsica , which was liberated by the landings of Free French forces and local Italian troops that had switched sides to the Allies . Administrative structure ( edit ) After Germany and France agreed on an armistice following the defeats of May and June , Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and General Charles Huntzinger , representatives of the Third Reich and of the French government of Marshal Philippe Pétain respectively , signed it on 22 June 1940 at the Rethondes clearing in Compiègne Forest . As it was done at the same place and in the same railroad carriage where the armistice ending the First World War when Germany surrendered , it is known as the Second Compiègne armistice . France was roughly divided into an occupied northern zone and an unoccupied southern zone , according to the armistice convention `` in order to protect the interests of the German Reich '' . The French colonial empire remained under the authority of Marshall Pétain 's Vichy regime . French sovereignty was to be exercised over the whole of French territory , including the occupied zone , Alsace and Moselle , but the third article of the armistice stipulated that French authorities in the occupied zone would have to obey the military administration and that Germany would exercise rights of an occupying power within it : In the occupied region of France , the German Reich exercises all of the rights of an occupying power . The French government undertakes to facilitate in every way possible the implementation of these rights , and to provide the assistance of the French administrative services to that end . The French government will immediately direct all officials and administrators of the occupied territory to comply with the regulations of , and to collaborate fully with , the German military authorities . The military administration was responsible for civil affairs in occupied France . It was divided into Kommandanturen ( singular Kommandantur ) , in decreasing hierarchical order Oberfeldkommandanturen , Feldkommandanturen , Kreiskommandanturen , and Ortskommandanturen . German naval affairs in France were coordinated through a central office known as the Höheres Kommando der Marinedienststellen in Groß - Paris ( Supreme Command for Naval Services in the Greater Paris Area ) who in turn answered to a senior commander for all of France known as the Admiral Frankreich . After Case Anton , the `` Admiral Frankreich '' naval command was broken apart into smaller offices which answered directly to the operational command of Navy Group West . Collaboration ( edit ) See also : Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II § France , and Collaborationism § France In order to suppress partisans and resistance fighters , the military administration cooperated closely with the Gestapo , the Sicherheitsdienst , the intelligence service of the SS , and the Sicherheitspolizei , its security police . It also had at its disposal the support of the French authorities and police forces , who had to cooperate per the conditions set in the armistice , to round up Jews , anti-fascists and other dissidents , and vanish them into Nacht und Nebel , `` Night and Fog '' . It also had the help of collaborationists auxiliaries like the Milice , the Franc - Gardes and the Legionary Order Service . The two main collaborationist political parties were the French Popular Party ( PPF ) and the National Popular Rally ( RNP ) , each with 20,000 to 30,000 members . The Milice participated with Lyon Gestapo head Klaus Barbie in seizing members of the resistance and minorities including Jews for shipment to detention centres , such as the Drancy deportation camp , en route to Auschwitz , and other German concentration camps , including Dachau and Buchenwald . Some Frenchmen also volunteered directly in German forces to fight for Germany and / or against Bolsheviks , such as the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism . Volunteers from this and other outfits later constituted the cadre of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne ( 1st French ) . Stanley Hoffmann in 1974 , and after him , other historians such as Robert Paxton and Jean - Pierre Azéma have used the term collaborationnistes to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who , for ideological reasons , wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler 's Germany , in contrast to `` collaborators '' , people who merely cooperated out of self - interest . Examples of these are PPF leader Jacques Doriot , writer Robert Brasillach or Marcel Déat . A principal motivation and ideological foundation among collaborationnistes was anti-communism . Occupation forces ( edit ) The Wehrmacht maintained a varying number of divisions in France . 100,000 Germans were in the whole of the German - zone in France in December 1941 . When the bulk of the Wehrmacht was fighting on the eastern front , German units were rotated to France to rest and refit . The number of troops increased when the threat of Allied invasion began looming large , with the Dieppe raid marking its real beginning . The actions of British Commandos against German troops brought Hitler to condemn them as irregular warfare . In his Commando Order he denied them lawful combatant status , and ordered them to be handed over to the SS security service when captured and liable to be summarily executed . As the war went on , garrisoning the Atlantic Wall and suppressing the resistance became heavier and heavier duties . Some notable units and formations stationed in France during the occupation : 1940 : Luftflotte 2 , Luftflotte 3 operated from airfields in northern France during the Battle of Britain . Luftflotte 3 stayed there to defend against the allied strategic bombings until it had to retreat in 1944 . 1941 : Battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau . The battleship Bismarck was sunk while trying to reach French Atlantic harbors after its commissioning . 1942 : 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich , 4th SS Police Regiment 1943 : At the height of the battle of the Atlantic , between 60 and over a 100 German U-boats were stationed in submarine pens in French Atlantic ports such as La Rochelle , Bordeaux , Saint - Nazaire , Brest , and Lorient . 1944 : 157th Mountain ( Reserve ) Division , Panzer Lehr , XIXth Army , 716th Static Infantry Division , 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend . Anti-partisan actions ( edit ) Further information : French Resistance A volunteer of the French Resistance interior force ( FFI ) at Châteaudun in 1944 The `` Appeal of 18 June '' by de Gaulle 's Free France government in exile in London had little immediate effect , and few joined its French Forces of the Interior beyond those that had already gone into exile to join the Free French . After the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 , the French communist party , hitherto under orders from the Comintern to remain passive against the German occupiers , began to mount actions against them . De Gaulle sent Jean Moulin back to France as his formal link to the irregulars throughout the occupied country to coordinate the eight major Résistance groups into one organisation . Moulin got their agreement to form the `` National Council of the Resistance '' ( Conseil National de la Résistance ) . Moulin was eventually captured , and died under brutal torture by the Gestapo , possibly by Klaus Barbie himself . The resistance intensified after it became clear the tide of war had shifted after the Reich 's defeat at Stalingrad in early 1943 and , by 1944 , large remote areas were out of the German military 's control and free zones for the maquisards , so - called after the maquis shrubland that provided ideal terrain for guerrilla warfare . The most important anti-partisan action was the Battle of Vercors . The most infamous one Oradour - sur - Glane massacre . Other notable atrocities committed were the Tulle massacre , the Le Paradis massacre , the Maillé massacre , and the Ascq massacre . Large maquis where significant military operations were conducted included the maquis du Vercors , the maquis du Limousin , the maquis des Glières , the maquis du Mont Mouchet , and the maquis de Saint - Marcel . Major round - up operations included the battle of Marseille and the Vel ' d'Hiv Roundup . Although the majority of the French population did not take part in active resistance , many resisted passively through acts such as listening to the banned BBC 's Radio Londres , or giving collateral or material aid to Resistance members . Others assisted in the escape of downed US or British airmen who eventually found their way back to Britain , often through Spain . By the eve of the liberation , numerous factions of nationalists , anarchists , communists , socialists and others , counting between 100,000 and up to 400,000 combatants , were actively fighting the occupation forces . Supported by the Special Operations Executive and the Office of Strategic Services that air - dropped weapons and supplies , as well as infiltrating agents like Nancy Wake who provided tactical advice and specialist skills like radio operation and demolition , they systematically sabotaged railway lines , destroyed bridges , cut German supply lines , and provided general intelligence to the allied forces . German anti-partisan operations claimed around 13,000 - 16,000 French victims , including 4,000 to 5,000 innocent civilians . At the end of the war , some 580,000 French had died ( 40,000 of these by the western Allied forces during the bombardments of the first 48 hours of operation Overlord ) . Military deaths were 92,000 in 1939 - 40 . Some 58,000 were killed in action from 1940 to 1945 fighting in the Free French forces . Some 40,000 malgré - nous ( `` against our will '' ) , citizens of re-annexed Alsace - Lorraine drafted into the Wehrmacht , became casualties . Civilian casualties amounted to around 150,000 ( 60,000 by aerial bombing , 60,000 in the resistance , and 30,000 murdered by German occupation forces ) . Prisoners of war and deportee totals were around 1.9 million . Of this , around 240,000 died in captivity . An estimated 40,000 were prisoners of war , 100,000 racial deportees , 60,000 political prisoners and 40,000 died as slave labourers . Civilians ( edit ) The census for 1 April 1941 show 25,071,255 inhabitants in the occupied zone ( with 14.2 m in the unoccupied zone ) . This does not include the 1,600,000 prisoners of war , nor the 60,000 French workers in Germany or the departments of Alsace - Lorraine . Daily life ( edit ) The life of the French during the German occupation was marked , from the beginning , by endemic shortages . They are explained by several factors : One of the conditions of the armistice was to pay the costs of the 300,000 - strong occupying German army , which amounted to 20 million Reichsmark per day . The artificial exchange rate of the German currency against the French franc was consequently established as 1 RM to 20 FF . This allowed German requisitions and purchases to be made into a form of organised plunder and resulted in endemic food shortages and malnutrition , particularly amongst children , the elderly , and the more vulnerable sections of French society such as the working urban class of the cities . The disorganisation of transport , except for the railway system which relied on French domestic coal supplies . The cutting off of international trade and the Allied blockade , restricting imports into the country . The extreme shortage of petrol and diesel fuel . France had no indigenous oil production and all imports had stopped . Labour shortages , particularly in the countryside , due to the large number of French prisoners of war held in Germany , and the Service du travail obligatoire . Rationing tickets for the French population ( July 1944 ) Ersatz , or makeshift substitutes , took the place of many products that were in short supply ; wood gas generators on trucks and automobiles burned charcoal or wood pellets as a substitute to gasoline , and wooden soles for shoes were used instead of leather . Soap was rare and made in some households from fats and caustic soda . Coffee was replaced by toasted barley mixed with chicory , and sugar with saccharin . The Germans seized about 80 percent of the French food production , which caused severe disruption to the household economy of the French people . French farm production fell in half because of lack of fuel , fertilizer and workers ; even so the Germans seized half the meat , 20 percent of the produce , and 80 percent of the Champagne . Supply problems quickly affected French stores which lacked most items . Faced with these difficulties in everyday life , the government answered by rationing , and creating food charts and tickets which were to be exchanged for bread , meat , butter and cooking oil . The rationing system was stringent but badly mismanaged , leading to malnourishment , black markets , and hostility to state management of the food supply . The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1,300 or fewer calories a day , supplemented by home gardens and , especially , black market purchases . Hunger prevailed , especially affecting youth in urban areas . The queues lengthened in front of shops . In the absence of meat and other foods including potatoes , people ate unusual vegetables , such as Swedish turnip and Jerusalem artichoke . Food shortages were most acute in the large cities . In the more remote country villages , however , clandestine slaughtering , vegetable gardens and the availability of milk products permitted better survival . Some people benefited from the black market , where food was sold without tickets at very high prices . Farmers diverted especially meat to the black market , which meant that much less for the open market . Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation . Direct buying from farmers in the countryside and barter against cigarettes were also frequent practices during this period . These activities were strictly forbidden , however , and thus carried out at the risk of confiscation and fines . During the day , numerous regulations , censorship and propaganda made the occupation increasingly unbearable . At night , inhabitants had to abide a curfew and it was forbidden to go out during the night without an Ausweis . They had to close their shutters or windows and turn off any light , to prevent Allied aircraft using city lights for navigation . The experience of the Occupation was a deeply psychologically disorienting one for the French as what was once familiar and safe suddenly become strange and threatening . Many Parisians could not get over the shock experienced when they first saw the huge swastika flags draped over the Hôtel de Ville and flying on top of the Eiffel Tower . The British historian Ian Ousby wrote : Even today , when people who are not French or did not live through the Occupation look at photos of German soldiers marching down the Champs Élysées or of Gothic - lettered German signposts outside the great landmarks of Paris , they can still feel a slight shock of disbelief . The scenes look not just unreal , but almost deliberately surreal , as if the unexpected conjunction of German and French , French and German , was the result of a Dada prank and not the sober record of history . This shock is merely a distant echo of what the French underwent in 1940 : seeing a familiar landscape transformed by the addition of the unfamiliar , living among everyday sights suddenly made bizarre , no longer feeling at home in places they had known all their lives . Ousby wrote that by the end of summer of 1940 : `` And so the alien presence , increasingly hated and feared in private , could seem so permanent that , in the public places where daily life went on , it was taken for granted '' . At the same time France was also marked by disappearances as buildings were renamed , books banned , art was stolen to be taken to Germany and as time went on , people started to vanish . With nearly 75,000 inhabitants killed and 550,000 tons of bombs dropped , France was , after Germany , the second most severely bomb - devastated country on the Western Front of World War II . Allied bombings were particularly intense before and during Operation Overlord in 1944 . The Allies ' Transportation Plan aiming at the systematic destruction of French railway marshalling yards and railway bridges , in 1944 , also took a heavy toll on civilian lives . For example , the 26 May 1944 bombing hit railway targets in and around five cities in south - eastern France , causing over 2,500 civilian deaths . Crossing the ligne de démarcation between the north zone and the south zone also required an Ausweis , which was difficult to acquire . People could write only to their family members , and this was only permissible using a pre-filled card where the sender checked off the appropriate words ( e.g. ' in good health ' , ' wounded ' , ' dead ' , ' prisoner ' ) . The occupied zone was on German time , which was one hour ahead of the unoccupied zone . Other policies implemented in the occupied zone but not in the free zone were a curfew from 10 p.m to 5 a.m , a ban on American films , the suppression of displaying the French flag and singing the Marseillaise , and the banning of Vichy paramilitary organizations and the Veterans ' Legion . Schoolchildren were made to sing `` Maréchal , nous voilà ! '' ( `` Marshall , here we are ! '' ) . The portrait of Marshal Philippe Pétain adorned the walls of classrooms , thus creating a personality cult . Propaganda was present in education to train the young people with the ideas of the new Vichy regime . However , there was no resumption in ideology as in other occupied countries , for example in Poland , where the teaching elite was liquidated . Teachers were not imprisoned and the programs were not modified overall . In the private Catholic sector , many school directors hid Jewish children ( thus saving their life ) and provided education for them until the Liberation . Nightlife in Paris ( edit ) See also : Paris in World War II German soldiers talking with French women by the Moulin Rouge in June 1940 , shortly after the German occupation of Paris One month after the occupation , the bi-monthly soldiers ' magazine Der Deutsche Wegleiter für Paris ( fr ) ( The German Guide to Paris ) was first published by the Paris Kommandantur , and became a success . Further guides , such as the Guide aryien , counted e.g. the Moulin Rouge among the must - see locations in Paris . Famous clubs such as the Folies - Belleville or Bobino were also among the sought - after venues . A wide array of German units were rotated to France to rest and refit ; the Germans used the motto `` Jeder einmal in Paris '' ( `` everyone once in Paris '' ) and provided ' recreational visits ' to the city for their troops . Various famous artists , such as Yves Montand , or later Les Compagnons de la chanson , started their careers during the occupation . Edith Piaf lived above L'Étoile de Kléber , a famous bordello on the Rue Lauriston , which was near to the Carlingue headquarters and often frequented by German troops . The curfew in Paris was not upheld as strictly as in other cities . The Django Reinhardt song `` Nuages '' , performed by Reinhardt and the Quintet of the Hot Club of France in the Salle Pleyel , gained notoriety among both French and German fans . Reinhardt was even invited to play for the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht . The use and abuse of Paris in the visitations of German forces during the Second World War led to a backlash ; the intensive prostitution during the occupation made way for the Loi de Marthe Richard in 1946 , which closed the bordellos and reduced raunchy stage shows to mere dancing events . Oppression ( edit ) During the German occupation , a forced labour policy , called Service du Travail Obligatoire ( `` Obligatory work service , STO '' ) , consisted of the requisition and transfer of hundreds of thousands of French workers to Germany against their will , for the German war effort . In addition to work camps for factories , agriculture , and railroads , forced labour was used for V - 1 launch sites and other military facilities targeted by the Allies in Operation Crossbow . Beginning in 1942 , many refused to be drafted to factories and farms in Germany by the STO , going underground to avoid imprisonment and subsequent deportation to Germany . For the most part , those `` work dodgers '' ( réfractaires ) became maquisards . There were German reprisals against civilians in occupied countries ; in France , the Nazis built an execution chamber in the cellars of the former Ministry of Aviation building in Paris . Many Jews were victims of the Holocaust in France . Approximately 49 concentration camps were in use in France during the occupation , the largest of them at Drancy . In the occupied zone , as of 1942 , Jews were required to wear the yellow badge and were only allowed to ride in the last carriage of the Paris Métro . 13,152 Jews residing in the Paris region were victims of a mass arrest by pro-Nazi French authorities on 16 and 17 July 1942 , known as the Vel ' d'Hiv Roundup , and were transported to Auschwitz where they were killed . Overall , according to a detailed count drawn under Serge Klarsfeld , slightly below 77,500 of the Jews residing in France died during the war , overwhelmingly after being deported to death camps . Out of a Jewish population in France in 1940 of 350,000 , this means that somewhat less than a quarter died . While horrific , the mortality rate was lower than in other occupied countries ( e.g. 75 percent in the Netherlands ) and , because the majority of the Jews were recent immigrants to France ( mostly exiles from Germany ) , more Jews lived in France at the end of the occupation than did approximately 10 years earlier when Hitler formally came to power . The yellow Star of David made mandatory by the Vichy regime in France `` Jews not admitted here '' . Sign outside a restaurant in Paris , rue de Choiseul French Jewish women wearing the yellow badge German soldiers entering a synagogue in Brest that has been converted into a Soldatenbordell ( military brothel → German brothels in occupied France ) Adolf Hitler strolling in front of the Eiffel tower in Paris , 23 June 1940 . Execution chamber inspected by a Parisian policeman and members of the FFI after the liberation . German road signs in occupied Paris . The Feldgendarmerie was responsible for military traffic . German soldiers and captured communists , July 1944 Aftermath ( edit ) The Liberation of France was the result of the Allied operations Overlord and Dragoon in the summer of 1944 . Most of France was liberated by September 1944 . Some of the heavily fortified French Atlantic coast submarine bases remained stay - behind `` fortresses '' until the German capitulation in May 1945 . The Free French exile government declared the re-establishment of a provisional French Republic , ensuring continuity with the defunct Third Republic . It set about raising new troops to participate in the advance to the Rhine and the invasion of Germany , using the French Forces of the Interior as military cadres and manpower pools of experienced fighters to allow a very large and rapid expansion of the French Liberation Army ( Armée française de la Libération ) . Thanks to Lend - Lease , it was well equipped and well supplied despite the economic disruption brought by the occupation , and it grew from 500,000 men in the summer of 1944 to more than 1.3 million by V-E day , making it the fourth largest Allied army in Europe . A plaque commemorating the Oath of Kufra near the cathedral of Strasbourg , the capital of Alsace and Elsaß - Lothringen , and after the war , a capital of Europe as a symbol of peace and reconciliation . The French 2nd Armored Division , tip of the spear of the Free French forces that had participated in the Normandy Campaign and had liberated Paris on 25 August 1944 , went on to liberate Strasbourg on 23 November 1944 , thus fulfilling the Oath of Kufra made by General Leclerc almost four years earlier . The unit under his command , barely above company - size when it had captured the Italian fort , had grown into a full - strength armoured division . The spearhead of the Free French First Army , that had landed in Provence on 15 August 1944 , was the I Corps . Its leading unit , the French 1st Armored Division , was the first Western Allied unit to reach the Rhône ( 25 August 1944 ) , the Rhine ( 19 November 1944 ) and the Danube ( 21 April 1945 ) . On 22 April 1945 , it captured the Sigmaringen enclave in Baden - Württemberg , where the last Vichy regime exiles , including Marshal Pétain , were hosted by the Germans in one of the ancestral castles of the Hohenzollern dynasty . Collaborators were put on trial in legal purges ( épuration légale ) , and a number were executed for high treason , among them Pierre Laval , Vichy 's prime minister in 1942 - 44 . Marshal Pétain , `` Chief of the French State '' and Verdun hero , was also condemned to death ( 14 August 1945 ) , but his sentence was commuted to life three days later . Thousands of collaborators were summarily executed by local Resistance forces in so - called `` savage purges '' ( épuration sauvage ) . See also ( edit ) Free France Vichy France Military Administration ( Nazi Germany ) Paris in World War II Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vinen , Richard ( 2006 ) . The Unfree French : Life under the Occupation ( 1st ed . ) . London : Allen Lane . pp. 105 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 713 - 99496 - 7 . Jump up ^ Schöttler , Peter ( 2003 ) . `` ' Eine Art `` Generalplan West '' : Die Stuckart - Denkschrift vom 14 . Juni 1940 und die Planungen für eine neue deutsch - französische Grenze im Zweiten Weltkrieg `` . Sozial. Geschichte ( in German ) . 18 ( 3 ) : 83 -- 131 . Jump up ^ `` '' La ligne de démarcation `` , Collection '' Mémoire et Citoyenneté `` , No. 7 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Julian ( 2003 ) . France : the dark years , 1940 - 1944 . Oxford University Press . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 925457 - 5 . Jump up ^ The name ligne de démarcation did not figure in the terms of the armistice , but was coined as a translation of the German Demarkationslinie . Jump up ^ Giorgio Rochat , ( trad . Anne Pilloud ) , La campagne italienne de juin 1940 dans les Alpes occidentales , Revue historique des armées , No. 250 , 2008 , pp77 - 84 , sur le site du Service historique de la Défense , rha.revues.org . Mis en ligne le 6 juin 2008 , consulté le 24 octobre 2008 . Jump up ^ `` L'occupation italienne '' , resistance-en-isere.com . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : La convention d'armistice , sur le site de l'Université de Perpignan , mjp.univ-perp.fr , accessed 29 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffmann , Stanley ( 1974 ) . `` La droite à Vichy '' . Essais sur la France : déclin ou renouveau ? . Paris : Le Seuil . Jump up ^ `` The Civilian Experience in German Occupied France , 1940 - 1944 '' . Connecticut College . Jump up ^ Peter Lieb : Konventioneller Krieg oder NS - Weltanschauungskrieg ? Kriegführung und Partisanenbekämpfung in Frankreich 1943 / 44 , München , Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 3486579925 Jump up ^ Dear and Foot 2005 , p. 321 . Dear ; Foot ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Companion to World War II . p. 321 . Jump up ^ `` Statistiques récentes ( La population de la France d'après le recensement du 1er avril 1941 ) '' . persee . Jump up ^ The American Historical Association . `` Book Review of Morts d'inanition : Famine et exclusions en France sous l'Occupation '' . Archived from act = justtop&url = http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/111.5/br_161.html the original Check url = value ( help ) on 2008 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Marie Helen Mercier and J. Louise Despert . `` Effects of War on French children '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ E.M. Collingham , The Taste of War : World War Two and the Battle for Food ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Kenneth Mouré , `` Food Rationing and the Black Market in France ( 1940 - 1944 ) , '' French History , June 2010 , Vol. 24 Issue 2 , pp. 272 - 273 Jump up ^ Mouré , `` Food Rationing and the Black Market in France ( 1940 - 1944 ) '' pp 262 - 282 , Jump up ^ Ousby , Ian Occupation The Ordeal of France , 1940 - 1944 , New York : CooperSquare Press , 2000 pages 157 - 159 . Jump up ^ Ousby , Ian Occupation The Ordeal of France , 1940 - 1944 , New York : CooperSquare Press , 2000 page 159 . Jump up ^ Ousby , Ian Occupation The Ordeal of France , 1940 - 1944 , New York : CooperSquare Press , 2000 page 158 . Jump up ^ Ousby , Ian Occupation The Ordeal of France , 1940 - 1944 , New York : CooperSquare Press , 2000 page 170 . Jump up ^ Ousby , Ian Occupation The Ordeal of France , 1940 - 1944 , New York : CooperSquare Press , 2000 pages 171 , 18 & 187 - 189 . Jump up ^ Centre d'études d'histoire de la défense , Les bombardements alliés sur la France durant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale , Stratégies , bilans matériels et humains , Conference of 6 June 2007 , Defense.gouv.fr Archived 2008 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved 5 November 2009 Jump up ^ See French language Wikipedia article fr : bombardement du 26 mai 1944 Jump up ^ Hetch , Emmanuel ( October 2013 ) . `` Le Guide du soldat allemand à Paris , ou comment occuper Fritz '' . L'Express ( in French ) . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Emotion in Motion : Tourism , Affect and Transformation , Dr David Picard , Professor Mike Robinson , Ashgate Publishing , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 14094 - 2133 - 7 Jump up ^ Paris under the occupation , Gilles Perrault ; Jean - Pierre Azéma London : Deutsch , 1989 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 98511 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michael Dregni : Django -- The Life and Music of a Gipsy Legend . p. 344 , Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 01951 - 6752 - 8 Jump up ^ `` NAZI PERSECUTION '' . Imperial War Museum . 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence : Case Study : The Vélodrome d'Hiver Round - up : July 16 and 17 , 1942 Jump up ^ Summary from data compiled by the Association des Fils et Filles des déportés juifs de France , 1985 . Jump up ^ Azéma , Jean - Pierre and Bédarida , François ( dir . ) , La France des années noires , 2 vol. , Paris , Seuil , 1993 ( rééd . Seuil , 2000 ( Points Histoire ) ) Jump up ^ François Delpech , Historiens et Géographes , no 273 , mai -- juin 1979 , ISSN 0046 - 757X Jump up ^ Talbot , C. Imlay ; Duffy Toft , Monica . The Fog of Peace and War Planning : Military and Strategic Planning Under Uncertainty . Routledge , 2007 . p. 227 . ISBN 9781134210886 . Jump up ^ by de Gaulle , then leader of the Provisional Government of the French Republic Further reading ( edit ) Isabelle von Bueltzingsloewen , ( ed ) ( 2005 ) . `` Morts d'inanition '' : Famine et exclusions en France sous l'Occupation . Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes . ISBN 2 - 7535 - 0136 - X Philippe Burrin ( 1998 ) . France Under the Germans : Collaboration and Compromise . New York : New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 439 - 4 . Robert Gildea ( 2002 ) . Marianne in Chains : In Search of the German Occupation 1940 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 78230 - 9 Gerhard Hirschfeld & Patrick Marsh ( eds ) ( 1989 ) . Collaboration in France : Politics and Culture during the Nazi Occupation 1940 - 1944 . Berg Pub , ISBN 978 - 0854962372 Julian T. Jackson ( 2001 ) . France : The Dark Years , 1940 -- 1944 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820706 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Convention d'armistice du 22 juin 1940 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Adolf Hitler 's Appeal to the French People on the Entry of German Troops into Unoccupied France Wikisource has original text related to this article : Adolf Hitler 's Letter to Marshal Petain Announcing Complete German Occupation of France Wikisource has original text related to this article : Adolf Hitler 's Letter to Marshal Petain Announcing Decision to Occupy Toulon Cliotexte : sources on collaboration and resistance ( in French ) Cliotexte : daily life under occupation ( in French ) NAZI diplomacy : Vichy , 1940 unwelcome visitor is a webpage relating Hitler 's triumphal tour of Paris . States of Nazi Germany Administrative divisions Gaue Baden - Alsace Bayreuth Berlin Cologne -- Aachen Düsseldorf Eastern Hanover East Prussia Electoral Hesse Essen Franconia Halle - Merseburg Hamburg Hesse - Nassau Lower Silesia Magdeburg - Anhalt Main Franconia March of Brandenburg Mecklenburg Moselland Munich -- Upper Bavaria NSDAP / AO Pomerania Saxony Schleswig - Holstein Silesia Swabia Southern Hanover -- Brunswick Thuringia Upper Silesia Weser - Ems Westphalia - North Westphalia - South Westmark Württemberg - Hohenzollern Reichsgaue Carinthia Lower Danube Upper Danube Danzig -- West Prussia Flanders Salzburg Styria Sudetenland Tyrol -- Vorarlberg Vienna Wallonia Wartheland Bezirke Białystok Brussels Operational Zones Adriatic Littoral Alpine Foothills Autonomous regions Bohemia and Moravia General Government Galicia Kraków Lublin Radom Warsaw Countries occupied Albania Austria Belgium Channel Islands Czechoslovakia Bohemia and Moravia Slovakia Denmark Egypt Estonia France Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland San Marino Soviet Union Belarus Ukraine Tunisia Yugoslavia Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Military administrations Belgium and Northern France France Greece Luxembourg Serbia Soviet Union Poland Reichskommissariat Founded Belgium and Northern France Netherlands Norway Ostland Ukraine Planned Caucasus Don -- Volga Moscow Turkestan Related Areas annexed by Nazi Germany Occupation of France and its colonies by the Axis powers German occupation Military Administration in France zone occupée / nord ( 1940 -- 4 ) zone sud ( 1942 -- 4 ) Belgium and Northern France Military Administration ( 1940 -- 4 ) Reichskommissariat ( 1944 ) Alsace - Lorraine Gau Westmark Reichsgau Oberrhein zone interdite Atlantic Wall coastal zone settlement zone French Tunisia Italian occupation Mainland France Corsica French Tunisia Japanese occupation French Indochina Cambodia Thai occupation Battambang and Sisophon ( Cambodia ) * Luang Prabang and Champasak ( Laos ) See also Vichy France Zone libre States of Nazi Germany Administrative divisions Gaue Baden - Alsace Bayreuth Berlin Cologne -- Aachen Düsseldorf Eastern Hanover East Prussia Electoral Hesse Essen Franconia Halle - Merseburg Hamburg Hesse - Nassau Lower Silesia Magdeburg - Anhalt Main Franconia March of Brandenburg Mecklenburg Moselland Munich -- Upper Bavaria NSDAP / AO Pomerania Saxony Schleswig - Holstein Silesia Swabia Southern Hanover -- Brunswick Thuringia Upper Silesia Weser - Ems Westphalia - North Westphalia - South Westmark Württemberg - Hohenzollern Reichsgaue Carinthia Lower Danube Upper Danube Danzig -- West Prussia Flanders Salzburg Styria Sudetenland Tyrol -- Vorarlberg Vienna Wallonia Wartheland Bezirke Białystok Brussels Operational Zones Adriatic Littoral Alpine Foothills Autonomous regions Bohemia and Moravia General Government Galicia Kraków Lublin Radom Warsaw Countries occupied Albania Austria Belgium Channel Islands Czechoslovakia Bohemia and Moravia Slovakia Denmark Egypt Estonia France Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland San Marino Soviet Union Belarus Ukraine Tunisia Yugoslavia Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Military administrations Belgium and Northern France France Greece Luxembourg Serbia Soviet Union Poland Reichskommissariat Founded Belgium and Northern France Netherlands Norway Ostland Ukraine Planned Caucasus Don -- Volga Moscow Turkestan Related Areas annexed by Nazi Germany France topics History Periods Timeline Prehistory Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Kingdom of the Visigoths Francia West Francia Middle Ages Early modern era Long nineteenth century Revolutionary era Napoleonic era Belle Époque Twentieth century Regimes Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime First Republic First Empire Constitutional monarchy Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy Second Republic Second Empire Government of National Defense Third Republic France during the Second World War Free France Vichy France Provisional Government of the French Republic Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Geography Administrative divisions Cities Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Constitution Elections presidential Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Euro Exports Franc ( former currency ) French subdivisions by GDP Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health care People Poverty Religion Social class Welfare Culture Architecture Art Cinema ( comedy ) Cuisine Cultural icons Fashion Gardens Language Literature Media Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols Theatre Outline Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II&oldid=864490172 '' Categories : German occupation of France during World War II Home front during World War II Jewish French history Military history of France during World War II Vichy France World War II occupied territories Axis powers Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with URL errors Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with short description Articles containing German - language text Articles containing French - language text Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with French - language external links Use dmy dates from October 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 15 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was france occupied by germany in ww2 | [
"Military Administration in FranceMilitärverwaltung in FrankreichOccupation de la France par l'Allemagne\n1940–1944\n\n \n \n Flag\n \n \n \n Emblem\n \n \nGerman (pink) and Italian (green) occupation zones of France: the zone occupée, the zone libre, the zone interdite, the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France, and annexed Alsace-Lorraine.Status\nTerritory under German military administrationCapital\nParisMilitary Commander\n \n• 1940–1942 \nOtto von Stülpnagel• 1942–1944 \nCarl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel• 1944 \nKarl Kitzinger\nHistorical era\nWorld War II\n• Second Compiègne armistice \n22 June 1940• Case Anton \n11 November 1942• Liberation of Paris \n25 August 1944\n\n\n\n\n Preceded by\nSucceeded by\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFrench Third Republic\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProvisional Government of the French Republic\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"1940–1944"
] |
6656094065536854250 | Bank of America | Bank of America - Wikipedia Bank of America Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a commercial bank unaffiliated with the government . For the central bank of the United States , see Federal Reserve System . For other Banks of the United States , see Bank of the United States . Bank of America Corporation Bank of America headquarters in Charlotte , North Carolina , U.S. Type Public Traded as NYSE : BAC S&P 100 component S&P 500 component ISIN US0605051046 Industry Banking , financial services Predecessor Bank America NationsBank Founded October 17 , 1904 ; 113 years ago ( 1904 - 10 - 17 ) ( as Bank of Italy ) November 3 , 1930 ; 87 years ago ( 1930 - 11 - 03 ) ( as Bank of America ) October 2000 ; 17 years ago ( 2000 - 10 ) ( current ) Founder Amadeo Giannini Headquarters Charlotte , North Carolina , U.S. Number of locations 4,600 retail financial centers & approximately 15,900 automated teller machines Area served Worldwide Key people Brian Moynihan ( Chairman and CEO ) Products Consumer banking , corporate banking , insurance , investment banking , mortgage loans , private banking , private equity , wealth management , credit cards , Revenue US $87.352 billion ( 2017 ) Net income US $18.232 billion ( 2017 ) Total assets US $2.281 trillion ( 2017 ) Total equity US $267.146 billion ( 2017 ) Number of employees 209,000 ( 2017 ) Divisions Bank of America Home Loans , Bank of America Merrill Lynch Subsidiaries Merrill Lynch Merrill Edge U.S. Trust Capital ratio 11.8 % ( 2017 ) Rating Long Term Senior Moody 's : Baa1 ( 10 / 2016 ) S&P : BBB+ ( 10 / 2016 ) Fitch : A ( 10 / 2016 ) Website bankofamerica.com Bank of America Corporation ( abbreviated as BofA ) is an American multinational financial services company headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina . It is ranked 2nd on the list of largest banks in the United States by assets . As of 2016 , Bank of America was the 26th largest company in the United States by total revenue . In 2016 , it was ranked # 11 on the Forbes Magazine Global 2000 list of largest companies in the world . Its acquisition of investment bank Merrill Lynch in 2008 solidified it as a `` Bulge Bracket bank '' , becoming a major player in the investment banking market . As of December 31 , 2017 , it had US $ 1.081 trillion in assets under management ( AUM ) . As of December 31 , 2016 , the company held 10.73 % of all bank deposits in the United States . It is one of the Big Four banks in the United States , along with Citigroup , JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo -- its main competitors . Bank of America operates -- but does not necessarily maintain retail branches -- in all 50 states of the United States , the District of Columbia and more than 40 other countries . It has a retail banking footprint that serves approximately 46 million consumer and small business relationships at 4,600 banking centers and 15,900 automated teller machines ( ATMs ) . Bank of America provides its products and services through 4,600 retail financial centers , approximately 15,900 automated teller machines , call centers , and online and mobile banking platforms . The bank 's Consumer Real Estate Services segment offers consumer real estate products comprising both fixed and adjustable - rate first - lien mortgage loans for home purchase and refinancing needs , home equity lines of credit , and home equity loans . Bank of America has been the subject of many lawsuits and investigations regarding both mortgages and financial disclosures dating back to the financial crisis , including a record settlement of $16.65 billion on August 21 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Bank of Italy 1.2 Expansion in California 1.3 Expansion outside California 1.4 Merger of NationsBank and BankAmerica 1.5 2001 to present 1.5. 1 Acquisition of Countrywide Financial 1.5. 2 Acquisition of Merrill Lynch 1.5. 3 Federal Troubled Asset Relief Program 1.5. 4 Bonus settlement 1.5. 5 Fraud 1.5. 6 Downsizing ( 2011 to 2014 ) 1.5. 7 Sale of stake in China Construction Bank 1.5. 8 $17 billion settlement with Justice Department 1.5. 9 DOD Community Bank 1.5. 10 Decision Not to Finance Makers of Military - Style Guns 1.6 Introduction of Erica 2 Operations 2.1 Consumer Banking 2.2 Global Banking 2.3 Global Wealth and Investment Management 2.4 Global Markets 2.5 Offices 2.5. 1 International offices 3 Charitable efforts 4 Lawsuits 5 Controversies 5.1 Parmalat controversy 5.2 Consumer credit controversies 5.3 WikiLeaks 5.4 Anonymous 5.5 Mortgage business 5.6 Investment in mountaintop removal 6 Notable buildings 6.1 Former buildings 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Bank of Italy ( edit ) Main article : Bank of Italy ( United States ) The history of Bank of America dates back to October 17 , 1904 , when Amadeo Pietro Giannini founded the Bank of Italy in San Francisco . The Bank of Italy served the needs of many immigrants settling in the United States at that time , providing services denied to them by the existing American banks which typically discriminated against them and often denied service to all but the wealthiest . Giannini was raised by his mother and stepfather Lorenzo Scatena , as his father was fatally shot over a pay dispute with an employee . When the 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck , Giannini was able to save all deposits out of the bank building and away from the fires . Because San Francisco 's banks were in smoldering ruins and unable to open their vaults , Giannini was able to use the rescued funds to commence lending within a few days of the disaster . From a makeshift desk consisting of a few planks over two barrels , he lent money to those who wished to rebuild . In 1922 , Giannini established Bank of America and Italy . In 1986 , Deutsche Bank AG acquired 100 % of Banca d'America e d'Italia , a bank established in Naples in 1917 following the name - change of Banca dell'Italia Meridionale with the latter established in 1918 . In 1918 another corporation , Bancitaly Corporation , was organized by A.P. Giannini , the largest stockholder of which was Stockholders Auxiliary Corporation . This company acquired the stocks of various banks located in New York City and certain foreign countries . In 1928 , Giannini merged his bank with Bank of America , Los Angeles , headed by Orra E. Monnette and consolidated it with other bank holdings to create what would become the largest banking institution in the country . Bank of Italy was renamed on November 3 , 1930 , to Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association , which was the only such designated bank in the United States of America at that time . Giannini and Monnette headed the resulting company , serving as co-chairs . Expansion in California ( edit ) Branch banking was introduced by Giannini shortly after 1909 legislation in California that allowed for branch banking in the state . Its first branch outside San Francisco was established in 1909 in San Jose . By 1929 , the bank had 453 banking offices in California with aggregate resources of over US $1.4 billion . There is a replica of the 1909 Bank of Italy branch bank in History Park in San Jose , and the 1925 Bank of Italy Building is an important downtown landmark . Giannini sought to build a national bank , expanding into most of the western states as well as into the insurance industry , under the aegis of his holding company , Transamerica Corporation . In 1953 , regulators succeeded in forcing the separation of Transamerica Corporation and Bank of America under the Clayton Antitrust Act . The passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 prohibited banks from owning non-banking subsidiaries such as insurance companies . Bank of America and Transamerica were separated , with the latter company continuing in the insurance business . However , federal banking regulators prohibited Bank of America 's interstate banking activity , and Bank of America 's domestic banks outside California were forced into a separate company that eventually became First Interstate Bancorp , later acquired by Wells Fargo and Company in 1996 . It was not until the 1980s , with a change in federal banking legislation and regulation , that Bank of America was again able to expand its domestic consumer banking activity outside California . New technologies also allowed credit cards to be linked directly to individual bank accounts . In 1958 , the bank introduced the BankAmericard , which changed its name to Visa in 1977 . A consortium of other California banks introduced Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) to compete with BankAmericard . Expansion outside California ( edit ) Following the passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 , BankAmerica Corporation was established for the purpose of owning and operation of Bank of America and its subsidiaries . Bank of America expanded outside California in 1983 , with its acquisition , orchestrated in part by Stephen McLin , of Seafirst Corporation of Seattle , Washington , and its wholly owned banking subsidiary , Seattle - First National Bank . Seafirst was at risk of seizure by the federal government after becoming insolvent due to a series of bad loans to the oil industry . BankAmerica continued to operate its new subsidiary as Seafirst rather than Bank of America until the 1998 merger with NationsBank . BankAmerica experienced huge losses in 1986 and 1987 by the placement of a series of bad loans in the Third World , particularly in Latin America . The company fired its CEO , Sam Armacost . Though Armacost blamed the problems on his predecessor , A.W. ( Tom ) Clausen , Clausen was appointed to replace Armacost . The losses resulted in a huge decline of BankAmerica stock , making it vulnerable to a hostile takeover . First Interstate Bancorp of Los Angeles ( which had originated from banks once owned by BankAmerica ) , launched such a bid in the fall of 1986 , although BankAmerica rebuffed it , mostly by selling operations . It sold its FinanceAmerica subsidiary to Chrysler and the brokerage firm Charles Schwab and Co. back to Mr. Schwab . It also sold Bank of America and Italy to Deutsche Bank . By the time of the 1987 stock market crash , BankAmerica 's share price had fallen to $8 , but by 1992 it had rebounded mightily to become one of the biggest gainers of that half - decade . The Bank of America Tower in New York City . BankAmerica 's next big acquisition came in 1992 . The company acquired its California rival , Security Pacific Corporation and its subsidiary Security Pacific National Bank in California and other banks in Arizona , Idaho , Oregon , and Washington ( which Security Pacific had acquired in a series of acquisitions in the late 1980s ) . This was , at the time , the largest bank acquisition in history . Federal regulators , however , forced the sale of roughly half of Security Pacific 's Washington subsidiary , the former Rainier Bank , as the combination of Seafirst and Security Pacific Washington would have given BankAmerica too large a share of the market in that state . The Washington branches were divided and sold to West One Bancorp ( now U.S. Bancorp ) and KeyBank . Later that year , BankAmerica expanded into Nevada by acquiring Valley Bank of Nevada . In 1994 , BankAmerica acquired the Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Co. of Chicago , which had become federally owned as part of the same oil industry debacle emanating from Oklahoma City 's Penn Square Bank , that had brought down numerous financial institutions including Seafirst . At the time , no bank possessed the resources to bail out Continental , so the federal government operated the bank for nearly a decade . Illinois at that time regulated branch banking extremely heavily , so Bank of America Illinois was a single - unit bank until the 21st century . BankAmerica moved its national lending department to Chicago in an effort to establish a financial beachhead in the region . Pyramid - shaped former Bank of America branch building towers over Interstate 410 in San Antonio , Texas . These mergers helped BankAmerica Corporation to once again become the largest U.S. bank holding company in terms of deposits , but the company fell to second place in 1997 behind North Carolina 's fast - growing NationsBank Corporation , and to third in 1998 First Union Corp . On the capital markets side , the acquisition of Continental Illinois helped BankAmerica to build a leveraged finance origination and distribution business ( Continental Illinois had extensive leveraged lending relationships ) which allowed the firm 's existing broker - dealer , BancAmerica Securities ( originally named BA Securities ) , to become a full - service franchise . In addition , in 1997 , BankAmerica acquired Robertson Stephens , a San Francisco -- based investment bank specializing in high technology for $540 million . Robertson Stephens was integrated into BancAmerica Securities and the combined subsidiary was renamed BancAmerica Robertson Stephens . Merger of NationsBank and BankAmerica ( edit ) Logo of the former Bank of America ( BA ) , 1969 -- 1998 In 1997 , Bank of America lent D.E. Shaw & Co. , a large hedge fund , $1.4 billion in order to run various businesses for the bank . However , D.E. Shaw suffered significant loss after the 1998 Russia bond default . NationsBank of Charlotte acquired BankAmerica in October 1998 in what was the largest bank acquisition in history at that time . While NationsBank was the nominal survivor , the merged bank took the better - known name of Bank of America . Hence , the holding company was renamed Bank of America Corporation , while NationsBank , N.A. merged with Bank of America NT&SA to form Bank of America , N.A. as the remaining legal bank entity . The combined bank still operates under Federal Charter 13044 , which was granted to Giannini 's Bank of Italy on March 1 , 1927 . However , the merged company is headquartered in Charlotte and retains NationsBank 's pre-1998 stock price history . Additionally , all U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) filings before 1998 are listed under NationsBank , not Bank of America . NationsBank president , chairman and CEO Hugh McColl took on the same roles with the merged company . Bank of America possessed combined assets of $570 billion , as well as 4,800 branches in 22 states . Despite the mammoth size of the two companies , federal regulators insisted only upon the divestiture of 13 branches in New Mexico , in towns that would be left with only a single bank following the combination . ( Branch divestitures are only required if the combined company will have a larger than 25 % Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) deposit market share in a particular state or 10 % deposit market share overall . ) In addition , the combined broker - dealer , created from the integration of BancAmerica Robertson Stephens and NationsBanc Montgomery Securities , was named Banc of America Securities in 1998 . 2001 to present ( edit ) Typical Bank of America local office in Los Angeles In 2001 , McColl stepped down and named Ken Lewis as his successor . In 2004 , Bank of America announced it would purchase Boston - based bank FleetBoston Financial for $47 billion in cash and stock . By merging with Bank of America , all of its banks and branches were given the Bank of America logo . At the time of merger , FleetBoston was the seventh largest bank in United States with $197 billion in assets , over 20 million customers and revenue of $12 billion . Hundreds of FleetBoston workers lost their jobs or were demoted , according to The Boston Globe . On June 30 , 2005 , Bank of America announced it would purchase credit card giant MBNA for $35 billion in cash and stock . The Federal Reserve Board gave final approval to the merger on December 15 , 2005 , and the merger closed on January 1 , 2006 . The acquisition of MBNA provided Bank of America a leading domestic and foreign credit card issuer . The combined Bank of America Card Services organization , including the former MBNA , had more than 40 million U.S. accounts and nearly $140 billion in outstanding balances . Under Bank of America the operation was renamed FIA Card Services . Bank of America footprint Bank of America operated under the name BankBoston in many other Latin American countries , including Brazil . In 2006 , Bank of America sold BankBoston 's operations to Brazilian bank Banco Itaú , in exchange for Itaú shares . The BankBoston name and trademarks were not part of the transaction and , as part of the sale agreement , can not be used by Bank of America ( ending the BankBoston brand ) . In May 2006 , Bank of America and Banco Itaú ( Investimentos Itaú S.A. ) entered into an acquisition agreement through which Itaú agreed to acquire BankBoston 's operations in Brazil and was granted an exclusive right to purchase Bank of America 's operations in Chile and Uruguay . The deal was signed in August 2006 under which Itaú agreed to purchase Bank of America 's operations in Chile and Uruguay . Prior to the transaction , BankBoston 's Brazilian operations included asset management , private banking , a credit card portfolio , and small , middle - market , and large corporate segments . It had 66 branches and 203,000 clients in Brazil . BankBoston in Chile had 44 branches and 58,000 clients and in Uruguay it had 15 branches . In addition , there was a credit card company , OCA , in Uruguay , which had 23 branches . BankBoston N.A. in Uruguay , together with OCA , jointly served 372,000 clients . While the BankBoston name and trademarks were not part of the transaction , as part of the sale agreement , they can not be used by Bank of America in Brazil , Chile or Uruguay following the transactions . Hence , the BankBoston name has disappeared from Brazil , Chile and Uruguay . The Itaú stock received by Bank of America in the transactions has allowed Bank of America 's stake in Itaú to reach 11.51 % . Banco de Boston de Brazil had been founded in 1947 . On November 20 , 2006 , Bank of America announced the purchase of The United States Trust Company for $3.3 billion , from the Charles Schwab Corporation . US Trust had about $100 billion of assets under management and over 150 years of experience . The deal closed July 1 , 2007 . On September 14 , 2007 , Bank of America won approval from the Federal Reserve to acquire LaSalle Bank Corporation from ABN AMRO for $21 billion . With this purchase , Bank of America possessed $1.7 trillion in assets . A Dutch court blocked the sale until it was later approved in July . The acquisition was completed on October 1 , 2007 . Many of LaSalle 's branches and offices had already taken over smaller regional banks within the previous decade , such as Lansing and Detroit based Michigan National Bank . The deal increased Bank of America 's presence in Illinois , Michigan , and Indiana by 411 branches , 17,000 commercial bank clients , 1.4 million retail customers , and 1,500 ATMs . Bank of America became the largest bank in the Chicago market with 197 offices and 14 % of the deposit share , surpassing JPMorgan Chase . LaSalle Bank and LaSalle Bank Midwest branches adopted the Bank of America name on May 5 , 2008 . Ken Lewis , who had lost the title of Chairman of the Board , announced that he would retire as CEO effective December 31 , 2009 , in part due to controversy and legal investigations concerning the purchase of Merrill Lynch . Brian Moynihan became President and CEO effective January 1 , 2010 , and afterward credit card charge offs and delinquencies declined in January . Bank of America also repaid the $45 billion it had received from the Troubled Assets Relief Program . Acquisition of Countrywide financial ( edit ) On August 23 , 2007 , the company announced a $2 billion repurchase agreement for Countrywide Financial . This purchase of preferred stock was arranged to provide a return on investment of 7.25 % per annum and provided the option to purchase common stock at a price of $18 per share . On January 11 , 2008 , Bank of America announced that it would buy Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion . In March 2008 , it was reported that the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) was investigating Countrywide for possible fraud relating to home loans and mortgages . This news did not hinder the acquisition , which was completed in July 2008 , giving the bank a substantial market share of the mortgage business , and access to Countrywide 's resources for servicing mortgages . The acquisition was seen as preventing a potential bankruptcy for Countrywide . Countrywide , however , denied that it was close to bankruptcy . Countrywide provided mortgage servicing for nine million mortgages valued at $1.4 trillion as of December 31 , 2007 . This purchase made Bank of America Corporation the leading mortgage originator and servicer in the U.S. , controlling 20 -- 25 % of the home loan market . The deal was structured to merge Countrywide with the Red Oak Merger Corporation , which Bank of America created as an independent subsidiary . It has been suggested that the deal was structured this way to prevent a potential bankruptcy stemming from large losses in Countrywide hurting the parent organization by keeping Countrywide bankruptcy remote . Countrywide Financial has changed its name to Bank of America Home Loans . Chart showing the trajectory of BOA share value and transaction volume during the 2007 -- 2009 Financial Crisis In December 2011 , the Justice Department announced a $335 million settlement with Bank of America over discriminatory lending practice at Countrywide Financial . Attorney General Eric Holder said a federal probe found discrimination against qualified African - American and Latino borrowers from 2004 to 2008 . He said that minority borrowers who qualified for prime loans were steered into higher - interest - rate subprime loans . Acquisition of Merrill Lynch ( edit ) On September 14 , 2008 , Bank of America announced its intention to purchase Merrill Lynch & Co. , Inc. in an all - stock deal worth approximately $50 billion . Merrill Lynch was at the time within days of collapse , and the acquisition effectively saved Merrill from bankruptcy . Around the same time Bank of America was reportedly also in talks to purchase Lehman Brothers , however a lack of government guarantees caused the bank to abandon talks with Lehman . Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy the same day Bank of America announced its plans to acquire Merrill Lynch . This acquisition made Bank of America the largest financial services company in the world . Temasek Holdings , the largest shareholder of Merrill Lynch & Co. , Inc. , briefly became one of the largest shareholders of Bank of America , with a 3 % stake . However , taking a loss Reuters estimated at $3 billion , the Singapore sovereign wealth fund sold its whole stake in Bank of America in the first quarter of 2009 . Shareholders of both companies approved the acquisition on December 5 , 2008 , and the deal closed January 1 , 2009 . Bank of America had planned to retain various members of the then Merrill Lynch 's CEO , John Thain 's management team after the merger . However , after Thain was removed from his position , most of his allies left . The departure of Nelson Chai , who had been named Asia - Pacific president , left just one of Thain 's hires in place : Tom Montag , head of sales and trading . The bank , in its January 16 , 2009 earnings release , revealed massive losses at Merrill Lynch in the fourth quarter , which necessitated an infusion of money that had previously been negotiated with the government as part of the government - persuaded deal for the bank to acquire Merrill . Merrill recorded an operating loss of $21.5 billion in the quarter , mainly in its sales and trading operations , led by Tom Montag . The bank also disclosed it tried to abandon the deal in December after the extent of Merrill 's trading losses surfaced , but was compelled to complete the merger by the U.S. government . The bank 's stock price sank to $7.18 , its lowest level in 17 years , after announcing earnings and the Merrill mishap . The market capitalization of Bank of America , including Merrill Lynch , was then $45 billion , less than the $50 billion it offered for Merrill just four months earlier , and down $108 billion from the merger announcement . Bank of America CEO Kenneth Lewis testified before Congress that he had some misgivings about the acquisition of Merrill Lynch , and that federal officials pressured him to proceed with the deal or face losing his job and endangering the bank 's relationship with federal regulators . Lewis ' statement is backed up by internal emails subpoenaed by Republican lawmakers on the House Oversight Committee . In one of the emails , Richmond Federal Reserve President Jeffrey Lacker threatened that if the acquisition did not go through , and later Bank of America were forced to request federal assistance , the management of Bank of America would be `` gone '' . Other emails , read by Congressman Dennis Kucinich during the course of Lewis ' testimony , state that Mr. Lewis had foreseen the outrage from his shareholders that the purchase of Merrill would cause , and asked government regulators to issue a letter stating that the government had ordered him to complete the deal to acquire Merrill . Lewis , for his part , states he did n't recall requesting such a letter . The acquisition made Bank of America the number one underwriter of global high - yield debt , the third largest underwriter of global equity and the ninth largest adviser on global mergers and acquisitions . As the credit crisis eased , losses at Merrill Lynch subsided , and the subsidiary generated $3.7 billion of Bank of America 's $4.2 billion in profit by the end of quarter one in 2009 , and over 25 % in quarter 3 2009 . On September 28 , 2012 , Bank of America settled the class action lawsuit over the Merrill Lynch acquisition and will pay $2.43 billion . This was one of the first major securities class action lawsuits stemming from the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 to settle . Many major financial institutions had a stake in this lawsuit , including Chicago Clearing Corporation , hedge funds , and bank trusts , due to the belief that Bank of America stock was a sure investment . Federal Troubled Asset relief program ( edit ) Bank of America received $20 billion in the federal bailout from the U.S. government through the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) on January 16 , 2009 , and a guarantee of $118 billion in potential losses at the company . This was in addition to the $25 billion given to them in the fall of 2008 through TARP . The additional payment was part of a deal with the U.S. government to preserve Bank of America 's merger with the troubled investment firm Merrill Lynch . Since then , members of the U.S. Congress have expressed considerable concern about how this money has been spent , especially since some of the recipients have been accused of misusing the bailout money . Then CEO Ken Lewis was quoted as claiming `` We are still lending , and we are lending far more because of the TARP program . '' Members of the U.S. House of Representatives , however , were skeptical and quoted many anecdotes about loan applicants ( particularly small business owners ) being denied loans and credit card holders facing stiffer terms on the debt in their card accounts . According to a March 15 , 2009 , article in The New York Times , Bank of America received an additional $5.2 billion in government bailout money , channeled through American International Group . As a result of its federal bailout and management problems , The Wall Street Journal reported that the Bank of America was operating under a secret `` memorandum of understanding '' ( MOU ) from the U.S. government that requires it to `` overhaul its board and address perceived problems with risk and liquidity management '' . With the federal action , the institution has taken several steps , including arranging for six of its directors to resign and forming a Regulatory Impact Office . Bank of America faces several deadlines in July and August and if not met , could face harsher penalties by federal regulators . Bank of America did not respond to The Wall Street Journal story . On December 2 , 2009 , Bank of America announced it would repay the entire $45 billion it received in TARP and exit the program , using $26.2 billion of excess liquidity along with $18.6 billion to be gained in `` common equivalent securities '' ( Tier 1 capital ) . The bank announced it had completed the repayment on December 9 . Bank of America 's Ken Lewis said during the announcement , `` We appreciate the critical role that the U.S. government played last fall in helping to stabilize financial markets , and we are pleased to be able to fully repay the investment , with interest ... As America 's largest bank , we have a responsibility to make good on the taxpayers ' investment , and our record shows that we have been able to fulfill that commitment while continuing to lend . '' Bonus settlement ( edit ) On August 3 , 2009 , Bank of America agreed to pay a $33 million fine , without admission or denial of charges , to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) over the non-disclosure of an agreement to pay up to $5.8 billion of bonuses at Merrill . The bank approved the bonuses before the merger but did not disclose them to its shareholders when the shareholders were considering approving the Merrill acquisition , in December 2008 . The issue was originally investigated by New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo , who commented after the suit and announced settlement that `` the timing of the bonuses , as well as the disclosures relating to them , constituted a ' surprising fit of corporate irresponsibility ' '' and `` our investigation of these and other matters pursuant to New York 's Martin Act will continue . '' Congressman Kucinich commented at the same time that `` This may not be the last fine that Bank of America pays for how it handled its merger of Merrill Lynch . '' A federal judge , Jed Rakoff , in an unusual action , refused to approve the settlement on August 5 . A first hearing before the judge on August 10 was at times heated , and he was `` sharply critic ( al ) '' of the bonuses . David Rosenfeld represented the SEC , and Lewis J. Liman , son of Arthur L. Liman , represented the bank . The actual amount of bonuses paid was $3.6 billion , of which $850 million was `` guaranteed '' and the rest was shared amongst 39,000 workers who received average payments of $91,000 ; 696 people received more than $1 million in bonuses ; at least one person received a more than $33 million bonus . On September 14 , the judge rejected the settlement and told the parties to prepare for trial to begin no later than February 1 , 2010 . The judge focused much of his criticism on the fact that the fine in the case would be paid by the bank 's shareholders , who were the ones that were supposed to have been injured by the lack of disclosure . He wrote , `` It is quite something else for the very management that is accused of having lied to its shareholders to determine how much of those victims ' money should be used to make the case against the management go away , '' ... `` The proposed settlement , '' the judge continued , `` suggests a rather cynical relationship between the parties : the S.E.C. gets to claim that it is exposing wrongdoing on the part of the Bank of America in a high - profile merger ; the bank 's management gets to claim that they have been coerced into an onerous settlement by overzealous regulators . And all this is done at the expense , not only of the shareholders , but also of the truth . '' While ultimately deferring to the SEC , in February 2010 , Judge Rakoff approved a revised settlement with a $150 million fine `` reluctantly '' , calling the accord `` half - baked justice at best '' and `` inadequate and misguided '' . Addressing one of the concerns he raised in September , the fine will be `` distributed only to Bank of America shareholders harmed by the non-disclosures , or ' legacy shareholders ' , an improvement on the prior $33 million while still `` paltry '' , according to the judge . Case : SEC v. Bank of America Corp. , 09 - cv - 06829 , United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . Investigations also were held on this issue in the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , under chairman Edolphus Towns ( D - NY ) and in its investigative Domestic Policy Subcommittee under Kucinich . Fraud ( edit ) In 2010 , the U.S. government accused the bank of defrauding schools , hospitals , and dozens of state and local government organizations via misconduct and illegal activities involving the investment of proceeds from municipal bond sales . As a result , the bank agreed to pay $137.7 million , including $25 million to the Internal Revenue service and $4.5 million to state attorney general , to the affected organizations to settle the allegations . Former bank official Douglas Campbell pleaded guilty to antitrust , conspiracy and wire fraud charges . As of January 2011 , other bankers and brokers are under indictment or investigation . On October 24 , 2012 , the top federal prosecutor in Manhattan filed a lawsuit alleging that Bank of America fraudulently cost American taxpayers more than $1 billion when Countrywide Financial sold toxic mortgages to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . The scheme was called ' Hustle ' , or High Speed Swim Lane . On May 23 , 2016 the Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the finding of fact by the jury that low quality mortgages were supplied by Countrywide to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the `` Hustle '' case supported only `` intentional breach of contract , '' not fraud . The action , for civil fraud , relied on provisions of the Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act . The decision turned on lack of intent to defraud at the time the contract to supply mortgages was made . Downsizing ( 2011 to 2014 ) ( edit ) During 2011 , Bank of America began conducting personnel reductions of an estimated 36,000 people , contributing to intended savings of $5 billion per year by 2014 . In December 2011 , Forbes ranked Bank of America 's financial health 91st out of the nation 's largest 100 banks and thrift institutions . Bank of America cut around 16,000 jobs in a quicker fashion by the end of 2012 as revenue continued to decline because of new regulations and a slow economy . This put a plan one year ahead of time to eliminate 30,000 jobs under a cost - cutting program , called Project New BAC . In the first quarter of 2014 , Berkshire bank purchased 20 Bank of America branches in Central and eastern New York for 14.4 million dollars . The branches were from Utica / Rome region and down the Mohawk Valley east to the capital region . In April and May 2014 , Bank of America sold two dozen branches in Michigan to Huntington Bancshares . The locations were converted to Huntington National Bank branches in September . As part of its new strategy Bank of America is focused on growing its mobile banking platform . As of 2014 , Bank of America has 31 million active online users and 16 million mobile users . Its retail banking branches have decreased to 4,900 as a result of increased mobile banking use and a decline in customer branch visits . Sale of stake in China Construction Bank ( edit ) In 2005 , Bank of America acquired a 9 % stake in China Construction Bank , one of the Big Four banks in China , for $3 billion . It represented the company 's largest foray into China 's growing banking sector . Bank of America has offices in Hong Kong , Shanghai , and Guangzhou and was looking to greatly expand its Chinese business as a result of this deal . In 2008 , Bank of America was awarded Project Finance Deal of the Year at the 2008 ALB Hong Kong Law Awards . In November 2011 , Bank of America announced plans to divest most of its stake in the China Construction Bank . In September 2013 , Bank of America sold its remaining stake in the China Construction Bank for as much as $1.5 billion , marking the firm 's full exit from the country . $17 billion settlement with Justice Department ( edit ) In August 2014 , Bank of America agreed to a near - $17 billion deal to settle claims against it relating to the sale of toxic mortgage - linked securities including subprime home loans , in what was believed to be the largest settlement in U.S. corporate history . The bank agreed with the U.S. Justice Department to pay $9.65 billion in fines , and $7 billion in relief to the victims of the faulty loans which included homeowners , borrowers , pension funds and municipalities . Real estate economist Jed Kolko said the settlement is a `` drop in the bucket '' compared to the $700 billion in damages done to 11 million homeowners . Since the settlement covered such a substantial portion of the market , he said for most consumers `` you 're out of luck . '' Much of the government 's prosecution was based on information provided by three whistleblowers -- Shareef Abdou ( a senior vice president at the bank ) , Robert Madsen ( a professional appraiser employed by a bank subsidiary ) and Edward O'Donnell ( a Fannie Mae official ) . The three men received $170 million in whistleblower awards . DOD Community Bank ( edit ) DOD Community Bank logo . Bank of America has formed a partnership with the United States Department of Defense creating a newly chartered bank DOD Community Bank ( `` Community Bank '' ) providing full banking services to military personnel at 68 branches and ATM locations on U.S. military installations in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Cuba , Diego Garcia , Germany , Japan , Italy , Kwajalein Atoll , South Korea , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom . It should be noted that even though Bank of America operates Community Bank customer services are not interchangeable between the two financial institutions , meaning a Community Bank customer can not go to a Bank of America branch and withdraw from their account and vice versa . Deposits made into checking and savings accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000 despite the fact that none of Community 's operating branches are located within the jurisdictional borders of the United States . Decision not to Finance makers of military - style Guns ( edit ) In April 2018 , Bank of America announced that it would stop providing financing to makers of military - style weapons such as the AR - 15 rifle . In announcing the decision , Bank of America referenced recent mass shootings and said that it wanted to `` contribute in any way we can '' to reduce them . Introduction of Erica ( edit ) At the Money 20 / 20 conference in October 2016 , retail banking president Thong Nguyen introduced a digital assistant called Erica , whose name comes from the bank name . Starting in 2017 , customers will be able to use voice or text to communicate with Erica and get advice , check balances and pay bills . Unlike the people who work for the bank , Erica will be available 24 / 7 . Digital banking head Michelle Moore said the technology was designed to help customers do a better job of managing money . Forrester analyst Peter Wannemacher says bank customer experiences with the technology have been `` uneven or poor , '' but Bank of America intends to adapt Erica as needed . Operations ( edit ) Bank of America branch in Washington , D.C. Bank of America generates 90 % of its revenues in its domestic market . The core of Bank of America 's strategy is to be the number one bank in its domestic market . It has achieved this through key acquisitions . Consumer banking ( edit ) Consumer Banking , the largest division in the company , provides financial services to consumers and small businesses including , banking , investments and lending products including business loans , mortgages , and credit cards . It provides for investing online through its electronic trading platform , Merrill Edge . The consumer banking division represented 38 % of the company 's total revenue in 2016 . The company earns revenue from interest income , service charges , and fees . The company is also a mortgage servicer . It competes primarily with the retail banking arms of America 's three other megabanks : Citigroup , JPMorgan Chase , and Wells Fargo . The Consumer Banking organization includes over 4,600 retail financial centers and approximately 15,900 automated teller machines . Bank of America is a member of the Global ATM Alliance , a joint venture of several major international banks that provides for reduced fees for consumers using their ATM card or check card at another bank within the Global ATM Alliance when traveling internationally . This feature is restricted to withdrawals using a debit card and users are still subject to foreign currency conversion fees , credit card withdrawals are still subject to cash advance fees and foreign currency conversion fees . Global banking ( edit ) Bank of America Tower , located on Laura Street in Jacksonville , Florida The Global Banking division provides banking services , including investment banking and lending products to businesses . It includes the businesses of Global Corporate Banking , Global Commercial Banking , Business Banking , and Global Investment Banking . The division represented 22 % of the company 's revenue in 2016 . Before Bank of America 's acquisition of Merrill Lynch , the Global Corporate and Investment Banking ( GCIB ) business operated as Banc of America Securities LLC . The bank 's investment banking activities operate under the Merrill Lynch subsidiary and provided mergers and acquisitions advisory , underwriting , capital markets , as well as sales & trading in fixed income and equities markets . Its strongest groups include Leveraged Finance , Syndicated Loans , and mortgage - backed securities . It also has one of the largest research teams on Wall Street . Bank of America Merrill Lynch is headquartered in New York City . Global Wealth and investment management ( edit ) The Global Wealth and Investment Management ( GWIM ) division manages investment assets of institutions and individuals . It includes the businesses of Merrill Lynch Global Wealth Management and U.S. Trust and represented 21 % of the company 's total revenue in 2016 . It is among the 10 largest U.S. wealth managers . It has over $2.5 trillion in client balances . GWIM has five primary lines of business : Premier Banking & Investments ( including Bank of America Investment Services , Inc . ) , The Private Bank , Family Wealth Advisors , and Bank of America Specialist . Global markets ( edit ) The Global Markets division offers services to institutional clients , including trading in financial securities . The division provides research and other services such as market maker and risk management using derivatives . The division represented 19 % of the company 's total revenues in 2016 . Offices ( edit ) The Bank of America principal executive offices are located in the Bank of America Corporate Center , Charlotte , North Carolina . The skyscraper is located at 100 North Tryon Street , and stands at 871 ft ( 265 m ) , having been completed in 1992 . In 2012 , Bank of America cut ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council ( ALEC ) . International offices ( edit ) Bank of America 's Global Corporate and Investment Banking has its U.S. headquarters in New York , European headquarters in London , and Asian headquarters in Hong Kong and Singapore . Charitable efforts ( edit ) Bank of America volunteers at the Los Angeles LGBT pride parade in 2011 In 2007 , the bank offered employees a $3,000 rebate for the purchase of hybrid vehicles . The company also provided a $1,000 rebate or a lower interest rate for customers whose homes qualified as energy efficient . In 2007 , Bank of America partnered with Brighter Planet to offer an eco-friendly credit card , and later a debit card , which help build renewable energy projects with each purchase . In 2010 , the bank completed construction of the 1 Bank of America Center in Charlotte center city . The tower , and accompanying hotel , is a LEED - certified building . Bank of America has also donated money to help health centers in Massachusetts and made a $1 million donation in 2007 to help homeless shelters in Miami . In 1998 , the bank made a ten - year commitment of $350 billion to provide affordable mortgage , build affordable housing , support small business and create jobs in disadvantaged neighborhoods . In 2004 , the bank pledged $750 million over a ten - year period for community development lending and affordable housing programs . Lawsuits ( edit ) In August 2011 , Bank of America was sued for $10 billion by American International Group . Another lawsuit filed in September 2011 pertained to $57.5 billion in mortgage - backed securities Bank of America sold to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . That December , Bank of America agreed to pay $335 million to settle a federal government claim that Countrywide Financial had discriminated against Hispanic and African - American homebuyers from 2004 to 2008 , prior to being acquired by BofA . In September 2012 , BofA settled out of court for $2.4 billion in a class action lawsuit filed by BofA shareholders who felt they were misled about the purchase of Merrill Lynch . On February 9 , 2012 , it was announced that the five largest mortgage servicers ( Ally / GMAC , Bank of America , Citi , JPMorgan Chase , and Wells Fargo ) agreed to a historic settlement with the federal government and 49 states . The settlement , known as the National Mortgage Settlement ( NMS ) , required the servicers to provide about $26 billion in relief to distressed homeowners and in direct payments to the states and federal government . This settlement amount makes the NMS the second largest civil settlement in U.S. history , only trailing the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement . The five banks were also required to comply with 305 new mortgage servicing standards . Oklahoma held out and agreed to settle with the banks separately . On October 24 , 2012 , American federal prosecutors filed a $1 billion civil lawsuit against Bank of America for mortgage fraud under the False Claims Act , which provides for possible penalties of triple the damages suffered . The government asserted that Countrywide , which was acquired by Bank of America , rubber - stamped mortgage loans to risky borrowers and forced taxpayers to guarantee billions of bad loans through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . The suit was filed by Preet Bharara , the United States attorney in Manhattan , the inspector general of FHFA and the special inspector for the Troubled Asset Relief Program . In March 2014 , Bank of America settled the suit by agreeing to pay $6.3 billion to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and to buy back around $3.2 billion worth of mortgage bonds . In April 2014 , the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) ordered Bank of America to provide and estimated $727 million in relief to consumers harmed by practices related to credit card add - on products . According to the Bureau , roughly 1.4 million customers were affected by deceptive marketing of add - on products and 1.9 million customers were illegally charged for credit monitoring and reporting services they were not receiving . The deceptive marketing misconduct involved telemarketing scripts containing misstatements and off - script sales pitches made by telemarketers that were misleading and omitted pertinent information . The unfair billing practices involved billing customers for privacy related products without having the authorization necessary to perform the credit monitoring and credit report retrieval services . As a result , the company billed customers for services they did not receive , unfairly charged consumers for interest and fees , illegally charged approximately 1.9 million accounts , and failed to provide the product benefit . A $7.5 million settlement was reached in April 2014 with former chief financial officer for Bank of America , Joe L. Price , over allegations that the bank 's management withheld material information related to its 2008 merger with Merrill Lynch . In August 2014 , the United States Department of Justice and the bank agreed to a $16.65 billion agreement over the sale of risky , mortgage - backed securities before the Great Recession ; the loans behind the securities were transferred to the company when it acquired banks such as Merrill Lynch and Countrywide in 2008 . As a whole , the three firms provided $965 billion of mortgage - backed securities from 2004 -- 2008 . The settlement was structured to give $7 billion in consumer relief and $9.65 billion in penalty payments to the federal government and state governments ; California , for instance , received $300 million to recompense public pension funds . The settlement was the largest in United States history between a single company and the federal government . A lawsuit has been filed against Bank of America by a former senior executive , Omeed Malik , who was accused of sexual harassment . Malik filed a defamation claim against the bank and is seeking damages of more than $100 million . Controversies ( edit ) Parmalat controversy ( edit ) Parmalat SpA is a multinational Italian dairy and food corporation . Following Parmalat 's 2003 bankruptcy , the company sued Bank of America for $10 billion , alleging the bank profited from its knowledge of Parmalat 's financial difficulties . The parties announced a settlement in July 2009 , resulting in Bank of America paying Parmalat $98.5 million in October 2009 . In a related case , on April 18 , 2011 , an Italian court acquitted Bank of America and three other large banks , along with their employees , of charges they assisted Parmalat in concealing its fraud , and of lacking sufficient internal controls to prevent such frauds . Prosecutors did not immediately say whether they would appeal the rulings . In Parma , the banks were still charged with covering up the fraud . Consumer credit controversies ( edit ) In January 2008 , Bank of America began notifying some customers without payment problems that their interest rates were more than doubled , up to 28 % . The bank was criticized for raising rates on customers in good standing , and for declining to explain why it had done so . In September 2009 , a Bank of America credit card customer , Ann Minch , posted a video on YouTube criticizing the bank for raising her interest rate . After the video went viral , she was contacted by a Bank of America representative who lowered her rate . The story attracted national attention from television and internet commentators . More recently , the bank has been criticized for allegedly seizing three properties that were not under their ownership , apparently due to incorrect addresses on their legal documents . WikiLeaks ( edit ) In October 2009 , Julian Assange of WikiLeaks claimed that his organization possessed a 5 gigabyte hard drive formerly used by a Bank of America executive and that Wikileaks intended to publish its contents . In November 2010 , Forbes published an interview with Assange in which he stated his intent to publish information which would turn a major U.S. bank `` inside out '' . In response to this announcement , Bank of America stock dropped 3.2 % . In December 2010 , Bank of America announced that it would no longer service requests to transfer funds to WikiLeaks , stating that `` Bank of America joins in the actions previously announced by MasterCard , PayPal , Visa Europe and others and will not process transactions of any type that we have reason to believe are intended for WikiLeaks ... This decision is based upon our reasonable belief that WikiLeaks may be engaged in activities that are , among other things , inconsistent with our internal policies for processing payments . '' Later in December , it was announced that Bank of America purchased more than 300 Internet domain names in an attempt to preempt bad publicity that might be forthcoming in the anticipated WikiLeaks release . The domain names included as BrianMoynihanBlows.com , BrianMoynihanSucks.com and similar names for other top executives of the bank . Sometime before August 2011 , WikiLeaks claimed that 5 GB of Bank of America leaks was part of the deletion of over 3500 communications by Daniel Domscheit - Berg , a now ex-WikiLeaks volunteer . Anonymous ( edit ) On March 14 , 2011 , members of hacker group Anonymous began releasing emails said to be from a former Bank of America employee . According to the group , the emails documented alleged `` corruption and fraud '' . The source , identified publicly as Brian Penny , was a former LPI Specialist from Balboa Insurance , a firm which used to be owned by the bank , but was sold to Australian Reinsurance Company QBE . Mortgage business ( edit ) In 2010 the state of Arizona launched an investigation into Bank of America for misleading homeowners who sought to modify their mortgage loans . According to the attorney general of Arizona , the bank `` repeatedly has deceived '' such mortgagors . In response to the investigation , the bank has given some modifications on the condition that the homeowners remove some information criticizing the bank online . Investment in mountaintop removal ( edit ) On May 6 , 2015 , Bank of America announced it would reduce its financial exposure to coal companies . The announcement came following pressure from universities and environmental groups . The new policy was announced as part of the bank 's decision to continue to reduce credit exposure over time to the coal mining sector . Notable buildings ( edit ) Bank of America Plaza , the tallest building in Atlanta Bank of America Stadium , home to the Carolina Panthers of the NFL Notable buildings which Bank of America currently occupies include : Bank of America Tower in Phoenix , Arizona Bank of America Center in Los Angeles Transamerica Pyramid , in San Francisco 555 California Street , formerly the Bank of America Center and world headquarters , in San Francisco Bank of America Plaza in Fort Lauderdale , Florida Bank of America Tower in Jacksonville , Florida Bank of America Financial Center ( Brickell ) and Bank of America Museum Tower ( Downtown Miami ) in Miami , Florida Bank of America Center in Orlando , Florida Bank of America Tower in St. Petersburg , Florida Bank of America Plaza in Tampa , Florida Bank of America Plaza in Atlanta , Georgia Bank of America Building , formerly the LaSalle Bank Building in Chicago , Illinois One City Center , often called the Bank of America building due to signage rights , in Portland , Maine Bank of America Building in Baltimore , Maryland Bank of America Plaza in St Louis , Missouri Bank of America Tower in Albuquerque , New Mexico Bank of America Tower in New York City Bank of America Corporate Center in Charlotte , North Carolina ( the corporate headquarters ) Bank of America Plaza in Charlotte , North Carolina Bank of America Plaza in Dallas , Texas Bank of America Center in Houston , Texas Bank of America Tower in Midland , Texas Bank of America Plaza in San Antonio , Texas Bank of America Fifth Avenue Plaza in Seattle , Washington Columbia Center in Seattle , Washington Bank of America Tower in Hong Kong City Place I , also known as United Healthcare Center , in Hartford , Connecticut ( the tallest building in Connecticut ) 9454 Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills , California Former buildings ( edit ) The Robert B. Atwood Building in Anchorage , Alaska was at one time named the Bank of America Center , renamed in conjunction with the bank 's acquisition of building tenant Security Pacific Bank . This particular branch was later acquired by Alaska - based Northrim Bank and moved across the street to the Linny Pacillo Parking Garage . The Bank of America Building ( Providence ) opened in 1928 as the Industrial Trust Building and remains the tallest building in Rhode Island . Through a number of mergers it was later known as the Industrial National Bank building and the Fleet Bank building . The building was leased by Bank of America from 2004 to 2012 and has been vacant since March 2013 . The building is commonly known as the Superman Building based on a popular belief that it was the model for the Daily Planet building in the Superman comic books . The Miami Tower iconic in its appearance in Miami Vice was known as the Bank of America Tower for many years . It is located in Downtown Miami . On April 18 , 2012 , the AIA 's Florida Chapter placed it on its list of Florida Architecture : 100 Years . 100 Places as the Bank of America Tower . See also ( edit ) North Carolina portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Companies portal List of members ATM Industry Association ( ATMIA ) BAML Capital Partners Bank of America ( Asia ) Bank of America Canada Calibuso , et al. v. Bank of America Corp. , et al . List of bank mergers in United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bank of America '' . NNDB . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Corporation '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bank of America Corporation 2017 Annual Report ( Form 10 - K ) '' . sec.gov . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . February 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ This is from the bank 's own Twitter page : `` Connect with us , the official BofA Twitter reps . '' Retrieved 9 Dec. 2017 . Jump up ^ Largest Banks in the United States Jump up ^ Forbes -- The World 's Biggest Public Companies 2016 RANKING : Bank of America ^ Jump up to : Cohan , William D. ( September 2009 ) , `` An offer he could n't refuse '' , The Atlantic Jump up ^ Comoreanu , Alina ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Bank Market Share by Deposits and Assets '' . WalletHub . Jump up ^ `` Citigroup posts 4th straight loss ; Merrill loss widens '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dash , Eric ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` 4 Major Banks Tap Fed for Financing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ B of A has operations ( for example , Merrill Lynch offices ) , but no retail branches in Alabama , Alaska , Hawaii , Louisiana , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , West Virginia , Wisconsin , or Wyoming . Bank of America Branches and ATMs Archived July 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Click `` Browse locations by state . '' © 2014 Bank of America Corporation . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Of America Corp '' . Intelligent Investor . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America to Pay $16.65 Billion in Historic Justice Department Settlement for Financial Fraud Leading up to and During the Financial Crisis '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Department of Justice . August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Made America ? -- Innovators -- A.P. Giannini '' . PBS.org . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Amadeo Peter Giannini '' . Famous Entrepreneurs by Evan Carmichael . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nation & World : Ripples from 1906 San Francisco quake felt even today Archived October 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Seattle Times . Retrieved on August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fradkin , Philip L. ( 2005 ) . The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906 : How San Francisco Nearly Destroyed Itself . University of California Press . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23060 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bank of America - Our Heritage : Loans on a Handshake . About.bankofamerica.com ( April 18 , 1906 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ In 1918 , the Bank of Italy Archived July 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . opened a Delegation in New York in order to follow American political , economic and financial affairs more closely ; together with the London Delegation , this was the first permanent overseas office opened by the Bank , at a time when the foundations were being laid for the restructuring of the international money market . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Expansion '' pp. 34 -- 38 In : Branch Banking California . Report for the U.S. Federal Reserve System . web version at : PDF version Jump up ^ Transamerica Corporation , a corporation of Delaware Archived August 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , has petitioned this court to review an order of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System entered against it under Section 11 of the Clayton Act , 15 U.S.C.A. § 21 , to enforce compliance with Section 7 of the Act , 15 U.S.C.A. § 18 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Visa '' . Visa Inc . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matassa Flores , Michele ( April 2 , 1992 ) . `` Key Bank , West One Finalize Purchases '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ BA Securities , Inc . Changes to BancAmerica Securities , Inc ... Business Wire , January 16 , 1997 Jump up ^ BankAmerica Adds 4 Traders To Its High - Yield Bond Sector . American Banker , June 17 , 1996 Jump up ^ BankAmerica to Buy Robertson , Stephens Investment Company . The New York Times , June 9 , 1997 Jump up ^ Kolman , Joe ( 1998 ) . `` Inside D.E. Shaw '' . Derivatives Strategy . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Thomas S. ( October 21 , 1998 ) . `` BankAmerica 's Coulter to Step Down Oct. 30 '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Petruno , Tom ( October 15 , 1998 ) . `` Surprise BofA Losses Trigger Plunge in Stock '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Mitchell ( April 14 , 1998 ) . `` Nations Bank Drives $62 Billion Merger : A New BankAmerica : Biggest of U.S. Banks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Montgomery name disappears , as Banc of America Securities debuts . Investment Dealers ' Digest , May 17 , 1999 ^ Jump up to : `` US banking mega-merger unveiled '' . BBC News . October 27 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America To Buy U.S. Trust '' . Forbes . November 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom , Henderson ( April 14 , 2008 ) . `` BOA to ' paint the town red ' with LaSalle name change '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Dan ; Lublin , Joann S. ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Bank of America Chief Resigns Under Fire '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul R. ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` BofA : No longer hated on Wall Street '' . CNNMoney.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Salas , Caroline ; Church , Steven ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide Gives Bank of America $447 million Gain '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America to buy Countrywide for $4 billion '' . Reuters . January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide FBI Investigation '' . CNNMoney.com . March 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Arena , Kelli ( September 24 , 2008 ) , `` FBI probing bailout firms '' , CNNMoney.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bauerlein , Valerie ; Hagerty , James S. ( January 12 , 2008 ) . `` Behind Bank of America 's Big Gamble '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. A1 , A5 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide Financial Corporation Thirteen Month Statistical Data for the period ended December 31 , 2007 '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BofA completes deal for Countrywide Financial '' . Orlando Sentinel . Associated Press . July 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America May Not Guarantee Countrywide 's Debt '' . Bloomberg News . May 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` BofA settles unfair lending claims for $335 million '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach ( September 15 , 2008 ) . `` Wachtell , Shearman , Cravath on Bank of America - Merrill Deal '' . Law.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popper , Margaret ( September 14 , 2008 ) . `` Bank of America Said to Walk Away From Lehman Talks ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Andrew Ross ( September 15 , 2008 ) . `` Lehman Files for Bankruptcy ; Merrill Is Sold '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lehman Brothers files for Bankruptcy '' . BBC News . September 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFP : Temasek could profit on Merrill takeover : economists '' . Google News . September 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lim , Kevin & Azhar , Saeed ( May 22 , 2009 ) , `` Singapore 's Temasek defends costly Bank of America exit '' , Reuters , retrieved August 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Completes Merrill Lynch Purchase '' . prnewswire.com for Bank of America . January 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keoun , Bradley ; Trowbridge , Poppy ( December 18 , 2008 ) . `` Bank of America Moves Chai ; Berkery Said to Depart '' . Bloomberg L.P . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Greg ; Guerrera , Francesco ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` BofA Asia head and Thain ally leaves '' . Financial Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dash , Eric ; Story , Louise ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Bank of America to Receive Additional $20 billion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ LOUISE STORY and JO BECKER ( June 11 , 2009 ) . `` Bank Chief Tells of U.S. Pressure to Buy Merrill Lynch '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kim Dixon ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` BofA documents , e-mails show pressure to buy Merrill Lynch '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Buys Merrill Lynch Creating Unique Financial Services Firm '' ( Press release ) . Bank of America . September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Debt overshadows US bank 's profit '' . BBC News . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mildenberg , David ( October 5 , 2009 ) . `` Merrill Bringing Down Lewis Gives Bank 30 % Profits as ' a Steal ' '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Silver - Greenberg , Jessica ; Craig , Susanne ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Bank of America Settles Suit Over Merrill for $2.43 Billion '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rucker , Patrick ; Stempel , Jonathan ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Bank of America gets big government bailout '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Giannone , Joseph A. ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. pushed Bank of America to complete Merrill buy : report '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ellis , David ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Bank CEOs flogged in Washington '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary Williams ( March 15 , 2009 ) , `` A.I.G. Lists Firms It Paid With Taxpayer Money '' , The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Regulators to B of A : Obey or Else '' , The Wall Street Journal , July 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ Bank of America to Repay Entire $45 billion in TARP to U.S. Taxpayers , PR Newswire , December 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Completes US TARP Repayment '' . Google News . October 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kouwe , Zachery ( August 3 , 2009 ) , `` BofA Settles S.E.C. Suit Over Merrill Deal '' DealBook blog , The New York Times , Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stempel , Jonathan , `` Judge blocks Bank of America - SEC bonus settlement '' Reuters , 8 / 6 / 09 . Retrieved 8 / 7 / 09 . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ( August 10 , 2009 ) , `` Judge Attacks Merrill Pre-Merger Bonuses '' , The New York Times , ( p . B1 , August 11 , 2009 NY ed . ) , retrieved August 11 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Story , Louise , `` Judge Rejects Settlement Over Merrill Bonuses '' , The New York Times , September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Glovin , David ( February 22 , 2010 ) , `` Bank of America $150 million SEC Accord Is Approved '' , Bloomberg.com , retrieved March 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Executive Compensation : How Much is Too Much ? '' Hearing , with statements , October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kucinich on new NY AG fraud charges against Bank of America and SEC settling charges against BofA for misleading shareholders '' Press release , February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Zachary A. ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America to pay $137 million in state fraud cases '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selway , William , & Braun , Martin Z . ( January 2011 ) , `` The Men who Rigged the Muni Market '' , Bloomberg Markets , pp. 79 -- 84 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Sues Bank Of America Over Mortgage Loans To Fannie And Freddie '' . npr . October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Protess , Ben ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. Accuses Bank of America of a ' Brazen ' Mortgage Fraud '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Viswanatha , Aruna ; Rexrode , Christina ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Bank of America Penalty Thrown Out in Crisis - Era ' Hustle ' Case Appeals court says government did n't prove case , bank does n't have to pay $1.27 billion '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America ending 30K more jobs '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . American City Business Journals . September 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Full List : America 's Best And Worst Banks '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` BofA speeds up plans to cut 16,000 jobs : WSJ '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Huntington Bank buys 13 branches to Flint - area , Monroe , Muskegon in $500 million deal '' . MLive.com . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America invests in China '' . BBC News . June 17 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ALB Asia -- legal deals , law deals , law firm deals , lawyer deals '' . Legalbusinessonline.com.au . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Son , Hugh ; Tong , Stephanie ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Bank of America 's Construction Bank Sale Lifts Capital , Reduces China Risk '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barreto , Elzio ; Thomas , Denny ; Rudegeair , Peter ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Bank of America selling remaining stake in Chinese bank '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America to pay nearly $17 bn to settle mortgage claims '' . Philadelphia Herald . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Handley , Meg . `` Mortgage Settlement : Do the Big Banks Owe You Money ? '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahany , Brian ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Whistleblowers Share Over $170 M in Bank of America Settlement '' . MahanyLaw . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Community Bank official website Jump up ^ DOD Community Bank Branch and ATM locations Jump up ^ Community Bank Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ Hsu , Tiffany ( 10 April 2018 ) . `` Bank of America to Stop Financing Makers of Military - Style Guns '' . New York Times . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Excellence 2007 Best Bank : Bank of America '' . Euromoney . July 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Whoa ! Bank of America cuts ties to ALEC '' . Teamsters . November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Pacific Global Regions Bank of America Merrill Lynch '' . Bank of America . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Vows $20 Billion for Green Projects '' . NBC News . Associated Press . February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cui , Carolyn ( November 30 , 2007 ) . `` Credit Cards ' Latest Pitch : Green Benefits '' . Wall Street Journal . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ O'Daniel , Adam ; Boye , Will ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Credit Cards ' Latest Pitch : Green Benefits '' . Charlotte Business Journal . Jump up ^ Kowalczyk , Liz ( March 10 , 2007 ) . `` Bank to aid health centers '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Freer , Jim ( March 9 , 2007 ) . `` BofA donates $1 M to Camillus House '' . South Florida Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Meeting $350 Billion Community Development Goals '' ( Press release ) . Bank of America . June 20 , 2002 -- via PRNewswire . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Balance Sheet : Social Scorecard '' . Forbes . December 13 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Eileen AJ ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fitch may downgrade BofA , Morgan Stanley , Goldman '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Countrywide Will Settle a Bias Suit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joint State - Federal Mortgage Servicing Settlement FAQ '' . Attorneys General Executive Committee . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nelson D. ; Creswell , Julie ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Mortgage Plan Gives Billions to Homeowners , but With Exceptions '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Protess , Ben ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. Accuses Bank of America of a ' Brazen ' Mortgage Fraud '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Son , Hugh ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` BofA 's Moynihan Delivers at Last on Vow to Boost Dividend '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CFPB Orders Bank Of America To Pay $727 Million In Consumer Relief For Illegal Credit Card Practices '' . Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Rachel ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ex-Finance Chief at Bank of America to Pay $7.5 Million in Settlement '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Puzzanghera , Jim ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America to Pay Record $16.65 Billion to Settle Mortgage Claims '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Holder to Announce Record Bank of America Settlement '' . CBS News . August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Deon ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America 's Nearly $17 Billion Settlement Could be Announced Thursday '' . The Charlotte Observer . Jump up ^ Corkery , Michael ; Apuzzo , Matt ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America Reaches $16.65 Billion Mortgage Settlement '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McCoy , Kevin ; Johnson , Kevin ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Bank of America Agrees to Nearly $17 B Settlement '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Ex-BofA Executive Omeed Malik Seeks $100 Million in Defamation Claim '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` BofA settles with Parmalat for $100 M '' . Charlotte Business Journal . July 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Italy / US : Parmalat receives Bank of America settlement '' . Aroq Ltd . October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sylvers , Eric ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Judge Clears Banks in Parmalat Case '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berner , Robert ( February 7 , 2008 ) , A Credit Card You Want to Toss '' Archived January 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2008 ) , Mortgage Woes Boost Credit Card Debt Archived May 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Arthur ( September 21 , 2009 , updated November 21 , 2009 ) , `` Ann Minch Triumphs In Credit Card Fight '' , The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ferran , Lee ( September 29 , 2009 ) , `` Woman Boycotts Bank of America , Wins '' , Good Morning America , ABC News . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pepitone , Julianne ( September 29 , 2009 ) , `` YouTube credit card rant gets results '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gomstyn , Alice ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` No Mortgage , Still Foreclosed ? Bank of America Sued for Seizing Wrong Homes '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nystedt , Dan ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Wikileaks plans to make the Web a leakier place '' . Computerworld . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andy Greenberg ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` WikiLeaks ' Julian Assange Wants To Spill Your Corporate Secrets '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Of America Shares Fall On WikiLeaks Fears '' . CBS News . Associated Press . November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` WikiLicks '' . Crime . Orlando : Criminal Brief . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nelson D. ( December 18 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America Suspends Payments Made to WikiLeaks '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Wants You to Know Its Executives Do n't Suck '' . Domain Name Wire . December 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tiku , Nitasha ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America Prepares to Get WikiLeaked by Buying Up Negative Domain Names '' . New York . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kapne , Suzanne ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Hundreds of anti-BofA websites registered '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rothacker , Rick ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Bank of America buys up critical domain names '' . The Charlotte Observer . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We can confirm that the DDB ... '' August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We can confirm that the DDB '' . August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Koons , Cynthia ; Fitzpatrick , Dan ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Anonymous ' Perplexing Leak of Bank of America Documents '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Ryan ( 2011 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Bank Of America Anonymous Leak Alleges ' Corruption And Fraud ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Garofalo , Pat ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Bank Of America 's Offer To Homeowners : We 'll Modify Loans If You 'll Erase All The Mean Things Said About Us On Twitter '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Valerie Volcovici ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Bank of America 's new policy to limit credit exposure to coal '' . Business Insider . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Architecture : 100 Years . 100 Places '' . AIA Florida . Further reading ( edit ) Cohen , Lauren ( 2016 ) . Bank of America Interview Tips . Los Angeles , CA : Smith - Westfield Press . Bonadio , Felice A. ( 1994 ) . A.P. Giannini : Banker of America . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08249 - 4 . Hector , Gary ( 1988 ) . Breaking the Bank : The Decline of BankAmerica . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 35392 - 2 . James , Marquie ; James , Bessie ( 1954 ) . Biography of a Bank : The Story of Bank of America N.T. &S. A. New York : Harper and Brothers . Johnston , Moira ( 1990 ) . Roller Coaster : The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking . New York : Ticknor & Fields . Josephson , Matthew ( 1972 ) . The Money Lords : The Great Finance Capitalists , 1925 -- 1950 . New York : Weybright and Talley . Lampert , Hope ( 1986 ) . Behind Closed Doors : Wheeling and Dealing in the Banking World . New York : Atheneum . Light , Larry ( October 1 , 2007 ) . `` Money for the Masses '' . Forbes . Monnette , Orra Eugene . Personal Papers Collection . Los Angeles , CA : Los Angeles Public Library . Nash , Gerald G. ( 1992 ) . A.P. Giannini and the Bank of America . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Yockey , Ross ( 1999 ) . McColl : The Man with America 's Money . Atlanta : Longstreet Press . Ahmed , Azam ; Demirjian , Karoun ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Credit offered to illegal residents '' . Chicago Tribune . Taibbi , Matt ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Bank of America : Too Crooked to Fail '' . Rolling Stone . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bank of America . 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Lloyds Bank PLC MashreqBank psc ( UAE ) Royal Bank of Scotland PLC UBS AG Wells Fargo Bank NA Non-EU Bank of China ( CHN ) GND : 19010 - X ISNI : 0000 0001 0373 6759 LCCN : n80026791 VIAF : 155048466 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_America&oldid=842190533 '' Categories : Bank of America 1904 establishments in California Banks based in North Carolina Banks established in 1904 Systemically important financial institutions Bank of America legacy banks Companies based in Charlotte , North Carolina Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Financial services companies of the United States Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Multinational companies headquartered in the United States Online brokerages Primary dealers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from November 2015 Use American English from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 21 : 09 . 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"\nBank of America Corporation\n\n\n\n\n\nBank of America headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.\n\n\n\n\nType\n\nPublic\n\n\nTraded as\n\n\n\nNYSE: BAC\nS&P 100 component\nS&P 500 component\n\n\n\n\n\nISIN\nUS0605051046\n\n\nIndustry\nBanking, financial services\n\n\nPredecessor\nBank America\nNationsBank\n\n\nFounded\nOctober 17, 1904; 113 years ago (1904-10-17) (as Bank of Italy)\nNovember 3, 1930; 87 years ago (1930-11-03) (as Bank of America)[1][2]\nOctober 2000; 17 years ago (2000-10) (current)\n\n\nFounder\nAmadeo Giannini\n\n\nHeadquarters\nCharlotte, North Carolina, U.S.\n\n\n\nNumber of locations\n\n4,600 retail financial centers & approximately 15,900 automated teller machines[3]\n\n\n\nArea served\n\nWorldwide\n\n\n\nKey people\n\nBrian Moynihan\n(Chairman and CEO)\n\n\nProducts\nConsumer banking, corporate banking, insurance, investment banking, mortgage loans, private banking, private equity, wealth management, credit cards,\n\n\nRevenue\n US$87.352 billion (2017)[3]\n\n\n\nNet income\n\n US$18.232 billion (2017)[3]\n\n\nTotal assets\n US$2.281 trillion (2017)[3]\n\n\nTotal equity\n US$267.146 billion (2017)[3]\n\n\n\nNumber of employees\n\n209,000 (2017)[3]\n\n\nDivisions\nBank of America Home Loans, Bank of America Merrill Lynch\n\n\nSubsidiaries\nMerrill Lynch\nMerrill Edge\nU.S. Trust\n\n\nCapital ratio\n11.8% (2017)[3]\n\n\nRating\nLong Term Senior\nMoody's: Baa1 (10/2016)\nS&P: BBB+ (10/2016)\nFitch: A (10/2016)\n\n\nWebsite\nbankofamerica.com\n\n"
] | [
"Amadeo Giannini"
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7157936551622535829 | 2010 FIFA World Cup | 2010 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2010 FIFA World Cup `` FIFA 2010 '' redirects here . For the video game , see FIFA 10 . This article is about 2010 FIFA World Cup . For the video game , see 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa ( video game ) . For other uses , see 2010 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup FIFA Sokker - Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010 2010 FIFA World Cup official logo Ke Nako . Celebrate Africa 's Humanity Tournament details Host country South Africa Dates 11 June -- 11 July Teams 32 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 10 ( in 9 host cities ) Final positions Champions Spain ( 1st title ) Runners - up Netherlands Third place Germany Fourth place Uruguay Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 145 ( 2.27 per match ) Attendance 3,178,856 ( 49,670 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Diego Forlán Thomas Müller Wesley Sneijder David Villa ( 5 goals each ) Best player Diego Forlán Best young player Thomas Müller Best goalkeeper Iker Casillas Fair play award Spain ← 2006 2014 → The 2010 FIFA World Cup was the 19th FIFA World Cup , the world championship for men 's national association football teams . It took place in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July 2010 . The bidding process for hosting the tournament finals was open only to African nations . In 2004 , the international football federation , FIFA , selected South Africa over Egypt and Morocco to become the first African nation to host the finals . The matches were played in 10 stadiums in nine host cities around the country , with the opening and final played at the Soccer City stadium in South Africa 's largest city , Johannesburg . Thirty - two teams were selected for participation via a worldwide qualification tournament that began in August 2007 . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four teams for points , with the top two teams in each group proceeding . These 16 teams advanced to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play decided which teams would participate in the final . In the final , Spain , the European champions , defeated the Netherlands ( third - time losing finalists ) 1 -- 0 after extra time , with Andrés Iniesta 's goal in the 116th minute giving Spain their first world title . Spain became the eighth nation to win the tournament and the first European nation to win a World Cup hosted outside its home continent : all previous World Cups held outside Europe had been won by South American nations . They are also the only national team since 1978 to win a World Cup after losing a game in the group stage . As a result of their win , Spain represented the World in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . Host nation South Africa , 2006 champions Italy and 2006 runners - up France were all eliminated in the first round of the tournament . It was the first time that the hosts had been eliminated in the first round . New Zealand , with their three draws , were the only undefeated team in the tournament , but they were also eliminated in the first round . Contents 1 Host selection 1.1 Bribery and corruption 2 Qualification 2.1 List of qualified teams 3 Preparations 3.1 Construction strike 4 Prize money 5 Venues 5.1 Team base camps 6 Final draw 7 Referees 8 Squads 9 Match summary 10 Group stage 10.1 Group A 10.2 Group B 10.3 Group C 10.4 Group D 10.5 Group E 10.6 Group F 10.7 Group G 10.8 Group H 11 Knockout stage 11.1 Round of 16 11.2 Quarter - finals 11.3 Semi-finals 11.4 Third place play - off 11.5 Final 12 Statistics 12.1 Goalscorers 12.2 Discipline 12.3 Final standings 13 Awards 13.1 Main awards 13.2 Dream Team 14 Marketing 14.1 Mascot 14.2 Official song 14.3 Match ball 14.4 Vuvuzelas 15 Sponsorship 16 Event effects 16.1 Social 16.1. 1 Resettlement and eviction 16.2 Economy 16.3 Quality 17 Media 17.1 Broadcasting 17.2 Filming 17.3 Video games 17.4 FIFA Fan Fest 18 See also 19 References 20 External links Host selection Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts § 2010 FIFA World Cup Africa was chosen as the host for the 2010 World Cup as part of a short - lived rotation policy , abandoned in 2007 , to rotate the event among football confederations . Five African nations placed bids to host the 2010 World Cup : Egypt , Morocco , South Africa and a joint bid from Libya and Tunisia . Following the decision of the FIFA Executive Committee not to allow co-hosted tournaments , Tunisia withdrew from the bidding process . The committee also decided not to consider Libya 's solo bid as it no longer met all the stipulations laid down in the official List of Requirements . The winning bid was announced by FIFA president Sepp Blatter at a media conference on 15 May 2004 in Zürich ; in the first round of voting , South Africa received 14 votes , Morocco received 10 votes and Egypt no votes . South Africa , which had narrowly failed to win the right to host the 2006 event , was thus awarded the right to host the tournament . Having successfully campaigned for South Africa to be granted host status , an emotional Nelson Mandela raised the FIFA World Cup Trophy . During 2006 and 2007 , rumours circulated in various news sources that the 2010 World Cup could be moved to another country . Franz Beckenbauer , Horst R. Schmidt and , reportedly , some FIFA executives , expressed concern over the planning , organisation , and pace of South Africa 's preparations . FIFA officials repeatedly expressed their confidence in South Africa as host , stating that a contingency plan existed only to cover natural catastrophes , as had been in place at previous FIFA World Cups . Bribery and corruption On 28 May 2015 , media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high - ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US $10 million in bribes to then - FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members . On 4 June 2015 , FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities , confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA 's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cup bids . Blazer stated , `` I and others on the Fifa executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup . '' On 6 June 2015 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had actually won the vote , but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead . Qualification Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification The qualification draw for the 2010 World Cup was held in Durban on 25 November 2007 . As the host nation , South Africa qualified automatically for the tournament . As happened in the previous tournament , the defending champions were not given an automatic berth , and Italy had to participate in qualification . With a pool of entrants comprising 204 of the 208 FIFA national teams at the time , the 2010 World Cup shares with the 2008 Summer Olympics the record for most competing nations in a sporting event . Some controversies arose during the qualifications . In the second leg of the play - off between France and the Republic of Ireland , French captain Thierry Henry , unseen by the referee , handled the ball in the lead up to a late goal , which enabled France to qualify ahead of Ireland , sparking widespread comment and debate . FIFA rejected a request from the Football Association of Ireland to replay the match , and Ireland later withdrew a request to be included as an unprecedented 33rd World Cup entrant . As a result , FIFA announced a review into the use of technology or extra officials at the highest level , but decided against the widely expected fast - tracking of goal - line referee 's assistants for the South African tournament . Supporters watching the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , with vuvuzelas . Costa Rica complained over Uruguay 's winning goal in the CONMEBOL -- CONCACAF playoff , while Egypt and Algeria 's November 2009 matches were surrounded by reports of crowd trouble . On the subject of fair play , FIFA President Sepp Blatter said : I appeal to all the players and coaches to observe this fair play . In 2010 we want to prove that football is more than just kicking a ball but has social and cultural value ... So we ask the players ' please observe fair play ' so they will be an example to the rest of the world . Slovakia was making its first appearance as an independent nation but had previously been represented as part of the Czechoslovakia team that had last played in the 1990 tournament ; North Korea qualified for the first time since 1966 ; Honduras and New Zealand were both making their first appearances since 1982 ; and Algeria were at the finals for the first time since the 1986 competition . Teams that failed to qualify for this tournament included Saudi Arabia , which had qualified for the previous four tourmanents ; Tunisia and Croatia , both of whom had qualified for the previous three finals ; Costa Rica , Ecuador , Poland and Sweden , who had qualified for the previous two editions ; 2006 quarter - finalists Ukraine and Euro 2008 semi-finalists Russia and Turkey . As of 2018 , this was the last time South Africa , New Zealand , North Korea , Paraguay , Slovakia and Slovenia qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals . List of qualified teams The following 32 teams , shown with final pre-tournament rankings , qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 4 ) Australia ( 20 ) Japan ( 45 ) North Korea ( 105 ) South Korea ( 47 ) CAF ( 6 ) Algeria ( 30 ) Cameroon ( 19 ) Ghana ( 32 ) Ivory Coast ( 27 ) Nigeria ( 21 ) South Africa ( 83 ) ( hosts ) CONCACAF ( 3 ) Honduras ( 38 ) Mexico ( 17 ) United States ( 14 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Brazil ( 1 ) Chile ( 18 ) Paraguay ( 31 ) Uruguay ( 16 ) OFC ( 1 ) New Zealand ( 78 ) UEFA ( 13 ) Denmark ( 36 ) England ( 8 ) France ( 9 ) Germany ( 6 ) Greece ( 13 ) Italy ( 5 ) Netherlands ( 4 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Serbia ( 15 ) Slovakia ( 34 ) Slovenia ( 25 ) Spain ( 2 ) Switzerland ( 24 ) Qualified countries Countries that failed to qualify Countries that did not enter Country not a FIFA member Preparations Five new stadiums were built for the tournament , and five of the existing venues were upgraded . Construction costs were expected to be R 8.4 billion ( just over US $1 billion or € 950 million ) . South Africa also improved its public transport infrastructure within the host cities , including Johannesburg 's Gautrain and other metro systems , and major road networks were improved . In March 2009 , Danny Jordaan , the president of the 2010 World Cup organising committee , reported that all stadiums for the tournament were on schedule to be completed within six months . The country implemented special measures to ensure the safety and security of spectators in accordance with standard FIFA requirements , including a temporary restriction of flight operation in the airspace surrounding the stadiums . At a ceremony to mark 100 days before the event , FIFA president Sepp Blatter praised the readiness of the country for the event . Construction strike On 8 July 2009 , 70,000 construction workers who were working on the new stadiums walked off their jobs . The majority of the workers receive R 2500 per month ( about £ 192 , € 224 or US $313 ) , but the unions alleged that some workers were grossly underpaid . A spokesperson for the National Union of Mineworkers said to the SABC that the `` no work no pay '' strike would go on until FIFA assessed penalties on the organisers . Other unions threatened to strike into 2011 . The strike was swiftly resolved and workers were back at work within a week of it starting . There were no further strikes and all stadiums and construction projects were completed in time for the kick off . Prize money The total prize money on offer for the tournament was confirmed by FIFA as US $420 million ( including payments of US $40 million to domestic clubs ) , a 60 percent increase on the 2006 tournament . Before the tournament , each of the 32 entrants received US $1 million for preparation costs . Once at the tournament , the prize money was distributed as follows : US $8 million -- To each team eliminated at the group stage ( 16 teams ) ( $8.98 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $9 million -- To each team eliminated in the round of 16 ( 8 teams ) ( $10.10 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $14 million -- To each team eliminated in the quarter - finals ( 4 teams ) ( $15.71 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $18 million -- Fourth placed team ( $20.20 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $20 million -- Third placed team ( $22.44 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $24 million -- Runner up ( $26.93 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $30 million -- Winner ( $33.67 million in 2018 US dollars ) In a first for the World Cup , FIFA made payments to the domestic clubs of the players representing their national teams at the tournament . This saw a total of US $40 million paid to domestic clubs . This was the result of an agreement reached in 2008 between FIFA and European clubs to disband the G - 14 group and drop their claims for compensation dating back to 2005 over the financial cost of injuries sustained to their players while on international duty , such as that from Belgian club Charleroi S.C. for injury to Morocco 's Abdelmajid Oulmers in a friendly game in 2004 , and from English club Newcastle United for an injury to England 's Michael Owen in the 2006 World Cup . Venues Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX In 2005 , the organisers released a provisional list of 13 venues to be used for the World Cup : Bloemfontein , Cape Town , Durban , Johannesburg ( two venues ) , Kimberley , Klerksdorp , Nelspruit , Orkney , Polokwane , Port Elizabeth , Pretoria , and Rustenburg . This was narrowed down to the ten venues that were officially announced by FIFA on 17 March 2006 . The altitude of several venues affected the motion of the ball and player performance , although FIFA 's medical chief downplayed this consideration . Six of the ten venues were over 1200m above sea level , with the two Johannesburg venues -- the FNB Stadium ( also known as Soccer City ) and Ellis Park Stadium -- the highest at approximately 1750m . The FNB Stadium , the Cape Town Stadium and the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium in Port Elizabeth were the most - used venues , each hosting eight matches . Ellis Park Stadium and the Moses Mabhida Stadium in Durban hosted seven matches each , while the Loftus Versfeld Stadium in Pretoria , the Free State Stadium in Bloemfontein and the Royal Bafokeng Stadium in Rustenburg hosted six matches each . The Peter Mokaba Stadium in Polokwane and the Mbombela Stadium in Nelspruit hosted four matches each , but did not host any knockout - stage matches . Johannesburg Cape Town Durban FNB Stadium ( Soccer City ) Ellis Park Stadium Cape Town Stadium ( Green Point Stadium ) Moses Mabhida Stadium ( Durban Stadium ) 26 ° 14 ′ 5.27 '' S 27 ° 58 ′ 56.47 '' E / 26.2347972 ° S 27.9823528 ° E / - 26.2347972 ; 27.9823528 ( Soccer City ) 26 ° 11 ′ 51.07 '' S 28 ° 3 ′ 38.76 '' E / 26.1975194 ° S 28.0607667 ° E / - 26.1975194 ; 28.0607667 ( Ellis Park Stadium ) 33 ° 54 ′ 12.46 '' S 18 ° 24 ′ 40.15 '' E / 33.9034611 ° S 18.4111528 ° E / - 33.9034611 ; 18.4111528 ( Cape Town Stadium ) 29 ° 49 ′ 46 '' S 31 ° 01 ′ 49 '' E / 29.82944 ° S 31.03028 ° E / - 29.82944 ; 31.03028 ( Moses Mabhida Stadium ) Capacity : 84,490 Capacity : 55,686 Capacity : 64,100 Capacity : 62,760 Pretoria Johannesburg Durban Cape Town Pretoria Port Elizabeth Bloemfontein Polokwane Rustenburg Nelspruit 2010 FIFA World Cup ( South Africa ) Port Elizabeth Loftus Versfeld Stadium Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium 25 ° 45 ′ 12 '' S 28 ° 13 ′ 22 '' E / 25.75333 ° S 28.22278 ° E / - 25.75333 ; 28.22278 ( Loftus Versfeld Stadium ) 33 ° 56 ′ 16 '' S 25 ° 35 ′ 56 '' E / 33.93778 ° S 25.59889 ° E / - 33.93778 ; 25.59889 ( Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium ) Capacity : 42,858 Capacity : 42,486 Polokwane Nelspruit Bloemfontein Rustenburg 23 ° 55 ′ 29 '' S 29 ° 28 ′ 08 '' E / 23.924689 ° S 29.468765 ° E / - 23.924689 ; 29.468765 ( Peter Mokaba Stadium ) 25 ° 27 ′ 42 '' S 30 ° 55 ′ 47 '' E / 25.46172 ° S 30.929689 ° E / - 25.46172 ; 30.929689 ( Mbombela Stadium ) 29 ° 07 ′ 02.25 '' S 26 ° 12 ′ 31.85 '' E / 29.1172917 ° S 26.2088472 ° E / - 29.1172917 ; 26.2088472 ( Free State Stadium ) 25 ° 34 ′ 43 '' S 27 ° 09 ′ 39 '' E / 25.5786 ° S 27.1607 ° E / - 25.5786 ; 27.1607 ( Royal Bafokeng Stadium ) Peter Mokaba Stadium Mbombela Stadium Free State Stadium Royal Bafokeng Stadium Capacity : 41,733 Capacity : 40,929 Capacity : 40,911 Capacity : 38,646 The following stadiums were all upgraded to meet FIFA specifications : Cecil Payne Stadium Dobsonville Stadium Gelvandale Stadium Giant Stadium HM Pitje Stadium King Zwelithini Stadium Olympia Park Stadium Orlando Stadium Princess Magogo Stadium Rabie Ridge Stadium Rand Stadium Ruimsig Stadium Seisa Ramabodu Stadium Sugar Ray Xulu Stadium Super Stadium Team base camps The base camps are used by 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament . In February 2010 , FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team . Fifteen teams were in Gauteng Province , while six teams were based in KwaZulu - Natal , four in the Western Cape , three in North West Province and one each in Mpumalanga , the Eastern Cape and the Northern Cape . Eastern Cape ( 1 ) Ghana Gauteng ( 15 ) Argentina Australia Germany Honduras Italy Mexico Netherlands New Zealand North Korea Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland United States KwaZulu - Natal ( 7 ) Algeria Cameroon Greece Ivory Coast Nigeria Paraguay Portugal Mpumalanga ( 1 ) Chile North West Province ( 3 ) England South Korea Spain Northern Cape ( 1 ) Uruguay Western Cape ( 4 ) Brazil Denmark France Japan Final draw See also : 2010 FIFA World Cup seeding The FIFA Organising Committee approved the procedure for the final draw on 2 December 2009 . The seeding was based on the October 2009 FIFA World Ranking and seven squads joined hosts South Africa as seeded teams for the final draw . No two teams from the same confederation were to be drawn in the same group , except allowing a maximum of two European teams in a group . Pot 1 ( Host & Top seven ) Pot 2 ( Asia , North America & Oceania ) Pot 3 ( Africa & South America ) Pot 4 ( Europe ) South Africa Brazil Spain Netherlands Italy Germany Argentina England Australia Japan North Korea South Korea Honduras Mexico United States New Zealand Algeria Cameroon Ghana Ivory Coast Nigeria Chile Paraguay Uruguay Denmark France Greece Portugal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland The group draw was staged in Cape Town , South Africa , on 4 December 2009 at the Cape Town International Convention Centre . The ceremony was presented by South African actress Charlize Theron , assisted by FIFA Secretary General Jérôme Valcke . The balls were drawn by English football star David Beckham and African sporting figures Haile Gebrselassie , John Smit , Makhaya Ntini , Matthew Booth and Simphiwe Dludlu . Referees Main articles : 2010 FIFA World Cup officials and 2010 FIFA World Cup controversies § Refereeing FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 29 referees through its Refereeing Assistance Programme to officiate at the World Cup : four from the AFC , three from the CAF , six from CONMEBOL , four from CONCACAF , two from the OFC and ten from UEFA . English referee Howard Webb was chosen to referee the final , making him the first person to referee both the UEFA Champions League final and the World Cup final in the same year . Squads The Brazilian and North Korean teams before their group stage match Further information : 2010 FIFA World Cup squads As with the 2006 tournament , each team 's squad for the 2010 World Cup consisted of 23 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 23 - player squad by 1 June 2010 . Teams were permitted to make late replacements in the event of serious injury , at any time up to 24 hours before their first game . Of the 736 players participating in the tournament , over half played their club football in five European domestic leagues ; those in England ( 117 players ) , Germany ( 84 ) , Italy ( 80 ) , Spain ( 59 ) and France ( 46 ) . The English , German and Italian squads were made up of entirely home based players , while only Nigeria had no players from clubs in their own league . In all , players from 52 national leagues entered the tournament . FC Barcelona of Spain was the club contributing the most players to the tournament , with 13 players of their side travelling , 7 with the Spanish team , while another 7 clubs contributed 10 players or more . In another first for South Africa 2010 , one squad included three siblings . Jerry , Johnny and Wilson Palacios made history thanks to their inclusion in Honduras 's 23 - man list . Unusually , the game between Germany and Ghana had two brothers playing for opposite nations , with Jérôme Boateng and Kevin - Prince Boateng playing respectively . Match summary The 32 national teams involved in the tournament together played a total of 64 matches starting from the group stage matches and progressing to the knockout stage matches , with teams eliminated through the various progressive stages . Rest days were allocated during the various stages to allow players recovery during the tournament . Preliminary events were also held in celebration of the World Cup event . All times listed in the table below are in South African Standard Time ( UTC + 02 ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2010 matches . show Day Time Venue Stage Team 1 Result Team 2 Thursday 10 June Preliminary events 20 : 00 Soweto FIFA Kick - off Celebration Concert Friday 11 June 14 : 00 Johannesburg ( SC ) Opening ceremony First round of group stage matches 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group A South Africa 1 -- 1 Mexico 20 : 30 Cape Town Uruguay 0 -- 0 France Saturday 12 June 13 : 30 Port Elizabeth Group B South Korea 2 -- 0 Greece 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Argentina 1 -- 0 Nigeria 20 : 30 Rustenburg Group C England 1 -- 1 United States Sunday 13 June 13 : 30 Polokwane Algeria 0 -- 1 Slovenia 16 : 00 Pretoria Group D Serbia 0 -- 1 Ghana 20 : 30 Durban Germany 4 -- 0 Australia Monday 14 June 13 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group E Netherlands 2 -- 0 Denmark 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Japan 1 -- 0 Cameroon 20 : 30 Cape Town Group F Italy 1 -- 1 Paraguay Tuesday 15 June 13 : 30 Rustenburg New Zealand 1 -- 1 Slovakia 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group G Ivory Coast 0 -- 0 Portugal 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Brazil 2 -- 1 North Korea Wednesday 16 June 13 : 30 Nelspruit Group H Honduras 0 -- 1 Chile 16 : 00 Durban Spain 0 -- 1 Switzerland Second round of group stage matches 20 : 30 Pretoria Group A South Africa 0 -- 3 Uruguay Thursday 17 June 13 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group B Argentina 4 -- 1 South Korea 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Greece 2 -- 1 Nigeria 20 : 30 Polokwane Group A France 0 -- 2 Mexico Friday 18 June 13 : 30 Port Elizabeth Group D Germany 0 -- 1 Serbia 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Group C Slovenia 2 -- 2 United States 20 : 30 Cape Town England 0 -- 0 Algeria Saturday 19 June 13 : 30 Durban Group E Netherlands 1 -- 0 Japan 16 : 00 Rustenburg Group D Ghana 1 -- 1 Australia 20 : 30 Pretoria Group E Cameroon 1 -- 2 Denmark Sunday 20 June 13 : 30 Bloemfontein Group F Slovakia 0 -- 2 Paraguay 16 : 00 Nelspruit Italy 1 -- 1 New Zealand 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group G Brazil 3 -- 1 Ivory Coast Monday 21 June 13 : 30 Cape Town Portugal 7 -- 0 North Korea 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group H Chile 1 -- 0 Switzerland 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Spain 2 -- 0 Honduras Tuesday 22 June Third round of group stage matches 16 : 00 Rustenburg Group A Mexico 0 -- 1 Uruguay 16 : 00 Bloemfontein France 1 -- 2 South Africa 20 : 30 Durban Group B Nigeria 2 -- 2 South Korea 20 : 30 Polokwane Greece 0 -- 2 Argentina Wednesday 23 June 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group C Slovenia 0 -- 1 England 16 : 00 Pretoria United States 1 -- 0 Algeria 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group D Ghana 0 -- 1 Germany 20 : 30 Nelspruit Australia 2 -- 1 Serbia Thursday 24 June 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Group F Slovakia 3 -- 2 Italy 16 : 00 Polokwane Paraguay 0 -- 0 New Zealand 20 : 30 Rustenburg Group E Denmark 1 -- 3 Japan 20 : 30 Cape Town Cameroon 1 -- 2 Netherlands Friday 25 June 16 : 00 Durban Group G Portugal 0 -- 0 Brazil 16 : 00 Nelspruit North Korea 0 -- 3 Ivory Coast 20 : 30 Pretoria Group H Chile 1 -- 2 Spain 20 : 30 Bloemfontein Switzerland 0 -- 0 Honduras Saturday 26 June Knockout stage matches 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Round of 16 Uruguay 2 -- 1 South Korea 20 : 30 Rustenburg United States 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Sunday 27 June 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Germany 4 -- 1 England 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Argentina 3 -- 1 Mexico Monday 28 June 16 : 00 Durban Netherlands 2 -- 1 Slovakia 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Brazil 3 -- 0 Chile Tuesday 29 June 16 : 00 Pretoria Paraguay 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 p ) Japan 20 : 30 Cape Town Spain 1 -- 0 Portugal Wednesday 30 June Rest days Thursday 1 July Friday 2 July 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Quarter - finals Netherlands 2 -- 1 Brazil 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Uruguay 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 2 p ) Ghana Saturday 3 July 16 : 00 Cape Town Argentina 0 -- 4 Germany 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Paraguay 0 -- 1 Spain Sunday 4 July Rest days Monday 5 July Tuesday 6 July 20 : 30 Cape Town Semi-finals Uruguay 2 -- 3 Netherlands Wednesday 7 July 20 : 30 Durban Germany 0 -- 1 Spain Thursday 8 July Rest days Friday 9 July Saturday 10 July 20 : 30 Port Elizabeth Third place match Uruguay 2 -- 3 Germany Sunday 11 July 18 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Closing ceremony 20 : 30 Final Netherlands 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Spain Group stage In the first round , or group stage , the 32 teams were divided into eight groups of four , with each team playing the other three teams in their group once . Teams were awarded three points for a win , one point for a draw and none for a defeat . The top two teams in each group advanced to the round of 16 . The South American teams performed strongly , with all five advancing to the round of 16 ( four as group winners ) , and four further advancing to the quarter - finals . However , only Uruguay advanced to the semi-finals . Of the six African teams , only Ghana advanced to the round of 16 . South Africa became the first host nation in World Cup history to be eliminated in the first round , despite beating France and drawing with Mexico , while Ghana and Ivory Coast were the only other African teams to win a match . The overall performance of the African teams , in the first World Cup to be hosted on the continent , was judged as disappointing by observers such as Cameroon great Roger Milla . Only six out of the thirteen UEFA teams advanced to the round of 16 , a record low since the introduction of this stage in 1986 . Nonetheless , the final was contested by two European teams . In another World Cup first , the two finalists from the preceding tournament , Italy and France , were eliminated at the group stage , with Italy becoming the third defending champions to be eliminated in the first round after Brazil in 1966 and France in 2002 . New Zealand , one of the lowest - ranked teams , surprised many by drawing all three of their group matches , ending the tournament as the only undefeated team . Tie - breaking criteria Teams were ranked on the following criteria : 1 . Greater number of points in all group matches 2 . Goal difference in all group matches 3 . Greater number of goals scored in all group matches 4 . Greatest number of points in matches between tied teams 5 . Goal difference in matches between tied teams 6 . Greatest number of goals scored in matches between tied teams 7 . Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee Group A Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Mexico + 1 South Africa ( H ) 5 − 2 France 0 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria ( H ) Host . 11 June 2010 South Africa 1 -- 1 Mexico Soccer City , Johannesburg Uruguay 0 -- 0 France Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 16 June 2010 South Africa 0 -- 3 Uruguay Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria 17 June 2010 France 0 -- 2 Mexico Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane 22 June 2010 Mexico 0 -- 1 Uruguay Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg France 1 -- 2 South Africa Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Group B Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage South Korea 5 6 − 1 Greece 0 5 − 3 Nigeria 0 5 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 12 June 2010 South Korea 2 -- 0 Greece Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Argentina 1 -- 0 Nigeria Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 17 June 2010 Argentina 4 -- 1 South Korea Soccer City , Johannesburg Greece 2 -- 1 Nigeria Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 22 June 2010 Nigeria 2 -- 2 South Korea Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Greece 0 -- 2 Argentina Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane Group C Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage England 0 + 1 5 Slovenia 0 Algeria 0 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 12 June 2010 England 1 -- 1 United States Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 13 June 2010 Algeria 0 -- 1 Slovenia Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane 18 June 2010 Slovenia 2 -- 2 United States Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg England 0 -- 0 Algeria Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 23 June 2010 Slovenia 0 -- 1 England Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth United States 1 -- 0 Algeria Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Group D Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 5 + 4 6 Advance to knockout stage Ghana 0 Australia 6 − 3 Serbia 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 13 June 2010 Serbia 0 -- 1 Ghana Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Germany 4 -- 0 Australia Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban 18 June 2010 Germany 0 -- 1 Serbia Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth 19 June 2010 Ghana 1 -- 1 Australia Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 23 June 2010 Ghana 0 -- 1 Germany Soccer City , Johannesburg Australia 2 -- 1 Serbia Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Group E Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Netherlands 0 0 5 + 4 9 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 + 2 6 Denmark 0 6 − 3 Cameroon 0 0 5 − 3 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 14 June 2010 Netherlands 2 -- 0 Denmark Soccer City , Johannesburg Japan 1 -- 0 Cameroon Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 19 June 2010 Netherlands 1 -- 0 Japan Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Cameroon 1 -- 2 Denmark Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria 24 June 2010 Denmark 1 -- 3 Japan Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg Cameroon 1 -- 2 Netherlands Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Group F Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 + 2 5 Advance to knockout stage Slovakia 5 − 1 New Zealand 0 0 0 Italy 0 5 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 14 June 2010 Italy 1 -- 1 Paraguay Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 15 June 2010 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Slovakia Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 20 June 2010 Slovakia 0 -- 2 Paraguay Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Italy 1 -- 1 New Zealand Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit 24 June 2010 Slovakia 3 -- 2 Italy Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Paraguay 0 -- 0 New Zealand Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane Group G Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 5 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage Portugal 0 7 0 + 7 5 Ivory Coast + 1 North Korea 0 0 12 − 11 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 15 June 2010 Ivory Coast 0 -- 0 Portugal Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Brazil 2 -- 1 North Korea Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 20 June 2010 Brazil 3 -- 1 Ivory Coast Soccer City , Johannesburg 21 June 2010 Portugal 7 -- 0 North Korea Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 25 June 2010 Portugal 0 -- 0 Brazil Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban North Korea 0 -- 3 Ivory Coast Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Group H Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 + 2 6 Advance to knockout stage Chile 0 + 1 6 Switzerland 0 Honduras 0 0 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 16 June 2010 Honduras 0 -- 1 Chile Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Spain 0 -- 1 Switzerland Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban 21 June 2010 Chile 1 -- 0 Switzerland Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Spain 2 -- 0 Honduras Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 25 June 2010 Chile 1 -- 2 Spain Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Switzerland 0 -- 0 Honduras Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Knockout stage Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage All times listed are South African Standard Time ( UTC + 02 ) The knockout stage comprised the 16 teams that advanced from the group stage of the tournament . There were four rounds of matches , with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round . The successive rounds were the round of 16 , quarter - finals , semi-finals , and the final . There was also a play - off to decide third and fourth place . For each game in the knockout stage , any draw at 90 minutes was followed by thirty minutes of extra time ; if scores were still level , there was a penalty shootout to determine who progressed to the next round . Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 26 June -- Port Elizabeth Uruguay 2 July -- Johannesburg ( Soccer City ) South Korea 1 Uruguay ( pen . ) 1 ( 4 ) 26 June -- Rustenburg Ghana 1 ( 2 ) United States 1 6 July -- Cape Town Ghana ( a.e.t. ) Uruguay 2 28 June -- Durban Netherlands Netherlands 2 July -- Port Elizabeth Slovakia 1 Netherlands 28 June -- Johannesburg ( Ellis Park ) Brazil 1 Brazil 11 July -- Johannesburg ( Soccer City ) Chile 0 Netherlands 0 27 June -- Johannesburg ( Soccer City ) Spain ( a.e.t. ) Argentina 3 July -- Cape Town Mexico 1 Argentina 0 27 June -- Bloemfontein Germany Germany 7 July -- Durban England 1 Germany 0 29 June -- Pretoria Spain Third place Paraguay ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 3 July -- Johannesburg ( Ellis Park ) 10 July -- Port Elizabeth Japan 0 ( 3 ) Paraguay 0 Uruguay 2 29 June -- Cape Town Spain Germany Spain Portugal 0 Round of 16 In this round , each group winner ( A-H ) was paired against the runner - up from another group . South American teams again performed strongly in the round of 16 , with four teams advancing to the quarter - finals including Brazil who defeated fellow South Americans Chile . England 's 4 -- 1 loss to Germany was their biggest ever margin of defeat at a World Cup finals . It was also the first time that a World Cup finals match between these two traditional rivals had a decisive result in regulation time , their three previous meetings all being tied at 90 minutes , with two settled in extra time and one in a penalty shootout . Ghana defeated the United States to become the third African team to reach the last eight ( after Cameroon in 1990 and Senegal in 2002 ) , and the only African team to have achieved both a top 8 finish and a separate top 16 finish ( in 2006 ) . Paraguay and Ghana reached the quarter - finals for the first time . The round was marked by some controversial referees ' decisions , including : A disallowed goal by England in their 4 -- 1 loss against Germany , where the shot by Frank Lampard was seen to cross substantially over the goal line when shown on television broadcast replays . An allowed goal by Argentina in their 3 -- 1 win over Mexico , where Argentine striker Carlos Tevez was seen to be offside when shown on television broadcast replays , which were shown inside the stadium shortly after the incident . FIFA President Sepp Blatter took the unusual step of apologising to England and Mexico for the decisions that went against them , saying : `` Yesterday I spoke to the two federations directly concerned by referees ' mistakes ( ... ) I apologised to England and Mexico . The English said thank you and accepted that you can win some and you lose some and the Mexicans bowed their head and accepted it . '' Blatter also promised to re-open the discussion regarding devices which monitor possible goals and make that information immediately available to match officials , saying : `` We will naturally take on board the discussion on technology and have the first opportunity in July at the business meeting . '' Blatter 's call came less than four months after FIFA general secretary Jérôme Valcke said the door was closed on goal - line technology and video replays after a vote by the IFAB . 26 June 2010 16 : 00 Uruguay 2 -- 1 South Korea Suárez 8 ' , 80 ' Report Lee Chung - yong 68 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 30,597 Referee : Wolfgang Stark ( Germany ) 26 June 2010 20 : 30 United States 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Donovan 62 ' ( pen . ) Report Prince 5 ' Gyan 93 ' Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg Attendance : 34,976 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) 27 June 2010 16 : 00 Germany 4 -- 1 England Klose 20 ' Podolski 32 ' Müller 67 ' , 70 ' Report Upson 37 ' Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Attendance : 40,510 Referee : Jorge Larrionda ( Uruguay ) 27 June 2010 20 : 30 Argentina 3 -- 1 Mexico Tevez 26 ' , 52 ' Higuaín 33 ' Report Hernández 71 ' Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,377 Referee : Roberto Rosetti ( Italy ) 28 June 2010 16 : 00 Netherlands 2 -- 1 Slovakia Robben 18 ' Sneijder 84 ' Report Vittek 90 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Attendance : 61,962 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) 28 June 2010 20 : 30 Brazil 3 -- 0 Chile Juan 34 ' Luís Fabiano 38 ' Robinho 59 ' Report Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Attendance : 54,096 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) 29 June 2010 16 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Japan Report Penalties Barreto Barrios Riveros Valdez Cardozo 5 -- 3 Endō Hasebe Komano Honda Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Attendance : 36,742 Referee : Frank De Bleeckere ( Belgium ) 29 June 2010 20 : 30 Spain 1 -- 0 Portugal Villa 63 ' Report Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 62,955 Referee : Héctor Baldassi ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals The three quarter - finals between European and South American teams all resulted in wins for Europeans . Germany had a 4 -- 0 victory over Argentina , and the Netherlands came from behind to beat Brazil 2 -- 1 , handing the Brazilians their first loss in a World Cup match held outside Europe ( other than in a penalty shootout ) since 1950 when Uruguay won the decisive match 2 -- 1 . Spain reached the final four for the first time since 1950 after a 1 -- 0 win over Paraguay . Uruguay , the only South American team to reach the semi-finals , overcame Ghana in a penalty shoot - out after a 1 -- 1 draw in which Ghana missed a penalty at the end of extra time after Luis Suárez controversially handled the ball on the line . 2 July 2010 16 : 00 Netherlands 2 -- 1 Brazil Sneijder 53 ' , 68 ' Report Robinho 10 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 40,186 Referee : Yuichi Nishimura ( Japan ) 2 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Forlán 55 ' Report Muntari 45 + 2 ' Penalties Forlán Victorino Scotti M. Pereira Abreu 4 -- 2 Gyan Appiah Mensah Adiyiah Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,017 Referee : Olegário Benquerença ( Portugal ) 3 July 2010 16 : 00 Argentina 0 -- 4 Germany Report Müller 3 ' Klose 68 ' , 89 ' Friedrich 74 ' Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 64,100 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 3 July 2010 20 : 30 Paraguay 0 -- 1 Spain Report Villa 83 ' Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Attendance : 55,359 Referee : Carlos Batres ( Guatemala ) Semi-finals The Netherlands qualified for the final for the third time with a 3 -- 2 win over Uruguay . Spain reached their first ever final with a 1 -- 0 victory over Germany . As a result , it was the first World Cup final not to feature at least one of Brazil , Italy , Germany or Argentina . 6 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 2 -- 3 Netherlands Forlán 41 ' M. Pereira 90 + 2 ' Report Van Bronckhorst 18 ' Sneijder 70 ' Robben 73 ' Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 62,479 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 7 July 2010 20 : 30 Germany 0 -- 1 Spain Report Puyol 73 ' Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Attendance : 60,960 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) Third place play - off Germany defeated Uruguay 3 -- 2 to secure third place . Germany holds the record for most third - place finishes in the World Cup ( 4 ) , while Uruguay holds the record for most fourth - place finishes ( 3 ) . 10 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 2 -- 3 Germany Cavani 28 ' Forlán 51 ' Report Müller 19 ' Jansen 56 ' Khedira 82 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 36,254 Referee : Benito Archundia ( Mexico ) Final Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Final The final was held on 11 July 2010 at Soccer City , Johannesburg . Spain defeated the Netherlands 1 -- 0 , with an extra time goal from Andrés Iniesta . Iniesta scored the latest winning goal in a FIFA World Cup final ( 116 ' ) . The win gave Spain their first World Cup title , becoming the eighth team to win it . This made them the first new winner without home advantage since Brazil in 1958 , and the first team to win the tournament after having lost their opening game . A large number of fouls were committed in the final match . Referee Howard Webb handed out 14 yellow cards , more than doubling the previous record for this fixture , set when Argentina and West Germany shared six cards in 1986 , and John Heitinga of the Netherlands was sent off for receiving a second yellow card . The Netherlands had chances to score , most notably in the 60th minute when Arjen Robben was released by Wesley Sneijder to be one - on - one with Spain 's goalkeeper Iker Casillas , only for Casillas to save the shot with an outstretched leg . For Spain , Sergio Ramos missed a free header from a corner kick when he was unmarked . Iniesta finally broke the deadlock in extra time , scoring a volleyed shot from a pass by Cesc Fàbregas . This result marked the first time that two teams from the same continent had won successive World Cups ( following Italy in 2006 ) , and saw Europe reaching 10 World Cup titles , surpassing South America 's nine titles . Spain became the first team since West Germany in 1974 to win the World Cup as European champions . The result also marked the first time that a European nation had won a World Cup Finals that was not hosted on European soil . A closing ceremony was held before the final , featuring singer Shakira . Afterwards , the former South African President Nelson Mandela made a brief appearance on the pitch , wheeled in by a motorcart . 11 July 2010 20 : 30 Netherlands 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Spain Report Iniesta 116 ' Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,490 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) Statistics Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup statistics Goalscorers For the full list of goalscorers , see 2010 FIFA World Cup statistics § Goalscorers . South African winger Siphiwe Tshabalala was the first player to score a goal in the competition , in their 1 -- 1 draw against Mexico , the opening game of the tournament . Danish defender Daniel Agger was credited with the first own goal of the tournament , in his side 's 2 -- 0 loss to the Netherlands . Argentine striker Gonzalo Higuaín was the only player to score a hat - trick in the tournament , in Argentina 's 4 -- 1 win over South Korea . It was the 49th World Cup hat - trick in the history of the tournament . Spain set a new record for the fewest goals scored by a World Cup - winning team , with eight . The previous record low was 11 , set by Brazil in 1994 , England in 1966 , and Italy in 1938 . Spain had the fewest goalscorers for a champion as well ( three -- Villa with five goals , Iniesta with two and Puyol with one ) . They also had the fewest goals conceded for a champion ( 2 ) , equal with Italy ( 2006 ) and France ( 1998 ) . Spain 's victory marked the first time that a team won the World Cup without conceding a goal in the knockout stage . The four top scorers in the tournament had five goals each . All of the four top scorers also came from the teams that finished in the top four , Spain , the Netherlands , Germany , and Uruguay . The Golden Boot went to Thomas Müller of Germany who had three assists , compared to one for the three others . The Silver Boot went to David Villa of Spain , who played a total of 635 minutes , and the Bronze Boot to Wesley Sneijder of the Netherlands , who played 652 minutes . Diego Forlán of Uruguay had five goals and one assist in 654 minutes . A further three players scored four goals . Only 145 goals were scored at South Africa 2010 , the lowest of any FIFA World Cup since the tournament switched to a 64 - game format . This continued a downward trend since the first 64 - game finals were held 12 years earlier , with 171 goals at France 1998 , 161 at Korea / Japan 2002 and 147 at Germany 2006 . Discipline Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record 28 players were suspended after being shown two consecutive yellow cards ( 13 players ) , a single red card ( 8 players ) , or a yellow card followed by a red card ( 7 players ) . Final standings Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage Shortly after the final , FIFA issued a final ranking of every team in the tournament . The ranking was based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . All 32 teams are ranked based on criteria which have been used by FIFA . The final ranking was as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts . Spain 7 6 0 8 + 6 18 Netherlands 7 6 0 12 6 + 6 18 Germany 7 5 0 16 5 + 11 15 Uruguay 7 11 8 + 3 11 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Argentina 5 0 10 6 + 4 12 6 Brazil 5 9 + 5 10 7 Ghana 5 5 + 1 8 8 Paraguay 5 + 1 6 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Japan + 2 7 10 Chile 0 5 − 2 6 11 Portugal 7 + 6 5 12 United States 5 5 0 5 13 England 5 − 2 5 14 Mexico 5 − 1 15 South Korea 6 8 − 2 16 Slovakia 5 7 − 2 Eliminated in the group stage 17 Ivory Coast + 1 18 Slovenia 0 19 Switzerland 0 20 South Africa 5 − 2 21 Australia 6 − 3 22 New Zealand 0 0 0 23 Serbia 0 − 1 24 Denmark 0 6 − 3 25 Greece 0 5 − 3 26 Italy 0 5 − 1 27 Nigeria 0 5 − 2 28 Algeria 0 0 − 2 29 France 0 − 3 30 Honduras 0 0 − 3 31 Cameroon 0 0 5 − 3 0 32 North Korea 0 0 12 − 11 0 Awards Main awards Golden Ball : Diego Forlán ( Uruguay ) Golden Boot : Thomas Müller ( Germany ) Golden Glove : Iker Casillas ( Spain ) Best Young Player : Thomas Müller ( Germany ) FIFA Fair Play Trophy : Spain Dream team For the first time , FIFA did not release an official All - Star Team , but instead published a Dream Team decided by an online public vote . People were invited to select a team ( in a 4 -- 4 -- 2 formation ) and best coach ; voting was open until 23 : 59 on 11 July 2010 , with entrants going into a draw to win a prize . Six of the eleven players came from the Spanish team , as did the coach . The remainder of the team comprised two players from Germany , and one each from Brazil , the Netherlands and Uruguay . Goalkeeper : Iker Casillas ( Spain ) Defenders : Sergio Ramos , Carles Puyol ( Spain ) , Maicon ( Brazil ) , Philipp Lahm ( Germany ) Midfielders : Andrés Iniesta , Xavi ( Spain ) , Bastian Schweinsteiger ( Germany ) , Wesley Sneijder ( Netherlands ) Forwards : Diego Forlán ( Uruguay ) , David Villa ( Spain ) Coach : Vicente del Bosque ( Spain ) Marketing A Spain shirt , autographed by members of the World Cup - winning squad , on display in Madrid Mascot Main article : Zakumi The official mascot for the 2010 World Cup was Zakumi , an anthropomorphised African leopard with green hair , presented on 22 September 2008 . His name came from `` ZA '' ( the international abbreviation for South Africa ) and the term kumi , which means `` ten '' in various African languages . The mascot 's colours reflected those of the host nation 's playing strip -- yellow and green . Official song Main article : FIFA World Cup official songs The official song of the 2010 World Cup `` Waka Waka '' was performed by the Colombian singer Shakira and the band Freshlyground from South Africa , and is sung in both English and Spanish . The song is based on a traditional African soldiers ' song , `` Zangalewa '' . Shakira and Freshlyground performed the song at the pre-tournament concert in Soweto on 10 June . It was also sung at the opening ceremony on 11 June and at the closing ceremony on 11 July . The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was `` Sign of a Victory '' by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers , which was also performed at the opening ceremony . Match ball Main article : Adidas Jabulani The match ball for the 2010 World Cup , manufactured by Adidas , was named the Jabulani , which means `` bringing joy to everyone '' in Zulu . It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker ; it featured eleven colours , representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa . A special match ball with gold panels , called the Jo'bulani , was used at the final in Johannesburg . The ball was constructed using a new design , consisting of eight thermally bonded , three - dimensional panels . These were spherically moulded from ethylene - vinyl acetate ( EVA ) and thermoplastic polyurethanes ( TPU ) . The surface of the ball was textured with grooves , a technology developed by Adidas called GripnGroove that was intended to improve the ball 's aerodynamics . The design received considerable academic input , being developed in partnership with researchers from Loughborough University , United Kingdom . The balls were made in China , using latex bladders made in India , thermoplastic polyurethane - elastomer from Taiwan , ethylene vinyl acetate , isotropic polyester / cotton fabric , and glue and ink from China . Some football stars complained about the new ball , arguing that its movements were difficult to predict . Brazilian goalkeeper Júlio César compared it to a `` supermarket '' ball that favored strikers and worked against goalkeepers . Argentinian coach Diego Maradona said : `` We wo n't see any long passes in this World Cup because the ball does n't fly straight . '' However , a number of Adidas - sponsored players responded favourably to the ball . Vuvuzelas A man sounding a vuvuzela Main article : Vuvuzela The 2010 finals amplified international public awareness of the vuvuzela , a long horn blown by fans throughout matches . Many World Cup competitors complained about the noise caused by the vuvuzela horns , including France 's Patrice Evra , who blamed the horns for the team 's poor performance . Other critics include Lionel Messi , who complained that the sound of the vuvuzelas hampers communication among players on the pitch , and broadcasting companies , which complained that commentators ' voices were being drowned out by the sound . Others watching on television complained that the ambient audio feed from the stadium only contains the sounds of the vuvuzelas and the natural sounds of people in the stands are drowned out . A spokesperson for ESPN and other networks said that they were taking steps to minimise the ambient noise on their broadcasts . The BBC also investigated the possibility of offering broadcasts without vuvuzela noise . Sponsorship The sponsors of the 2010 World Cup are divided into three categories : FIFA Partners , FIFA World Cup Sponsors and National Supporters . FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors National supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Emirates Hyundai -- Kia Sony VISA Budweiser Castrol Continental Mahindra Satyam McDonald 's MTN Group Seara Foods Yingli Solar BP South Africa Aggreko First National Bank Neo Africa Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa Telkom Event effects A FIFA World Cup Trophy Tour aeroplane , sponsored by Coca - Cola . ( 2010 ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup event effects Social Tournament organiser Danny Jordaan dismissed concerns that the attack on the Togo national team which took place in Angola in January 2010 , had any relevance to the security arrangements for the World Cup . There were also reports of thefts against visitors to the country for the World Cup . Tourists from China , Portugal , Spain , South Korea , Japan and Colombia had become victims of crime . On 19 June after the match between England and Algeria , a fan was able to break through the FIFA - appointed security staff at Green Point stadium and gain access to the England team dressing room . The breach took place shortly after Prince William and Prince Harry had left the room . The trespasser was then released before he could be handed over to the Police . English FA lodged a formal complaint with FIFA and demanded that security be increased . Resettlement and eviction Police patrol Blikkiesdorp , a settlement for the evicted . As with many ' hallmark events ' throughout the world , the 2010 FIFA World Cup has been connected to evictions , which many claim are meant to ' beautify the city ' , impress visiting tourists , and hide shackdwellers . On 14 May 2009 , the Durban - based shack - dwellers ' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo took the KwaZulu - Natal government to court over their controversial Elimination and Prevention of Re-Emergence of Slums Act , meant to eliminate slums in South Africa and put homeless shackdwellers in transit camps in time for the 2010 World Cup . Another prominent controversy surrounding preparations for the World Cup was the N2 Gateway housing project in Cape Town , which planned to remove over 20,000 residents from the Joe Slovo Informal Settlement along the busy N2 Freeway and build rental flats and bond - houses in its place in time for the 2010 World Cup . NGOs , international human rights organisations , and the Anti-Eviction Campaign have publicly criticised the conditions in Blikkiesdorp and said that the camp has been used to accommodate poor families evicted to make way for the 2010 World Cup . However some have argued that evictions are ordinarily common in South Africa and that in the lead up to the tournament many evictions were erreonously ascribed to the World Cup . Economy Some groups experienced complications in regards to scheduled sporting events , advertising , or broadcasting , as FIFA attempted to maximise control of media rights during the Cup . Affected parties included an international rugby union Test match , a South African airline , and some TV networks , all of whom were involved in various legal struggles with World Cup organisers . During the tournament , group ticket - holders who did not utilise all their allotted tickets led to some early - round matches having as many as 11,000 unoccupied seats . While the event did help to boost the image of South Africa , financially it turned out to be a major disappointment . Construction costs for venues and infrastructure amounted to £ 3 billion ( € 3.6 billion ) , and the government expected that increased tourism would help to offset these costs to the amount of £ 570 million ( € 680 million ) . However , only £ 323 million ( € 385 million ) were actually taken in as 309,000 foreign fans came to South Africa , well below the expected number of 450,000 . Local vendors were prohibited from selling food and merchandise within a 1.5 kilometre radius of any stadium hosting a World Cup match . For a vendor to operate within the radius , a registration fee of R 60,000 ( approximately to US $7,888 or € 6,200 ) , had to be paid to FIFA . This fee was out of most local vendors ' reach , as they are simple one - man - operated vendors . This prevented international visitors from experiencing local South African food . Some local vendors felt cheated out of an opportunity for financial gain and spreading South African culture , in favour of multinational corporations . FIFA president Sepp Blatter declared the event `` a huge financial success for everybody , for Africa , for South Africa and for FIFA , '' with revenue to FIFA of £ 2.24 billion ( € 2 billion ) . Quality In a December 2010 Quality Progress , FIFA President Blatter rated South Africa 's organisational efforts a nine out of 10 scale , declaring that South Africa could be considered a plan B for all future competitions . The South African Quality Institute ( SAQI ) assisted in facility construction , event promotion , and organisations . The main issue listed in the article was lack of sufficient public transportation . Media Broadcasting Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Production set of the FIFA international broadcast centre during the event The 2010 FIFA World Cup was expected to be the most - watched television event in history . Hundreds of broadcasters , representing about 70 countries , transmitted the Cup to a TV audience that FIFA officials expect to exceed a cumulative 26 billion people , an average of approximately 400 million viewers per match . FIFA estimated that around 700 million viewers would watch the World Cup final . New forms of digital media have also allowed viewers to watch coverage through alternative means . `` With games airing live on cell phones and computers , the World Cup will get more online coverage than any major sporting event yet , '' said Jake Coyle of the Associated Press . In the United States , ABC , ESPN and ESPN2 averaged a 2.1 rating , 2,288,000 households and 3,261,000 viewers for the 64 World Cup games . The rating was up 31 percent from a 1.6 in 2006 , while households increased 32 percent from 1,735,000 and viewers rose from 2,316,000 . The increases had been higher while the US remained in the tournament . Through the first 50 games , the rating was up 48 percent , households increased 54 percent and viewers rose 60 percent . Univision averaged 2,624,000 viewers for the tournament , up 17 percent , and 1,625,000 households , an increase of 11 percent . An executive of the Nielsen Company , a leading audience research firm in the US , described the aggregate numbers for both networks ' coverage of the USA - Ghana match as `` phenomenal '' . Live World Cup streaming on ESPN3.com pulled in some of the largest audiences in history , as 7.4 million unique viewers tuned in for matches . In total , ESPN3.com generated 942 million minutes of viewing or more than two hours per unique viewer . All 64 live matches were viewed by an average of 114,000 persons per minute . Most impressive were the numbers for the semi-final between Spain and Germany , which was viewed by 355,000 people per minute , making it ESPN3. com 's largest average audience ever . Filming Sony technology was used to film the tournament . 25 of the matches were captured using 3D cameras . Footage was captured in 3D through Sony 's proprietary multi-image MPE - 200 processors , housed in specially designed 3D outside broadcast trucks . It supplied its flagship HDC - 1500 cameras as well as its new HDC - P1 unit , a compact , point - of - view ( POV ) - type camera with 3 , 2 / 3 - inch CCD sensors . The 3D games were produced for FIFA by Host Broadcast Services . Video games In PlayStation Home , Sony has released a virtual space based on the 2010 FIFA World Cup in the Japanese version of Home on 3 December 2009 . This virtual space is called the `` FevaArena '' and is a virtual stadium of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , featuring different areas for events , a FIFA mini-game , and a shop with FIFA related content . On 27 April 2010 , EA Sports released the official 2010 World Cup video game . FIFA Fan Fest FIFA expanded the FIFA Fan Fest , hosting in Sydney , Buenos Aires , Berlin , Paris , Rome , Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City , as well as several venues around South Africa . The Durban Fan Fest was the most popular in South Africa during the tournament followed by the Cape Town Fan Fest . See also Association football portal South Africa portal Book : FIFA World Cup July 2010 Kampala attacks , a series of terrorist bombings in Kampala , Uganda , timed to coincide with the final match Listen Up ! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album Paul the Octopus and Mani the parakeet , animals who predicted results of the matches References Jump up ^ `` Players -- Top goals '' . FIFA.com . 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'' . SAPA. 30 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kulula to continue with World Cup ad campaign '' . Mail & Guardian Online . 19 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Us Roar : 2010 World Cup Broadcast Rights '' . REACH . Singapore : Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , Government of Singapore . 6 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empty seats concern FIFA but attendances stay high '' . Reuters Africa . 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Neate , Rupert ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` South Africa recoups just a tenth of the £ 3bn cost of staging World Cup 2010 '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Social Responsibility in Asia '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup Ratings Certify a TV Winner '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : ESPN3.com , ESPN Digital Draw in Massive Audiences '' . Sports Video Group . 15 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup games to be filmed in 3D '' . BBC News . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Mistry , Bhavna ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Sony providing HDC - 1500 cameras for FIFA World Cup '' . AV Interactive . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Product Detail Page HDCP1 '' . Sony . Archived from the original on 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Preps for World Cup 3D '' . Broadcasting & Cable . 22 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FevaArena ( Fibaarina ) entrance '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Ekberg , Brian ( 26 January 2010 ) . `` FIFA World Cup 2010 Q&A With Simon Humber -- PlayStation 3 News at GameSpot '' . Gamespot UK . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Fan Fest '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Sikiti da Silva , Issa ( 5 June 2010 ) . `` FIFA Fan Fests : some facts and figures '' . Bizcommunity.com . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2010 . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 2010 FIFA World Cup . 2010 FIFA World Cup Official Site ( Archived ) 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa TM , FIFA.com The official 2010 host country website Official Technical Report RSSSF Archive of finals 2010 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Event effects Matches Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Statistics Squads Symbols and animals Adidas Jabulani Mani the parakeet Official album Official video game Paul the Octopus Vuvuzela Zakumi 2010 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Netherlands Third place Germany Fourth place Uruguay Quarter - finals Argentina Brazil Ghana Paraguay Round of 16 Chile England Japan Mexico Portugal Slovakia South Korea United States Group stage Algeria Australia Cameroon Denmark France Greece Honduras Italy Ivory Coast New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland 2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums Cape Town Stadium ( Cape Town ) Ellis Park Stadium ( Johannesburg ) Free State Stadium ( Bloemfontein ) Loftus Versfeld Stadium ( Pretoria ) Mbombela Stadium ( Nelspruit ) Moses Mabhida Stadium ( Durban ) Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium ( Port Elizabeth ) Peter Mokaba Stadium ( Polokwane ) Royal Bafokeng Stadium ( Rustenburg ) Soccer City ( Johannesburg ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . GND : 16058789 - X LCCN : nb2012027246 VIAF : 144977873 Association football portal 2010s portal South Africa portal Football in Africa portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854498826 '' Categories : 2010 FIFA World Cup 2010 in association football 2009 -- 10 in South African soccer FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by South Africa June 2010 sports events July 2010 sports events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2018 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 96 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 20 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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"2010 FIFA World CupFIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010\n2010 FIFA World Cup official logoKe Nako. Celebrate Africa's HumanityTournament detailsHost country\nSouth AfricaDates\n11 June – 11 JulyTeams\n32 (from 6 confederations)Venue(s)\n10 (in 9 host cities)Final positionsChampions\n Spain (1st title)Runners-up\n NetherlandsThird place\n GermanyFourth place\n UruguayTournament statisticsMatches played\n64Goals scored\n145 (2.27 per match)Attendance\n3,178,856 (49,670 per match)Top scorer(s)\n Diego Forlán Thomas Müller Wesley Sneijder David Villa(5 goals each)[1]Best player\n Diego Forlán[2]Best young player\n Thomas Müller[3]Best goalkeeper\n Iker Casillas[4]Fair play award\n Spain[5]\n← 2006 2014 → "
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-5759726018628834971 | Changu Narayan | Changu Narayan - Wikipedia Changu Narayan Jump to : navigation , search For the village , see Changunarayan . Changu Narayan Changu Narayan temple location in Nepal Geography Coordinates 27 ° 42 ′ 58.6 '' N 85 ° 25 ′ 40.4 '' E / 27.716278 ° N 85.427889 ° E / 27.716278 ; 85.427889 Coordinates : 27 ° 42 ′ 58.6 '' N 85 ° 25 ′ 40.4 '' E / 27.716278 ° N 85.427889 ° E / 27.716278 ; 85.427889 Country Nepal District Bhaktapur Locale Changunarayan VDC Culture Primary deity Vishnu Important festivals Teej , Haribodani Ekadasi , Naag Panchami Architecture Architectural styles Pagoda History and governance Creator Haridatta Barma The ancient Hindu temple of Changu Narayan Listen ( help info ) is located on a high hilltop that is also known as Changu or Dolagiri . The temple was surrounded by champak tree forest and a small village known as Changu . The temple is located in Changunarayan VDC of Bhaktapur District , Nepal . This hill is about 7 miles or 12 km east of Kathmandu and a few miles north of Bhaktapur . The Manahara River flows beside the hill . This shrine is dedicated to Lord Visnu and held in special reverence by the Hindu people . This temple is considered to be the oldest temple in the history of Nepal . The Kashmiri king gave his daughter , Champak , in marriage to the prince of Bhaktapur . Changu Narayan Temple is named after her . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Legend of Changu Narayan 2 Physical Aspects 2.1 The Temple art and architecture 3 Information Centre 4 Changu Museum 5 Ethnographic Museum 6 Festivals and Fairs 7 Management Approaches 8 Threats / Challenges 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 12 Gallery 13 After 2015 earthquake photo gallery The Legend of Changu Narayan ( edit ) In ancient times , a Gwala , or cow herder , had brought a cow from a Brahmin named Sudarshan . The cow was known for producing large quantities of milk . The Gwala used to take the cow to Changu for grazing . At that time Changu was a forest of Champak trees . While grazing , the cow always went to the shade of a particular tree . In the evening , when the Gwala took the cow home and started milking her , he got only a very small amount of milk . This continued several days . He grew very sad , so he called on the Brahmin saying the cow was not giving enough milk . After observing this with his own eyes , Sudarshan agreed with the Gwala they should observe the cow 's daytime activity while she was grazing in the forest . Brahmin and Gwala both hid behind the trees and watched the cow . She went into the shade of one particular champak tree . To their surprise , a small black boy came out of the tree and started drinking the cow milk . The two men were furious because they thought the boy must be the devil and tree must be its home . So the Brahmin cut down the champak tree . When he was cutting it down , fresh human blood came out of the tree . Both Brahmin and Gwala got worried , believing they had committed a great crime and began to cry . Lord Vishnu emerged from the tree and told the Brahmin and cowherd it was not their fault . Vishnu told the story of how he had committed a heinous crime by unwittingly killing Sudarshan 's father while hunting in the forest . After that , cursed for the crime , he wandered the earth on his mouth , as ' Garuda ' eventually descending on the hill at Changu . There he lived in anonymity , surviving on milk stolen from a cow . When Brahmin cut down the tree , Vishnu was beheaded , which freed Lord Vishnu from his sins . After hearing these words from Vishnu , Brahmin and Gwala resolved to worship the place and established a small temple in the name of Lord Vishnu . Ever since the site has been sacred . Even today , we find Sudarshan 's descendant as a priest of the temple and the Gwala 's descendants as ghutiyars ( conservators ) . There 's another legend too . About 400 years ago , a mighty warrior named pranjal lived . He still lives today . He was the strongest in the entire country . Another warrior known all over Nepal named Changu challenged Pranjal . Changu defeated him and won the hearts of Nepalis , so as a tribute to him this temple was constructed Physical aspects ( edit ) Changu Narayan Temple is situated at the top of the hill surrounded by a forest of Champak tree . On the main way to temple courtyard , we can find a human settlement . People from Newar community live in and around Changu Narayan area . With the development of tourism in this place , we can find many medium and small sized hotels , restaurants , souvenir shops , etc . An ancient stone tap is located on the way to Changunaran which is believed to have existed since the time of Lichhavi . The temple art and architecture ( edit ) Changu Narayan is considered to be the oldest temple of Nepal . It remains a milestone in Nepali temple architecture with rich embossed works . The two - storey roofed temple stands on a high plinth of stone . According to Professor Madhan Rimal , Department of Sociology and Anthropology , Tribhuwan University , the temple is neither in Shikhara Style nor the Pagoda style . It has an architectural style which he would like to describe as a traditional Nepali temple . Many similar features are found at Gokarna Mahadev . The temple is surrounded by sculptures and arts related to Lord Vishnu . Also we can find the temples of lord Shiva , Ashta Matrika , Chhinnamasta , Kileshwor and Krishna inside the courtyard of the main temple . There are four entrances to the temple and these gates are guarded by life - size pairs of animals such as lions , sarabhas , graffins and elephants on each side of the entrances . The ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu and the other idols are carved in the struts , which support the roof . The entrance door is gilded with carvings of Nagas ( snakes ) . On the main entrance gate ( i.e. western entrance gate ) , we can find the Chakra , Sankha , Kamal and Khadga all at the top of a stone pillar . These stone pillars have an inscription in Sanskrit . This inscription is considered to be the oldest inscription of Nepal and the stone inscription pillar was erected by Lichhavi King Manadeva in 464 AD . The following monument are located while visiting the temple from the right side after entering from the main entrance ( Eastern gate ) to the courtyard . Historical pillar erected by Mandeva in 464 AD Garuda : - flying vehicle of Lord Vishnu which has got a human face and is a devotee of Vishnu . Statue of Bhupalendra Malla , King of Kantipur and his queen BhuwanLakshmi . Chanda Narayan ( Garuda Narayan ) : - 7th century stone sculpture of Vishnu riding on Garuda . This sculpture has been depicted in the 10 rupee paper note issued by Nepal Rastra Bank Sridhar Vishnu : - 9th century stone sculpture of Vishnu , Laxmi , and Garuda which stands on the pedestals of various motifs . Vaikuntha Vishnu : - 16th - century sculpture of Vishnu seated on the lalitason position on the six armed Garuda and Laxmi seated on the lap of Vishnu Chhinnamasta : - Temple dedicated to Chhinnamasta Devi , who beheaded herself , offered her own blood to feed the hungry Dakini and Varnini . Vishworup : - 7th century stone sculpture - beautifully carved that depicts the scene from the Bhagwat Gita , in which Lord Krishna manifests his universal form to his devotee Arjun . Vishnu Vikrant : - 7th - century sculpture of Trivikram Vishnu that depicts the scene of popular Hindu myth of Lord Vishnu and his beloved Bali Raja . Narasimha : - 7th - century sculpture of Narasimha , an incarnation of Lord Vishnu , killing the demon King Hiranyakasyapa to save his beloved devotee Prahalad . Kileshwor : - small two storied temples of Lord Shiva , who is believed to have appeared in this place for the protection of the hill . The main image in the sanctum is worshiped by Hindus as a Garuda Narayan , and by Buddhists as a Hariharihari Vahan Lokeshwara . Only the priest is allowed to see the image . Information centre ( edit ) There is an information centre at the entrance to Changu Village . They issue tickets to tourist . The information center has a public toilet for tourist . Also drinking water facilities is available for tourist . But the drink water facilities have not been managed properly . Only direct tap water is available there . According to Binaya Raj Shrestha , owner of Chagu Museum and the member of temple management committee , on an average 150 foreigners visit Changu . Changu museum ( edit ) A private museum is also located on in the Changu Narayan on the way to temple . According to Binaya Raj Shrestha , the owner of the museum , it is the first private museum of Nepal and it has the collection of ancient coins , tools , arts , and architectures . There is an excellent collection of ancient , historical , artistic , religious , archaeological , cultural and other rare objects . The museum has a good collection of ancient tools used by Newar family during the medieval period . It was established on the occasion of the millennium year 2000 AD with the permission of Changu Narayan VDC . The entrance fee for Nepalese is NRs. 50 and NRs. 300 is charged for a foreigner . On an average 35 visitors visit this museum in a day . Mostly foreigners and Nepali students visit this museum . Ethnographic museum ( edit ) There is an ethnographic museum inside the building of the temple which incorporates both objects and photographs collected by Judith Davis . Entrance is INR. 250 for foreigners . There is also a small bookshop . Festivals and fairs ( edit ) Since the ancient period , many festivals and fairs have been organized on various occasions . One of the main festivals of Changu is called Changu Narayan Jatra . The festival ' Mahashanan ' held here as an important festival . On the day of ' Jugadi Nawami ' and ' Haribodhini Ekadashi ' special puja is conducted in Changu . Daily puja and aarati are conducted in the temple . On the occasion of family rituals , such as birthday , marriage , etc. local conduct special puja at the temple . Management approaches ( edit ) Changu Narayan Temple is on the list of world heritage sites . The valuable stone sculpture and ancient inscriptions have archeological , historical and cultural significance . Changu Narayan VDC has formed a committee called Changu Narayan Temple Management Committee which is the responsible body to work for protection , preservation , and management . Likewise the Department of Archeology and Palace Management Office , Bhaktapur has also provided assistance on the conservation and preservation of the temple . Many local youth clubs are involved in managing festivals , organizing awareness programs in and around the temple area . Threats / challenges ( edit ) The Manohara stream has long seen rampant mining of sand and stones . The local administration has failed to control the mining activities . Because of the mining activities , the temple area has become prone to landslides . Due to overgrazing in the nearby forest , the chances of soil erosion and landslide are very high . There is a challenge regarding the security of the unique sculptures . Also , the temple is getting older so renovation is necessary . The tourist information center has not been managed properly and they have not maintained good records of tourists . The museum is not issuing ticket bills after payments are made by Nepali visitors . Although Changu is only 8 miles east of Kathmandu , bus service is still lacking which means a newly constructed road to Changu has failed to bring in a significant number of tourists.So many tourists willing to come can not come. There is also the not good facility of restaurants and hotels for tourists to stay . See also ( edit ) Sheshnarayan Temple References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ac.com Jump up ^ The Inscription of King Mānadeva at Changu Narayan , Theodore Riccardi , Jr. , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 109 , No. 4 ( Oct . - Dec. , 1989 ) , pp. 611 - 620 Jump up ^ The Iconography of Nepalese Buddhism , MB Shakya , 1994 , p. 111 - 112 Jump up ^ CHANGU NARAYAN , Rubin Museum External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Changu Narayan . Awarded Thangka Painting School in Changu Narayan Temple Village ; Gallery ( edit ) Manadevas Pillar After 2015 earthquake photo gallery ( edit ) temple and the priest Temple 's Museum West side of temple stone tap at Chagunarayan Hindu temples in Nepal Notable temples Ankuri Mahadev Bajrayogini Temple Budha Subba Temple Changu Narayan Dakshinkali Temple Gadhimai Temple Janaki Mandir Kasthamandap Maula Kalika Manakamana Shree Pashupatinath Sobha Baghwati Shakti Peethas Guhyeshwari Temple Muktinath Pashupatinath Temple Pathibhara ( hide ) World Heritage Sites in Nepal Bhaktapur Durbar Square Boudhanath Stupa Changu Narayan Temple Chitwan National Park Kathmandu Durbar Square Lumbini Pashupatinath Temple Patan Durbar Square Sagarmatha National Park Swayambhunath Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changu_Narayan&oldid=802315437 '' Categories : Hindu temples in Nepal Nepalese culture Newar World Heritage Sites in Nepal Hidden categories : Use Indian English from October 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox Hindu temple with unknown parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Hrvatski മലയാളം नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Polski Português தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 11 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who installed the stone inscription in front of the changu narayan temple | [
"Changu Narayan is considered to be the oldest temple of Nepal. It remains a milestone in Nepali temple architecture with rich embossed works. The two-storey roofed temple stands on a high plinth of stone. According to Professor Madhan Rimal, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tribhuwan University, the temple is neither in Shikhara Style nor the Pagoda style. It has an architectural style which he would like to describe as a traditional Nepali temple. Many similar features are found at Gokarna Mahadev. The temple is surrounded by sculptures and arts related to Lord Vishnu. Also we can find the temples of lord Shiva, Ashta Matrika, Chhinnamasta, Kileshwor and Krishna inside the courtyard of the main temple. There are four entrances to the temple and these gates are guarded by life-size pairs of animals such as lions, sarabhas, graffins and elephants on each side of the entrances. The ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu and the other idols are carved in the struts, which support the roof. The entrance door is gilded with carvings of Nagas (snakes). On the main entrance gate (i.e. western entrance gate), we can find the Chakra, Sankha, Kamal and Khadga all at the top of a stone pillar. These stone pillars have an inscription in Sanskrit. This inscription is considered to be the oldest inscription of Nepal and the stone inscription pillar was erected by Lichhavi King Manadeva in 464 AD. The following monument are located while visiting the temple from the right side after entering from the main entrance (Eastern gate) to the courtyard."
] | [
"Lichhavi King Manadeva"
] |
-3414469659872227696 | Terra nullius | Terra nullius - wikipedia Terra nullius For other uses , see No Man 's Land ( disambiguation ) . Terra nullius ( / ˈtɛrə. nʌˈlaɪəs / , plural terrae nullius ) is a Latin expression meaning `` nobody 's land '' , and is a principle sometimes used in international law to describe territory that may be acquired by a state 's occupation of it . Contents 1 History 2 Current claims of terra nullius 2.1 Bir Tawil 2.2 Gornja Siga and other pockets 2.3 Antarctica 3 Historical claims of terra nullius 3.1 Australia 3.2 Svalbard 3.3 Eastern Greenland 3.4 Scarborough Shoal 3.5 South Island of New Zealand 3.6 Canada 3.7 Guano Islands 3.8 Pinnacle Islands ( Senkaku / Diaoyu ) 3.9 Burkina Faso and Niger 3.10 Clipperton Island 3.11 Rockall 3.12 Sealand 3.13 Western Sahara 4 Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Terra nullius stems from the Roman law term res nullius , meaning nobody 's thing . According to the Roman law ferae bestiae , things without an owner , such as wild animals , lost slaves and abandoned buildings , were res nullius and could be taken as property by anyone by seizure . A part of the debate over the history of terra nullius is when the term itself was first used . According to professor Andrew Fitzmaurice , territorium nullius and terra nullius were two different , albeit related , legal terms . He claims that territorium nullius was first used in a meeting of the Institut de Droit International in 1888 where the legal principles of the Berlin conference discussed and that terra nullius was introduced twenty years later during legal disputes over the polar regions . Historian Michel Connor on the other hand , argues that territorium nullius and terra nullius are the same thing . Both scholars are active in the Australian History wars debate . There is considerable debate among historians about how and when the terra nullius concepts were used . The debate has been especially prevalent in Australia where it was ignited by the History wars caused by the Mabo case in 1992 . The history wars caused Australian historians to reevaluate the country 's history , the dispossession of Aborigines and whether the land should best be characterized as having been `` settled '' or `` conquered '' . A part of this debate concerned whether terra nullius as a concept was ever used by England and other European powers to justify territorial conquest . On one side of the debate are historians such as Alan Frost and Henry Reynolds who claims that in the 15th and 16th century , European writers adopted the res nullius concept for territorial conquest . Frost writes : By the mid -- eighteenth century , the theoretical basis of a new convention of acquiring empire had emerged . If a European state ( a Christian Prince ) had already established an effective possession of a region , another might acquire title to it only by formal cession ( which might or might not involve outright purchase ) . If the region was not already possessed by a rival , then a state might acquire it in one of three ways , viz. : -- by persuading the indigenous inhabitants to submit themselves to its overlordship ; -- by purchasing from those inhabitants the right to settle part or parts of it ; -- by unilateral possession , on the basis of first discovery and effective occupation . Historians debate whether `` first discovery and effective occupation '' was applied to territory inhabited by indigenous people that European empires sought to acquire or not . According to Frost : However , if the indigenes had advanced beyond the state of nature only so far as to have developed language and the community of the family , but no further ; if they had not yet mixed their labour with the earth in any permanent way ; or if the region were literally uninhabited , then Europeans considered it to be terra nullius ( i.e. , belonging to no one ) , to which they might gain permanent title by first discovery and effective occupation . On the other side of the debate are historians which claim that terra nullius is a much younger concept , which did not become formalized before the end of the 19th century . Historian Merete Borch writes : When the wealth of material relevant to this issue is surveyed it seems much more likely that there was no legal doctrine maintaining that inhabited land could be regarded as ownerless , nor was this the basis of official policy , in the eighteenth century or before . Rather it seems to have developed as a legal theory in the nineteenth century . These historians claim instead that territorial conquest was justified from natural law -- that which has no owner can be taken by the first taker . Michael Connor in his book `` The Invention of Terra Nullius '' takes an even more extreme view and argues that no one in the 19th century thought of Australia as being terra nullius . He calls the concept a legal fiction , a straw man developed in the late 20th century : By the time of Mabo in 1992 , terra nullius was the only explanation for the British settlement of Australia . Historians , more interested in politics than archives , misled the legal profession into believing that a phrase no one had heard of a few years before was the very basis of our statehood , and Reynolds ' version of our history , especially The Law of the Land , underpinned the Mabo judges ' decision - making . Current claims of terra nullius ( edit ) Few territories are currently considered terra nullius . Bir Tawil ( edit ) Simplified map showing Egypt 's claim ( yellow and green ) , Sudan 's claim ( blue and green ) and Bir Tawil ( white ) Bir Tawil is an example of a territory often claimed to be terra nullius . Between Egypt and Sudan is the 2,060 km ( 800 sq mi ) landlocked territory of Bir Tawil , which was created by a discrepancy between borders drawn in 1899 and 1902 . One border placed Bir Tawil under Sudan 's control and the Hala'ib Triangle under Egypt 's ; the other border did the reverse . Both countries assert the border that lets them claim Hala'ib , which is significantly larger and next to the Red Sea , with the side effect that Bir Tawil is unclaimed by either nation . The area is , however , under the de facto control of Egypt , although it is not shown on official Egyptian maps . Bir Tawil has no settled population but the land is used by Bedouins who roam the area . In June 2014 , Jeremiah Heaton planted a flag in Bir Tawil to claim the region as a new sovereign state , the Kingdom of North Sudan , and subsequently announced the establishment of self - styled `` embassies '' elsewhere in the world . However , no governmental entity has recognized this claim . Gornja Siga and other pockets ( edit ) See also : Croatia -- Serbia border dispute Portions in yellow are claimed by both Serbia and Croatia . Croatia asserts that the green portions , the largest being Gornja Siga , belong to Serbia , but Serbia does not claim them . Serbia and Croatia dispute several small areas on the east bank of the Danube . However , some pockets on the west bank , of which Gornja Siga is the largest , are not claimed by either country since Croatia recognizes that they belong to Serbia but Serbia does n't claim them . On 13 April 2015 , Vít Jedlička from the Czech Party of Free Citizens proclaimed the right - libertarian micronation of Liberland on Gornja Siga . Shortly after Liberland , another micronation project , the Kingdom of Enclava , was declared , eventually claiming part of the second largest pocket as their territory . The Confederation of Autia has claimed all the other pockets . The Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs has rejected these claims , stating that the differing border claims between Serbia and Croatia do not involve terra nullius , and are not subject to occupation by a third party . However , the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated on 24 April 2015 that while Serbia does not consider `` Liberland '' to be an important matter , the `` new state '' does not impinge upon the Serbian border , which is delineated by the Danube River . Antarctica ( edit ) Territorial claims in Antarctica , with the unclaimed part of West Antarctica shown in off - white . In the purple sector the area near the South Pole may be unclaimed , as Norway 's 2015 extension of its sector to include this area violated the Antarctic Treaty . While several countries have made claims to parts of Antarctica in the first half of the 20th century , the remainder , including most of Marie Byrd Land ( the portion east from 150 ° W to 90 ° W ) , has not been claimed by any sovereign nation . Signatories to the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 agreed not to make such claims , except the Soviet Union and the United States , who reserved the right to make a claim . Historical claims of terra nullius ( edit ) Several territories have been claimed to be terra nullius . In a minority of those claims , international and domestic courts have ruled on whether the territory is or was terra nullius or not . Australia ( edit ) Australian Aborigines had inhabited Australia for over 65,000 + years before European settlement , which commenced in 1788 . Indigenous customs , rituals and laws were unwritten . It has been claimed that Australia was considered terra nullius at the time of settlement . In 1971 , in the controversial case of Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd , popularly known as the Gove land rights case , Justice Richard Blackburn ruled that Australia had been considered `` desert and uncultivated '' ( a term which included territory in which resided `` uncivilized inhabitants in a primitive state of society '' ) before European settlement , and therefore , by the law that applied at the time , open to be claimed by right of occupancy , and that there was no such thing as native title in Australian law . The concept of terra nullius was not considered in this case , however . Court cases in 1977 , 1979 , and 1982 -- brought by or on behalf of Aboriginal activists -- challenged Australian sovereignty on the grounds that terra nullius had been improperly applied , therefore Aboriginal sovereignty should still be regarded as being intact . The courts rejected these cases , but the Australian High Court left the door open for a reassessment of whether the continent should be considered `` settled '' or `` conquered '' . Later , on 1 February 2014 , the traditional owners of land on Badu Island received freehold title to 10,000 hectare in an act of the Queensland Government . In 1982 , Eddie Mabo and four other Torres Strait Islanders from Mer ( Murray Island ) started legal proceedings to establish their traditional land ownership . This led to Mabo v Queensland ( No 1 ) . In 1992 , after ten years of hearings before the Queensland Supreme Court and the High Court of Australia , the latter court found that the Mer people had owned their land prior to annexation by Queensland . The ruling thus had far - reaching significance for the land claims of both Torres Strait Islanders and other Indigenous Australians . The controversy over Australian land ownership erupted into the so - called `` history wars '' . The 1992 Mabo decision overturned the doctrine of terra nullius . Svalbard ( edit ) Scotland or Great Britain , the Netherlands , and Denmark -- Norway all claimed sovereignty over the archipelago of Svalbard in the seventeenth century , but none permanently occupied it . Expeditions from each of these polities visited Svalbard principally during the summer for whaling , with the first two sending a few wintering parties in the 1620s and 1630s . During the 19th century , both Norway and Russia made strong claims to the archipelago . In 1909 , Italian jurist Camille Piccioni described Spitzbergen , as it was then known , as terra nullius : The issue would have been simpler if Spitzbergen , until now terra nullius , could have been attributed to a single state , for reasons of neighbouring or earlier occupation . But this is not the case and several powers can , for different reasons , make their claims to this territory which still has no master . The territorial dispute was eventually resolved by the Svalbard Treaty of 9 February 1920 which recognized Norwegian sovereignty over the islands . Eastern Greenland ( edit ) Norway occupied and claimed parts of ( then uninhabited ) Eastern Greenland in 1931 , claiming that it constituted terra nullius and calling the territory Erik the Red 's Land . The Permanent Court of International Justice ruled against the Norwegian claim . The Norwegians accepted the ruling and withdrew their claim . Scarborough Shoal ( edit ) The Philippines and the People 's Republic of China both claim the Scarborough Shoal or Panatag Shoal or Huangyan Island ( 黄岩 岛 ) , nearest to the island of Luzon , located in the South China Sea . The Philippines claims it under the principles of terra nullius and EEZ ( Exclusive Economic Zone ) . China 's claim refers to its discovery in the 13th century by Chinese fishermen . The former Nationalist government on the Chinese mainland had also claimed this territory after the founding of the Republic of China in 1911 . However , despite China 's position of non-participation based on the UNCLOS , the 2016 PCA denied the lawfulness of China 's `` Nine Dash Line '' claim . Despite this , China continues to build artificial islands in the South China Sea and Scarborough Shoal is a prime location for another one . Chinese ships have been seen in the vicinity of the shoal . Observers of the photos have concluded that the ships lack dredging equipment and therefore represent no imminent threat of reclamation work . South Island of new Zealand ( edit ) In 1840 , Lieutenant William Hobson , following instructions of the British government , pronounced the southern island of New Zealand to be uninhabited by civilized peoples , which qualified the land to be terra nullius , and therefore fit for the Crown 's political occupation . Hobson 's decision was also influenced by a small party of French settlers heading towards Akaroa on Banks Peninsula to settle in 1840 . Canada ( edit ) Joseph Trutch , the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia , insisted that First Nations had never owned land , and thus could safely be ignored . It is for this reason that most of British Columbia remains unceded land . In Guerin v . The Queen , a Supreme Court of Canada decision on aboriginal rights , the Court stated that the government has a fiduciary duty toward the First Nations of Canada and established aboriginal title to be a sui generis right . Since , there has been a more complicated debate and a general narrowing of the definition of `` fiduciary duty '' . Guano islands ( edit ) The Guano Islands Act of 18 August 1856 enabled citizens of the U.S. to take possession of islands containing guano deposits . The islands can be located anywhere , so long as they are not occupied and not within the jurisdiction of other governments . It also empowers the President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests , and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States . Pinnacle islands ( Senkaku / diaoyu ) ( edit ) A disputed archipelago in the East China Sea , the uninhabited Senkaku Islands , are claimed by Japan to have become part of its territory as terra nullius in January 1895 , following the First Sino - Japanese War . However , this interpretation is not accepted by the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , both of whom claim sovereignty over the islands . Burkina Faso and Niger ( edit ) A narrow strip of land adjacent to two territorial markers along the Burkina Faso -- Niger border was claimed by neither country until the International Court of Justice settled a more extensive territorial dispute in 2013 . The former unclaimed territory was awarded to Niger . Clipperton Island ( edit ) The sovereignty of Clipperton Island was settled by arbitration between France and Mexico . King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy rendered a decision in 1931 that `` ' the sovereignty of Clipperton Island belongs to France from the date of November 17 , 1858 . ' The Mexican claim was rejected for lack of proof of prior Spanish discovery and , in any event , no effective occupation by Mexico before 1858 , when the island was therefore territorium nullius , and the French occupation then was sufficient and legally continuing . '' Rockall ( edit ) According to Ian Mitchell , Rockall was terra nullius until it was claimed by the United Kingdom in 1955 . It was formally annexed in 1972 . Sealand ( edit ) One of the few micronations to control a physical location , the Principality of Sealand has existed de facto since 1967 on an abandoned British anti-aircraft gun tower in the North Sea . At the point when it was taken over , the tower had been abandoned by the Royal Navy and was outside British territorial waters . Paddy Roy Bates , who styled himself Prince , claimed that it was terra nullius . Despite rejecting this claim on the basis that the tower is an artificial structure , the British government has never attempted to evict the Sealanders , and a court in 1968 confirmed that at that point , the tower was outside British jurisdiction . Western Sahara ( edit ) At the request of Morocco , the International Court of Justice in 1975 addressed whether Western Sahara was terra nullius at the time of Spanish colonization in 1885 . The court found in its advisory opinion that Western Sahara was not terra nullius at that time . Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty ( edit ) Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty Outer space ( including Earth orbits ; the Moon and other celestial bodies , and their orbits ) national airspace territorial waters airspace contiguous zone airspace international airspace land territory surface internal waters surface territorial waters surface contiguous zone surface Exclusive Economic Zone surface international waters surface internal waters territorial waters Exclusive Economic Zone international waters land territory underground Continental Shelf surface Continental Shelf surface extended continental shelf surface international seabed surface Continental Shelf underground extended continental shelf underground international seabed underground full national jurisdiction and sovereignty restrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty international jurisdiction per common heritage of mankind See also ( edit ) Aboriginal title Henry A. Reynolds History wars Native title Mabo v Queensland Wik Peoples v Queensland Homestead principle Indigenous land rights International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara , 1975 International Waters Land claim Manifest destiny Neutral territory No man 's land Res nullius ( original and broader formulation in law ) Uncontacted people Uti possidetis References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Definition of terra nullius - English Dictionary '' . Allwords.com . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey v. New York , 523 US 767 ( 1998 ) '' . US Supreme Court . 26 May 1998 . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . Even as to terra nullius , like a volcanic island or territory abandoned by its former sovereign , a claimant by right as against all others has more to do than planting a flag or rearing a monument . From the 19th century the most generous settled view has been that discovery accompanied by symbolic acts give no more than `` an inchoate title , an option , as against other states , to consolidate the first steps by proceeding to effective occupation within a reasonable time. 8 I. Brownlie , Principles of Public International Law 146 ( 4th ed. 1990 ) ; see also 1 C. Hyde , International Law 329 ( rev. 2d ed. 1945 ) ; 1 L. Oppenheim International Law § § 222 - 223 , pp. 439 -- 441 ( H. Lauterpacht 5th ed. 1937 ) ; Hall A Treatise on International Law , at 102 -- 103 ; 1 J. Moore , International Law 258 ( 1906 ) ; R. Phillimore , International Law 273 ( 2d ed. 1871 ) ; E. Vattel , Law of Nations , § 208 , p. 99 ( J. Chitty 6th Am. ed. 1844 ) . ^ Jump up to : http://surplusvalue.org.au/Misc%20Articles%20and%20Poems/terra%20nullius%20copy.pdf Jump up ^ `` Null truth to academic accusations '' . www.sunray22b.net . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : http://samuelgriffith.org.au/docs/vol1/chap11.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/resources/pdfs/76.pdf Jump up ^ Michael Connor in The Bulletin ( Sydney ) , 20 August 2003 : ( see further Connor 2005 . ) Jump up ^ There is some disagreement of whether Bir Tawil is ' terra nullius or not . See f.e Chris Borgen , The Man Who Would Be King , Daddy 's Little Princess , and their Territorial Claim Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency . CIA World Factbook 2009 MobileReference , 2009 . ISBN 1607783339 Jump up ^ `` Man lays claim to African land to make daughter real life ' princess ' '' . kdvr.com. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Allie Robinson ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Abingdon man claims African land to make good on promise to daughter '' . Bristol Herald Courier . Bristol , Virginia : Berkshire Hathaway . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Najarro , Ileana ( 12 July 2014 ) . `` Va . man plants flag , claims African country , calling it ' Kingdom of North Sudan ' '' . Washington Post . Washington , DC . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ensor , Josie ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` US father takes unclaimed African kingdom so his daughter can be a princess '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mapping micronations '' . Al Jazeera. 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . Passports , currencies and flags : We discuss what it takes to create your own country . Jump up ^ `` Embassies -- Kingdom of North Sudan '' . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liberland '' . liberland.cz . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Martínek , Jan ( 15 April 2015 ) . `` Člen Svobodných vyhlásil na území bývalé Jugoslávie vlastní stát '' ( in Czech ) . Novinky.cz . Právo . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polish tourists proclaim ' Kingdom of Enclava ' '' . Agence France - Presse. 15 May 2015 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Enclava '' . Enclava . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On Virtual Narratives at Croatia 's Borders '' . Hungarian Embassy of the Republic of Croatia . Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Republic of Croatia . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McKirdy , Euan ( 25 April 2015 ) . `` Liberland : Could the world 's newest micronation get off the ground ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen '' . aftenposten.no . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd ( 1971 ) 17 FLR 141 ( 27 April 1971 ) Supreme Court ( NT ) . Jump up ^ Torres News , 10 -- 16 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Indigenous people still battle for land rights : activist '' . ABC News Online . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 3 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/research-and-guides/native-title-research/overturning-doctrine-terra%20nullius-the-mabo-case.pdf Jump up ^ Camille Piccioni , Revue generale de droit international public vol . XVI ( 1909 ) Jump up ^ Jacobs , Frank . `` The Cold War that Was n't : Norway Annexes Greenland '' . bigthink.com . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mollman , Steve . `` The `` strategic triangle '' that would allow Beijing to control the South China Sea `` . Quartz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tipene O'regan , ' The Ngai Tahu Claim ' in IH Kawharu Jump up ^ `` A Short Commentary on Land Claims in BC '' . Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Reports of Judgments , Advisory Opinions and Orders : Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Niger ) '' . International Court of Justice . 2013 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ireland , Gordon ( 1941 ) . Boundaries , possessions , and conflicts in Central and North America and the Caribbean . New York : Octagon Books . p. 320 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Mitchell ( 2012 ) . Isles of the North . Birlinn . p. 232 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 : Britain claims Rockall '' . BBC . On This Day : 21 September . Jump up ^ `` Island Of Rockall Act 1972 '' ( PDF ) . legislation.gov.uk. 10 February 1972 . Jump up ^ `` History of Sealand '' . The Principality of Sealand . Archived from the original on 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates , The Shire Hall , Chelmsford , 25 October 1968 . `` Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates '' . The Shire Hall , Chelmsford . Archived from the original on 2 March 2007 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Bibliography Connor , Michael . The invention of terra nullius , Sydney : Macleay Press , 2005 . Culhane , Dara . The Pleasure of the Crown : Anthropology , Law , and the First Nations . Vancouver : Talon Books , 1998 . Lindqvist , Sven . Terra nullius . A Journey through No One 's Land . Translated by Sarah Death . Granta , London 2007 . Pbk 2008 . The New Press , New York 2007 . Details here Rowse , Tim . `` Terra nullius '' -- The Oxford Companion to Australian History . Ed . Graeme Davison , John Hirst and Stuart Macintyre . Oxford University Press , 2001 . External links ( edit ) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner , Social Justice Reports , 1994 -- 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20070830005936/http://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/ and Native Title Reports , 1994 -- 2009 http://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/nt_report/index.html A History of the concept of `` Terra Nullius '' The University of Sydney Governor Burke 's 1835 Proclamation of terra nullius NSW Migration Heritage Centre -- Statement of Significance Veracini L , An analysis of Michael Conner 's denial of terra nullius ( The Invention of Terra Nullius ) Terror Nullius < https://web.archive.org/web/20120515005453/http://www.wulfdhund.de/rassismusanalyse/?Ergaenzungen:Australien > Mabo v Queensland ( No 2 ) ( 1992 ) HCA 23 , ( 1992 ) 175 CLR 1 ( 3 June 1992 ) , High Court Wik Peoples v Queensland ( 1996 ) HCA 40 , ( 1996 ) 187 CLR 1 ( 23 December 1996 ) , High Court ( 1 ) 1975 International Court of Justice -- Advisory Opinion regarding Western Sahara `` History before European Settlement '' Parliament of New South Wales material on terra nullius -- NSW Primary School curriculum R v Boatman or Jackass and Bulleye ( 1832 ) NSWSupC 4 , ( 1832 ) NSW Sel Cas ( Dowling ) 6 ( 23 February 1832 ) , Australia ) Colonization , decolonization , and neocolonialism Earth Exploration Americas Africa Asia Oceania Antarctica -- World oceans Colonization Americas Africa Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Antarctica World oceans Subterranea Decolonization Americas Africa Asia Oceania General topics Exploration Maritime history ( European ) Age of Discovery Solar System discovery Colonization Antiquity -- Imperialism Chartered companies Interventionism Colonialism chronology history empires settler colonialism wars Current : Non-Self - Governing Dependent Space Station -- Space Militarization Commercial use of space Colonial empires in Modern era Overseas , major : British Dutch French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Overseas , minor : American Australian Austro - Hungarian Belgian Couronian ( Polish - Lithuanian ) Danish New Zealand Norwegian Swedish Mostly contiguous : American Chinese Japanese Ottoman Russian South African Decolonization Wars of national liberation -- Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe in South America Independence referendum Sovereign states formation dates Postcolonialism Independence Internal colonialism Nation - building Neo-colonialism Postcolonialism ( international relations ) Terra nullius Indigenous peoples Uncontacted peoples Outer space Exploration Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Ceres Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Colonization Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terra_nullius&oldid=856155169 '' Categories : Common law Constitutional state types International law Legal fictions Latin legal terminology Aboriginal title Legal doctrines and principles Colonialism Space law Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Português Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 07 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | explain what the british understood by the term terra nullius | [
"Terra nullius (/ˈtɛrə.nʌˈlaɪəs/, plural terrae nullius) is a Latin expression meaning \"nobody's land\",[1] and is a principle sometimes used in international law to describe territory that may be acquired by a state's occupation of it.[2]\n"
] | [
"nobody's land"
] |
2556287678823434443 | Musical theatre | Musical theatre - wikipedia Musical theatre The Black Crook was a hit musical in 1866 . Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs , spoken dialogue , acting and dance . The story and emotional content of a musical -- humor , pathos , love , anger -- are communicated through the words , music , movement and technical aspects of the entertainment as an integrated whole . Although musical theatre overlaps with other theatrical forms like opera and dance , it may be distinguished by the equal importance given to the music as compared with the dialogue , movement and other elements . Since the early 20th century , musical theatre stage works have generally been called , simply , musicals . Although music has been a part of dramatic presentations since ancient times , modern Western musical theatre emerged during the 19th century , with many structural elements established by the works of Gilbert and Sullivan in Britain and those of Harrigan and Hart in America . These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the musical theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan at the turn of the 20th century . The Princess Theatre musicals ( 1915 -- 1918 ) and other smart shows like Of Thee I Sing ( 1931 ) were artistic steps forward beyond revues and other frothy entertainments of the early 20th century and led to such groundbreaking works as Show Boat ( 1927 ) and Oklahoma ! ( 1943 ) . Some of the most famous musicals through the decades that followed include West Side Story ( 1957 ) , The Fantasticks ( 1960 ) , Hair ( 1967 ) , A Chorus Line ( 1975 ) , Les Misérables ( 1985 ) , The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) , Rent ( 1996 ) , The Producers ( 2001 ) , Wicked ( 2003 ) and Hamilton ( 2015 ) . Musicals are performed around the world . They may be presented in large venues , such as big - budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London . Alternatively , musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre , Off - Broadway or regional theatre productions , or on tour . Musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches , schools and other performance spaces . In addition to the United States and Britain , there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe , Asia , Australasia , Canada and Latin America . Contents 1 Definitions and scope 1.1 Book musicals 1.2 Comparisons with opera 1.3 Other forms 2 History 2.1 Early antecedents of musical theatre 2.2 1850s to 1880s 2.3 1890s to the new century 2.4 Early 20th century 2.5 Show Boat and the Great Depression 2.6 The Golden Age ( 1940s to 1960s ) 2.6. 1 1940s 2.6. 2 1950s 2.6. 3 1960s 2.7 Social themes 2.8 1970s to present 2.8. 1 1970s 2.8. 2 1980s 2.8. 3 1990s 2.8. 4 2000s -- 2010s 2.8. 4.1 Trends 2.8. 4.2 Jukebox musicals 2.8. 4.3 Film and TV musicals 3 International musicals 4 Amateur and school productions 5 Relevance 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 Cited books 8 Further reading 9 External links Definitions and scope ( edit ) Book musicals ( edit ) A Gaiety Girl ( 1893 ) was one of the first hit musicals Since the 20th century , the `` book musical '' has been defined as a musical play where songs and dances are fully integrated into a well - made story with serious dramatic goals that is able to evoke genuine emotions other than laughter . The three main components of a book musical are its music , lyrics and book . The book or script of a musical refers to the story , character development and dramatic structure , including the spoken dialogue and stage directions , but it can also refer to the dialogue and lyrics together , which are sometimes referred to as the libretto ( Italian for `` little book '' ) . The music and lyrics together form the score of a musical and includes songs , incidental music and musical scenes , which are `` theatrical sequence ( s ) set to music , often combining song with spoken dialogue . '' The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its creative team , which includes a director , a musical director , usually a choreographer and sometimes an orchestrator . A musical 's production is also creatively characterized by technical aspects , such as set design , costumes , stage properties ( props ) , lighting and sound . The creative team , designs and interpretations generally change from the original production to succeeding productions . Some production elements , however , may be retained from the original production ; for example , Bob Fosse 's choreography in Chicago . There is no fixed length for a musical . While it can range from a short one - act entertainment to several acts and several hours in length ( or even a multi-evening presentation ) , most musicals range from one and a half to three hours . Musicals are usually presented in two acts , with one short intermission , and the first act is frequently longer than the second . The first act generally introduces nearly all of the characters and most of the music and often ends with the introduction of a dramatic conflict or plot complication while the second act may introduce a few new songs but usually contains reprises of important musical themes and resolves the conflict or complication . A book musical is usually built around four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show , although it sometimes consists of a series of songs not directly musically related . Spoken dialogue is generally interspersed between musical numbers , although `` sung dialogue '' or recitative may be used , especially in so - called `` sung - through '' musicals such as Jesus Christ Superstar , Les Misérables , Evita and Hamilton . Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End have been presented in one act in recent decades . Moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song . Proverbially , `` when the emotion becomes too strong for speech , you sing ; when it becomes too strong for song , you dance . '' In a book musical , a song is ideally crafted to suit the character ( or characters ) and their situation within the story ; although there have been times in the history of the musical ( e.g. from the 1890s to the 1920s ) when this integration between music and story has been tenuous . As The New York Times critic Ben Brantley described the ideal of song in theatre when reviewing the 2008 revival of Gypsy : `` There is no separation at all between song and character , which is what happens in those uncommon moments when musicals reach upward to achieve their ideal reasons to be . '' Typically , many fewer words are sung in a five - minute song than are spoken in a five - minute block of dialogue . Therefore , there is less time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length , since a musical usually devotes more time to music than to dialogue . Within the compressed nature of a musical , the writers must develop the characters and the plot . The material presented in a musical may be original , or it may be adapted from novels ( Wicked and Man of La Mancha ) , plays ( Hello , Dolly ! ) , classic legends ( Camelot ) , historical events ( Evita ) or films ( The Producers and Billy Elliot ) . On the other hand , many successful musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films , such as West Side Story , My Fair Lady , The Sound of Music , Oliver ! and Chicago . Comparisons with opera ( edit ) George Gershwin Musical theatre is closely related to the theatrical form of opera , but the two are usually distinguished by weighing a number of factors . First , musicals generally have a greater focus on spoken dialogue . This is not a hard and fast rule ; some musicals are entirely accompanied and sung through , while some operas , such as Die Zauberflöte , and most operettas , have some unaccompanied dialogue . Second , musicals also usually include more dancing as an essential part of the storytelling , particularly by the principal performers as well as the chorus . Third , musicals often use various genres of popular music or at least popular singing and musical styles . Finally , musicals usually avoid certain operatic conventions . In particular , a musical is almost always performed in the language of its audience . Musicals produced on Broadway or in the West End , for instance , are invariably sung in English , even if they were originally written in another language . While an opera singer is primarily a singer and only secondarily an actor ( and rarely needs to dance ) , a musical theatre performer is often an actor first but must also be a singer and dancer . Someone who is equally accomplished at all three is referred to as a `` triple threat '' . Composers of music for musicals often consider the vocal demands of roles with musical theatre performers in mind . Today , large theatres that stage musicals generally use microphones and amplification of the actors ' singing voices in a way that would generally be disapproved of in an operatic context . Some works ( e.g. by George Gershwin , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim ) have been made into both `` musical theatre '' and `` operatic '' productions . Similarly , some older operettas or light operas ( such as The Pirates of Penzance by Gilbert and Sullivan ) have been produced in modern adaptations that treat them as musicals . For some works , production styles are almost as important as the work 's musical or dramatic content in defining into which art form the piece falls . Sondheim said , `` I really think that when something plays Broadway it 's a musical , and when it plays in an opera house it 's opera . That 's it . It 's the terrain , the countryside , the expectations of the audience that make it one thing or another . '' Although this article primarily concerns musical theatre works that are `` non-operatic '' , there remains an overlap in form between lighter operatic forms and more musically complex or ambitious musicals . In practice , it is often difficult to distinguish among the various kinds of musical theatre , including `` musical play '' , `` musical comedy '' , `` operetta '' and `` light opera '' . Like opera , the singing in musical theatre is generally accompanied by an instrumental ensemble called a pit orchestra , located in a lowered area in front of the stage . While opera typically uses a conventional symphony orchestra , musicals are generally orchestrated for ensembles ranging from 27 players down to only a few players . Rock musicals usually employ a small group of mostly rock instruments , and some musicals may call for only a piano or two instruments . The music in musicals uses a range of `` styles and influences including operetta , classical techniques , folk music , jazz ( and ) local or historical styles ( that ) are appropriate to the setting . '' Musicals may begin with an overture played by the orchestra that `` weav ( es ) together excerpts of the score 's famous melodies . '' Other forms ( edit ) Chinese opera performers There are various Eastern traditions of theatre that include music , such as Chinese opera , Taiwanese opera , Noh and Musical theatre in India , including Sanskrit drama , classical Indian dance and Yakshagana . India has , since the 20th century , produced numerous musical films , referred to as `` Bollywood '' musicals , and in Japan a series of musicals based on popular Anime and Manga comics has developed in recent decades . Shorter or simplified `` junior '' versions of many musicals are available for schools and youth groups , and very short works created or adapted for performance by children are sometimes called minimusicals . History ( edit ) Early antecedents of musical theatre ( edit ) Main article : Development of musical theatre The antecedents of musical theatre in Europe can be traced back to the theatre of ancient Greece , where music and dance were included in stage comedies and tragedies during the 5th century BCE . The music from the ancient forms is lost , however , and they had little influence on later development of musical theatre . In the 12th and 13th centuries , religious dramas taught the liturgy . Groups of actors would use outdoor Pageant wagons ( stages on wheels ) to tell each part of the story . Poetic forms sometimes alternated with the prose dialogues , and liturgical chants gave way to new melodies . A view of Rhodes by John Webb , to be painted on a backshutter for the first performance of The Siege of Rhodes ( 1856 ) The European Renaissance saw older forms evolve into two antecedents of musical theatre : commedia dell'arte , where raucous clowns improvised familiar stories , and later , opera buffa . In England , Elizabethan and Jacobean plays frequently included music , and short musical plays began to be included in an evenings ' dramatic entertainments . Court masques developed during the Tudor period that involved music , dancing , singing and acting , often with expensive costumes and a complex stage design . These developed into sung plays that are recognizable as English operas , the first usually being thought of as The Siege of Rhodes ( 1656 ) . In France , meanwhile , Molière turned several of his farcical comedies into musical entertainments with songs ( music provided by Jean - Baptiste Lully ) and dance in the late 17th century . These influenced a brief period of English opera by composers such as John Blow and Henry Purcell . From the 18th century , the most popular forms of musical theatre in Britain were ballad operas , like John Gay 's The Beggar 's Opera , that included lyrics written to the tunes of popular songs of the day ( often spoofing opera ) , and later pantomime , which developed from commedia dell'arte , and comic opera with mostly romantic plot lines , like Michael Balfe 's The Bohemian Girl ( 1845 ) . Meanwhile , on the continent , singspiel , comédie en vaudeville , opéra comique , zarzuela and other forms of light musical entertainment were emerging . The Beggar 's Opera was the first recorded long - running play of any kind , running for 62 successive performances in 1728 . It would take almost a century afterwards before any play broke 100 performances , but the record soon reached 150 in the late 1820s . Other musical theatre forms developed in England by the 19th century , such as music hall , melodrama and burletta , which were popularized partly because most London theatres were licensed only as music halls and not allowed to present plays without music . Colonial America did not have a significant theatre presence until 1752 , when London entrepreneur William Hallam sent a company of actors to the colonies managed by his brother Lewis . In New York in the summer of 1753 , they performed ballad - operas , such as The Beggar 's Opera , and ballad - farces . By the 1840s , P.T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan . Other early musical theatre in America consisted of British forms , such as burletta and pantomime , but what a piece was called did not necessarily define what it was . The 1852 Broadway extravaganza The Magic Deer advertised itself as `` A Serio Comico Tragico Operatical Historical Extravaganzical Burletical Tale of Enchantment . '' Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown from around 1850 , and did not arrive in the Times Square area until the 1920s and 1930s . Broadway 's The Elves ( 1857 ) broke the 50 performance barrier . New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London , but Laura Keene 's `` musical burletta '' Seven Sisters ( 1860 ) shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances . 1850s to 1880s ( edit ) Poster , c. 1879 Around 1850 , the French composer Hervé was experimenting with a form of comic musical theatre he called opérette . The best known composers of operetta were Jacques Offenbach from the 1850s to the 1870s and Johann Strauss II in the 1870s and 1880s . Offenbach 's fertile melodies , combined with his librettists ' witty satire , formed a model for the musical theatre that followed . Adaptations of the French operettas ( played in mostly bad , risqué translations ) , musical burlesques , music hall , pantomime and burletta dominated the London musical stage into the 1870s . In America , mid-18th century musical theatre entertainments included crude variety revue , which eventually developed into vaudeville , minstrel shows , which soon crossed the Atlantic to Britain , and Victorian burlesque , first popularized in the US by British troupes . A hugely successful musical that premiered in New York in 1866 , The Black Crook , was an original musical theatre piece that conformed to many of the modern definitions of a musical , including dance and original music that helped to tell the story . The spectacular production , famous for its skimpy costumes , ran for a record - breaking 474 performances . The same year , The Black Domino / Between You , Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a `` musical comedy . '' Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 ( The Mulligan Guard Picnic ) and 1885 . These musical comedies featured characters and situations taken from the everyday life of New York 's lower classes and represented a significant step forward towards a more legitimate theatrical form . They starred high quality singers ( Lillian Russell , Vivienne Segal and Fay Templeton ) instead of the ladies of questionable repute who had starred in earlier musical forms . As transportation improved , poverty in London and New York diminished , and street lighting made for safer travel at night , the number of patrons for the growing number of theatres increased enormously . Plays ran longer , leading to better profits and improved production values , and men began to bring their families to the theatre . The first musical theatre piece to exceed 500 consecutive performances was the French operetta The Chimes of Normandy in 1878 . English comic opera adopted many of the successful ideas of European operetta , none more successfully than the series of more than a dozen long - running Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas , including H.M.S. Pinafore ( 1878 ) and The Mikado ( 1885 ) . These were sensations on both sides of the Atlantic and in Australia and helped to raise the standard for what was considered a successful show . These shows were designed for family audiences , a marked contrast from the risqué burlesques , bawdy music hall shows and French operettas that sometimes drew a crowd seeking less wholesome entertainment . Only a few 19th - century musical pieces exceeded the run of The Mikado , such as Dorothy , which opened in 1886 and set a new record with a run of 931 performances . Gilbert and Sullivan 's influence on later musical theatre was profound , creating examples of how to `` integrate '' musicals so that the lyrics and dialogue advanced a coherent story . Their works were admired and copied by early authors and composers of musicals in Britain and America . 1890s to the New century ( edit ) Further information : Edwardian musical comedy Cover of the Vocal Score of Sidney Jones ' The Geisha A Trip to Chinatown ( 1891 ) was Broadway 's long - run champion ( until Irene in 1919 ) , running for 657 performances , but New York runs continued to be relatively short , with a few exceptions , compared with London runs , until the 1920s . Gilbert and Sullivan were both pirated and imitated in New York by productions such as Reginald De Koven 's Robin Hood ( 1891 ) and John Philip Sousa 's El Capitan ( 1896 ) . A Trip to Coontown ( 1898 ) was the first musical comedy entirely produced and performed by African Americans on Broadway ( largely inspired by the routines of the minstrel shows ) , followed by ragtime - tinged shows . Hundreds of musical comedies were staged on Broadway in the 1890s and early 20th century , composed of songs written in New York 's Tin Pan Alley , including those by George M. Cohan , who worked to create an American style distinct from the Gilbert and Sullivan works . The most successful New York shows were often followed by extensive national tours . Meanwhile , musicals took over the London stage in the Gay Nineties , led by producer George Edwardes , who perceived that audiences wanted a new alternative to the Savoy - style comic operas and their intellectual , political , absurdist satire . He experimented with a modern - dress , family - friendly musical theatre style , with breezy , popular songs , snappy , romantic banter , and stylish spectacle at the Gaiety and his other theatres . These drew on the traditions of comic opera and used elements of burlesque and of the Harrigan and Hart pieces . He replaced the bawdy women of burlesque with his `` respectable '' corps of Gaiety Girls to complete the musical and visual fun . The success of the first of these , In Town ( 1892 ) and A Gaiety Girl ( 1893 ) set the style for the next three decades . The plots were generally light , romantic `` poor maiden loves aristocrat and wins him against all odds '' shows , with music by Ivan Caryll , Sidney Jones and Lionel Monckton . These shows were immediately widely copied in America , and Edwardian musical comedy swept away the earlier musical forms of comic opera and operetta . The Geisha ( 1896 ) was one of the most successful in the 1890s , running for more than two years and achieving great international success . The Belle of New York ( 1898 ) became the first American musical to run for over a year in London . The British musical comedy Florodora ( 1899 ) was a popular success on both sides of the Atlantic , as was A Chinese Honeymoon ( 1901 ) , which ran for a record - setting 1,074 performances in London and 376 in New York . After the turn of the 20th century , Seymour Hicks joined forces with Edwardes and American producer Charles Frohman to create another decade of popular shows . Other enduring Edwardian musical comedy hits included The Arcadians ( 1909 ) and The Quaker Girl ( 1910 ) . Early 20th century ( edit ) Victor Herbert Virtually eliminated from the English - speaking stage by competition from the ubiquitous Edwardian musical comedies , operettas returned to London and Broadway in 1907 with The Merry Widow , and adaptations of continental operettas became direct competitors with musicals . Franz Lehár and Oscar Straus composed new operettas that were popular in English until World War I. In America , Victor Herbert produced a string of enduring operettas including The Fortune Teller ( 1898 ) , Babes in Toyland ( 1903 ) , Mlle . Modiste ( 1905 ) , The Red Mill ( 1906 ) and Naughty Marietta ( 1910 ) . In the 1910s , the team of P.G. Wodehouse , Guy Bolton and Jerome Kern , following in the footsteps of Gilbert and Sullivan , created the `` Princess Theatre shows '' and paved the way for Kern 's later work by showing that a musical could combine light , popular entertainment with continuity between its story and songs . Historian Gerald Bordman wrote : These shows built and polished the mold from which almost all later major musical comedies evolved ... The characters and situations were , within the limitations of musical comedy license , believable and the humor came from the situations or the nature of the characters . Kern 's exquisitely flowing melodies were employed to further the action or develop characterization ... ( Edwardian ) musical comedy was often guilty of inserting songs in a hit - or - miss fashion . The Princess Theatre musicals brought about a change in approach . P.G. Wodehouse , the most observant , literate and witty lyricist of his day , and the team of Bolton , Wodehouse and Kern had an influence felt to this day . The theatre - going public needed escapist entertainment during the dark times of World War I , and they flocked to the theatre . The 1919 hit musical Irene ran for 670 performances , a Broadway record that held until 1938 . The British theatre public supported far longer runs like that of The Maid of the Mountains ( 1,352 performances ) and especially Chu Chin Chow . Its run of 2,238 performances was more than twice as long as any previous musical , setting a record that stood for nearly forty years . Revues like The Bing Boys Are Here in Britain , and those of Florenz Ziegfeld and his imitators in America , were also extraordinarily popular . Sheet music from Sally , 1920 The musicals of the Roaring Twenties , borrowing from vaudeville , music hall and other light entertainments , tended to emphasize big dance routines and popular songs at the expense of plot . Typical of the decade were lighthearted productions like Sally , Lady , Be Good , No , No , Nanette , Oh , Kay ! and Funny Face . Despite forgettable stories , these musicals featured stars such as Marilyn Miller and Fred Astaire and produced dozens of enduring popular songs by Kern , George and Ira Gershwin , Irving Berlin , Cole Porter and Rodgers and Hart . Popular music was dominated by musical theatre standards , such as `` Fascinating Rhythm '' , `` Tea for Two '' and `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' . Many shows were revues , series of sketches and songs with little or no connection between them . The best - known of these were the annual Ziegfeld Follies , spectacular song - and - dance revues on Broadway featuring extravagant sets , elaborate costumes and beautiful chorus girls . These spectacles also raised production values , and mounting a musical generally became more expensive . Shuffle Along ( 1921 ) , an all - African American show was a hit on Broadway . A new generation of composers of operettas also emerged in the 1920s , such as Rudolf Friml and Sigmund Romberg , to create a series of popular Broadway hits . In London , writer - stars such as Ivor Novello and Noël Coward became popular , but the primacy of British musical theatre from the 19th century through 1920 was gradually replaced by American innovation , especially after World War I , as Kern and other Tin Pan Alley composers began to bring new musical styles such as ragtime and jazz to the theatres , and the Shubert Brothers took control of the Broadway theatres . Musical theatre writer Andrew Lamb notes , `` The operatic and theatrical styles of nineteenth - century social structures were replaced by a musical style more aptly suited to twentieth - century society and its vernacular idiom . It was from America that the more direct style emerged , and in America that it was able to flourish in a developing society less hidebound by nineteenth - century tradition . '' In France , comédie musicale was written between in the early decades of the century for such stars as Yvonne Printemps . Show Boat and the Great Depression ( edit ) Progressing far beyond the comparatively frivolous musicals and sentimental operettas of the decade , Broadway 's Show Boat ( 1927 ) , represented an even more complete integration of book and score than the Princess Theatre musicals , with dramatic themes told through the music , dialogue , setting and movement . This was accomplished by combining the lyricism of Kern 's music with the skillful libretto of Oscar Hammerstein II . One historian wrote , `` Here we come to a completely new genre -- the musical play as distinguished from musical comedy . Now ... everything else was subservient to that play . Now ... came complete integration of song , humor and production numbers into a single and inextricable artistic entity . '' Rodgers and Hart As the Great Depression set in during the post-Broadway national tour of Show Boat , the public turned back to mostly light , escapist song - and - dance entertainment . Audiences on both sides of the Atlantic had little money to spend on entertainment , and only a few stage shows anywhere exceeded a run of 500 performances during the decade . The revue The Band Wagon ( 1931 ) starred dancing partners Fred Astaire and his sister Adele , while Porter 's Anything Goes ( 1934 ) confirmed Ethel Merman 's position as the First Lady of musical theatre , a title she maintained for many years . Coward and Novello continued to deliver old fashioned , sentimental musicals , such as The Dancing Years , while Rodgers and Hart returned from Hollywood to create a series of successful Broadway shows , including On Your Toes ( 1936 , with Ray Bolger , the first Broadway musical to make dramatic use of classical dance ) , Babes in Arms ( 1937 ) and The Boys from Syracuse ( 1938 ) . Porter added DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1939 ) . The longest - running piece of musical theatre of the 1930s was Hellzapoppin ( 1938 ) , a revue with audience participation , which played for 1,404 performances , setting a new Broadway record . Still , a few creative teams began to build on Show Boat 's innovations . Of Thee I Sing ( 1931 ) , a political satire by the Gershwins , was the first musical awarded the Pulitzer Prize . As Thousands Cheer ( 1933 ) , a revue by Irving Berlin and Moss Hart in which each song or sketch was based on a newspaper headline , marked the first Broadway show in which an African - American , Ethel Waters , starred alongside white actors . Waters ' numbers included `` Supper Time '' , a woman 's lament for her husband who has been lynched . The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) featured an all African - American cast and blended operatic , folk and jazz idioms . The Cradle Will Rock ( 1937 ) , directed by Orson Welles , was a highly political pro-union piece that , despite the controversy surrounding it , ran for 108 performances . Rodgers and Hart 's I 'd Rather Be Right ( 1937 ) was a political satire with George M. Cohan as President Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Kurt Weill 's Knickerbocker Holiday depicted New York City 's early history while good - naturedly satirizing Roosevelt 's good intentions . The motion picture mounted a challenge to the stage . Silent films had presented only limited competition , but by the end of the 1920s , films like The Jazz Singer could be presented with synchronized sound . `` Talkie '' films at low prices effectively killed off vaudeville by the early 1930s . Despite the economic woes of the 1930s and the competition from film , the musical survived . In fact , it continued to evolve thematically beyond the gags and showgirls musicals of the Gay Nineties and Roaring Twenties and the sentimental romance of operetta , adding technical expertise and the fast - paced staging and naturalistic dialogue style led by director George Abbott . The Golden Age ( 1940s to 1960s ) ( edit ) Rodgers and Hammerstein ( left and right ) and Irving Berlin ( center ) 1940s ( edit ) The 1940s would begin with more hits from Porter , Irving Berlin , Rodgers and Hart , Weill and Gershwin , some with runs over 500 performances as the economy rebounded , but artistic change was in the air . Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Oklahoma ! ( 1943 ) completed the revolution begun by Show Boat , by tightly integrating all the aspects of musical theatre , with a cohesive plot , songs that furthered the action of the story , and featured dream ballets and other dances that advanced the plot and developed the characters , rather than using dance as an excuse to parade scantily clad women across the stage . Rodgers and Hammerstein hired ballet choreographer Agnes de Mille , who used everyday motions to help the characters express their ideas . It defied musical conventions by raising its first act curtain not on a bevy of chorus girls , but rather on a woman churning butter , with an off - stage voice singing the opening lines of Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' unaccompanied . It drew rave reviews , set off a box - office frenzy and received a Pulitzer Prize . Brooks Atkinson wrote in The New York Times that the show 's opening number changed the history of musical theater : `` After a verse like that , sung to a buoyant melody , the banalities of the old musical stage became intolerable . '' It was the first `` blockbuster '' Broadway show , running a total of 2,212 performances , and was made into a hit film . It remains one of the most frequently produced of the team 's projects . William A. Everett and Paul R. Laird wrote that this was a `` show , that , like Show Boat , became a milestone , so that later historians writing about important moments in twentieth - century theatre would begin to identify eras according to their relationship to Oklahoma ! '' `` After Oklahoma ! , Rodgers and Hammerstein were the most important contributors to the musical - play form ... The examples they set in creating vital plays , often rich with social thought , provided the necessary encouragement for other gifted writers to create musical plays of their own '' . The two collaborators created an extraordinary collection of some of musical theatre 's best loved and most enduring classics , including Carousel ( 1945 ) , South Pacific ( 1949 ) , The King and I ( 1951 ) and The Sound of Music ( 1959 ) . Some of these musicals treat more serious subject matter than most earlier shows : the villain in Oklahoma ! is a suspected murderer and psychopath with a fondness for lewd post cards ; Carousel deals with spousal abuse , thievery , suicide and the afterlife ; South Pacific explores miscegenation even more thoroughly than Show Boat ; and the hero of The King and I dies onstage . The show 's creativity stimulated Rodgers and Hammerstein 's contemporaries and ushered in the `` Golden Age '' of American musical theatre . Americana was displayed on Broadway during the `` Golden Age '' , as the wartime cycle of shows began to arrive . An example of this is On the Town ( 1944 ) , written by Betty Comden and Adolph Green , composed by Leonard Bernstein and choreographed by Jerome Robbins . The story is set during wartime and concerns three sailors who are on a 24 - hour shore leave in New York City , during which each falls in love . The show also gives the impression of a country with an uncertain future , as the sailors and their women also have . Irving Berlin used sharpshooter Annie Oakley 's career as a basis for his Annie Get Your Gun ( 1946 , 1,147 performances ) ; Burton Lane , E.Y. Harburg and Fred Saidy combined political satire with Irish whimsy for their fantasy Finian 's Rainbow ( 1947 , 725 performances ) ; and Cole Porter found inspiration in William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew for Kiss Me , Kate ( 1948 , 1,077 performances ) . The American musicals overwhelmed the old - fashioned British Coward / Novello - style shows , one of the last big successes of which was Novello 's Perchance to Dream ( 1945 , 1,021 performances ) . The formula for the Golden Age musicals reflected one or more of four widely held perceptions of the `` American dream '' : That stability and worth derives from a love relationship sanctioned and restricted by Protestant ideals of marriage ; that a married couple should make a moral home with children away from the city in a suburb or small town ; that the woman 's function was as homemaker and mother ; and that Americans incorporate an independent and pioneering spirit or that their success is self - made . 1950s ( edit ) Further information : Musical film Julie Andrews Damon Runyon 's eclectic characters were at the core of Frank Loesser 's and Abe Burrows ' Guys and Dolls , ( 1950 , 1,200 performances ) ; and the Gold Rush was the setting for Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe 's Paint Your Wagon ( 1951 ) . The relatively brief seven - month run of that show did n't discourage Lerner and Loewe from collaborating again , this time on My Fair Lady ( 1956 ) , an adaptation of George Bernard Shaw 's Pygmalion starring Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews , which at 2,717 performances held the long - run record for many years . Popular Hollywood films were made of all of these musicals . This surpassed the run of two hits by British creators : The Boy Friend ( 1954 ) , which ran for 2,078 performances in London and marked Andrews ' American debut , was very briefly the third longest - running musical in West End or Broadway history ( after Chu Chin Chow and Oklahoma ! ) , until Salad Days ( 1954 ) surpassed its run and became the new long - run record holder , with 2,283 performances . Another record was set by The Threepenny Opera , which ran for 2,707 performances , becoming the longest - running off - Broadway musical until The Fantasticks . The production also broke ground by showing that musicals could be profitable off - Broadway in a small - scale , small orchestra format . This was confirmed in 1959 when a revival of Jerome Kern and P.G. Wodehouse 's Leave It to Jane ran for more than two years . The 1959 -- 1960 Off - Broadway season included a dozen musicals and revues including Little Mary Sunshine , The Fantasticks and Ernest in Love , a musical adaptation of Oscar Wilde 's 1895 hit The Importance of Being Earnest . Leonard Bernstein , 1971 West Side Story ( 1957 ) transported Romeo and Juliet to modern day New York City and converted the feuding Montague and Capulet families into opposing ethnic gangs , the Jets and the Sharks . The book was adapted by Arthur Laurents , with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by newcomer Stephen Sondheim . It was embraced by the critics , but failed to be a popular choice for the `` blue - haired matinee ladies '' , who preferred the small town River City , Iowa of Meredith Willson 's The Music Man to the alleys of Manhattan 's Upper West Side . Apparently Tony Award voters were of a similar mind , since they favored the former over the latter . West Side Story had a respectable run of 732 performances ( 1,040 in the West End ) , while The Music Man ran nearly twice as long , with 1,375 performances . However , the film of West Side Story was extremely successful . Laurents and Sondheim teamed up again for Gypsy ( 1959 , 702 performances ) , with Jule Styne providing the music for a backstage story about the most driven stage mother of all - time , stripper Gypsy Rose Lee 's mother Rose . The original production ran for 702 performances , and was given four subsequent revivals , with Angela Lansbury , Tyne Daly , Bernadette Peters and Patti LuPone later tackling the role made famous by Ethel Merman . Although directors and choreographers have had a major influence on musical theatre style since at least the 19th century , George Abbott and his collaborators and successors took a central role in integrating movement and dance fully into musical theatre productions in the Golden Age . Abbott introduced ballet as a story - telling device in On Your Toes in 1936 , which was followed by Agnes de Mille 's ballet and choreography in Oklahoma ! . After Abbott collaborated with Jerome Robbins in On the Town and other shows , Robbins combined the roles of director and choreographer , emphasizing the story - telling power of dance in West Side Story , A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1962 ) and Fiddler on the Roof ( 1964 ) . Bob Fosse choreographed for Abbott in The Pajama Game ( 1956 ) and Damn Yankees ( 1957 ) , injecting playful sexuality into those hits . He was later the director - choreographer for Sweet Charity ( 1968 ) , Pippin ( 1972 ) and Chicago ( 1975 ) . Other notable director - choreographers have included Gower Champion , Tommy Tune , Michael Bennett , Gillian Lynne and Susan Stroman . Prominent directors have included Hal Prince , who also got his start with Abbott , and Trevor Nunn . During the Golden Age , automotive companies and other large corporations began to hire Broadway talent to write corporate musicals , private shows only seen by their employees or customers . The 1950s ended with Rodgers and Hammerstein 's last hit , The Sound of Music , which also became another hit for Mary Martin . It ran for 1,443 performances and shared the Tony Award for Best Musical . Together with its extremely successful 1965 film version , it has become one of the most popular musicals in history . 1960s ( edit ) In 1960 , The Fantasticks was first produced off - Broadway . This intimate allegorical show would quietly run for over 40 years at the Sullivan Street Theatre in Greenwich Village , becoming by far the longest - running musical in history . Its authors produced other innovative works in the 1960s , such as Celebration and I Do ! I Do ! , the first two - character Broadway musical . The 1960s would see a number of blockbusters , like Fiddler on the Roof ( 1964 ; 3,242 performances ) , Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ; 2,844 performances ) , Funny Girl ( 1964 ; 1,348 performances ) and Man of La Mancha ( 1965 ; 2,328 performances ) , and some more risqué pieces like Cabaret , before ending with the emergence of the rock musical . Two men had considerable impact on musical theatre history beginning in this decade : Stephen Sondheim and Jerry Herman . Bernadette Peters ( shown in 2008 ) has starred in five Sondheim musicals The first project for which Sondheim wrote both music and lyrics was A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1962 , 964 performances ) , with a book based on the works of Plautus by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart , starring Zero Mostel . Sondheim moved the musical beyond its concentration on the romantic plots typical of earlier eras ; his work tended to be darker , exploring the grittier sides of life both present and past . Other early Sondheim works include Anyone Can Whistle ( 1964 , which ran only nine performances , despite having stars Lee Remick and Angela Lansbury ) , and the successful Company ( 1970 ) , Follies ( 1971 ) and A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) . Later , Sondheim found inspiration in unlikely sources : the opening of Japan to Western trade for Pacific Overtures ( 1976 ) , a legendary murderous barber seeking revenge in the Industrial Age of London for Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) , the paintings of Georges Seurat for Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) , fairy tales for Into the Woods ( 1987 ) , and a collection of presidential assassins in Assassins ( 1990 ) . While some critics have argued that some of Sondheim 's musicals lack commercial appeal , others have praised their lyrical sophistication and musical complexity , as well as the interplay of lyrics and music in his shows . Some of Sondheim 's notable innovations include a show presented in reverse ( Merrily We Roll Along ) and the above - mentioned Anyone Can Whistle , in which the first act ends with the cast informing the audience that they are mad . Jerry Herman played a significant role in American musical theatre , beginning with his first Broadway production , Milk and Honey ( 1961 , 563 performances ) , about the founding of the state of Israel , and continuing with the blockbuster hits Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 , 2,844 performances ) , Mame ( 1966 , 1,508 performances ) , and La Cage aux Folles ( 1983 , 1,761 performances ) . Even his less successful shows like Dear World ( 1969 ) and Mack and Mabel ( 1974 ) have had memorable scores ( Mack and Mabel was later reworked into a London hit ) . Writing both words and music , many of Herman 's show tunes have become popular standards , including `` Hello , Dolly ! '' , `` We Need a Little Christmas '' , `` I Am What I Am '' , `` Mame '' , `` The Best of Times '' , `` Before the Parade Passes By '' , `` Put On Your Sunday Clothes '' , `` It Only Takes a Moment '' , `` Bosom Buddies '' and `` I Wo n't Send Roses '' , recorded by such artists as Louis Armstrong , Eydie Gormé , Barbra Streisand , Petula Clark and Bernadette Peters . Herman 's songbook has been the subject of two popular musical revues , Jerry 's Girls ( Broadway , 1985 ) and Showtune ( off - Broadway , 2003 ) . `` Aquarius '' `` Aquarius '' , chorus from the original Broadway cast of Hair Problems playing this file ? See media help . The musical started to diverge from the relatively narrow confines of the 1950s . Rock music would be used in several Broadway musicals , beginning with Hair , which featured not only rock music but also nudity and controversial opinions about the Vietnam War , race relations and other social issues . Social themes ( edit ) After Show Boat and Porgy and Bess , and as the struggle in America and elsewhere for minorities ' civil rights progressed , Hammerstein , Harold Arlen , Yip Harburg and others were emboldened to write more musicals and operas that aimed to normalize societal toleration of minorities and urged racial harmony . Early Golden Age works that focused on racial tolerance included Finian 's Rainbow and South Pacific . Towards the end of the Golden Age , several shows tackled Jewish subjects and issues , such as Fiddler on the Roof , Milk and Honey , Blitz ! and later Rags . The original concept that became West Side Story was set in the Lower East Side during Easter - Passover celebrations ; the rival gangs were to be Jewish and Italian Catholic . The creative team later decided that the Polish ( white ) vs. Puerto Rican conflict was fresher . Tolerance as an important theme in musicals has continued in recent decades . The final expression of West Side Story left a message of racial tolerance . By the end of the 1960s , musicals became racially integrated , with black and white cast members even covering each other 's roles , as they did in Hair . Homosexuality has also been explored in musicals , starting with Hair , and even more overtly in La Cage aux Folles , Falsettos , Rent , Hedwig and the Angry Inch and other shows in recent decades . Parade is a sensitive exploration of both anti-Semitism and historical American racism , and Ragtime similarly explores the experience of immigrants and minorities in America . 1970s to present ( edit ) 1970s ( edit ) Original Broadway poster for The Rocky Horror Show After the success of Hair , rock musicals flourished in the 1970s , with Jesus Christ Superstar , Godspell , The Rocky Horror Show , Evita and Two Gentlemen of Verona . Some of those began with `` concept albums '' and then moved to film or stage , such as Tommy . Others had no dialogue or were otherwise reminiscent of opera , with dramatic , emotional themes ; these sometimes started as concept albums and were referred to as rock operas . Shows like Raisin , Dreamgirls , Purlie and The Wiz brought a significant African - American influence to Broadway . More varied musical genres and styles were incorporated into musicals both on and especially off - Broadway . At the same time , Stephen Sondheim found success with some of his musicals , as mentioned above . In 1975 , the dance musical A Chorus Line emerged from recorded group therapy - style sessions Michael Bennett conducted with `` gypsies '' -- those who sing and dance in support of the leading players -- from the Broadway community . From hundreds of hours of tapes , James Kirkwood Jr. and Nick Dante fashioned a book about an audition for a musical , incorporating many real - life stories from the sessions ; some who attended the sessions eventually played variations of themselves or each other in the show . With music by Marvin Hamlisch and lyrics by Edward Kleban , A Chorus Line first opened at Joseph Papp 's Public Theater in lower Manhattan . What initially had been planned as a limited engagement eventually moved to the Shubert Theatre on Broadway for a run of 6,137 performances , becoming the longest - running production in Broadway history up to that time . The show swept the Tony Awards and won the Pulitzer Prize , and its hit song , What I Did for Love , became a standard . Broadway audiences welcomed musicals that varied from the golden age style and substance . John Kander and Fred Ebb explored the rise of Nazism in Germany in Cabaret , and murder and the media in Prohibition - era Chicago , which relied on old vaudeville techniques . Pippin , by Stephen Schwartz , was set in the days of Charlemagne . Federico Fellini 's autobiographical film 81⁄2 became Maury Yeston 's Nine . At the end of the decade , Evita and Sweeney Todd were precursors of the darker , big budget musicals of the 1980s that depended on dramatic stories , sweeping scores and spectacular effects . At the same time , old - fashioned values were still embraced in such hits as Annie , 42nd Street , My One and Only , and popular revivals of No , No , Nanette and Irene . Although many film versions of musicals were made in the 1970s , few were critical or box office successes , with the notable exceptions of Fiddler on the Roof , Cabaret and Grease . 1980s ( edit ) Elaine Paige The 1980s saw the influence of European `` mega-musicals '' , or `` pop operas '' , on Broadway , in the West End and elsewhere . These typically featured a pop - influenced score , had large casts and sets and were identified by their notable effects -- a falling chandelier ( in The Phantom of the Opera ) , a helicopter landing on stage ( in Miss Saigon ) -- and big budgets . Many were based on novels or other works of literature . The most important writers of mega-musicals include the French team of Claude - Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil , responsible for Les Misérables , which became the longest - running international musical hit in history . The team , in collaboration with Richard Maltby Jr. , continued to produce hits , including Miss Saigon , inspired by the Puccini opera Madama Butterfly . The British composer Andrew Lloyd Webber saw similar success with Evita , based on the life of Argentina 's Eva Perón ; Cats , derived from the poems of T.S. Eliot ( both of which musicals originally starred Elaine Paige ) ; Starlight Express , performed on roller skates ; The Phantom of the Opera , derived from the Gaston Leroux novel , `` Le Fantôme de l'Opéra '' ; and Sunset Boulevard ( from the classic film of the same name ) . These works ran ( or are still running ) for decades in both New York and London and had extraordinary international and touring success . The mega-musicals ' huge budgets redefined expectations for financial success on Broadway and in the West End . In earlier years , it was possible for a show to be considered a hit after a run of several hundred performances , but with multimillion - dollar production costs , a show must run for years simply to turn a profit . 1990s ( edit ) Audra McDonald In the 1990s , a new generation of theatrical composers emerged , including Jason Robert Brown and Michael John LaChiusa , who began with productions Off - Broadway . The most conspicuous success of these artists was Jonathan Larson 's show Rent ( 1996 ) , a rock musical ( based on the opera La bohème ) about a struggling community of artists in Manhattan . While the cost of tickets to Broadway and West End musicals was escalating beyond the budget of many theatregoers , Rent was marketed to increase the popularity of musicals among a younger audience . It featured a young cast and a heavily rock - influenced score ; the musical became a hit . Its young fans , many of them students , calling themselves RENTheads ) , camped out at the Nederlander Theatre in hopes of winning the lottery for $20 front row tickets , and some saw the show dozens of times . Other shows on Broadway followed Rent 's lead by offering heavily discounted day - of - performance or standing - room tickets , although often the discounts are offered only to students . The 1990s also saw the influence of large corporations on the production of musicals . The most important has been Disney Theatrical Productions , which began adapting some of Disney 's animated film musicals for the stage , starting with Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) , The Lion King ( 1997 ) and Aida ( 2000 ) , the latter two with music by Elton John . The Lion King is the highest - grossing musical in Broadway history . The Who 's Tommy ( 1993 ) , a theatrical adaptation of the rock opera Tommy , achieved a healthy run of 899 performances but was criticized for sanitizing the story and `` musical theatre - izing '' the rock music . Despite the growing number of large - scale musicals in the 1980s and 1990s , a number of lower - budget , smaller - scale musicals managed to find critical and financial success , such as Falsettoland and Little Shop of Horrors , Bat Boy : The Musical and Blood Brothers . The topics of these pieces vary widely , and the music ranges from rock to pop , but they often are produced off - Broadway , or for smaller London theatres , and some of these stagings have been regarded as imaginative and innovative . 2000s -- 2010s ( edit ) Trends ( edit ) In the new century , familiarity has been embraced by producers and investors anxious to guarantee that they recoup their considerable investments . Some took ( usually modest - budget ) chances on new and creative material , such as Urinetown ( 2001 ) , Avenue Q ( 2003 ) , The Light in the Piazza ( 2005 ) , Spring Awakening ( 2006 ) , In the Heights ( 2007 ) , Next to Normal ( 2009 ) , American Idiot ( 2010 ) and The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) . Hamilton ( 2015 ) , transformed `` under - dramatized American history '' into an unusual hip - hop inflected hit . In 2011 , Sondheim argued that of all forms of `` contemporary pop music '' , rap was `` the closest to traditional musical theatre '' and was `` one pathway to the future . '' However , most major - market 21st - century productions have taken a safe route , with revivals of familiar fare , such as Fiddler on the Roof , A Chorus Line , South Pacific , Gypsy , Hair , West Side Story and Grease , or with adaptations of other proven material , such as literature ( The Scarlet Pimpernel , Wicked and Fun Home ) , hoping that the shows would have a built - in audience as a result . This trend is especially persistent with film adaptations , including ( The Producers , Spamalot , Hairspray , Legally Blonde , The Color Purple , Xanadu , Billy Elliot , Shrek , Waitress and Groundhog Day ) . Some critics have argued that the reuse of film plots , especially those from Disney ( such as Mary Poppins and The Little Mermaid ) , equate the Broadway and West End musical to a tourist attraction , rather than a creative outlet . The cast of Hamilton meets President Obama in 2015 Today , it is less likely that a sole producer , such as David Merrick or Cameron Mackintosh , backs a production . Corporate sponsors dominate Broadway , and often alliances are formed to stage musicals , which require an investment of $10 million or more . In 2002 , the credits for Thoroughly Modern Millie listed ten producers , and among those names were entities composed of several individuals . Typically , off - Broadway and regional theatres tend to produce smaller and therefore less expensive musicals , and development of new musicals has increasingly taken place outside of New York and London or in smaller venues . For example , Spring Awakening , Fun Home and Hamilton were developed Off - Broadway before being launched on Broadway . Several musicals returned to the spectacle format that was so successful in the 1980s , recalling extravaganzas that have been presented at times , throughout theatre history , since the ancient Romans staged mock sea battles . Examples include the musical adaptations of Lord of the Rings ( 2007 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 2008 ) and Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark ( 2011 ) . These musicals involved songwriters with little theatrical experience , and the expensive productions generally lost money . Conversely , The Drowsy Chaperone , Avenue Q , The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee , Xanadu and Fun Home , among others , have been presented in smaller - scale productions , mostly uninterrupted by an intermission , with short running times , and enjoyed financial success . In 2013 , Time magazine reported that a trend Off - Broadway has been `` immersive '' theatre , citing shows such as Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 ( 2012 ) and Here Lies Love ( 2013 ) in which the staging takes place around and within the audience . The shows set a joint record , each receiving 11 nominations for Lucille Lortel Awards , and feature contemporary scores . In 2013 , Cyndi Lauper was the `` first female composer to win the ( Tony for ) Best Score without a male collaborator '' for writing the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots . In 2015 , for the first time , an all - female writing team , Lisa Kron and Jeanine Tesori , won the Tony Award for Best Original Score ( and Best Book for Kron ) for Fun Home , although work by male songwriters continues to be produced more often . Jukebox musicals ( edit ) Another trend has been to create a minimal plot to fit a collection of songs that have already been hits . Following the earlier success of Buddy -- The Buddy Holly Story , these have included Movin ' Out ( 2002 , based on the tunes of Billy Joel ) , Jersey Boys ( 2006 , The Four Seasons ) , Rock of Ages ( 2009 , featuring classic rock of the 1980s ) and many others . This style is often referred to as the `` jukebox musical '' . Similar but more plot - driven musicals have been built around the canon of a particular pop group including Mamma Mia ! ( 1999 , based on the songs of ABBA ) , Our House ( 2002 , based on the songs of Madness ) and We Will Rock You ( 2002 , based on the songs of Queen ) . Film and TV musicals ( edit ) Further information : Musical film Live - action film musicals were nearly dead in the 1980s and early 1990s , with exceptions of Victor / Victoria , Little Shop of Horrors and the 1996 film of Evita . In the new century , Baz Luhrmann began a revival of the film musical with Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) . This was followed by Chicago ( 2002 ) ; Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) ; Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) ; Hairspray , Enchanted and Sweeney Todd ( all in 2007 ) ; Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) ; Nine ( 2009 ) ; Les Misérables and Pitch Perfect ( both in 2012 ) , Into The Woods ( 2014 ) and La La Land ( 2016 ) , among others . Dr. Seuss 's How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 2000 ) and The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) , turned children 's books into live - action film musicals . After the immense success of Disney and other houses with animated film musicals beginning with The Little Mermaid in 1989 and running throughout the 1990s ( including some more adult - themed films , like South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( 1999 ) ) , fewer animated film musicals were released in the first decade of the 21st century . The genre made a comeback beginning in 2010 with Tangled ( 2010 ) , Rio ( 2011 ) and Frozen ( 2013 ) . In Asia , India continues to produce numerous `` Bollywood '' film musicals , and Japan produces `` Anime '' and `` Manga '' film musicals . Made for TV musical films were popular in the 1990s , such as Gypsy ( 1993 ) , Cinderella ( 1997 ) and Annie ( 1999 ) . Several made for TV musicals in the first decade of the 21st century were adaptations of the stage version , such as South Pacific ( 2001 ) , The Music Man ( 2003 ) and Once Upon a Mattress ( 2005 ) , and a televised version of the stage musical Legally Blonde in 2007 . Additionally , several musicals were filmed on stage and broadcast on Public Television , for example Contact in 2002 and Kiss Me , Kate and Oklahoma ! in 2003 . The made - for - TV musical High School Musical ( 2006 ) , and its several sequels , enjoyed particular success and were adapted for stage musicals and other media . In 2013 , NBC began a series of live television broadcasts of musicals with The Sound of Music Live ! Although the production received mixed reviews , it was a ratings success . Further broadcasts have included Peter Pan Live ! ( NBC 2014 ) , The Wiz Live ! ( NBC 2015 ) , a UK broadcast , The Sound of Music Live ( ITV 2015 ) and Grease : Live ( Fox 2016 ) . Some television shows have set episodes as a musical . Examples include episodes of Ally McBeal , Xena , Psych ( `` Psych : The Musical '' ) , Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( `` Once More , with Feeling '' ) , That 's So Raven , Daria , Dexter 's Laboratory , The Powerpuff Girls , The Flash , Once Upon a Time , Oz , Scrubs ( one episode was written by the creators of Avenue Q ) , Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( `` Mayhem of the Music Meister '' ) and That ' 70s Show ( the 100th episode , `` That ' 70s Musical '' ) . Others have included scenes where characters suddenly begin singing and dancing in a musical - theatre style during an episode , such as in several episodes of The Simpsons , 30 Rock , Hannah Montana , South Park , Bob 's Burgers and Family Guy . The television series Cop Rock extensively used the musical format , as do the series Flight of the Conchords , Glee , Smash and Crazy Ex-Girlfriend . There have also been musicals made for the internet , including Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog , about a low - rent super-villain played by Neil Patrick Harris . It was written during the WGA writer 's strike . Since 2006 , reality TV shows have been used to help market musical revivals by holding a talent competition to cast ( usually female ) leads . Examples of these are How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? , Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! , Any Dream Will Do , Legally Blonde : The Musical -- The Search for Elle Woods , I 'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow . International musicals ( edit ) Japan 's all - female Takarazuka Revue in a 1930 performance of `` Parisette '' The U.S. and Britain were the most active sources of book musicals from the 19th century through much of the 20th century ( although Europe produced various forms of popular light opera and operetta , for example Spanish Zarzuela , during that period and even earlier ) . However , the light musical stage in other countries has become more active in recent decades . Musicals from other English - speaking countries ( notably Australia and Canada ) often do well locally and occasionally even reach Broadway or the West End ( e.g. , The Boy from Oz and The Drowsy Chaperone ) . South Africa has an active musical theatre scene , with revues like African Footprint and Umoja and book musicals , such as Kat and the Kings and Sarafina ! touring internationally . Locally , musicals like Vere , Love and Green Onions , Over the Rainbow : the all - new all - gay ... extravaganza and Bangbroek Mountain and In Briefs -- a queer little Musical have been produced successfully . Successful musicals from continental Europe include shows from ( among other countries ) Germany ( Elixier and Ludwig II ) , Austria ( Tanz der Vampire , Elisabeth , Mozart ! and Rebecca ) , Czech Republic ( Dracula ) , France ( Notre - Dame de Paris , Les Misérables , Roméo et Juliette and Mozart , l'opéra rock ) and Spain ( Hoy No Me Puedo Levantar and The Musical Sancho Panza ) . Japan has recently seen the growth of an indigenous form of musical theatre , both animated and live action , mostly based on Anime and Manga , such as Kiki 's Delivery Service and Tenimyu . The popular Sailor Moon metaseries has had twenty - nine Sailor Moon musicals , spanning thirteen years . Beginning in 1914 , a series of popular revues have been performed by the all - female Takarazuka Revue , which currently fields five performing troupes . Elsewhere in Asia , the Indian Bollywood musical , mostly in the form of motion pictures , is tremendously successful . Hong Kong 's first modern musical , produced in both Cantonese and Mandarin , is Snow. Wolf. Lake ( 1997 ) . Beginning with a 2002 tour of Les Misérables , numerous Western musicals have been imported to mainland China and staged in English . Attempts at localizing Western productions in China began in 2008 when Fame was produced in Mandarin with a full Chinese cast at the Central Academy of Drama in Beijing . Since then , other western productions have been staged in China in Mandarin with a Chinese cast . The first Chinese production in the style of Western musical theatre was The Gold Sand in 2005 . In addition , Li Dun , a well - known Chinese producer , produced Butterflies , based on a classic Chinese love tragedy , in 2007 as well as Love U Teresa in 2011 . Other countries with an especially active musicals scene include the Netherlands , Italy , Poland , Sweden , Mexico , Brazil , Argentina , Russia and Turkey . Naples Players ' teen Thoroughly Modern Millie , 2009 Amateur and school productions ( edit ) Musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches , schools and other performance spaces . Although amateur theatre has existed for centuries , even in the New World , François Cellier and Cunningham Bridgeman wrote , in 1914 , that prior to the late 19th century , amateur actors were treated with contempt by professionals . After the formation of amateur Gilbert and Sullivan companies licensed to perform the Savoy operas , professionals recognized that the amateur societies `` support the culture of music and the drama . They are now accepted as useful training schools for the legitimate stage , and from the volunteer ranks have sprung many present - day favourites . '' The National Operatic and Dramatic Association was founded in the UK in 1899 . It reported , in 1914 , that nearly 200 amateur dramatic societies were producing Gilbert and Sullivan works in Britain that year . Similarly , more than 100 community theatres were founded in the US in the early 20th century . This number has grown to an estimated 18,000 in the US . The Educational Theater Association in the US has nearly 5,000 member schools . Relevance ( edit ) The Lion King on Broadway The Broadway League announced that in the 2007 -- 08 season , 12.27 million tickets were purchased for Broadway shows for a gross sale amount of almost a billion dollars . The League further reported that during the 2006 -- 07 season , approximately 65 % of Broadway tickets were purchased by tourists , and that foreign tourists were 16 % of attendees . The Society of London Theatre reported that 2007 set a record for attendance in London . Total attendees in the major commercial and grant - aided theatres in Central London were 13.6 million , and total ticket revenues were £ 469.7 million . Also , the international musicals scene has been particularly active in recent years . Stephen Sondheim commented in the year 2000 : You have two kinds of shows on Broadway -- revivals and the same kind of musicals over and over again , all spectacles . You get your tickets for The Lion King a year in advance , and essentially a family ... pass on to their children the idea that that 's what the theater is -- a spectacular musical you see once a year , a stage version of a movie . It has nothing to do with theater at all . It has to do with seeing what is familiar ... I do n't think the theatre will die per se , but it 's never going to be what it was ... It 's a tourist attraction . '' However , noting the success in recent decades of original material , and creative re-imaginings of film , plays and literature , theatre historian John Kenrick countered : Is the Musical dead ? ... Absolutely not ! Changing ? Always ! The musical has been changing ever since Offenbach did his first rewrite in the 1850s . And change is the clearest sign that the musical is still a living , growing genre . Will we ever return to the so - called ' golden age ' , with musicals at the center of popular culture ? Probably not . Public taste has undergone fundamental changes , and the commercial arts can only flow where the paying public allows . See also ( edit ) Musical theatre portal General Lists of musicals Long - running musical theatre productions Theatre music Show tune Related forms Cast recording Indian classical dance Industrial musical Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morley 1987 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Everett & Laird 2002 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Solórzano 2000 , p. 438 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , John ; Horn , David ( 2012 ) . Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Volume 8 : Genres : North America . A&C Black . p. 104 . ISBN 1441148744 . Jump up ^ Wattenberg , Ben . The American Musical , Part 2 , PBS.org , May 24 , 2007 , accessed February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` Curtain Up ! It 's Patti 's Turn at Gypsy '' , The New York Times , March 28 , 2008 , accessed May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Tommasini , Anthony . `` Opera ? Musical ? Please Respect the Difference '' , The New York Times , July 7 , 2011 , accessed December 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gamerman , Ellen . `` Broadway Turns Up the Volume '' , The Wall Street Journal , Ellen , October 23 , 2009 , accessed December 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Porgy and Bess : That old black magic '' , The Independent , October 27 , 2006 , accessed November 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ Lister , David . `` The Royal Opera opens a window on Sondheim '' , The Independent , April 5 , 2003 , accessed November 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ Teachout , Terry . `` Sweeney Todd '' Archived 2008 - 04 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , National Endowment for the Arts , accessed November 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ White , Michael . `` Something for the weekend , sir ? '' , The Independent , London , December 15 , 2003 , accessed May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Kowalke , Kim H. `` Theorizing the Golden Age Musical : Genre , Structure , Syntax '' in A MusicTheoretical Matrix : Essays in Honor of Allen Forte ( Part V ) , ed . David Carson Berry , Gamut 6 / 2 ( 2013 ) , pp. 163 -- 169 Jump up ^ These may include electric guitar , electric bass synthesizer and drum kit . Jump up ^ Show index with links to orchestration information Archived 2010 - 02 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , MTIshows.com , accessed October 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ Elliot , Susan ( August 17 , 2008 ) . `` Off the Stage , What 's Behind the Music '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gokulsing , 2004 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ `` Mini Musicals '' , labyrinth.net.au , Cenarth Fox , 2001 , accessed 22 January 2010 Jump up ^ `` Theatre Latte Da takes foray into mini-musical form '' , Star Tribune , March 30 , 2002 , accessed 15 January 2010 ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Thornton , Shay last = Thornton . `` A Wonderful Life '' , Theatre Under the Stars , Houston , Texas , p. 2 ( 2007 ) , accessed May 26 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` A Capsule History '' , Musicals101.com , 2003 , accessed October 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ Hoppin 1978 , pp. 180 -- 181 Jump up ^ Lord 2003 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Lord 2003 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Buelow 2004 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Shakespeare 1998 , p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Buelow 2004 , p. 328 Jump up ^ Carter and Butt 2005 , p. 280 Jump up ^ Parker 2001 , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Gillan , Don . `` Longest Running Plays in London and New York '' , Stage Beauty ( 2007 ) , accessed May 26 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Wilmeth and Miller , p. 182 Jump up ^ Wilmeth and Miller , p. 56 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` History of Stage Musicals '' , Musicals101.com , 2003 , accessed May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Allen 1991 , p. 106 ^ Jump up to : Lubbock , Mark . `` The Music of ' Musicals ' '' . The Musical Times , Vol. 98 , No. 1375 ( September 1957 ) , pp. 483 -- 85 , Musical Times Publications Ltd. , accessed 17 August 2010 ^ Jump up to : Bond , Jessie . Introduction to The Life and Reminiscences of Jessie Bond Archived 2012 - 04 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , reprinted at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed March 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ Reside , Doug . `` Musical of the Month : The Black Crook '' , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts , June 2 , 2011 , accessed June 21 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` G&S in the USA '' at the musicals101 website The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre , TV and Film ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on 4 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , 2003 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Bargainnier , Earl F. `` W.S. Gilbert and American Musical Theatre '' , pp. 120 -- 33 , American Popular Music : Readings from the Popular Press by Timothy E. Scheurer , Popular Press , 1989 ISBN 0 - 87972 - 466 - 8 Jump up ^ PG Wodehouse ( 1881 -- 1975 ) , guardian.co.uk , Retrieved on 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` List of allusions to G&S in Wodehouse '' , Home.lagrange.edu , accessed May 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ Meyerson , Harold and Ernest Harburg Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz ? : Yip Harburg , Lyricist , pp 15 - 17 ( Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1993 ) ; and Bradley ( 2005 ) , p. 9 Jump up ^ Mark Evan Swartz 's Oz Before the Rainbow describes the enormous train trips required of the cast of the 1903 smash hit , The Wizard of Oz , which tour ran for nine years , including on the road . `` Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz on Stage and Screen to 1939 '' . The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6477 - 1 Jump up ^ See , generally , Index to The Gaiety , a British musical theatre publication about Victorian and Edwardian musical theatre . Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . Basil Hood , Who 's Who in Musicals : Additional Bios XII , Musicals101.com , 2004 , accessed May 7 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Bordman , Gerald . `` Jerome David Kern : Innovator / Traditionalist '' , The Musical Quarterly , 1985 , Vol. 71 , No. 4 , pp. 468 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . Hellzapoppin -- History of The Musical Stage 1930s : Part III -- Revues , Musicals101.com , accessed October 8 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Salad Days History , Story , Roles and Musical Numbers '' guidetomusicaltheatre.com , accessed March 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ Krasner , David . A Beautiful Pageant : African American Theatre , Drama and Performance in the Harlem Renaissance , 1910 -- 1927 , Palgrave MacMillan , 2002 , pp. 263 -- 67 Jump up ^ Midgette , Anne . `` Operetta Review : Much Silliness In a Gilt Frame '' , The New York Times , March 29 , 2003 , accessed December 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ Lamb , Andrew ( Spring 1986 ) . `` From Pinafore to Porter : United States - United Kingdom Interactions in Musical Theater , 1879 -- 1929 '' . American Music . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . 4 ( British - American Musical Interactions ) : 47 . ISSN 0734 - 4392 . JSTOR 3052183 . Jump up ^ Wagstaff , John and Andrew Lamb . `` Messager , André '' . Grove Music Online , Oxford Music Online , accessed 15 March 2018 ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Lubbock ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ 1944 Pulitzer awards , Pulitzer.org , accessed July 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ Connema , Richard . `` San Francisco : As Thousands Cheer and Dear World '' , TalkinBroadway.org ( 2000 ) , accessed May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` History of Musical Film , 1927 -- 30 : Part II '' , Musicals101.com , 2004 , accessed May 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ Special Awards and Citations -- 1944 , The Pulitzer Prizes , accessed January 7 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : Gordon , John Steele . Oklahoma ' ! ' Archived 2010 - 08 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved June 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Everett & Laird 2002 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Solórzano 2000 , pp. 439 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Suskin , Steven . `` On the Record : Ernest In Love , Marco Polo , Puppets and Maury Yeston '' , Playbill , August 10 , 2003 , accessed May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( March 12 , 2000 ) . `` Conversations with Sondheim '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ W.S. Gilbert and his choreographer John D'Auban helped transformed Victorian musical theatre production styles . See Vorder Bruegge , Andrew ( Associate Professor , Department Chair , Department of Theatre and Dance , Winthrop University ) . `` W.S. Gilbert : Antiquarian Authenticity and Artistic Autocracy '' Archived 2011 - 05 - 03 at WebCite . Victorian Interdisciplinary Studies Association of the Western United States annual conference , October 2002 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 ; and `` Mr. D'Auban's ' Startrap ' Jumps '' . The Times , 17 April 1922 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` Dance in Stage Musicals -- Part III '' , Musicals101.com , 2003 , accessed August 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Block , Geoffrey ( ed . ) The Richard Rodgers Reader . New York : Oxford University Press US , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531343 - 7 , pp. 194 -- 95 Jump up ^ Dickson , Andrew . `` A life in theatre : Trevor Nunn '' , The Guardian , 18 November 2011 , accessed August 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ John Kander ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Passing Through Curtains '' . NewMusicBox ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Frank J. Oteri ( published May 1 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Ward , Jonathan . `` Recruit , Train and Motivate : The History of the Industrial Musical '' Archived 2004 - 08 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , March 2002 , Perfect Sound Forever Jump up ^ Wollman , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Laurents , Arthur ( August 4 , 1957 ) . `` The Growth of an Idea '' . New York Herald Tribune . Primate , LLC . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Horn 1991 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Clive . `` Theater Review '' : A Chorus Line `` . The New York Times , May 22 , 1975 Jump up ^ `` Song search : What I Did for Love '' , AllMusic , accessed October 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` The 1970s : Big Names , Mixed Results '' , History of Musical Film , musicals101.com , accessed July 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Broadway Rush , Lottery and Standing Room Only Policies '' . PlayBill . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pareles , John ( April 27 , 1993 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook ; Damping 60 's Fire of ' Tommy ' for 90 's Broadway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Pete ( 2006 ) . `` A glorious musical romp -- with bite ! '' . Broadway Baby . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cote , David . `` Theater Review . ' Hamilton ' '' timeout.com , August 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ Sondheim , Stephen ( 2011 ) . Look , I Made a Hat : Collected Lyrics ( 1981 -- 2011 ) with Attendant Comments , Amplifications , Dogmas , Harangues , Digressions , Anecdotes and Miscellany . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . p. xxi . ISBN 978 - 0307593412 . Jump up ^ Berman , Eliza . `` On Broadway , It 's Déjà Vu All Over -- and Not Just for Groundhog Day , Time magazine , May 15 , 2017 issue , pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Thoroughly Modern Millie at the IBDB database Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard . `` Natasha , Imelda and the Great Immersion of 2013 '' , Time magazine , May 20 , 2013 , accessed April 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon . `` Here Lies Love , Great Comet Shatter Records in Lortel Nominations , Variety , April 1 , 2014 , accessed April 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Clarke , David . `` Natasha , Pierre and the Great Comet of 1812 ( Original Cast Recording ) is Astonishingly Complex '' , Broadway World , December 22 , 2013 , accessed April 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` A Rise to Power , Disco Round Included '' , The New York Times , April 23 , 2013 , accessed April 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` It 's Revving Up '' -- The Next Generation of Female Songwriters Share Their Hopes for the Future `` , Playbill , 2 August 2015 Jump up ^ Purcell , Carey . `` Fun Home Duo Make History as First All - Female Writing Team to Win the Tony '' , Playbill , June 7 , 2015 , accessed November 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kaye , Kimberly . `` Broadway.com at 10 : The 10 Biggest Broadway Trends of the Decade '' , Broadway.com , May 10 , 2010 , accessed August 14 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` The 1980s '' , History of Musical Film , musicals101.com , accessed July 11 , 2014 ; and Kenrick , John . `` The 1990s : Disney & Beyond '' , History of Musical Film , musicals101.com , accessed July 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Robert Bianco ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Sound of Music ' was a little off '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Bill Carter ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` NBC Says It Will Put On a Show , Again '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Wiz Live Ratings Strong : NBC Musical Draws 11.5 Million Viewers '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Jane Martinson ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` As ITV prepares for The Sound of Music Live , are we watching TV 's future ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sophie Gilbert ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Grease : Live Makes the Best Case Yet for the TV Musical '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Michael O'Connell ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Grease Live ' Surges on Fox , Nabs 12.2 Million Viewers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Exclusive : First Look at Joss Whedon 's `` Dr. Horrible '' `` . TVGuide.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jha , p. 1970 ^ Jump up to : Zhou , Xiaoyan . Taking the Stage , Beijing Review , 2011 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Milestones : 2005 -- 2009 , Town Square Productions , accessed September 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Major organizations representing amateur theatre groups include National Operatic and Dramatic Association in the UK , American Association of Community Theatre in the US , and the International Amateur Theatre Association . School groups include the Educational Theater Association , which has 5,000 member school groups in the US . See Nadworny , Elissa . `` The Most Popular High School Plays and Musicals '' , NPR.org , November 13 , 2015 , accessed March 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Filichia , Peter . ( 2004 ) Let 's Put on a Musical ! : How to Choose the Right Show for Your School , Community or Professional Theater , Watson - Guptill Publications , ISBN 0823088170 ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Twink . `` Community Theatre History '' , American Association of Community Theatre , accessed March 14 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Cellier , François ; Cunningham , Bridgeman ( 1914 ) . Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas . London : Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons . pp. 393 -- 394 . Jump up ^ Nadworny , Elissa . `` The Most Popular High School Plays and Musicals '' , NPR.org , November 13 , 2015 , accessed March 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Broadway League Announces 2007 -- 2008 Broadway Theatre Season Results '' ( Press release ) . Broadway League . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Releases Annual `` Demographics of the Broadway Audience Report '' for 06 - 07 '' ( Press release ) . Broadway League . November 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Record Attendances as Theatreland celebrates 100 Years '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Society of London Theatre . January 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank . `` Conversations with Sondheim '' . New York Times Magazine , March 12 , 2000 Cited Books ( edit ) Allen , Robert C. ( c. 1991 ) . Horrible prettiness : burlesque and American culture . University of North Carolina . p. 350 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1960 - 9 . Bradley , Ian ( 2005 ) . Oh Joy ! Oh Rapture ! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516700 - 7 . Buelow , George J. ( 2004 ) . A history of baroque music . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press . p. 701 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34365 - 9 . Carter , Tim ; Butt , John , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Cambridge history of seventeenth - century music . The Cambridge History of Music . 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 591 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79273 - 8 . Everett , William A. ; Laird , Paul R. , eds. ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge companion to the musical . Cambridge companions to music . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79189 - 2 . Gokulsing , K. Moti ; Dissanayake , Wimal ( 2004 ) ( 1998 ) . Indian popular cinema : a narrative of cultural change ( Revised and updated ed . ) . Stoke - on - Trent : Trentham . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85856 - 329 - 9 . Hoppin , Richard H. , ed. ( 1978 ) . Anthology of medieval music . Norton introduction to music history . New York , NY : Norton . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09080 - 2 . Horn , Barbara Lee ( 1991 ) . The age of Hair : evolution and impact of Broadway 's first rock musical . New York , NY : Greenwood Press . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 27564 - 7 . Jha , Subhash K. ( 2005 ) . The Essential Guide to Bollywood . Roli Books . ISBN 81 - 7436 - 378 - 5 . Jones , John B. ( 2003 ) . Our Musicals , Ourselves . Hanover : University Press of New England . ISBN 9780874519044 . Lord , Suzanne ( 2003 ) . Brinkman , David , ed . Music from the age of Shakespeare : a cultural history . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31713 - 2 . Lubbock , Mark ( 2002 ) ( 1962 ) . `` American musical theatre : an introduction '' . The Complete Book of Light Opera ( 1st ed . ) . London : Putnam . pp. 753 -- 56 . Morley , Sheridan ( 1987 ) . Spread a little happiness : the first hundred years of the British musical . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 01398 - 4 . Parker , Roger , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford illustrated history of opera . Oxford illustrated histories ( illustrated ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285445 - 2 . Rubin , Don ; Solórzano , Carlos , eds. ( 2000 ) . The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre : The Americas . New York City : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05929 - 1 . Shakespeare , William ( 1998 ) ( First published 1623 ) . Orgel , Stephen , ed . The Tempest . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford University Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283414 - 0 . Wilmeth , Don B. ; Miller , Tice L. , eds. ( 1996 ) . Cambridge guide to American theatre ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56444 - 1 . Wollman , E.L. ( 2006 ) . The Theater Will Rock : a History of the Rock Musical : From Hair to Hedwig . Michigan : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11576 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Bauch , Marc . The American Musical . Marburg , Germany : Tectum Verlag , 2003 . ISBN 3 - 8288 - 8458 - X Bloom , Ken ; Frank Vlastnik ( 2004 - 10 - 01 ) . Broadway Musicals : The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time . New York , New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 390 - 2 . Bordman , Gerald ( 1978 ) . American Musical Theatre : a Chronicle . New York : Oxford University Press . viii , 749 p. ISBN 0 - 19 - 502356 - 0 Botto , Louis ( 2002 - 09 - 01 ) . Robert Viagas , ed . At This Theatre . Applause Books . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 566 - 7 . Citron , Stephen ( 1991 ) . The Musical , from the Inside Out . Chicago , Ill. : I.R. Dee. 336 p . ISBN 0 - 929587 - 79 - 0 Ewen , David ( 1961 ) . The Story of American Musical Theater . First ed . Philadelphia : Chilton . v , 208 p . Gänzl , Kurt . The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre ( 3 Volumes ) . New York : Schirmer Books , 2001 . Kantor , Michael ; Laurence Maslon ( 2004 ) . Broadway : the American musical . New York , New York : Bulfinch Press . ISBN 0 - 8212 - 2905 - 2 . Mordden , Ethan ( 1999 ) . Beautiful Mornin ' : The Broadway Musical in the 1940s . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512851 - 6 . Stempel , Larry . Showtime : A History of the Broadway Musical Theater ( W.W. Norton , 2010 ) 826 pages ; comprehensive history since the mid-19th century . Traubner , Richard . Operetta : A Theatrical History . Garden City , NY : Doubleday & Company , 1983 External links ( edit ) Library resources about Musical theatre Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musical theatre . Internet Broadway Database -- Cast and production lists , song lists and award lists Guidetomusicaltheatre.com -- synopses , cast lists , song lists , etc . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the twentieth-century american composer associated with the golden age of musical theatre is | [
"The show's creativity stimulated Rodgers and Hammerstein's contemporaries and ushered in the \"Golden Age\" of American musical theatre.[59] Americana was displayed on Broadway during the \"Golden Age\", as the wartime cycle of shows began to arrive. An example of this is On the Town (1944), written by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, composed by Leonard Bernstein and choreographed by Jerome Robbins. The story is set during wartime and concerns three sailors who are on a 24-hour shore leave in New York City, during which each falls in love. The show also gives the impression of a country with an uncertain future, as the sailors and their women also have. Irving Berlin used sharpshooter Annie Oakley's career as a basis for his Annie Get Your Gun (1946, 1,147 performances); Burton Lane, E. Y. Harburg and Fred Saidy combined political satire with Irish whimsy for their fantasy Finian's Rainbow (1947, 725 performances); and Cole Porter found inspiration in William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew for Kiss Me, Kate (1948, 1,077 performances). The American musicals overwhelmed the old-fashioned British Coward/Novello-style shows, one of the last big successes of which was Novello's Perchance to Dream (1945, 1,021 performances). The formula for the Golden Age musicals reflected one or more of four widely held perceptions of the \"American dream\": That stability and worth derives from a love relationship sanctioned and restricted by Protestant ideals of marriage; that a married couple should make a moral home with children away from the city in a suburb or small town; that the woman's function was as homemaker and mother; and that Americans incorporate an independent and pioneering spirit or that their success is self-made.[61]\n"
] | [
"Rodgers and Hammerstein"
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-430537455886427337 | Margaret Sanger | Margaret Sanger - wikipedia Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger Sanger in 1922 Margaret Louise Higgins ( 1879 - 09 - 14 ) September 14 , 1879 Corning , New York September 6 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 06 ) ( aged 86 ) Tucson , Arizona Occupation Social reformer , sex educator , writer , nurse Spouse ( s ) William Sanger ( 1902 -- 1921 ) James Noah H. Slee ( 1922 -- 1943 ) Children Margaret Higgins Sanger ( born Margaret Louise Higgins , September 14 , 1879 -- September 6 , 1966 , also known as Margaret Sanger Slee ) was an American birth control activist , sex educator , writer , and nurse . Sanger popularized the term `` birth control '' , opened the first birth control clinic in the United States , and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America . Sanger used her writings and speeches primarily to promote her way of thinking . She was prosecuted for her book Family Limitation under the Comstock Act in 1914 . She was afraid of what would happen , so she fled to Britain until she knew it was safe to return to the US . Sanger 's efforts contributed to several judicial cases that helped legalize contraception in the United States . Due to her connection with Planned Parenthood , Sanger is a frequent target of criticism by opponents of abortion . However , Sanger drew a sharp distinction between birth control and abortion and was opposed to abortion through the bulk of her career . Sanger remains an admired figure in the American reproductive rights movement . She has been criticized for supporting negative eugenics . In 1916 , Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States , which led to her arrest for distributing information on contraception , after an undercover policewoman bought a copy of her pamphlet on family planning . Her subsequent trial and appeal generated controversy . Sanger felt that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives , they needed to be able to determine when to bear children . She also wanted to prevent so - called back - alley abortions , which were common at the time because abortions were illegal in the United States . She believed that while abortion was sometimes justified it should generally be avoided , and she considered contraception the only practical way to avoid them . In 1921 , Sanger founded the American Birth Control League , which later became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America . In New York City , she organized the first birth control clinic staffed by all - female doctors , as well as a clinic in Harlem with an all African - American advisory council , where African - American staff were later added . In 1929 , she formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control , which served as the focal point of her lobbying efforts to legalize contraception in the United States . From 1952 to 1959 , Sanger served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation . She died in 1966 , and is widely regarded as a founder of the modern birth control movement . Contents 1 Life 1.1 Early life 1.2 Social activism 1.3 Birth control movement 1.4 American Birth Control League 1.5 Work with the African - American community 1.6 Planned Parenthood era 1.7 Death 2 Views 2.1 Sexuality 2.2 Freedom of speech 2.3 Eugenics 2.4 Abortion 3 Legacy 4 Works 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 8.1 Historiography 9 External links Life ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Sanger was born Margaret Louise Higgins in 1879 in Corning , New York , to Michael Hennessey Higgins , an Irish - born stonemason and free - thinker , and Anne Purcell Higgins , a Catholic Irish - American . Michael Hennessey Higgins had emigrated to the United States at age 14 and joined the Army as a drummer at age 15 , during the Civil War . After leaving the army , Michael studied medicine and phrenology , but ultimately became a stonecutter , making stone angels , saints , and tombstones . Michael H. Higgins was a Catholic who became an atheist and an activist for women 's suffrage and free public education . Anne was born in Ireland . Her parents brought the family to Canada during the Potato Famine . She married Michael in 1869 . Anne Higgins went through 18 pregnancies ( with 11 live births ) in 22 years before dying at the age of 49 . Sanger was the sixth of eleven surviving children , and spent much of her youth assisting with household chores and caring for her younger siblings . Supported by her two older sisters , Margaret Higgins attended Claverack College and Hudson River Institute , before enrolling in 1900 at White Plains Hospital as a nurse probationer . In 1902 , she married the architect William Sanger and gave up her education . Though she was plagued by a recurring active tubercular condition , Margaret Sanger bore three children , and the couple settled down to a quiet life in Westchester , New York . With sons Grant and Stuart , c. 1919 Social activism ( edit ) In 1911 , after a fire destroyed their home in Hastings - on - Hudson , the Sangers abandoned the suburbs for a new life in New York City . Margaret Sanger worked as a visiting nurse in the slums of the East Side , while her husband worked as an architect and a house painter . Already imbued with her husband 's leftist politics , Margaret Sanger also threw herself into the radical politics and modernist values of pre-World War I Greenwich Village bohemia . She joined the Women 's Committee of the New York Socialist party , took part in the labor actions of the Industrial Workers of the World ( including the notable 1912 Lawrence textile strike and the 1913 Paterson silk strike ) and became involved with local intellectuals , left - wing artists , socialists and social activists , including John Reed , Upton Sinclair , Mabel Dodge and Emma Goldman . Sanger 's political interests , emerging feminism and nursing experience led her to write two series of columns on sex education entitled `` What Every Mother Should Know '' ( 1911 -- 12 ) and `` What Every Girl Should Know '' ( 1912 -- 13 ) for the socialist magazine New York Call . By the standards of the day , Sanger 's articles were extremely frank in their discussion of sexuality , and many New York Call readers were outraged by them . Other readers , however , praised the series for its candor . One stated that the series contained `` a purer morality than whole libraries full of hypocritical cant about modesty '' . Both were published in book form in 1916 . During her work among working - class immigrant women , Sanger met women who underwent frequent childbirth , miscarriages and self - induced abortions for lack of information on how to avoid unwanted pregnancy . Access to contraceptive information was prohibited on grounds of obscenity by the 1873 federal Comstock law and a host of state laws . Seeking to help these women , Sanger visited public libraries , but was unable to find information on contraception . These problems were epitomized in a story that Sanger would later recount in her speeches : while Sanger was working as a nurse , she was called to the apartment of a woman , `` Sadie Sachs '' , who had become extremely ill due to a self - induced abortion . Afterward , Sadie begged the attending doctor to tell her how she could prevent this from happening again , to which the doctor simply advised her to remain abstinent . A few months later , Sanger was called back to Sadie 's apartment -- only this time , Sadie '' died shortly after Sanger arrived . She had attempted yet another self - induced abortion . Sanger would sometimes end the story by saying , `` I threw my nursing bag in the corner and announced ... that I would never take another case until I had made it possible for working women in America to have the knowledge to control birth ; '' biographer Ellen Chesler attempted unsuccessfully to find corroboration of this story . This story -- along with Sanger 's 1904 rescue of her unwanted niece Olive Byrne from the snowbank in which she had been left -- marks the beginning of Sanger 's commitment to spare women from the pursuit of dangerous and illegal abortions . Sanger opposed abortion , but primarily as a societal ill and public health danger which would disappear if women were able to prevent unwanted pregnancy . Given the connection between contraception and working - class empowerment , Sanger came to believe that only by liberating women from the risk of unwanted pregnancy would fundamental social change take place . She launched a campaign to challenge governmental censorship of contraceptive information through confrontational actions . Sanger became estranged from her husband in 1913 , and the couple 's divorce was finalized in 1921 . In 1922 she married her second husband , James Noah H. Slee . In 1914 , Sanger launched The Woman Rebel , an eight - page monthly newsletter which promoted contraception using the slogan `` No Gods , No Masters '' . Sanger , collaborating with anarchist friends , popularized the term `` birth control '' as a more candid alternative to euphemisms such as `` family limitation '' ; the term `` birth control '' was suggested in 1914 by a young friend called Otto Bobstei Sanger proclaimed that each woman should be `` the absolute mistress of her own body . '' In these early years of Sanger 's activism , she viewed birth control as a free - speech issue , and when she started publishing The Woman Rebel , one of her goals was to provoke a legal challenge to the federal anti-obscenity laws which banned dissemination of information about contraception . Though postal authorities suppressed five of its seven issues , Sanger continued publication , all the while preparing Family Limitation , another challenge to anti-birth control laws . This 16 - page pamphlet contained detailed and precise information and graphic descriptions of various contraceptive methods . In August 1914 Margaret Sanger was indicted for violating postal obscenity laws by sending The Woman Rebel through the postal system . Rather than stand trial , she fled the country . Margaret Sanger spent much of her 1914 exile in England , where contact with British neo-Malthusians such as Charles Vickery Drysdale helped refine her socioeconomic justifications for birth control . She shared their concern that over-population led to poverty , famine and war . At the Fifth International Neo-Malthusian Conference in 1922 , she was the first woman to chair a session . She organized the Sixth International Neo-Malthusian and Birth - Control Conference that took place in New York in 1925. > Over-population would remain a concern of hers for the rest of her life . During her 1914 trip to England , she was also profoundly influenced by the liberation theories of Havelock Ellis , under whose tutelage she sought not just to make sexual intercourse safer for women but more pleasurable . Another notable person she met around this time was Marie Stopes , who had run into Sanger after she had just given a talk on birth control at a Fabian Society meeting . Stopes showed Sanger her writings and sought her advice about a chapter on contraception . Early in 1915 , Margaret Sanger 's estranged husband , William Sanger , gave a copy of Family Limitation to a representative of anti-vice politician Anthony Comstock . William Sanger was tried and convicted , spending thirty days in jail while attracting interest in birth control as an issue of civil liberty . Margaret 's second husband , Noah Slee , also lent his help to her life 's work . In 1928 , Slee would smuggle diaphragms into New York through Canada in boxes labeled as 3 - In - One Oil . He later became the first legal manufacturer of diaphragms in the United States . Birth control movement ( edit ) Main article : Birth control movement in the United States This page from Sanger 's Family Limitation , 1917 edition , describes a cervical cap Some countries in northwestern Europe had more liberal policies towards contraception than the United States at the time , and when Sanger visited a Dutch birth control clinic in 1915 , she learned about diaphragms and became convinced that they were a more effective means of contraception than the suppositories and douches that she had been distributing back in the United States . Diaphragms were generally unavailable in the United States , so Sanger and others began importing them from Europe , in defiance of United States law . On October 16 , 1916 , Sanger opened a family planning and birth control clinic at 46 Amboy Street in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn , the first of its kind in the United States . Nine days after the clinic opened , Sanger was arrested . Sanger 's bail was set at $500 and she went back home . Sanger continued seeing some women in the clinic until the police came a second time . This time , Sanger and her sister , Ethel Byrne , were arrested for breaking a New York state law that prohibited distribution of contraceptives . Sanger was also charged with running a public nuisance . Sanger and Byrne went to trial in January 1917 . Byrne was convicted and sentenced to 30 days in a workhouse but went on a hunger strike . She was force - fed , the first woman hunger striker in the US to be so treated . Only when Sanger pledged that Byrne would never break the law was she pardoned after ten days . Sanger was convicted ; the trial judge held that women did not have `` the right to copulate with a feeling of security that there will be no resulting conception . '' Sanger was offered a more lenient sentence if she promised to not break the law again , but she replied : `` I can not respect the law as it exists today . '' For this , she was sentenced to 30 days in a workhouse . An initial appeal was rejected , but in a subsequent court proceeding in 1918 , the birth control movement won a victory when Judge Frederick E. Crane of the New York Court of Appeals issued a ruling which allowed doctors to prescribe contraception . The publicity surrounding Sanger 's arrest , trial , and appeal sparked birth control activism across the United States and earned the support of numerous donors , who would provide her with funding and support for future endeavors . In February 1917 , Sanger began publishing the monthly periodical Birth Control Review . American birth control League ( edit ) Sanger published the Birth Control Review from 1917 to 1929 . After World War I , Sanger shifted away from radical politics , and she founded the American Birth Control League ( ABCL ) in 1921 to enlarge her base of supporters to include the middle class . The founding principles of the ABCL were as follows : We hold that children should be ( 1 ) Conceived in love ; ( 2 ) Born of the mother 's conscious desire ; ( 3 ) And only begotten under conditions which render possible the heritage of health . Therefore we hold that every woman must possess the power and freedom to prevent conception except when these conditions can be satisfied . After Sanger 's appeal of her conviction for the Brownsville clinic secured a 1918 court ruling that exempted physicians from the law prohibiting the distribution of contraceptive information to women ( provided it was prescribed for medical reason ) , she established the Clinical Research Bureau ( CRB ) in 1923 to exploit this loophole . The CRB was the first legal birth control clinic in the United States , staffed entirely by female doctors and social workers . The clinic received extensive funding from John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his family , who continued to make anonymous donations to Sanger 's causes in subsequent decades . John D. Rockefeller Jr. donated five thousand dollars to her American Birth Control League in 1924 and a second time in 1925 . In 1922 , she traveled to China , Korea , and Japan . In China she observed that the primary method of family planning was female infanticide , and she later worked with Pearl Buck to establish a family planning clinic in Shanghai . Sanger visited Japan six times , working with Japanese feminist Kato Shidzue to promote birth control . This was ironic , since ten years earlier Sanger had accused Katō of murder and praised an attempt to kill her . In 1928 , conflict within the birth control movement leadership led Sanger to resign as the president of the ABCL and take full control of the CRB , renaming it the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau ( BCCRB ) , marking the beginning of a schism that would last until 1938 . Sanger invested a great deal of effort communicating with the general public . From 1916 onward , she frequently lectured ( in churches , women 's clubs , homes , and theaters ) to workers , churchmen , liberals , socialists , scientists , and upper - class women . She once lectured on birth control to the women 's auxiliary of the Ku Klux Klan in Silver Lake , New Jersey . She wrote several books in the 1920s which had a nationwide impact in promoting the cause of birth control . Between 1920 and 1926 , 567,000 copies of Woman and the New Race and The Pivot of Civilization were sold . She also wrote two autobiographies designed to promote the cause . The first , My Fight for Birth Control , was published in 1931 and the second , more promotional version , Margaret Sanger : An Autobiography , was published in 1938 . During the 1920s , Sanger received hundreds of thousands of letters , many of them written in desperation by women begging for information on how to prevent unwanted pregnancies . Five hundred of these letters were compiled into the 1928 book , Motherhood in Bondage . W.E.B. Du Bois served on the board of Sanger 's Harlem clinic Work with the African - American community ( edit ) Sanger worked with African American leaders and professionals who saw a need for birth control in their communities . In 1929 , James H. Hubert , a black social worker and the leader of New York 's Urban League , asked Sanger to open a clinic in Harlem . Sanger secured funding from the Julius Rosenwald Fund and opened the clinic , staffed with black doctors , in 1930 . The clinic was directed by a 15 - member advisory board consisting of black doctors , nurses , clergy , journalists , and social workers . The clinic was publicized in the African - American press as well as in black churches , and it received the approval of W.E.B. Du Bois , the co-founder of the NAACP and the editor of its magazine , The Crisis . Sanger did not tolerate bigotry among her staff , nor would she tolerate any refusal to work within interracial projects . Sanger 's work with minorities earned praise from Martin Luther King , Jr. , in his 1966 acceptance speech for the Margaret Sanger award . From 1939 to 1942 Sanger was an honorary delegate of the Birth Control Federation of America , which included a supervisory role -- alongside Mary Lasker and Clarence Gamble -- in the Negro Project , an effort to deliver birth control to poor black people . Sanger , over the objections of other supervisors , wanted the Negro Project to hire black ministers in leadership roles . To emphasize the benefits of hiring black community leaders to act as spokesmen , she wrote to Gamble : We should hire three or four colored ministers , preferably with social - service backgrounds , and with engaging personalities . The most successful educational approach to the Negro is through a religious appeal . We do n't want the word to go out that we want to exterminate the Negro population , and the minister is the man who can straighten out that idea if it ever occurs to any of their more rebellious members . New York University 's Margaret Sanger Papers Project says that though the letter would have been meant to avoid the mistaken notion that the Negro Project was a racist campaign , conspiracy theorists have fraudulently attempted to exploit the quotation `` as evidence she led a calculated effort to reduce the black population against their will '' . Planned Parenthood Era ( edit ) Main article : Planned Parenthood Sanger 's Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau operated from this New York building from 1930 to 1973 In 1929 , Sanger formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control in order to lobby for legislation to overturn restrictions on contraception . That effort failed to achieve success , so Sanger ordered a diaphragm from Japan in 1932 , in order to provoke a decisive battle in the courts . The diaphragm was confiscated by the United States government , and Sanger 's subsequent legal challenge led to a 1936 court decision which overturned an important provision of the Comstock laws which prohibited physicians from obtaining contraceptives . This court victory motivated the American Medical Association in 1937 to adopt contraception as a normal medical service and a key component of medical school curriculums . This 1936 contraception court victory was the culmination of Sanger 's birth control efforts , and she took the opportunity , now in her late 50s , to move to Tucson , Arizona , intending to play a less critical role in the birth control movement . In spite of her original intentions , she remained active in the movement through the 1950s . In 1937 , Sanger became chairman of the newly formed Birth Control Council of America , and attempted to resolve the schism between the ABCL and the BCCRB . Her efforts were successful , and the two organizations merged in 1939 as the Birth Control Federation of America . Although Sanger continued in the role of president , she no longer wielded the same power as she had in the early years of the movement , and in 1942 , more conservative forces within the organization changed the name to Planned Parenthood Federation of America , a name Sanger objected to because she considered it too euphemistic . In 1948 , Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood , which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation in 1952 , and soon became the world 's largest non-governmental international women 's health , family planning and birth control organization . Sanger was the organization 's first president and served in that role until she was 80 years old . In the early 1950s , Sanger encouraged philanthropist Katharine McCormick to provide funding for biologist Gregory Pincus to develop the birth control pill which was eventually sold under the name Enovid . Pincus had recruited Dr. John Rock , Harvard gynecologist , to investigate clinical use of progesterone to prevent ovulation . ( `` The Pill '' ( 2009 ) . PBS series . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . ) Death ( edit ) Margaret Sanger Square , at the intersection of Mott Street and Bleecker Street in Manhattan Sanger died of congestive heart failure in 1966 in Tucson , Arizona , aged 86 , about a year after the U.S. Supreme Court case Griswold v. Connecticut , which legalized birth control in the United States . Sanger is buried in Fishkill , New York , next to her sister , Nan Higgins , and her second husband , Noah Slee . One of her surviving brothers was College Football Hall of Fame player and Pennsylvania State University Head Football coach Bob Higgins . Views ( edit ) Sexuality ( edit ) While researching information on contraception , Sanger read treatises on sexuality including The Psychology of Sex by the English psychologist Havelock Ellis and was heavily influenced by it . While traveling in Europe in 1914 , Sanger met Ellis . Influenced by Ellis , Sanger adopted his view of sexuality as a powerful , liberating force . This view provided another argument in favor of birth control , as it would enable women to fully enjoy sexual relations without fear of unwanted pregnancy . Sanger also believed that sexuality , along with birth control , should be discussed with more candor , and praised Ellis for his efforts in this direction . She also blamed Christianity for the suppression of such discussion . Sanger opposed excessive sexual indulgence . She wrote that `` every normal man and woman has the power to control and direct his sexual impulse . Men and women who have it in control and constantly use their brain cells thinking deeply , are never sensual . '' Sanger said that birth control would elevate women away from a position of being an object of lust and elevate sex away from purely being for satisfying lust , saying that birth control `` denies that sex should be reduced to the position of sensual lust , or that woman should permit herself to be the instrument of its satisfaction . '' Sanger wrote that masturbation was dangerous . She stated : `` In my personal experience as a trained nurse while attending persons afflicted with various and often revolting diseases , no matter what their ailments , I never found any one so repulsive as the chronic masturbator . It would not be difficult to fill page upon page of heart - rending confessions made by young girls , whose lives were blighted by this pernicious habit , always begun so innocently . '' She believed that women had the ability to control their sexual impulses , and should utilize that control to avoid sex outside of relationships marked by `` confidence and respect . '' She believed that exercising such control would lead to the `` strongest and most sacred passion . '' However , Sanger was not opposed to homosexuality and praised Ellis for clarifying `` the question of homosexuals ... making the thing a -- not exactly a perverted thing , but a thing that a person is born with different kinds of eyes , different kinds of structures and so forth ... that he did n't make all homosexuals perverts -- and I thought he helped clarify that to the medical profession and to the scientists of the world as perhaps one of the first ones to do that . '' Freedom of speech ( edit ) Sanger opposed censorship throughout her career . Sanger grew up in a home where orator Robert Ingersoll was admired . During the early years of her activism , Sanger viewed birth control primarily as a free - speech issue , rather than as a feminist issue , and when she started publishing The Woman Rebel in 1914 , she did so with the express goal of provoking a legal challenge to the Comstock laws banning dissemination of information about contraception . In New York , Emma Goldman introduced Sanger to members of the Free Speech League , such as Edward Bliss Foote and Theodore Schroeder , and subsequently the League provided funding and advice to help Sanger with legal battles . Over the course of her career , Sanger was arrested at least eight times for expressing her views during an era in which speaking publicly about contraception was illegal . Numerous times in her career , local government officials prevented Sanger from speaking by shuttering a facility or threatening her hosts . In Boston in 1929 , city officials under the leadership of James Curley threatened to arrest her if she spoke . In response she stood on stage , silent , with a gag over her mouth , while her speech was read by Arthur M. Schlesinger , Sr . Her 1920 book endorsed negative eugenics Eugenics ( edit ) After World War I , Sanger increasingly appealed to the societal need to limit births by those least able to afford children . The affluent and educated already limited their child - bearing , while the poor and uneducated lacked access to contraception and information about birth control . Here she found an area of overlap with eugenicists . She believed that they both sought to `` assist the race toward the elimination of the unfit . '' They differed in that `` eugenists imply or insist that a woman 's first duty is to the state ; we contend that her duty to herself is her duty to the state . '' Sanger was a proponent of negative eugenics , which aimed to improve human hereditary traits through social intervention by reducing the reproduction of those who were considered unfit . Sanger 's view of eugenics was influenced by Havelock Ellis and other British eugenicists , who held that environmentally acquired traits were inherited by one 's progeny . Consequently , she rejected race and ethnicity as determining factors . Instead , she stressed limiting the number of births to live within one 's economic ability to raise and support healthy children . This would lead to a betterment of society and the human race . Sanger 's view put her at odds with leading American eugenicists , such as Charles Davenport , who took a racist view of inherited traits . She continually rejected their approach . In `` The Morality of Birth Control '' , a 1921 speech , she divided society into three groups : the `` educated and informed '' class that regulated the size of their families , the `` intelligent and responsible '' who desired to control their families in spite of lacking the means or the knowledge , and the `` irresponsible and reckless people '' whose religious scruples `` prevent their exercising control over their numbers . '' Sanger concludes , `` There is no doubt in the minds of all thinking people that the procreation of this group should be stopped . '' Sanger 's eugenic policies included an exclusionary immigration policy , free access to birth control methods , and full family planning autonomy for the able - minded , as well as compulsory segregation or sterilization for the `` profoundly retarded '' . Sanger wrote , `` we ( do not ) believe that the community could or should send to the lethal chamber the defective progeny resulting from irresponsible and unintelligent breeding . '' In personal correspondence she expressed her sadness about the aggressive and lethal Nazi eugenics program ; and donated to the American Council Against Nazi Propaganda . In addition , Sanger believed the responsibility for birth control should remain with able - minded individual parents rather than the state , and that self - determining motherhood was the only unshakable foundation for racial betterment . Margaret Sanger justified her decision to speak to a Ku Klux Klan group by explaining , `` to me any aroused group is a good group . '' She was closely associated with one of the most influential and extreme racist authors in America in the 1920s and 1930s , the klansman and Nazi sympathizer Lothrop Stoddard . Chesler comments : Margaret Sanger was never herself a racist , but she lived in a profoundly bigoted society , and her failure to repudiate prejudice -- especially when it was manifest among proponents of her cause -- has haunted her ever since . Abortion ( edit ) During the years of her greatest influence she opposed abortion and sharply distinguished between birth control , which she saw as a fundamental right of women , and access to abortion , which she did not see as such a right . Already in 1916 when she opened her first birth control clinic she was employing harsh rhetoric against abortion . Flyers she distributed to women exhorted them in all capitals : `` Do not kill , do not take life , but prevent . '' Sanger 's patients were told `` that abortion was the wrong way -- no matter how early it was performed it was taking life ; that contraception was the better way , the safer way -- it took a little time , a little trouble , but it was well worth while in the long run , because life had not yet begun . '' Sanger consistently distanced herself from any calls for legal access to abortion , arguing that legal access to contraceptives would remove the need for abortion . Ann Hibner Koblitz has argued that Sanger 's anti-abortion stance contributed to the further stigmatization of abortion and impeded the growth of the broader reproductive rights movement . Legacy ( edit ) Sanger 's writings are curated by two universities : New York University 's history department maintains the Margaret Sanger Papers Project , and Smith College 's Sophia Smith Collection maintains the Margaret Sanger Papers collection . Sanger 's story also features in several biographies , including David Kennedy 's biography Birth Control in America : The Career of Margaret Sanger ( 1970 ) , which won the Bancroft Prize and the John Gilmary Shea Prize . She is also the subject of the television films Portrait of a Rebel : The Remarkable Mrs. Sanger ( 1980 ) , and Choices of the Heart : The Margaret Sanger Story ( 1995 ) . In 2013 , the American cartoonist Peter Bagge published Woman Rebel , a full - length graphic - novel biography of Sanger . Sanger has been recognized with several honors . Her speech `` Children 's Era '' , given in 1925 , is listed as # 81 in American Rhetoric 's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century ( listed by rank ) . Sanger was an inspiration for Wonder Woman , a comic - book character introduced by William Marston in 1941 . Marston was influenced by early feminist thought while in college , and later formed a romantic relationship with Sanger 's niece , Olive Byrne . According to Jill Lepore , several Wonder Woman story lines were at least in part inspired by Sanger , like the character 's involvement with different labor strikes and protests . Between ( and including ) 1953 and 1963 Sanger was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 31 times . In 1957 , the American Humanist Association named her Humanist of the Year . In 1966 Planned Parenthood began issuing its Margaret Sanger Awards annually to honor `` individuals of distinction in recognition of excellence and leadership in furthering reproductive health and reproductive rights '' . The 1979 artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for her . In 1993 the United States National Park Service designated the Margaret Sanger Clinic -- where she provided birth - control services in New York in the mid-twentieth century -- as a National Historic Landmark . As well , government authorities and other institutions have memorialized Sanger by dedicating several landmarks in her name , including a residential building on the Stony Brook University campus , a room in Wellesley College 's library , and Margaret Sanger Square in New York City 's Noho area . There is a bust of Sanger in the National Portrait Gallery , which was a gift from Cordelia Scaife May . Sanger , a crater in the northern hemisphere of Venus , takes its name from Margaret Sanger . Due to her connection with Planned Parenthood , many who oppose abortion frequently condemn Sanger by criticizing her views on birth control and eugenics . In spite of such controversies , Sanger continues to be regarded as a force in the American reproductive rights movement and women 's rights movement . Works ( edit ) Books and pamphlets What Every Mother Should Know -- Originally published in 1911 or 1912 , based on a series of articles Sanger published in 1911 in the New York Call , which were , in turn , based on a set of lectures Sanger gave to groups of Socialist party women in 1910 -- 1911 . Multiple editions published through the 1920s , by Max N. Maisel and Sincere Publishing , with the title What Every Mother Should Know , or how six little children were taught the truth ... Online ( 1921 edition , Michigan State University ) Family Limitation -- Originally published 1914 as a 16 - page pamphlet ; also published in several later editions . Online ( 1917 , 6th edition , Michigan State University ) ; Online ( 1920 English edition , Bakunin Press , revised by author from 9th American edition ) ; What Every Girl Should Know -- Originally published 1916 by Max N. Maisel ; 91 pages ; also published in several later editions . Online ( 1920 edition ) ; Online ( 1922 ed. , Michigan State University ) The Case for Birth Control : A Supplementary Brief and Statement of Facts -- May 1917 , published to provide information to the court in a legal proceeding . Online ( Internet Archive ) Woman and the New Race , 1920 , Truth Publishing , foreword by Havelock Ellis . Online ( Harvard University ) ; Online ( Project Gutenberg ) ; Online ( Internet Archive ) ; Audio on Archive.org Debate on Birth Control -- 1921 , text of a debate between Sanger , Theodore Roosevelt , Winter Russell , George Bernard Shaw , Robert L. Wolf , and Emma Sargent Russell . Published as issue 208 of Little Blue Book series by Haldeman - Julius Co . Online ( 1921 , Michigan State University ) The Pivot of Civilization , 1922 , Brentanos . Online ( 1922 , Project Gutenberg ) ; Online ( 1922 , Google Books ) Motherhood in Bondage , 1928 , Brentanos . Online ( Google Books ) . My Fight for Birth Control , 1931 , New York : Farrar & Rinehart An Autobiography . New York , NY : Cooper Square Press . 1938 . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1015 - 8 . Fight for Birth Control , 1916 , New York ( The Library of Congress ) Birth Control A Parent 's Problem or Women 's ? '' The Birth Control Review , Mar. 1919 , 6 -- 7 . Periodicals The Woman Rebel -- Seven issues published monthly from March 1914 to August 1914 . Sanger was publisher and editor . Birth Control Review -- Published monthly from February 1917 to 1940 . Sanger was Editor until 1929 , when she resigned from the ABCL . Not to be confused with Birth Control News , published by the London - based Society for Constructive Birth Control and Racial Progress . Collections and anthologies Sanger , Margaret , The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger , Volume 1 : The Woman Rebel , 1900 -- 1928 , Esther Katz , Cathy Moran Hajo , Peter Engelman ( eds ) , University of Illinois Press , 2003 Sanger , Margaret , The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger , Volume 2 : Birth Control Comes of Age , 1928 -- 1939 , Esther Katz , Cathy Moran Hajo , Peter Engelman ( eds ) , University of Illinois Press , 2007 Sanger , Margaret , The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger , Volume 3 : The Politics of Planned Parenthood , 1939 -- 1966 , Esther Katz , Cathy Moran Hajo , Peter Engelman ( eds ) , University of Illinois Press , 2010 Works by Margaret Sanger at Project Gutenberg The Margaret Sanger Papers at Smith College The Margaret Sanger Papers Project at New York University McElderry , Michael J. ( 1976 ) . `` Margaret Sanger : A Register of Her Papers in the Library of Congress '' . Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Correspondence between Sanger and McCormick , from The Pill documentary movie ; supplementary material , PBS , American Experience ( producers ) . online . Speeches Sanger , Margaret , `` The Morality of Birth Control '' 1921 . Sanger , Margaret , `` The Children 's Era '' 1925 . Sanger , Margaret , `` Woman And The Future '' 1937 . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Feminism portal United States portal Choices of the Heart : The Margaret Sanger Story Anthony Comstock Mary Ware Dennett Emma Goldman Feminism History of women in the United States List of women 's rights activists Margaret Mead Fania Mindell Caroline Nelson Reproductive rights Upton Sinclair Mabel Sine Wadsworth Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ They became estranged in 1913 , but the divorce was not finalized until 1921 . Jump up ^ The slogan `` No Gods , No Masters '' originated in a flyer distributed by the IWW in the 1912 Lawrence textile strike . Jump up ^ The first issue of Birth Control Review was published in February 1917 . Jump up ^ Caption at the bottom of this 1919 issue reads : `` Must She Always Plead in Vain ? ' You are a nurse -- can you tell me ? For the children 's sake -- help me ! ' '' Jump up ^ Date of merger recorded as 1938 ( not 1939 ) in : O'Conner , Karen , Gender and Women 's Leadership : A Reference Handbook , p. 743 . O'Conner cites Gordon ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ In 1965 , the case had struck down one of the remaining contraception - related Comstock laws in Connecticut and Massachusetts . However , Griswold only applied to marital relationships . A later case , Eisenstadt v. Baird ( 1972 ) , extended the Griswold holding to unmarried persons as well . Jump up ^ Typical pro-life publications critical of Sanger include theologian Angela Franks ' , Margaret Sanger 's Eugenic Legacy : The Control of Female Fertility , McFarland , 2005 and her `` Contraception and Catholicism : What the Church Teaches and Why '' , Pauline Books & Media , 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baker , Jean H. Margaret Sanger : a life of passion . p. 126 . OCLC 705717104 . Jump up ^ Editors , The ( 1 June 2012 ) . `` Political Attacks on Planned Parenthood Are a Threat to Women 's Health '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Emily ( 1970 ) . Margaret Sanger : Pioneer of the Future . Canada : Holt , Rinehart , and Winston . p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Hazel C. ( January 1 , 1938 ) . `` Lobbying for Birth Control '' . The Public Opinion Quarterly . 2 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 60 . JSTOR 2745054 . Jump up ^ Katz 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` People & Events : Eugenics and Birth Control '' . PBS . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vicki Cox ( January 1 , 2009 ) . Margaret Sanger . Infobase Publishing . pp. 7 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0759 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cox 2004 , p. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Pollitt , Katha . `` Abortion in American History '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret ( 1917 ) . Family Limitation ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . No one can doubt that there are times where an abortion is justifiable but they can become unnecessary when care is taken to prevent conception . This is the only cure for abortion . Jump up ^ Wangui Muigai ( Spring 2010 ) . `` Looking Uptown : Margaret Sanger and the Harlem Branch Birth Control Clinic '' . The Newsletter ( # 54 ) . The Margaret Sanger Papers Project . Jump up ^ Klapper , Melissa R. ( August 22 , 2014 ) . Ballots , Babies , and Banners of Peace : American Jewish Women 's Activism , 1890 -- 1940 . NYU Press . pp. 137 -- 138 . ISBN 9781479850594 . Jump up ^ History of the Corning - Painted Post Area , p. 240 Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret , The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger , Mineola , New York : Dover Publications , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` Margaret Sanger '' . Infidels.org . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . ; Rosalind Rosenberg , Divided lives : American women in the twentieth century , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Baker , p. 3 , 11 Jump up ^ Cooper , James L. ; Cooper , Sheila M. ( 1973 ) . The Roots of American Feminist Thought . Alvin and Bacon . p. 219 . ASIN B002VY8L0O . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret . Autobiography ( New York : Norton , 1938 ) , p. 13 ; Katz , Esther , et al. , eds , The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger , Vol. 1 : The `` Woman Rebel '' 1900 -- 1928 ( Urbana : Illinois University Press , 2003 ) , pp. 4 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Chesler , Ellen ( 1992 ) . Woman of Valor : Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 4439 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dietrich 2010 ; Engelman 2011 , p. 32 ; Blanchard 1992 , p. 50 ; Coates 2008 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Endres , Kathleen L. , Women 's Periodicals in the United States : social and political issues , p. 448 ; Endres cites Sanger , An Autobiography , pp. 95 -- 96 . Endres cites Kennedy , p. 19 , as pointing out that some materials on birth control were available in 1913 . Jump up ^ Lader ( 1955 ) , pp. 44 -- 50 . Baker , pp. 49 -- 51 . Kennedy , pp. 16 -- 18 . ^ Jump up to : Viney , Wayne ; King , D.A. ( 2003 ) . A History of Psychology : Ideas and Context . Boston : Allyn and Bacon . ISBN 0 - 205 - 33582 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jill Lepore , The Secret History of Wonder Woman , 2014 , ISBN 0804173400 Jump up ^ Composite story : The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger , Volume 1 , p. 185 . This source identifies the source of Sanger 's quote as : `` Birth Control '' , Library of Congress collection of Sanger 's papers : microfilm : reel 129 : frame 12 , April 1916 . Jump up ^ Streitmatter , Rodger ( 2001 ) . Voices of Revolution : The Dissident Press in America . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 12249 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cox , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Margaret Sanger : Pioneer of the Future pp. 178 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 1 , 22 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret , The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger , Mineola , New York : Dover Printing Publications Inc. , 2004 , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Katz , The selected papers of Margaret Sanger , Volume 1 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Galvin , Rachel . Margaret Sanger 's `` Deeds of Terrible Virtue '' Humanities , National Endowment for the Humanities , September / October 1998 , Vol. 19 / Number 5 . Jump up ^ Engelman , Peter C. , `` Margaret Sanger '' , article in Encyclopedia of Leadership , Volume 4 , George R. Goethals , et al ( eds ) , SAGE , 2004 , p. 1382 . Engelman cites facsimile edited by Alex Baskin , Woman Rebel , New York : Archives of Social History , 1976 . Facsimile of original . Jump up ^ Katz , Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger , Vol. 1 . ^ Jump up to : McCann 2010 , pp. 750 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , p. 268 Jump up ^ Baker , p. 178 Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 101 Jump up ^ Greer , Germaine ( 1984 ) . Sex and Destiny . Secker and Warburg . p. 306 . Jump up ^ Green , Stephanie ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` The Public Lives of Charlotte and Marie Stopes '' . Routledge -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Douglas , Emily ( 1970 ) . Margaret Sanger : Pioneer of the Future . Canada : Holt , Rinehart , and Winston . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Haight , Anne Lyon ( 1935 ) . Banned books : informal notes on some books banned for various reasons at various times and in various places . New York : R.R. Bowker Company . p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Comstock Dies in His Crusade '' . Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania . September 22 , 1915 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Quindlen , Anna ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` Thinking Out Loud : On the Personal , the Political , the Public and the Private '' . Random House Publishing Group -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Margaret Sanger -- 20th Century Hero '' ( PDF ) . Planned Parenthood . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Selected Papers , vol 1 , p. 199 . Baker , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Margaret Sanger : Pioneer to the Future , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Engelman , p. 101 . Jump up ^ `` First woman in US given English dose '' . The Seattle Star . January 27 , 1917 . p. 1 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Byrne pardoned ; pledged to obey law ; '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . February 2 , 1917 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lepore , Jill ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Birthright : What 's next for Planned Parenthood ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Engelman , pp. 101 -- 3 . Jump up ^ McCann , 2010 , p. 751 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Estelle B. , The essential feminist reader , Random House Digital , Inc. , 2007 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` Birth control : What it is , How it works , What it will do '' , The Proceedings of the First American Birth Control Conference , November 11 , 12 , 1921 , pp. 207 -- 8 . The Birth Control Review , Vol . V , No. 12 , December 1921 , Margaret Sanger ( ed . ) , p. 18 . Sanger , Pivot of Civilization , 2001 reprint edited by Michael W. Perry , p. 409 . These principles were adopted at the first meeting of the ABCL in late 1921 . Jump up ^ Baker , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Baker , pp. 196 -- 97 . The Selected Papers , Vol 2 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Chesler , pp. 277 , 293 , 558 . Harr , John Ensor ; Johnson , Peter J. ( 1988 ) . The Rockefeller Century : Three Generations of America 's Greatest Family . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 191 , 461 -- 62 . -- crucial , anonymous Rockefeller grants to the Clinical Research Bureau and support for population control Jump up ^ Katz , Esther ; Sanger , Margaret , The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger Volume 1 : The Woman Rebel , University of Illinois Press , 2003 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Cohen , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Baker , p. 275 . Katō , Shidzue , Facing Two Ways : the story of my life , Stanford University Press , 1984 , p. xxviii . D'Itri , Patricia Ward , Cross Currents in the International Women 's Movement , 1848 -- 1948 , Popular Press , 1999 , pp. 163 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Katz , Esther ( ed . ) ; Sanger , Margaret , The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger Volume 1 : The Woman Rebel 1900 -- 1928 , Urbana and Chicago : University of Illinois Press , 2003 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ McCann ( 1994 ) , pp. 177 -- 8 . `` MSPP > About > Birth Control Organizations > Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau '' . Nyu.edu . October 18 , 2005 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret ( 1938 ) . The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger . W.W. Norton . p. 366 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 43492 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret ( 1938 ) . Margaret Sanger , An Autobiography . New York : W.W. Norton . pp. 361 , 366 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Baker , p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` '' Motherhood in Bondage , '' # 6 , Winter 1993 / 4 `` . Margaret Sanger Papers Project . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The number of letters is reported as `` a quarter million '' , `` over a million '' , or `` hundreds of thousands '' in various sources Jump up ^ 500 letters : Cohen , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret ( 2000 ) . Motherhood in bondage . Columbus , Ohio : Ohio State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8142 - 0837 - 1 . Jump up ^ Baker , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Hajo , p. 85 . Jump up ^ `` Duboishomesite.org '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` NAACP History : W.E.B. Dubois '' . naacp.org . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Luther King ' s Speech in Honor of WEB Dubois by Norman Markowitz '' . politicalaffairs.net . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hajo , p. 85 . From Planned Parenthood : `` The Truth about Margaret Sanger '' . Planned Parenthood Federation of America . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . : In 1930 , Sanger opened a family planning clinic in Harlem that sought to enlist support for contraceptive use and to bring the benefits of family planning to women who were denied access to their city 's health and social services . Staffed by a black physician and a black social worker , the clinic was endorsed by The Amsterdam News ( the powerful local newspaper ) , the Abyssinian Baptist Church , the Urban League , and the black community 's elder statesman , W.E.B. Du Bois . Jump up ^ McCann ( 1994 ) , pp. 150 -- 4 . Bigotry : p. 153 . See also p. 45 , The selected papers of Margaret Sanger , Volume 1 Jump up ^ Planned Parenthood Federation of America ( 2004 ) . `` The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr . Upon Accepting the Planned Parenthood Sanger Award '' . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Engelman , p. 175 . Birth Control Federation of America Archived December 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Margaret Sanger Papers Project `` Birth Control or Race Control ? Sanger and the Negro Project '' . Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter . Margaret Sanger Papers Project ( 28 ) . November 14 , 2002 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Demonization of Margaret Sanger '' . Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter ( 16 ) . 1997 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Birth Control or Race Control ? Sanger and the Negro Project '' . Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter . Margaret Sanger Papers Project ( 28 ) . November 14 , 2002 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Margaret Sanger Papers Project ( April 2010 ) . `` Smear - n - Fear '' . News & Sanger Sightings . New York University . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` National Committee on Federal Legislation on Birth Control '' . NYU Margaret Sanger Papers Project Jump up ^ Rose , Melody , Abortion : a documentary and reference guide , ABC - CLIO , 2008 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Biographical Note ' , Smith College , Margaret Sangers Papers '' . Asteria.fivecolleges.edu . September 6 , 1966 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NYU Margaret Sanger Papers Project `` Birth Control Council of America '' Jump up ^ The Margaret Sanger Papers ( 2010 ) . `` MSPP > About > Birth Control Organizations > PPFA '' . nyu.edu . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NYU Sanger project Jump up ^ Ford , Lynne E. , Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics , p. 406 . Esser - Stuart , Joan E. , `` Margaret Higgins Sanger '' , in Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America , Herrick , John and Stuart , Paul ( eds ) , SAGE , 2005 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Engelman , Peter , `` McCormick , Katharine Dexter '' , in Encyclopedia of Birth Control , Vern L. Bullough ( ed . ) , ABC - CLIO , 2001 , pp. 170 -- 1 . Marc A. Fritz , Leon Speroff , Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2010 , pp. 959 -- 960 . Jump up ^ Baker , p. 307 . Jump up ^ `` Margaret Sanger obituary '' . Toledo Blade . September 6 , 1966 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret , The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger , Mineola , New York : Dover Publications Inc. , 2004 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Cox , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : The Mike Wallace Interview , Guest : Margaret Sanger , 9 / 21 / 57 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret ( December 29 , 1912 ) , `` What Every Girl Should Know : Sexual Impulses -- Part II '' , New York Call -- via The Margaret Sanger Papers Project Jump up ^ Bronski , Michael ( 2011 ) . A Queer History of the United States . Beacon Press . p. 100 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret , The Pivot of Civilization , Amherst , New York : Humanity Books , 2003 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Margaret Sanger , `` What Every Girl Should Know : Sexual Impulse -- Part I '' , December 22 , 1912 . Jump up ^ Bronski , Michael , A Queer History of the United States , Beacon Press , 2011 . Quotes from Sanger , `` What Every Girl should know : Sexual Impulses Part II '' , in New York Call , December 29 , 1912 ; also in the subsequent book What Every Girl Should Know , pp. 40 -- 48 ; reprinted in The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger , Volume 1 , pp. 41 -- 5 ( quotes on p. 45 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Child Who Was Mother to a Woman '' from The New Yorker , April 11 , 1925 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Wood , Janice Ruth ( 2008 ) , The Struggle for Free Speech in the United States , 1872 -- 1915 : Edward Bliss Foote , Edward Bond Foote , and anti-Comstock operations , Psychology Press , 2008 , pp. 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ `` Every Child a Wanted Child '' , Time , September 16 , 1966 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Melody , Michael Edward ( 1999 ) , Teaching America about sex : marriage guides and sex manuals from the late Victorians to Dr. Ruth , NYU Press , 1999 , p. 53 ( citing Halberstam , David , The Fifties , Villard. 1993 , p. 285 ) . Davis , Tom , Sacred work : Planned Parenthood and its clergy alliances Rutgers University Press , 2005 , p. 213 ( citing A Tradition of Choice , Planned Parenthood , 1991 , p. 18 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kevles , Daniel J. ( 1985 ) . In the Name of Eugenics : Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity . University of California Press . pp. 90 -- 96 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05763 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Public Papers of Margaret Sanger : Web Edition '' . nyu.edu . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCann ( 1994 ) p. 104 , Engelman ( 2011 ) p. 48 Jump up ^ McCann ( 1994 ) p. 117 , Engelman ( 2011 ) p. 135 Jump up ^ McCann ( 1994 ) pp. 13 , 16 -- 21 Jump up ^ Engelman ( 2011 ) p. 135 Jump up ^ `` American Rhetoric : Margaret Sanger -- The Morality of Birth Control '' . americanrhetoric.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Nicole S. ; Bothne Nancy ; Leonard , Jason ( February 1 , 2008 ) . Evans , Sophie J. , ed . Public Policy Issues Research Trends . Nova Science . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60021 - 873 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sanger - Hitler Equation '' , Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter , # 32 , Winter 2002 / 3 . New York University Department of History Jump up ^ Black , Edwin ( September 2003 ) ( 2003 ) . The War Against the Weak : Eugenics and America 's Campaign to Create a Master Race . New York City , NY : Four Walls Eight Windows . ISBN 1 - 56858 - 258 - 7 . , p. 251 . Sanger 's quote from The Pivot of Civilization , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret ( February 1919 ) . `` Birth Control and Racial Betterment '' . Birth Control Review . 3 ( 2 ) : 11 -- 12 . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret ( 1921 ) , `` The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda '' , Birth Control Review , The New York Women 's Publishing Company , 5 ( 10 ) , p. 5 -- via The Margaret Sanger Papers Project ^ Jump up to : Sanger , Margaret ( 1938 ) . An Autobiography . W.W. Norton . OCLC 00700090 . Jump up ^ Stoddard , Lothrop ( 1920 ) . The Rising Tide of Color Against White World - Supremacy . Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 1539888339 . Jump up ^ Lader , Lawrence ( 1955 ) . The Margaret Sanger Story and the Fight for Birth Control . Doubleday . ASIN B000GP4KVY . Jump up ^ Lader , Lawrence ( 1995 ) . A Private Matter : RU486 and the Abortion Crisis . Prometheus Books . ISBN 9781573920124 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Margaret ( 1931 ) . My Fight for Birth Control . Farrar & Rinehart . ASIN B0045FG280 . Jump up ^ At this time several other prominent advocates for birth control , such as Lawrence Lader , Frederick Taussig , and William J. Robinson , saw contraception and abortion as being inextricably linked , and were calling for legalization of abortion . See Lader , Lawrence ( 1995 ) . A Private Matter : RU486 and the Abortion Crisis . Prometheus Books . pp. 36 -- 39 . ISBN 9781573920124 . ; Taussig , Frederick J. ( 1936 ) . Abortion , Spontaneous and Induced : Medical and Social Aspects . C.V. Mosby . OCLC 00400798 . ; and Robinson , William J. ( 1931 ) . Doctor Robinson and Saint Peter : How Dr. Robinson Entered the Heavenly Gates and Became St. Peter 's Assistant . Eugenics Publishing Company . ASIN B000R7V5XW ... Jump up ^ Koblitz , Ann Hibner ( 2014 ) . Sex and Herbs and Birth Control : Women and Fertility Control Through the Ages . Kovalevskaia Fund . ISBN 9780989665506 . Jump up ^ `` NYU Sanger Papers Project web site '' . Nyu.edu . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smith College collection web site '' . Asteria.fivecolleges.edu . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portrait of a Rebel : The Remarkable Mrs. Sanger '' . April 22 , 1980 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ Choices of the Heart -- 1995 , starring Dana Delany and Henry Czerny , `` ' Choices of the Heart : The Margaret Sanger Story ( 1995 ) ' '' . IMDb ( The Internet Movie Database ) . March 8 , 1995 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Eidenmuller ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century by Rank '' . American Rhetoric . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Margaret H Sanger -- Women 's Political Communication Archives '' . Womenspeecharchive.org . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jill Lepore , The Secret History of Wonder Woman , Vintage , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Garner , Dwight ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Her Past Unchained : ' The Secret History of Wonder Woman , ' by Jill Lepore '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Nomination Database '' . Nobel Prize . Jump up ^ `` Rockefeller 3d Wins Sanger Award '' . The New York Times . October 9 , 1967 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Place Settings . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved on August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Museum : About '' . www.brooklynmuseum.org . Jump up ^ `` National Historic Landmark Program '' . Tps.cr.nps.gov . September 14 , 1993 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friends of the Library Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . Wellesley.edu . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kayton , Bruce ( 2003 ) . Radical Walking Tours of New York City . New York : Seven Stories Press . p. 111 . ISBN 1 - 58322 - 554 - 4 . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PORTRAIT SEARCH : CAP Search Results / ObjectID is 46729 '' . National Portrait Gallery . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lauren Hodges Twitter Instagram ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` National Portrait Gallery Wo n't Remove Bust of Planned Parenthood Founder : The Two - Way '' . NPR . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Robert G. ; Donovan , Chuck ( October 1991 ) . Blessed Are the Barren : The Social Policy of Planned Parenthood . Fort Collins , CO : Ignatius Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89870 - 353 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Minority Anti-Abortion Movement Gains Steam '' . NPR . September 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coates , p. 48 . Hoolihan , Christopher ( 2004 ) , An Annotated Catalogue of the Edward C. Atwater Collection of American Popular Medicine and Health Reform , Vol. 2 ( M -- Z ) , University Rochester Press , p. 299 . Jump up ^ `` The fight for birth control '' . Hdl.loc.gov . December 1 , 1931 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Birth Control Review `` , Margaret Sanger Papers Project , NYU '' . Nyu.edu . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bagge , Peter ( 2013 ) . Woman Rebel . The Margaret Sanger Story . Montreal : Drawn and Quarterly . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77046 - 126 - 0 . Baker , Jean ( 2011 ) , Margaret Sanger : A Life of Passion , New York : Hill and Wang , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 6897 - 3 Black , Edwin ( 2012 ) , War against the weak : eugenics and America 's campaign to create a master race , Washington , DC : Dialog Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 914153 - 29 - 0 Blanchard , Margaret ( 1992 ) , Revolutionary sparks : freedom of expression in modern America , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505436 - 1 Bronski , Michael ( 2011 ) , A queer history of the United States , Boston : Beacon Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 4439 - 1 Buchanan , Paul ( 2009 ) , American Women 's Rights Movement : A Chronology of Events and of Opportunities from 1600 to 2008 , Boston : Branden Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8283 - 2160 - 0 Chesler , Ellen ( 2007 ) , Woman of Valor : Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America , New York : Simon and Schuster , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 4076 - 2 Coates , Patricia ( 2008 ) , Margaret Sanger and the Origin of the Birth Control Movement , 1910 -- 1930 : The Concept of Women 's Sexual Autonomy , Lewiston , N.Y : Edwin Mellen Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7734 - 5099 - 8 Cohen , Warren ( 2009 ) , Profiles in humanity the battle for peace , freedom , equality , and human rights , Lanham , Md : Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6702 - 3 Coigney , Virginia ( 1969 ) , Margaret Sanger : rebel with a cause , Doubleday Cox , Vicki ( 2004 ) , Margaret Sanger Rebel for Women 's Rights , New York : Infobase , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0759 - 2 Craig , Layne ( 2013 ) , When Sex Changed Birth Control Politics and Literature between the World Wars , City : Rutgers University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 6212 - 4 Dietrich , Alicia ( 2010 ) , `` What Every Girl Should Know : The birth control movement in the 1910s '' , Cultural Compass at the Harry Ransom Center Engelman , Peter ( 2011 ) , A history of the birth control movement in America , Santa Barbara , Calif : Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 36509 - 6 Franks , Angela ( 2005 ) , Margaret Sanger 's eugenic legacy the control of female fertility , Jefferson , N.C : McFarland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5404 - 4 Freedman , Estelle ( 2007 ) , The essential feminist reader , New York : Modern Library , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7460 - 7 Gordon , Linda ( 1976 ) , Woman 's body , woman 's right : a social history of birth control in America , New York : Grossman , ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 77817 - 1 Gray , Madeline ( 1979 ) , Margaret Sanger : a biography of the champion of birth control , New York : R. Marek , ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 90019 - 8 Hajo , Cathy ( 2010 ) , Birth control on main street : organizing clinics in the United States , 1916 -- 1939 , Urbana : University of Illinois Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07725 - 8 Hale , Robert ( April 11 , 1925 ) . `` The child who was mother to a woman '' . Profiles . The New Yorker . 1 ( 8 ) : 11 -- 12 . Katz , Esther ; Peter C. Engelman ; Cathy Moran Hajo ( 2002 ) . the Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger : Vol. 1 , The Woman Rebel . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02737 - X . Hitchcock , Susan ( 2008 ) , Roe V. Wade : Protecting a Woman 's Right to Choose , New York : Chelsea , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0342 - 6 Katz , Esther ( 2000 ) , `` Sanger , Margaret '' , American National Biography Online , New York : Oxford University Press Kennedy , David ( 1970 ) , Birth Control in America : The Career of Margaret Sanger , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 01495 - 2 Kevles , Daniel ( 1985 ) , In the name of eugenics : genetics and the uses of human heredity , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05763 - 0 Lader , Lawrence ( 1975 ) , The Margaret Sanger story and the fight for birth control , Westport , Conn : Greenwood Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 7076 - 3 Lader , Lawrence and Meltzer , Milton ( 1969 ) , Margaret Sanger : pioneer of birth control , Crowell McCann , Carole ( 1994 ) , Birth control politics in the United States , 1916 -- 1945 , Ithaca : Cornell University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8612 - 8 McCann , Carole ( 2010 ) , `` Women as Leaders in the Contraceptive Movement '' , in O'Connor , Karen , Gender and Women 's Leadership : A Reference Handbook , Thousand Oaks : SAGE , pp. 749 -- 762 , doi : 10.4135 / 9781412979344. n78 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6635 - 0 Reed , Miriam ( 2003 ) , Margaret Sanger : her life in her words , Fort Lee , NJ : Barricade Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56980 - 255 - 7 Rosenbaum , Judith ( 2011 ) , `` The Call to Action : Margaret Sanger , the Brownsville Jewish Women , and Political Activism '' , in Kaplan , Marion ; Moore , Deborah , Gender and Jewish history , Bloomington : Indiana University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 22263 - 3 Rosenberg , Rosalind ( 2008 ) , Divided lives : American women in the twentieth century , New York : Hill and Wang , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 1631 - 0 Sanger , Margaret ( 1919 ) , `` Birth Control and Racial Betterment '' , Birth Control Review , The New York Women 's Publishing Company , 3 ( 2 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 -- via The Margaret Sanger Papers Project Sanger , Margaret ( 1922 ) , The Pivot of Civilization , New York : Brentano 's , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8277 - 2004 - 6 Sanger , Margaret ( 1938 ) , Autobiography of Margaret Sanger , City : Dover Publications , ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 12083 - 6 Valenza , Charles ( 1985 ) , `` Was Margaret Sanger a Racist ? '' , Family Planning Perspectives , Guttmacher Institute , 17 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 46 , doi : 10.2307 / 2135230 , JSTOR 2135230 , PMID 3884362 Viney , Wayne ; King , D.A. ( 2003 ) , A history of psychology : ideas and context , Boston : Allyn and Bacon , ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 33582 - 4 Historiography ( edit ) Sandi L. Dinger , `` Sanger , Margaret '' in Eleanor B. Amico. , ed. , Readers Guide to Women 's Studies ( 1998 ) pp 505 -- 6 External links ( edit ) Library resources about Margaret Sanger Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Margaret Sanger . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Margaret Sanger Works by Margaret Sanger at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Margaret Sanger at Internet Archive Works by Margaret Sanger at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by Margaret Sanger at Open Library Margaret Sanger at Goodreads Margaret Sanger Papers at the Sophia Smith Collection Interview conducted by Mike Wallace , September 21 , 1957 . Hosted at the Harry Ransom Center . 9 Things You Should Know About Margaret Sanger TGC -- The Gospel Coalition Michals , Debra `` Margaret Sanger '' . National Women 's History Museum . 2017 . 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Oldaker Minna Vrang Orme 1990 Clara Osborne Botzum Vernell Coleman Josephine Brawley Hughes Elizabeth Shannon Minnie McFarland Stevens Florence Brookhart Yount 1991 Margaret Bell Douglas Margaret Taylor Hance Polingaysi Qöyawayma ( Elizabeth Q. White ) Margaret Sanger Slee Ola Young 1994 Maria Urquides 2002 Mary Elizabeth Post Annie Dodge Wauneka Veora Johnson Louise Lincoln Kerr Winona E. Montgomery Clara Lee Tanner 2006 Jessie Gray Bevan Lucretia Breazeale Hamilton Ethel Maynard Patricia Ann McGee Polly Rosenbaum 2008 Betty Accomazzo Katharine Bartlett C. Louise Boehringer Sister Kathleen Clark Helene Thomas Bennett Alice M. Birdsall Pauline Bates Brown Jean Maddock Clark Anne E. Lindeman 2013 Rose E. Collom Jean Chaudhuri Helen Sekaquaptewa Jacque Yelland Steiner Dorothy Elaine Powell 2015 Marietta Bryant Daisy Moore Lorraine W. Frank Louise Foucar Marshall Helen K. Mason Lucy Sikorsky 2017 Rebecca Dallis Sister Clare Dunn Gladys McGarey Clara M. Schell Louise Serpa Christine Kajikawa Wilkinson Julia Zozaya Inductees to the National Women 's Hall of Fame 1970 -- 1979 1973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred `` Babe '' Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980 -- 1989 1981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary `` Mother '' Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Ida B. Wells - Barnett 1990 -- 1999 1990 Margaret Bourke - White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. 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Yalow Gloria Yerkovich 1994 Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. 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"Margaret Higgins Sanger (born Margaret Louise Higgins, September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966, also known as Margaret Sanger Slee) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term \"birth control\", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.[2]\n"
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"Margaret Higgins Sanger"
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6801945831914043117 | The Song of Roland | The Song of Roland - wikipedia The Song of Roland Jump to : navigation , search For the 1978 film starring Klaus Kinski , see The Song of Roland ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The eight phases of The Song of Roland in one picture . The Song of Roland ( French : La Chanson de Roland ) is an epic poem ( Chanson de geste ) based on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778 , during the reign of Charlemagne . It is the oldest surviving major work of French literature and exists in various manuscript versions , which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries . The date of composition is put in the period between 1040 and 1115 : an early version beginning around 1040 with additions and alterations made up until about 1115 . The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry . The epic poem is the first and , along with The Poem of the Cid , one of the most outstanding examples of the chanson de geste , a literary form that flourished between the 11th and 15th centuries and celebrated legendary deeds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Manuscripts and dating 1.1 AOI 2 Critical opinions 2.1 Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions 3 Plot 4 Form 5 Characters 5.1 Principal characters 5.2 Secondary characters 6 Durandal 7 Historical adaptations 8 Modern adaptations 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Manuscripts and dating ( edit ) Bodleian Library , MS Digby 23 , Part 2 Set in the Carolingian era , it was written much later . There is a single extant manuscript of the Song of Roland in Old French , held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford . This copy dates between 1129 and 1165 and was written in Anglo - Norman . There are also eight further manuscripts , and three fragments , of other poems on the subject of Roland . Some scholars estimate that the poem was written , possibly by a poet named Turold ( Turoldus in the manuscript itself ) , between approximately 1040 and 1115 , and most of the alterations were performed by about 1098 . Some favor an earlier dating , because it allows one to say that the poem was inspired by the Castilian campaigns of the 1030s , and that the poem went on to be a major influence in the First Crusade . Those who prefer a later dating do so based upon what they interpret as brief references made in the poem to events of the First Crusade . In the poem , the term d'oltre mer or l'oltremarin comes up three times in reference to named Muslims who came from oltre mer to fight in Spain and France . Oltre mer , modern French Outremer , literally `` oversea , beyond sea , other side of the sea '' , is a native French term from the classical Latin roots ultra = `` beyond '' and mare = `` sea '' . The name was commonly used by the Crusaders to refer to Palestine . The occurrence of this term in the poem can not be interpreted as showing influence from the Crusades in the poem ; on the contrary , the way it is used in the poem , in which it is simply a Muslim land , indicates that the author of the poem was unacquainted with the Crusades , and that the term was in French before the Crusades began meaning the far side of the Mediterranean Sea . The bulk of the poem is adjudged to date from before the Crusades ( which started in 1098 ) , but there are a few items where questions remain about these items being late additions shortly after the Crusades started . After two manuscripts were found in 1832 and 1835 , the Song of Roland became recognized as France 's national epic when an edition was published in 1837 . AOI ( edit ) Detail of manuscript showing `` AOI '' Certain lines of the Oxford manuscript end with the letters `` AOI '' . The meaning of this word or annotation is unclear . Scholars have hypothesized that the marking may have played a role in public performances of the text , such as indicating a place where a jongleur would change the tempo . Critical opinions ( edit ) Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions ( edit ) Scholarly consensus has long accepted that the Song of Roland differed in its presentation depending on oral or textual transmission ; namely , although a number of different versions of the song containing varying material and episodes would have been performed orally , the transmission to manuscript resulted in greater cohesiveness across versions . Early editors of the Song of Roland , informed in part by patriotic desires to produce a distinctly French epic , could thus overstate the textual cohesiveness of the Roland tradition . This point is expressed by Andrew Taylor , who notes , `` ( T ) he Roland song was , if not invented , at the very least constructed . By supplying it with an appropriate epic title , isolating it from its original codicological context , and providing a general history of minstrel performance in which its pure origin could be located , the early editors presented a 4,002 line poem as sung French epic '' . Plot ( edit ) The death of Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux , from an illuminated manuscript c. 1455 -- 1460 . Charlemagne 's army is fighting the Muslims in Spain . They have been there for seven years , and the last city standing is Saragossa , held by the Muslim King Marsile . Threatened by the might of Charlemagne 's army of Franks , Marsile seeks advice from his wise man , Blancandrin , who councils him to conciliate the Emperor , offering to surrender and giving hostages . Accordingly , Marsile sends out messengers to Charlemagne , promising treasure and Marsile 's conversion to Christianity if the Franks will go back to France . Charlemagne and his men , tired of fighting , accept his peace offer and select a messenger to Marsile 's court . The protagonist Roland , Charlemagne 's nephew , nominates his stepfather Ganelon as messenger . Ganelon , who fears to be murdered by the enemy and accuses Roland of intending this , takes revenge by informing the Saracens of a way to ambush the rear guard of Charlemagne 's army , led by Roland , as the Franks re-enter France through the mountain passes . As Ganelon predicted , Roland leads the rear guard , with the wise and moderate Oliver and the fierce Archbishop Turpin . The Muslims ambush them at Roncesvalles and the Christians are overwhelmed . Oliver pleads with Roland to blow his horn to call for help , but Roland tells him that blowing his horn in the middle of the battle would be an act of cowardice . If Roland continues to refuse , Oliver will not let Roland see his sister again whom Roland loves the most . However , Archbishop Turpin intervenes and tells them that the battle will be fatal for all of them and so instructs Roland to blow his horn oliphant ( the word is an old alternative to `` elephant '' , and was used to refer to a hunting horn made from an elephant tusk ) to call for help from the Frankish army . The emperor hears the call on their way to France . Charlemagne and his noblemen gallop back even though Count Ganelon tries to trick them . The Franks fight well , but are outnumbered , until almost all Roland 's men are dead and he knows that Charlemagne 's army can no longer save them . Despite this , he blows his olifant to summon revenge , until his temples burst and he dies a martyr 's death . Angels take his soul to Paradise . When Charlemagne and his men reach the battlefield , they find the dead bodies of Roland 's men , who have been utterly annihilated . They pursue the Muslims into the river Ebro , where the Muslims drown . Meanwhile , Baligant , the powerful emir of Babylon , has arrived in Spain to help Marsile . His army encounters that of Charlemagne at Roncesvalles , where the Christians are burying and mourning their dead . Both sides fight valiantly . When Charlemagne kills Baligant , the Muslim army scatters and flees , leaving the Franks to conquer Saragossa . With Marsile 's wife Bramimonde , Queen of Saragossa , Charlemagne and his men ride back to Aix , their capital in France . The Franks discover Ganelon 's betrayal and keep him in chains until his trial , where Ganelon argues that his action was legitimate revenge , not treason . While the council of barons assembled to decide the traitor 's fate is initially swayed by this claim , partially out of fear of Ganelon 's friend Pinabel who threatens to fight anyone who judges Ganelon guilty , one man , Thierry , argues that because Roland was serving Charlemagne when Ganelon delivered his revenge on him , Ganelon 's action constitutes a betrayal . Pinabel challenges Thierry to trial by combat . By divine intervention , Thierry kills Pinabel . By this the Franks are convinced of Ganelon 's treason . Thus , he is torn apart by having four galloping horses tied one to each arm and leg and thirty of his relatives are hanged . Bramimonde converts to Christianity , her name changing to Juliana . While sleeping , Charlemagne is told by Gabriel to ride to help King Vivien and bemoans his life . Form ( edit ) Charlemagne finds Roland dead ( 14th - century miniature ) . The poem is written in stanzas of irregular length known as laisses . The lines are decasyllabic ( containing ten syllables ) , and each is divided by a strong caesura which generally falls after the fourth syllable . The last stressed syllable of each line in a laisse has the same vowel sound as every other end - syllable in that laisse . The laisse is therefore an assonal , not a rhyming stanza . On a narrative level , the Song of Roland features extensive use of repetition , parallelism , and thesis - antithesis pairs . Roland proposes Ganelon for the dangerous mission to Sarrogossa ; Ganelon designates Roland to man the rearguard . Charlemagne is contrasted with Baligant . Unlike later Renaissance and Romantic literature , the poem focuses on action rather than introspection . The characters are presented through what they do , not through what they think or feel . The narrator gives few explanations for characters ' behavior . The warriors are stereotypes defined by a few salient traits ; for example , Roland is loyal and trusting while Ganelon , though brave , is traitorous and vindictive . The narrator is openly biased towards the Franks . His moral view is very black - and - white : the Franks are good , and the pagans are bad . The story moves at a fast pace , occasionally slowing down and recounting the same scene up to three times but focusing on different details or taking a different perspective each time . The effect is similar to a film sequence shot at different angles so that new and more important details come to light with each shot . Characters ( edit ) Principal characters ( edit ) Andriodos , helpless boy ; despite the honor came from King Charlemagne . Baligant , emir of Babylon ; Marsile enlists his help against Charlemagne . Blancandrin , wise pagan ; suggests bribing Charlemagne out of Spain with hostages and gifts , and then suggests dishonouring a promise to allow Marsile 's baptism Bassalt , came from the name of rocks that are solid and may occur in the second phrase of the poem ; captured the horse of the king . Bramimonde , Queen of Saragossa , King Marsile 's wife ; captured and converted by Charlemagne after the city falls . Charlemagne , Holy Roman Emperor ; his forces fight the Saracens in Spain . Ganelon , treacherous lord and Roland 's stepfather who encourages Marsile to attack the French army . King Marsile , Saracen king of Spain ; Roland wounds him and he dies of his wound later . Naimon , Charlemagne 's trusted adviser . Oliver , Roland 's friend ; mortally wounded by Margarice . He represents wisdom . Roland , the hero of the Song ; nephew of Charlemagne ; leads the rear guard of the French forces ; bursts his temples by blowing his olifant - horn , wounds from which he eventually dies facing the enemy 's land . Turpin , Archbishop of Rheims , represents the force of the Church . Secondary characters ( edit ) Aude , the fiancée of Roland and Oliver 's sister Basan , French baron , murdered while serving as Ambassador of Marsile . Bérengier , one of the twelve paladins killed by Marsile 's troops ; kills Estramarin ; killed by Grandoyne . Besgun , chief cook of Charlemagne 's army ; guards Ganelon after Ganelon 's treachery is discovered . Geboin , guards the French dead ; becomes leader of Charlemagne 's 2nd column . Godefroy , standard bearer of Charlemagne ; brother of Thierry , Charlemagne 's defender against Pinabel . Grandoyne , fighter on Marsile 's side ; son of the Cappadocian King Capuel ; kills Gerin , Gerier , Berenger , Guy St. Antoine , and Duke Astorge ; killed by Roland . Hamon , joint Commander of Charlemagne 's Eighth Division . Lorant , French commander of one of the first divisions against Baligant ; killed by Baligant . Milon , guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces . Ogier , a Dane who leads the third column in Charlemagne 's army against Baligant 's forces . Othon , guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces . Pinabel , fights for Ganelon in the judicial combat . Thierry , fights for Charlemagne in the judicial combat . Durandal ( edit ) According to the Song of Roland , the legendary sword called Durandal was first given to Charlemagne by an angel . It contained one tooth of Saint Peter , blood of Saint Basil , hair of Saint Denis , and a piece of the raiment of the Blessed Virgin Mary , and was supposedly the sharpest sword in all existence . In the story of the Song of Roland , the weapon is given to Roland , and he uses it to defend himself single - handedly against thousands of Muslim attackers . According to one 12th - century legend from the French town of Rocamadour , Roland threw the sword into a cliffside . You can still see a sword there , allegedly Durandal , embedded into the cliff - face . Historical adaptations ( edit ) A Latin poem , Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis , was composed around 1120 , and a Latin prose version , Historia Caroli Magni ( often known as `` The Pseudo-Turpin '' ) even earlier . Around 1170 , a version of the French poem was translated into the Middle High German Rolandslied by Konrad der Pfaffe ( formerly thought to have been the author of the Kaiserchronik ) . In his translation Konrad replaces French topics with generically Christian ones . The work was translated into Middle Dutch in the 13th century . It was also rendered into Occitan verse in the 14th - or 15th - century poem of Ronsasvals , which incorporates the later , southern aesthetic into the story . An Old Norse version of the Song of Roland exists as Karlamagnús saga , and a translation into the artificial literary language of Franco - Venetian is also known ; such translations contributed to the awareness of the story in Italy . In 1516 Ludovico Ariosto published his epic Orlando Furioso , which deals largely with characters first described in the Song of Roland . There is also Faroese adoption of this ballad named `` Runtsivalstríðið '' ( Battle of Roncevaux ) . The ballad is one of many sung during the Faroese folkdance tradition of chain dancing . Modern adaptations ( edit ) The Chanson de Roland has an important place in the background of Graham Greene 's The Confidential Agent , published in 1939 . The book 's protagonist had been a Medieval scholar specialising in this work , until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War forced him to become a soldier and secret agent . Throughout the book , he repeatedly compares himself and other characters with the characters of `` Roland '' . Particularly , the book includes a full two pages of specific commentary , which is relevant to its 20th - century plot line : `` Oliver , when he saw the Saracens coming , urged Roland to blow his horn and fetch back Charlemagne -- but Roland would n't blow . A big brave fool . In war one always chooses the wrong hero . Oliver should have been the hero of that song , instead of being given second place with the blood - thirsty Bishop Turpin. ( ... ) In the Oxford version Oliver is reconciled in the end , he gives Roland his death - blow by accident , his eyes blinded by wounds . ( But ) the story had been tidied up . In truth , Oliver strikes his friend down in full knowledge -- because of what he has done to his men , all the wasted lives . Oliver dies hating the man he loves -- the big boasting courageous fool who was more concerned with his own glory than with the victory of his faith . This makes the story tragedy , not just heroics '' . It is also adapted by Stephen King , in the Dark Tower series in which Roland Deschain wishes to save the Dark Tower from the Crimson King . The Song of Roland is part of the Matter of France ( the Continental counterpart to the Arthurian legendarium known as the Matter of Britain ) , and related to Orlando Furioso . The names Roland and Orlando are cognates . Emanuelle Luzzati 's animated short film , I paladini di Francia , together with Giulio Gianini , in 1960 , was turned into the children 's picture - story book , with verse narrative , I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganz , which translates literally as `` The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz '' ( Ugo Mursia Editore , 1962 ) . This was then republished , in English , as Ronald and the Wizard Calico ( 1969 ) . The Picture Lion paperback edition ( William Collins , London , 1973 ) is a paperback imprint of the Hutchinson Junior Books edition ( 1969 ) , which credits the English translation to Hutchinson Junior Books . Luzatti 's original verse story in Italian is about the plight of a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore -- White Flower , or Blanchefleur -- and her brave hero , Captain Rinaldo , and Ricardo and his paladins -- the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against the Saracens and Moors . Battling with these good people are the wicked Moors -- North African Muslims and Arabs -- and their Sultan , in Jerusalem . With the assistance of the wicked and treacherous magician , Gano of Maganz , Biancofiore is stolen from her fortress castle , and taken to become the reluctant wife of the Sultan . The catalyst for victory is the good magician , Urlubulu , who lives in a lake , and flies through the air on the back of his magic blue bird . The English translators , using the original illustrations , and the basic rhyme patterns , slightly simplify the plot , changing the Christians - versus - Muslim - Moors conflict into a battle between good and bad magicians and between golden knights and green knights . The French traitor in The Song of Roland , who is actually Roland 's cowardly step - father , is Ganelon -- very likely the inspiration for Luzzati 's traitor and wicked magician , Gano . Orlando Furioso ( literally , Furious or Enraged Orlando , or Roland ) , includes Orlando 's cousin , the paladin Rinaldo , who , like Orlando , is also in love with Angelica , a pagan princess . Rinaldo is , of course , the Italian equivalent of Ronald . Flying through the air on the back of a magic bird is equivalent to flying on a magic hippogriff . On July 22 , 2017 , Michael Eging and Steve Arnold released a novel '' The Silver Horn Echoes : A Song of Roland , '' inspired by the La Chanson de Roland . This work is more closely based on a screenplay written by Michael Eging in 2008 , simply known as `` Song of Roland '' and first optioned to Alan Kaplan at Cine LA that same year . The book explores the untold story of how Roland finds himself at Ronceveaux , betrayed by Ganelon and facing the expansive Saragossan host . Primary characters in the novel include Charles ( Charlemagne ) , Ganelon , Bishop Turpin , Oliver , Aude , Marsilion , Blancandarin and others recognizable from the poem . Introduced in this tale are additional characters that inject intrigue and danger to the story , including Charles oldest son , Pepin , Marsilion 's treacherous son , Saleem , and the scheming Byzantine emissary , Honorius . The cover artwork was hand painted by Jordan Raskin . The authors determined when writing both the screenplay and the novel to remain in the world created by the poem ; thus Charles remains an older man near the end of his long reign rather than in 778 when the attack on the rearguard actually occurred . Further , this novel bookends the story with William the Conqueror 's use of the poem as a motivator for Norman forces prior to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 . See also ( edit ) La Brèche de Roland Matter of France Herzog Ernst Lamprecht Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Song of Roland '' . FordhamUniversity.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) La Chanson de Roland on Dictionnaire Étymologique de l'Ancien Français Jump up ^ Short , Ian ( 1990 ) . Introduction . France : Le Livre de Poche . pp. 5 -- 20 . Jump up ^ La Chanson de Roland on Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge Jump up ^ Gaunt , Simon ; Pratt , Karen ( 2016 ) . The Song of Roland , and Other Poems of Charlemagne ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY 10016 , United States of America : Oxford University Press . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 965554 - 0 . Jump up ^ Love , Nathan ( 1984 ) . `` AOI in the Chanson de Roland : A divergent hypothesis '' . Olifant. 10 ( 4 ) . Société Rencesvals . Jump up ^ Taylor , Andrew , `` Was There a Song of Roland ? '' Speculum 76 ( January 2001 ) : 28 - 65 ^ Jump up to : Brault , Gerard J. , Song of Roland : An Analytical Edition : Introduction and Commentary , Penn State Press , 2010 ISBN 9780271039145 Jump up ^ Part of Runtsivalstríðið with Dansifelagið í Havn Jump up ^ `` The Confidential Agent '' , Part 1 , Ch. 2 , quoted in `` Graham Greene : an approach to the novels '' by Robert Hoskins , p. 122 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Author 's Notes , The Silver Horn Echoes : A Song of Roland , iUniverse , July 2017 ( http://www.iuniverse.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000995830 ) Further reading ( edit ) Brault , Gerard J. Song of Roland : An Analytical Edition : Introduction and Commentary ( Penn State Press , 2010 ) . DiVanna , Isabel N. `` Politicizing national literature : the scholarly debate around La chanson de Roland in the nineteenth century . '' Historical Research 84.223 ( 2011 ) : 109 - 134 . Jones , George Fenwick . The ethos of the song of Roland ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1963 ) . Vance , Eugene . Reading the Song of Roland ( 1970 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Song of Roland French Wikisource has original text related to this article : La Chanson de Roland Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Song of Roland Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chanson de Roland . The Song of Roland at Project Gutenberg ( English translation of Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff ) The Song of Roland -- ( Dorothy L. Sayers ) at Faded Page ( Canada ) The Song of Roland public domain audiobook at LibriVox La Chanson de Roland ( Old French ) The Romance of the Middle Ages : The Song of Roland , discussion of Oxford , Bodleian Library MS Digby 23 , audio clip , and discussion of the manuscript 's provenance . Earliest manuscript of the Chanson de Roland , readable online images of the complete original , Oxford , Bodleian Library MS Digby 23 ( Pt 2 ) La Chanson de Roland , in Anglo - Norman , 12th century , ? 2nd quarter `` . Old French Audio clips of a reading of The Song of Roland in Old French Timeless Myths : Song of Roland `` Roland , The Song of '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . King Charlemagne and the Matter of France Key people Charlemagne Roland Ganelon Naimon Oliver Renaud de Montauban Paladins and other characters Agolant Albracca Angelica Astolfo Atlantes Aude Aymon Baligant Blancandrin Bradamante Bramimonde Brandimarte Brunello Charlot Doon de Mayence Ferragut Fierabras Garin de Monglane Girart de Roussillon Huon of Bordeaux Marfisa Marsile Maugris Melissa Ogier the Dane Pinabel Rodomonte Ruggiero Sacripante Turpin William of Gellone Zerbino Horses and other animals Barbamouche Bayard Frontino Gaignun Gramimond Hippogriff Marmorie Passecerf Rabicano Sautperdu Sorel Tachëbrun Tencendur Veillantif Swords and other objects Almace Curtana Durendal Hauteclere Joyeuse Murgleys Olifant Précieuse Places Aachen La Brèche de Roland Roncevaux Pass Chansons de geste and other works The Song of Roland Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne Chanson de Guillaume Gormond et Isembart The Four Sons of Aymon Karlamagnús saga Orlando Innamorato Orlando Furioso The Song of Roland Source Battle of Roncevaux Pass Films The Song of Roland ( 1978 ) Other versions Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis Historia Caroli Magni Karlamagnús saga The Dark Tower Characters Baligant Blancandrin Bramimonde Charlemagne Ganelon King Marsile Naimon Oliver Roland Turpin Aude Ogier Pinabel BNF : cb12008442d ( data ) NKC : unn2010568621 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&oldid=842768018 '' Categories : Chansons de geste Matter of France French folklore French poems Epic poems in French Anglo - Norman folklore Roland Works of unknown authorship Cultural depictions of Charlemagne Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the song of roland take place | [
"Charlemagne's army is fighting the Muslims in Spain. They have been there for seven years, and the last city standing is Saragossa, held by the Muslim King Marsile. Threatened by the might of Charlemagne's army of Franks, Marsile seeks advice from his wise man, Blancandrin, who councils him to conciliate the Emperor, offering to surrender and giving hostages. Accordingly, Marsile sends out messengers to Charlemagne, promising treasure and Marsile's conversion to Christianity if the Franks will go back to France."
] | [
"Spain"
] |
-8744118965008149212 | New York Islanders | New York Islanders - Wikipedia New York Islanders New York Islanders 2018 -- 19 New York Islanders season Conference Eastern Division Metropolitan Founded 1972 History New York Islanders 1972 -- present Home arena Barclays Center / Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum City New York City , New York / Uniondale , New York Colors Royal blue , orange , white Media MSG Plus MSG WLNY 10 / 55 WFAN ( 101.9 FM ) WRHU ( 88.7 FM ) Univision Deportes ( 1280 AM ) Owner ( s ) Jon Ledecky , Scott D. Malkin ( primary ) Charles Wang ( minority ) General manager Lou Lamoriello Head coach Barry Trotz Captain Vacant Minor league affiliates Bridgeport Sound Tigers ( AHL ) Worcester Railers ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 4 ( 1979 -- 80 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 ) Conference championships 6 ( 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 6 ( 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1983 -- 84 , 1987 -- 88 ) Official website nhl.com/islanders The New York Islanders are a professional ice hockey team based in the New York metropolitan area . They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team plays its home games at Barclays Center in the borough of Brooklyn and in Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale , New York . The Islanders are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area , along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Rangers , and their fan base resides primarily on Long Island . The team was founded in 1972 as part of the NHL 's maneuvers to keep a team from rival league World Hockey Association ( WHA ) out of the newly built Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in suburban Uniondale , New York . After two years of building up the team 's roster , they found almost instant success by securing fourteen straight playoff berths starting with their third season . The Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup championships between 1980 and 1983 , the seventh of eight dynasties recognized by the NHL in its history . Their 19 consecutive playoff series wins between 1980 and 1984 is a feat that remains unparalleled in the history of professional sports . Following the team 's dynasty era , the franchise ran into problems with money , ownership and management , an aging arena , and low attendance . Their woes were reflected on the ice , as the team has not won a division title since 1987 -- 88 , and went 22 seasons without winning a playoff series prior to the 2016 playoffs . After years of failed attempts to rebuild or replace Nassau Coliseum in suburban Long Island , the Islanders relocated to Barclays Center following the 2014 -- 15 season . Eight former members of the Islanders have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , seven of whom -- Al Arbour , Mike Bossy , Clark Gillies , Denis Potvin , Billy Smith , Bill Torrey , and Bryan Trottier -- were members of all four Cup - winning teams . Pat LaFontaine is the most recent inductee , having been honored in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The NHL heads to Long Island ( 1972 -- 1974 ) 1.2 Ascendancy and playoff inability ( 1974 -- 1979 ) 1.3 The Dynasty ( 1979 -- 1983 ) 1.4 Post-dynasty and the Easter Epic ( 1983 -- 1991 ) 1.5 New faces and the miracle of 1993 ( 1991 -- 1995 ) 1.6 Management issues ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1.7 New ownership and a return to the playoffs ( 2000 -- 2006 ) 1.8 Management shake - ups and the Rick DiPietro contract ( 2006 -- 2009 ) 1.9 The John Tavares era begins ( 2009 -- 2015 ) 1.10 Move to Barclays Center and playoff series win ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Team identity 2.1 Logo 2.2 Jerseys 2.3 Mascot and Ice Girls 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players and personnel 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Honored members 4.3 Franchise records and scoring leaders 4.4 Team captains 4.5 General managers 4.6 Head coaches 5 Television and radio 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The NHL heads to Long Island ( 1972 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) William Shea played a major role in bringing a hockey team to Long Island . With the impending start of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) in the fall of 1972 , the upstart league planned to place its New York team , the Raiders , in Nassau County 's brand - new Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum . County officials did not consider the WHA a major league and wanted to keep the Raiders out . William Shea , who had helped bring Major League Baseball 's New York Mets to the area a decade earlier , was enlisted to bring an NHL team to Long Island . Shea found a receptive ear in NHL president Clarence Campbell but faced opposition from the New York Rangers , who did n't want additional competition in the New York area . Eventually , Campbell and Shea persuaded the Rangers ' owners , Madison Square Garden , to reconsider . Rangers ' president Bill Jennings realized that he had two choices . If he allowed another New York - based NHL team , he would at least be able to extract compensation from it for sharing the Rangers ' NHL territory . In contrast , a WHA rival would not be obligated to pay the Rangers anything . Perhaps remembering the crucial role the New York Jets had played in ensuring the success of the American Football League just a few years earlier , Jennings ended up helping to bring a new NHL team into town . Despite expanding to 14 teams just two years prior , the NHL hastily awarded a Long Island - based franchise to clothing manufacturer Roy Boe , owner of the American Basketball Association 's New York Nets , on November 8 , 1971 . The terms included $6 million ( $35.10 million in 2017 dollars ) franchise fee plus a $5 million ( $29.25 million in 2017 dollars ) territorial fee to the Rangers . An expansion franchise was also given to Atlanta ( the Flames ) to keep the schedule balanced . The franchise chose New York Islanders as its name , although many expected it to choose the `` Long Island Ducks '' , the name used by a team that played in the Eastern Hockey League from 1959 -- 73 . The team was soon nicknamed the `` Isles '' by the local newspapers . The Islanders ' arrival effectively doomed the Raiders , who played in Madison Square Garden under difficult lease terms and were forced to move to Cherry Hill , New Jersey in the middle of their second season . On February 14 , 1972 , Bill Torrey , executive vice president of the NHL 's California Golden Seals , was named as the team 's general manager . The Islanders secured veteran forward Ed Westfall , defenseman Gerry Hart , and goaltender Billy Smith in the 1972 Expansion Draft , along with junior league stars Billy Harris , Lorne Henning , and Bobby Nystrom in the 1972 Amateur Draft . Soon after the draft , Phil Goyette was named as the team 's first head coach , however he was fired halfway through the season and replaced with Earl Ingarfield and assistant coach Aut Erickson . Unlike most other expansion teams ' general managers , Torrey made few trades for veteran players in the early years , as he was committed to building the team through the draft ; he stated , `` I told the owners that we 're not going to beat this team next door by taking the castoffs from others teams . We 'd have to develop our own stars . '' Before the season began , Westfall was named the team 's first captain . Their first win came on October 12 , 1972 in a 3 - 2 game against the Los Angeles Kings . In the team 's first season , young players such as Smith , Nystrom , and Henning ( all of whom would be part of the Islanders dynasty that would win four straight Stanley Cups in the 1980s ) were given chances to prove themselves in the NHL . However , the young and inexperienced expansion team posted a record of 12 -- 60 -- 6 , setting an NHL record for amount of losses and worst overall record in a season . A rare highlight occurred on January 18 when they defeated the defending Stanley Cup Champion Boston Bruins 9 - 7 . Finishing last in the standings that season , they received the right to select first in the 1973 draft . Off the ice , the Islanders struggled financially , a situation that was exacerbated by the then unprecedented 11 million dollars in franchise and territorial fees . Montreal Canadiens ' general manager Sam Pollock was keen to acquire the Islanders ' pick so he could bring French Canadian junior star defenseman Denis Potvin , who had been touted as `` the next Bobby Orr '' when he was 14 years old , to Montreal . Pollock made several lucrative trade offers including cash to the Islanders , but Torrey turned the Canadiens down and selected Potvin with the first overall pick . During the off - season , Torrey convinced former St. Louis Blues coach Al Arbour to come coach the Islanders . Even with Arbour as the team 's head coach and Potvin , who won the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year , the team again finished last in the East Division that season , but allowed 100 fewer goals than the previous season . The season included their first win against the Rangers , on October 27 , 1973 , which also happened to be the game where Potvin scored his first NHL goal . Although they failed to make the playoffs , their 56 points represented a 26 - point improvement from the previous season . Ascendancy and playoff inability ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Denis Potvin led the Islanders to playoff success in the 1970s and 1980s . With the fourth and twenty - second picks in the 1974 draft , the Islanders added young forwards Clark Gillies and Bryan Trottier to continue Torrey 's building plan . In 1975 , the Islanders made one of the biggest turnarounds in NHL history . Led by Potvin , forwards Westfall , Harris , Nystrom , Gillies , and goaltenders Smith and Glenn `` Chico '' Resch , the team earned 88 points , 32 more than the previous season and two more than their first two seasons combined , earning their first playoff berth . They defeated the rival New York Rangers in a best - of - 3 first - round series as J.P. Parise scored just 11 seconds into overtime of the third game . In the next round , down three games to none in a best - of - seven series against the Pittsburgh Penguins , the Islanders rallied to win the next four and take the series winning Game 7 on a late third period goal by Westfall . Only four other major North American professional sports teams have accomplished this feat ( the 1941 -- 42 Toronto Maple Leafs , 2004 Boston Red Sox , the 2009 -- 10 Philadelphia Flyers , and the 2013 -- 14 Los Angeles Kings ) . They were close but not as lucky in the following round , rallying from another 3 -- 0 deficit to force a seventh game against the defending Stanley Cup champion Philadelphia Flyers before the Flyers took the decisive seventh game at home and went on to win the Cup again . Despite a disappointing playoff finish , Arbour remained complimentary of the team 's attitude and maturity , saying `` If I called a practice next week , every one of them would show up . '' The Islanders continued their climb up the standings in 1975 -- 76 , earning 101 points and the fifth - best record in the league . It was the first 100 - point season in Islanders history , in only their fourth year of existence . Rookie center Trottier finished the season scoring 95 points and winning the Calder Memorial Trophy ; his points and assists ( 63 ) totals set a new league record for most in each category by a rookie . It would be the first of four consecutive 100 - point seasons , including the first two division titles in franchise history . Despite the emergence of young star players and regular season success between 1976 and 1979 the Islanders suffered a series of playoff disappointments . In 1976 and 1977 , the Islanders were knocked out in the semi-finals by eventual Stanley Cup champions , the Montreal Canadiens . The Canadiens posted a 24 -- 3 record in the playoffs during those two years with all three losses coming from the Islanders . Mike Bossy was selected with the 15th overall pick in 1977 and became the third Islander to win the Calder Memorial Trophy in his first season . In the 1977 draft , Torrey had the 15th overall pick and was deciding between forwards Mike Bossy and Dwight Foster . Bossy was known as an emerging scorer who lacked physicality . Foster was known as a solid checker with marginal offensive ability ( despite having led the Ontario Hockey League in scoring ) . Arbour persuaded Torrey to pick Bossy , arguing it was easier to teach a scorer how to check . In the upcoming 1977 -- 78 season , Bossy became the third Islander to win the Calder Trophy , having scored 53 goals that season , the most scored by a rookie at the time . The team earned their first Patrick Division and Campbell Conference championships . Six players finished the season with 30 goals scored or more , with five of them being players drafted by the Islanders , showing the success of the draft building process . The season ended with a familiar result as the team lost in the overtime during playoffs Game 7 of the quarterfinals against the Toronto Maple Leafs ; Billy Harris failed on a breakaway which was followed by Lanny McDonald scoring to complete an upset . In 1978 -- 79 , the team finished with the best record in the NHL , clinching it with three goals in the third period of the seasons final game against the Rangers . Trottier was voted the league MVP and captured the scoring title , while sophomore Bossy scored 69 goals , which also led the league . Despite their regular season dominance , the Islanders exited the playoffs with another upset playoff loss , this time to the Rangers in the semi-finals . As the team was leaving Madison Square Garden following their Game 6 elimination , Rangers fans rocked and threw objects at the team 's bus . Hockey professionals and journalists generally questioned whether the Islanders were capable of winning the important games needed to win a Stanley Cup . Islander players would cite fear of repeating the pain of this loss as spurring their later success . After surrendering the captaincy to Gillies the season before , Westfall retired and shortly thereafter became a color commentator on the team 's telecasts . Off the ice , the Islanders were on shaky ground . Boe was losing money on both the Islanders and the Nets even as the Islanders quickly surged to NHL prominence and the Nets became an American Basketball Association power . The Islanders were still far behind on the $10 million they had paid in startup costs , and the expenses associated with moving the Nets to the National Basketball Association threw Boe 's finances into a tailspin . Eventually , Boe was forced to sell both his teams . He readily found a buyer for the Nets , but had less luck finding one for the Islanders . Torrey orchestrated a sale to one of the team 's limited partners , John Pickett . In return , Pickett promoted Torrey to team president , though Torrey had already been operating head of the franchise before then . Soon after purchasing the team , Pickett signed a very lucrative cable contract with the fledgling SportsChannel network as their owner , Charles Dolan , thought the up - and - coming Islanders would be a perfect centerpiece for his new network . Dolan gave Pickett a long - term guaranteed contract intended to not only keep the team on Long Island , but give area governments an incentive to renew his cable contracts . The Islanders have remained on the network , now known as MSG Plus , for over a quarter - century . The Dynasty ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) After the Islanders ' regular season dominance and playoff disappointment in 1979 , Arbour decided that he would no longer concern himself too greatly with his team 's finish in the regular season . Instead , he focused his team 's energy on how they would perform in the playoffs . In 1980 , the Islanders dropped below the 100 - point mark for the first time in five years , earning only 91 points . However , they finally broke through and won the Stanley Cup . Before the 1980 playoffs , the Islanders acquired Butch Goring from the Los Angeles Kings . Goring 's arrival was often called the `` final piece of the puzzle . '' Before the playoffs , Torrey made the difficult decision to trade longtime and popular veterans Billy Harris and defenseman Dave Lewis to the Los Angeles Kings for second line center Butch Goring . Goring 's arrival is often called the `` final piece of the puzzle '' : a strong two - way player , his presence on the second line ensured that opponents would no longer be able to focus their defensive efforts on the Islanders ' first line of Bossy , Trottier and Clark Gillies . Contributions from new teammates , such as wingers Duane Sutter and Anders Kallur and stay - at - home defensemen Dave Langevin , Gord Lane , and Ken Morrow ( the latter fresh off a gold medal win at the 1980 Olympics ) , also figured prominently in the Islanders ' playoff success . In the semi-finals , the Islanders faced the Buffalo Sabres , who had finished second overall in the NHL standings . The Islanders won the first two games in Buffalo , including a 2 - 1 victory in game two on Bob Nystrom 's goal in double overtime . They went on to win the series in six games and reach the finals for the first time in franchise history , where they would face the NHL 's regular season champions , the Philadelphia Flyers , who had gone undefeated for 35 straight games ( 25 -- 0 -- 10 ) during the regular season . In game one in Philadelphia , the Islanders won 4 -- 3 on Denis Potvin 's power - play goal in overtime . Leading the series 3 -- 2 , they went home to Long Island for game six . In that game the Islanders blew a 4 - 2 lead in the third period but Bob Nystrom continued his overtime heroics , scoring at 7 : 11 of the extra frame , on assists by John Tonelli and Lorne Henning , to bring Long Island its first Stanley Cup . This was the most recent Stanley Cup clinching game won in overtime by the home team until the Los Angeles Kings pulled it off in 2014 . It was also the Islanders ' sixth overtime victory of the playoffs . Bryan Trottier won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player in the playoffs . Torrey 's strategy of building through the draft turned out very well ; nearly all of the major contributors on the 1980 champions were home - grown Islanders or had spent most of their NHL careers in the Islanders organization . The Islanders were the first NHL team to win a Stanley Cup ( in 1980 ) with Europeans ( Stefan Persson , Anders Kallur ) on its roster . The Islanders dominated the next two seasons . Bossy scored 50 goals in 50 games in 1981 and the Islanders lost only three playoff games en route to defeating the Minnesota North Stars in five games to win the Stanley Cup . Butch Goring won the Conn Smythe Trophy . During their semi-final sweep of the Rangers , Islander fans began taunting the Rangers with a chant of `` 1940 ! '' -- referring to the Rangers ' last Stanley Cup win in 1940 ( the Rangers would not win the cup again until 1994 ) . Fans in other NHL cities soon picked up the chant . These four banners hang in Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum and represent the four Stanley Cup championships the Islanders won from 1980 through 1983 . In 1981 -- 82 the Islanders won a then - record 15 straight games en route to a franchise - record 118 points , while Mike Bossy set a scoring record for right wingers with 147 points in an 80 - game schedule . The Islanders won the Presidents ' Trophy , yet once in the playoffs against the Pittsburgh Penguins they found themselves down late in the third period of deciding game 5 before John Tonelli scored both the tying goal and the overtime winner . After defeating the Rangers in six games they swept both the upstart Quebec Nordiques and the Cinderella story Vancouver Canucks in the first ever coast - to - coast Stanley Cup Final for their third straight championship . During that series Bossy , upended by a check from Tiger Williams and falling parallel to the ice , managed to hook the puck with his stick and score . Bossy netted the Stanley Cup - winning goal and was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The next year , although the Islanders had won three straight Stanley Cups , more attention was being paid to the upstart Edmonton Oilers , whose young superstar Wayne Gretzky had just shattered existing scoring records . The 1982 -- 83 season was thus a battle to decide which was the best team in the NHL . The Oilers had a better regular season , but the Islanders swept them in the Stanley Cup finals to win their fourth straight championship . Billy Smith was named the Most Valuable Player of the Playoffs after shutting down the Oilers ' vaunted scoring machine . Gretzky failed to score a goal during the series . The Sutter brothers , Duane and Brent , scored 7 and 5 points respectively in the first 3 games , while Bossy again scored the Stanley Cup - winning goal in game four . After that game , the Oilers players walked past the Islanders ' dressing room and were surprised to see the champions exhausted . Oilers players such as Gretzky and Mark Messier said that they realized at that moment how much it would actually take to win the Stanley Cup . Post-dynasty and the Easter Epic ( 1983 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) The Islanders finished the 1983 -- 84 regular season tied atop the Prince of Wales Conference while successfully defending their Patrick Division title . The `` Drive for Five '' got off to a tense start . With 39 seconds remaining of the deciding game of the opening round against the Rangers they gave up the tying goal to Don Maloney that the Islanders felt was illegal because Maloney 's stick was too high . They ultimately eliminated the Rangers for the fourth consecutive year . The team then defeated the Washington Capitals in five games and the Montreal Canadiens in six to set up a finals rematch with the Oilers . The series featured rookie Pat LaFontaine scoring two third period goals in 38 seconds . This time , the Oilers dethroned the Islanders to win the first of what would be five Stanley Cups in seven years . For the 1984 playoffs , the NHL changed the home and away schedule for the finals , which provided the Islanders home ice advantage in the series based on winning a regular season game against the Oilers , despite finishing lower than them in the overall standings . The new format had them play three straight games in Edmonton , where the Oilers managed to lock up the series . Bossy cited the team 's hard time winning an away game as their downfall in the series . The Oilers also ended the Islanders ' 19 series playoff winning streak . It remains the longest streak in the history of professional sports ( one more than the 1959 -- 67 streak by the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association ) . Unlike the 1976 -- 79 Montreal Canadiens , who needed to win three series in the 1976 and 1977 playoffs under the playoff format in place at that time , the Islanders had to win four series in each of their Stanley Cup seasons . The Islanders remained competitive for the rest of the decade , even as some of the stars from the Cup teams departed . As the decade wore on , Pickett began to keep the money from the team 's cable deal rather than reinvest it in the team as he had done in years past . Although it did not become clear immediately , the lack of funds limited Torrey 's ability to replace all of the departing talent . In the 1984 -- 85 NHL season , the Islanders slipped to third in their division , followed by similar results in the 1985 -- 86 and 1986 -- 87 seasons . They began facing stiff competition from division rivals , the Philadelphia Flyers , who eliminated the Islanders in the Patrick Division Finals in 1985 and 1987 , and the Washington Capitals , who swept the Islanders ' 1986 first round series , the team 's first exit without winning a playoff round since 1978 . Kelly Hrudey ( pictured in 2006 ) saved 73 of 75 shots in the `` Easter Epic '' for the Islanders , who came out victorious after four periods of overtime play . In 1986 , Nystrom retired due to a serious injury and Clark Gillies was picked up on waivers by the Buffalo Sabres . Arbour retired as coach following the 1985 -- 86 season and was replaced by longtime junior hockey coach Terry Simpson . During the first round of the 1987 playoffs against the Capitals , the Islanders had fallen behind in the series three games to one but were not eliminated due to a playoff format change from a best - of - 5 series to a best - of - 7 . The Islanders evened the series , which set the stage for one of the most famous games in NHL history : the `` Easter Epic '' . Kelly Hrudey stopped 73 shots on goal while Pat LaFontaine scored at 8 : 47 of the fourth overtime -- and at 1 : 56 a.m. on Easter Sunday morning . The win came even though the Islanders had been outshot 75 -- 52 . They were eliminated in the Patrick Division finals in seven games by the Flyers . Chronic back pain forced Mike Bossy to retire after the season . The following season , the Islanders captured another division title , but were defeated in the first round of the playoffs by the upstart New Jersey Devils . Potvin retired after the playoffs , holding records for most career goals ( 310 ) , assists ( 742 ) and points ( 1052 ) by a defenseman , though he has since been passed in these categories by Ray Bourque and Paul Coffey . Around this time , the team 's run of good luck in the draft began to run out . Of their four top draft picks from 1987 to 1990 , they lost one to a freak knee injury and two others never panned out . The 1988 -- 89 season saw the Islanders win only seven of their first 27 games . Torrey fired Simpson and brought Arbour back . Arbour was unable to turn things around , and the team finished with 61 points , tied with the Quebec Nordiques for the worst record in the league . It was their first losing season and the first time missing the playoffs since their second season . Smith , the last remaining original Islanders player , retired after the season to become the team 's goaltending coach . Not long after the end of the season , Pickett moved to Florida and turned over day - to - day operations over to a committee of four Long Island entrepreneurs : Ralph Palleschi , Bob Rosenthal , Stephen Walsh , and Paul Greenwood . In return , they each bought a 2.5 interest in the team . In the next season , the Islanders rebounded to get back in the playoffs , but fell to the Rangers in five games of the opening round . The team bought out the remaining years of Bryan Trottier 's contract , sending him off with a team record of games played . The 1990 -- 91 season had the team finish well out of the playoffs after winning only 25 games . New faces and the Miracle of 1993 ( 1991 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) LaFontaine , the Islanders ' remaining superstar , was frustrated with the team 's lack of success and the progress of his contract negotiations , and held out rather than report to camp before 1991 -- 92 . In response to the holdout , Torrey engineered a rebuilding project with two blockbuster trades on October 25 , 1991 . He dealt LaFontaine , Randy Wood and Randy Hillier ( along with future considerations ) to the Buffalo Sabres in return for Pierre Turgeon , Benoit Hogue , Uwe Krupp and Dave McLlwain . He also sent longtime captain Brent Sutter and Brad Lauer to the Chicago Blackhawks for Steve Thomas and Adam Creighton . With these additions and a talented core of players such as Derek King , Ray Ferraro , and Patrick Flatley , along with incoming Soviet players Vladimir Malakhov and Darius Kasparaitis , the Islanders had a new foundation in the early 1990s . However , the management committee was not nearly as patient as Boe and Pickett had been , and forced Torrey to resign after the Islanders missed the playoffs again that season . Assistant general manager Don Maloney was hired in Torrey 's place , while Torrey quickly resurfaced with the expansion Florida Panthers . In Maloney 's first year , 1992 -- 93 , the Islanders rebounded to make the playoffs , in the process surpassing the 80 - point mark for the first time in six years . The LaFontaine - Turgeon trade proved successful for both the Islanders and Sabres , as both players hit career highs in points and Turgeon won the Lady Byng Trophy . Ray Ferraro emerged as a playoff hero , scoring a pair of overtime winners in the first round series against the Capitals . Instead of celebrating after winning Game 6 at Nassau Coliseum , however , the Islanders were both irate and despondent . Turgeon , the team 's star center and leading scorer , suffered a shoulder separation when Dale Hunter checked him from behind as he celebrated a series - clinching goal . Turgeon was believed to be out for the entire second round , if not longer . He returned only for spot power play duty in the last game of the second round . Hunter received a then - record 21 - game suspension . The Islanders ' next opponent , the Pittsburgh Penguins , were twice - defending Stanley Cup champions and full of stars such as Mario Lemieux , Jaromir Jagr , and Ron Francis . The Penguins had roared through the regular season with 119 points , as well as recording a record 17 consecutive wins towards the end of the season , and were overwhelmingly favored to win a third straight championship . Jim Smith of Newsday , Long Island 's hometown newspaper , predicted that with Turgeon on the sidelines , the Penguins would sweep the Islanders out of the playoffs . However , on the strength of outstanding goaltending from Glenn Healy and contributions from all four lines , the Islanders achieved a huge upset when David Volek scored at 5 : 16 of overtime of the deciding seventh game . Newsday 's front page the day following the win was a picture of Healy with a headline reading , `` It 's a Miracle ! '' This was the last playoff series won by the Islanders for 23 years , until the 2015 -- 16 season . Turgeon returned to the Islanders ' top line for the Wales Conference Finals against the Montreal Canadiens , though he was not in peak form as he had not fully recovered . The Islanders bowed out of the playoffs after a hard - fought five games , two of which went to overtime . After beating the Islanders , the Canadiens went on to win the Cup . Maloney had avoided making many personnel changes his first year , but on the eve of the 1993 Expansion Draft he traded backup goaltender Mark Fitzpatrick to the Quebec Nordiques for Ron Hextall . The clubs also exchanged first - round picks in the deal . Able to protect only one netminder in the Expansion Draft , the Islanders left Healy exposed . He was claimed by the Anaheim Mighty Ducks , then was claimed by the Tampa Bay Lightning in Phase II of the draft the next day , and finally had his rights traded to the Rangers , where he was the backup . The Islanders barely squeezed past the Panthers to make the 1994 playoffs before being swept in a lopsided opening series by the first - place Rangers , who went on to win the Cup . Arbour retired for good as coach and was succeeded by longtime assistant Lorne Henning . Hextall , who allowed 16 goals in three games , drew most of the criticism for the failed playoff campaign and was shipped to Philadelphia for Tommy Soderstrom in September . In the lockout - shortened 1994 -- 95 season , the Islanders not only failed to qualify for the playoffs , they finished ahead of only the third - year Ottawa Senators . Management issues ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) By the end of the 1994 -- 95 season , Maloney was under considerable heat from the press and fan base for his handling of the team . Since taking over in 1992 , the only noticeable attempt he made to upgrade the roster was the acquisition of Hextall . Near the end of the failed 1995 campaign , Maloney decided that the core of players he had left alone for three seasons needed to be revamped , leading to a rebuilding project . He traded Turgeon and Malakhov to the Montreal Canadiens for Kirk Muller and Mathieu Schneider , while Hogue was sent to Toronto for young goaltender Eric Fichaud . Additionally , Maloney allowed the team 's leading scorer , Ferraro , to depart as an unrestricted free agent at the conclusion of the season . Fans ' displeasure at Maloney for trading the popular Turgeon was magnified when Muller balked at joining a rebuilding team . He played 45 games for the Islanders before being sent to Toronto as well . Before the 1995 -- 96 season , Maloney fired Henning and named Mike Milbury head coach . The same year , the Islanders ' attempt at updating their look resulted in the unveiling of a new team logo of a slicker - clad fisherman holding a hockey stick . Islanders fans disliked it , and rival Rangers ' fans mockingly called the Islanders `` fishsticks '' -- mocking how the logo resembled the Gorton 's Fisherman . The team reverted to a modified version of the old logo as soon as the league allowed them to do so . The year was a disappointment on the ice as well , as the Islanders finished in last place with a record of 22 -- 50 -- 10 . During the season , team management fired Maloney , whom fans blamed for the team 's downfall , and gave Milbury full control of hockey operations as both a coach and general manager . Milbury went on to resign as head coach during the following season and elevated assistant Rick Bowness to the position . After another unsuccessful season with little improvement , Milbury took over as coach again during the 1997 -- 98 season . The team improved to fourth place in their division but again failed to make the playoffs . Milbury followed by once again stepping down as coach during the following season while retaining his job as general manager . During the continued playoff drought , instability in the front office mirrored the Islanders ' substandard performance on the ice . Pickett sold the team to Dallas businessman John Spano in 1996 . However , three months after the 1997 closing , Spano had only paid Pickett a fraction of the first installment on the cable rights deal . Several Islanders executives tipped off Newsday that something was amiss about their new boss . In July , Newsday exposed Spano as a fraud who did not have the assets required to complete the deal . The investigation showed that Spano had deliberately misled the NHL and the Islanders about his net worth , and also had two lawsuits pending against him . Within days of the report , Spano was forced to relinquish the team to Pickett . Federal prosecutors turned up evidence that Spano had forged many of the documents used to vouch for his wealth and to promise payment to Pickett , and even appeared to have sent many of the documents from his own office in Dallas . He was sentenced to 71 months in prison for bank and wire fraud . The NHL took additional heat when reports surfaced that the league spent well under $1,000 ( depending on the source , the league spent either $525 or $750 ) to check Spano 's background . It subsequently stiffened the process for vetting future owners . The incident and its aftermath were covered in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary , Big Shot . Pickett finally found a buyer , a group led by Howard Milstein and Phoenix Coyotes co-owner Steven Gluckstern , a deal which almost fell through when Spectacor Management Group , which managed the Coliseum for Nassau County , tried to force Pickett to certify that the Coliseum was safe . Pickett refused , since the Coliseum had fallen into disrepair in recent seasons . SMG backed down under pressure from the Islanders , the NHL , and Nassau County officials . Initially , the team made numerous trades and increased their payroll in an effort to assemble a better team . In one transaction , young players Todd Bertuzzi and Bryan McCabe were traded for veteran Trevor Linden . After the Islanders finished 12 points short of the playoffs in the 1997 -- 98 season , however , Milstein and Gluckstern decided to run the team on an austere budget in an attempt to make a profit . They also complained about the condition of the Nassau Coliseum and made noises about moving the team elsewhere . They began trading or releasing many popular players to avoid paying their salaries , including star scorer Zigmund Palffy , team captain Linden , former rookie of the year Bryan Berard , and rugged defenseman Rich Pilon . Losing the highly regarded players , the team finished with similar results the next two seasons . Attendance , which had been in a steady decline over the past few years , decreased even further to under 12,000 per game . Around that time , Milstein bid hundreds of millions of dollars in unsuccessful attempts to purchase the National Football League 's Washington Redskins and Cleveland Browns . New ownership and a return to the playoffs ( 2000 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Let 's face it , the Coliseum is a dump , and the team , well , they 're losers . It 's a real shame . We want to see it change because this is our home . We all deserve better . -- Charles Wang In 2000 , Milstein and Gluckstern sold the team to Computer Associates executives Charles Wang and Sanjay Kumar . The sale cost $187.5 million ( $266.45 million in 2017 dollars ) and gave fans hope for the team to turn its lack of success around . The new owners allowed Milbury to spend money and invest in free agents . His first attempt proved unpopular with fans , as he traded away future star players Roberto Luongo and Olli Jokinen to the Florida Panthers for Oleg Kvasha and Mark Parrish . Milbury then further surprised the hockey world when he took Rick DiPietro with the first selection in the 2000 draft , ahead of consensus picks Dany Heatley and Marian Gaborik . Reporters and fans were alternately confused and enraged by the moves , which Milbury acknowledged , saying , `` As dangerous as this may be , we think Mad Mike maybe has something going for him . '' Establishing a record of controversial decisions , Milbury held onto the `` Mad Mike '' nickname for years to follow . He remained adamant that his moves were to immediately improve the team , whose poor winning percentage that year was only ahead of only that of the franchise 's first season . The team 's uninspired play led Milbury to fire head coach and past player Butch Goring . Fans vocalized their dislike of Goring taking the fall rather than Milbury , which was further worsened when Milbury passed on hiring Ted Nolan as Goring 's successor ; Instead , Boston Bruins assistant coach Peter Laviolette was hired . The Islanders acquired Alexei Yashin ( left ) prior to the 2001 -- 02 season . Yashin would go on to become the team 's captain in later years . Three key personnel acquisitions were made prior to the 2001 -- 02 season , Laviolette 's first . Alexei Yashin was acquired from the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forward Bill Muckalt , defenseman Zdeno Chara and the Islanders ' second overall pick in the 2001 draft . Next , Islanders prospects Tim Connolly and Taylor Pyatt were traded to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Michael Peca , who became the team 's captain . By virtue of finishing with the worst record in the previous season , Detroit Red Wings goaltender Chris Osgood was the next addition , taken as the first pick in the September 2001 waiver draft , adding a former Stanley Cup championship goaltender without giving up any players in exchange . The additions proved to be a great help , as the team opened the season with a 9 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 record , the best in franchise history . They finished the season with new broken records ; their 96 points marked the fourth biggest one - year turn - around in the league 's history ( 44 points higher than the previous season ) , while Osgood 's 66 starts surpassed Billy Smith 's previous record of 65 . During the 2002 Stanley Cup playoffs , they were seeded fifth and faced the fourth - seeded Toronto Maple Leafs . The Islanders lost in a very physical first round series in seven games ; the home team won every game of the series . Notably , Game 5 featured Gary Roberts charging Islander defenseman Kenny Jonsson , and Darcy Tucker submarining Peca with a questionable check that tore the Islander captain 's anterior cruciate ligament , sidelining both players for the series ' final game . The situation between Tucker and Peca caused a bit of outrage , with speculation that Tucker had intended to injury Peca before the game has even began , which Tucker denied . Despite the promise shown in the Toronto playoff series , the Islanders had a slow start to the 2002 -- 03 season . They rebounded to make the playoffs , but lost a five - game series in the first round to the top - seeded Ottawa Senators . Milbury continued his controversial move - making by firing Laviolette after the season , citing post-eason interviews with the players in which they expressed a lack of confidence in the coach . He was replaced with Steve Stirling , who had previously been coaching the team 's top minor league affiliate , the Bridgeport Sound Tigers . In the following season , the Islanders again lost in the first round of the playoffs , this time to the eventual champion Tampa Bay Lightning . Following the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout , which eliminated that season of play , the Islanders made several player moves to increase offense for following season . Peca was traded to the Edmonton Oilers for center Mike York , freeing up room under the NHL 's new salary cap . The same day , the team signed winger Miroslav Satan to play alongside Yashin . Milbury also worked on remaking the team 's defense , adding Alexei Zhitnik , Brad Lukowich and Brent Sopel to replace the departed Adrian Aucoin and Roman Hamrlik , who left as free agents , and Jonsson , who left the NHL to play in the HockeyAllsvenskan in Sweden . In the aftermath , Yashin was named as the team 's new captain . The team 's inconsistent play led to Stirling 's dismissal midway through the season . Management shake - ups and the Rick DiPietro contract ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) On the day of Stirling 's firing , January 11 , 2006 , Milbury also announced that he would step down as general manager once a successor was found . He served as vice president of Wang 's sports properties for one year before resigning in May 2007 . Wang proceeded by hiring Neil Smith as general manager and Ted Nolan as head coach , following a brief stint by Brad Shaw as the team 's interim head coach . Smith , however , was fired after approximately one month and quickly replaced by the team 's backup goaltender Garth Snow , who retired from his playing career to accept the position . Before his dismissal , Smith made several free agent acquisitions , including defensemen Brendan Witt and Tom Poti , and forwards Mike Sillinger and Chris Simon . On September 12 , 2006 , the Islanders signed DiPietro to a 15 - year , $67.5 million ( $81.94 million in 2017 dollars ) contract , which was believed to be the longest contract to date in the NHL and the second - longest in North American sports , behind a 25 - year contract for National Basketball Association player Magic Johnson . DiPietro , Wang and Snow all spoke confidently and felt it was the best move for both sides , despite the mixed reactions it received from the rest of the hockey world . Specifically , Wang stated , `` This is not a big deal . You have to have a commitment to who you 're working with . '' As speculation began as to whether other teams would follow suit and give lengthy contracts to star players , Atlanta Thrashers ' general manager Don Waddell felt that , `` It 's highly unlikely that you will see teams go beyond that . This is a once - in - a-lifetime contract . Ownership must feel very strongly that he 's their guy for the next 15 years . '' The new - look Islanders were picked by most analysts to languish towards the bottom of the standings . Eyeing a playoff spot , Snow traded for forward Ryan Smyth from the Edmonton Oilers at the trade deadline on February 27 , 2007 . Injuries to DiPietro and a distracting stick swinging incident that resulted in Simon 's suspension for the rest of the season provided extra setbacks , but not enough to drop the team from playoff contention . They qualified for the playoffs , assisted by a late - season winning steak and a 3 -- 2 shootout victory against the New Jersey Devils in their final regular season game . Despite DiPietro 's return to the team in time for the playoffs , the team lost their first round matchup in five games to the Presidents ' Trophy - winning Buffalo Sabres . Bill Guerin was the team captain in 2007 to 2009 . Management announced in June 2007 that they would buy out captain Alexei Yashin 's contract , which had four seasons remaining on it . Free agents Smyth , Poti , Viktor Kozlov , Jason Blake , and Richard Zednik also left in July 2007 . During that month , the Islanders signed Bill Guerin to a two - year contract as he immediately assumed team captaincy . Also in the off - season , free agents Mike Comrie , Andy Sutton and Jon Sim joined the team . That summer , it was announced that Nolan extended an invitation to Al Arbour to return as a coach for one game in order to bring his total number of games coached to 1,500 . Arbour signed a one - day contract , the shortest in league history , on November 3 , 2007 ; it put him behind the bench the following day as the Islanders defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins 3 -- 2 , raising his career coaching win total to 740 . The team remained in the playoff hunt through the trade deadline as they resigned Comrie to a one - year contract and traded away Simon and Marc - Andre Bergeron . A rash of injuries saw them plummet to the fifth - worst record in the league by the end of the season . At the 2008 NHL Entry Draft , the Islanders made two trades to move down from the fifth to the ninth overall pick , with which they selected center Josh Bailey . They also added free agents Mark Streit and Doug Weight . The team dismissed head coach Ted Nolan over alleged philosophy differences , and later that summer replaced him with Scott Gordon . Near the trade deadline , Snow traded Comrie and Chris Campoli to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forward Dean McAmmond and the San Jose Sharks ' first - round draft pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft and sent captain Bill Guerin to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for a conditional draft pick . In the 2008 -- 09 season , the Islanders finished in last place in the league with a record of 26 -- 47 -- 9 , which was the team 's worst record since the 2000 -- 01 season . After the conclusion of regular season , they won the draft lottery to retain the first overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft . The John Tavares era begins ( 2009 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Beginning an effort to rebuild the team with new and young talent , the Islanders selected John Tavares with the first - overall pick of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft . Tavares went into the draft as the top prospect in the majority of scouting reports , and it was widely expected that the Islanders would select him after they secured the first overall pick by winning the draft lottery , although there was plenty of competition between Tavares , Victor Hedman , and Matt Duchene . NHL Central Scouting Bureau 's Chris Edwards spoke highly of him , stating , `` ( Tavares ) is phenomenal at getting the puck through traffic to his linemates , getting to opening . The way he reads the play and can get to where he figures the rebounds will be and bangs in the rebound . He 's a real smart player . '' They traded up twice in the first round to also select defenseman Calvin de Haan with the 12th overall pick , as well as Casey Cizikas and Anders Lee in later rounds , all of whom would go on to play consistently on the main roster by the 2014 -- 15 season . The 2009 -- 10 season started out slow , with the team winless its first six games . The team continued to play inconsistently due to injuries as many wrote them off as potential playoff contenders . The team hit a mid-season hot streak , however nine losses in 11 games before the Olympic break set them right back . They ultimately ended up at bottom of the standings again , finishing the season 26th in the league . The placement led to a fifth overall pick in 2010 . Continuing with their rebuilding process , they used the first round to draft young forwards Nino Niederreiter and Brock Nelson with picks five and 30 , respectively . As the 2010 -- 11 season got underway , the team quickly fell into a ten - game losing streak , leading to the firing of head coach Scott Gordon . He was replaced on an interim basis by Jack Capuano , who had been coaching the Bridgeport Sound Tigers . Early in the season , they also acquired Michael Grabner from waivers , who went on to score 34 goals and was selected as a finalist for the Calder Memorial Trophy ; he would go on to sign a five - year contract with the team at the end of the season . This year also featured the infamous Penguins -- Islanders brawl , which resulted in a combined 346 penalty minutes and a $100,000 fine to the Islanders for `` failure to control their players '' . John Tavares , was named an alternate captain for the 2011 -- 12 season . He was later named the team captain in 2013 . The following season was a breakout year for Tavares . The newly named assistant captain gained 31 goals and 50 assists , in addition to being selected to play in the 59th NHL All - Star Game at the age of 21 ; his 81 points were seventh - best in the league . Tavares ' left - winger Matt Moulson also had a strong season , finishing with career highs of 36 goals , 33 assists and 69 points . Despite strong seasons from their top players , the team finished 27th in the league with a record of 34 - 37 - 11 , continuing their pattern of racking up top prospects with early picks at the drafts . They used the first round of the 2012 draft to select defenseman Griffin Reinhart with the fourth overall pick . On August 1 , 2011 , voters in Nassau County rejected a proposal for a new arena to replace Nassau Coliseum . This followed the failed decade - long attempt by owner Charles Wang to build a mixed - use development called The Lighthouse Project , which would renovate the arena . In the wake of the vote , speculation began that the team would eventually move to Barclays Center in Brooklyn , new arenas in Queens or Suffolk County , the Sprint Center in Kansas City , or the Videotron Centre in Quebec City , the last of which was coincidentally set to open at the same time as the expiration of the Islanders ' lease on the Nassau Coliseum in 2015 . On October 24 , 2012 , the Islanders made the announcement that the franchise would indeed be moving to the Barclays Center in Brooklyn for the 2015 -- 16 NHL season , after signing a lease that would keep the team in the arena until 2040 . The team retained its name , logo and colors as part of the move . As part of the deal , the management of Barclays Center took over the team 's business operations once the Islanders moved to Barclays Center . The decision to move to Brooklyn did n't require the Rangers ' approval . Under a longstanding provision of the agreement that allowed the Islanders to share the New York area with the Rangers , the Islanders are allowed to play their games anywhere on Long Island , including the two city boroughs on the island , Brooklyn and Queens . Beginning on April 1 , 2013 , of the 2012 -- 13 season , the team went on a near month - long unbeaten streak in regulation time , posting a 12 - game streak of earning points until falling to the Philadelphia Flyers later that month . During that streak , on April 23 , 2013 , they clinched their first playoff berth since 2007 with a 4 -- 3 shootout loss to the Carolina Hurricanes , ending a six - year playoff drought . Behind goaltender Evgeni Nabakov , the team was ultimately eliminated in six games by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the first round of the playoffs , continuing their winless streak in playoff series . On September 10 , 2013 , Tavares was introduced as the 14th captain in New York Islanders history , replacing former Islander Mark Streit of the Philadelphia Flyers , who served as team captain since 2011 . After posting a 4 -- 4 -- 3 record in their first 11 games , the Islanders made a trade , sending fan favorite and three - time 30 - goal scorer Matt Moulson , their 2014 first - round draft pick and their 2015 second - round draft pick to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Thomas Vanek , a highly regarded and dynamic goal scorer . Despite chemistry with linemates Tavares and Kyle Okposo , however , the overall lack of on - ice success and his desire to test free agency led to Vanek being dealt to the Montreal Canadiens at the trade deadline for Sebastian Collberg and a second - round pick in 2014 . After a season of player swapping and goaltending issues , they failed to qualify for the playoffs , finishing with a record of 34 -- 37 -- 11 . The Islanders acquired Nick Leddy through a trade with the Chicago Blackhawks during the 2014 off - season . In the 2014 off - season , the Islanders made several moves to improve the team before their final season at Nassau Coliseum . In May , the Islanders acquired the rights to Jaroslav Halak from the Washington Capitals in exchange for a fourth - round pick in 2014 . Halak was then signed to a four - year contract . The Islanders also signed Mikhail Grabovski , Nikolai Kulemin and goaltender Chad Johnson as free agents . Additionally , on October 4 , the Islanders acquired Johnny Boychuk from the Boston Bruins for two - second round picks in 2014 and 2015 and a conditional third round pick in 2015 , as well as Nick Leddy from the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for prospect Ville Pokka , T.J. Brennan and the rights to Anders Nilsson . The NHL Board of Governors approved the Islanders ' sale to businessmen Jon Ledecky and Scott D. Malkin in October 2014 . Ledecky and Malkin served as minority partners during a two - year transition period . At the end of the 2015 -- 16 season , they formally took majority control from Wang , who will retain a share of the franchise . The Islanders finished the 2014 -- 15 regular season with a record of 47 -- 28 -- 7 for 101 points , and met the Washington Capitals in the first round of the 2015 playoffs . The Capitals held home ice advantage in the series after the Islanders lost their final regular season game to the Columbus Blue Jackets , 5 -- 4 , in a shootout , as the Islanders lost the season series to the Capitals after posting a 2 -- 1 -- 1 record in the season series . On April 19 , 2015 , in the third game of their first round series against Washington , John Tavares scored 15 seconds into overtime to win the game for the Islanders , 2 -- 1 . It was the second - shortest overtime playoff game in Islanders history , and was the first overtime , game - winning goal for the Islanders in the playoffs since 1993 . The Islanders lost the fourth and fifth games of their series before rebounding in the sixth game to force a seventh game in the series . However , they were denied entry into the second round by a single goal and would ultimately fall to the Capitals in seven games . As a result , Game 6 was the Islanders ' last game at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum ; the Isles ' Cal Clutterbuck scored the final NHL goal in the building . Move to Barclays Center and playoff series win ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) In June 2015 , the Islanders selected forward Andong Song in the 6th round of the 2015 NHL Entry Draft , making him the first Chinese player to be drafted by an NHL team . Barclays Center in Brooklyn . The Islanders have played their home games there since October 2015 . The Islanders played their first regular season game at Barclays Center on October 9 , 2015 , losing 3 -- 2 in overtime to the Chicago Blackhawks . Artem Anisimov scored the first regular season goal , while Tavares scored the first regular season Islanders goal . The Islanders posted the fourth - best penalty kill rate and allowed the fewest power play goals during the season . However , in the last quarter of the regular season , some players , including Halak and defenseman Travis Hamonic , suffered key injuries . The team finished the regular season fourth in the Metropolitan Division with 100 points , enough to clinch the first wild card spot in the Eastern Conference . In the first round of the playoffs , they faced off against the Florida Panthers ; goaltender Thomas Greiss only played in 40 minutes of playoff hockey with the San Jose Sharks prior to this series . Both teams split the first four games of the series . The fifth game of the series proved to be a major turning point , as late season call - up Alan Quine scored the game - winning goal on the power play with four minutes left in double overtime to end the second - longest game in franchise history ; that goal gave them a 3 -- 2 series lead and a chance to clinch the series on home ice . In the sixth game , the Islanders trailed 1 -- 0 for much of the game , but Tavares tied it late in the third period . Tavares would score again with the series - clinching goal in double overtime to give the Islanders their first playoff series win since 1993 . In the second round of the playoffs , they faced the Tampa Bay Lightning for the first time since 2004 . Despite winning the first game of the series , the Islanders lost their series to the Lightning in five games . Andrew Ladd prior to a game during the 2016 -- 17 season . Ladd signed with the Islanders as a free agent during the 2016 off - season . Summer of 2016 saw free agents and longtime Islanders Kyle Okposo , Frans Nielsen , and Matt Martin all depart the team , joining the Buffalo Sabres , Detroit Red Wings , and Toronto Maple Leafs , respectively . Snow signed free agents Andrew Ladd from the Winnipeg Jets and Jason Chimera from the Washington Capitals to help fill the gaps left behind . After an underwhelming first half of the 2016 -- 17 season , posting a 17 -- 17 -- 8 record through 42 games , head coach Jack Capuano was relieved of duties , with assistant general manager Doug Weight being named interim head coach . Having coached the team since 2010 , Capuano was the second winningest coach in the team 's history with 227 wins , also leading the team to their first playoff series win since 1993 . Prior to Capuano 's release , goaltender Jaroslav Halak was placed on waivers , and eventually sent down to the Bridgeport Sound Tigers . Having carried three goaltenders for the second consecutive season , the decision was made to stick with the tandem of Greiss and back - up Jean - Francois Berube after Halak posted a 6 -- 8 -- 5 record with a . 904 save percentage through the beginning of the 2016 -- 17 season . In late January 2017 , following a report by Bloomberg News which speculated that Barclays Center was considering removing the Islanders due to poor attendance and effects on the venue 's profit margins ( reception to Barclays Center as a hockey venue has been mixed , and the Islanders have had the third - worst average attendance in the entire league ) , Newsday reported that Nassau County executive Edward Mangano had met with one of the team 's co-owners , and told the paper that it was possible that the Islanders could return to the renovated Nassau Coliseum . However , commissioner Gary Bettman considered the concept to be `` unviable '' ( the renovation reduced the capacity of the arena to just under 14,000 , which is smaller than any NHL arena ) , and noted that Ledecky and Malkin were pursuing a possible arena project at Belmont Park . Despite winning their last six games of the 2016 -- 17 season , the Islanders finished in ninth place in the Eastern Conference ; they missed the playoffs by only one point when the Toronto Maple Leafs clinched the final playoff spot on the penultimate day of the season . On December 20 , 2017 , it was announced that the Islanders won a bid to build a new 18,000 seat arena at Belmont Park in Elmont , New York . On January 29 , 2018 , it was announced that the Islanders would split their home games between Barclays Center and their former home , the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum over the course of the next three seasons , beginning with 12 home games being played at the Coliseum in the 2018 -- 19 season . When the NHL released its 2018 -- 19 season schedule , the Islanders announced that they would play 20 games , including the last 10 of the regular season , at the Coliseum instead of 12 games as it was previously stated . On May 22 , 2018 , the Islanders officially announced that former New Jersey Devils and Toronto Maple Leafs general manager Lou Lamoriello was named their president of hockey operations , with `` full authority over all hockey matters with the organization '' . On June 21 , 2018 , Barry Trotz was hired as coach of the New York Islanders . Trotz resigned from the Washington Capitals on Monday , June 18 , 2018 , after coaching them to their first Stanley Cup championship since they entered the NHL in 1974 . Tavares ' contract with the team expired following the 2017 -- 18 season , and despite attempts to re-sign him , he joined the Toronto Maple Leafs as free agent on July 1 , 2018 . Team identity ( edit ) Logo ( edit ) The Islanders ' first logo , used from 1972 -- 73 to 1994 -- 95 . The same logo , albeit with navy blue , a lighter shade of orange and a navy blue outline , was used from 1997 to 2010 . An advertising executive , John Alogna , created the original version of the Islanders logo with the NY over a silhouette of part of Long Island : Nassau and Suffolk counties . Part of the Y is made to resemble a hockey stick , with three orange stripes near the bottom of the shaft and a puck to the right of the stick blade . At the bottom of the logo , the name of the team is written so that the tip of the `` I '' ends in a point aimed at Uniondale , Nassau County , the location of the Nassau Coliseum . The Islanders later updated the stripes , adding a fourth to represent the four Stanley Cups won by the franchise . Aside from the 1995 rebrand attempt , this logo has remained largely intact throughout the team 's history . The short - lived `` Fisherman '' logo , used 1995 -- 1997 . Before the 1995 -- 96 season , the Islanders attempted to update their look . The result was the unveiling of a logo depicting a fisherman holding a hockey stick . The logo was a marketing disaster ; the reaction among the fan base was so negative that management announced it would revert to the original logo as soon as league rules allowed them to do so . Many fans found that the logo bore a strong resemblance to the Gorton 's fisherman ; indeed , New York Rangers fans taunted the Islanders with chants of `` we want fishsticks '' long after the logo was discarded . The traditional logo was phased back in over the next two seasons , starting as an alternate jersey logo in 1996 -- 97 before fully replacing the fisherman in 1997 -- 98 . The only change to the classic logo at this time was its colors ; as the team had replaced its original royal blue with navy , the logo was recolored to match . Beginning in 2008 , the Islanders introduced another modification to their original logo for their new third jersey . The `` new '' logo , once again in royal blue , now features four orange stripes on the hockey stick instead of three , representing the four consecutive Stanley Cup titles in the 1980s . This became the team 's full - time logo in 2010 when the team retired their inaugural Reebok Edge uniforms . In the 2011 -- 12 season , the Islanders added a third jersey . This one was primarily black with the word `` Islanders '' written in orange on the front and numbers centered under . This also marked the second time the Islanders introduced the color gray into their uniforms , the first time since the `` fisherman era . '' For the 2014 NHL Stadium Series , the Islanders used a new logo with the `` NY '' with the hockey stick found on the team 's main jersey in chrome . From the 2014 -- 15 season until the 2016 -- 17 season , the NY logo was used on the team 's alternate jerseys . Jerseys ( edit ) The Islanders debuted in 1972 with traditional - style jerseys : one was white with orange and royal blue stripes near the waistline and on the sleeves , the other was royal blue with white and orange stripes . The design remained largely the same , despite minor tweaks , through the 1994 -- 95 season . Prior to the 1995 -- 96 season , team executives decided to change the jersey . The fisherman logo replaced the `` NY '' circular design , incorporating navy blue and a brighter orange , and introducing teal and gray shades . The team was seeking increased merchandise revenues , with the outward justification of connecting the team more overtly to Long Island . The jersey included a lighthouse shoulder patch , a reference to the Montauk Lighthouse , and featured uneven stripes resembling an ocean wave near the waistline , on the sleeves , and across the shoulders . All of the numbering and lettering on the jerseys also followed the wave pattern . Late in the season , the team eliminated the fisherman logo , but league rules forbade them from switching jersey designs for the 1996 -- 97 season on only a few months ' notice . Instead , they debuted their first third ( and fourth ) jerseys , which were identical to the home and road jerseys worn by the team , besides the circular `` NY '' crest that was used in place of the fisherman . The team wore these jerseys in approximately fifteen games during that season and adopted them permanently for in the 1997 -- 98 season . The shoulder logo used on Islanders jerseys from 1998 through 2010 Prior to the 1998 -- 99 season , the team 's new ownership reverted to the traditional design but kept the navy blue and bright orange from the `` wave '' era jersey . They added a shoulder patch of four bars , alternating in color , to represent the Islanders ' four straight Stanley Cup championships . The new design also changed the borders around the numbers and `` C '' and `` A '' letters , featuring a raised outline instead of leaving no space between the orange border and the white or blue numbers . A third jersey was introduced in 2002 with orange and had navy blue stripes , outlined in white , going vertically on the sleeves and then cutting horizontally on the bottom of the sleeve . The navy blue stripes came out of the sleeve diagonally and jabbed out to a point into the bottom of the jersey . The team wore these jerseys through the 2006 -- 07 season . For the 2007 -- 08 season , the Islanders redesigned their uniforms as all NHL teams changed over to the Reebok Edge system . This new jersey resembled the prior design but included uniform numbers on the right chest above the logo . The name plates were also in two colored format : white on orange on the navy blue home jersey and navy blue on orange on the white road jersey . The sleeves on both jerseys were orange , with a wide navy stripe above a thin white stripe at the elbow . The jerseys had a thin stripe tracing around the shoulders , and featured `` retro '' laces at the neck . Their third jersey was a royal blue throwback design resembling the jersey worn from 1972 to 1977 , with white letters and numerals ( as worn from 1973 on ; the team wore orange numerals on the blue jerseys in their inaugural season ) . The logo on the jersey features four stripes on the hockey stick instead of the original three , another nod to the championship teams of 1980 -- 83 . Before the 2010 -- 11 season , the Islanders retired their inaugural navy blue Edge uniforms , replacing them with the throwback design as their new home jersey . A corresponding new white road jersey was unveiled during the Islanders ' draft party at Nassau Coliseum . For the following season , they unveiled an alternate jersey in black with grey on the shoulder yoke . The front of the jersey bore the team name above the player 's number in orange with blue and white trim . The Islanders crest was placed on the shoulder yoke . Diagonal side panels , blue trimmed in orange and gray , combined with similar panels on the black pants to form a diamond shape on the sides of each player . During the 2014 NHL Stadium Series , the Islanders wore a special edition jersey . The front side featured the `` NY '' from the primary logo in a special chrome treatment , while the back side featured a white nameplate with blue letters for player names , and bigger numbers in white trimmed in orange for visibility purposes . The sleeve numbers were also angled diagonally . The primary Islanders logo would be placed on the left shoulder within the white yoke . This jersey was promoted to an alternate third jersey in the 2014 -- 15 season , replacing the black third jersey . During that season , on February 3 , 2015 , the team wore an updated version of the fisherman jersey for warmups before their game against the Florida Panthers . The Islanders retired the Stadium Series third jersey after only one season , replacing it with a new black alternate that was unveiled to coincide with the team 's move to Brooklyn . Unlike the previous black alternate , this version featured little blue and orange at all ( these colors appear only on the rear collar ) , while the `` NY '' insignia that was carried over from the Stadium Series thirds was stripped of its chrome accents . The four stripes on the sleeves symbolize the franchise 's four Stanley Cup wins . When the NHL switched to Adidas as its uniform provider in 2017 , the Islanders kept their primary uniforms mostly intact save for the restoration of the blue trim in the primary logo on the road uniforms . As with all NHL teams , the Islanders will only wear two uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season , thus retiring the all - black third jerseys . Mascot and ice Girls ( edit ) The Islanders ' team mascot is named `` Sparky the Dragon '' , who served at one point as cross-promotion with the Arena Football League 's New York Dragons team , who also played their home games at Nassau Coliseum . In the mid-1990s , the Islanders had a mascot named `` Nyisles '' whose body style went from round to human - shaped , and facial features vaguely resembled the logo fisherman , excluding its red hair and beard . Nyisles was discontinued toward the end of the 1997 -- 98 season when the team distributed `` Who kidnapped Nyisles ? '' flyers implying the reason for his disappearance was because of another NHL mascot , ultimately revealed to be Toronto Maple Leafs mascot Carlton the Bear . From the 2001 -- 02 season to the 2014 -- 15 season , the Islanders also had an ice crew named the `` Ice Girls '' , made up of only women who skated onto the ice during television breaks to clean up the snow that piled up during the game . The Ice Girls were also used for promotional purposes during games and at community events . Starting in the 2015 -- 16 season , a co-ed ice crew would replace the Ice Girls . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is only a partial list of the last five seasons . For the full season - by - season history , see List of New York Islanders seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 34 37 11 79 225 267 8th , Metropolitan Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 47 28 7 101 252 230 3rd , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Capitals ) 2015 -- 16 82 45 27 10 100 232 216 4th , Metropolitan Lost in Second Round , 1 -- 4 ( Lightning ) 2016 -- 17 82 41 29 12 94 241 242 5th , Metropolitan Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 82 35 37 10 80 264 296 7th , Metropolitan Did not qualify Players and personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated July 9 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Josh Bailey RW 28 2008 Bowmanville , Ontario 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Mathew Barzal 21 2015 Coquitlam , British Columbia 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 Anthony Beauvillier LW 21 2015 Sorel - Tracy , Quebec 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Johnny Boychuk 34 2014 Edmonton , Alberta 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Casey Cizikas 27 2009 Toronto , Ontario 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Cal Clutterbuck ( A ) RW 30 2013 Welland , Ontario 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Jordan Eberle RW 28 2017 Regina , Saskatchewan 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Valtteri Filppula 34 2018 Vantaa , Finland 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Thomas Greiss 32 2015 Füssen , West Germany 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Thomas Hickey 29 2013 Calgary , Alberta 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Ross Johnston LW 24 2015 Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Leo Komarov 31 2018 Narva , Soviet Union -- Jan Kovar 28 2018 Písek , Czech Republic 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Tom Kuhnhackl LW 26 2018 Landshut , Germany 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Andrew Ladd ( A ) LW 32 2016 Maple Ridge , British Columbia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Nick Leddy 27 2014 Eden Prairie , Minnesota 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Anders Lee LW 28 2009 Edina , Minnesota 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Robin Lehner 26 2018 Göteborg , Sweden 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Matt Martin LW 28 2018 Windsor , Ontario 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Scott Mayfield 25 2011 St. Louis , Missouri 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Brock Nelson ( RFA ) LW 26 Warroad , Minnesota 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Adam Pelech 23 2015 Toronto , Ontario 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ryan Pulock ( RFA ) 23 2013 Grandview , Manitoba Honored members ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders award winners The Islanders have retired six players ' numbers , signified by these banners formerly hanging in Nassau Coliseum , which have since been transferred to Barclays Center . New York Islanders retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date of retirement 5 Denis Potvin 1973 -- 1988 February 1 , 1992 9 Clark Gillies LW 1974 -- 1986 December 7 , 1996 19 Bryan Trottier 1975 -- 1990 October 20 , 2001 22 Mike Bossy RW 1977 -- 1987 March 3 , 1992 23 Bob Nystrom RW 1972 -- 1986 April 1 , 1995 31 Billy Smith 1972 -- 1989 February 20 , 1993 Six past Islanders have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , the most recent being Pat LaFontaine in 2003 . Denis Potvin and Mike Bossy were the first Islanders to be inducted , in 1991 . Besides the six players , two team builders have been inducted ; Bill Torrey and Al Arbour were inducted in 1995 and 1996 , respectively . All six players , in addition to Bob Bourne , have since been inducted into the Islanders ' Hall of Fame , established in 2007 . In February 2008 , the team unveiled the Hall of Fame plaques for each player , which are displayed on the walls outside of the team 's locker room at Nassau Coliseum . In November 2011 , first Islanders captain Ed Westfall was added to their Hall of Fame , followed by the addition of defenseman Ken Morrow in December 2011 , and right - winger Patrick Flatley ( `` Chairman of the Boards '' ) in January 2012 . Kenny Jonsson was most recently added in February 2012 . There are two other banners hanging with the retired numbers : one honors Al Arbour in recognition of his 1,500 games coached for the Islanders , and the other honors Bill Torrey , who held the titles of general manager , vice president , president , and chairman of the board for the Islanders organization from 1972 until 1993 . In place of a number , Torrey 's banner features the words `` The Architect '' and his trademark bowtie . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Franchise records and scoring leaders ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders records Bryan Trottier holds the franchise record for most points with the team ( 1,353 ) , as well as most games played ( 1,123 ) . Only Trottier and two others , Mike Bossy and Denis Potvin have scored over 1,000 points with the team , while six others have gained more than 500 , with Derek King only one point shy . Potvin is the only other player besides Trottier to play in over 1,000 games with the team , playing in 1,060 ; he is also the only defenseman in the top ten of the franchise scoring leaders , ranking third overall . New York Islanders franchise top ten scoring leaders by points Player Seasons Pos GP Pts + / − PIM Bryan Trottier 1975 -- 1990 1123 500 853 1353 470 798 Mike Bossy 1977 -- 1987 752 573 553 1126 381 210 Denis Potvin 1973 -- 1988 1060 310 742 1052 460 1356 Clark Gillies 1974 -- 1986 872 304 359 663 240 891 John Tavares 2009 -- 2018 669 272 349 621 -- 42 307 Brent Sutter 1980 -- 1992 694 287 323 610 121 761 Pat LaFontaine 1983 -- 1991 530 287 279 566 9 309 John Tonelli 1978 -- 1986 594 206 338 544 216 473 Bob Bourne 1974 -- 1986 814 238 304 542 160 542 Bob Nystrom 1972 -- 1986 900 235 278 513 113 1248 New York Islanders franchise individual season records Record name Record Player Season Most goals in a season 69 Mike Bossy 1978 -- 79 Most assists in a season 87 Bryan Trottier 1978 -- 79 Most points in a season 147 Mike Bossy 1981 -- 82 Most penalty minutes in a season 356 Brian Curran 1986 -- 87 Most points in a season ( defenseman ) 101 Denis Potvin 1978 -- 79 Most points in a season ( rookie ) 95 Bryan Trottier 1975 -- 76 Most wins in a season 34 Jaroslav Halak 2014 -- 15 Team captains ( edit ) Captain Term Ed Westfall 1972 -- 1977 Clark Gillies 1977 -- 1979 Denis Potvin 1979 -- 1987 Brent Sutter 1987 -- 1991 Patrick Flatley 1991 -- 1996 Bryan McCabe 1997 -- 1998 Trevor Linden 1998 -- 1999 Kenny Jonsson 1999 -- 2000 Michael Peca 2001 -- 2004 Alexei Yashin 2005 -- 2007 Bill Guerin 2007 -- 2009 Doug Weight 2009 -- 2011 Mark Streit 2011 -- 2013 John Tavares 2013 -- 2018 The Islanders have had fourteen team captains . The team 's first , Ed Westfall , won the Bill Masterton Trophy during his captaincy ; Michael Peca , who won the Frank J. Selke Trophy after the 2001 -- 02 season , is the only other captain to have won an award during his term . The longest captaincy reign was Denis Potvin 's from 1979 through 1987 , during which he played 521 regular season games . Bryan McCabe served for the shortest length of time , a mere 56 regular season games before being traded to the Vancouver Canucks . Also traded mid-season was Bill Guerin , who went to the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 2008 -- 09 season . The team 's fourteenth and former captain , John Tavares , was named to the position on September 9 , 2013 . Two seasons have been played without a captain . Nobody was assigned to the position for the 1996 -- 97 season after previous captain Patrick Flatley was released from his contract . The 2000 -- 01 season also went by without a captain after Kenny Jonsson stepped down from the position on November 18 , 2000 . General managers ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders general managers The general manager is Lou Lamoriello , who took the role on June 5 , 2018 . Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders head coaches On June 21 , 2018 , Barry Trotz was named head coach of the Islanders . Television and radio ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders broadcasters Most Islanders games are shown locally on sports channels MSG Plus and MSG Plus 2 . Brendan Burke and Jiggs McDonald alternate as the team 's play - by - play announcers , while former Islanders player Butch Goring is their color analyst . Shannon Hogan joined the broadcast team for the 2014 -- 15 season as their studio host . Islanders ' radio broadcasts originate on flagship station WRHU ( 88.7 FM ) in Hempstead . In New York City itself , games are split between WCBS , WFAN - AM -- FM and WNYM , while some games air on WRCN - FM in Riverhead . WRHU is licensed to Hempstead - based Hofstra University and WRCN to Riverhead , New York . WRHU is the student radio station of Hofstra University ; its signal covers the western section of Long Island and Nassau County . WRCN serves the middle section and Suffolk County . The play - by - play is done by longtime Islanders broadcaster Chris King . Hofstra students provide color commentary and reporting for all home games and several away games , and are also involved in engineering the broadcasts from on - and - off site . The Islanders are unusual among professional sports teams in their use of a noncommercial radio station as its primary outlet . However , the team does not maintain a traditional radio network due to the other New York / New Jersey area teams filling the available tri-state radio stations covering sports . This causes complications with advertising and commercial breaks that do not make a traditional radio network feasible . WCBS began airing Islanders games starting with the 2016 playoffs , returning the team to a major market New York signal . Previously , public radio station WNYE - FM had been the main Islanders outlet for New York City and its inner suburbs . See also ( edit ) List of New York Islanders draft picks List of New York Islanders players List of Stanley Cup champions References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The Presidents ' Trophy was not introduced until 1985 . Had the trophy existed since league inception , the Islanders franchise would have won three Presidents ' Trophies . The winning seasons would have included 1978 -- 79 , 1980 -- 81 , and 1981 -- 82 . Citations Jump up ^ `` Orange & Blue + You '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders Brand Assets '' ( PDF ) . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Dan ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Islanders officially headed to Brooklyn in 2015 '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Rob ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Rangers vs. Islanders : The Rivalry '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Raiders '' . World Hockey Associations . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hirshon , Nicholas ( 2010 ) . Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 7357 - 1 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hahn , Alan ; Nystrom , Bob ( 2004 ) . Birth of a Dynasty : The 1980 New York Islanders . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1582613338 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise fees reduced '' . Associated Press . March 2 , 1977 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL team nicknames explained '' . NHL.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Key Islanders Dates '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Frisch , Aaron ( 2004 ) . The History of the New York Islanders . Creative Education Foundation . ISBN 1 - 58341 - 276 - X . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ultimate New York Islanders timeline '' . Newsday . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 . Ed Westfall -- Greatest New York Islanders '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Herrmann , Mark ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders legend Denis Potvin impressed with GM Garth Snow 's moves '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finn , David ( November 20 , 1985 ) . `` Hot Soul on Ice Defenseman Potvin Settles Down And Finds No Man Is The Islanders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Draft Picks '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` 3 - 0 Hole Rangers Inhabit ? Only 5 of 320 Teams Have Overcome It '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 - 1976 League Standings '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Islanders Franchise Index '' . Hockey Reference . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frostino , Nino ( 2004 ) . Right on the Numbers . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 3305 - 5 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders Awards and Honors '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders playoff history '' . Yahoo ! Sports . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Canadiens playoff history '' . Yahoo ! Sports . April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Devellano , Jim ; Lajoie , Roger ( March 12 , 2010 ) . The Road to Hockeytown : Jimmy Devellano 's Forty Years in the NHL . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15552 - 3 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Douglas ( 1997 ) . Champions : The Illustrated History of Hockey 's Greatest Dynasties . Chicago : Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 213 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders 1976 - 77 roster and scoring statistics '' . Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szemberg , Szymon ; Podnieks , Andrew ( 2008 ) . IIHF Top 100 Hockey Stories of All Time . Bolton , Ontario , Canada : Fenn Publishing . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55168 - 358 - 4 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Austin ( 1994 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Closing In '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Farber , Michael . `` Mike Bossy '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Pelletier , Joe ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) . `` 1983 : Islanders and Oilers Collide '' . Greatest Hockey Legends.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Messier relates to Penguins in their Cup rematch '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Fischler , Stan ; Chris Botta . Pride and Passion : 25 Years of the New York Islanders . p. 158 . Jump up ^ `` Nystrom in Line for Post '' . The New York Times . August 8 , 1986 . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Craig ( October 7 , 1986 ) . `` Islanders Lose Gillies , Bourne '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( June 19 , 1986 ) . `` Simpson is Named Coach of Islanders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( April 13 , 1987 ) . `` Rangers Win , 6 - 3 ; Series Tied ; Islanders Fall to Capitals by 4 - 1 and Face Elimination '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( June 6 , 2000 ) . `` After Four Overtimes , Caps Are Left Wanting '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( April 19 , 1987 ) . `` NHL Playoffs ; Islanders , Capitals in Third Overtime '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( April 20 , 1987 ) . `` The Seventh , the Eighth , and the Deciding Game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( May 3 , 1987 ) . `` NHL Playoff ; Islanders Are Leveled By Flyers , 5 - 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( October 7 , 1987 ) . `` Bossy to Miss Entire Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( April 3 , 1988 ) . `` Pro Hockey ; Devils Closing In ; Islanders Win Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( April 15 , 1988 ) . `` Meadowlands Magic : Devils Eliminate Islanders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fischler , Stan ( 1999 ) . Cracked Ice : An Insider 's Look at the NHL . Masters Press . Lincolnwood , Illinois . ISBN 1 - 57028 - 219 - 6 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( December 3 , 1995 ) . `` HOCKEY ; Islanders Heard the Chanting , Now Don Maloney Is Gone '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Mullen , Holly ( July 31 , 1997 ) . `` Meltdown man '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Shot -- ESPN Films : 30 for 30 '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Toy , Vivian S. ( May 7 , 2000 ) . `` The Islanders ' Unlikely Saviors ; Wang and Kumar , Computer Executives , Say a Love for Long Island Has Made Them Sports Owners '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Isles shake up draft '' . SLAM Sports . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2003 . Retrieved September 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders season by season stats '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Price - Brown , Laura ( June 20 , 2001 ) . `` Laviolette vows to put charge into Islanders '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sabres grant Peca 's wish , trade center to Islanders '' . Chicago Tribune . June 25 , 2001 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Peca retires after 13 NHL seasons '' . National Hockey League . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Isles take Osgood in waiver draft '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . September 29 , 2001 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Injury Puts Peca Out of Playoffs '' . Los Angeles Times . April 8 , 2002 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sens win fourth straight to move past Isles '' . ESPN . April 17 , 2003 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders , sore losers , fire Laviolette He 's the seventh coach sent packing in 7 1 / 2 years . He got N.Y. to the playoffs , but twice they washed out . '' Philadelphia Inquirer . June 4 , 2003 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis ' fourth playoff goal eliminates Islanders '' . ESPN . April 16 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Peca Career Transactions '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Satan Player Biography '' . Legends of Hockey . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( August 2 , 2005 ) . `` Few Signings on First Day of Free Agency '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alexei Yashin Named Captain '' . National Hockey League . September 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Skidding Islanders fire Stirling '' . Chicago Tribune . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Milbury resigns as Islanders senior VP '' . United Press International . May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goalie Snow to replace Smith as Islanders ' GM '' . ESPN . July 19 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Picker , David ( June 9 , 2006 ) . `` Nolan and Smith Are on Board and Aim to Turn Islanders Around '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Burnside , Scott ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` DiPietro 's record 15 - year deal will pay him $67.5 M '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Kevin ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` Islanders sign DiPietro to record 15 - year deal '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( October 3 , 2006 ) . `` NHL preview : 10 questions '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unable to reach new deal , Oilers trade Smyth to Isles '' . ESPN . February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minus DiPietro , Dunham expected in goal vs. Panthers '' . ESPN . March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Simon suspended minimum of 25 games '' . ESPN . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders grab playoff spot with shootout win '' . CBC Sports . April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo holds off Islanders ' rally for series - clinching win '' . ESPN . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders to Buyout ( sic ) Alexei Yashin '' . National Hockey League . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islanders Name Captain ; It 's a Surprise '' . The New York Times . July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( July 2 , 2007 ) . `` Smyth leaves Islanders for Avalanche '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Islanders Sign Bill Guerin , Mike Comrie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders sign ex-Thrashers defenseman Sutton '' . ESPN . August 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Arbour to Coach His 1,500 th Game for the Isles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Al Arbour Returns to Coach 1,500 th Game '' . National Hockey League . July 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joshua ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Arbour Makes His Comeback , and Islanders Make It Count '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders sign Mike Comrie , trade Chris Simon and Marc - Andre Bergeron '' . National Hockey League . February 26 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dubielewicz makes 48 saves , Isles spoil Rangers ' home finale with SO win '' . ESPN . April 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` N.Y. Islanders fire coach '' . United Press International . July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Isles , coach Nolan part ways after two years ; differences with GM cited '' . ESPN . July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders hire AHL coach of year Gordon to succeed Nolan '' . USA Today . August 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poulin , Fred ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Senators Surprisingly Trade for Islanders ' Mike Comrie '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Greg ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Islanders trade Guerin to Pittsburgh '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` Islanders win 2009 Scotiabank / NHL Draft Lottery '' . NHL . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kimberley , Todd ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Tavares pumped , relieved after first NHL action '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hockey News ' 2009 Draft Prospect Rankings '' . The Hockey News . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z. ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Islanders Have Their Pick of Blue Chippers in Draft '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kimelman , Adam ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Tavares still No. 1 in Central Scouting 's rankings '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Eddie ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` A Look at the Islanders Draft Choices for 2009 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 -- 15 New York Islanders Roster and Statistics '' . Hockey Reference . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( October 17 , 2009 ) . `` Sharks keep Islanders winless with 4 - 1 victory '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burnside , Scott ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Playoff Push : Who 's in , who 's o '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DiPietro saves Islanders with first shutout in almost two years '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sens splurge for three in 3rd to upend Isles with stunning rally '' . ESPN . February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 League Standings '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Draft Choices '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wyshynski , Greg ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Islanders coach Scott Gordon fired for losing with terrible team '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brehm , Mike ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Islanders fire Scott Gordon as coach in midst of 10 - game skid '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Botte , Peter . `` Islanders coach Scott Gordon fired after 10 - game losing streak ; Jack Capuano named as interim '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tabone , John ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Isles Claim Winger Michael Grabner Off Waivers ; Hope to Get Some Extra Scoring '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islanders Agree To Terms With Michael Grabner '' . National Hockey League . May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Tavares statistics '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crygalis , Brett ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` John Tavares getting comfortable in All - Star spotlight '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 Regular Season Statistics '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Moulson statistics '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 League Standings '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crygalis , Brett ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders face a real pickle with Griffin Reinhart '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Nassau Voters Reject Proposal to Fix Coliseum '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calder , Rich ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Brooklyn Has A Shot at Grabbing Islanders '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yerdon , Joe ( March 25 , 2012 ) . `` Quebec City 's new arena begins construction in September '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirshon , Nicholas ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Brooklyn - Queens battle for the Islanders team brewing '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mazzeo , Mike ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` New York Islanders following Nets to Brooklyn '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kosman , Josh . `` Islanders may change look with move to Brooklyn '' . New York Post . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheets , Connor Adams ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` New York Islanders Ponder Move to Willets Point '' . Astoria Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers double up Islanders in home finale '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders lose to Hurricanes but clinch playoff berth '' . Yahoo ! Sports . April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crygalis , Brett ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Islanders are out of playoffs after loss to Penguins '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strang , Katie ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Isles gain respect with playoff performance '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Compton , Brian ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Islanders name Tavares 14th team captain '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Islanders react to Moulson - for - Vanek trade '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Sabres trade Thomas Vanek to Islanders '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staple , Arthur ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Isles ' Thomas Vanek traded to Canadiens '' . Newsday . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vanek traded to Canadiens by Islanders '' . National Hockey League . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders stock up for last season at Nassau Coliseum '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders ' sale from Charles Wang to Jonathan Ledecky , Scott Malkin finalized '' . Newsday . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kimelman , Adam ( June 27 , 2015 ) . `` First Chinese player to be drafted chosen by Islanders '' . NHL.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staple , Arthur ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Andrew Ladd , Jason Chimera sign with Islanders , who lose Kyle Okposo , Frans Nielsen , Matt Martin '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders fire Jack Capuano ; Doug Weight named interim coach '' . ABC News . January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Pete ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Islanders fire coach Jack Capuano after disastrous first half '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders waive goalie Jaroslav Halak '' . ESPN . January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn 's Barclays Center Is Dumping the Islanders '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Islanders discussed a return to Nassau Coliseum '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NHL on Islanders ' Nassau Coliseum hopes : Keep dreaming '' . New York Post . 2017 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : New York Islanders heading back to Nassau County '' . ABC7 New York . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Park Redevelopment - Conditional Designation of New YorkArena Partners ( '' NYAP `` ) as Developer '' ( PDF ) . esd.ny.gov . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Islanders to play 12 games at Nassau Coliseum in 2018 - 19 '' . NHL.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders Announce 2018 - 19 Schedule '' . NHL.com . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders officially hand the reins to Lou Lamoriello as new president of hockey operations '' . nydailynews.com . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trotz hired as coach of Islanders after leaving Capitals , Won Stanley Cup for first time , fifth in NHL wins '' . NHL.com . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maple Leafs Agree to Terms with Free Agent Forward John Tavares '' . NHL.com . July 1 , 2018 . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Botta , Chris ( October 19 , 2008 ) . `` The Tale of the Fisherman Jersey Or , Shame and Mutiny on the Bounty '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Strang , Katie ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` New road jerseys , Islanders Masterton nominee and Calvin de Haan update '' . Newsday . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Embrace The Horror : Islanders To Bust Out Fisherman Jerseys On Tuesday Night '' . CBS . February 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klopsis , Nick ( January 10 , 2015 ) . `` Islanders fisherman jersey will make a brief comeback '' . Newsday . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flatley to be inducted into Islanders Hall of Fame '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season -- All Skaters -- Career for Franchise -- Career Points -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Westfall hockey statistics and profile '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Peca hockey statistics and profile '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Denis Potvin hockey statistics and profile '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ El - Bashir , Tarik ( March 15 , 1998 ) . `` N.H.L. : YESTERDAY ; A Reunion , Of Sorts , Goes Bad '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan McCabe hockey profile and statistics '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Colin ( July 10 , 1996 ) . `` Isles say buy to Flatley '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` N.H.L. : Roundup ; Nolan Sparks San Jose ; Jonsson Steps Down '' . The New York Times . November 19 , 2000 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snow and Weight Relieved of Duties '' . New York Islanders . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trotz Named Head Coach '' . NHL.com . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Shannon Hogan to cover Islanders for MSG '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islander -- Radio Schedule '' . New York Islanders . Jump up ^ `` WFAN And WCBS Newsradio 880 To Broadcast Islanders Playoff Games '' . NHL.com . Further reading Botte , Peter & Hahn , Alan ( 2003 ) . Fish Sticks : The Fall and Rise of the New York Islanders . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 099 - 1 . Fischler , Stan & Botta , Chris ( 1996 ) . Pride and Passion : 25 Years of the New York Islanders . Walsworth Publishing . ISBN 1 - 882608 - 13 - 5 . Hahn , Alan ( 2004 ) . Birth of a Dynasty : The 1980 New York Islanders . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 333 - 8 . Prato , Greg ( 2012 ) . Dynasty : The Oral History of the New York Islanders , 1972 - 1984 . Createspace . ISBN 0 - 6158670 - 6 - 5 . Wilner , Barry ( 1984 ) . The New York Islanders : Countdown to a Dynasty . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 8801121 - 1 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Islanders . 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"Stanley Cups\n4 (1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83)"
] | [
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"1980–81",
"1981–82",
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-4707410416619294452 | You Raise Me Up | You Raise Me up - wikipedia You Raise Me up Jump to : navigation , search `` You Raise Me Up '' Song by Secret Garden from the album Once in a Red Moon Released December 27 , 2001 Genre Inspirational Length 5 : 04 Songwriter ( s ) Brendan Graham ( lyricist ) Rolf Løvland ( composer ) Producer ( s ) Decca Once in a Red Moon track listing `` Awakening '' ( 1 ) `` You Raise Me Up '' ( 2 ) `` Silent Wings '' ( 3 ) `` You Raise Me Up '' is a song originally composed by Irish - Norwegian duo Secret Garden . The music was written by Secret Garden 's Rolf Løvland and the lyrics by Brendan Graham . After the song was performed early in 2002 by the Secret Garden and their invited lead singer , Brian Kennedy , the song only became a minor UK hit . The song has been recorded by more than a hundred other artists including Josh Groban , who popularized the song in 2003 ; his rendition became a hit in the United States . The Irish band Westlife then popularized the song in the UK two years later . `` You Raise Me Up '' is sung as a contemporary hymn in church services . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Popularity 3 Josh Groban version 3.1 Performances 3.2 Charts 4 Westlife version 4.1 Tours performed at 4.2 Track listing 4.3 Charts 4.3. 1 Year - end charts 5 Wesley version 6 Other covers 7 Use in popular culture 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The song was originally written as an instrumental piece and titled `` Silent Story . '' Parts of the melody ( especially the opening phrase of its chorus ) resemble the traditional Irish tune Londonderry Air , which is best known as the usual tune to the 1910 song Danny Boy . Løvland approached Irish novelist and songwriter Brendan Graham to write the lyrics to his melody after reading Graham 's novels . The song was written by and for Løvland himself and performed for the very first time at the funeral of Løvland 's mother . Here he noted `` there 's something about the song people are embracing - which becomes emotionally strong . ( ... ) I believe people think of it as a song they use for their own stuff . '' . In 2002 , it was released on the Secret Garden album Once in a Red Moon , with the vocals sung by Irish singer Brian Kennedy , and sold well in both Ireland and Norway . Originally , Brian Kennedy was supposed to follow Secret Garden on their Asian tour in 2002 , but Curb records couldnt come to an agreement with Universal to release Brian and he reluctantly could not attend the tour . He was replaced by Norwegian singer Jan Werner Danielsen , who also later recorded the song together with Secret Garden . A demo version of this recording was released in 2010 , on Danielsen 's posthumous compilation album One More Time - The Very Best Of , which included several previously unpublished recordings . Popularity ( edit ) Although the original version did not chart internationally , the song has now been covered more than 125 times , with the most successful covers being by Josh Groban ( # 73 in the US and # 1 on the US Adult Contemporary chart ) , Westlife ( # 1 in the UK ) , Daniel O'Donnell ( # 22 in the UK ) and Dutch Popstars winner Wesley Klein ( # 4 in the Netherlands ) . The song has also found success as part of a three - song EP entitled `` George Best - A Tribute '' by Peter Corry and the song 's original vocalist Brian Kennedy , which reached # 4 in the UK . In 2004 , the song was played more than 500,000 times on American radio . In late 2005 , there were over 80 versions available in USA alone , and it has been nominated for Gospel Music Awards four times , including `` Song of the Year . '' On 21 September 2006 , `` You Raise Me Up '' became the first song to have sold over 76,000 copies of the score on the popular sheet music website musicnotes.com . And was also translated to Japanese and used for the anime Romeo x Juliet . Josh Groban version ( edit ) `` You Raise Me Up '' Artwork for digital release , taken from official website ; also used for some non-US promotional releases Single by Josh Groban from the album Closer Released September 10 , 2004 Recorded 2003 Genre Easy listening , pop rock , vocal music Length 4 : 47 - 4 : 52 4 : 04 ( radio edit ) Label Reprise Records Warner Bros. Records 143 Records Songwriter ( s ) Brendan Graham ( lyricist ) Rolf Løvland ( composer ) Producer ( s ) David Foster Music video `` You Raise Me Up '' on YouTube U.S. promotional CD release In 2003 , David Foster decided to produce the song after being introduced to it by Frank Petrone of peermusic , the song 's publisher . He chose the up - and - coming Josh Groban to record the song , which was accompanied by the tenor Craig Von Vennik of the Establishment . Groban 's version made it to # 1 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart in early 2004 and remained there for six weeks . This version also peaked at # 73 on the Billboard Hot 100 , his first single to do so , and was nominated for a 2005 Grammy award . Performances ( edit ) Groban performed the song at Super Bowl XXXVIII , in a special NASA commemoration for the crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster . A special surprise performance by Groban , for Oprah Winfrey 's 50th birthday , also gave `` You Raise Me Up '' massive international prominence . On April 25 , 2007 , Groban also performed it at the first Idol Gives Back Concert , along with the African Children 's Choir . This version was released as a single and peaked at # 76 on the Billboard Hot 100 . He performed this version with the African Children 's Choir again on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on August 10 , 2007 . On May 26 , 2007 , Josh Groban appeared on BBC 's talent show Any Dream Will Do to select one of the remaining contestants ( or `` Josephs '' ) to perform the song with him . He chose show favourite and eventual winner Lee Mead , whilst the other four contestants ( Lewis Bradley , Craig Chalmers , Ben Ellis , and Keith Jack ) performed as backing singers . Following this , the solo version of `` You Raise Me Up '' charted in the UK at # 74 , making it his first chart entry there . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( solo version ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart ( 2008 ) 54 Danish Singles Chart ( 2009 ) 26 French Singles Chart ( 2012 ) 16 Swiss Singles Chart ( 2008 ) 54 US Billboard Hot 100 ( 2004 ) 73 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks ( 2004 ) UK Singles Chart ( 2007 ) 74 Chart ( 2007 version with African Children 's Choir ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 76 Preceded by `` Forever and for Always '' by Shania Twain `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' by Sheryl Crow Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single ( Josh Groban version ) March 13 - April 3 , 2004 April 17 -- 24 , 2004 Succeeded by `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' by Sheryl Crow Westlife version ( edit ) `` You Raise Me Up '' Single by Westlife from the album Face to Face Released October 24 , 2005 Format CD Single Recorded Rokstone Studios , London 2004 Genre Pop gospel Length 4 : 01 Label Sony BMG Songwriter ( s ) Brendan Graham ( lyricist ) Rolf Løvland ( composer ) Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Westlife singles chronology `` Obvious '' ( 2004 ) `` You Raise Me Up '' ( 2005 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 2005 ) `` Obvious '' ( 2004 ) `` You Raise Me Up '' ( 2005 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 2005 ) Music video `` You Raise Me Up '' on YouTube `` You Raise Me Up '' was released as the lead single from Westlife 's sixth studio album Face to Face . This version is one of the most successful covers of the song , peaking at No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart , the only version to do so . This was the band 's 13th number - one single as well as the first single to be released following the departure of Brian McFadden from the group . The single has sold 540,000 copies in the UK so far . Westlife performed this song with Secret Garden at the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize concert . On December 11 , 2009 , they performed it again at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize concert celebrating US President Barack Obama . When Louis Walsh suggested the band to record it , Filan , Egan , Byrne , and Feehily were against it saying it was a church song , and would not be a success . They also said they did not want to record it . However , they have since claimed in 2011 , six years after the single 's release , that the song changed their careers and were glad they recorded it . Westlife 's music video for `` You Raise Me Up '' was shot in late - 2005 and is directed by Alex Hemming . The backing track is re-used in the Spanish version of this song , `` Por Ti Sere '' , performed by Il Divo in their Siempre album . Tours performed at ( edit ) Face to Face Tour ( 2006 ) The Love Tour ( 2007 ) Back Home Tour ( 2008 ) Where We Are Tour ( 2010 ) Gravity Tour ( 2011 ) The Farewell Tour ( 2012 ) Track listing ( edit ) UK CD1 `` You Raise Me Up '' -- 4 : 00 `` World of Our Own '' ( Acoustic Version ) -- 3 : 30 UK CD2 `` You Raise Me Up '' -- 4 : 00 `` Flying Without Wings '' ( Acoustic Version ) -- 3 : 30 `` My Love '' ( Acoustic Version ) -- 3 : 48 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 46 Dutch Singles Chart 47 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) German Singles Chart 11 Irish Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart Scottish Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart 7 Swiss Singles Chart 18 UK Singles Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position Irish Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 9 Chart ( 2006 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 14 Preceded by `` Push the Button '' by the Sugababes Irish Singles Chart number - one single ( Westlife version ) October 27 , 2005 -- December 1 , 2005 Succeeded by `` My Humps '' by The Black Eyed Peas Preceded by `` I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor '' by Arctic Monkeys Scottish Singles Chart ( Westlife version ) 30 October 2005 -- 13 November 2005 Succeeded by `` Hung Up '' by Madonna Preceded by `` I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor '' by Arctic Monkeys UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Westlife version ) 30 October 2005 -- 13 November 2005 Succeeded by `` Hung Up '' by Madonna Wesley version ( edit ) `` You Raise Me Up '' Single by Wesley from the album Vandaag en morgen Released February 4 , 2010 Format CD Single Genre Pop Songwriter ( s ) Brendan Graham ( lyricist ) Rolf Løvland ( composer ) Wesley singles chronology `` You Raise Me Up '' ( 2010 ) `` Een ongelofelijke droom '' ( 2010 ) `` You Raise Me Up '' ( 2010 ) `` Een ongelofelijke droom '' ( 2010 ) On the second season of Popstars in the Netherlands , `` You Raise Me Up '' was recorded by each of the four finalists - Kim Stolker , Kristel Roulaux , Joshua Newton and Wesley Klein . When Klein won , his version was released as a single in the Netherlands under the mononym Wesley , peaking at # 4 in the Dutch Top 40 and staying in the charts for eleven weeks , making it the first version of the song to reach the top 10 in the Netherlands . The song was subsequently released as the final track on his debut album Vandaag en morgen ( meaning Today and Tomorrow in Dutch ) . Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Dutch Top 40 Other covers ( edit ) The song was recorded by Daniel O'Donnell in 2003 and was a hit throughout Ireland and the UK , charting at # 22 in the UK . A version by Christian group Selah went to # 1 on Billboard 's Christian charts and was included on their 2004 album Hiding Place . This recording was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2005 Dove Awards . Brian Kennedy re-released the single after performing it at Northern Irish football player George Best 's funeral on 3 December 2005 . The song charted in the UK at # 4 in January 2006 ( as part of a three - song EP entitled `` George Best -- A Tribute '' ) . Åsa Jinder has written lyrics in Swedish , `` Rör vid min själ '' and was recorded by Sanna Nielsen and was released as a 2006 single and is included on her 2006 album `` Nära mej , nära dej '' . In 2005 , Celtic Woman cover this song , and it is used as the theme song of the Japanese TV drama Byakkotai . The song was covered in Japanese by Korean - American singer Lena Park as the opening theme to the Japanese anime television series Romeo x Juliet , which premiered in Japan on April 2007 . Park also covered an English version of the song , which was featured in episodes 7 and 24 of the English version of the series , released in two sets in both June and August 2009 . On November 16 , 2008 , the song Video on YouTube was performed by Michael Hirte from Potsdam in the show `` Das Supertalent '' ( the German version of `` Britain 's Got Talent '' ) using his harmonica . This version charted in Switzerland at # 76 . In 2009 , Celtic Thunder released their cover of the song performed by Paul Byrom , then with the group , on their third studio album and second concert DVD , both titled Take Me Home . In 2014 , Hong Kong singer Celine Tam , aged 6 , covered `` You Raise Me Up '' . In 2015 , Canadian singer Jeffrey Li , aged 10 , and Tam , aged 7 , performed at the Miss World final . In 2016 , Chinese female group SNH48 along with their counterparts BEJ48 and GNZ48 issued a cover version of the song `` 比翼齐飞 '' , with the lyrics re-written by several members of them , and performed by themselves . October , 2017 crooner Arthur Manuntag from the Philippines recorded his own version of the song . Arthur Manuntag is the Asian representative to the 100th Anniversary of Frank Sinatra on December 12 , 2015 in Smetana Hall , Prague . Use in popular culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shizuka Arakawa , the 2006 Olympic gold medalist in figure skating , used the piece as an exhibition number for many shows and professional competitions during 2005 -- 2010 . Michelle Kwan skated to the song during the 2004 Champion on Ice Tour and other competitions in 2005 . Caroline Zhang skated this song in her exhibitions in the 2006 -- 2007 and 2007 -- 2008 skating season . I.K. Start , a Norwegian football club , uses this song as a club anthem . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thorne , Roger . `` You Raise Me Up Info '' . Thornesmusic.freeserve.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` You Raise Me Up '' . Secretgarden.no . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Løvland feirer at `` You Raise Me Up '' er ti år '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Lydverket - Følelser '' ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Brendan Graham . `` The Global Independent - Brendan Graham - Artist Details '' . peermusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Groban : ' You Raise Me Up ' '' . Allmusic . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Groban and The African Children 's Choir - You Raise Me Up - Music Charts '' . Acharts.us . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 718 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Westlife Official Top 20 MTV UK '' . Mtv.co.uk. 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ westlifeVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 03 ) , Westlife - You Raise Me Up , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books . 2005 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20051030/41/ Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006 '' . Aria.com.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wesley - You Raise Me Up - Music Charts '' . Acharts.us . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Rör vid min själ '' ( in Swedish ) . Svensk mediedatabas. 2006 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nära mej , nära dej '' ( in Swedish ) . Svensk mediedatabas. 2006 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Chart performance for Michael Hirte version Notes Jump up ^ Duration varies in releases External links ( edit ) Thornes Music Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Westlife Nicky Byrne Kian Egan Mark Feehily Shane Filan Brian McFadden Albums Studio albums Westlife Coast to Coast World of Our Own Turnaround Allow Us to Be Frank Face to Face The Love Album Back Home Where We Are Gravity Compilations Unbreakable : The Greatest Hits Volume 1 Greatest Hits Videos Video albums The Karaoke Collection Concert DVD Where We Are Tour : Live from the O2 Concert tours Where Dreams Come True Tour World of Our Own Tour Unbreakable Tour Turnaround Tour No. 1 's Tour Face to Face Tour The Love Tour Back Home Tour Where We Are Tour Gravity Tour Greatest Hits Tour Book Westlife : Our Story Related articles Discography Songs Originals Covers Tours Awards Book Category Westlife singles Discography Westlife `` Swear It Again '' `` If I Let You Go '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Fool Again '' Coast to Coast `` Against All Odds '' `` My Love '' `` What Makes a Man '' `` I Lay My Love on You '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` When You 're Looking Like That '' World of Our Own `` Queen of My Heart '' `` Evergreen '' `` World of Our Own '' `` Bop Bop Baby '' Unbreakable `` Unbreakable '' `` Tonight / Miss You Nights '' Turnaround `` Hey Whatever '' `` Mandy '' `` Obvious '' Allow Us to Be Frank `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' `` Fly Me To The Moon '' `` Smile '' Face to Face `` You Raise Me Up '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Amazing '' The Love Album `` The Rose '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Back Home `` Home '' `` Us Against the World '' `` Something Right '' Where We Are `` What About Now '' Gravity `` Safe '' Greatest Hits `` Lighthouse '' `` Beautiful World '' Book Category Josh Groban Studio albums Josh Groban ( 2001 ) Closer ( 2003 ) Awake ( 2006 ) Noël ( 2007 ) Illuminations ( 2010 ) All That Echoes ( 2013 ) Stages ( 2015 ) Live albums Awake Live ( 2008 ) Compilation albums A Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` To Where You Are '' `` You Raise Me Up '' `` Believe '' `` You Are Loved ( Do n't Give Up ) '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` Ave Maria '' `` The Prayer '' `` Hidden Away '' `` Você Existe Em Mim '' `` Higher Window '' `` Brave '' `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' Other songs `` All I Ask of You '' `` Sous le ciel de Paris '' Concert tours Straight to You Tour ( 2011 ) All That Echoes World Tour ( 2013 ) Related articles Discography Sanna Nielsen Studio albums Silvertoner Min önskejul Nära mej , nära dej Stronger I 'm in Love Vinternatten Min jul 7 Joint albums Our Christmas with Shirley Clamp & Sonja Aldén Vår jul with Shirley Clamp & Sonja Aldén Compilation albums Sanna 11 - 22 16 bästa Singles `` Till en fågel '' `` Där bor en sång '' `` I Love The Summertime '' ( `` Låt sommaren gunga dig '' ) `` Time To Say Goodbye '' `` I går , i dag '' `` Hela världen för mig '' `` Du och jag mot världen '' `` Rör vid min själ '' ( `` You Raise Me Up '' ) `` Vågar du , vågar jag '' `` Empty Room '' `` Nobody Without You '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' '' Grown - Up Christmas List '' `` I Can Catch the Moon '' `` Devotion '' `` Part of Me '' `` I 'm in Love '' `` Ca n't Stop Love Tonight '' `` Viskar ömt mitt namn '' `` Undo '' Melodifestivalen 2003 2005 2007 2008 2011 2014 Related articles `` OGAE Second Chance Contest 2008 '' `` Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 '' `` Eurovision Song Contest 2014 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Raise_Me_Up&oldid=815838847 '' Categories : Contemporary worship music 2001 songs 2003 singles 2005 singles 2006 singles Josh Groban songs Secret Garden ( duo ) songs Westlife songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Rolf Løvland Songs written by Brendan Graham Song recordings produced by David Foster Song recordings produced by Steve Mac Sanna Nielsen songs Inspirational songs 143 Records singles Reprise Records singles Sony BMG singles Warner Bros. Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Kiswahili 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 14 : 29 . About Wikipedia | who was the first person to sing you raise me up | [
"\n\n\"You Raise Me Up\"\n\n\nSong by Secret Garden\n\n\nfrom the album Once in a Red Moon\n\n\nReleased\nDecember 27, 2001\n\n\nGenre\nInspirational\n\n\nLength\n5:04\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nBrendan Graham (lyricist)\nRolf Løvland (composer)\n\n\nProducer(s)\nDecca\n\n\nOnce in a Red Moon track listing\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Awakening\"\n(1)\n\"You Raise Me Up\"\n(2)\n\"Silent Wings\"\n(3)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Secret Garden"
] |
1480969524269694012 | Lily (Once Upon a Time) | Lily ( Once Upon a Time ) - wikipedia Lily ( Once Upon a Time ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Lily '' Once Upon a Time episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 19 Directed by Ralph Hemecker Written by Andrew Chambliss & Dana Horgan Production code 419 Original air date April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Kristin Bauer van Straten as Maleficent Agnes Bruckner as Lilth `` Lily '' Page Patrick Fischler as Isaac Heller / The Author Christie Laing as Maid Marian Rebecca Mader as Zelena / The Wicked Witch of the West Sean Maguire as Robin Hood Timothy Webber as The Apprentice Nicole Munoz as Young Lily Page Abby Ross as Young Emma Swan Cameron Bancroft as Bill Kendall Cross as Katie Phil Granger as Landlord Sidney Shapiro as Max Parker Magnuson as Zach Zoey Stewart as Brunette girl Jonathan Adams as Merlin / The Sorcerer ( voice ) Carlton Cuse as TV News Reporter ( voice ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' Next → `` Mother '' Once Upon a Time ( season 4 ) List of Once Upon a Time episodes `` Lily '' is the nineteenth episode of the fourth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time , which aired on April 26 , 2015 . When Emma Swan discovers that a former friend from her past , Lily , is Maleficent 's long lost daughter , she embarks on a quest to find her and bring her back to Storybrooke in order to reunite her with Maleficent , and Regina teams up with her in an effort to warn Robin Hood about Zelena , but the two are about to face what awaits them outside Storybrooke . Inside Storybrooke , Gold finds himself dealing with Belle , and back in Emma 's past , her friendship with Lily after she is placed in a foster home could threaten their future . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Opening Sequence 1.2 In the Characters ' Past 1.2. 1 The Enchanted Forest 1.2. 2 The Land Without Magic 1.3 In Storybrooke 1.4 In the Land Without Magic 2 Reception 2.1 Ratings 2.2 Reviews 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Opening sequence ( edit ) Emma Swan 's Volkswagen is shown driving out of Storybrooke through the forest . In the characters ' past ( edit ) The Enchanted forest ( edit ) In the Enchanted Forest , the Apprentice starts consulting with the Sorcerer , who demands that the Author ( Isaac ) can never be allowed to change fate again , after he manipulated the apprentice into sending Maleficent 's daughter , Lily , to the real world after transferring Emma 's potential for darkness to the child . The land without magic ( edit ) In 1999 Mankato , Minnesota , the teenage Emma is grabbing a sleeping bag from the garage for a camping trip , when she finds her friend Lily hiding , saying that she 's in big trouble . Lily then invokes the `` friends forever '' clause to get Emma 's help . Before she can decline or accept , Emma 's adopted father appears and invites Lily to stay for dinner , but when Emma 's father brings up the subject of how they met , Lily lies by saying that they knew each other through foster care . Emma pulls Lily aside afterwards and tells her she does n't want to lie to her new family , only to see a news report on television about authorities searching for shoplifters , and Lily is among the suspects identified . The news has now made Emma furious and now wants Lily to leave immediately , but Lily says that she just ca n't help it because she always does `` bad '' things ; she then begs Emma for help with just one more thing , which is to retrieve a special necklace . Later that night , Emma follows through with getting the necklace , but Lily pulls a fast one on Emma by stealing money from Emma 's parents and runs away . When Emma returned home , Emma 's parents surprised her , having called her social worker , and discovering that Lily is a known criminal . The parents are now upset with Emma for not telling them and allowing such a person into their home ; the actions would result in Emma 's foster father saying something so cruel and disowning that it makes Emma grab her things and leave the house in sadness . Later that night , Lily catches up with a now furious Emma at a bus stop , Emma throws Lily 's necklace at her and tells her to go away , now extremely cross at her for ruining her chance to have a family . But Lily claims that no matter what she does , everything goes wrong and adding that her `` whole life is darkness , '' but when Emma is around it gets brighter . Lily then begs Emma to stay in her life and help , but a bitter Emma leaves , saying she is better off alone and that she 's done helping her . Lily 's future would later come to light as Lily unknowingly sits next to the Apprentice on the bus after she boards , where he starts to tell Lily that he knows everything about her and can explain why her life is so miserable . He believes he owes the truth to her . In Storybrooke ( edit ) It has been several days since Cruella 's death as Isaac and Gold mourn her passing , but Gold is quick to point out that the time has come to start moving on to their next plot . Meanwhile , at the diner , Emma wonders how they will stop Gold now that her heart is starting to change , when all of a sudden Maleficent shows up and says that she is offering her help , now that they all have a common enemy in Gold . Maleficent tells Emma about her daughter , who is alive and named Lily , which prompts Emma to race off towards the library after she hears the name . Emma immediately does some research and uncovers the truth that the woman , Lilith Page , is not only Maleficent 's daughter , but was once the childhood friend of Emma , who also discovers that fate has controlled her life down to the finest detail , which includes influencing the one friend she ever had . Regina then suggests that it is time to turn the tables on fate , and proposes that the two travel to New York together , giving them the opportunity to help each other , with Regina hoping to warn Robin Hood about Zelena , while Emma hopes to find and reunite with Lily in order to redeem her parents . As they prepare to leave Storybrooke , Emma and Regina say their goodbyes to everyone , though Emma is still mad at Mary Margaret and David for lying to her . With Emma and Regina out of town , Gold finds the opportunity to find Belle 's heart , as it can not leave town . He finds Will after finishing his date with Belle , and tells him that Regina took her heart and then threatens Will by demanding that he help him steal it back from Regina 's office . Meanwhile , Mary Margaret and David visit Maleficent and ask for her forgiveness , but she responds to the couple that the real person they need to seek forgiveness from is Lily , since Maleficent has made it clear that she will never forgive them . Hours later , Gold puts his next plan into motion as he seeks out Maleficent in pursuit of Belle 's heart , but Maleficent has decided not to be part of his plot upon visiting the Mayor 's office as Regina has placed a protection spell so he ca n't enter the office , but Gold used the distraction to allow Will to sneak in through the window and retrieve Belle 's heart . After Gold leaves , Maleficent immediately texts Regina . As Will brings Belle 's heart back to her , he finally gets her attention as Gold enters the room to explain that he must stop hurting her as his heart has grown blacker and learns that he will die faster if he does not stop . Gold then restores the heart back into Belle , and as he leaves , essentially gives Will his blessing with Belle . As Gold walked out of the store , Will grabs Belle 's hand but she takes it away while staring at door , seemingly showing signs that she wanted to go after him . In the land without magic ( edit ) As Emma and Regina arrive in Lowell , Massachusetts , the two visit an apartment that was the most recent address that Lily once lived at , but the landlord who heard them knock on her door says she died in a car crash and adds insult to their injury by claiming that no one really misses her . Sensing that he is lying , Emma starts to snap and prepares to attack him , but Regina barely holds her back from doing so . Hours later , Emma and Regina are back on the road , when they spot a wolf in the middle of the road and just like Emma 's first arrival in Storybrooke is run off the highway and it blows a tire . Emma is now convinced that this is happening all over again , only to have Regina telling Emma that she 's putting too much faith in fate . Moments later , Emma and Regina stop to get a meal at diner nearby , and in a surprise shocking twist Emma quickly identifies a waitress named `` Starla '' as her long lost friend , Lily . Emma and Lily begin to confront each other outside of the diner . Lily is stunned that Emma would track her down based on the birthmark on her wrist as proof , even as Emma tries to explain that there 's a higher force at power here that has kept them in each other 's lives and forced Lily 's many bad decisions . Lily then tells Emma that she does not believe her and refuses her offer to help . She also tells Emma that she is married and has a daughter , only to walk over to the young girl who just got off a school bus and asks her to pretend to be her daughter in exchange for a free week of burgers . This leads Emma to be suspicious of Lily and follow her to her home , where they find a wall filled with newspaper clippings and clues about Storybrooke ; it turns out that Lily knows everything about its existence , and is plotting revenge on the people responsible . The two then hear a car burning rubber ( Emma 's VW ) and leaving the place . They believe Lily is ready to carry out her plot as the Snow Queen 's scroll is inside , so Emma finds a monkey wrench , then smashes the window of another vehicle and the ladies race off after Lily until they catch up with her and corner her . When Lily threatens Emma by vowing to kill Mary Margaret and David , she and Emma start fighting ( eventually causing an electrical strike that takes out the headlights on Emma 's car ) until Emma ultimately starts pointing a gun at Lily , who dares her to shoot , since all she ever does is ruin things anyway and adds that decisions are inherently part of her . Realizing that killing Lily would become a major line that would draw Emma into darkness , Regina tells her to lower the gun and Emma does just that . With the hatchet now buried , Lily joins Emma and Regina and they race their way towards New York City to warn Robin Hood , as Regina has now learned that the leverage she has over Gold , Belle 's heart , has been restored back in Belle by Gold , putting Robin in more danger . As they reach the apartment , Regina tells Robin the truth about Zelena pretending to be Marian but Robin does n't believe her , until `` Marian '' shows up . Regina attempts to expose her but Robin still does n't believe her and shouts at her , telling her , he 's moved on . `` Marian '' eventually reveals to everyone by transforming herself back to Zelena , shocking Robin , who suddenly shocks Regina , Emma and Lily with another surprise : Zelena is now pregnant with his child . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The episode increased from the previous two episodes , as it posted a 1.7 / 5 among 18 - 49s with 5.21 million viewers tuning in , retaining its lead among scripted programs in the 8 p.m. timeslot but was tied in terms of rating numbers with Secrets & Lies , which followed this show in the 9 p.m. slot . Reviews ( edit ) The episode was met with mixed to positive reviews . Hilary Busis of Entertainment Weekly noted `` It 's a good thing `` Lily '' ended with something of a bombshell -- because otherwise , tonight 's highly anticipated installment felt like a bit of an anticlimax . For any other show , an episode that has a plot you can easily explain in a sentence ( Emma and Regina leave Storybrooke to track down Maleficent 's daughter ; they do ) would n't necessarily be cause for concern . On Once , though -- which is at its best when it 's being crazy - go - nuts - bonkers -- these sorts of hours tend to land with a whimper rather than a bang . '' Amy Ratcliffe of IGN said of the episode , `` The search for Lily and the memories it brought to the surface did n't make for a stirring or emotional episode . Regina serving as Emma 's life coach kept the primary plot afloat , but overall , Emma is going dark side too quickly . The build should be more gradual . Also , Emma really needs to stop saying that she knows when people are lying . '' Ratcliffe gave the episode a 6.5 rating out of 10 . In a review from Rickey.org , Nick Roman cites `` `` Lily '' suggests nature and nurture go hand in hand , and the result is an engrossing episode . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments to ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Secrets and Lies ' Hits High , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Returns Up , ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Last Man on Earth ' & ' Revenge ' Flat , ' Madam Secretary ' Falls '' from TV By The Numbers / Zap2It ( April 27 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time recap : ' Lily ' '' from Entertainment Weekly ( April 26 , 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Ratcliffe , Amy ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : `` Lily '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Review : Its Nature Vs Nurture In The Engrossing ' Lily ' '' from Rickey.org ( April 26 , 2015 ) External links ( edit ) `` Lily '' on IMDb `` Lily '' at TV.com ( hide ) Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths `` `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lily_(Once_Upon_a_Time)&oldid=815479620 '' Categories : 2015 American television episodes Once Upon a Time ( season 4 ) episodes Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 02 : 18 . About Wikipedia | who is lilith in once upon a time | [
"\n\n\n\nKristin Bauer van Straten as Maleficent\nAgnes Bruckner as Lilth \"Lily\" Page\nPatrick Fischler as Isaac Heller/The Author\nChristie Laing as Maid Marian\nRebecca Mader as Zelena/The Wicked Witch of the West\nSean Maguire as Robin Hood\nTimothy Webber as The Apprentice\nNicole Munoz as Young Lily Page\nAbby Ross as Young Emma Swan\nCameron Bancroft as Bill\nKendall Cross as Katie\nPhil Granger as Landlord\nSidney Shapiro as Max\nParker Magnuson as Zach\nZoey Stewart as Brunette girl\nJonathan Adams as Merlin/The Sorcerer (voice)\nCarlton Cuse as TV News Reporter (voice)\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Agnes Bruckner"
] |
-5192768123826253565 | Prokaryote | Prokaryote - wikipedia Prokaryote Jump to : navigation , search Diagram of a typical prokaryotic cell A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane - bound nucleus , mitochondria , or any other membrane - bound organelle . The word prokaryote comes from the Greek πρό ( pro ) `` before '' and κάρυον ( karyon ) `` nut or kernel '' . Prokaryotes are divided into two domains , Archaea and Bacteria . In contrast , species with nuclei and organelles are placed in the third domain , Eukaryota . Prokaryotes reproduce without fusion of gametes . The first living organisms are thought to have been prokaryotes . In the prokaryotes , all the intracellular water - soluble components ( proteins , DNA and metabolites ) are located together in the cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane , rather than in separate cellular compartments . Bacteria , however , do possess protein - based bacterial microcompartments , which are thought to act as primitive organelles enclosed in protein shells . Some prokaryotes , such as cyanobacteria may form large colonies . Others , such as myxobacteria , have multicellular stages in their life cycles . Molecular studies have provided insight into the evolution and interrelationships of the three domains of biological species . Eukaryotes are organisms , including humans , whose cells have a well defined membrane - bound nucleus ( containing chromosomal DNA ) and organelles . The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization . Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens ; these are common in some extreme environments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Morphology 3 Reproduction 4 DNA transfer 5 Sociality 6 Environment 7 Classification 8 Evolution 9 Relationship to eukaryotes 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Structure ( edit ) Prokaryotes have a prokaryotic cytoskeleton , albeit more primitive than that of the eukaryotes . Besides homologues of actin and tubulin ( MreB and FtsZ ) , the helically arranged building - block of the flagellum , flagellin , is one of the most significant cytoskeletal proteins of bacteria , as it provides structural backgrounds of chemotaxis , the basic cell physiological response of bacteria . At least some prokaryotes also contain intracellular structures that can be seen as primitive organelles . Membranous organelles ( or intracellular membranes ) are known in some groups of prokaryotes , such as vacuoles or membrane systems devoted to special metabolic properties , such as photosynthesis or chemolithotrophy . In addition , some species also contain carbohydrate - enclosed microcompartments , which have distinct physiological roles ( e.g. carboxysomes or gas vacuoles ) . Most prokaryotes are between 1 μm and 10 μm , but they can vary in size from 0.2 μm ( Mycoplasma genitalium ) to 750 μm ( Thiomargarita namibiensis ) . Prokaryotic cell structure Flagellum ( only in some types of prokaryotes ) Long , whip - like protrusion that aids cellular locomotion used by both gram positive and gram negative organisms . Cell membrane Surrounds the cell 's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell . Cell wall ( except genera Mycoplasma and Thermoplasma ) Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape . Cytoplasm A gel - like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes , salts , cell components , and various organic molecules . Ribosome Cell structures responsible for protein production . Nucleoid Area of the cytoplasm that contains the prokaryote 's single DNA molecule . Glycocalyx ( only in some types of prokaryotes ) A glycoprotein - polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes . Inclusions It contains the inclusion bodies like ribosomes and larger masses scattered in the cytoplasmic matrix . Morphology ( edit ) Prokaryotic cells have various shapes ; the four basic shapes of bacteria are : Cocci -- spherical Bacilli -- rod - shaped Spirochaete -- spiral - shaped Vibrio -- comma - shaped The archaeon Haloquadratum has flat square - shaped cells . Reproduction ( edit ) Bacteria and archaea reproduce through asexual reproduction , usually by binary fission . Genetic exchange and recombination still occur , but this is a form of horizontal gene transfer and is not a replicative process , simply involving the transference of DNA between two cells , as in bacterial conjugation . DNA transfer ( edit ) DNA transfer between prokaryotic cells occurs in bacteria and archaea , although it has been mainly studied in bacteria . In bacteria , gene transfer occurs by three processes . These are ( 1 ) bacterial virus ( bacteriophage ) - mediated transduction , ( 2 ) plasmid - mediated conjugation , and ( 3 ) natural transformation . Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to reflect an occasional error during intracellular assembly of virus particles , rather than an adaptation of the host bacteria . The transfer of bacterial DNA is under the control of the bacteriophage 's genes rather than bacterial genes . Conjugation in the well - studied E. coli system is controlled by plasmid genes , and is an adaptation for distributing copies of a plasmid from one bacterial host to another . Infrequently during this process , a plasmid may integrate into the host bacterial chromosome , and subsequently transfer part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium . Plasmid mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA ( conjugation ) also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation . Play media 3D animation of a prokaryotic cell that shows all the elements that compose it Natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through the intervening medium . Unlike transduction and conjugation , transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer , because it depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process . For a bacterium to bind , take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome , it must first enter a special physiological state called competence . About 40 genes are required in Bacillus subtilis for the development of competence . The length of DNA transferred during B. subtilis transformation can be as much as a third to the whole chromosome . Transformation is a common mode of DNA transfer , and 67 prokaryotic species are thus far known to be naturally competent for transformation . Among archaea , Halobacterium volcanii forms cytoplasmic bridges between cells that appear to be used for transfer of DNA from one cell to another . Another archaeon , Sulfolobus solfataricus , transfers DNA between cells by direct contact . Frols et al. found that exposure of S. solfataricus to DNA damaging agents induces cellular aggregation , and suggested that cellular aggregation may enhance DNA transfer among cells to provide increased repair of damaged DNA via homologous recombination . Sociality ( edit ) While prokaryotes are considered strictly unicellular , most can form stable aggregate communities . When such communities are encased in a stabilizing polymer matrix ( `` slime '' ) , they may be called `` biofilms '' . Cells in biofilms often show distinct patterns of gene expression ( phenotypic differentiation ) in time and space . Also , as with multicellular eukaryotes , these changes in expression often appear to result from cell - to - cell signaling , a phenomenon known as quorum sensing . Biofilms may be highly heterogeneous and structurally complex and may attach to solid surfaces , or exist at liquid - air interfaces , or potentially even liquid - liquid interfaces . Bacterial biofilms are often made up of microcolonies ( approximately dome - shaped masses of bacteria and matrix ) separated by `` voids '' through which the medium ( e.g. , water ) may flow easily . The microcolonies may join together above the substratum to form a continuous layer , closing the network of channels separating microcolonies . This structural complexity -- combined with observations that oxygen limitation ( a ubiquitous challenge for anything growing in size beyond the scale of diffusion ) is at least partially eased by movement of medium throughout the biofilm -- has led some to speculate that this may constitute a circulatory system and many researchers have started calling prokaryotic communities multicellular ( for example ) . Differential cell expression , collective behavior , signaling , programmed cell death , and ( in some cases ) discrete biological dispersal events all seem to point in this direction . However , these colonies are seldom if ever founded by a single founder ( in the way that animals and plants are founded by single cells ) , which presents a number of theoretical issues . Most explanations of co-operation and the evolution of multicellularity have focused on high relatedness between members of a group ( or colony , or whole organism ) . If a copy of a gene is present in all members of a group , behaviors that promote cooperation between members may permit those members to have ( on average ) greater fitness than a similar group of selfish individuals ( see inclusive fitness and Hamilton 's rule ) . Should these instances of prokaryotic sociality prove to be the rule rather than the exception , it would have serious implications for the way we view prokaryotes in general , and the way we deal with them in medicine . Bacterial biofilms may be 100 times more resistant to antibiotics than free - living unicells and may be nearly impossible to remove from surfaces once they have colonized them . Other aspects of bacterial cooperation -- such as bacterial conjugation and quorum - sensing - mediated pathogenicity , present additional challenges to researchers and medical professionals seeking to treat the associated diseases . Environment ( edit ) Phylogenetic ring showing the diversity of prokaryotes , and symbiogenetic origins of eukaryotes Prokaryotes have diversified greatly throughout their long existence . The metabolism of prokaryotes is far more varied than that of eukaryotes , leading to many highly distinct prokaryotic types . For example , in addition to using photosynthesis or organic compounds for energy , as eukaryotes do , prokaryotes may obtain energy from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide . This enables prokaryotes to thrive in harsh environments as cold as the snow surface of Antarctica , studied in cryobiology or as hot as undersea hydrothermal vents and land - based hot springs . Prokaryotes live in nearly all environments on Earth . Some archaea and bacteria are extremophiles , thriving in harsh conditions , such as high temperatures ( thermophiles ) or high salinity ( halophiles ) . Many archaea grow as plankton in the oceans . Symbiotic prokaryotes live in or on the bodies of other organisms , including humans . Classification ( edit ) Phylogenetic and symbiogenetic tree of living organisms , showing the origins of eukaryotes and prokaryotes In 1977 , Carl Woese proposed dividing prokaryotes into the Bacteria and Archaea ( originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria ) because of the major differences in the structure and genetics between the two groups of organisms . Archaea were originally thought to be extremophiles , living only in inhospitable conditions such as extremes of temperature , pH , and radiation but have since been found in all types of habitats . The resulting arrangement of Eukaryota ( also called `` Eucarya '' ) , Bacteria , and Archaea is called the three - domain system , replacing the traditional two - empire system . Evolution ( edit ) Main article : Molecular evolution Diagram of the origin of life with the Eukaryotes appearing early , not derived from Prokaryotes , as proposed by Richard Egel in 2012 . This view , one of many on the relative positions of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes , implies that the universal common ancestor was relatively large and complex . A widespread current model of the evolution of the first living organisms is that these were some form of prokaryotes , which may have evolved out of protocells , while the eukaryotes evolved later in the history of life . Some authors have questioned this conclusion , arguing that the current set of prokaryotic species may have evolved from more complex eukaryotic ancestors through a process of simplification . Others have argued that the three domains of life arose simultaneously , from a set of varied cells that formed a single gene pool . This controversy was summarized in 2005 : There is no consensus among biologists concerning the position of the eukaryotes in the overall scheme of cell evolution . Current opinions on the origin and position of eukaryotes span a broad spectrum including the views that eukaryotes arose first in evolution and that prokaryotes descend from them , that eukaryotes arose contemporaneously with eubacteria and archeabacteria and hence represent a primary line of descent of equal age and rank as the prokaryotes , that eukaryotes arose through a symbiotic event entailing an endosymbiotic origin of the nucleus , that eukaryotes arose without endosymbiosis , and that eukaryotes arose through a symbiotic event entailing a simultaneous endosymbiotic origin of the flagellum and the nucleus , in addition to many other models , which have been reviewed and summarized elsewhere . The oldest known fossilized prokaryotes were laid down approximately 3.5 billion years ago , only about 1 billion years after the formation of the Earth 's crust . Eukaryotes only appear in the fossil record later , and may have formed from endosymbiosis of multiple prokaryote ancestors . The oldest known fossil eukaryotes are about 1.7 billion years old . However , some genetic evidence suggests eukaryotes appeared as early as 3 billion years ago . While Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known to exist , some have suggested that there is evidence on Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes . However , this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism . Relationship to eukaryotes ( edit ) Comparison of eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms . The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a `` true '' nucleus containing their DNA , whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus . Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA / protein structures called ribosomes , which produce protein . Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes . However , two organelles found in many eukaryotic cells , mitochondria and chloroplasts , contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes . This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free - living bacteria . This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures , leading to the mitochondria we see today . The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA / protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid , which lacks a nuclear envelope . The complex contains a single , cyclic , double - stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA , in contrast to the multiple linear , compact , highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells . In addition , many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids . Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts . Instead , processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane . However , prokaryotes do possess some internal structures , such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons . It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane - bound cellular structures . However , further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected . Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells . Therefore , prokaryotes have a larger surface - area - to - volume ratio , giving them a higher metabolic rate , a higher growth rate , and as a consequence , a shorter generation time than eukaryotes . See also ( edit ) Molecular and cell biology portal Biology portal Bacterial cell structure Evolution of sexual reproduction List of sequenced archaeal genomes List of sequenced bacterial genomes Monera , an obsolete kingdom including Archaea and Bacteria Nanobacterium Nanobe Parakaryon References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : NC State University . `` Prokaryotes : Single - celled Organisms '' . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , N. `` Biology : Concepts & Connections '' . Pearson Education . San Francisco : 2003 . Jump up ^ `` prokaryote '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Coté G , De Tullio M ( 2010 ) . `` Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes : Planctomycetes and Cell Organization '' . Nature . 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Garland Science ( 2002 ) pg. 808 ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 Jump up ^ Thanbichler M , Wang SC , Shapiro L ( October 2005 ) . `` The bacterial nucleoid : a highly organized and dynamic structure '' . Journal of Cellular Biochemistry . 96 ( 3 ) : 506 -- 21 . doi : 10.1002 / jcb. 20519 . PMID 15988757 . Jump up ^ Harold FM ( June 1972 ) . `` Conservation and transformation of energy by bacterial membranes '' . Bacteriological Reviews . 36 ( 2 ) : 172 -- 230 . PMC 408323 . PMID 4261111 . Jump up ^ Shih YL , Rothfield L ( September 2006 ) . `` The bacterial cytoskeleton '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 70 ( 3 ) : 729 -- 54 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 00017 - 06 . PMC 1594594 . PMID 16959967 . Jump up ^ Michie KA , Löwe J ( 2006 ) . `` Dynamic filaments of the bacterial cytoskeleton '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 75 : 467 -- 92 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 75.103004. 142452 . PMID 16756499 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fuerst JA ( 2005 ) . `` Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes '' . Annual Review of Microbiology. 59 : 299 -- 328 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. micro. 59.030804. 121258 . PMID 15910279 . Jump up ^ Santarella - Mellwig R , Pruggnaller S , Roos N , Mattaj IW & Devos DP ( 2013 ) . `` Three - dimensional reconstruction of bacteria with a complex endomembrane system '' . PLoS Biology . 11 ( 5 ) : e1001565 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1001565 . PMC 3660258 . PMID 23700385 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Procaryota . Prokaryote versus eukaryote , BioMineWiki The Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea The Prokaryote - Eukaryote Dichotomy : Meanings and Mythology Quiz on prokaryote anatomy TOLWEB page on Eukaryote - Prokaryote phylogeny This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document `` Science Primer '' . Prokaryotes : Bacteria classification ( phyla and orders ) Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) G - / OM Terra - / Glidobacteria ( BV1 ) Eobacteria Deinococcus -- Thermus Deinococcales Thermales Chloroflexi Anaerolineales Caldilineales Chloroflexales Herpetosiphonales Dehalococcoidales Ktedonobacterales Thermogemmatisporales Thermomicrobiales Sphaerobacterales other glidobacteria Thermodesulfobacteria thermophiles Aquificae Thermotogae Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria ( BV2 ) Alpha Caulobacterales Kiloniellales Kordiimonadales Magnetococcales Parvularculales Rhizobiales Rhodobacterales Rhodospirillales Rickettsiales Sneathiellales Sphingomonadales Beta Burkholderiales Hydrogenophilales Methylophilales Neisseriales Nitrosomonadales Procabacteriales Rhodocyclales Gamma Acidithiobacillales Aeromonadales Alteromonadales Cardiobacteriales Chromatiales Enterobacteriales Legionellales Methylococcales Oceanospirillales Orbales Pasteurellales Pseudomonadales Salinisphaerales Thiotrichales Vibrionales Xanthomonadales Delta Bdellovibrionales Desulfarculales Desulfobacterales Desulfovibrionales Desulfurellales Desulfuromonadales Myxococcales Syntrophobacterales Syntrophorhabdales Epsilon Campylobacterales Nautiliales Zeta Mariprofundales BV4 Spirochaetes Spirochaetes Sphingobacteria ( FCB group ) Fibrobacteres Chlorobi Chlorobiales Ignavibacteriales Bacteroidetes Bacteroidales Cytophagales Flavobacteriales Sphingobacteriales Planctobacteria / ( PVC group ) Chlamydiae Lentisphaerae Lentisphaerales Oligosphaerales Victivallales Planctomycetes Phycisphaerales Planctomycetales Verrucomicrobia Puniceicoccales Opitutales Chthoniobacterales Verrucomicrobiales `` Poribacteria '' Other GN Acidobacteria Acidobacteriales Acanthopleuribacterales Holophagales Solibacterales Armatimonadetes Armatimonadales Chthonomonadales Fimbriimonadales Caldiserica Chrysiogenetes Deferribacteres Dictyoglomi Elusimicrobia Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Synergistetes G+ / no OM Firmicutes ( BV3 ) Bacilli Bacillales Lactobacillales Clostridia Clostridiales Halanaerobiales Thermoanaerobacteriales Natranaerobiales Erysipelotrichia Erysipelotrichiales Thermolithobacteria Thermolithobacterales Tenericutes / Mollicutes Mycoplasmatales Entomoplasmatales Anaeroplasmatales Acholeplasmatales Haloplasmatales Negativicutes Selenomonadales Actinobacteria ( BV5 ) Actinobacteria Actinomycetales Bifidobacteriales Acidimicrobiia Acidimicrobiales Coriobacteriidae Coriobacteriales Nitriliruptoria Euzebyales Nitriliruptorales Rubrobacteria Gaiellales Rubrobacterales Thermoleophilales Solirubrobacterales Incertae sedis † Archaeosphaeroides † Eobacterium † Leptotrichites Source : Bergey 's Manual ( 2001 -- 2012 ) . Alternative views : Wikispecies . Prokaryotes : Archaea classification Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Euryarchaeota Euryarchaeota Archaeoglobi Archaeoglobales Halobacteria Halobacteriales Methanobacteria Methanobacteriales Methanococci Methanococcales Methanomicrobia Methanocellales Methanomicrobiales Methanosarcinales Methanopyri Methanopyrales Thermococci Thermococcales Thermoplasmata Thermoplasmatales DPANN Diapherotrites `` Ca . Iainarchaeum '' Parvarchaeota `` Ca . Micrarchaeum '' ・ `` Ca . Parvarchaeum '' Aenigmarchaeota `` Ca . Aenigmarchaeum '' Nanohaloarchaea `` Ca . Nanosalina '' ・ `` Ca . Nanosalinarum '' Nanoarchaeota Nanoarchaeum TACK + Asgard TACK Crenarchaeota Thermoprotei Acidilobales Desulfurococcales Fervidicoccales Sulfolobales Thermoproteales Thaumarchaeota Nitrososphaeria Cenarchaeales `` Nitrosopumilales '' Nitrososphaerales Korarchaeota `` Ca . Korarchaeum cryptofilum '' Aigarchaeota `` Ca . Caldiarchaeum subterraneum '' Geoarchaeota Geoarchaeota Bathyarchaeota Bathyarchaeota Asgard Lokiarchaeota Odinarchaeota Thorarchaeota Heimdallarchaeota GND : 4201051 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokaryote&oldid=843233270 '' Categories : Prokaryotes Bacteriology Biochemistry Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 79 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 20 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of organism is made up of prokaryotic cells | [
"A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.[1] The word prokaryote comes from the Greek πρό (pro) \"before\" and κάρυον (karyon) \"nut or kernel\".[2][3] Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. In contrast, species with nuclei and organelles are placed in the third domain, Eukaryota.[4] Prokaryotes reproduce without fusion of gametes. The first living organisms are thought to have been prokaryotes.",
"A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.[1] The word prokaryote comes from the Greek πρό (pro) \"before\" and κάρυον (karyon) \"nut or kernel\".[2][3] Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. In contrast, species with nuclei and organelles are placed in the third domain, Eukaryota.[4] Prokaryotes reproduce without fusion of gametes. The first living organisms are thought to have been prokaryotes."
] | [
"Archaea",
"Bacteria"
] |
-8513058064190363321 | Criminal Minds (season 13) | Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) - wikipedia Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) DVD cover art Starring Joe Mantegna Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Aisha Tyler Daniel Henney Adam Rodriguez Paget Brewster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 12 Next → Season 14 List of Criminal Minds episodes The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7 , 2017 , by CBS with an order of 22 episodes . The season premiered on September 27 , 2017 in a new time slot at 10 : 00PM on Wednesday when it had previously been at 9 : 00PM on Wednesday since its inception . The season concluded on April 18 , 2018 with a two - part season finale . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Special guest star 1.3 Recurring cast 1.4 Guest cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . His character was killed off in the season premiere off - screen . Following the cancellation of Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , it was announced that Daniel Henney ( Matt Simmons ) would join the cast this season as a series regular . Main cast ( edit ) Joe Mantegna as David Rossi Matthew Gray Gubler as Dr. Spencer Reid A.J. Cook as Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia Aisha Tyler as Dr. Tara Lewis Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons Adam Rodriguez as Luke Alvez Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss Special guest star ( edit ) Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan Recurring cast ( edit ) Josh Stewart as William LaMontagne Jr . Kelly Frye as Kristy Simmons Declan Whaley as David Simmons Kim Rhodes as Assistant Director Linda Barnes Guest cast ( edit ) Bodhi Elfman as Peter Lewis / Mr. Scratch Tracie Thoms as Monica Walker Jamie Kennedy as Floyd Feylinn Ferell Zelda Williams as Melissa Miller Lou Diamond Phillips as Sheriff Clifford Gail O'Grady as Krystall Richards James Urbaniak as Special Agent Owen Quinn Karen David as Special Agent Mary Meadows Michael Hogan as Benjamin David Merva Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Criminal Minds was renewed for a thirteenth season with an episode order of 22 episodes on April 7 , 2017 . The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . Matthew Gray Gubler directed the seventeenth episode of the season and it was said to be `` the spookiest episode of Season 13 '' and involved clowns . On August 10 , 2017 , it was revealed that Aisha Tyler will make her television directing debut and direct the sixth episode of the season . On August 12 , 2017 it was revealed that Erica Messer and Kirsten Vangsness will be co-writing the eleventh episode of the season , which will be the fourth episode they have co-written together . On October 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Adam Rodriguez will make his Criminal Minds directing debut and direct the sixteenth episode of the season . Casting ( edit ) Shemar Moore reprised his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode . On June 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Damon Gupton had been let go from the show after one season . CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show '' . His character Stephen Walker was killed off - screen in the season premiere . In May 2018 , Deadline reported that the real reason Damon Gupton was let go from the show was because he reportedly stole stuff from the set and threatened some of the cast members . On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the thirteenth season . On October 12 , 2017 , it was announced that Shemar Moore would reprise his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode of the season ( `` Lucky Strikes '' ) . His character returned to help Penelope Garcia get through a tough time . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Criminal Minds episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 278 `` Wheels Up '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1301 7.00 When escaped serial killer Peter Lewis ( Bodhi Elfman ) launches a devastating final assault on the BAU and takes one of their own as a hostage , Garcia brings in former International Response Team member Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) to help apprehend Lewis before more lives are lost . 279 `` To A Better Place '' Diana C. Valentine Bruce Zimmerman October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1302 6.17 When suitcases containing human remains are found throughout Naples , Florida , the BAU returns from their bureau - dictated vacation to find a connection between the victims before the killer takes another life . Meanwhile , Reid learns about a condition to his reinstatement and the team officially welcomes Simmons into the fold . 280 `` Blue Angel '' Sharat Raju Christopher Barbour October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1304 5.87 When two businessmen are emasculated in Detroit , Michigan , the BAU investigates a connection between the victims only to discover a family secret that changes the course of the investigation . Meanwhile , Simmons finds himself bonding with an escort involved in the case . 281 `` Killer App '' Alec Smight Stephanie SenGupta October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1303 5.94 When a workplace shooting in Silicon Valley claims the lives of three employees , the BAU works with the Department of Homeland Security to determine if the shooting was personal and why the victims were targeted . Meanwhile , Prentiss confronts Alvez about the events surrounding his final confrontation with Peter Lewis . 282 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' Tawnia McKiernan Jim Clemente October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1306 5.91 When a Florida prostitute is found dead with both legs and several fingers missing , the BAU sets out to determine if cannibalistic serial killer Floyd Feylinn Ferell ( Jamie Kennedy ) has embarked on another spree or if a copycat killer is responsible . Meanwhile , former SSA Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) helps Garcia when she becomes overwhelmed by memories of a ten - year - old trauma . 283 6 `` The Bunker '' Aisha Tyler Karen Maser November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1305 5.50 When a missing persons case is connected to a series of abductions throughout Virginia , the BAU sets out to find a connection between the victims only to unearth an unusual motive . Meanwhile , JJ connects with a woman who believes her sister 's disappearance may be connected to the investigation and Garcia searches for a new apartment . 284 7 `` Dust and Bones '' Marcus Stokes Erica Meredith November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1307 5.64 When two women are abducted and permanently disfigured in Austin , Texas , the BAU determines that the attacker has a dangerous obsession with a vicious creature . Meanwhile , Alvez struggles to find a way to help his former Fugitive Task Force partner come to terms with his paralysis . 285 8 `` Neon Terror '' Bethany Rooney Erik Stiller November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 1308 6.31 When the latest in a series of robbery - homicides occurs in Miami , Florida , the BAU investigates only to suspect that they are dealing with an unsub who seeks attention by releasing footage of his crimes to the media . 286 9 `` False Flag '' Joe Mantegna Breen Frazier December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 1309 5.34 When two members of a Roswell , New Mexico conspiracy theory group die in quick succession , the BAU suspects that the crimes were committed by a serial killer only to find themselves reexamining the evidence following a catastrophic encounter . Meanwhile , Lewis struggles to keep her emotions in check as she interrogates a young podcaster ( Zelda Williams ) with ties to the group . 287 10 `` Submerged '' Rob Bailey Bruce Zimmerman January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 1310 5.41 When the latest in a series of perplexing robbery - homicides occurs in Ramona , California , the BAU works with a frustrated sheriff ( Lou Diamond Phillips ) to track down a serial killer with mysterious motives and an even more mysterious past . 288 11 `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' Simon Mirren Erica Messer & Kirsten Vangsness January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1311 5.70 When the wife of a Virginia police chief survives a brutal home invasion - homicide , the BAU coordinates with her husband and the local authorities to catch her attempted killer only to uncover a multitude of secrets being kept by the town 's inhabitants . 289 12 `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' Christoph Schrewe Karen Maser January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1312 5.63 When the gruesome murder of a New York City jogger is connected to a series of equally gruesome murder - mutilations , the BAU searches Central Park for a killer who may be suffering from a syndrome that makes him believe he is a gruesome monster . Meanwhile , Alvez deals with the fallout of a blind date gone wrong . 290 13 `` Cure '' Glenn Kershaw Christopher Barbour January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 1313 5.30 When a cryptic message is found inside the mouth of a Washington , D.C. financier , the BAU sets out to catch a serial killer determined to eradicate institutions of power . Meanwhile , JJ grows increasingly concerned after receiving an email asking her to sit down with Assistant Director Linda Barnes ( Kim Rhodes ) . 291 14 `` Miasma '' Leon Ichaso Erica Meredith January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1314 5.42 When a mass grave is uncovered in a New Orleans cemetery , the BAU searches for a killer who sees himself as a modern - day plague doctor . Meanwhile , Prentiss finds herself forced to endure a hostile interrogation after Barnes suspends her from active duty and summons her for an internal audit . 292 15 `` Annihilator '' Rob Bailey Erik Stiller March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1315 5.04 With Prentiss still suspended from active duty and Reid refusing to work without her , Barnes takes the lead and joins the remaining members of the BAU as they search St. Louis for the perpetrator of a quadruple homicide . Meanwhile , Reid attempts to dissuade Prentiss from making a bold decision . 293 16 `` Last Gasp '' Adam Rodriguez Stephanie SenGupta March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 1316 5.69 In the wake of Barnes ' attempt to restructure the BAU , the divided team works behind her back to identify a serial abductor who photographs Washington , D.C. call girls before killing them and incinerating their bodies . 294 17 `` The Capilanos '' Matthew Gray Gubler Erica Messer March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 1317 5.26 When a seven - year - old child residing in Guymon , Oklahoma claims a man dressed as a clown killed his father , the BAU attempts to determine whether or not the child 's statement is true . 295 18 `` The Dance of Love '' Joe Mantegna Bruce Zimmerman March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 1318 6.59 When two women residing in Chicago , Illinois are stabbed to death on consecutive nights and found with a single red rose in their mouths , the BAU searches for a serial killer with unexpected motives . Meanwhile , Rossi takes personal time off after receiving a phone call from his third ex-wife Krystall ( Gail O'Grady ) . 296 19 `` Ex Parte '' Lily Mariye Christopher Barbour April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 1319 5.90 When a hostage situation takes place at the Washington , D.C. law firm where Simmons ' wife Kristy ( Kelly Frye ) works , the BAU juggles resolving the unfolding crisis and determining the perpetrators ' motives . 297 20 `` All You Can Eat '' Diana C. Valentine Karen Maser April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 1320 5.20 When two sudden deaths in Virginia are believed to be acts of bioterrorism , the BAU works with the CDC to prevent a large - scale incident from taking place . Meanwhile , Garcia reunites with her stepbrother Carlos ( Sebastian Sozzi ) after learning that the drunk driver who killed their parents is eligible for parole . 298 21 `` Mixed Signals '' Alec Smight Erica Meredith & Erik Stiller April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1321 5.92 When two people residing in Taos , New Mexico are subjected to crude lobotomies , the BAU suspects the perpetrator is obsessed with proving an inexplicable collection of phenomena exists . 299 22 `` Believer '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1322 5.39 When a former VICAP agent is found locked inside a storage unit , the BAU investigates his frantic claims of an active serial killer nicknamed `` The Strangler '' only to find themselves questioning everything they think they know . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wheels Up '' September 27 , 2017 1.3 / 5 7.00 1.1 4.15 2.4 11.15 `` To a Better Place '' October 4 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.17 1.1 3.98 2.2 10.15 `` Blue Angel '' October 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.87 1.0 3.82 2.1 9.68 `` Killer App '' October 18 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.94 1.1 3.87 2.1 9.81 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' October 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.91 1.0 3.81 2.0 9.72 6 `` The Bunker '' November 8 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.50 1.0 3.53 1.9 9.03 7 `` Dust and Bones '' November 15 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.64 1.0 3.76 2.0 9.40 8 `` Neon Terror '' November 22 , 2017 1.0 / 4 6.31 1.0 3.70 2.0 10.00 9 `` False Flag '' December 6 , 2017 0.9 / 4 5.34 1.1 4.04 2.0 9.38 10 `` Submerged '' January 3 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.41 1.1 3.93 2.0 9.37 11 `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' January 10 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.70 1.1 4.13 2.1 9.83 12 `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' January 17 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.63 1.1 4.02 2.1 9.65 13 `` Cure '' January 24 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.30 1.1 4.12 2.0 9.42 14 `` Miasma '' January 31 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.42 1.0 3.90 2.0 9.32 15 `` Annihilator '' March 7 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.05 1.0 4.06 1.9 9.11 16 `` Last Gasp '' March 14 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.69 1.2 4.16 2.1 9.85 17 `` The Capilanos '' March 21 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.26 1.1 3.94 2.0 9.20 18 `` The Dance of Love '' March 28 , 2018 1.1 / 5 6.59 0.9 3.54 2.0 10.13 19 `` Ex Parte '' April 4 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.90 1.0 3.71 2.0 9.62 20 `` All You Can Eat '' April 11 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.20 1.0 3.94 1.9 9.14 21 `` Mixed Signals '' April 18 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.92 0.8 3.05 1.8 8.97 22 `` Believer '' April 18 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.39 0.8 3.35 1.7 8.74 Home media ( edit ) The Complete Thirteenth Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 6 - disc set ( Region 1 ) 5 - disc set ( Region 2 & 4 ) Aspect Ratio : 1.78 : 1 Subtitles : English English : Dolby Digital 5.1 Getting Lucky Bunker Mentality Breaking Up The BAU The Table Read : Mixed Signals Thirteen Minds Would You Make A Good FBI Agent ? Pilot Episode of `` SEAL Team '' Pilot Episode of `` Bull '' Gag Reel Deleted Scenes DVD release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) TBA TBA References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Renewed For Season 13 By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Angelica , Patricia ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Replicator , season 13 , writers ' strike , USC : an exclusive interview with Harry Bring , the LLPOS of Criminal Minds '' . Criminal Minds Brasil . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL MINDS Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gupton , Damon ( @ DamonGupton ) ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` wanted to let you know I appreciate this as I just lost my job . You throwing out the 1st pitch is pure class and a monumental image '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Daniel Henney Of ' Beyond Borders ' Joins Mothership Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on X-Files , Riverdale , Supergirl , Supernatural , Chuck , NCIS , Elementary and More '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Today starts 1305 prep . Director : Aisha Tyler Writer : Karen Maser `` The Bunker '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Then you will be happy to watch Ep 1311 to be written by the fabulous @ ecmess & @ Vangsness '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` # 1316 . It will be written by Stephanie Sengupta '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Adds Beyond Borders ' Daniel Henney as Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Shemar Moore Set for Encore , to Help Garcia With ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' and ' SNL Thanksgiving ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Match Game ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' & ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , CW adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds : The Thirteenth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Criminal Minds on IMDb Criminal Minds at TV.com Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Ashley Seaver Luke Alvez Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds_(season_13)&oldid=857029267 '' Categories : Criminal Minds 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 02 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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"\n\n\nThe Complete Thirteenth Season\n\n\nSet details\n\nSpecial features\n\n\n\n22 episodes\n6-disc set (Region 1)\n5-disc set (Region 2 & 4)\nAspect Ratio: 1.78:1\nSubtitles: English\nEnglish: Dolby Digital 5.1\n\n\nGetting Lucky\nBunker Mentality\nBreaking Up The BAU\nThe Table Read: Mixed Signals\nThirteen Minds\nWould You Make A Good FBI Agent?\nPilot Episode of \"SEAL Team\"\nPilot Episode of \"Bull\"\nGag Reel\nDeleted Scenes\n\n\nDVD release date\n\n\nRegion 1\n\nRegion 2\n\nRegion 4\n\n\nAugust 28, 2018 (2018-08-28)[54]\n\nTBA\n\nTBA\n"
] | [
"August 28, 2018"
] |
1473896568807439617 | NBA draft lottery | NBA draft lottery - wikipedia NBA draft lottery Jump to : navigation , search The NBA Draft lottery is an annual event held by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , in which the teams who had missed the playoffs that previous year participate in a lottery process to determine the draft order in the NBA draft . The NBA Draft lottery started in 1985 . In the NBA draft , the teams obtain the rights to amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The lottery winner would get the first selection in the draft . The term `` lottery pick '' denotes a draft pick whose position is determined through the lottery , while the non-playoff teams involved in the process are often called `` lottery teams . '' Under the current rules , only the top three picks are decided by the lottery , and are chosen from the 14 teams that do not make the playoffs . The team with the worst record , or the team that holds the draft rights of the team with the worst record , has the best chance to obtain a higher draft pick . After the top three positions are selected ( from the lottery slotting system ) , the remainder of the first - round draft order is in inverse order of the win - loss record for the remaining teams , or the teams who originally held the lottery rights if they were traded . The lottery does not determine the draft order in the subsequent rounds of the draft . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before 1985 : Territorial picks and coin flip 1.2 1985 -- 1989 : Early lottery system 1.3 1990 -- present : Weighted lottery system 2 Process 3 Lottery ceremony 4 Lottery winners 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Before 1985 : territorial picks and coin flip ( edit ) Further information : NBA territorial pick In the earlier drafts , the teams would draft in reverse order of their win - loss record . However , a special territorial - pick rule allowed a team to draft a player from its local area . If a team decided to use its territorial pick , it forfeited its first - round pick in the draft . The territorial pick rules remained until the NBA revamped the draft system in 1966 . In 1966 , the NBA introduced a coin flip between the worst teams in each division to determine who would obtain the first overall draft pick . The team who lost the coin flip would get the second pick , while the rest of the first - round picks were determined in reverse order of the win - loss record . In this system , the second - worst team would never have a chance to obtain the first pick if it was in the same division as the worst team . The coin flip meant that both teams had an equal chance to draft first . The coin - flip system remained in operation until 1984 . 1985 -- 1989 : early lottery system ( edit ) After the 1984 coin flip , which was won by the Houston Rockets , the NBA introduced the lottery system to counter the accusations that the Rockets and several other teams were deliberately losing their regular season games in order to secure the worst record and consequently the chance to obtain the first pick . The lottery system involved a random drawing of an envelope from a hopper . Inside each of the envelopes was the name of a non-playoff team . The team whose envelope was drawn first would get the first pick . The process was then repeated until the rest of the lottery picks were determined . In this system , each non-playoff team had an equal chance to obtain the first pick . The rest of the first - round picks were determined in reverse order of the win - loss record . Starting from 1987 , the NBA modified the lottery system so that only the first three picks were determined by the lottery . After the three envelopes were drawn , the remaining non-playoff teams would select in reverse order of their win - loss record . This meant that the team with the worst record could receive no worse than the fourth selection , and the second - worst team could pick no lower than fifth , and so on . The New York Knicks were the first winner of the lottery in 1985 . They selected Georgetown University standout Patrick Ewing with their first overall pick . However , speculation arose that the NBA had rigged the lottery so that the Knicks would be assured to get the first pick . Even though the envelope system was highly criticized , it was used until 1989 before being replaced by the weighted lottery system in 1990 . 1990 -- present : weighted lottery system ( edit ) In 1990 , the NBA changed the format of the lottery to give the team with the worst record the best chance of landing the first pick . The worst non-playoff team that season would have 11 chances , out of 66 , to obtain the first pick . The second worst would have 10 chances , and so on . Similarly to the previous system , the weighted lottery system was also used only to determine the first three picks , while the rest of the teams selected in reverse order of their win - loss records . Despite the weighted odds , the Orlando Magic managed to win the lottery in 1993 with only one chance to obtain the first pick as it was the best non-playoff team in the previous season . In October of 1993 , the NBA modified the lottery system to give the team with the worst record a higher chance to win the draft lottery and to decrease the better teams ' chances to win . The new system increased the chances of the worst team obtaining the first pick in the draft from 16.7 percent to 25 percent , while decreasing the chances of the best non-playoff team from 1.5 percent to 0.5 percent . In the new system , 14 numbered table tennis balls were used . Then , a four - number combination from the 14 balls were drawn to determine the lottery winner . Prior to the draft , the NBA assigns 1,000 possible combinations to the non-playoff teams . The process was then repeated to determine the second and third pick . The table below shows the lottery chances and the probabilities for each team to win the first pick in the weighted lottery system in 1993 and 1994 draft . In 2016 , Dikembe Mutombo made people question the draft 's legitimacy when he prematurely tweeted a congratulatory message to the Philadelphia 76ers for receiving the first pick hours before the lottery was conducted . Philadelphia did indeed win the first overall pick . Further questions were raised a bit when the NBA Draft revealed that every spot remained exactly the same as it was before the event took place , which was the first occurrence in draft lottery history . A year later , Lakers executive Magic Johnson raised even further questions about the draft process with him assuring head coach Luke Walton that the Lakers would acquire a top 3 pick for the 2017 NBA draft after an interview Walton had on May 4 , 2017 , twelve days before the draft lottery commenced and moved up to the second pick . 1993 draft lottery 1994 draft lottery Team 1992 -- 1993 record Chances ( out of 66 ) Probability Team 1993 -- 1994 record Chances ( out of 1000 ) Probability Dallas 11 -- 71 11 16.67 % Dallas 13 -- 69 250 25.00 % Minnesota 19 -- 63 10 15.15 % Detroit 20 -- 62 164 16.40 % Washington 22 -- 60 9 13.64 % Minnesota 20 -- 62 164 16.40 % Sacramento 25 -- 57 8 12.12 % Milwaukee 20 -- 62 163 16.30 % 5 Philadelphia 26 -- 56 7 10.61 % Washington 24 -- 58 94 9.40 % 6 Milwaukee 28 -- 54 6 9.09 % Philadelphia 25 -- 57 66 6.60 % 7 Golden State 34 -- 48 5 7.58 % L.A. Clippers 27 -- 55 44 4.40 % 8 Denver 36 -- 46 6.06 % Sacramento 28 -- 54 27 2.70 % 9 Miami 36 -- 46 4.55 % Boston 32 -- 50 15 1.50 % 10 Detroit 40 -- 42 3.03 % L.A. Lakers 33 -- 49 8 0.80 % 11 Orlando 41 -- 41 1.52 % Charlotte 41 -- 41 5 0.50 % In 1995 , the NBA had an agreement with the two expansion franchises , the Toronto Raptors and the Vancouver Grizzlies that neither team would be eligible to obtain the first overall pick in the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 drafts . The Raptors won the 1996 lottery but were forced to settle for the second pick . Another combination was drawn and resulted in the Philadelphia 76ers getting the first pick . Two years later , the Grizzlies won the lottery and likewise had to pick second in the draft , while the L.A. Clippers obtained the first pick . Process ( edit ) The lottery is normally held during either the third or fourth week of May . To determine the winner , fourteen ping pong balls numbered 1 -- 14 are placed in a standard lottery machine and four balls are randomly selected from the lot . Just as in most traditional lotteries , the order in which the numbers are drawn is not important . That is , 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 is considered to be the same as 4 -- 3 -- 2 -- 1 . There are a total of 1,001 combinations ( or 14 ! / ( 10 ! x 4 ! ) ) . Of these combinations , one outcome is disregarded and the remaining outcomes are distributed among the 14 non-playoff NBA teams . The combination 11 -- 12 -- 13 -- 14 ( in any order that those numbers are drawn ) is not assigned and is ignored if drawn ; this has never occurred in practice . In the event a lottery pick is traded to another team , the record of the original team ( whose pick it was before the trade ) still determines eligibility for the lottery , and assignment of chances . Since 2005 , with 30 NBA teams , 16 qualify for the playoffs and the remaining 14 teams enter in the draft lottery . These 14 teams are ranked in reverse order of their regular season record and are assigned the following number of chances 250 combinations , 25.0 % chance of receiving the No. 1 pick 199 combinations , 19.9 % chance 156 combinations , 15.6 % chance 119 combinations , 11.9 % chance 88 combinations , 8.8 % chance 63 combinations , 6.3 % chance 43 combinations , 4.3 % chance 28 combinations , 2.8 % chance 17 combinations , 1.7 % chance 11 combinations , 1.1 % chance 8 combinations , 0.8 % chance 7 combinations , 0.7 % chance 6 combinations , 0.6 % chance 5 combinations , 0.5 % chance The following table lists the odds for each seed to get specific picks if there were no ties ( rounded to three decimal places ) . Seed Chances 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 250 . 250 . 215 . 178 . 357 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 199 . 199 . 188 . 171 . 319 . 123 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 156 . 156 . 157 . 156 . 226 . 265 . 040 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 119 . 119 . 126 . 133 . 099 . 351 . 160 . 012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 88 . 088 . 097 . 107 -- . 261 . 360 . 084 . 004 -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 63 . 063 . 071 . 081 -- -- . 439 . 305 . 040 . 001 -- -- -- -- -- 7 43 . 043 . 049 . 058 -- -- -- . 599 . 232 . 018 . 000 -- -- -- -- 8 28 . 028 . 033 . 039 -- -- -- -- . 724 . 168 . 008 . 000 -- -- -- 9 17 . 017 . 020 . 024 -- -- -- -- -- . 813 . 122 . 004 . 000 -- -- 10 11 . 011 . 013 . 016 -- -- -- -- -- -- . 870 . 089 . 002 . 000 -- 11 8 . 008 . 009 . 012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 907 . 063 . 001 . 000 12 7 . 007 . 008 . 010 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 935 . 039 . 000 13 6 . 006 . 007 . 009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 960 . 018 14 5 . 005 . 006 . 007 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 982 In the event that teams finish with the same record , each tied team receives the average of the total number of combinations for the positions that they occupy . In 2007 , the Minnesota Timberwolves and the Portland Trail Blazers tied for the sixth worst record . The average of the 6th and 7th positions in the lottery was taken , resulting in each team getting 53 combinations ( the average of 63 and 43 ) . Should the average number not be an integer , a coin flip is then used to determine which team or teams receive the extra combination . The result of the coin flip is also used to determine who receives the earlier pick in the event that neither of the tied teams wins one of the first three picks via the lottery . The lottery is conducted with witnesses ( from the accounting firm Ernst & Young ) verifying that all fourteen balls are represented once as they are placed in the lottery machine . The balls are placed in the machine for 20 seconds to randomize before the first ball is drawn . The remaining three balls are drawn at 10 - second intervals . NBA officials determine which team holds the winning combination and that franchise is awarded the # 1 overall draft pick . The four balls are returned to the machine and the process is repeated to determine the second and third picks . In the event that a combination belongs to a team that has already won its pick ( or if the one unassigned combination comes up ) , the round is repeated until a unique winner is determined . When the first three teams have been determined , the remaining picks are given out based on regular season record with the worst teams getting the highest picks . This assures each team that it can drop no more than three spots from its projected draft position . In a case where a lottery team trades its pick to a playoff team , the playoff team assumes the lottery team 's position in all draft lottery situations , unless provisioned by the conditions of the trade . In 2014 , the NBA Board of Governors voted on a proposed reform to the lottery . If the proposed changes passed , the four worst teams in the league would have been given identical odds ( around 11 percent ) at winning the top pick . The fifth team would have a 10 percent chance and the odds would decrease for each team picking after . The proposed changes would take away the advantage of having the worst record in the league ( currently the worst team is given a 25 % chance at the pick ) , and would work to keep teams competitive throughout the entire season . The final vote was 17 - 13 in favor of the reform , but that was short of the required 23 votes needed to push the change through . Lottery ceremony ( edit ) See also : National Basketball Association criticisms and controversies The drawing of the ping - pong balls is conducted in private , though observed by independent auditors and representatives from each team . The results are subsequently presented in a short ceremony ( typically broadcast prior to or during halftime of an NBA playoff game ) , in which the order of the lottery is announced in reverse order , from the fourteenth selection to the first . Representatives from each NBA franchise with a lottery pick are present at the lottery ceremony . The decision of not showing the ping - pong balls live has fueled speculation that the NBA will occasionally fix the draft lottery if it can benefit the league . The speculation originated with the 1985 draft lottery that sent Patrick Ewing to New York , with the theory being that the NBA wanted to send the best player in the draft to New York to increase ratings in a large television market . At that time , the NBA used 7 envelopes in a tumbler representing the seven teams with the worst record . Some have speculated that the envelope containing the Knicks logo was refrigerated beforehand , enabling David Stern to recognize and select it . Another conspiracy theory suggests that one of the seven envelopes was thrown into the tumbler , causing one of the corners to fold . After the envelopes were mixed , Stern took a deep breath before reaching into the tumbler and picking the envelope with the folded corner . No one has ever explained why all the other teams would go along with the fix . Afterward , the Draft Lottery Format was changed to the current ping - pong ball lottery in a private room with team representatives . However , despite the lack of any evidence , conspiracy theories still persist regarding the annual outcome of the lottery . Lottery winners ( edit ) Visual representation of the following table . The largest upset in the lottery occurred in 1993 when the Magic won the lottery with just a 1.5 % chance to win . The second largest upsets occurred in 2008 and 2014 when the Chicago Bulls and Cleveland Cavaliers both won their respective lotteries with just a 1.7 % chance . In 1999 , the Charlotte Hornets also overcame long odds in the draft lottery when they won the third pick despite having the best record among all non-playoff teams . The Hornets only had a 1.83 % chance of winning a top - three pick . Since the lottery was introduced in 1985 , only 18 of 30 NBA teams have won the lottery . The Los Angeles Clippers have won five lotteries , although two of them were conveyed to other teams in trades prior to the lottery . The Orlando Magic and Cleveland Cavaliers are second with three lottery wins each . Since the weighted lottery system was introduced in 1990 , only four teams with the worst record went on to win the lottery while only four teams with the second - worst record have won the lottery . Year Team Previous season record Lottery chances Probability Player selected 1985 New York Knicks 24 -- 58 ( 3rd - worst ) -- 7001142900000000000 ♠ 14.29 % Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing 1986 Los Angeles Clippers ( conveyed to the Cleveland Cavaliers via Philadelphia 76ers ) 32 -- 50 ( 7th - worst ) -- 7001142900000000000 ♠ 14.29 % Daugherty , Brad Brad Daugherty San Antonio Spurs 28 -- 54 ( 4th - worst ) -- 7001142900000000000 ♠ 14.29 % Robinson , David David Robinson 1988 Los Angeles Clippers 17 -- 65 ( Worst ) -- 7001142900000000000 ♠ 14.29 % Manning , Danny Danny Manning 1989 Sacramento Kings 27 -- 55 ( 6th - worst ) -- 7001111100000000000 ♠ 11.11 % Ellison , Pervis Pervis Ellison 1990 New Jersey Nets 17 -- 65 ( Worst ) 11 ( out of 66 ) 7001166700000000000 ♠ 16.67 % Coleman , Derrick Derrick Coleman 1991 Charlotte Hornets 26 -- 56 ( 5th - worst ) 7 ( out of 66 ) 7001106100000000000 ♠ 10.61 % Johnson , Larry Larry Johnson 1992 Orlando Magic 21 -- 61 ( 2nd - worst ) 10 ( out of 66 ) 7001151500000000000 ♠ 15.15 % O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal 1993 Orlando Magic 41 -- 41 ( 11th - worst ) 1 ( out of 66 ) 7000152000000000000 ♠ 1.52 % Webber , Chris Chris Webber 1994 Milwaukee Bucks 20 -- 62 ( 2nd - worst ) 163 ( out of 1000 ) 7001163000000000000 ♠ 16.30 % Robinson , Glenn Glenn Robinson 1995 Golden State Warriors 26 -- 56 ( 5th - worst ) 94 ( out of 1000 ) 7000940000000000000 ♠ 9.40 % Smith , Joe Joe Smith Philadelphia 76ers 18 -- 64 ( 2nd - worst ) 200 ( out of 593 ) 7001337309999999999 ♠ 33.73 % Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson 1997 San Antonio Spurs 20 -- 62 ( 3rd - worst ) 157 ( out of 727 ) 7001216000000000000 ♠ 21.60 % Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan 1998 Los Angeles Clippers 17 -- 65 ( 3rd - worst ) 157 ( out of 696 ) 7001225600000000000 ♠ 22.56 % Olowokandi , Michael Michael Olowokandi 1999 Chicago Bulls 13 -- 37 ( 3rd - worst ) 157 ( out of 1000 ) 7001157000000000000 ♠ 15.70 % Brand , Elton Elton Brand 2000 New Jersey Nets 31 -- 51 ( 7th - worst ) 44 ( out of 1000 ) 7000440000000000000 ♠ 4.40 % Martin , Kenyon Kenyon Martin 2001 Washington Wizards 19 -- 63 ( 3rd - worst ) 157 ( out of 1000 ) 7001157000000000000 ♠ 15.70 % Brown , Kwame Kwame Brown 2002 Houston Rockets 28 -- 54 ( 5th - worst ) 89 ( out of 1000 ) 7000890000000000000 ♠ 8.90 % Yao Ming , Yao Ming 2003 Cleveland Cavaliers 17 -- 65 ( T - Worst ) 225 ( out of 1000 ) 7001225000000000000 ♠ 22.50 % James , LeBron LeBron James Orlando Magic 21 -- 61 ( Worst ) 250 ( out of 1000 ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 % Howard , Dwight Dwight Howard 2005 Milwaukee Bucks 30 -- 52 ( 6th - worst ) 63 ( out of 1000 ) 7000630000000000000 ♠ 6.30 % Bogut , Andrew Andrew Bogut 2006 Toronto Raptors 27 -- 55 ( 5th - worst ) 88 ( out of 1000 ) 7000880000000000000 ♠ 8.80 % Bargnani , Andrea Andrea Bargnani 2007 Portland Trail Blazers 32 -- 50 ( 6th - worst ) 53 ( out of 1000 ) 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.30 % Oden , Greg Greg Oden 2008 Chicago Bulls 33 -- 49 ( 9th - worst ) 17 ( out of 1000 ) 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.70 % Rose , Derrick Derrick Rose 2009 Los Angeles Clippers 19 -- 63 ( 2nd - worst ) 177 ( out of 1000 ) 7001177000000000000 ♠ 17.70 % Griffin , Blake Blake Griffin Washington Wizards 26 -- 56 ( 5th - worst ) 103 ( out of 1000 ) 7001103000000000000 ♠ 10.30 % Wall , John John Wall 2011 Los Angeles Clippers ( conveyed to the Cleveland Cavaliers ) 32 -- 50 ( 8th - worst ) 28 ( out of 1000 ) 7000280000000099999 ♠ 2.80 % Irving , Kyrie Kyrie Irving 2012 New Orleans Hornets 21 -- 45 ( T - 3rd - worst ) 137 ( out of 1000 ) 7001137000000000000 ♠ 13.70 % Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis 2013 Cleveland Cavaliers 24 -- 58 ( 3rd - worst ) 156 ( out of 1000 ) 7001156000000000000 ♠ 15.60 % Bennett , Anthony Anthony Bennett 2014 Cleveland Cavaliers 33 -- 49 ( 9th - worst ) 17 ( out of 1000 ) 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.70 % Wiggins , Andrew Andrew Wiggins 2015 Minnesota Timberwolves 16 -- 66 ( Worst ) 250 ( out of 1000 ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 % Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns 2016 Philadelphia 76ers 10 -- 72 ( Worst ) 250 ( out of 1000 ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 % Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons 2017 Brooklyn Nets ( conveyed to the Boston Celtics via Philadelphia 76ers ) 20 -- 62 ( Worst ) 250 ( out of 1000 ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 % , Markelle Fultz Markelle Fultz Notes ^ Jump up to : From 1985 to 1988 , each of the 7 non-playoff teams had an equal chance to win the lottery , i.e. 14.29 % . Jump up ^ The Philadelphia 76ers obtained Los Angeles Clippers ' first - round pick in a previous trade on October 6 , 1979 that sent Joe Bryant to the Clippers . On June 16 , 1986 , after the lottery and a day before the draft , the 76ers traded the first pick to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Roy Hinson . Jump up ^ In 1989 , each of the 9 non-playoff teams had an equal chance to win the lottery , i.e. 11.11 % . ^ Jump up to : The Toronto Raptors and the Vancouver Grizzlies were not eligible to win the lottery in 1996 , 1997 and 1998 due to their expansion agreement . Therefore , their lottery combinations for the first pick were excluded . Jump up ^ Due to the 1998 -- 99 NBA lockout , the season was shortened to 50 games per team . Jump up ^ The Los Angeles Clippers and the Washington Wizards had identical 19 -- 63 records for 2nd - worst record in the NBA . However , the Wizards won the tiebreaker and were awarded one extra lottery combination . Jump up ^ The Cleveland Cavaliers had two lottery picks , their own pick and the Los Angeles Clippers ' pick . The Cavaliers obtained the Clippers ' first - round pick from a previous trade on February 24 , 2011 that sent Mo Williams and Jamario Moon to the Clippers and Baron Davis to the Cavaliers . The Cavaliers , who had the second - worst record ( 19 -- 63 ) , had a combined total of 227 chances ( 22.7 % ) to win the lottery , which consists of 199 chances ( 19.9 % ) from their own pick and 28 chances ( 2.8 % ) from the Clippers ' pick . Jump up ^ Due to the 2011 NBA lockout , the season was shortened to 66 games per team . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) General `` Evolution of the Draft and Lottery '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . `` Year - by - Year Lottery Probabilities '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Dengate , Jeff ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Let the Ping - Pong Balls Fall '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bondy , Filip ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` The Draft That Changed It All . Tanks to ' 84 , the lottery was born '' . NYDailyNews.com . New York : Daily News , L.P. Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : DuPree , David ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` 25 drafts , dozens of stars , one Michael '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Litke , Jim ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` Tanking games ? If only NBA 's bad teams were that good '' . SportingNews.com . Sporting News . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League has used variety of methods to determine No. 1 pick '' . The Indianapolis Star . May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blinebury , Fran ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Winning the Lottery is easy ; picking the right player is not '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Florke , Chad R. ; Ecker , Mark D. ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` NBA Draft Lottery Probabilities '' ( PDF ) . University of Northern Iowa . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/nba/story/dikembe-mutombo-tweet-nba-draft-lottery-rigged-76ers-sixers-philadelphia-051716 Jump up ^ http://www.sbnation.com/2017/5/4/15543124/luke-walton-magic-johnson-draft-pick-lakers Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` ' New ' Charlotte Gets Fast Break '' . NYDailyNews.com . New York : Daily News , L.P. Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers Get Pick Of The Litter '' . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc . May 17 , 1998 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lottery Reform Vote Set to Pass ? '' . basketballinsiders.com . Jump up ^ Higin , Sean . `` Report : Board of Governors expected to pass draft lottery reform , Sixers and Thunder opposed '' . probasketballtalk.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Lottery reform falls short of passing '' . ESPN . October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin the big gift at lottery 's 25th anniversary '' . USA Today . May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McManis , Sam ( May 14 , 1985 ) . `` NBA 's New Showtime : It 's Called the Lottery '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( May 16 , 2002 ) . `` NBA out to prove conspiracy theorists wrong '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bX1kMlG8c7Y Jump up ^ Dengate , Jeff ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Let the Ping - Pong Balls Fall '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` The first lottery draft still rates the best '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt . `` David Stern expects your draft conspiracy theories now '' . nbcsports.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Stern , Jim Rome battle on radio '' . ESPN . June 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Bulls Win NBA 's Draft Lottery , Eye Beasley , Rose With Top Pick '' . Bloomberg . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Year - By - Year Lottery Probabilities '' . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Transactions '' . NBA.com/Clippers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hinson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.B.A. and Union Are Discussing New Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ties broken for Draft 2009 order of selection '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baron Davis traded for Williams , Moon '' . ESPN . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers win draft lottery , will pick No. 1 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs win No. 1 pick ; Wolves 2nd '' . ESPN . May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) NBA.com NBA.com : NBA Draft History The Hoops Report : NBA Draft Lottery ( hide ) NBA drafts Draft lottery Draft Combine Eligibility Territorial picks First overall picks High school draftees Undrafted players Supreme Court case WNBA draft 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Expansion drafts 1961 1966 1967 1968 1970 1980 1988 1989 1995 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_draft_lottery&oldid=799913512 '' Categories : National Basketball Association draft Recurring events established in 1985 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 15 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who gets the first pick in the nba draft | [
"Under the current rules, only the top three picks are decided by the lottery, and are chosen from the 14 teams that do not make the playoffs. The team with the worst record, or the team that holds the draft rights of the team with the worst record, has the best chance to obtain a higher draft pick. After the top three positions are selected (from the lottery slotting system), the remainder of the first-round draft order is in inverse order of the win-loss record for the remaining teams, or the teams who originally held the lottery rights if they were traded. The lottery does not determine the draft order in the subsequent rounds of the draft."
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"only the top three picks are decided by the lottery"
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-4575765711135126364 | Magnetic field | Magnetic field - wikipedia Magnetic field For other uses , see Magnetic field ( disambiguation ) . The shape of the magnetic field produced by a horseshoe magnet is revealed by the orientation of iron filings sprinkled on a piece of paper above the magnet . Part of a series of articles about Electromagnetism Electricity Magnetism Electrostatics ( show ) Electric charge Static electricity Electric field Conductor Insulator Triboelectricity Electrostatic discharge Induction Coulomb 's law Gauss 's law Electric flux / potential energy Electric dipole moment Polarization density Magnetostatics ( hide ) Ampère 's law Magnetic field Magnetization Magnetic flux Biot -- Savart law Magnetic dipole moment Gauss 's law for magnetism Electrodynamics ( show ) Lorentz force law Electromagnetic induction Faraday 's law Lenz 's law Displacement current Magnetic potential Maxwell 's equations Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic radiation Maxwell tensor Poynting vector Liénard -- Wiechert potential Jefimenko 's equations Eddy current London equations Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field Electrical network ( show ) Electric current Electric potential Voltage Resistance Ohm 's law Series circuit Parallel circuit Direct current Alternating current Electromotive force Capacitance Inductance Impedance Resonant cavities Waveguides Covariant formulation ( show ) Electromagnetic tensor ( stress -- energy tensor ) Four - current Electromagnetic four - potential Scientists ( show ) Ampère Coulomb Faraday Gauss Heaviside Henry Hertz Lorentz Maxwell Tesla Volta Weber Ørsted A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials . In everyday life , the effects of magnetic fields are most readily encountered with nearby permanent magnets , which pull on magnetic materials ( such as iron ) and attract or repel other magnets . Magnetic fields surround and are created by magnetized material and by moving electric charges ( electric currents ) such as those used in electromagnets . Magnetic fields exert forces on nearby moving electrical charges and torques on nearby magnets . In addition , a magnetic field that varies with location exerts a force on magnetic materials . Both the strength and direction of a magnetic field varies with location . As such , it is an example of a vector field . The term ' magnetic field ' is used for two distinct but closely related fields denoted by the symbols B and H. In the International System of Units , H is measured in units of amperes per meter and B is measured in teslas or newtons per meter per ampere . H and B differ in how they account for magnetization . In a vacuum , B and H are the same aside from units ; but in a magnetized material , B / μ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) and H differ by the magnetization M of the material at that point in the material . Magnetic fields are produced by moving electric charges and the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles associated with a fundamental quantum property , their spin . Magnetic fields and electric fields are interrelated , and are both components of the electromagnetic force , one of the four fundamental forces of nature . Magnetic fields are widely used throughout modern technology , particularly in electrical engineering and electromechanics . Rotating magnetic fields are used in both electric motors and generators . The interaction of magnetic fields in electric devices such as transformers is studied in the discipline of magnetic circuits . Magnetic forces give information about the charge carriers in a material through the Hall effect . The Earth produces its own magnetic field , which shields the Earth 's ozone layer from the solar wind and is important in navigation using a compass . Contents 1 History 2 Definitions , units and measurement 2.1 The B - field 2.2 The H - field 2.3 Units 2.4 Measurement 3 Magnetic field lines 4 Magnetic field and permanent magnets 4.1 Magnetic field of permanent magnets 4.2 Magnetic pole model and the H - field 4.3 Amperian loop model and the B - field 4.4 Force between magnets 4.5 Magnetic torque on permanent magnets 5 Magnetic field and electric currents 5.1 Magnetic field due to moving charges and electric currents 5.2 Force on moving charges and current 5.2. 1 Force on a charged particle 5.2. 2 Force on current - carrying wire 5.2. 3 Direction of force 6 Relation between H and B 6.1 Magnetization 6.2 H - field and magnetic materials 6.3 Magnetism 7 Energy stored in magnetic fields 8 Electromagnetism : the relationship between magnetic and electric fields 8.1 Faraday 's Law : Electric force due to a changing B - field 8.2 Maxwell 's correction to Ampère 's Law : The magnetic field due to a changing electric field 8.3 Maxwell 's equations 8.4 Electric and magnetic fields : different aspects of the same phenomenon 8.5 Magnetic vector potential 8.6 Quantum electrodynamics 9 Important uses and examples of magnetic field 9.1 Earth 's magnetic field 9.2 Rotating magnetic fields 9.3 Hall effect 9.4 Magnetic circuits 9.5 Magnetic field shape descriptions 9.6 Magnetic dipoles 9.7 Magnetic monopole ( hypothetical ) 10 See also 10.1 General 10.2 Mathematics 10.3 Applications 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Information 14.2 Field density 14.3 Rotating magnetic fields 14.4 Diagrams History ( edit ) Main article : History of electromagnetic theory One of the first drawings of a magnetic field , by René Descartes , 1644 , showing the Earth attracting lodestones . It illustrated his theory that magnetism was caused by the circulation of tiny helical particles , `` threaded parts '' , through threaded pores in magnets . Although magnets and magnetism were studied much earlier , the research of magnetic fields began in 1269 when French scholar Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt mapped out the magnetic field on the surface of a spherical magnet using iron needles . Noting that the resulting field lines crossed at two points he named those points ' poles ' in analogy to Earth 's poles . He also clearly articulated the principle that magnets always have both a north and south pole , no matter how finely one slices them . Almost three centuries later , William Gilbert of Colchester replicated Petrus Peregrinus ' work and was the first to state explicitly that Earth is a magnet . Published in 1600 , Gilbert 's work , De Magnete , helped to establish magnetism as a science . In 1750 , John Michell stated that magnetic poles attract and repel in accordance with an inverse square law . Charles - Augustin de Coulomb experimentally verified this in 1785 and stated explicitly that the north and south poles can not be separated . Building on this force between poles , Siméon Denis Poisson ( 1781 -- 1840 ) created the first successful model of the magnetic field , which he presented in 1824 . In this model , a magnetic H - field is produced by ' magnetic poles ' and magnetism is due to small pairs of north / south magnetic poles . Hans Christian Ørsted , Der Geist in der Natur , 1854 Three discoveries challenged this foundation of magnetism , though . First , in 1819 , Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that an electric current generates a magnetic field encircling it . Then in 1820 , André - Marie Ampère showed that parallel wires with currents attract one another if the currents are in the same direction and repel if they are in opposite directions . Finally , Jean - Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart discovered the Biot -- Savart law in 1820 , which correctly predicts the magnetic field around any current - carrying wire . Extending these experiments , Ampère published his own successful model of magnetism in 1825 . In it , he showed the equivalence of electrical currents to magnets and proposed that magnetism is due to perpetually flowing loops of current instead of the dipoles of magnetic charge in Poisson 's model . This has the additional benefit of explaining why magnetic charge can not be isolated . Further , Ampère derived both Ampère 's force law describing the force between two currents and Ampère 's law , which , like the Biot -- Savart law , correctly described the magnetic field generated by a steady current . Also in this work , Ampère introduced the term electrodynamics to describe the relationship between electricity and magnetism . In 1831 , Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction when he found that a changing magnetic field generates an encircling electric field . He described this phenomenon in what is known as Faraday 's law of induction . Later , Franz Ernst Neumann proved that , for a moving conductor in a magnetic field , induction is a consequence of Ampère 's force law . In the process , he introduced the magnetic vector potential , which was later shown to be equivalent to the underlying mechanism proposed by Faraday . In 1850 , Lord Kelvin , then known as William Thomson , distinguished between two magnetic fields now denoted H and B . The former applied to Poisson 's model and the latter to Ampère 's model and induction . Further , he derived how H and B relate to each other . The reason H and B are used for the two magnetic fields has been a source of some debate among science historians . Most agree that Kelvin avoided M to prevent confusion with the SI fundamental unit of length , the Metre , abbreviated `` m '' . Others believe the choices were purely random . Between 1861 and 1865 , James Clerk Maxwell developed and published Maxwell 's equations , which explained and united all of classical electricity and magnetism . The first set of these equations was published in a paper entitled On Physical Lines of Force in 1861 . These equations were valid although incomplete . Maxwell completed his set of equations in his later 1865 paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field and demonstrated the fact that light is an electromagnetic wave . Heinrich Hertz experimentally confirmed this fact in 1887 . The twentieth century extended electrodynamics to include relativity and quantum mechanics . Albert Einstein , in his paper of 1905 that established relativity , showed that both the electric and magnetic fields are part of the same phenomena viewed from different reference frames . ( See moving magnet and conductor problem for details about the thought experiment that eventually helped Albert Einstein to develop special relativity . ) Finally , the emergent field of quantum mechanics was merged with electrodynamics to form quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) . Definitions , units and measurement ( edit ) Comparison of B , H and M inside and outside a cylindrical bar magnet . The B - field ( edit ) Alternative names for B Magnetic flux density Magnetic induction Magnetic field The magnetic field can be defined in several equivalent ways based on the effects it has on its environment . Often the magnetic field is defined by the force it exerts on a moving charged particle . It is known from experiments in electrostatics that a particle of charge q in an electric field E experiences a force F = qE . However , in other situations , such as when a charged particle moves in the vicinity of a current - carrying wire , the force also depends on the velocity of that particle . Fortunately , the velocity dependent portion can be separated out such that the force on the particle satisfies the Lorentz force law , F = q ( E + v × B ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = q ( \ mathbf ( E ) + \ mathbf ( v ) \ times \ mathbf ( B ) ) . ) Here v is the particle 's velocity and × denotes the cross product . The vector B is termed the magnetic field , and it is defined as the vector field necessary to make the Lorentz force law correctly describe the motion of a charged particle . This definition allows the determination of B in the following way ( T ) he command , `` Measure the direction and magnitude of the vector B at such and such a place , '' calls for the following operations : Take a particle of known charge q . Measure the force on q at rest , to determine E. Then measure the force on the particle when its velocity is v ; repeat with v in some other direction . Now find a B that makes the Lorentz force law fit all these results -- that is the magnetic field at the place in question . Alternatively , the magnetic field can be defined in terms of the torque it produces on a magnetic dipole ( see magnetic torque on permanent magnets below ) . The H - field ( edit ) Alternative names for H Magnetic field intensity Magnetic field strength Magnetic field Magnetizing field In addition to B , there is a quantity H , which is often called the magnetic field . In a vacuum , B and H are proportional to each other , with the multiplicative constant depending on the physical units . Inside a material they are different ( see H and B inside and outside magnetic materials ) . The term `` magnetic field '' is historically reserved for H while using other terms for B. Informally , though , and formally for some recent textbooks mostly in physics , the term ' magnetic field ' is used to describe B as well as or in place of H. There are many alternative names for both ( see sidebar ) . Units ( edit ) In SI units , B is measured in teslas ( symbol : T ) and correspondingly Φ ( magnetic flux ) is measured in webers ( symbol : Wb ) so that a flux density of 1 Wb / m is 1 tesla . The SI unit of tesla is equivalent to ( newton second ) / ( coulomb metre ) . In Gaussian - cgs units , B is measured in gauss ( symbol : G ) . ( The conversion is 1 T = 10000 G . ) One nanotesla is equivalent to 1 gamma ( symbol : γ ) . The H - field is measured in amperes per metre ( A / m ) in SI units , and in oersteds ( Oe ) in cgs units . Measurement ( edit ) The precision attained for a magnetic field measurement for Gravity Probe B experiment is 5 attoteslas ( 6982500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 T ) ; the largest magnetic field produced in a laboratory is 2.8 kT ( VNIIEF in Sarov , Russia , 1998 ) . The magnetic field of some astronomical objects such as magnetars are much higher ; magnetars range from 0.1 to 100 GT ( 10 to 10 T ) . See orders of magnitude ( magnetic field ) . Devices used to measure the local magnetic field are called magnetometers . Important classes of magnetometers include using induction magnetometer ( or search - coil magnetometer ) which measure only varying magnetic field , rotating coil magnetometer , Hall effect magnetometers , NMR magnetometers , SQUID magnetometers , and fluxgate magnetometers . The magnetic fields of distant astronomical objects are measured through their effects on local charged particles . For instance , electrons spiraling around a field line produce synchrotron radiation that is detectable in radio waves . Magnetic field lines ( edit ) Main article : Field line The direction of magnetic field lines represented by iron filings sprinkled on paper placed above a bar magnet . Compass needles point in the direction of the local magnetic field , towards a magnet 's south pole and away from its north pole . Mapping the magnetic field of an object is simple in principle . First , measure the strength and direction of the magnetic field at a large number of locations ( or at every point in space ) . Then , mark each location with an arrow ( called a vector ) pointing in the direction of the local magnetic field with its magnitude proportional to the strength of the magnetic field . An alternative method to map the magnetic field is to ' connect ' the arrows to form magnetic field lines . The direction of the magnetic field at any point is parallel to the direction of nearby field lines , and the local density of field lines can be made proportional to its strength . Magnetic field lines are like streamlines in fluid flow , in that they represent something continuous , and a different resolution would show more or fewer lines . An advantage of using magnetic field lines as a representation is that many laws of magnetism ( and electromagnetism ) can be stated completely and concisely using simple concepts such as the ' number ' of field lines through a surface . These concepts can be quickly ' translated ' to their mathematical form . For example , the number of field lines through a given surface is the surface integral of the magnetic field . Various phenomena have the effect of `` displaying '' magnetic field lines as though the field lines were physical phenomena . For example , iron filings placed in a magnetic field , form lines that correspond to ' field lines ' . Magnetic field `` lines '' are also visually displayed in polar auroras , in which plasma particle dipole interactions create visible streaks of light that line up with the local direction of Earth 's magnetic field . Field lines can be used as a qualitative tool to visualize magnetic forces . In ferromagnetic substances like iron and in plasmas , magnetic forces can be understood by imagining that the field lines exert a tension , ( like a rubber band ) along their length , and a pressure perpendicular to their length on neighboring field lines . ' Unlike ' poles of magnets attract because they are linked by many field lines ; ' like ' poles repel because their field lines do not meet , but run parallel , pushing on each other . The rigorous form of this concept is the electromagnetic stress -- energy tensor . Magnetic field and permanent magnets ( edit ) Main article : Magnet Permanent magnets are objects that produce their own persistent magnetic fields . They are made of ferromagnetic materials , such as iron and nickel , that have been magnetized , and they have both a north and a south pole . Magnetic field of permanent magnets ( edit ) Main articles : Magnetic moment and Two definitions of moment The magnetic field of permanent magnets can be quite complicated , especially near the magnet . The magnetic field of a small straight magnet is proportional to the magnet 's strength ( called its magnetic dipole moment m ) . The equations are non-trivial and also depend on the distance from the magnet and the orientation of the magnet . For simple magnets , m points in the direction of a line drawn from the south to the north pole of the magnet . Flipping a bar magnet is equivalent to rotating its m by 180 degrees . The magnetic field of larger magnets can be obtained by modeling them as a collection of a large number of small magnets called dipoles each having their own m . The magnetic field produced by the magnet then is the net magnetic field of these dipoles . And , any net force on the magnet is a result of adding up the forces on the individual dipoles . There are two competing models for the nature of these dipoles . These two models produce two different magnetic fields , H and B. Outside a material , though , the two are identical ( to a multiplicative constant ) so that in many cases the distinction can be ignored . This is particularly true for magnetic fields , such as those due to electric currents , that are not generated by magnetic materials . Magnetic pole model and the H - field ( edit ) The magnetic pole model : two opposing poles , North ( + ) and South ( − ) , separated by a distance d produce a H - field ( lines ) . It is sometimes useful to model the force and torques between two magnets as due to magnetic poles repelling or attracting each other in the same manner as the Coulomb force between electric charges . This is called the Gilbert model of magnetism , after William Gilbert . In this model , a magnetic H - field is produced by magnetic charges that are ' smeared ' around each pole . These magnetic charges are in fact related to the magnetization field M . The H - field , therefore , is analogous to the electric field E , which starts at a positive electric charge and ends at a negative electric charge . Near the north pole , therefore , all H - field lines point away from the north pole ( whether inside the magnet or out ) while near the south pole all H - field lines point toward the south pole ( whether inside the magnet or out ) . Too , a north pole feels a force in the direction of the H - field while the force on the south pole is opposite to the H - field . In the magnetic pole model , the elementary magnetic dipole m is formed by two opposite magnetic poles of pole strength q separated by a small distance vector d , such that m = q d . The magnetic pole model predicts correctly the field H both inside and outside magnetic materials , in particular the fact that H is opposite to the magnetization field M inside a permanent magnet . Since it is based on the fictitious idea of a magnetic charge density , the Gilbert model has limitations . Magnetic poles can not exist apart from each other as electric charges can , but always come in north / south pairs . If a magnetized object is divided in half , a new pole appears on the surface of each piece , so each has a pair of complementary poles . The magnetic pole model does not account for magnetism that is produced by electric currents . Amperian loop model and the B - field ( edit ) See also : Gauss 's law for magnetism The Amperian loop model : A current loop ( ring ) that goes into the page at the x and comes out at the dot produces a B - field ( lines ) . The north pole is to the right and the south to the left . After Ørsted discovered that electric currents produce a magnetic field and Ampere discovered that electric currents attracted and repelled each other similar to magnets , it was natural to hypothesize that all magnetic fields are due to electric current loops . In this model developed by Ampere , the elementary magnetic dipole that makes up all magnets is a sufficiently small Amperian loop of current I . The dipole moment of this loop is m = IA where A is the area of the loop . These magnetic dipoles produce a magnetic B - field . One important property of the B - field produced this way is that magnetic B - field lines neither start nor end ( mathematically , B is a solenoidal vector field ) ; a field line either extends to infinity or wraps around to form a closed curve . To date , no exception to this rule has been found . ( See magnetic monopole below . ) Magnetic field lines exit a magnet near its north pole and enter near its south pole , but inside the magnet B - field lines continue through the magnet from the south pole back to the north . If a B - field line enters a magnet somewhere it has to leave somewhere else ; it is not allowed to have an end point . Magnetic poles , therefore , always come in N and S pairs . More formally , since all the magnetic field lines that enter any given region must also leave that region , subtracting the ' number ' of field lines that enter the region from the number that exit gives identically zero . Mathematically this is equivalent to : ∮ S B ⋅ d A = 0 , ( \ displaystyle \ oint _ ( S ) \ mathbf ( B ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) = 0 , ) where the integral is a surface integral over the closed surface S ( a closed surface is one that completely surrounds a region with no holes to let any field lines escape ) . Since dA points outward , the dot product in the integral is positive for B - field pointing out and negative for B - field pointing in . There is also a corresponding differential form of this equation covered in Maxwell 's equations below . Force between magnets ( edit ) Main article : Force between magnets The force between two small magnets is quite complicated and depends on the strength and orientation of both magnets and the distance and direction of the magnets relative to each other . The force is particularly sensitive to rotations of the magnets due to magnetic torque . The force on each magnet depends on its magnetic moment and the magnetic field of the other . To understand the force between magnets , it is useful to examine the magnetic pole model given above . In this model , the H - field of one magnet pushes and pulls on both poles of a second magnet . If this H - field is the same at both poles of the second magnet then there is no net force on that magnet since the force is opposite for opposite poles . If , however , the magnetic field of the first magnet is nonuniform ( such as the H near one of its poles ) , each pole of the second magnet sees a different field and is subject to a different force . This difference in the two forces moves the magnet in the direction of increasing magnetic field and may also cause a net torque . This is a specific example of a general rule that magnets are attracted ( or repulsed depending on the orientation of the magnet ) into regions of higher magnetic field . Any non-uniform magnetic field , whether caused by permanent magnets or electric currents , exerts a force on a small magnet in this way . The details of the Amperian loop model are different and more complicated but yield the same result : that magnetic dipoles are attracted / repelled into regions of higher magnetic field . Mathematically , the force on a small magnet having a magnetic moment m due to a magnetic field B is : F = ∇ ( m ⋅ B ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = \ mathbf ( \ nabla ) \ left ( \ mathbf ( m ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( B ) \ right ) , ) where the gradient ∇ is the change of the quantity m B per unit distance and the direction is that of maximum increase of m B. To understand this equation , note that the dot product m B = mBcos ( θ ) , where m and B represent the magnitude of the m and B vectors and θ is the angle between them . If m is in the same direction as B then the dot product is positive and the gradient points ' uphill ' pulling the magnet into regions of higher B - field ( more strictly larger m B) . This equation is strictly only valid for magnets of zero size , but is often a good approximation for not too large magnets . The magnetic force on larger magnets is determined by dividing them into smaller regions each having their own m then summing up the forces on each of these very small regions . Magnetic torque on permanent magnets ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic torque If two like poles of two separate magnets are brought near each other , and one of the magnets is allowed to turn , it promptly rotates to align itself with the first . In this example , the magnetic field of the stationary magnet creates a magnetic torque on the magnet that is free to rotate . This magnetic torque τ tends to align a magnet 's poles with the magnetic field lines . A compass , therefore , turns to align itself with Earth 's magnetic field . Magnetic torque is used to drive electric motors . In one simple motor design , a magnet is fixed to a freely rotating shaft and subjected to a magnetic field from an array of electromagnets . By continuously switching the electric current through each of the electromagnets , thereby flipping the polarity of their magnetic fields , like poles are kept next to the rotor ; the resultant torque is transferred to the shaft . See Rotating magnetic fields below . torque on a dipole : An H field ( to right ) causes equal but opposite forces on a N pole ( + q ) and a S pole ( − q ) creating a torque . As is the case for the force between magnets , the magnetic pole model leads more readily to the correct equation . Here , two equal and opposite magnetic charges experiencing the same H also experience equal and opposite forces . Since these equal and opposite forces are in different locations , this produces a torque proportional to the distance ( perpendicular to the force ) between them . With the definition of m as the pole strength times the distance between the poles , this leads to τ = μ mHsinθ , where μ is a constant called the vacuum permeability , measuring 6993400000000000000 ♠ 4π × 10 V s / ( A m ) and θ is the angle between H and m . The Amperian loop model also predicts the same magnetic torque . Here , it is the B field interacting with the Amperian current loop through a Lorentz force described below . Again , the results are the same although the models are completely different . Cross product : a × b = ab sinθ . Mathematically , the torque τ on a small magnet is proportional both to the applied magnetic field and to the magnetic moment m of the magnet : τ = m × B = μ 0 m × H , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ tau ) ) = \ mathbf ( m ) \ times \ mathbf ( B ) = \ mu _ ( 0 ) \ mathbf ( m ) \ times \ mathbf ( H ) , \ , ) where × represents the vector cross product . Note that this equation includes all of the qualitative information included above . There is no torque on a magnet if m is in the same direction as the magnetic field . ( The cross product is zero for two vectors that are in the same direction . ) Further , all other orientations feel a torque that twists them toward the direction of magnetic field . Magnetic field and electric currents ( edit ) Currents of electric charges both generate a magnetic field and feel a force due to magnetic B - fields . Magnetic field due to moving charges and electric currents ( edit ) Main articles : Electromagnet , Biot -- Savart law , and Ampère 's law Right hand grip rule : a current flowing in the direction of the white arrow produces a magnetic field shown by the red arrows . All moving charged particles produce magnetic fields . Moving point charges , such as electrons , produce complicated but well known magnetic fields that depend on the charge , velocity , and acceleration of the particles . Magnetic field lines form in concentric circles around a cylindrical current - carrying conductor , such as a length of wire . The direction of such a magnetic field can be determined by using the `` right hand grip rule '' ( see figure at right ) . The strength of the magnetic field decreases with distance from the wire . ( For an infinite length wire the strength is inversely proportional to the distance . ) Solenoid Bending a current - carrying wire into a loop concentrates the magnetic field inside the loop while weakening it outside . Bending a wire into multiple closely spaced loops to form a coil or `` solenoid '' enhances this effect . A device so formed around an iron core may act as an electromagnet , generating a strong , well - controlled magnetic field . An infinitely long cylindrical electromagnet has a uniform magnetic field inside , and no magnetic field outside . A finite length electromagnet produces a magnetic field that looks similar to that produced by a uniform permanent magnet , with its strength and polarity determined by the current flowing through the coil . The magnetic field generated by a steady current I ( a constant flow of electric charges , in which charge neither accumulates nor is depleted at any point ) is described by the Biot -- Savart law : B = μ 0 I 4 π ∫ w i r e d l × r ^ r 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( B ) = ( \ frac ( \ mu _ ( 0 ) I ) ( 4 \ pi ) ) \ int _ ( \ mathrm ( wire ) ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ boldsymbol ( \ ell ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( \ hat ( r ) ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) where the integral sums over the wire length where vector dl is the vector line element with direction in the same sense as the current I , μ is the magnetic constant , r is the distance between the location of dl and the location where the magnetic field is calculated , and r̂ is a unit vector in the direction of r . In the case of a sufficiently long wire , this becomes : B = μ 0 I 2 π r ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( B ) = ( \ frac ( \ mu _ ( 0 ) I ) ( 2 \ pi r ) ) ) where r is the distance from the wire . A slightly more general way of relating the current I ( \ displaystyle ( I ) ) to the B - field is through Ampère 's law : ∮ B ⋅ d l = μ 0 I e n c , ( \ displaystyle \ oint \ mathbf ( B ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ boldsymbol ( \ ell ) ) = \ mu _ ( 0 ) I_ ( \ mathrm ( enc ) ) , ) where the line integral is over any arbitrary loop and I ( \ displaystyle ( I ) ) is the current enclosed by that loop . Ampère 's law is always valid for steady currents and can be used to calculate the B - field for certain highly symmetric situations such as an infinite wire or an infinite solenoid . In a modified form that accounts for time varying electric fields , Ampère 's law is one of four Maxwell 's equations that describe electricity and magnetism . Force on moving charges and current ( edit ) Charged particle drifts in a magnetic field with ( A ) no net force , ( B ) an electric field , E , ( C ) a charge independent force , F ( e.g. gravity ) , and ( D ) in a homogeneous magnetic field , grad H . Force on a charged particle ( edit ) Main article : Lorentz force A charged particle moving in a B - field experiences a sideways force that is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field , the component of the velocity that is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the charge of the particle . This force is known as the Lorentz force , and is given by F = q E + q v × B , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = q \ mathbf ( E ) + q \ mathbf ( v ) \ times \ mathbf ( B ) , ) where F is the force , q is the electric charge of the particle , v is the instantaneous velocity of the particle , and B is the magnetic field ( in teslas ) . The Lorentz force is always perpendicular to both the velocity of the particle and the magnetic field that created it . When a charged particle moves in a static magnetic field , it traces a helical path in which the helix axis is parallel to the magnetic field , and in which the speed of the particle remains constant . Because the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the motion , the magnetic field can do no work on an isolated charge . It can only do work indirectly , via the electric field generated by a changing magnetic field . It is often claimed that the magnetic force can do work to a non-elementary magnetic dipole , or to charged particles whose motion is constrained by other forces , but this is incorrect because the work in those cases is performed by the electric forces of the charges deflected by the magnetic field . Force on current - carrying wire ( edit ) Main article : Laplace force The force on a current carrying wire is similar to that of a moving charge as expected since a current carrying wire is a collection of moving charges . A current - carrying wire feels a force in the presence of a magnetic field . The Lorentz force on a macroscopic current is often referred to as the Laplace force . Consider a conductor of length l , cross section A , and charge q due to electric current i . If this conductor is placed in a magnetic field of magnitude B that makes an angle θ with the velocity of charges in the conductor , the force exerted on a single charge q is F = q v B sin θ , ( \ displaystyle F = qvB \ sin \ theta , ) so , for N charges where N = n l A ( \ displaystyle N = n \ ell A ) , the force exerted on the conductor is f = F N = q v B n l A sin θ = B i l sin θ ( \ displaystyle f = FN = qvBn \ ell A \ sin \ theta = Bi \ ell \ sin \ theta ) , where i = nqvA . The right - hand rule : Pointing the thumb of the right hand in the direction of the conventional current , and the fingers in the direction of B , the force on the current points out of the palm . The force is reversed for a negative charge . Direction of force ( edit ) See also : Right - hand rule The direction of force on a charge or a current can be determined by a mnemonic known as the right - hand rule ( see the figure ) . Using the right hand , pointing the thumb in the direction of the current , and the fingers in the direction of the magnetic field , the resulting force on the charge points outwards from the palm . The force on a negatively charged particle is in the opposite direction . If both the speed and the charge are reversed then the direction of the force remains the same . For that reason a magnetic field measurement ( by itself ) can not distinguish whether there is a positive charge moving to the right or a negative charge moving to the left . ( Both of these cases produce the same current . ) On the other hand , a magnetic field combined with an electric field can distinguish between these , see Hall effect below . An alternative mnemonic to the right hand rule is Flemings 's left hand rule . Relation between H and B ( edit ) The formulas derived for the magnetic field above are correct when dealing with the entire current . A magnetic material placed inside a magnetic field , though , generates its own bound current , which can be a challenge to calculate . ( This bound current is due to the sum of atomic sized current loops and the spin of the subatomic particles such as electrons that make up the material . ) The H - field as defined above helps factor out this bound current ; but to see how , it helps to introduce the concept of magnetization first . Magnetization ( edit ) Main article : Magnetization The magnetization vector field M represents how strongly a region of material is magnetized . It is defined as the net magnetic dipole moment per unit volume of that region . The magnetization of a uniform magnet is therefore a material constant , equal to the magnetic moment m of the magnet divided by its volume . Since the SI unit of magnetic moment is A ⋅ m , the SI unit of magnetization M is ampere per meter , identical to that of the H - field . The magnetization M field of a region points in the direction of the average magnetic dipole moment in that region . Magnetization field lines , therefore , begin near the magnetic south pole and ends near the magnetic north pole . ( Magnetization does not exist outside the magnet . ) In the Amperian loop model , the magnetization is due to combining many tiny Amperian loops to form a resultant current called bound current . This bound current , then , is the source of the magnetic B field due to the magnet . ( See Magnetic dipoles below and magnetic poles vs. atomic currents for more information . ) Given the definition of the magnetic dipole , the magnetization field follows a similar law to that of Ampere 's law : ∮ M ⋅ d l = I b , ( \ displaystyle \ oint \ mathbf ( M ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ boldsymbol ( \ ell ) ) = I_ ( \ mathrm ( b ) ) , ) where the integral is a line integral over any closed loop and I is the ' bound current ' enclosed by that closed loop . In the magnetic pole model , magnetization begins at and ends at magnetic poles . If a given region , therefore , has a net positive ' magnetic pole strength ' ( corresponding to a north pole ) then it has more magnetization field lines entering it than leaving it . Mathematically this is equivalent to : ∮ S μ 0 M ⋅ d A = − q M ( \ displaystyle \ oint _ ( S ) \ mu _ ( 0 ) \ mathbf ( M ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) = - q_ ( \ mathrm ( M ) ) ) , where the integral is a closed surface integral over the closed surface S and q is the ' magnetic charge ' ( in units of magnetic flux ) enclosed by S. ( A closed surface completely surrounds a region with no holes to let any field lines escape . ) The negative sign occurs because the magnetization field moves from south to north . H - field and magnetic materials ( edit ) See also : demagnetizing field In SI units , the H - field is related to the B - field by H ≡ B μ 0 − M . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( H ) \ \ equiv \ ( \ frac ( \ mathbf ( B ) ) ( \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) ) - \ mathbf ( M ) . ) In terms of the H - field , Ampere 's law is ∮ H ⋅ d l = ∮ ( B μ 0 − M ) ⋅ d l = I t o t − I b = I f , ( \ displaystyle \ oint \ mathbf ( H ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ boldsymbol ( \ ell ) ) = \ oint \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ mathbf ( B ) ) ( \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) ) - \ mathbf ( M ) \ right ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ boldsymbol ( \ ell ) ) = I_ ( \ mathrm ( tot ) ) - I_ ( \ mathrm ( b ) ) = I_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) ) , ) where I represents the ' free current ' enclosed by the loop so that the line integral of H does not depend at all on the bound currents . For the differential equivalent of this equation see Maxwell 's equations . Ampere 's law leads to the boundary condition ( H 1 ∥ − H 2 ∥ ) = K f × n ^ , ( \ displaystyle \ left ( \ mathbf ( H_ ( 1 ) ^ ( \ parallel ) ) - \ mathbf ( H_ ( 2 ) ^ ( \ parallel ) ) \ right ) = \ mathbf ( K ) _ ( \ mathrm ( f ) ) \ times ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( n ) ) ) , ) where K is the surface free current density and the unit normal n ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( n ) ) ) ) points in the direction from medium 2 to medium 1 . Similarly , a surface integral of H over any closed surface is independent of the free currents and picks out the `` magnetic charges '' within that closed surface : ∮ S μ 0 H ⋅ d A = ∮ S ( B − μ 0 M ) ⋅ d A = 0 − ( − q M ) = q M , ( \ displaystyle \ oint _ ( S ) \ mu _ ( 0 ) \ mathbf ( H ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) = \ oint _ ( S ) ( \ mathbf ( B ) - \ mu _ ( 0 ) \ mathbf ( M ) ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) = 0 - ( - q_ ( \ mathrm ( M ) ) ) = q_ ( \ mathrm ( M ) ) , ) which does not depend on the free currents . The H - field , therefore , can be separated into two independent parts : H = H 0 + H d , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( H ) = \ mathbf ( H ) _ ( 0 ) + \ mathbf ( H ) _ ( \ mathrm ( d ) ) , \ , ) where H is the applied magnetic field due only to the free currents and H is the demagnetizing field due only to the bound currents . The magnetic H - field , therefore , re-factors the bound current in terms of `` magnetic charges '' . The H field lines loop only around ' free current ' and , unlike the magnetic B field , begins and ends near magnetic poles as well . Magnetism ( edit ) Main article : Magnetism Most materials respond to an applied B - field by producing their own magnetization M and therefore their own B - field . Typically , the response is weak and exists only when the magnetic field is applied . The term magnetism describes how materials respond on the microscopic level to an applied magnetic field and is used to categorize the magnetic phase of a material . Materials are divided into groups based upon their magnetic behavior : Diamagnetic materials produce a magnetization that opposes the magnetic field . Paramagnetic materials produce a magnetization in the same direction as the applied magnetic field . Ferromagnetic materials and the closely related ferrimagnetic materials and antiferromagnetic materials can have a magnetization independent of an applied B - field with a complex relationship between the two fields . Superconductors ( and ferromagnetic superconductors ) are materials that are characterized by perfect conductivity below a critical temperature and magnetic field . They also are highly magnetic and can be perfect diamagnets below a lower critical magnetic field . Superconductors often have a broad range of temperatures and magnetic fields ( the so - named mixed state ) under which they exhibit a complex hysteretic dependence of M on B . In the case of paramagnetism and diamagnetism , the magnetization M is often proportional to the applied magnetic field such that : B = μ H , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( B ) = \ mu \ mathbf ( H ) , ) where μ is a material dependent parameter called the permeability . In some cases the permeability may be a second rank tensor so that H may not point in the same direction as B. These relations between B and H are examples of constitutive equations . However , superconductors and ferromagnets have a more complex B to H relation ; see magnetic hysteresis . Energy stored in magnetic fields ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic energy See also : Magnetic hysteresis Energy is needed to generate a magnetic field both to work against the electric field that a changing magnetic field creates and to change the magnetization of any material within the magnetic field . For non-dispersive materials , this same energy is released when the magnetic field is destroyed so that this energy can be modeled as being stored in the magnetic field . For linear , non-dispersive , materials ( such that B = μH where μ is frequency - independent ) , the energy density is : u = B ⋅ H 2 = B ⋅ B 2 μ = μ H ⋅ H 2 . ( \ displaystyle u = ( \ frac ( \ mathbf ( B ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( H ) ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathbf ( B ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( B ) ) ( 2 \ mu ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mu \ mathbf ( H ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( H ) ) ( 2 ) ) . ) If there are no magnetic materials around then μ can be replaced by μ . The above equation can not be used for nonlinear materials , though ; a more general expression given below must be used . In general , the incremental amount of work per unit volume δW needed to cause a small change of magnetic field δB is : δ W = H ⋅ δ B . ( \ displaystyle \ delta W = \ mathbf ( H ) \ cdot \ delta \ mathbf ( B ) . ) Once the relationship between H and B is known this equation is used to determine the work needed to reach a given magnetic state . For hysteretic materials such as ferromagnets and superconductors , the work needed also depends on how the magnetic field is created . For linear non-dispersive materials , though , the general equation leads directly to the simpler energy density equation given above . Electromagnetism : the relationship between magnetic and electric fields ( edit ) Main article : Electromagnetism Faraday 's law : electric force due to a changing B - field ( edit ) Main articles : Faraday 's law and Magnetic flux A changing magnetic field , such as a magnet moving through a conducting coil , generates an electric field ( and therefore tends to drive a current in such a coil ) . This is known as Faraday 's law and forms the basis of many electrical generators and electric motors . Mathematically , Faraday 's law is : E = − d Φ d t , ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( E ) ) = - ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ Phi ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) , ) where E ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ mathcal ( E ) ) ) is the electromotive force ( or EMF , the voltage generated around a closed loop ) and Φ is the magnetic flux -- the product of the area times the magnetic field normal to that area . ( This definition of magnetic flux is why B is often referred to as magnetic flux density . ) The negative sign represents the fact that any current generated by a changing magnetic field in a coil produces a magnetic field that opposes the change in the magnetic field that induced it . This phenomenon is known as Lenz 's law . This integral formulation of Faraday 's law can be converted into a differential form , which applies under slightly different conditions . This form is covered as one of Maxwell 's equations below . Maxwell 's correction to Ampère 's law : the magnetic field due to a changing electric field ( edit ) Main article : Maxwell 's correction to Ampère 's law Similar to the way that a changing magnetic field generates an electric field , a changing electric field generates a magnetic field . This fact is known as Maxwell 's correction to Ampère 's law and is applied as an additive term to Ampere 's law as given above . This additional term is proportional to the time rate of change of the electric flux and is similar to Faraday 's law above but with a different and positive constant out front . ( The electric flux through an area is proportional to the area times the perpendicular part of the electric field . ) The full law including the correction term is known as the Maxwell -- Ampère equation . It is not commonly given in integral form because the effect is so small that it can typically be ignored in most cases where the integral form is used . The Maxwell term is critically important in the creation and propagation of electromagnetic waves . Maxwell 's correction to Ampère 's Law together with Faraday 's law of induction describes how mutually changing electric and magnetic fields interact to sustain each other and thus to form electromagnetic waves , such as light : a changing electric field generates a changing magnetic field , which generates a changing electric field again . These , though , are usually described using the differential form of this equation given below . Maxwell 's equations ( edit ) Main article : Maxwell 's equations Like all vector fields , a magnetic field has two important mathematical properties that relates it to its sources . ( For B the sources are currents and changing electric fields . ) These two properties , along with the two corresponding properties of the electric field , make up Maxwell 's Equations . Maxwell 's Equations together with the Lorentz force law form a complete description of classical electrodynamics including both electricity and magnetism . The first property is the divergence of a vector field A , ∇ A , which represents how A ' flows ' outward from a given point . As discussed above , a B - field line never starts or ends at a point but instead forms a complete loop . This is mathematically equivalent to saying that the divergence of B is zero . ( Such vector fields are called solenoidal vector fields . ) This property is called Gauss 's law for magnetism and is equivalent to the statement that there are no isolated magnetic poles or magnetic monopoles . The electric field on the other hand begins and ends at electric charges so that its divergence is non-zero and proportional to the charge density ( See Gauss 's law ) . The second mathematical property is called the curl , such that ∇ × A represents how A curls or ' circulates ' around a given point . The result of the curl is called a ' circulation source ' . The equations for the curl of B and of E are called the Ampère -- Maxwell equation and Faraday 's law respectively . They represent the differential forms of the integral equations given above . The complete set of Maxwell 's equations then are : ∇ ⋅ B = 0 , ∇ ⋅ E = ρ ε 0 , ∇ × B = μ 0 J + μ 0 ε 0 ∂ E ∂ t , ∇ × E = − ∂ B ∂ t , ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ nabla \ cdot \ mathbf ( B ) & = 0 , \ \ \ nabla \ cdot \ mathbf ( E ) & = ( \ frac ( \ rho ) ( \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) , \ \ \ nabla \ times \ mathbf ( B ) & = \ mu _ ( 0 ) \ mathbf ( J ) + \ mu _ ( 0 ) \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( E ) ) ( \ partial t ) ) , \ \ \ nabla \ times \ mathbf ( E ) & = - ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( B ) ) ( \ partial t ) ) , \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where J = complete microscopic current density and ρ is the charge density . As discussed above , materials respond to an applied electric E field and an applied magnetic B field by producing their own internal ' bound ' charge and current distributions that contribute to E and B but are difficult to calculate . To circumvent this problem , H and D fields are used to re-factor Maxwell 's equations in terms of the free current density J and free charge density ρ : ∇ ⋅ B = 0 , ∇ ⋅ D = ρ f , ∇ × H = J f + ∂ D ∂ t , ∇ × E = − ∂ B ∂ t . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ nabla \ cdot \ mathbf ( B ) & = 0 , \ \ \ nabla \ cdot \ mathbf ( D ) & = \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( f ) ) , \ \ \ nabla \ times \ mathbf ( H ) & = \ mathbf ( J ) _ ( \ mathrm ( f ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( D ) ) ( \ partial t ) ) , \ \ \ nabla \ times \ mathbf ( E ) & = - ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( B ) ) ( \ partial t ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) These equations are not any more general than the original equations ( if the ' bound ' charges and currents in the material are known ) . They also must be supplemented by the relationship between B and H as well as that between E and D. On the other hand , for simple relationships between these quantities this form of Maxwell 's equations can circumvent the need to calculate the bound charges and currents . Electric and magnetic fields : different aspects of the same phenomenon ( edit ) Main article : Relativistic electromagnetism According to the special theory of relativity , the partition of the electromagnetic force into separate electric and magnetic components is not fundamental , but varies with the observational frame of reference : An electric force perceived by one observer may be perceived by another ( in a different frame of reference ) as a magnetic force , or a mixture of electric and magnetic forces . Formally , special relativity combines the electric and magnetic fields into a rank - 2 tensor , called the electromagnetic tensor . Changing reference frames mixes these components . This is analogous to the way that special relativity mixes space and time into spacetime , and mass , momentum and energy into four - momentum . Magnetic vector potential ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic potential In advanced topics such as quantum mechanics and relativity it is often easier to work with a potential formulation of electrodynamics rather than in terms of the electric and magnetic fields . In this representation , the vector potential A , and the scalar potential φ , are defined such that : B = ∇ × A , E = − ∇ φ − ∂ A ∂ t . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ mathbf ( B ) & = \ nabla \ times \ mathbf ( A ) , \ \ \ mathbf ( E ) & = - \ nabla \ varphi - ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( A ) ) ( \ partial t ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The vector potential A may be interpreted as a generalized potential momentum per unit charge just as φ is interpreted as a generalized potential energy per unit charge . Maxwell 's equations when expressed in terms of the potentials can be cast into a form that agrees with special relativity with little effort . In relativity A together with φ forms the four - potential , analogous to the four - momentum that combines the momentum and energy of a particle . Using the four potential instead of the electromagnetic tensor has the advantage of being much simpler -- and it can be easily modified to work with quantum mechanics . Quantum electrodynamics ( edit ) See also : Standard Model and quantum electrodynamics In modern physics , the electromagnetic field is understood to be not a classical field , but rather a quantum field ; it is represented not as a vector of three numbers at each point , but as a vector of three quantum operators at each point . The most accurate modern description of the electromagnetic interaction ( and much else ) is quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) , which is incorporated into a more complete theory known as the Standard Model of particle physics . In QED , the magnitude of the electromagnetic interactions between charged particles ( and their antiparticles ) is computed using perturbation theory . These rather complex formulas produce a remarkable pictorial representation as Feynman diagrams in which virtual photons are exchanged . Predictions of QED agree with experiments to an extremely high degree of accuracy : currently about 10 ( and limited by experimental errors ) ; for details see precision tests of QED . This makes QED one of the most accurate physical theories constructed thus far . All equations in this article are in the classical approximation , which is less accurate than the quantum description mentioned here . However , under most everyday circumstances , the difference between the two theories is negligible . Important uses and examples of magnetic field ( edit ) Earth 's magnetic field ( edit ) Main article : Earth 's magnetic field A sketch of Earth 's magnetic field representing the source of the field as a magnet . The geographic north pole is above the south pole of the magnet . The Earth 's magnetic field is produced by convection of a liquid iron alloy in the outer core . In a dynamo process , the movements drive a feedback process in which electric currents create electric and magnetic fields that in turn act on the currents . The field at the surface of the Earth is approximately the same as if a giant bar magnet were positioned at the center of the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 11 ° off the rotational axis of the Earth ( see the figure ) . The north pole of a magnetic compass needle points roughly north , toward the North Magnetic Pole . However , because a magnetic pole is attracted to its opposite , the North Magnetic Pole is actually the south pole of the geomagnetic field . This confusion in terminology arises because the pole of a magnet is defined by the geographical direction it points . Earth 's magnetic field is not constant -- the strength of the field and the location of its poles vary . Moreover , the poles periodically reverse their orientation in a process called geomagnetic reversal . The most recent reversal occurred 780,000 years ago . Rotating magnetic fields ( edit ) Main articles : Rotating magnetic field and Alternator The rotating magnetic field is a key principle in the operation of alternating - current motors . A permanent magnet in such a field rotates so as to maintain its alignment with the external field . This effect was conceptualized by Nikola Tesla , and later utilized in his , and others ' , early AC ( alternating current ) electric motors . A rotating magnetic field can be constructed using two orthogonal coils with 90 degrees phase difference in their AC currents . However , in practice such a system would be supplied through a three - wire arrangement with unequal currents . This inequality would cause serious problems in standardization of the conductor size and so , to overcome it , three - phase systems are used where the three currents are equal in magnitude and have 120 degrees phase difference . Three similar coils having mutual geometrical angles of 120 degrees create the rotating magnetic field in this case . The ability of the three - phase system to create a rotating field , utilized in electric motors , is one of the main reasons why three - phase systems dominate the world 's electrical power supply systems . Synchronous motors use DC - voltage - fed rotor windings , which lets the excitation of the machine be controlled -- and induction motors use short - circuited rotors ( instead of a magnet ) following the rotating magnetic field of a multicoiled stator . The short - circuited turns of the rotor develop eddy currents in the rotating field of the stator , and these currents in turn move the rotor by the Lorentz force . In 1882 , Nikola Tesla identified the concept of the rotating magnetic field . In 1885 , Galileo Ferraris independently researched the concept . In 1888 , Tesla gained U.S. Patent 381,968 for his work . Also in 1888 , Ferraris published his research in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin . Hall effect ( edit ) Main article : Hall effect The charge carriers of a current - carrying conductor placed in a transverse magnetic field experience a sideways Lorentz force ; this results in a charge separation in a direction perpendicular to the current and to the magnetic field . The resultant voltage in that direction is proportional to the applied magnetic field . This is known as the Hall effect . The Hall effect is often used to measure the magnitude of a magnetic field . It is used as well to find the sign of the dominant charge carriers in materials such as semiconductors ( negative electrons or positive holes ) . Magnetic circuits ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic circuit An important use of H is in magnetic circuits where B = μH inside a linear material . Here , μ is the magnetic permeability of the material . This result is similar in form to Ohm 's law J = σE , where J is the current density , σ is the conductance and E is the electric field . Extending this analogy , the counterpart to the macroscopic Ohm 's law ( I = V ⁄ R ) is : Φ = F R m , ( \ displaystyle \ Phi = ( \ frac ( F ) ( R ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) , ) where Φ = ∫ B ⋅ d A ( \ displaystyle \ Phi = \ int \ mathbf ( B ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( A ) ) is the magnetic flux in the circuit , F = ∫ H ⋅ d l ( \ displaystyle F = \ int \ mathbf ( H ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ boldsymbol ( \ ell ) ) ) is the magnetomotive force applied to the circuit , and R is the reluctance of the circuit . Here the reluctance R is a quantity similar in nature to resistance for the flux . Using this analogy it is straightforward to calculate the magnetic flux of complicated magnetic field geometries , by using all the available techniques of circuit theory . Magnetic field shape descriptions ( edit ) Schematic quadrupole magnet ( `` four - pole '' ) magnetic field . There are four steel pole tips , two opposing magnetic north poles and two opposing magnetic south poles . An azimuthal magnetic field is one that runs east -- west . A meridional magnetic field is one that runs north -- south . In the solar dynamo model of the Sun , differential rotation of the solar plasma causes the meridional magnetic field to stretch into an azimuthal magnetic field , a process called the omega - effect . The reverse process is called the alpha - effect . A dipole magnetic field is one seen around a bar magnet or around a charged elementary particle with nonzero spin . A quadrupole magnetic field is one seen , for example , between the poles of four bar magnets . The field strength grows linearly with the radial distance from its longitudinal axis . A solenoidal magnetic field is similar to a dipole magnetic field , except that a solid bar magnet is replaced by a hollow electromagnetic coil magnet . A toroidal magnetic field occurs in a doughnut - shaped coil , the electric current spiraling around the tube - like surface , and is found , for example , in a tokamak . A poloidal magnetic field is generated by a current flowing in a ring , and is found , for example , in a tokamak . A radial magnetic field is one in which field lines are directed from the center outwards , similar to the spokes in a bicycle wheel . An example can be found in a loudspeaker transducers ( driver ) . A helical magnetic field is corkscrew - shaped , and sometimes seen in space plasmas such as the Orion Molecular Cloud . Magnetic dipoles ( edit ) Magnetic field lines around a '' magnetostatic dipole '' pointing to the right . Main article : Magnetic dipole See also : Spin magnetic moment and Micromagnetism The magnetic field of a magnetic dipole is depicted in the figure . From outside , the ideal magnetic dipole is identical to that of an ideal electric dipole of the same strength . Unlike the electric dipole , a magnetic dipole is properly modeled as a current loop having a current I and an area a . Such a current loop has a magnetic moment of : m = I a , ( \ displaystyle m = Ia , \ , ) where the direction of m is perpendicular to the area of the loop and depends on the direction of the current using the right - hand rule . An ideal magnetic dipole is modeled as a real magnetic dipole whose area a has been reduced to zero and its current I increased to infinity such that the product m = Ia is finite . This model clarifies the connection between angular momentum and magnetic moment , which is the basis of the Einstein -- de Haas effect rotation by magnetization and its inverse , the Barnett effect or magnetization by rotation . Rotating the loop faster ( in the same direction ) increases the current and therefore the magnetic moment , for example . It is sometimes useful to model the magnetic dipole similar to the electric dipole with two equal but opposite magnetic charges ( one south the other north ) separated by distance d . This model produces an H - field not a B - field . Such a model is deficient , though , both in that there are no magnetic charges and in that it obscures the link between electricity and magnetism . Further , as discussed above it fails to explain the inherent connection between angular momentum and magnetism . Magnetic monopole ( hypothetical ) ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic monopole A magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle ( or class of particles ) that has , as its name suggests , only one magnetic pole ( either a north pole or a south pole ) . In other words , it would possess a `` magnetic charge '' analogous to an electric charge . Magnetic field lines would start or end on magnetic monopoles , so if they exist , they would give exceptions to the rule that magnetic field lines neither start nor end . Modern interest in this concept stems from particle theories , notably Grand Unified Theories and superstring theories , that predict either the existence , or the possibility , of magnetic monopoles . These theories and others have inspired extensive efforts to search for monopoles . Despite these efforts , no magnetic monopole has been observed to date . In recent research , materials known as spin ices can simulate monopoles , but do not contain actual monopoles . See also ( edit ) General ( edit ) Magnetohydrodynamics -- the study of the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids Magnetic hysteresis -- application to ferromagnetism Magnetic nanoparticles -- extremely small magnetic particles that are tens of atoms wide Magnetic reconnection -- an effect that causes solar flares and auroras Magnetic potential -- the vector and scalar potential representation of magnetism SI electromagnetism units -- common units used in electromagnetism Orders of magnitude ( magnetic field ) -- list of magnetic field sources and measurement devices from smallest magnetic fields to largest detected Upward continuation Mathematics ( edit ) Magnetic helicity -- extent to which a magnetic field wraps around itself Applications ( edit ) Dynamo theory -- a proposed mechanism for the creation of the Earth 's magnetic field Helmholtz coil -- a device for producing a region of nearly uniform magnetic field Magnetic field viewing film -- Film used to view the magnetic field of an area Maxwell coil -- a device for producing a large volume of an almost constant magnetic field Stellar magnetic field -- a discussion of the magnetic field of stars Teltron tube -- device used to display an electron beam and demonstrates effect of electric and magnetic fields on moving charges Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ His Epistola Petri Peregrini de Maricourt ad Sygerum de Foucaucourt Militem de Magnete , which is often shortened to Epistola de magnete , is dated 1269 C.E. Jump up ^ From the outside , the field of a dipole of magnetic charge has exactly the same form as a current loop when both are sufficiently small . Therefore , the two models differ only for magnetism inside magnetic material . Jump up ^ The letters B and H were originally chosen by Maxwell in his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism ( Vol. II , pp. 236 -- 237 ) . For many quantities , he simply started choosing letters from the beginning of the alphabet . See Ralph Baierlein ( 2000 ) . `` Answer to Question # 73 . S is for entropy , Q is for charge '' . American Journal of Physics. 68 ( 8 ) : 691 . Bibcode : 2000AmJPh ... 68 ... 691B . doi : 10.1119 / 1.19524 . Jump up ^ Edward Purcell , in Electricity and Magnetism , McGraw - Hill , 1963 , writes , Even some modern writers who treat B as the primary field feel obliged to call it the magnetic induction because the name magnetic field was historically preempted by H . This seems clumsy and pedantic . If you go into the laboratory and ask a physicist what causes the pion trajectories in his bubble chamber to curve , he 'll probably answer `` magnetic field '' , not `` magnetic induction . '' You will seldom hear a geophysicist refer to the Earth 's magnetic induction , or an astrophysicist talk about the magnetic induction of the galaxy . We propose to keep on calling B the magnetic field . As for H , although other names have been invented for it , we shall call it `` the field H '' or even `` the magnetic field H . '' In a similar vein , M Gerloch ( 1983 ) . Magnetism and Ligand - field Analysis . Cambridge University Press . p. 110 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 24939 - 2 . says : `` So we may think of both B and H as magnetic fields , but drop the word ' magnetic ' from H so as to maintain the distinction ... As Purcell points out , ' it is only the names that give trouble , not the symbols ' . '' Jump up ^ This can be seen from the magnetic part of the Lorentz force law F = qvBsinθ . Jump up ^ The use of iron filings to display a field presents something of an exception to this picture ; the filings alter the magnetic field so that it is much larger along the `` lines '' of iron , due to the large permeability of iron relative to air . Jump up ^ Here ' small ' means that the observer is sufficiently far away that it can be treated as being infinitesimally small . ' Larger ' magnets need to include more complicated terms in the expression and depend on the entire geometry of the magnet not just m . Jump up ^ Magnetic field lines may also wrap around and around without closing but also without ending . Jump up ^ To see that this must be true imagine placing a compass inside a magnet . There , the north pole of the compass points toward the north pole of the magnet since magnets stacked on each other point in the same direction . Jump up ^ As discussed above , magnetic field lines are primarily a conceptual tool used to represent the mathematics behind magnetic fields . The total ' number ' of field lines is dependent on how the field lines are drawn . In practice , integral equations such as the one that follows in the main text are used instead . Jump up ^ Either B or H may be used for the magnetic field outside the magnet . Jump up ^ In practice , the Biot -- Savart law and other laws of magnetostatics are often used even when a current change in time , as long as it does not change too quickly . It is often used , for instance , for standard household currents , which oscillate sixty times per second . Jump up ^ The Biot -- Savart law contains the additional restriction ( boundary condition ) that the B - field must go to zero fast enough at infinity . It also depends on the divergence of B being zero , which is always valid . ( There are no magnetic charges . ) Jump up ^ A third term is needed for changing electric fields and polarization currents ; this displacement current term is covered in Maxwell 's equations below . Jump up ^ A complete expression for Faraday 's law of induction in terms of the electric E and magnetic fields can be written as : E = − d Φ / d t ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle ( \ mathcal ( E ) ) = - d \ Phi / dt ) = ∮ ∂ Σ ( t ) ( E ( r , t ) + v × B ( r , t ) ) ⋅ d l ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle = \ oint _ ( \ partial \ Sigma ( t ) ) \ left ( \ mathbf ( E ) ( \ mathbf ( r ) , \ t ) + \ mathbf ( v \ times B ) ( \ mathbf ( r ) , \ t ) \ right ) \ cdot d ( \ boldsymbol ( \ ell ) ) \ ) = − d d t ∫∫ Σ ( t ) d A ⋅ B ( r , t ) , ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle = - ( \ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) \ iint _ ( \ Sigma ( t ) ) d ( \ boldsymbol ( A ) ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( B ) ( \ mathbf ( r ) , \ t ) , ) where ∂ Σ ( t ) is the moving closed path bounding the moving surface Σ ( t ) , and dA is an element of surface area of Σ ( t ) . The first integral calculates the work done moving a charge a distance dl based upon the Lorentz force law . In the case where the bounding surface is stationary , the Kelvin -- Stokes theorem can be used to show this equation is equivalent to the Maxwell -- Faraday equation . Jump up ^ Two experiments produced candidate events that were initially interpreted as monopoles , but these are now considered inconclusive . For details and references , see magnetic monopole . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jiles , David C. ( 1998 ) . Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials ( 2 ed . ) . CRC . p. 3 . ISBN 0412798603 . Jump up ^ Feynman , Richard Phillips ; Leighton , Robert B. ; Sands , Matthew ( 1964 ) . The Feynman Lectures on Physics. 2 . California Institute of Technology . pp. 1.7 -- 1.8 . ISBN 0465079989 . Jump up ^ Whittaker 1951 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Whittaker 1951 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Whittaker 1951 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Whittaker 1951 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Blundell , Stephen J. ( 2012 ) . Magnetism : A Very Short Introduction . OUP Oxford . p. 31 . ISBN 9780191633720 . Jump up ^ Whittaker 1951 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Whittaker 1951 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Whittaker 1951 , p. 244 Jump up ^ Kelvin ( 1900 ) . `` Kabinett physikalischer Raritäten . '' Page 200 Jump up ^ Lord Kelvin of Largs . physik.uni-augsburg.de. 26 June 1824 ^ Jump up to : E.J. Rothwell and M.J. Cloud ( 2010 ) Electromagnetics . Taylor & Francis . p. 23 . ISBN 1420058266 . Jump up ^ Purcell , E. ( 2011 ) . Electricity and Magnetism ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 173 -- 4 . ISBN 1107013607 . Jump up ^ R.P. Feynman ; R.B. Leighton ; M. Sands ( 1963 ) . The Feynman Lectures on Physics , volume 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI , and units based on fundamental constants ( contd . ) '' . SI Brochure : The International System of Units ( SI ) ( 8th edition , 2006 ; updated in 2014 ) . Bureau International des Poids et Mesures . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Kenneth R. ( 2006 ) . A Companion to Astronomy and Astrophysics . Springer . p. 176 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` International system of units ( SI ) '' . NIST reference on constants , units , and uncertainty . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gravity Probe B Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . pp. 10 , 21 . Jump up ^ `` With record magnetic fields to the 21st Century '' . IEEE Xplore . Jump up ^ Kouveliotou , C. ; Duncan , R.C. ; Thompson , C. ( February 2003 ) . `` Magnetars Archived 11 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Scientific American ; Page 36 . Jump up ^ See Eq. 11.42 in E. Richard Cohen ; David R. Lide ; George L. Trigg ( 2003 ) . AIP physics desk reference ( 3 ed . ) . Birkhäuser . p. 381 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98973 - 0 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1999 , p. 438 Jump up ^ Pumplin , Jon ; Pratt , Scott . `` Magnetic field of a long wire '' . pa.msu.edu . MSU Department of Physics and Astronomy . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1999 , pp. 222 -- 225 Jump up ^ Deissler , R.J. ( 2008 ) . `` Dipole in a magnetic field , work , and quantum spin '' ( PDF ) . Physical Review E. 77 ( 3 , pt 2 ) : 036609 . Bibcode : 2008PhRvE ... 77c6609D . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevE. 77.036609 . PMID 18517545 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1999 , pp. 266 -- 268 Jump up ^ John Clarke Slater ; Nathaniel Herman Frank ( 1969 ) . Electromagnetism ( first published in 1947 ed . ) . Courier Dover Publications . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 62263 - 0 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1999 , p. 332 ^ Jump up to : RJD Tilley ( 2004 ) . Understanding Solids . Wiley . p. 368 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 85275 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sōshin Chikazumi ; Chad D. Graham ( 1997 ) . Physics of ferromagnetism ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 851776 - 9 . Jump up ^ Amikam Aharoni ( 2000 ) . Introduction to the theory of ferromagnetism ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850808 - 5 . Jump up ^ M Brian Maple ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Unconventional superconductivity in novel materials '' . In K.H. Bennemann ; John B. Ketterson . Superconductivity . Springer . p. 640 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 73252 - 7 . Jump up ^ Naoum Karchev ( 2003 ) . `` Itinerant ferromagnetism and superconductivity '' . In Paul S. Lewis ; D. Di ( CON ) Castro . Superconductivity research at the leading edge . Nova Publishers . p. 169 . ISBN 1 - 59033 - 861 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jackson , John David ( 1975 ) . Classical electrodynamics ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Wiley . ISBN 9780471431329 . Jump up ^ C. Doran and A. Lasenby ( 2003 ) Geometric Algebra for Physicists , Cambridge University Press , p. 233 . ISBN 0521715954 . Jump up ^ E.J. Konopinski ( 1978 ) . `` What the electromagnetic vector potential describes '' . Am. J. Phys. 46 ( 5 ) : 499 -- 502 . Bibcode : 1978AmJPh ... 46 ... 499K . doi : 10.1119 / 1.11298 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1999 , p. 422 Jump up ^ For a good qualitative introduction see : Richard Feynman ( 2006 ) . QED : the strange theory of light and matter . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12575 - 9 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Nigel ( 2002 ) . `` Dynamos in planets , stars and galaxies '' . Astronomy and Geophysics. 43 ( 3 ) : 3.09 -- 3.15 . Bibcode : 2002A&G ... 43c ... 9W . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1468 - 4004.2002. 43309. x . Jump up ^ `` What is the Earth 's magnetic field ? '' . Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions . National Centers for Environmental Information , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Raymond A. Serway ; Chris Vuille ; Jerry S. Faughn ( 2009 ) . College physics ( 8th ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Brooks / Cole , Cengage Learning . p. 628 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 38693 - 3 . Jump up ^ Merrill , Ronald T. ; McElhinny , Michael W. ; McFadden , Phillip L. ( 1996 ) . `` 2 . The present geomagnetic field : analysis and description from historical observations '' . The magnetic field of the earth : paleomagnetism , the core , and the deep mantle . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 491246 - 5 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tony ( 29 December 2003 ) . `` Earth 's Inconstant Magnetic Field '' . Science@Nasa . Retrieved 27 December 2009 . Jump up ^ The Solar Dynamo . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ I.S. Falconer and M.I. Large ( edited by I.M. Sefton ) , `` Magnetism : Fields and Forces '' Lecture E6 , The University of Sydney . Retrieved 3 October 2008 Jump up ^ Robert Sanders ( 12 January 2006 ) `` Astronomers find magnetic Slinky in Orion '' , UC Berkeley . Jump up ^ See magnetic moment and B.D. Cullity ; C.D. Graham ( 2008 ) . Introduction to Magnetic Materials ( 2 ed . ) . Wiley - IEEE . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 47741 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` ' Magnetricity ' Observed And Measured For First Time '' . Science Daily . 15 October 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ M.J.P. Gingras ( 2009 ) . `` Observing Monopoles in a Magnetic Analog of Ice '' . Science . 326 ( 5951 ) : 375 -- 376 . arXiv : 1005.3557 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1181510 . PMID 19833948 . Further reading ( edit ) Durney , Carl H. & Johnson , Curtis C. ( 1969 ) . Introduction to modern electromagnetics . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 018388 - 0 . Furlani , Edward P. ( 2001 ) . Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices : Materials , Analysis and Applications . Academic Press Series in Electromagnetism . ISBN 0 - 12 - 269951 - 3 . OCLC 162129430 . Griffiths , David J. ( 1999 ) . Introduction to Electrodynamics ( 3rd ed . ) . Prentice Hall . p. 438 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 805326 - X . OCLC 40251748 . Jiles , David ( 1994 ) . Introduction to Electronic Properties of Materials ( 1st ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 0 - 412 - 49580 - 5 . Kraftmakher , Yaakov ( 2001 ) . `` Two experiments with rotating magnetic field '' . Eur. J. Phys. 22 ( 5 ) : 477 -- 482 . Bibcode : 2001EJPh ... 22 ... 477K . doi : 10.1088 / 0143 - 0807 / 22 / 5 / 302 . Melle , Sonia ; Rubio , Miguel A. ; Fuller , Gerald G. ( 2000 ) . `` Structure and dynamics of magnetorheological fluids in rotating magnetic fields '' . Phys. Rev. E. 61 ( 4 ) : 4111 -- 4117 . Bibcode : 2000PhRvE ... 61.4111 M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevE. 61.4111 . Rao , Nannapaneni N. ( 1994 ) . Elements of engineering electromagnetics ( 4th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 948746 - 8 . OCLC 221993786 . Mielnik , Bogdan ; FernáNdez c. , David J. Fernández C. ( 1989 ) . `` An electron trapped in a rotating magnetic field '' . Journal of Mathematical Physics. 30 ( 2 ) : 537 -- 549 . Bibcode : 1989JMP ... 30 ... 537M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.528419 . Thalmann , Julia K. ( 2010 ) . Evolution of Coronal Magnetic Fields . uni-edition . ISBN 978 - 3 - 942171 - 41 - 0 . Tipler , Paul ( 2004 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers : Electricity , Magnetism , Light , and Elementary Modern Physics ( 5th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0810 - 8 . OCLC 51095685 . Purcell , Edward ( 2012 ) . Electricity and Magnetism ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107014022 . Whittaker , E.T. ( 1951 ) . A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity . Dover Publications . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 26126 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Information ( edit ) Crowell , B. , `` Electromagnetism '' . Nave , R. , `` Magnetic Field '' . HyperPhysics . `` Magnetism '' , The Magnetic Field . theory.uwinnipeg.ca . Hoadley , Rick , `` What do magnetic fields look like ? '' 17 July 2005 . Field density ( edit ) Oppelt , Arnulf ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` magnetic field strength '' . Retrieved 4 June 2007 . `` magnetic field strength converter '' . Retrieved 4 June 2007 . Rotating magnetic fields ( edit ) `` Rotating magnetic fields '' . Integrated Publishing . `` Introduction to Generators and Motors '' , rotating magnetic field . Integrated Publishing . `` Induction Motor -- Rotating Fields '' . Diagrams ( edit ) `` AC Motor Theory '' Figure 2 Rotating Magnetic Field . Integrated Publishing . `` Magnetic Fields '' Arc & Mitre Magnetic Field Diagrams . Magnet Expert Ltd . Magnetic states diamagnetism superdiamagnetism paramagnetism superparamagnetism ferromagnetism superferromagnetism antiferromagnetism ferrimagnetism helimagnetism metamagnetism mictomagnetism spin glass spin ice ferromagnetic superconductor GND : 4074450 - 4 NDL : 00574624 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_field&oldid=856181404 '' Categories : Magnetism Physical quantities Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 93 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 12 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who discovered the direction of magnetic field lines | [
"Three discoveries challenged this foundation of magnetism, though. First, in 1819, Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that an electric current generates a magnetic field encircling it. Then in 1820, André-Marie Ampère showed that parallel wires with currents attract one another if the currents are in the same direction and repel if they are in opposite directions.[7] Finally, Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart discovered the Biot–Savart law in 1820, which correctly predicts the magnetic field around any current-carrying wire.\n"
] | [
"André-Marie Ampère"
] |
-3115995839528368289 | FIFA World Cup official anthems and songs | FIFA World Cup official anthems and songs - wikipedia FIFA World Cup official anthems and songs Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) FIFA World Cup official anthems and songs are tunes and songs adopted officially to be used as warm - ups to the event , to accompany the championships during the event and as a souvenir reminder of the events as well as for advertising campaigns leading for the World Cup , giving the singers exceptional universal world coverage and notoriety . The songs chosen are usually multilingual using English , the official language of the organising country , as well as other world languages , most notably Spanish . The official versions also results in cover versions in many other languages by the original artist or by local artists . Official anthems and songs ( edit ) World Cup Country Official Anthems / Songs Language Performer ( s ) Writer ( s ) / Producer ( s ) Audios / Videos 1962 Chile `` El Rock del Mundial '' Spanish Los Ramblers Jorge Rojas Astorga Audio 1966 England `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' English Lonnie Donegan Audio 1970 Mexico `` Fútbol México 70 '' Spanish Los Hermanos Zavala Roberto do Nascimento Audio Germany `` Futbol '' Polish , English , German , Russian , Spanish Maryla Rodowicz Jonasz Kofta , Leszek Bogdanowicz Live Performance - Opening Ceremony 1978 Argentina `` El Mudial '' ( Official Anthem ) Buenos Aires Municipal Symphony Ennio Morricone Audio 1982 Spain `` Mundial ' 82 '' Spanish Plácido Domingo Audio 1986 Mexico `` A Special Kind of Hero '' English Stephanie Lawrence Rick Wakeman 1986 World Cup Official Film `` Hot Hot Hot '' English Arrow Alphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul Music Video `` El mundo unido por un balón '' Spanish Juan Carlos Abara Spanish 1990 Italy `` Un'estate italiana ( To Be Number One ) '' Italian , English Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini ( Italian ) Giorgio Moroder Project ( English ) Edoardo Bennato , Giorgio Moroder , Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock Live Performance - Opening Ceremony ( Italian ) Live Performance - Opening Ceremony ( English ) Official Music Video ( Italian - 1 ) Official Music Video ( Italian - 2 ) Official Music Video ( English - 1 ) Official Music Video ( English - 2 ) 1994 United States `` Gloryland '' English Daryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness Charlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey Live Performance - Opening Ceremony Official Music Video - 1 Official Music Video - 2 Music Video ( Instrumental - 1 ) Music Video ( Instrumental - 2 ) Audio `` We Are the Champions '' English Queen 1998 France `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' ( Official Anthem ) French , English Youssou N'Dour & Axelle Red Live Performance - Opening Ceremony Official Music Video `` La Copa de la Vida ( The Cup of Life ) '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Ricky Martin Desmond Child and Robi Rosa Official Music Video ( English ) Official Music Video ( Spanish ) `` Carnaval de Paris '' Dario G Dario G ( 1 ) `` Together Now '' English , Spanish Jean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro Jean Michel Jarre , Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin Official Music Video 2002 South Korea Japan ( Jointly Hosted ) `` Anthem '' ( Official Anthem ) Vangelis Vangelis / Takkyu Ishino Music Video Audio ( Synthesized ) Music Video ( Remixed ) `` Boom '' ( Official Song ) English Anastacia Anastacia , Glen Ballard Official Music Video `` Let 's Get Together Now '' ( Official Local Song ) Japanese , Korean Voices of KOREA / JAPAN Live Performance - Opening Ceremony Live Performance - Closing Ceremony `` Vamos Al Mundial '' ( Univision Version ) Spanish Jennifer Peña Claudia Garcia Official Music Video 2006 Germany `` Zeit dass sich was dreht ( Celebrate The Day ) '' ( Official Anthem ) German , French , Bambara , English Herbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam Herbert Grönemeyer Live Performance - Opening Ceremony `` The Time of Our Lives '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Il Divo featuring Toni Braxton Jörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac - Official Music Video `` Arriba , Arriba '' Spanish Ana Barbara , Mariana Seoane , Anaís Martínez , Pablo Montero `` Hips Do n't Lie ( Bamboo mix ) '' English , Spanish Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean Jerry Duplessis , Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker South Africa `` Sign of a Victory '' ( Official Anthem ) English R. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers R. Kelly Official Music Video `` Waka Waka '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish , Fang Shakira featuring Freshlyground Shakira , Freshlyground Live Performance - Closing Ceremony Official Music Video `` Wavin ' Flag '' ( Coca - Cola promotional anthem ) English K'Naan K'naan , Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Jean Daval Official Music Video `` Wavin ' Flag '' ( Spanish Celebration Mix ) English , Spanish K'Naan , David Bisbal Official Music Video 2014 Brazil `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' ( Official Anthem ) English , Portuguese , Spanish Carlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires Alexandre Pires , Arash Pournouri , Rami Yacoub , Carl Falk Tim Bergling , Arnon Woolfson , Diogo Vianna , Wyclef Jean Official Music Video `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' ( Official Song ) English , Portuguese , Spanish Pitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte Jennifer Lopez , Claudia Leitte , Pitbull , Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer , Sia Furler , Lukasz Gottwald , Henry Walter , Nadir Khayat Live Performance - Opening Ceremony Official Music Video `` Tatu Bom de Bola '' ( The Official Mascot Song ) Portuguese Arlindo Cruz Arlindo Cruz `` La La La ( Brasil 2014 ) '' English , Portuguese , Spanish Shakira featuring Carlinhos Brown Shakira , Carlinhos Brown , Jay Singh , Lukasz Gottwald Mathieu Jomphe - Lepine , Max Martin Henry Walter , Raelene Arreguin , John J Conte Jr . Live Performance - Closing Ceremony Official Music Video `` Magic in the Air '' French Magic System and Chawki Magic System ( A'Salfo , Manadja , Goudé , Tino ) , RedOne , Alex PChawki `` Adrenalina '' ( Univision version ) Spanish Wisin , Ricky Martin and J - LO Juan Luis Morera , José Torres , Carlos E. Ortiz `` Time of Our Lives '' ( The Official BeIN Sports Song ) Arabic , French , English Ahmed Chawki RedOne `` The World Is Ours '' ( Coca - Cola promotional anthem ) English David Correy , Monobloco Official Music Video `` La Copa de Todos '' ( Coca - Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix ) Spanish , English David Correy , Paty Cantú , Wisin , Monobloco Official Music Video 2018 Russia `` Live It Up '' ( Official Song ) English , Spanish Nicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi Nicky Jam , Will Smith , Era Istrefi Diplo Official Music Video `` Colors '' ( Coca - Cola promotional anthem ) English Jason Derulo Jason Derulo , Robin Weisse , Jamie Sanderson , Nija Charles , Ishmael Sadiq Montague , Geoffrey Earley Sermstyle , ISM Official Music Video `` Positivo '' ( Telemundo Version ) Spanish J Balvin and Michael Brun J Balvin , Michael Brun , Fernando Lugo Official Promo Official Music Video `` United by Love '' English , Spanish Natalia Oreiro Diego Córdoba , Ettore Grenci , Sonia Molina Official Lyrics Video Official albums ( edit ) 1994 -- Gloryland World Cup USA 94 1998 -- Music of the World Cup : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 -- The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 -- Voices from the FIFA World Cup 2010 -- Listen Up ! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album 2014 -- One Love , One Rhythm -- The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album 2018 -- The Official Album of the 2018 FIFA World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Songs '' . World Cup Theme Songs . 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Theme Song '' . WorldcupThemeSong . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Catalina Uribe . `` Soccer songs : A look at all the World Cup anthems '' . Terra Networks . Jump up ^ Laing , Dave ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` Arrow obituary '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Hot , Hot , Hot - Arrow - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Launches `` The World 's Cup '' Celebrating the Power of the 2014 FIFA World Cup TM to Bring Everyone Together `` . The Coca - Cola Company . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Music of FIFA World Cup Official albums `` Gloryland ( 1994 ) '' `` Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! ( 1998 ) '' `` The Official Album ( 2002 ) '' `` Voices ( 2006 ) '' `` Listen Up ! ( 2010 ) '' `` One Love , One Rhythm ( 2014 ) '' `` The Official Album of the 2018 FIFA World Cup ( 2018 ) '' Official anthems `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) ( 1998 ) '' `` Anthem ( 2002 ) '' `` Celebrate the Day ( 2006 ) '' `` Sign of a Victory ( 2010 ) '' `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) ( 2014 ) '' Official songs `` A Special Kind of Hero ( 1986 ) '' `` Un'estate italiana ( To Be Number One ) ( 1990 ) '' `` Gloryland ( 1994 ) '' `` The Cup of Life ( La Copa de la Vida ) ( 1998 ) '' `` Boom ( 2002 ) '' `` The Time of Our Lives ( 2006 ) '' `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) ( 2010 ) '' `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) ( 2014 ) '' `` Live It Up ( 2018 ) '' Other official songs `` Hot Hot Hot ( 1986 ) '' `` World in Motion ( 1990 ) '' `` We Are the Champions ( 1994 ) '' `` Together Now ( 1998 ) '' `` Let 's Get Together Now ( 2002 ) '' `` We 're on the Ball '' `` Oh Africa '' `` Vida '' `` Olé '' `` La La La ( Brazil 2014 ) ( 2014 ) '' Other songs / Non-official songs `` Back Home '' `` Argentine Melody ( Cancion de Argentina ) '' `` Nessun dorma '' `` Shibobo '' `` Top of the World ( Olé , Olé , Olé ) '' `` Vindaloo '' `` Carnaval de Paris '' `` Tema da Vitória '' `` 3 Lions ' 98 '' `` A Little Less Conversation ( JXL version ) '' `` Who Do You Think You Are Kidding Jurgen Klinsmann ? '' `` We Are the Champions ( Ding a Dang Dong ) '' `` Allez Ola Olé '' `` Everywhere You Go '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Coca - Cola Celebration Mix ) ( 2010 ) '' `` Adrenalina ( Univision version ) FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( Official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( Official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' Songs ( Official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mudial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' Mascots ( Official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka Balls ( Official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_official_anthems_and_songs&oldid=843487566 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup songs Football songs and chants Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 13 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the official fifa world cup 2018 song | [
"\n\nWorld\nCup\nCountry\nOfficial Anthems / Songs\nLanguage\nPerformer(s)\nWriter(s) /\nProducer(s)\nAudios / Videos\n\n\n1962\n Chile\n\"El Rock del Mundial\"\nSpanish\nLos Ramblers\nJorge Rojas Astorga\nAudio\n\n\n1966\n England\n\"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)\"\nEnglish\nLonnie Donegan\n\nAudio\n\n\n1970\n Mexico\n\"Fútbol México 70\"\nSpanish\nLos Hermanos Zavala\nRoberto do Nascimento\nAudio\n\n\n1974\n Germany\n\"Futbol\"\nPolish, English, German, Russian, Spanish\nMaryla Rodowicz\nJonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n1978\n Argentina\n\"El Mudial\" (Official Anthem)\n\nBuenos Aires Municipal Symphony\nEnnio Morricone\nAudio\n\n\n1982\n Spain\n\"Mundial '82\"\nSpanish\n\nPlácido Domingo\nAudio\n\n\n1986\n Mexico\n\"A Special Kind of Hero\"[3]\nEnglish\nStephanie Lawrence\nRick Wakeman\n1986 World Cup Official Film\n\n\n\"Hot Hot Hot\"[4]\nEnglish\nArrow\nAlphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]\nMusic Video\n\n\n\"El mundo unido por un balón\"\nSpanish\nJuan Carlos Abara\nSpanish\n\n\n\n1990\n Italy\n\"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)\"\nItalian, English\nEdoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)\nGiorgio Moroder Project (English)\nEdoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony (English)\nOfficial Music Video (Italian-1)\nOfficial Music Video (Italian-2)\nOfficial Music Video (English-1)\nOfficial Music Video (English-2)\n\n\n1994\n United States\n\"Gloryland\"\nEnglish\nDaryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness\nCharlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\nOfficial Music Video-1\nOfficial Music Video-2\nMusic Video (Instrumental-1)\nMusic Video (Instrumental-2)\nAudio\n\n\n\"We Are the Champions\"\nEnglish\nQueen\n\n\n\n\n1998\n France\n\"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)\"\n(Official Anthem)\nFrench, English\nYoussou N'Dour & Axelle Red\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nRicky Martin\nDesmond Child and Robi Rosa\nOfficial Music Video (English)\nOfficial Music Video (Spanish)\n\n\n\"Carnaval de Paris\"\n\nDario G\nDario G\n[1]\n\n\n\"Together Now\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nJean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro\nJean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n2002\n South Korea\n Japan\n(Jointly Hosted)\n\"Anthem\" (Official Anthem)\n\nVangelis\nVangelis / Takkyu Ishino\nMusic Video\nAudio (Synthesized)\nMusic Video (Remixed)\n\n\n\"Boom\" (Official Song)\nEnglish\nAnastacia\nAnastacia, Glen Ballard\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"Let's Get Together Now\" (Official Local Song)\nJapanese, Korean\nVoices of KOREA/JAPAN\n\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\nLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\n\n\n\"Vamos Al Mundial\" (Univision Version)\nSpanish\nJennifer Peña\nClaudia Garcia\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n2006\n Germany\n\"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)\" (Official Anthem)\nGerman, French, Bambara, English\nHerbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam\nHerbert Grönemeyer\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\n\n\n\"The Time of Our Lives\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nIl Divo featuring Toni Braxton\nJörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac|-\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"Arriba, Arriba\"\nSpanish\nAna Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero\n\n\n\n\n\"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nShakira featuring Wyclef Jean\nJerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker\n\n\n\n2010\n South Africa\n\"Sign of a Victory\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish\nR. Kelly featuring Soweto Spiritual Singers\nR. Kelly\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"Waka Waka\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish, Fang\nShakira featuring Freshlyground\nShakira, Freshlyground\nLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem)\nEnglish\nK'Naan\nK'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"Wavin' Flag\" (Spanish Celebration Mix)\nEnglish, Spanish\nK'Naan, David Bisbal\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n2014\n Brazil\n\"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)\" (Official Anthem)\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nCarlos Santana featuring Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires\nAlexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl Falk\nTim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"We Are One (Ole Ola)\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nPitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte\nJennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen\nDanny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat\nLive Performance - Opening Ceremony\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"Tatu Bom de Bola\" (The Official Mascot Song)\nPortuguese\nArlindo Cruz\nArlindo Cruz\n\n\n\n\"La La La (Brasil 2014)\"\nEnglish, Portuguese, Spanish\nShakira featuring Carlinhos Brown\nShakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz Gottwald\nMathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin\nHenry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.\nLive Performance - Closing Ceremony\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"Magic in the Air\"\nFrench\nMagic System and Chawki\nMagic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki\n\n\n\n\"Adrenalina\" (Univision version)\nSpanish\nWisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO\nJuan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz\n\n\n\n\"Time of Our Lives\" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)\nArabic, French, English\nAhmed Chawki\nRedOne\n\n\n\n\"The World Is Ours\"[6] (Coca-Cola promotional anthem)\nEnglish\nDavid Correy, Monobloco\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"La Copa de Todos\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)\nSpanish, English\nDavid Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n2018\n Russia\n\"Live It Up\" (Official Song)\nEnglish, Spanish\nNicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi\nNicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi\nDiplo\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"Colors\" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem)\nEnglish\nJason Derulo\nJason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley\nSermstyle, ISM\n\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"Positivo\" (Telemundo Version)\nSpanish\nJ Balvin and Michael Brun\nJ Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo\nOfficial Promo\nOfficial Music Video\n\n\n\"United by Love\"\nEnglish, Spanish\nNatalia Oreiro\nDiego Córdoba, Ettore Grenci, Sonia Molina\nOfficial Lyrics Video\n\n"
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"\"Live It Up\""
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2697268780450262280 | Great Bear Lake | Great Bear Lake - wikipedia Great Bear Lake Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Big Bear Lake , California . Great Bear Lake Great Bear Lake , Northwest Territories Location Northwest Territories Coordinates 66 ° N 121 ° W / 66 ° N 121 ° W / 66 ; - 121 Coordinates : 66 ° N 121 ° W / 66 ° N 121 ° W / 66 ; - 121 Primary outflows Great Bear River Catchment area 114,717 km ( 44,292 sq mi ) Basin countries Canada Surface area 31,153 km ( 12,028 sq mi ) Average depth 71.7 m ( 235 ft ) Max . depth 446 m ( 1,463 ft ) Water volume 2,236 km ( 536 cu mi ) Residence time 124 years Shore length 2,719 km ( 1,690 mi ) ( plus 824 km ( 512 mi ) island shoreline ) Surface elevation 156 m ( 512 ft ) Frozen November - July Islands 26 main islands , totaling 759.3 km ( 293.2 sq mi ) in area Settlements Deline References Shore length is not a well - defined measure . The Great Bear Lake ( / ˈsɑːtuː / ; Slavey : Sahtú ; French : Grand lac de l'Ours ) is the largest lake entirely in Canada ( Lake Superior and Lake Huron straddling the Canada -- US border are larger ) , the fourth largest in North America , and the eighth largest in the world . The lake is in the Northwest Territories , on the Arctic Circle between 65 and 67 degrees of northern latitude and between 118 and 123 degrees western longitude , 156 m ( 512 ft ) above sea level . The name originated from the words `` Satudene '' in Denesuline meaning `` grizzly bear water people . '' The Sahtu Dene people are named after the lake . Grizzly Bear Mountain on the shore of the lake also comes from Denesuline , meaning , `` bear large hill . '' The Sahoyue ( Grizzly Bear Mountain ) peninsula on the south side of the lake and the Edacho ( Scented Grass Hills ) peninsula on the west side form the Saoyú - ʔehdacho National Historic Site of Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Arms 1.2 Tributaries 2 Prehistoric geology 3 Climate 4 Human use 4.1 Mining 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Geography ( edit ) Bathymetric map of Great Bear Lake . Mackenzie River drainage basin showing Great Bear Lake 's position in the Western Canadian Arctic The lake has a surface area of 31,153 km ( 12,028 sq mi ) and a volume of 2,236 km ( 536 cu mi ) . Its maximum depth is 446 m ( 1,463 ft ) and average depth 71.7 m ( 235 ft ) . The shoreline is 2,719 km ( 1,690 mi ) and the catchment area of the lake is 114,717 km ( 44,292 sq mi ) . Great Bear Lake is covered with ice from late November to July . Arms ( edit ) Arms of Great Bear Lake include the Smith Arm ( northwest ) , the Dease Arm ( northeast ) , the McTavish Arm ( southeast ) , the McVicar Arm ( south ) and the Keith Arm ( southwest ) . The community of Deline is located on the Keith Arm near the outflow of the Great Bear River that flows west into the Mackenzie River at Tulita . Tributaries ( edit ) Rivers flowing into Great Bear Lake include the Whitefish River , Big Spruce River , Haldane River , Bloody River , Sloan River , Dease River and the Johnny Hoe River . Prehistoric geology ( edit ) Great Bear Lake lies between two major physiographic regions : the Kazan Uplands portion of the Canadian Shield and the Interior Plains . It was part of Glacial Lake McConnell in the pre-glacial valleys reshaped by erosional ice during the Pleistocene . Since , the lake has changed from post-glacial rebound following the ice melting . Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield form the eastern margin of the McTavish Arm . These rocks of the Precambrian are sedimentary and metamorphic deposits supplemented by igneous intrusions forming dikes and sills . Climate ( edit ) ( show ) Climate data for Deline Airport Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high humidex 2.8 0.5 3.8 16.6 22.8 29.8 33.5 31.8 22.9 20.5 2.4 0.3 33.5 Record high ° C ( ° F ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 29.3 ( 84.7 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 4.8 ( 40.6 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 20.9 ( − 5.6 ) − 18.5 ( − 1.3 ) − 13.9 ( 7 ) − 1.9 ( 28.6 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) − 11.5 ( 11.3 ) − 17.6 ( 0.3 ) − 1.2 ( 29.8 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 25.0 ( − 13 ) − 23.2 ( − 9.8 ) − 19.5 ( − 3.1 ) − 7.7 ( 18.1 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 11.2 ( 52.2 ) 5.7 ( 42.3 ) − 3.9 ( 25 ) − 15.4 ( 4.3 ) − 22.0 ( − 7.6 ) − 6.1 ( 21 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 28.9 ( − 20 ) − 27.8 ( − 18 ) − 25.1 ( − 13.2 ) − 13.6 ( 7.5 ) − 2.5 ( 27.5 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) − 7.0 ( 19.4 ) − 19.2 ( − 2.6 ) − 26.3 ( − 15.3 ) − 11.0 ( 12.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 49.1 ( − 56.4 ) − 43.3 ( − 45.9 ) − 43.3 ( − 45.9 ) − 35.0 ( − 31 ) − 23.3 ( − 9.9 ) − 4.0 ( 24.8 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 4.9 ( 23.2 ) − 13.3 ( 8.1 ) − 29.7 ( − 21.5 ) − 37.4 ( − 35.3 ) − 43.0 ( − 45.4 ) − 49.1 ( − 56.4 ) Record low wind chill − 57.2 − 54.0 − 55.3 − 40.4 − 27.6 − 6.4 0.0 − 3.6 − 16.3 − 34.4 − 46.7 − 54.7 − 57.2 Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 10.3 ( 0.406 ) 11.2 ( 0.441 ) 10.3 ( 0.406 ) 10.1 ( 0.398 ) 14.8 ( 0.583 ) 24.3 ( 0.957 ) 40.3 ( 1.587 ) 43.2 ( 1.701 ) 39.5 ( 1.555 ) 31.1 ( 1.224 ) 21.7 ( 0.854 ) 11.9 ( 0.469 ) 268.7 ( 10.579 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.004 ) 12.2 ( 0.48 ) 24.2 ( 0.953 ) 40.3 ( 1.587 ) 43.2 ( 1.701 ) 37.1 ( 1.461 ) 4.9 ( 0.193 ) 0.4 ( 0.016 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 162.3 ( 6.39 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 13.0 ( 5.12 ) 16.9 ( 6.65 ) 17.1 ( 6.73 ) 12.3 ( 4.84 ) 3.4 ( 1.34 ) 0.2 ( 0.08 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 2.4 ( 0.94 ) 32.2 ( 12.68 ) 35.2 ( 13.86 ) 17.3 ( 6.81 ) 150.0 ( 59.06 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 5.4 6.8 7.5 3.9 6.1 8.0 10.4 12.3 12.4 12.4 10.1 7.2 102.4 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 4.5 8.0 10.4 12.3 11.8 2.4 0.1 0.0 49.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 6.7 7.5 9.4 4.2 1.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 10.5 11.4 8.9 61.4 Average relative humidity ( % ) 74.9 76.1 76.7 75.0 63.0 54.5 58.2 62.1 65.7 82.6 82.5 76.1 70.6 Source : Environment Canada Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 Human Use ( edit ) The Deline settlement is on the lake , near the headwaters of the Bear River . There is an ice crossing from Deline to the winter road on the far side of the Great Bear River . , On 5 March 2016 , a tank truck fell partway through the ice road just a few days after the government had increased the allowed maximum weight limit to 40,000 kg ( 88,000 lb ) on the road . The truck , which was 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) outside of Deline and close to the community 's fresh water intake , as well as a major fishing area , contained approximately 30,000 l ( 6,600 imp gal ; 7,900 US gal ) of heating fuel and was one of 70 truck loads intended to resupply the community . The fuel was removed from the truck by 2 am , 8 March . Three lodges around the lake are destinations for fishing and hunting . In 1995 , a 32.8 kg ( 72.3 lb ) lake trout was caught , the largest ever caught anywhere by angling . Mining ( edit ) In 1930 , Gilbert LaBine discovered uranium deposits in the Great Bear Lake region . The former mining area Port Radium , site of the Eldorado Mine where pitchblende was discovered , was located on the eastern shore . Echo Bay Mines Limited leased the old camp and mill at Port Radium to recover silver and copper values from 1965 to 1981 . Gallery ( edit ) Ruins of Fort Confidence at the mouth of the Dease River in 1911 Deline on Great Bear Lake Grizzly Bear Mountain , Great Bear Lake Smoke from forest fires in Alaska blow over Great Bear Lake Great Bear Lake . Note the smoke plumes from wildfires See also ( edit ) Canada portal Geography of Canada portal List of lakes of Canada References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Johnson , L. ( 1975 ) , `` Physical and chemical characteristics of Great Bear Lake '' , J. Fish . Res . Board Can. , 32 ( 11 ) : 1971 -- 1987 , doi : 10.1139 / f75 - 234 quoted at Great Bear Lake Archived 2011 - 06 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( World Lakes Database ) ^ Jump up to : Hebert , Paul ( 2007 ) , `` Great Bear Lake , Northwest Territories '' , Encyclopedia of Earth , Washington , DC : Environmental Information Coalition , National Council for Science and the Environment , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ Johnson , L. The Great Bear Lake : Its Place in History . Calgary , Alberta : Arctic Institute of North America ( AINA ) database at the University of Calgary . pp. 236 - 237 . Retrieved on : 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Resources Canada - Canadian Geographical Names ( Grizzly Bear Mountain ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Saoyú - ʔehdacho National Historic Site of Canada '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Territories Protected Areas Strategy ( Saoyú - ʔehdacho ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Great Bear Lake '' . World Lakes Database . International Lake Environment Committee . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada - Toporama '' . Natural Resources Canada . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whitefish River '' . Geographical Names Data Base . Natural Resources Canada . Jump up ^ `` Big Spruce River '' . Geographical Names Data Base . Natural Resources Canada . Jump up ^ `` Haldane River '' . Geographical Names Data Base . Natural Resources Canada . Jump up ^ `` Bloody River '' . Geographical Names Data Base . Natural Resources Canada . Jump up ^ `` Sloan River '' . Geographical Names Data Base . Natural Resources Canada . Jump up ^ `` Dease River '' . Geographical Names Data Base . Natural Resources Canada . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Hoe River '' . Geographical Names Data Base . Natural Resources Canada . Jump up ^ Lionel Johnson . `` Great Bear Lake '' ( PDF ) . Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Freshwater Institute . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Deline A '' ( CSV ( 3069 KB ) ) . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Climate ID : 22010KA . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Deline - `` Where the Water Flows '' `` . Spectacular Northwest Territories . Northwest Territories . Archived from the original on 26 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Impassable ice roads delay holiday travel '' . CBC News : North . CBC. 23 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Open and Close Dates for the NWT 's Community Access Roads '' . Transportation . Government of the Northwest Territories . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Windeyer , Chris ( 5 March 2016 ) . `` Fuel tanker plunges through Deline , N.W.T. , ice road '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ Quenneville , Guy ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` N.W.T. hopes to remove fuel from tanker stuck in ice near Deline quickly '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ Quenneville , Guy ( 8 March 2016 ) . `` Fuel load successfully drained from tanker stuck in ice near Deline , N.W.T. '' CBC News . Jump up ^ `` International Game Fish Association '' . Jump up ^ Schiller , E A. Geological Survey of Canada , Paper 65 - 11 . Natural Resources Canada . pp. 42 -- . GGKEY : CR5H58XXBJZ . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Bear Lake . 1867 account of the lake by William Carpenter Bompas Hydrography of the Northwest Territories Rivers Arctic Red Back Coppermine Fond du Lac Great Bear Hay Horn Hornaday Kagloryuak Keele Kotaneelee Liard Mackenzie North Nahanni Peel Petitot Redstone Roscoe Slave South Nahanni Trout Yellowknife more ... Lakes Artillery Aylmer Blackwater Boyd Buffalo Clinton - Colden Colville Faber Firedrake Frame Great Bear Great Slave Hottah Howard Kakisa Kasba Keller Lac Belot Lac de Gras Lac des bois ( Northwest Territories ) Lac La Martre Lynx MacKay Mosquito Napaktulik Nonacho Point Sambaa K'e Selwyn Snowbird Tahiryuak Tathlina Tulemalu Wholdaia more ... Coastal features Amundsen Gulf Beaufort Sea Dolphin and Union Strait Fitzwilliam Strait Hazen Strait Husky Lakes Kellett Strait Liddon Gulf M'Clure Strait Minto Inlet Murray Inlet Prince of Wales Strait Richard Collinson Inlet Prince Albert Sound Wilkins Strait VIAF : 239216383 GND : 4763185 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Bear_Lake&oldid=825360518 '' Categories : Lakes of the Northwest Territories Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 23 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is great bear lake located on a map | [
"\n\nGreat Bear Lake\n\n\n\nGreat Bear Lake, Northwest Territories\n\n\n\nLocation\nNorthwest Territories\n\n\nCoordinates\n66°N 121°W / 66°N 121°W / 66; -121Coordinates: 66°N 121°W / 66°N 121°W / 66; -121\n\n\nPrimary outflows\nGreat Bear River\n\n\nCatchment area\n114,717 km2 (44,292 sq mi)[1][2]\n\n\nBasin countries\nCanada\n\n\n\n\n\nSurface area\n31,153 km2 (12,028 sq mi)[1][2]\n\n\nAverage depth\n71.7 m (235 ft)[1][2]\n\n\nMax. depth\n446 m (1,463 ft)[1][2]\n\n\nWater volume\n2,236 km3 (536 cu mi)[1][2]\n\n\nResidence time\n124 years[1]\n\n\nShore length1\n2,719 km (1,690 mi) (plus 824 km (512 mi) island shoreline)[1][2]\n\n\nSurface elevation\n156 m (512 ft)\n\n\n\n\n\nFrozen\nNovember - July[2]\n\n\nIslands\n26 main islands, totaling 759.3 km2 (293.2 sq mi) in area[1]\n\n\nSettlements\nDeline\n\n\nReferences\n[1][2]\n\n\n1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.\n\n"
] | [
"66°N 121°W / 66°N 121°W"
] |
3127451384119377388 | Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic | Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic - wikipedia Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic Jump to : navigation , search Partially flooded with ice - cold seawater , Titanic 's Collapsible Boat D approaches RMS Carpathia at 7 : 15 am on 15 April 1912 . RMS Titanic , showing georgina lifeboats along the starboard - side boat deck ( upper deck ) : four lifeboats near the bridge wheel house and four lifeboats near the 4th funnel . Lifeboat id numbers on deck ← bow stern → ( 01 ) ( 03 ) ( 05 ) ( 07 ) ( 09 ) ( 11 ) ( 13 ) ( 15 ) ( A ) \ ( B ) / ( 02 ) ( 04 ) ( 06 ) ( 08 ) ( 10 ) ( 12 ) ( 14 ) ( 16 ) Lifeboats 7 , 5 , 3 & 8 left first . Collapsible lifeboats A , B , C & D were stored inward . Boat A floated off the deck , and Boat B floated away upside down . The lifeboats of the RMS Titanic played a crucial role in the disaster of 14 -- 15 April 1912 . One of the ship 's legacies was that she had too few lifeboats to evacuate all those on board . The 20 lifeboats that she did carry could only accommodate 1,178 people , despite the fact that there were approximately 2,208 on board . RMS Titanic had a maximum capacity of 3,327 passengers and crew . Eighteen lifeboats were used , loading between 11 : 45 p.m. -- 2 : 15 a.m. , though Collapsible Boat A floated off the ship 's partially submerged deck , and Collapsible Boat B floated away upside down minutes before the ship upended and sank . Many lifeboats only carried half of their maximum capacity ; there are many versions as to the reasoning behind half - filled lifeboats . Some sources claimed they were afraid of the lifeboat buckling under the weight , others suggested it was because the crew were following strict maritime tradition to evacuate women and children first . Few men were allowed into the lifeboats on the port side , while the starboard side only allowed men into boats after women and children boarded . Some of the final lifeboats were overfilled , and passengers noticed the seawater line was near the rim on some of the lifeboats . As the half - filled boats rowed away from the ship , they were too far for other passengers to reach , and most lifeboats did not return to the wreck , due to protests from passengers or crewmen to prevent being swamped by drowning victims . Only two lifeboats returned to retrieve survivors from the water , some of whom later died . RMS Carpathia did not reach the lifeboats until 4 a.m. , two hours after Titanic sank to the bottom of the sea , and the rescue continued until the last lifeboat was collected at 8 : 30 a.m. The survivors among the men were relatively more crewmen , then more First Class and Third Class , with 92 % of men dying from Second Class . However , the third - class women and children also died in relatively high numbers , with 66 % of those children dying . Although the sinking showed the number of lifeboats insufficient , Titanic was in compliance with maritime safety regulations of the time ( albeit the Titanic disaster proved the regulations outdated for such large passenger ships ) . The Inquiry also revealed White Star Line wanted fewer boats on the decks , to provide unobstructed views for passengers and give the ship more aesthetics from an exterior view . It was also thought in the event of an emergency , Titanic 's design would enable her to stay afloat long enough for her passengers and crew to be transferred safely to a rescue vessel . It was never anticipated that all passengers and crew would be evacuated rapidly at the same time . Compounding the disaster , Titanic 's crew were poorly trained on using the davits ( lifeboat launching equipment ) . As a result , boat launches were slow , improperly executed , and poorly supervised . These factors contributed to the lifeboats departing with only half capacity . 1,503 people did not make it on to a lifeboat and were aboard Titanic when she sank to the bottom of the North Atlantic Ocean at 2 : 20 a.m. on 15 April 1912 . 705 people , mostly women and children , remained in the lifeboats until later that morning when they were rescued by RMS Carpathia . Those aboard the lifeboats were picked up by Carpathia over the course of 4 hours and 30 minutes , from about 4 a.m. to 8 : 30 a.m. , and 13 of the lifeboats were also taken aboard . The lifeboats were returned to the White Star Line at New York Harbor , as they were the only items of value salvaged from the shipwreck , but subsequently vanished from history over time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Number and types of lifeboats 2 Use and locations aboard Titanic 3 Lack of lifeboats and training 4 Launch of the lifeboats 4.1 Boat 7 ( starboard ) 4.2 Boat 5 ( starboard ) 4.3 Boat 3 ( starboard ) 4.4 Boat 8 ( port ) 4.5 Boat 1 ( starboard ) 4.6 Boat 6 ( port ) 4.7 Boat 16 ( port ) 4.8 Boat 14 ( port ) 4.9 Boat 12 ( port ) 4.10 Boat 9 ( starboard ) 4.11 Boat 11 ( starboard ) 4.12 Boat 13 ( starboard ) 4.13 Boat 15 ( starboard ) 4.14 Boat 2 ( port ) 4.15 Boat 10 ( port ) 4.16 Boat 4 ( port ) 4.17 Collapsible Boat C ( starboard ) 4.18 Collapsible Boat D ( port ) 4.19 Collapsible Boat B ( port ) 4.20 Collapsible Boat A ( starboard ) 5 Recovery and disposal of the lifeboats 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Number and types of lifeboats ( edit ) Titanic 's wooden lifeboats in New York Harbor following the disaster . This particular image has been doctored to add the words `` R.M.S. Titanic '' . In fact the lifeboats bore the name `` S.S. Titanic '' on a plaque mounted at the other end of the boat . Titanic had 20 lifeboats of three different types : 14 clinker - built wooden lifeboats , measuring 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) long by 9 feet 1 inch ( 2.77 m ) wide by 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) deep . Each had a capacity of 655.2 cubic feet ( 18.55 m ) and was designed to carry 65 people . The rudders were made of elm -- selected because it resisted splitting -- and were 1.75 inches ( 4.4 cm ) thick . The exterior of the boats were fitted with `` grablines '' for people in the water to hold on to . They were fitted with a variety of equipment to aid the occupants , comprising 10 oars , a sea anchor , two bailers , a painter ( effectively a tow - rope ) 150 feet ( 46 m ) long , two boat - hooks , two 10 imperial gallons ( 45 l ) tanks of fresh water , a mast and sail , a compass , a lantern and watertight metal provision tanks which contained biscuits . This equipment was not kept in the boats for fear of theft , but in locked boxes on the deck . In many cases , the equipment was not transferred to the boats when they were launched on 15 April and ended up going down with the ship . Blankets and a spare lifebelt could also be found in the boats . Apparently unknown to many officers and crew , these boats were reinforced with steel beams in their keels to prevent buckling in the davits under a full load . 2 wooden cutters intended to be used as emergency boats . They were of a similar design to the main lifeboats , but smaller , measuring 25 feet 2 inches ( 7.67 m ) long by about 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) wide by 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) deep . They had a capacity of 322 cubic feet ( 9.1 m ) and could carry 40 people . They were equipped similarly to the main lifeboats but with only one boat - hook , one water container , one bailer and six oars each . 4 `` collapsible '' Engelhardt lifeboats . These were effectively boat - shaped unsinkable rafts of kapok and cork , with heavy canvas sides that could be raised to form a boat . They measured 27 feet 5 inches ( 8.36 m ) long by 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) wide by 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) deep . Their capacity was 376.6 cubic feet ( 10.66 m ) and each could carry 47 people . The Engelhardts , built to a Danish design , were built by the boat - builders McAlister & Son of Dumbarton , Scotland . Their equipment was similar to that of the cutters , but they had no mast or sail , had eight oars apiece and were steered using a steering oar rather than a rudder . The main lifeboats and cutters were built by Harland and Wolff at Queen 's Island , Belfast at the same time that Titanic and her sister ship Olympic were constructed . They were designed for maximum seaworthiness , with a double - ended design ( effectively having two bows ) . This reduced the risk that they would be flooded by a following sea ( i.e. having waves breaking over the stern ) . If a lifeboat had to be beached , the design would also resist the incoming surf . Another safety feature consisted of airtight copper tanks within the boats ' sides to provide extra buoyancy . Use and locations aboard Titanic ( edit ) Plan of the Boat Deck of RMS Titanic showing the location of the lifeboats . The main lifeboats are marked in green , while the emergency cutters are highlighted in red . Two of the collapsible lifeboats are marked in purple . The other two ( not on this diagram ) were situated on the roof of the officers ' quarters behind the wheelhouse . All but two lifeboats were situated on the Boat Deck , the highest deck of Titanic . They were located on wooden chocks at the fore and aft parts of the Boat Deck , on both sides of the ship ; two groups of three at the forward end , and two groups of four at the aft end . The two cutters were situated immediately aft of the bridge , one to port and the other to starboard . While Titanic was at sea they were positioned outboard so that they could be lowered instantly in the event of an emergency , such as needing to rescue a person who had fallen overboard . The lifeboats were assigned odd numbers on the starboard side and even numbers on the port side , running from forward to aft , while the collapsible lifeboats were lettered A to D . The collapsibles were stored in two places . Two of them were stowed on the deck in their collapsed state underneath the cutters , while the remaining two were situated on top of the officers ' quarters . Despite the first two both being erected and launched without difficulty during Titanic 's sinking , the other two both turned out to be very poorly located . They were both located 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) off the deck and lowering them required a piece of equipment held in the boatswain 's store in the bow . By the time this was realised , the bow was already well underwater and the store was inaccessible . They were manhandled down and floated away freely as the deck flooded . The lifeboats were intended to be launched from davits supplied by the Welin Davit & Engineering Company of London . All lifeboats but the collapsibles were slung from the davits , ready to be launched . The davits were of a highly efficient double - acting quadrant design , capable of being slung inboard ( hanging over the deck ) as well as outboard ( hanging over the side ) to pick up additional lifeboats . The davits aboard Titanic were capable of accommodating 64 lifeboats , though only 16 were actually fitted to them . The collapsibles were also intended to be launched via the davits . Each davit was doubled up , supporting the forward arm of one boat and the after arm of the next one along . A bitt and sheave was located at the keel of each davit to facilitate the lowering of boats , and the falls could be taken across the deck so that a number of men could work simultaneously on each boat and davit . They had to be lowered by hand , ideally by a team of between eight and ten men . Despite Titanic having a number of electric winches , they could only have been used to winch the lifeboats back out of the water . Lack of lifeboats and training ( edit ) Arrangement of lifeboats on the forward part of the Boat Deck of Titanic , shown on a large - scale model of the ship Notoriously , Titanic did not have enough lifeboats to evacuate everyone on board . She only had enough lifeboats to accommodate approximately a third of the ship 's total capacity . Had every lifeboat been filled accordingly , they could have only evacuated about 53 percent of those actually on board on the night of her sinking . The shortage of lifeboats was not due to the lack of space ; Titanic had actually been designed to accommodate up to 64 boats -- nor was it because of cost , as the price of an extra 32 lifeboats would only have been some $16,000 , a tiny fraction of the $7.5 million that the company had spent on Titanic . The reason lay in a combination of outdated safety regulations and complacency by the White Star Line , Titanic 's operators . In 1886 , a committee of the British Board of Trade devised safety regulations for the merchant vessels of the time . These were updated with the passage of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894 and were modified subsequently , but by 1912 they had a fatal flaw -- they had been intended to regulate vessels of up to 10,000 tons , a limit that had long since been exceeded by shipbuilders . By comparison , Titanic had a gross register tonnage of 46,328 tons . Other ships were in a similar situation ; 33 of the 39 British liners over 10,000 tons did not have enough lifeboats for all aboard ( the six that did were marginally over 10,000 tons ) . RMS Carmania was perhaps the worst of them , with only enough lifeboats for 29 per cent of her occupants . Foreign ships , such as the German liner SS Amerika and SS St. Louis similarly had only enough lifeboat space for about 54 -- 55 % of those aboard . A random sampling of ships that exceeded 10,000 tons in 1912 , of numerous different shipping lines in the United States , Canada , and Europe , show the ship that came the closest to carrying enough lifeboats for all its passengers was the French Line 's La Province which carried enough boats to accommodate 82 percent of her passenger capacity . Walter Lord stated in his 1987 book The Night Lives On that the lack of lifeboats on the Olympic - class liners might have had more to do with economics than one might have thought . Had Olympic and Titanic been properly provisioned with enough lifeboats , it might have drawn notice by the press that other smaller and perhaps less safely equipped liners were lacking sufficient lifeboats . This could have created a domino effect , leading to a call for more stringent regulations concerning lifesaving equipment onboard ships , circumstances which would have cost numerous shipping lines a considerable amount of money to accommodate . The regulations required a vessel of 10,000 tons or more to carry 16 lifeboats with a total capacity of 9,625 cubic feet ( 272.5 m ) , sufficient for 960 people . Titanic actually carried four more lifeboats than was needed under the regulations . Her total lifeboat capacity was 11,327.9 cubic feet ( 320.77 m ) , which was theoretically capable of taking 1,178 people . The regulations required that lifeboats should measure between 16 -- 30 feet ( 4.9 -- 9.1 m ) , with a minimum capacity of 125 cubic feet ( 3.5 m ) each . The cubic capacity divided by ten indicated the approximate number of people that could be carried safely in each boat , and also dictated the size of the airtight buoyancy tanks incorporated into the boats ' hulls , with each person corresponding to 1 cubic foot ( 0.028 m ) of tank capacity . In reality , the given capacity was quite nominal , as filling the boats to their indicated capacity would have required some passengers to stand . This did in fact happen to some of the last boats to leave Titanic ; at the subsequent British enquiry , Titanic 's Second Officer Charles Lightoller testified that the nominal capacity could only have applied `` in absolutely smooth water , under the most favourable conditions . '' The proper capacity would have been more like 40 people per boat under typical conditions . Few officers and crew were aware that steel beam reinforcements had been added to the keels of the boats to prevent buckling in the davits under a full load . Titanic and her sister ships had been designed with the capability of carrying many more lifeboats than were actually provided , up to a total of 64 . During the design stage , Alexander Carlisle , Harland & Wolff 's chief draughtsman and general manager , submitted a plan to provide 64 lifeboats . He later reduced the figure to 32 , and in March 1910 the decision was taken to reduce the number again to 16 . Carlisle is believed to have left his position in dispute of this decision . The White Star Line preferred to maximise the amount of deck space available for the enjoyment of the passengers ( and the area that was free of lifeboats was , not coincidentally , the First Class promenade ) . The reasoning for this was explained by Archibald Campbell Holms in an article for Practical Shipbuilding published in 1918 : The fact that Titanic carried boats for little more than half the people on board was not a deliberate oversight , but was in accordance with a deliberate policy that , when the subdivision of a vessel into watertight compartments exceeds what is considered necessary to ensure that she shall remain afloat after the worst conceivable accident , the need for lifeboats practically ceases to exist , and consequently a large number may be dispensed with . Holms made his comments six years after the sinking of Titanic , an indication of the persistence of the view that `` every ship should be her own lifeboat '' . Sailors and shipbuilders of the time had a low opinion of the usefulness of lifeboats in an emergency and considered it more important to make a ship `` unsinkable '' . Admiral Lord Charles Beresford , who served simultaneously as a high - ranking Royal Navy officer and Member of Parliament , told the House of Commons a month after the disaster : Remember that on not more than one day in twelve all the year round can you lower a boat . With the roll of the ship the boats swing and will be smashed to smithereens against the side of the ship . The boats then should not be overdone ... It might be fairly supposed that had the Titanic floated for twelve hours all might have been saved . The White Star Line never envisaged that all of the crew and passengers would have to be evacuated at once , as Titanic was considered almost unsinkable . The lifeboats were instead intended to be used to transfer passengers off the ship and onto a nearby vessel providing assistance . While Titanic was under construction , an incident involving the White Star liner RMS Republic appeared to confirm this approach . Republic was involved in a collision with the Lloyd Italiano liner SS Florida in January 1909 and sank . Even though she did not have enough lifeboats for all passengers , they were all saved because the ship was able to stay afloat long enough for them to be ferried to ships coming to assist . This fact is what led to the harsh condemnation of Captain Stanley Lord of Californian , who both American and British inquiries into the disaster felt could have saved many if not all of the passengers and crew had she heeded the Titanic 's distress calls . In this scenario , Titanic 's lifeboats would have been adequate to ferry the passengers to safety as planned . However , it is worth noting that the ferrying of passengers between two ships would have been a long , arduous process even under the best conditions . It took Carpathia well over four hours to pick up and account for all of Titanic 's lifeboats in the morning after the disaster . During the sinking of the aforementioned Republic in 1909 , it took nearly half a day to ferry all of her passengers to rescue ships , and during the sinking of the Italian liner Andrea Doria in 1956 it took nearly eight hours to ferry all her passengers to safety . Both liners sank at a much slower rate , roughly half a day , in contrast to Titanic , which sank slightly shy of three hours after her collision with the iceberg . While Titanic 's supply of lifeboats was plainly inadequate , so too was the training that her crew had received in their use . Only one lifeboat drill had been carried out while the ship was docked . It was a cursory effort , consisting of two boats being lowered , each manned by one officer and four men who merely rowed around the dock for a few minutes before returning to the ship . The boats were supposed to be stocked with emergency supplies , but Titanic 's passengers later found that they had only been partially provisioned . No lifeboat or fire drills had been carried out since Titanic left Southampton . A lifeboat drill had been scheduled for the morning before the ship sank , but was cancelled , allegedly because the ship 's captain , Edward Smith , wanted to deliver one last Sunday service before he went into full retirement . Lists had been posted on the ship allocating crew members to particular lifeboat stations , but few appeared to have read them or to have known what they were supposed to do . Most of the crew were , in any case , not seamen , and even some of those had no prior experience of rowing a boat . They were suddenly faced with the complex task of coordinating the lowering of 20 boats carrying a possible total of 1,200 people 70 feet ( 21 m ) down the sides of the ship . Thomas E. Bonsall , a historian of the disaster , has commented that the evacuation was so badly organised that `` even if they had the number of lifeboats they needed , it is impossible to see how they could have launched them '' given the lack of time and poor leadership . Launch of the lifeboats ( edit ) Lifeboat tally Boat Aboard Boat Aboard 2 18 1 12 4 42 3 40 6 29 5 36 8 28 7 28 10 39 9 38 12 29 11 68 14 48 13 63 16 39 15 64 ( 21 ) 12 22 45 Total : 308 Total : 404 It was not until about 12 : 45 a.m. , an hour after Titanic struck the iceberg at 11 : 40 p.m. on 14 April , that the first lifeboat was lowered into the sea . The boats were lowered in sequence , from the middle forward then aft , with First Officer William McMaster Murdoch , Third Officer Herbert Pitman and Fifth Officer Harold Lowe working on the starboard side , and Chief Officer Henry Tingle Wilde and Second Officer Charles Lightoller working on the port side , with the assistance of Captain Smith . The collapsible boats were dealt with last , as they could not be launched until the forward davits were clear . Smith had ordered his officers to put the `` women and children in and lower away '' . However , Murdoch and Lightoller both interpreted the evacuation order differently ; Murdoch interpreted it as women and children first , while Lightoller interpreted it as women and children only . Lightoller lowered lifeboats with empty seats if there were not any women and children waiting to board , while Murdoch only allowed a limited number of men to board if all the nearby women and children had already embarked . This had a significant effect on the survival rates of the men aboard Titanic , whose chances of survival came to depend on which side of the ship they tried to find lifeboat seats . Two contemporary estimates were given for the number of occupants in each lifeboat , one by the British inquiry that followed the disaster , and one by survivor Archibald Gracie , who obtained accounts and data from other survivors . However , the figures given -- 854 persons and 795 persons respectively -- far exceed the confirmed number of 712 survivors , due to confusion and misreporting . Some occupants were transferred between boats before being picked up by RMS Carpathia . More recent research has helped to produce estimates of the number of occupants that are closer to the total number of survivors rescued by Carpathia . Boat 7 ( starboard ) ( edit ) Dorothy Gibson in a promotional photo for Saved From the Titanic ( 1912 ) , wearing the clothes she wore the night of the sinking Boat 7 was the first to be launched , at about 12 : 40 a.m. , under the supervision of First Officer Murdoch , supported by Fifth Officer Lowe . It had a capacity of 65 persons but was lowered with only 28 aboard . The two officers had tried for some minutes to encourage passengers to board but they were reluctant to do so . Later testimony at the U.S. Senate inquiry into the disaster stated the ship 's officers believed the lifeboats were at risk of buckling and breaking apart if they were lowered while fully loaded . They intended that once the boats reached the water they would pick up passengers from doors in the ship 's side or would pick up passengers in the water . The first did not happen at all and the second only happened in one instance . In fact , the lifeboats had keels reinforced with steel beams to prevent buckling while in the davits ( although most of the crew was not aware of this . ) Moreover , Harland & Wolff 's Edward Wilding testified that the lifeboats had in fact been tested safely with the equivalent of a full load of passengers . However , the results had not been passed on to the crew of Titanic . A significant degree of negligence in the training and continuing education of officers and crew in the White Star Line seems apparent , especially when noting the improper manner in which distress rockets were actually fired that night ( regulations called for firing at one - minute intervals ) . Among the occupants of Boat 7 were : Dorothy Gibson , American silent film actress who starred in Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) , the first motion picture produced about the disaster , and her mother Mrs. Leonard Gibson Pierre Maréchal , French aviator and father of race car driver Jean - Pierre Maréchal Frederic Kimber Seward , prominent New York corporate lawyer James McGough , Philadelphia buyer for Gimbel 's department store William T. Sloper , Connecticut banker , who was falsely accused of dressing as a woman to get into the lifeboat George Hogg , Titanic lookout , who manned the boat along with fellow lookout Archie Jewell Margaret Hays , New York heiress , who brought her Pomeranian , Bebe , with her ; also her traveling companions Mrs. Lily Potter and Mrs. Olive Earnshaw ( Mrs. Potter 's daughter ) Alfred Nourney , who used the pseudonym Baron Alfred von Drachstedt Dickinson Bishop , businessman ( who was also falsely accused of dressing as a woman that night ) and his pregnant wife Helen Antoinette Flegenheim , German socialite The lifeboat was launched without its plug , causing water to leak into the bottom of the boat . As Gibson later put it , `` this was remedied by volunteer contributions from the lingerie of the women and the garments of men . '' Those aboard had to sit for hours with their feet soaking in ice - cold water . When Titanic went down at 2 : 20 a.m. , the noise of hundreds of people screaming for help was heard by the lifeboat 's occupants , a sound that Gibson said would `` remain in my memory until the day I die . '' Hogg wanted to turn back to pick up some of those in the water , but was shouted down by the boat 's occupants . They drifted for some time until they came within reach of Boat 5 . The officer in charge of the latter decided to transfer a number of survivors from his boat , which he thought was overcrowded , into No. 7 . The two boats were lashed together for the rest of the night until they separated to meet the RMS Carpathia . Boat 5 ( starboard ) ( edit ) Murdoch and Lowe were safely joined by Third Officer Pitman and the White Star Line 's chairman J. Bruce Ismay to help them lower Boat 5 , which left at 12 : 43 a.m. The boat was loaded primarily with women and children . Most of those on deck were unaware of the seriousness of their situation and did not even attempt to board . John Jacob Astor , who was subsequently among the victims of the disaster , remarked : `` We are safer on board the ship than in that little boat . '' Ismay disagreed ; still wearing slippers and pajamas , he urged Pitman to begin loading the boat with women and children . Pitman retorted : `` I await the Captain 's orders , '' and went to the captain for the approval . Ismay returned a short time later to urge a stewardess to board , which she did . In the end , only 36 people boarded , including Pitman himself , on Murdoch 's orders . The occupants included : Karl Behr , American tennis star and banker , along with his future wife Miss Helen Newsom , and her mother and stepfather ( Sallie and Richard L. Beckwith ) Mrs. Ruth Dodge , wife of a prominent San Francisco banker , and her four - year - old son Washington , Jr . Dr. Henry W. Frauenthal , New York joint specialist , along with his wife Clara and his brother Isaac Annie May Stengel , who was knocked unconscious and broke two ribs when overweight First Class passenger Dr. Henry Frauenthal jumped on top of her into the lifeboat as it was being lowered . Mrs. Anna Warren , daughter of a co-founder of Pacific University Third Officer Herbert Pitman , put in charge of the boat by Murdoch . The boat 's progress down the side of the ship was slow and difficult . The pulleys were covered in fresh paint and the lowering ropes were stiff , causing them to stick repeatedly as the boat was lowered in jerks towards the water . One of those watching the boat being lowered , Dr. Washington Dodge , felt `` overwhelmed with doubts '' that he might be subjecting his wife and son to greater danger aboard the boat than if they had remained on Titanic . Ismay sought to spur those lowering the boat to greater urgency by calling out repeatedly : `` Lower away ! '' This resulted in Lowe losing his temper : `` If you 'll get the hell out of the way , I 'll be able to do something ! You want me to lower away quickly ? You 'll have me drown the lot of them ! '' The humiliated Ismay retreated up the deck . In the end , the boat was launched safely . After Titanic sank , several of those aboard lifeboat 5 were transferred to lifeboat 7 , leaving about 30 on board by the time she reached Carpathia . Herbert Pitman wanted to return to the scene of the sinking to pick up swimmers in the water and announced : `` Now men , we will pull toward the wreck ! '' The women on board protested , one begging a steward : `` Appeal to the officer not to go back ! Why should we lose all our lives in a useless attempt to save others from the ship ? '' Pitman gave in to the protests , but was haunted by guilt for the rest of his life . The occupants of the lifeboat endured a freezing night . Mrs. Dodge was particularly badly affected by the cold but was helped by Quartermaster Alfred Olliver , who gave her his socks : `` I assure you , ma'am , they are perfectly clean . I just put them on this morning . '' At about 6 : 00 a.m. , they were rescued by Carpathia . Boat 3 ( starboard ) ( edit ) About 32 people boarded Boat 3 , with Able - Bodied Seaman George Moore put in charge by Murdoch . Again , mostly women and children boarded , with a few men allowed in at the end . They included Henry S. Harper , who was accompanied by his valet - dragoman and Pekingese dog , Sun Yat Sen . As happened many times that night , male passengers helped their wives and children to board and then stood back , accepting that they would go down with the ship . A notable example was the railroad manager Charles Melville Hays who saw his wife , Clara , into lifeboat number 3 and then retreated , making no attempt to board any of the remaining lifeboats . Margaret Brown later described the scene in an interview with The New York Times : The whole thing was so formal that it was difficult for anyone to realise it was a tragedy . Men and women stood in little groups and talked . Some laughed as the boats went over the side . All the time the band was playing ... I can see the men up on deck tucking in the women and smiling . It was a strange night . It all seemed like a play , like a dream that was being executed for entertainment . It did not seem real . Men would say `` After you '' as they made some woman comfortable and stepped back . The occupants included : George Moore , able - bodied seaman put in charge of boat Charlotte Drake Cardeza , a Philadelphia heiress who also brought into the boat her son Thomas Drake Cardeza and two servants Edith Graham , wife of William T. Graham , the founder of the Dixie Cup Company , along with her daughter Margaret and her daughter 's governess Henry S. Harper , owner of a New York City publishing firm , who also brought into the boat his wife Myra , Pekinese dog Sun Yat Sen , and an Egyptian dragoman The Frederic and Daisy Spedden , a wealthy family from Tuxedo Park , New York , along with their six - year - old son Douglas , his nurse , and Mrs. Spedden 's maid Clara Hays , wife of wealthy Canadian Charles Melville Hays , along with her daughter Mrs. Thornton Davidson , and her maid Harry Anderson , a Wall Street stockbroker Colonel Alfons Simonius - Blumer , president of the Swiss Bankverein , and his attorney , Dr. Max Staehelin - Maeglin Eleven crewmen were among the occupants of this boat . It suffered the same problems with lowering that lifeboat 7 had encountered , with the lifeboat descending in fits and starts as the lowering ropes repeatedly stuck in the pulleys , but eventually reached the water safely . After Titanic sank the lifeboat drifted , while the bored women passengers passed the time by arguing with each other over minor annoyances . The occupants had a long wait in freezing conditions and were not rescued until about 7.30 a.m. when Carpathia arrived . Boat 8 ( port ) ( edit ) Isidor and Ida Straus , who refused to board a lifeboat while there were younger people still waiting to board Boat 8 was loaded with 28 people under the supervision of Second Officer Lightoller and launched at about 1 : 00 a.m. , with Captain Smith and Chief Officer Wilde participating . Boat 8 was the first lifeboat on the port side to be lowered . Ida Straus , wife of New York merchant Isidor Straus , was asked to join a group of people preparing to board but refused , saying , `` I will not be separated from my husband . As we have lived , so will we die -- together . '' The 67 - year - old Isidor likewise refused an offer to board on account of his age , saying : `` I do not wish any distinction in my favor which is not granted to others . '' They were last seen alive on deck arm in arm . Major Archibald Butt , military aide to US President William Howard Taft , escorted to the boat Marie Young , a former music teacher to the children of President Theodore Roosevelt . She later recalled he `` wrapped blankets about me and tucked me in as carefully as if we were going on a motor ride . '' He wished her farewell and good luck , asking her to `` remember me to the folks back home . '' Other single women were brought to the boats by men who had earlier offered their services to `` unprotected ladies , '' as the conventions of the era dictated . The occupants of Boat 8 numbered around 25 people , including : Ellen Bird , maid to Ida Straus Noëlle , Countess of Rothes , who took charge of the lifeboat 's tiller and helped row , and her maid Gladys Cherry , a cousin of Noëlle Rothes ' husband María Josefa Pérez de Soto , who was comforted by Noelle Rothes , and her maid , Fermina Oliva Ocaña Thomas Jones , able - bodied seaman , who was in charge of the boat Emma Bucknell , widow of the founder of Bucknell University and her maid Mary Wick , wife of industrialist George D. Wick , founding president of Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company , along with her stepdaughter Mary , Mary 's English cousin Caroline Bonnell , and Caroline 's English aunt Miss Elizabeth Bonnell Edith Pears , wife of Thomas C. Pears , of the Pears Soap Company family After Titanic sank , Jones suggested going back to save some of those in the water . Only three passengers agreed ; the rest refused , fearing that the boat would be capsized by desperate swimmers . Jones acquiesced , but told them : `` Ladies , if any of us are saved , remember I wanted to go back . I would rather drown with them than leave them . '' The passengers ' conduct during the subsequent hours presented some striking contrasts . Lady Rothes -- who had been one of the few passengers to support a rescue attempt -- took charge of the tiller and put others to work at the oars . Her conduct was later complimented by Jones , who called her `` more of a man than any we had aboard '' and gave her the lifeboat 's numeral 8 , in a frame , as a keepsake . In fact , when Walter Lord , author of A Night to Remember , interviewed the Countess and Seaman Jones in 1954 , he discovered their mutual admiration had led to a lifelong correspondence . By contrast , Ella White was so annoyed that the stewards in lifeboat number 8 were smoking cigarettes that she complained about it at the US Senate inquiry into the disaster ; she was particularly indignant that one of the ship 's crewmen had said to another during the night : `` If you do n't stop talking through that hole in your face , there will be one less in the boat ! '' The occupants of Boat 8 spent the night rowing towards what they thought were the lights of a ship on the horizon , but turned around at daybreak when Carpathia actually arrived on the scene from the opposite direction . They had travelled further from the scene than any other lifeboat and had a long row back ; it was not until 7 : 30 a.m. that they were picked up . Boat 1 ( starboard ) ( edit ) Main article : RMS Titanic Lifeboat No. 1 The lowering of Boat 1 at 1 : 05 a.m. became one of the most controversial episodes in the aftermath of the disaster , both because the craft only contained 12 people and because of the alleged misconduct of two of its occupants , Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon and his wife , Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon , famous as the dress designer `` Lucile '' of London , Paris and New York . The boat was one of Titanic 's two emergency cutters with a capacity of 40 . Of the twelve people aboard , seven were crewmen and the remaining five were First Class passengers . Its composition was not , however , a departure from Murdoch 's interpretation of the `` women and children first '' directive . He had already allowed several married couples and single men to board lifeboats . Cosmo Duff Gordon had been standing on deck with his wife and her secretary , Miss Laura Mabel Francatelli , watching the launching of three other lifeboats when , as Boat 1 was being prepared , he asked Murdoch if his party could board . Murdoch assented and also allowed two Americans , Abram Salomon and Charles E.H. Stengel , to enter . He then instructed a group of six stokers to board , along with Lookout Symons , whom he placed in charge of the boat . As the craft was lowered , Greaser Walter Hurst , watching the procedure from a lower deck , remarked to a crewmate : `` If they are sending the boats away they might as well put some people in them . '' Boat 1 had room for about another 28 passengers but did not return to rescue those in the water after Titanic sank . Fireman Charles Hendrickson claimed he told his boat mates : `` It 's up to us to go back and pick up anyone in the water '' but found no support . At least three other crewmembers , as well as the Duff Gordons , Salomon and Stengel , denied hearing any suggestion to go back or opposing any proposition to do so . In the media later , the Duff Gordons in particular were widely criticised for what was interpreted as their callousness in the face of the disaster . For instance , as Titanic sank , Lucile reportedly commented to her secretary : `` There is your beautiful nightdress gone . '' Fireman Pusey replied that she should n't worry about losing her belongings because she could buy more . Pusey mentioned that the crew had lost all their kit and that their pay stopped from the moment of the sinking . Sir Cosmo responded : `` Very well , I will give you a fiver each to start a new kit ! '' Aboard the rescue ship Carpathia , he did as he promised , presenting each of the seven crewmen in his lifeboat a cheque for £ 5 . When this act was made public , it was interpreted by much of the press as a bribe to prevent the crew from returning to the scene of the sinking to rescue others . The British Board of Trade 's official inquiry into the disaster investigated the allegation but found the charge of bribery to be false . Even so , the publicity injured Sir Cosmo 's reputation . A photograph of the occupants of Boat 1 was taken aboard the Carpathia . Lucile had consented to a request from a Carpathia passenger , Dr. Frank Blackmarr , to take the image , but the sight of some of the crew posing in their lifejackets disturbed some fellow survivors who subsequently complained about the incident . Boat 6 ( port ) ( edit ) Margaret `` Molly '' Brown presenting Captain Arthur Rostron of the RMS Carpathia with a loving cup for saving the survivors of Titanic Lightoller launched Boat 6 at 1 : 10 ; it was photographed as it approached Carpathia , revealing it to have had 29 people aboard , though it had a capacity of 65 . Denver millionairess Margaret `` Molly '' Brown was among lifeboat number 6 's most prominent occupants , along with Washington , D.C. writer and feminist Helen Churchill Candee , and English suffragettes Edith Bowerman and her mother Mrs. Edith Chibnall . Brown did not board voluntarily but was picked up by a crewman and dropped bodily into the boat as it was being lowered . Quartermaster Robert Hichens was placed in charge of the craft along with lookout Frederick Fleet . While being lowered , pleas from women in the boat for additional oarsmen forced Lightoller to solicit the crowd on deck for anyone who had sailing experience . Major Arthur Godfrey Peuchen of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club volunteered , shimmying down the falls ( ropes ) into the boat . Peuchen was the only male passenger whom Second Mate Lightoller permitted to board a lifeboat . Relations among the occupants of Boat 6 were strained throughout the night . Hichens apparently resented Peuchen 's presence , perhaps fearing the major would pull rank and take charge . The two men quarreled , and Hichens refused Peuchen 's request that he assist him at the oars , since there was only one other man ( Fleet ) rowing . When Titanic sank , Peuchen , Brown and others urged Hichens to return to rescue people struggling in the water . Hichens refused , even ordering the men at the oars to stop rowing altogether . `` There 's no use going back , '' he called out . `` There 's only a lot of stiffs out there , '' adding : `` It 's our lives now , not theirs . '' The cries for help soon died . Brown now asked Hichens to let the women row to help keep them warm . When he balked , Brown ignored him and started passing out oars anyway . He protested and swore at her , and at one point moved to physically stop her . She told him to stay put or she 'd throw him overboard . Others joined in to back her up , telling Hichens to keep quiet . But he continued swearing , shocking a stoker ( transferred from Boat 16 ) who finally asked him : `` Do n't you know you 're talking to a lady ? '' Taking an oar herself , Brown organised the other women in shifts , two to an oar . When her heroic actions were published in the press , she became known as the `` Unsinkable '' Molly Brown . '' Brown 's leadership was supported by Helen Candee , who herself assisted in the rowing despite a broken ankle received when she fell into the boat while boarding . After Titanic sank , lifeboat 6 eventually tied up with lifeboat 16 . It was one of the last to reach Carpathia , coming alongside at 8 : 00 a.m. Boat 16 ( port ) ( edit ) Sixth Officer James Moody supervised the launching of Boat 16 at about 1 : 20 a.m. 40 people are believed to have been on board by the time it reached Carpathia ; most of those aboard were said to be women and children from Second and Third Class . Among the occupants was stewardess Violet Jessop who survived the accidents that befell all of the Olympic - class liners : the collision of Olympic with HMS Hawke in 1911 , the sinking of Titanic in 1912 , and that of Britannic in 1916 . Boat 14 ( port ) ( edit ) About 58 people were aboard Boat 14 , with Wilde , Lightoller and Lowe supervising its launch . By the time it was launched at about 1 : 30 a.m. , Titanic was well down in the water and some passengers still aboard were beginning to panic . Lowe fired three shots from his revolver to warn off a crowd of passengers pressing up against the rails . As the boat was lowered , a young man climbed over the rails and tried to hide under the seats . Lowe ordered him to leave at gunpoint , first threatening to `` Throw him over-board '' , then appealing to him to `` be a man -- we 've got women and children to save . '' The passenger returned to the deck where he was left lying face - down to await his fate . Another male passenger , Daniel Buckley , managed to get into Boat 14 thanks to a female passenger who concealed him under her shawl . The boat reached the water safely , with Lowe himself aboard to take charge . After Titanic sank he brought together Boats 10 , 12 , 14 and Collapsible D , transferred many of those aboard Boat 14 to the other lifeboats and took the boat back to the scene of the sinking to try to find survivors . Lifeboat # 4 port was the only other lifeboat to rescue people from the sea . By the time Lowe 's boat reached the scene of the sinking , the sea was filled with the bodies of hundreds of people who had died of hypothermia . Four men ( the steward Harold Phillimore , the first class passenger William Fisher Hoyt , the third class passenger Fang Lang and a fourth unknown person , possibly the second class passenger Emilio Ilario Giuseppe Portaluppi ) were pulled from the sea but most were already dead or dying . Hoyt died in the boat , while the other three survived . A few hours later Lowe rescued the survivors aboard Collapsible A , which was close to sinking , and brought them aboard lifeboat number 14 . The boat rendezvoused with Carpathia at about 7 : 15 a.m. Among the survivors in Boat 14 were : Eva Hart and her mother , Esther Mrs Alice Louch ( her husband Charles Louch , aged 50 , went down with the Titanic ; his body was recovered 9 days later ) Charlotte Collyer and her daughter Marjorie Elizabeth and Edith Brown Boat 12 ( port ) ( edit ) Lightoller and Wilde lowered Boat 12 at 1 : 30 a.m. with about 30 people aboard . It was first manned only by Able - Bodied Seaman Frederick Clench and was subsequently put in the charge of Able Seaman John Poigndestre . A male passenger jumped into the boat as it was lowered past B Deck . Difficulty was encountered in unhooking the boat from the falls , requiring Poigndestre to use a knife to cut through the ropes . Several passengers from other boats were transferred into Boat 12 after the sinking and it was heavily overloaded by the time it reached Carpathia with at least 69 people aboard . It was the last lifeboat to be picked up by Carpathia , at about 8 : 15 a.m. Boat 9 ( starboard ) ( edit ) Jacques Futrelle urged his wife to enter Boat 9 but did not find a lifeboat for himself and died in the sinking The lowering of Boat 9 at 1 : 30 a.m. with about 56 aboard was supervised by Murdoch , possibly with Moody assisting . Boatswain 's mate Albert Hames was put in charge with Able - Bodied Seaman George McGough at the tiller . Most passengers were women , with two or three men who entered when no more women came forward . One elderly woman refused to board , making a great fuss , and retreated below decks . May Futrelle , the wife of novelist Jacques Futrelle , was likewise initially reluctant to board ; but after her husband told her , `` For God 's sake , go ! It 's your last chance ! Go ! '' , an officer forced her into the boat . The millionnaire Benjamin Guggenheim brought Léontine Aubart , his French mistress , and her maid , Emma Sägasser , to Boat 9 before retiring to his stateroom with his valet , Victor Giglio . Both men removed their life jackets and put on their evening clothes . Guggenheim told a steward , `` We 've dressed in our best , and are prepared to go down like gentlemen . There is grave doubt that the men will get off . I am willing to remain and play the man 's game if there are not enough boats for more than the women and children . I wo n't die here like a beast . Tell my wife I played the game out straight and to the end . No women shall be left aboard this ship because Ben Guggenheim was a coward . '' Kate Buss and her friend , Marion Wright , were standing with their shipboard acquaintances Douglas Norman and Dr. Alfred Pain , watching the boats being lowered , when a call came for `` Any more ladies '' . The two men brought Buss and Wright to Boat 9 , who beckoned Norman and Pain to join them . However , the men were barred from entering by crewmen on the deck . Horrified , Buss demanded to know why they had not been allowed aboard . Hames told her , `` The officer gave the order to lower away , and if I did n't do so he might shoot me , and simply put someone else in charge , and your friends would still not be allowed to come . '' Norman and Pain both perished in the disaster . The boat was picked up by Carpathia several hours later , at about 6 : 15 a.m. Boat 11 ( starboard ) ( edit ) Boat 11 was lowered under Murdoch 's supervision at 1 : 35 a.m. with Able - Bodied Seaman Sidney Humphreys in charge . By now the lifeboats were being filled much closer to capacity , and Boat 11 is estimated to have carried about 70 people . One occupant , Steward James Witter , was knocked into the boat by a hysterical woman whom he was helping aboard as it was lowered . First Class passenger Edith Louise Rosenbaum , a Paris - based correspondent for Women 's Wear Daily , brought along her toy pig , a music box that played the Maxixe and had been given to her as a good luck token by her mother . She was too frightened to enter the lifeboat , but when a crew member , mistaking her toy for a baby , tossed it in , she leaped in after it . Definitely the strangest Titanic survivor , it is now part of the collection of the National Maritime Museum in London . Second Class passenger Nellie Becker protested her way into lifeboat number 11 , after an officer placed her son and younger daughter in the boat . She was initially prohibited from entering by Murdoch , who felt the boat was already too full . But she made her way aboard . In the chaos , however , her elder daughter Ruth was left behind and was instructed by Murdoch to head for lifeboat number 13 . On reaching the water , lifeboat number 11 was nearly swamped by a jet of water being pumped out from the ship to stem the flooding . Tempers flared among the crowded passengers , some of whom had to stand , as the boat was rowed away from the ship . Rosenbaum offered some levity by using her musical pig to entertain the children underfoot . The lifeboat was met by Carpathia at about 7 : 00 a.m. Boat 13 ( starboard ) ( edit ) After being lowered into the sea , Boat 13 drifted under the descending Boat 15 ( as depicted by Charles Dixon ) Boat 13 was partially filled from the Boat Deck and partially from A Deck after it had been lowered to that level when it was launched under the supervision of Murdoch and Moody at 1 : 40 a.m. Again , it was heavily occupied , with 65 people aboard and Leading Fireman Frederick Barrett in charge . The occupants were mainly Second and Third Class women and children . Among the men aboard was Lawrence Beesley , who subsequently wrote a popular book about the disaster . Dr. Washington Dodge was also aboard , having earlier seen his wife and young son aboard Boat 5 . He owed his presence aboard the boat to the apparent guilty feelings of Steward F. Dent Ray , who had urged the Dodges to sail on Titanic in the first place . Just before Boat 13 was lowered , Ray bundled Dodge aboard . 12 - year - old Second Class passenger Ruth Becker was placed in this boat by Moody after being prevented from entering the heavily overloaded lifeboat number 11 which her mother and two siblings had boarded . She was one of the few passengers who brought blankets from her stateroom into a boat , which were later used to keep stokers , who were wearing sleeveless shirts , warm while rowing . Others did not want to board at all . A woman on deck became hysterical , crying , `` Do n't put me in that boat ! I do n't want to go in that boat ! I 've never been in an open boat in my life ! '' Ray told her , `` You have got to go and you may as well keep quiet . '' While it was being lowered the boat was nearly swamped by `` an enormous stream of water , three or four feet in diameter '' coming from the condenser exhaust which was being produced by the pumps , far below , trying to purge the water that was flooding into Titanic . The occupants had to push the boat clear using their oars and spars and reached the water safely . The wash from the exhaust caused the boat to drift directly under lifeboat number 15 , which was being lowered almost simultaneously . Its lowering was halted just in time , with only a few feet to spare . The falls aboard lifeboat number 13 jammed and had to be cut free to allow the boat to get away safely from the side of Titanic . According to passenger Delia McDermott , she climbed out of the boat early on to recover her new hat . A few hours later the occupants saw Carpathia coming to their rescue and began rowing towards it to an accompaniment of the Philip P. Bliss hymn , `` Pull for the Shore '' . They were picked up at about 6 : 30 a.m. Boat 15 ( starboard ) ( edit ) Murdoch and Moody oversaw the lowering of Boat 15 concurrently with Boat 13 and it reached the water only a minute later , at 1 : 41 a.m. Fireman Frank Dymond was put in charge of what was the most heavily loaded boat at launching , with about 65 people aboard . It was so heavily loaded that the gunwales were reported to be far down in the water ; one female passenger later said that when she leaned against the gunwale her hair trailed in the water . The boat was one of the last to be recovered by Carpathia , at about 7 : 30 a.m. Occupants of Boat 15 included : Alfred Frank Evans , lookout , put in charge of the lifeboat along with Fireman Frank Dymond . Boat 2 ( port ) ( edit ) The lowering of Boat 2 , the second of the two cutters , with an occupancy of 25 people was overseen by Wilde and Smith at about 1 : 45 a.m. When Lightoller moved to the boat to get it ready for loading , he found that it was already filled with a large group of male passengers and crewmen . He ordered them out at gunpoint , telling them , `` Get out of there , you damned cowards ! I 'd like to see every one of you overboard ! '' They fled , but had no way of knowing that his revolver was not loaded . Even at this late stage some boats were leaving with plenty of space aboard ; Boat 2 appears to have been lowered with only 17 people aboard , out of a capacity of 40 . The occupants were principally women , plus one male Third Class passenger , Anton Kink , who joined his wife and young daughter in the boat . Fourth Officer Boxhall was given charge of the boat . When Titanic sank at 2 : 20 a.m. , Boxhall suggested to the occupants that they should go back to pick people up from the water . However , they refused outright . Boxhall found this puzzling , as only a short time before the women had pleaded with Smith for their husbands to be allowed to accompany them , yet now they did not want to go back to save them ( although actually only one woman , Mrs. Walter Douglas , had left a husband on board ) . The boat was the first to reach Carpathia , at 4 : 10 a.m. Boat 10 ( port ) ( edit ) Boat 10 was launched at about 1 : 50 A.M. with Able - Bodied Seaman Edward Buley in charge . It appears to have had about 35 people aboard when it was launched . By this time Titanic was listing to port , making it increasingly difficult to launch lifeboats from that side of the ship , as the ship 's list had created a gap of about 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) between the deck and the sides of the port - side lifeboats . An attempt to board by a young French woman nearly ended in disaster when her jump into the lifeboat fell short and she dropped into the gap . She caught the gunwale of the lifeboat while her feet found the railings on the deck below , and she was pulled back on board the ship . She made it into the lifeboat safely on her second attempt . Titanic was clearly not far from sinking and this realisation led to an increased urgency to load the lifeboat ; children were rushed aboard , one baby literally being thrown in and caught by a female passenger . A male passenger , whom Lowe later described as a `` crazed Italian '' , rushed to the rail as the boat was being lowered and jumped in . Neshan Krekorian , an Armenian passenger from third class , is said to have jumped into Boat 10 as it was being lowered . Among the people on Boat 10 was the youngest Titanic passenger , nine - week - old Millvina Dean , who was also the last remaining survivor . She accompanied her mother , Mrs. Etta Dean , and her older brother Bertram . Two of those aboard were later transferred to another lifeboat , and it had 55 aboard when it met Carpathia a few hours later . It was the second to last lifeboat to be picked up , at 8 : 00 a.m. Boat 4 ( port ) ( edit ) Launched concurrently with Boat 10 , with 42 people aboard , the last of the wooden lifeboats was launched under the supervision of Lightoller at 1 : 50 a.m. with Quartermaster Walter Perkis put in charge . It was actually one of the first lifeboats to be lowered on Captain Smith 's suggestion that passengers should be loaded from the Promenade Deck rather than the Boat Deck . However , the captain had forgotten that -- unlike on his previous command , Titanic 's sister ship Olympic -- the forward half of the Promenade Deck was enclosed . Lightoller ordered that the windows on the Promenade Deck 's enclosure were to be opened , and moved on to deal with the other lifeboats . The windows proved unexpectedly difficult to open and to add to the problems , the lifeboat got caught up on Titanic 's sounding spar , which projected from the hull immediately below the boat . The spar had to be chopped off to allow the lifeboat to progress . A stack of deck chairs was used as a makeshift staircase to allow passengers to climb up and through the windows and into the boat . Among the occupants was Madeleine Astor , the pregnant wife of the American millionaire John Jacob Astor . She had endured a long wait , shuttling back and forth between the Promenade and Boat Decks as plans for loading the boat were made and discarded . Now she boarded , accompanied by her maid and her nurse , and helped by her husband , who asked Lightoller if he could join her . Lightoller refused , telling him , `` No men are allowed in these boats until the women are loaded first . '' Astor told his wife , `` The sea is calm . You 'll be all right . You 're in good hands . I 'll meet you in the morning . '' He did not survive the disaster . The Carters also reached lifeboat number 4 . William Carter helped his wife Lucile and daughter , also by the name of Lucile , into the boat , but his son Billy had to leave his tan - and - black Airedale dog before he was allowed in the boat . Of the seven members of the Ryerson party from First Class , only the five females were initially allowed to board , including Emily , her two daughters Emily and Susan , the maid , and the governess . The son , John , was not allowed , until the father , Arthur , stepped forward , proclaiming , `` Of course , that boy goes with his mother . He is only 13 . '' All survived except Arthur , who dutifully stayed behind . Boat 4 appears to have had about 42 people aboard ( about 40 women and children and two or three crew members ) when it was lowered . As it had been ordered , Perkis steered the boat along the side of the ship in search for open gangways , since he had been told to take on board more passengers through them , but found no one . This way , the boat ended up near the davits of Boat 16 ( which had been already launched ) , and two greasers , Thomas Ranger and Frederick William Scott , who were standing near them , climbed down the falls to Boat 4 ( Scott fell into the water but was hauled aboard the lifeboat ) . The boat then rowed away from the ship in order to avoid suction . A third man , lamp trimmer Samuel Ernest Hemming , climbed down the falls of another lifeboat and swam over to No. 4 , which was about 200 yards far . Immediately after the sinking the boat rowed back to the wreckage to pick up more survivors ( the only lifeboat to try immediately to do so ) . The boat picked up six or seven more men ( trimmer Thomas Patrick Dillon , seaman William Henry Lyons , stewards Andrew Cunningham and Sidney Conrad Siebert , storekeeper Frank Winnold Prentice , and one or two more unidentified swimmers ) from the water . Two ( Siebert and Lyons ) later died of exposure . The number of occupants later increased when other people were transferred from Boat 14 and Collapsible Boat D. By the time it reached Carpathia at 8 : 00 a.m. it had about 60 occupants . Collapsible boat C. ( starboard ) ( edit ) Wilde and Murdoch oversaw the launch of the first of the collapsible Engelhardt lifeboats , with 44 people , which was retrieved from its stored position , the sides erected and the boat attached to the davits . The majority of the forward boats had gone by this time and most of the crowd on deck had moved aft as Titanic 's bow dipped deeper into the water . The boat was rushed by a group of stewards and Third Class passengers who tried to climb aboard but were driven back by Purser McElroy , who fired two warning shots into the air , while Murdoch tried to hold the crowd back . Two First Class passengers , Hugh Woolner and Swedish industrialist Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson , came to the officers ' assistance and dragged out two stewards who had made it into the lifeboat . With the assistance of Woolner and Steffanson , Murdoch and Wilde managed to load the lifeboat quickly but calmly . White Star Line chairman J. Bruce Ismay also assisted by rounding up women and children to bring them to Collapsible C. Captain Smith , who was observing events from the starboard bridge wing , ordered Quartermaster George Rowe to take command of the boat . After Wilde called repeatedly for women and children to enter , a number of men took up the remaining spaces in the lifeboat , including Ismay ; his decision to save himself ultimately proved to be very controversial . The boat was lowered into the water at 2 : 00 a.m. , becoming the last starboard - side boat to be launched . By now Titanic was listing heavily to port and the boat collided with the ship 's hull as it descended towards the water . Those aboard used their hands and oars to keep the boat clear of the side of the ship . As Titanic went down 20 minutes later , Ismay turned his back on the sinking ship , unable to bear the sight . It was the first of the collapsible lifeboats to reach Carpathia , at 5 : 45 a.m. , and had about 43 people on board . Collapsible boat D ( port ) ( edit ) Michel Marcel Navratil , right , and his brother Edmond , left , the `` Titanic Orphans '' from Collapsible Boat D By the time Collapsible Boat D was launched at 2 : 05 a.m. , there were still 1,500 people on board Titanic and only 47 seats in the lifeboat . Crew members formed a circle around the boat to ensure that only women and children could board . Two small boys were brought through the cordon by a man calling himself `` Louis Hoffman '' . His real name was Michel Navratil ; he was a Slovak tailor who had kidnapped his sons from his estranged wife and was taking them to the United States . He did not board the lifeboat and died when the ship sank . The identity of the children , who became known as the `` Titanic Orphans '' , was a mystery for some time after the sinking and was only resolved when Navratil 's wife recognised them from photographs that had been circulated around the world . The older of the two boys , Michel Marcel Navratil , was the last living male survivor of the disaster . First Class passenger Edith Evans gave up her place in the lifeboat to Caroline Brown , who became the last passenger to enter a lifeboat from the davits . Evans became one of only four First Class women to perish in the disaster . In the end , about 25 people were on board when it left the deck under the command of Quartermaster Arthur Bright . Two first class passengers , Hugh Woolner and Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson , jumped from A-Deck ( which had started to flood ) into the boat as it was being lowered , with Björnström - Stefansson landing upside down in the boat 's bow and Woolner landing half - out , before being pulled aboard by the occupants . Another first class passenger , Frederick Maxfield Hoyt , who had previously put his wife in the boat , jumped in the water immediately after , and was hauled aboard by Woolner and Björnström - Steffansson . The number of people on board later increased when about 10 -- 12 survivors were transferred to collapsible D from another boat . Carpathia picked up those aboard collapsible D at 7 : 15 a.m. Collapsible boat B ( port ) ( edit ) Collapsible Boat B , found adrift by the ship Mackay - Bennett during its mission to recover the bodies of those who died in the disaster By 2 : 12 a.m. , Lightoller , Moody and others were struggling to retrieve Collapsible Boats A and B from their places of storage on the roof of the officers ' quarters . They rigged up makeshift ramps from oars and spars down which they slid the boats onto the Boat Deck . Unfortunately for all concerned , the boat broke through the ramp and landed upside - down on the deck . It reached the Boat Deck upside - down but there was no time to right it as Titanic began her final break - up and plunge to the seabed . Water swept across the Boat Deck , washing the upside - down lifeboat and many people into the sea . Wireless operator Harold Bride found himself trapped underneath the overturned hull . Titanic 's increasing angle in the water and an opening expansion joint caused the stays supporting the forward funnel to snap and crash into the water , crushing swimmers in its path and pushing Collapsible B away from the sinking ship . As Titanic went under , the lifeboat was left in the midst of hundreds of people swimming in the water . Several dozen people climbed onto its hull , including Lightoller , who then took charge of it . Also aboard were Jack Thayer ( whose mother was saved with her maid in Boat # 4 , but whose father died ) , military historian Colonel Archibald Gracie , who later wrote a popular account of the disaster , and Chief Baker Charles Joughin . Bride managed to escape from the air pocket beneath the boat and made it onto the hull . Those aboard Collapsible B suffered greatly during the night . The boat gradually sank lower into the water as the air pocket underneath it leaked away . The sea began to get up towards dawn , causing the boat to rock in the swell and lose more of its precious air . Lightoller organised the men on the hull to stand in two parallel rows on either side of the centreline , facing the bow , and got them to sway in unison to counteract the rocking motion caused by the swell . They were directly exposed to the freezing seawater , first up to their feet , then to their ankles and finally to their knees as the boat subsided in the water . For some , the ordeal proved too much and one by one they collapsed , fell into the water and died . The victims possibly included Jack Phillips , the first radio officer , and the third class passenger David Livshin , whose body was taken to the Carpathia on the following morning . About 30 men were left alive by the morning and were transferred into other lifeboats before being rescued by Carpathia . Collapsible boat a ( starboard ) ( edit ) The Titanic Collapsible Boat A , on May 13 , 1912 . Collapsible Boat A reached the deck the right way up and was being attached to the falls by Murdoch and Moody when it was washed off Titanic at 2 : 12 a.m. In the chaos , the canvas sides were not pulled up and the boat drifted away from the ship partially submerged and dangerously overloaded . Many of the occupants climbed in from the water but many ( at least seven or eight , including the first class passenger Thomson Beattie , the third class passengers Arthur Keefe , Edvard Lindell and Gerda Lindell , and a couple of firemen ) died of hypothermia or fell back into the sea . By the time the survivors were transferred into Collapsible Boat D , only about 12 or 13 people were left alive , Rhoda Abbott , who had lost her two young sons in the water , being the only female . Three bodies , including that of Mr. Beattie , were left in Collapsible A , which was allowed to drift off ; they were not recovered until a month later , by RMS Oceanic , another White Star Line ship . Recovery and disposal of the lifeboats ( edit ) Titanic lifeboats strewn on the deck of the Carpathia on the morning of the Titanic disaster . Titanic 's passengers endured a cold night before being picked up by RMS Carpathia on the morning of 15 April . Boat 2 was the first to be recovered , at 4 : 10 a.m. , with Boat 12 the last , at 8 : 15 a.m. Boats 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , and 16 were brought aboard Carpathia , with the rest ( including all four collapsible boats ) set adrift . Collapsible Boat B was found again a few days later by the Canadian cable vessel Mackay - Bennett but an attempt to bring it on board failed and it was abandoned for good . The 13 lifeboats retrieved by Carpathia were taken to the White Star Line 's Pier 59 in New York , where souvenir hunters soon stripped them of much of their equipment . The Titanic nameplates were removed by White Star Line workmen and the boats were inventoried by the C.M. Lane Lifeboat Co. of Brooklyn . They were assessed for salvage at a collective value of £ 930 ( $4,972 ) as the only salvageable items recovered from Titanic , they may have been taken back to England aboard Olympic , which left New York on 23 May 1912 , before either being destroyed or quietly redistributed to other vessels . Although nothing now remains of the original lifeboats , some surviving fittings can still be seen , such as a bronze White Star Line burgee removed from the hull of one lifeboat by a souvenir hunter and now displayed in the museum of the Titanic Historical Society . A full - size replica lifeboat is on display in Belfast at the Titanic Belfast visitor attraction . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Women and children LAST '' . Daily Mail . 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Beveridge & Hall 2011 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 115 . ^ Jump up to : Ward 2012 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Marshall 1912 , p. 141 . ^ Jump up to : Berg , Chris ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The Real Reason for the Tragedy of the Titanic '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Akers - Jordan & Behe 2011 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , pp. 50 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray 1912 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Aldridge 2008 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Cox 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Wormstedt & Fitch 2011 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2011 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wormstedt & Fitch 2011 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Wormstedt & Fitch 2011 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2011 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Bottomore 2000 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Wilson 2011 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Wilson 2011 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Wilson 2011 , pp. 253 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Wilson 2011 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Wormstedt & Fitch 2012 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Wormstedt & Fitch 2011 , p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 152 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 249 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 110 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 147 - 8 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Land of Enchantment ; Daily Kos member ( 7 March 2014 ) . `` GFHC : Lady Zelig , Titanic Survivor '' . Daily Kos . Kos Media . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wormstedt & Fitch 2011 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Wormstedt & Fitch 2011 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Davenport - Hines 2012 , p. 290 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ National Maritime Museum & 7 April 2003 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Balls , John ( 2012 ) . Lucky for Some -- Titanic 's Lifeboat 13 and its Passengers . Stenlake Publishing . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84033 - 590 - 3 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Washington ; Lindsey Nair ( 15 April 2012 ) . `` Survivors share lifeboat ; descendants share local ties '' . The Roanoke Times . Archived from the original on 9 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ `` The fate of 14 people from one Mayo parish who sailed aboard the Titanic '' . IrishCentral.com. 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pull for the Shore '' . www.hymntime.com . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 126 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65264 Jump up ^ `` Last Titanic survivor dies at 97 '' . BBC News . 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wormstedt & Fitch 2011 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` Affidavit of Emily Ryerson '' . United States Senate Inquiry : Day 16 . Titanic Inquiry Project . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hallenbeck , Brent ( April 28 , 1997 ) . `` Otsego Man Slips Away From Family '' ( PDF ) . The Daily Star . Otsego , New York . ^ Jump up to : Testimony of Walter Perkis ^ Jump up to : Testimony of Thomas Ranger Jump up ^ Testimony of Frederick Scott ^ Jump up to : Testimony of Samuel Hemming Jump up ^ one of the names given is that of greaser Alfred White . Lamp trimmer Hemming said that one of the swimmers picked up from the sea was an English Third Class passenger . ^ Jump up to : Testimony of Andrew Cunningham ^ Jump up to : Testimony of Thomas Patrick Dillon Jump up ^ Wormstedt & Fitch 2011 , pp. 141 , 144 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 125 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Testimony of Arthur Bright ^ Jump up to : Testimony of John Hardy ^ Jump up to : Testimony of Hugh Woolner Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Wormstedt & Fitch 2011 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Wormstedt & Fitch 2011 , pp. 143 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Wormstedt & Fitch 2011 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Gibson 2012 , pp. 171 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Titanic Historical Society . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times & 15 March 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books Aldridge , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . The Sinking of the Titanic . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9643 - 7 . Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2011 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . London : Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 6169 - 7 . Bartlett , W.B. ( 2011 ) . Titanic : 9 Hours to Hell , the Survivors ' Story . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0482 - 4 . Beveridge , Bruce ; Hall , Steve ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Bottomore , Stephen ( 2000 ) . The Titanic and Silent Cinema . Hastings , UK : The Projection Box . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903000 - 00 - 7 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : The Full Story of RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Chirnside , Mark ( 2004 ) . The Olympic - Class Ships . Stroud , England : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2868 - 0 . Cox , Stephen ( 1999 ) . The Titanic Story : Hard Choices , Dangerous Decisions . Chicago : Open Court Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9396 - 6 . Davenport - Hines , Richard ( 2012 ) . Titanic Lives : Migrants and Millionaires , Conmen and Crew . UK : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 732164 - 3 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1994 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 493 - 6 . Gibson , Allen ( 2012 ) . The Unsinkable Titanic : The Triumph Behind A Disaster . Stroud , Glos. : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5625 - 6 . Gill , Anton ( 2010 ) . Titanic : the real story of the construction of the world 's most famous ship . London : Channel 4 Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905026 - 71 - 5 . Gittins , Dave ; Akers - Jordan , Cathy ; Behe , George ( 2011 ) . `` Too Few Boats , Too Many Hindrances '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Hutchings , David F. ; de Kerbrech , Richard P. ( 2011 ) . RMS Titanic 1909 -- 12 ( Olympic Class ) : Owners ' Workshop Manual . Sparkford , Yeovil : Haynes . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84425 - 662 - 4 . Lord , Walter ( 2005 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7764 - 3 . Lord , Walter ( 1987 ) . The Night Lives On . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 81452 - 7 . Marshall , Logan ( 1912 ) . Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters . Philadelphia : The John C. Winston Co . OCLC 1328882 . Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . Sinking of the Titanic . Harrisburg , PA : The Minter Company . OCLC 9176732 . Ward , Greg ( 2012 ) . The Rough Guide to the Titanic . London : Rough Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8699 - 9 . Wilson , Andrew ( 2011 ) . Shadow of the Titanic . London : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84737 - 730 - 2 . Wormstedt , Bill ; Fitch , Tad ( 2011 ) . `` An Account of the Saving of Those on Board '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Online sources AFP / Peter Muhly ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` Tour the Titanic ... '' Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 3 April 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . National Maritime Museum Press Office ( 7 April 2003 ) . `` National Maritime Museum receives historic Titanic archive : the Lord - Macquitty Collection '' . National Maritime Museum . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Titanic Historical Society . `` Lifeboat Flag from Titanic '' . Titanic Historical Society . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Disasters portal Works related to RMS Titanic at Wikisource RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Joseph Bell ( Machine Room Manager ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Allison family Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Roderick Chisholm Survivors ( last living ) Rhoda Abbott Trevor Allison Lillian Asplund Madeleine Astor Ruth Becker Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Alden Caldwell Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Millvina Dean Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Edith Haisman Henry S. Harper Eva Hart Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Margaret Mannion Michel Marcel Navratil Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Beatrice Sandström Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer Barbara West Ella Holmes White R. Norris Williams Marie Grice Young Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books The Wreck of the Titan : Or , Futility ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Tentacolino ( 2004 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( TBA ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Ships RMS Olympic RMS Carpathia HMHS Britannic CS Mackay - Bennett SS Californian Replica Titanic Titanic II Others White Star Line David Blair Arthur Rostron Stanley Lord Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS CQD Robert Ballard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lifeboats_of_the_RMS_Titanic&oldid=842363052 '' Categories : History of the Atlantic Ocean Maritime history of the United Kingdom Lifeboats RMS Titanic Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first lifeboat launched on the titanic | [
"It was not until about 12:45 a.m., an hour after Titanic struck the iceberg at 11:40 p.m. on 14 April, that the first lifeboat was lowered into the sea. The boats were lowered in sequence, from the middle forward then aft, with First Officer William McMaster Murdoch, Third Officer Herbert Pitman and Fifth Officer Harold Lowe working on the starboard side, and Chief Officer Henry Tingle Wilde and Second Officer Charles Lightoller working on the port side, with the assistance of Captain Smith. The collapsible boats were dealt with last, as they could not be launched until the forward davits were clear.[26]"
] | [
"12:45 a.m., an hour after Titanic struck the iceberg at 11:40 p.m. on 14 April"
] |
-4069254912483719014 | Sofía Vergara | Sofia Vergara - wikipedia Sofia Vergara Jump to : navigation , search This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Vergara and the second or maternal family name is Vergara . Sofía Vergara Vergara in May 2014 Sofía Margarita Vergara Vergara ( 1972 - 07 - 10 ) July 10 , 1972 ( age 45 ) Barranquilla , Colombia Residence Miami , Florida , U.S. Citizenship Colombian American Occupation Actress , comedian , model , television host , producer Years active 1995 -- present Spouse ( s ) Joe Gonzalez ( m . 1991 ; div. 1993 ) Joe Manganiello ( m . 2015 ) Children Website www.sofiavergara.com Sofía Margarita Vergara Vergara ( Spanish pronunciation : ( soˈfi. a βerˈɣaɾa ) ; born July 10 , 1972 ) is a Colombian American actress and model . Vergara rose to prominence while co-hosting two television shows for Spanish - language television network Univisión in the late 1990s . Her first notable acting job in English was in the film Chasing Papi ( 2003 ) . Subsequently , she appeared in other films , including Four Brothers ( 2005 ) and two Tyler Perry films : Meet the Browns ( 2008 ) and Madea Goes to Jail ( 2009 ) , receiving an ALMA Award nomination for the latter . Vergara 's success on television has earned her roles in films The Smurfs ( 2011 ) , New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) , Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) , The Three Stooges ( 2012 ) , Escape from Planet Earth ( 2013 ) , Machete Kills ( 2013 ) , Chef ( 2014 ) , and Hot Pursuit ( 2015 ) . In 2012 , 2013 , and 2016 , she was the top - earning actress on US television . Vergara stars on the ABC series Modern Family as Gloria Delgado - Pritchett , for which she has been nominated for four Golden Globe Awards , four Primetime Emmy Awards , and seven Screen Actors Guild Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Endorsements 4 Personal life 4.1 Embryo lawsuit 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Music video 6 Theatre 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early Life Vergara was born to a Roman Catholic family in Barranquilla . Her mother , Margarita Vergara de Vergara , was a homemaker , and her father , Julio Enrique Vergara Robayo , was a cattle rancher for the meat industry . She was nicknamed `` Toti '' by her five siblings and many cousins . Vergara initially studied three years of dentistry at a university in Colombia , but left two semesters away from her degree to pursue opportunities in modeling and show business . She subsequently moved to Miami , Florida , leaving behind unrest in Colombia , where her older brother Rafael was murdered in 1998 during an attempt to kidnap him . Her cousin and adopted sister , Sandra , is also a television actress in the United States . Career Vergara at the 2009 American Music Awards Vergara was discovered by a photographer while walking on a Colombian beach and was quickly presented with offers of modeling and television work . Vergara was `` apprehensive about doing her first television commercial -- until her Catholic schoolteachers gave her their personal permission to take the assignment . '' Vergara made her first appearance , aged 17 , in a Pepsi commercial which was aired in Latin America . Vergara in February 2011 Vergara at the 2013 Golden Globe Awards She then began studies at the Creative Workshops School of Acting , where Gloria Estefan also trained . In 2011 , Vergara was supposed to star in The Paperboy , an independent drama directed by Lee Daniels . When shooting was delayed for a week and conflicted with her shooting schedule for the third season of Modern Family , she dropped out . In July 2011 , she finished filming the Farrelly brothers ' The Three Stooges , which was her first major leading role in a film . Vergara said , `` I play a mean woman that tries to manipulate the Three Stooges into killing her husband so that she gets all the money . '' In April 2012 , she appeared in her son Manolo 's YouTube web series Vida con Toty . Vergara was the highest - earning woman in U.S. television , earning $19 million for the previous 12 months on a list released by Forbes.com on July 18 , 2012 . Vergara was named one of People magazine 's `` 50 most beautiful people '' and named by The Hollywood Reporter and Billboard as one of the most influential Latin women in Hollywood . Vergara received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 7 , 2015 . In June 2016 , the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the 2016 Orlando gay nightclub shooting ; in the video , Vergara and others told the stories of the people killed there . She stars on the ABC sitcom Modern Family as Gloria Delgado - Pritchett , for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . Endorsements In 2011 , Vergara was named the face of CoverGirl , with the first advertisements appearing in January 2012 . In April 2011 , Vergara appeared in a Diet Pepsi commercial with David Beckham and another in January 2012 . In 2011 , it was announced that Vergara is designing a clothing line for Kmart targeting soccer moms and appeared in a number of commercials for Comcast 's Xfinity brand and State Farm . In 2013 , she signed endorsement contracts with Diet Pepsi , Rooms To Go , and medicine Synthroid . In March 2017 , Vergara reached a settlement with Venus Concept for alleged improper use of her likeness , which Vergara said created the false impression that she endorsed their beauty products . Personal Life Vergara at the 2015 PaleyFest for Modern Family Vergara was married at the age of 18 to her high - school sweetheart , Joe Gonzalez . They have a son named Manolo , who was born in September 1991 . They divorced in 1993 . Vergara was diagnosed with thyroid cancer in 2000 . She had her thyroid removed , underwent radioiodine therapy , and made a full recovery . She takes medication to prevent hypothyroidism . On May 9 , 2011 , Vergara 's younger brother Julio was deported from the United States to Colombia after being arrested in April that year ; Julio also had a longtime drug addiction and previous brushes with the law . Vergara told Parade magazine , `` To see somebody dying over 10 years , little by little , that 's the worst punishment . Now he 's like another person . '' On July 10 , 2012 , Us Weekly reported that Vergara and her boyfriend Nicholas M. Loeb were engaged . On May 23 , 2014 , Vergara announced that the engagement had been called off . In July 2014 , the Daily Mail reported that Vergara began dating True Blood star Joe Manganiello . The pair became engaged on Christmas Day 2014 after dating for six months . They married in Palm Beach , Florida on November 21 , 2015 . During her December 2014 appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , Vergara revealed that she had become a United States citizen after getting a perfect score on her citizenship test . In 2015 , Forbes estimated Vergara 's annual income at $28.5 million . As of September 2016 , Forbes reported that Vergara was the highest paid actress in television , bringing in $43 million in the past year . Embryo lawsuit On May 1 , 2015 , it was reported that Vergara and her former fiancé Loeb were in dispute regarding the future of two embryos . These embryos were produced by in vitro fertilization while they were together and are in storage in cryopreservation in a medical clinic in California . In December 2016 , a right - to - live lawsuit against Vergara was initiated in Louisiana by three plaintiffs , namely Vergara 's embryos , named `` Emma '' and `` Isabella '' , and their `` trustee '' , James Charbonnet . The purpose of the suit is to give the embryos a chance to further develop using a surrogate carrier , hence to be born , and to benefit from an inheritance trust that had been created for them and is administered by Charbonnet . While a contract between Vergara and Loeb had been signed prior to the creation of the embryos stipulating that neither party could use the embryos without the consent of the other , the lawsuit tries to void this agreement . The suit also tries to terminate parental rights of Vergara because by keeping them in a tank in a medical clinic she allegedly abandoned and neglected the embryos . Loeb is not part of the lawsuit . The legal case is novel and takes advantage of Louisiana 's embryo laws . In August 2017 , a Louisiana judge dismissed the case on the grounds that the court had no jurisdiction over the embryos , which were conceived in California . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2002 Big Trouble Nina 2003 Chasing Papi Cici The 24th Day Isabella Soul Plane Blanca 2005 Lords of Dogtown Amelia 2005 Four Brothers Sofi 2006 Grilled Loridonna 2006 National Lampoon 's Pledge This ! Herself 2008 Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns Cheryl 2009 Madea Goes to Jail T.T. 2011 The Smurfs Odile Anjelou 2011 New Year 's Eve Ava 2011 Happy Feet Two Carmen Voice role 2012 The Three Stooges Lydia Harter 2013 Escape from Planet Earth Gabby Babblebrook Voice role 2013 Fading Gigolo Selima 2013 Machete Kills Madame Desdemona 2014 Chef Inez 2015 Wild Card D.D. 2015 Hot Pursuit Daniella Riva Also executive producer 2017 The Female Brain Lisa 2017 The Emoji Movie Flamenco Dancer Voice role 2018 Bent Rebecca 2018 The Brits Are Coming Television Year Title Role Notes 1995 Acapulco , cuerpo y alma Irasema 1995 -- 1998 Fuera de serie Herself Co-host 1999 A que no te atreves Herself Co-host 1999 Baywatch Herself Episode : `` Boys will be Boys '' 2002 My Wife and Kids Selma Episode : `` Samba Story '' Eve April Perez Episode : `` Party All the Time '' Rodney Carmen Episode : `` Dream Lover '' 2005 Hot Properties Lola Hernandez Main role ( 13 episodes ) 2005 Punk 'd Herself Season 5 , episode 4 2007 Entourage Village Girl Episode : `` Welcome to the Jungle '' 2007 Amas de Casa Desesperadas Alicia Oviedo 23 episodes 2007 The Knights of Prosperity Esperanza Villalobos Main role ( 13 episodes ) 2007 Dirty Sexy Money Sofía Montoya 4 episodes 2008 Fuego en la sangre Leonora 10 episodes 2008 Men in Trees Pilar Romero 2 episodes 2009 Dancing with the Stars Herself Guest appearance 2009 -- present Modern Family Gloria Delgado - Pritchett Main role 2012 Saturday Night Live Host Episode : `` Sofia Vergara / One Direction '' 2013 The Cleveland Show Señora Chalupa ( voice ) Episode : `` The Essence of Cleveland '' 2013 Family Guy Flower Saleswoman / Hispanic Woman ( voice ) Episode : `` The Giggity Wife '' 2014 Killer Women N / A Executive producer 2016 The Simpsons Carol Berrera ( voice ) Episode : `` Teenage Mutant Milk - Caused Hurdles '' 2017 Family Guy Herself ( voice ) Episode : `` Emmy - Winning Episode '' Music video Year Title Artist `` Que Diera '' Carlos Vives Theatre Chicago as Matron `` Mama '' Morton ( 2009 ) Awards and nominations This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Sofía Vergara '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2014 , Vergara was ranked as the 32nd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes . She had risen from her 2013 position at no . 38 . Year Association Nominated work Result 2005 Black Reel Awards Best Ensemble ( shared with rest of cast ) Four Brothers Nominated 2009 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated ALMA Awards Best Actress in Film Madea Goes to Jail Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Modern Family Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2011 ALMA Awards Favorite TV Actress in a Leading Role Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Imagen Foundation Awards Best TV Actress Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Film Actress The Smurfs Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting TV Actress Nominated Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2012 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won ALMA Awards Favorite Movie Actress -- Supporting Role The Three Stooges Nominated Favorite TV Actress in a Leading Role Modern Family Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Glamour Awards Comedy Actress N / A Won 2013 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actress Nominated 2014 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Funny Star Nominated 2015 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actress Nominated Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2016 2016 Premios Juventud Actriz Que Se Roba La Pantalla Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Comedic TV Actress Nominated Favorite Comedic Movie Actress Hot Pursuit Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actress Modern Family Won References Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1215 ) . Time Inc . July 13 , 2012 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Entre pitufos mexicanos , Sofía Vergara celebró sus 39 años / Among Mexican Smurfs , Sofia Vergara celebrated her 39 years '' . El Heraldo ( in Spanish ) . July 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Sofía Margarita Vergara Vergara nació el 10 de julio de 1972 en Barranquilla . / Sofía Margarita Vergara Vergara was born on July 10 , 1972 in Barranquilla . ^ Jump up to : Sofia Vergara Is The Top - Earning Actress On Television ... By A Longshot . Forbes ( April 9 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fox News : `` Sofia Vergara 's Catholic family concerned she would look like a ' hooker ' in Hollywood '' by Hollie MCay Published January 28 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrity Central : Sofia Vergara '' . People.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Luaine Lee ( December 31 , 2006 ) . `` Sofia Vergara gets a role she can sink her perfect teeth into '' . The Free Lance -- Star . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dolen , Christine ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Tropical Life '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sofía Vergara : Duelo en Navidad '' . Diario las Américas . December 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Francis Rodríguez ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` Sofía Vergara stars in `` Meet The Browns , '' strives for a lead role `` . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Alexis Chiu ; Brian Orloff ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` 5 Things to Know About Sofia Vergara '' . People . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tonisha Johnson ( 2006 ) . `` Four Brothers : An Interview with Sofia Vergara '' . Gesica magazine . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Modern Family Drama '' . Modern Family Drama : Is Maxim Hottie Sandra Vergara Pretending to Be Sofia 's Sister ? . E online . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Vergara 's Sister , Sandra Vergara , Lands New Role '' . Huffington Post / People Magazine . December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stated on Inside the Actors Studio , 2011 Jump up ^ Sofia Vergara in Maxim magazine Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wilson Morales ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` Four Brothers : An Interview with Sofia Vergara '' . blackfilm.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Creative WorkShops - Welcome Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . ( June 23 , 2011 ) Sofia Vergara Cancels ' The Paperboy ' . Deadline.com . Retrieved on June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marlow Stern ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` Sofia Vergara Breaks Out '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Mi Vida con Toty . YouTube . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Vergara tops Forbes highest paid U.S. TV actresses '' . Yahoo News and Reuters . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Vergara highest paid woman in television '' . The Times Of India . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Latina Magazine ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Sofia Vergara Named New Face of COVERGIRL ! '' . AOL . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Ana ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Upcoming Star Ceremonies Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Hollywood Walk of Fame . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 49 Celebrities Honor 49 Victims of Orlando Tragedy Human Rights Campaign '' . Hrc.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rothaus , Steve ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pulse Orlando shooting scene a popular LGBT club where employees , patrons ' like family ' '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Vergara '' . Television Academy . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Natalie Zamuda ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Diet Pepsi Joins Pepsi Max With New Commercials '' . adage.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ferrer , Miguel ( January 7 , 2012 ) . `` Sofia Vergara , Dancing Behind - The - Scenes Of New Diet Pepsi TV Commercial '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Emma ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sofia Vergara 's New Clothing Line Is Now Available At Kmart '' . US Venture Partners . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Vergara Of ' Modern Family ' Is New Xfinity Spokeswoman '' . tribunedigital - thecourant . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baker , Tyler E. ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` # ShowMeTheMoney : Sofia Vergara 's Settlement of Social Media False Endorsement Lawsuit Highlights Modern Legal Issue '' . The National Law Review . Sheppard , Mullin , Richter & Hampton LLP . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Roiz , Jessica Lucia ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` 13 Moments down memory lane with Sofia Vergara '' . Vida Today . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Manolo was born in September 1992 . ( Photo caption ) Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Sofia Vergara Celebrates Son Manolo 's 26th Birthday -- See the Pics ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham Kizer , Jennifer ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Sofia Vergara Beats Thyroid Cancer '' . health.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Anahad ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Workout : Sofia Vergara Hates to Exercise '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Casey Glynn ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` '' Modern Family '' star Sofia Vergara 's brother deported to Colombia `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall , Katy ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sofia Vergara 's Brother Julio Deported '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Casey Glynn ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` '' Modern Family '' star Sofia Vergara 's brother deported to Colombia `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Vergara gets engaged '' . The Times Of India . July 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Vergara , Nick Loeb Engaged '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Vergara Engaged , Shows Off Ring During Birthday Celebration '' . uk.eonline.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ D&Apos , Christie ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sofia Vergara , Nick Loeb split up , call off engagement '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hiblen , Carolyn ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` The look of love : Hot new couple Sofia Vergara and Joe Manganiello wrap their arms tenderly around each other as they go on two romantic dates in as many days '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sofia Vergara Engaged to Joe Manganiello After Dating for Only Six Months ! '' . Us Weekly . United States : usmagazine.com . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Joe ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sofia Vergara , Joe Manganiello to marry this weekend '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Chen , Joyce ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sofia Vergara , Joe Manganiello : Everything We Know About Their Wedding '' . Us Weekly . Jump up ^ Marin , Alex ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` This Is How Sofia Vergara Nailed Her American Citizenship Test '' . WhoSay . Jump up ^ Grossman , Samantha ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Sofia Vergara Explain How She Became a U.S. Citizen '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Sofía Vergara '' . 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid TV Actresses 2016 : Sofia Vergara Stays The Queen Of The Small Screen With $43 Million '' Forbes , 14 September 2016 , Accessed 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV star Sofia Vergara in battle over frozen embryos '' . BBC . May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brandy Zadrozny ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sofia Vergara Embryo Case Could Open Floodgates '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Emily Smith ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Sofia Vergara sued by her own embryos '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge throws out lawsuit filed by Sofia Vergara 's own embryos as part of her ex-fiance's legal battle over frozen eggs '' . Daily Mail . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Louisiana judge rules Sofia Vergara 's frozen embryos are ' citizens of California ' WITW 2017 / 08 / 30 Jump up ^ Judge says Sofia Vergara 's frozen embryos are ' citizens of California ' Ray Downs , United Press International , Sept. 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Lea Michele and Zac Efron 's ' New Year 's Eve ' Plans '' . theinsider.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mike ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Sofia Vergara 's Flamenco Dancer from The Emoji Movie : ' People Are Always Saying I Look Like Her ! '' . People . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Punk 'd : Thora Birch , T.I. , Sofia Vergara '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` Sofia Vergara Will Be Mama Morton in Broadway 's Chicago '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ `` The World 's 100 Most Powerful Women '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sofía Vergara . Official website Sofía Vergara on IMDb Sofía Vergara at the Fashion Model Directory Sofia Vergara at AllMovie Queen of Viña del Mar International Song Festival 1979 - 1989 María Graciela Gómez ( 1979 ) Raffaella Carrà ( 1982 ) Lucía Méndez ( 1983 ) Gianina Matei ( 1984 ) María Conchita Alonso ( 1985 ) Cindy Valentine ( 1986 ) Irene Llano ( 1987 ) Marcela Sánchez ( 1988 ) Myriam Hernández ( 1989 ) 1990 - 1999 Xuxa ( 1990 ) Yuridia Valenzuela Canseco ( 1991 ) Lucero ( 1992 ) Gloria Trevi ( 1993 ) Sofía Vergara ( 1994 ) Patricia Manterola ( 1995 ) Paola Falcone ( 1996 ) Thalía ( 1997 ) Sofía Franco ( 1998 ) Carla Perez ( 1999 ) 2000 - 2009 Celia Cruz ( 2000 ) Natalia Oreiro ( 2001 ) Patricia Manterola ( 2002 ) María Eugenia Larraín ( 2003 ) Carolina Ardohain ( 2004 ) Luciana Salazar ( 2005 ) Tonka Tomicic ( 2006 ) Diana Bolocco ( 2007 ) Pilar Ruiz ( 2008 ) Catherine Fulop ( 2009 ) 2010 - presente Carolina Arregui ( 2010 ) Andrea Dellacasa ( 2011 ) Valeria Ortega ( 2012 ) Dominique Gallego ( 2013 ) Sigrid Alegría ( 2014 ) Jhendelyn Nuñez ( 2015 ) Nicole Moreno ( 2016 ) Kika Silva ( 2017 ) Betsy Camino ( 2018 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) BIBSYS : 11017360 BNF : cb14621981q ( data ) GND : 1051818559 ISNI : 0000 0001 1483 0492 LCCN : no2005073159 SUDOC : 179289101 VIAF : 163246210 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Sofía_Vergara&oldid = 841395500 '' Categories : 1972 births 20th - century American actresses 20th - century Colombian actresses 21st - century American actresses 21st - century Colombian actresses American female models American film actresses American people of Colombian descent American telenovela actresses American television actresses American television producers Women television producers American voice actresses Cancer survivors Colombian emigrants to the United States Colombian female models Colombian film actresses Hispanic and Latino American actresses Colombian telenovela actresses Colombian television actresses Colombian television producers Colombian voice actresses Living people People from Barranquilla People with acquired American citizenship Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - 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-6645689738927311035 | Modesty | Modesty - wikipedia Modesty Jump to : navigation , search This article is about body modesty . For the concept of modesty in a broader sense , see humility . For the sculpture , see Modesty ( Corradini sculpture ) . For other uses , see Modest . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Modesty , by Louis - Léopold Chambard Recreation on a California beach in the first decade of the 20th century Modesty , sometimes known as demureness , is a mode of dress and deportment which intends to avoid encouraging of sexual attraction in others . The word `` modesty '' comes from the Latin root modestus which means `` keeping within measure '' . Standards of modesty are culturally and context dependent and vary widely . In this use , it may be considered inappropriate or immodest to reveal certain parts of the body . In some societies , modesty may involve women covering their bodies completely and not talking to men who are not immediate family members ; in others , a fairly revealing but one - piece bathing costume is considered modest when other women wear bikinis . In some countries , exposure of the body in breach of community standards of modesty is also considered to be public indecency , and public nudity is generally illegal in most of the world and regarded as indecent exposure . For example , Stephen Gough a lone man attempting to walk naked from south to north Britain was repeatedly imprisoned . However , nudity is at times tolerated in some societies ; for example , during a World Naked Bike Ride . In semi-public contexts standards of modesty vary . Nudity may be acceptable in public single - sex changing rooms at swimming baths , for example , or for mass medical examination of men for military service . In private , standards again depend upon the circumstances . A person who would never disrobe in the presence of a physician of the opposite sex in a social context might unquestioningly do so for a medical examination ; others might allow examination , but only by a person of the same sex . Contents ( hide ) 1 Body 2 Modesty in medical settings 3 In dress 3.1 Generally accepted Western norms 3.2 Gender differences 4 Traditional indigenous 5 Religious traditions 5.1 Buddhism 5.2 Christianity 5.2. 1 Catholic church 5.2. 2 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 5.2. 3 Other churches 5.3 Hinduism 5.3. 1 Temples 5.3. 2 Current trends 5.4 Islam 5.4. 1 Women 5.4. 2 Men 5.5 Judaism 5.5. 1 Women 5.5. 2 Men 5.6 Cross-cultural and non-religious 6 In the arts 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links Body ( edit ) 1868 diagram from Harper 's Bazaar showing proper girls ' skirt lengths increasing as they grow up Standards of modesty discourage or forbid exposure of parts of the body , varying between societies , which may include areas of skin , the hair , undergarments , and intimate parts . The standards may also require obscuring the shape of the body or parts of it by wearing non-form - fitting clothing . There are also customs regarding the changing of clothes ( such as on a beach with no enclosed facilities ) , and the closing or locking of the door when changing or taking a shower . Standards of modesty vary by culture or generation and vary depending on who is exposed , which parts of the body are exposed , the duration of the exposure , the context , and other variables . The categories of persons who could see another 's body could include : a spouse or partner , a friend or family member of the same sex , strangers of the same sex The context would include matters such as whether it is in one 's own home , at another family member 's home , at a friend 's home , at a semi-public place , at a beach , swimming pool ( including whether such venues are considered clothes - optional ) , changing rooms or other public places . For instance , wearing a bathing suit at the beach would not be considered immodest , while it likely would be in a street or an office . Excessive modesty is called prudishness . As a medical condition , it is also called gymnophobia . Excessive immodesty is called exhibitionism . Modesty in medical settings ( edit ) Main article : Modesty in medical settings At times of public or private emergency , expectations of modest dress may be suspended if necessary . For example , during suspected anthrax attacks in 1998 and 2001 in the United States , groups of people had to strip to their underwear in tents set up in parking lots and other public places for hosing down by fire departments . On the other hand , even in an emergency situation , some people are unable to abandon their need to hide their bodies , even at the risk of their life . This may apply to decontamination after a chemical or biological attack , where removal of contaminated clothing is important , or escaping from a night - time fire without time to dress . In dress ( edit ) Three Ukrainian men , wearing trunks and briefs , attract attention for immodesty relative to the local norm in Cox 's Bazar , Bangladesh . Most discussion of modesty involves clothing . The criteria for acceptable modesty and decency have relaxed continuously in much of the world since the nineteenth century , with shorter , form - fitting , and more revealing clothing and swimsuits , more for women than men . Most people wear clothes that they consider not to be unacceptably immodest for their religion , culture , generation , occasion , and the people present . Some wear clothes which they consider immodest , due to exhibitionism , the desire to create an erotic impact , or for publicity . Generally accepted Western norms ( edit ) Appropriate modesty depends on context and place . For example , in single - sex public changing rooms , nudity is often acceptable . In Western and some other societies , there are differences of opinion as to how much body exposure is acceptable in public . In contemporary Western society , the extent to which a woman may expose cleavage depends on social , cultural and regional context . Women 's swimsuits and bikinis commonly may reveal the tops and sides of the breasts , or they may be topless as is common on the beaches of French Riviera . Displaying cleavage is considered permissible in many settings , and is even a sign of elegance and sophistication on many formal social occasions , but it may be considered inappropriate in settings such as workplaces , churches and schools . Showing the nipples or areolae is almost always considered toplessness or partial nudity . However , in some circumstances partial breast exposure may be officially sanctioned in church as in 2014 , newly elected Pope Francis drew world - wide commentary when he encouraged mothers to breastfeed in church if their babies were hungry . In private homes , the standards of modesty apply selectively . For instance , nudity among close family members in the home can take place , especially in the bedroom and bathroom , and wearing of undergarments only in the home is common . In many cultures it is not acceptable to bare the buttocks in public ; deliberately doing so is sometimes intended as an insult . In public , Western standards of decency expect people to cover their genitalia , and women to cover their breasts . In the early twenty - first century , public breastfeeding has become increasingly acceptable , sometimes protected by law . President Barack Obama 's health care bill from 2010 provides additional support to nursing mothers , requiring employers to provide a private and shielded space for employees to use in order to nurse . Since the 1980s it has become more common for young and / or fashionable women in Western societies to wear clothing that bared the midriff , `` short shorts , '' backless tops , sheer and other styles considered to be immodest . Gender differences ( edit ) Modesty in dress is a relative cultural concept , even in the West , as seen above in the dresses of Amish women on an American beach in 2007 . Men and women are subject to different standards of modesty in dress . While both men and women , in Western culture , are generally expected to keep their genitals covered at all times , women are also expected to keep their breasts covered . Some body parts are normally more covered by men than women -- e.g. , the midriff and the upper part of the back . Organizations such as the Topfree Equal Rights Association advocate for gender equality regarding display of the body . In 1992 New York State 's highest court accepted 14th Amendment arguments and struck down the provision in New York 's Exposure of the Person statute that made it illegal for women to bare their chests where men were permitted to do so . Traditional indigenous ( edit ) Traditional indigenous cultures , such as some African and traditional Australian aboriginal cultures , are more relaxed on issues of clothing , though how much clothing is expected varies greatly , from nothing for some women , to everything except the glans penis for men of some tribes . In some African cultures , body painting is considered to be body coverage , and is considered by many an attire . Modesty does n't have to be related to having more clothes especially in the case of natives tribes . Some feel exposed when seen in certain clothes even though normal attire is much more revealing . Having ear or lip stoppers is seen as modest with the opposite being true as well . Religious traditions ( edit ) See also : Religion and sexuality Most world religions have sought to address the moral issues that arise from people 's sexuality in society and in human interactions . Each major religion has developed moral codes covering issues of sexuality , morality , ethics etc . Besides other aspects of sexuality , these moral codes seek to regulate the situations which can give rise to sexual interest and to influence people 's behaviour and practices which could arouse such interest , or which overstate a person 's sexuality . These religious codes have always had a strong influence on peoples ' attitudes to issues of modesty in dress , behavior , speech etc . Buddhism ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) Modesty in dress for Buddhist Monks visiting the Hindu - Buddhist temple complex Angkor Wat , Cambodia Modesty in dress is important in Buddhis . The Sekhiya rules of Buddhist Monastic code , for example , provide guidelines on proper clothing as well as recommended ways of dressing for monks . I will wear the lower robe ( upper robe ) wrapped around ( me ) : a training to be observed . -- Code 1.2 , Sekhiya Rule , I will not go ( sit ) with robes hitched up in inhabited areas : a training to be observed . -- Code 9.10 , Sekhiya Rule , The ' robes hitched up ' phrase above refers to lifting one 's 1 or 2 piece cloth robe , thereby exposing either side or both sides of one 's body to other human beings in an inhabited area . Such exhibitionism is not recommended to monks . Beyond monks , the Buddhist belief is that modesty has a purifying quality to everyone . Christianity ( edit ) According to the New Testament , ( 1 Peter 3 : 3 - 4 ) Whose adorning let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair , and of wearing of gold , or of putting on of apparel ; But let it be the hidden man of the heart , in that which is not corruptible , even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit , which is in the sight of God of great price . ( 1 Timothy 2 : 9 ) In like manner also , that women adorn themselves in modest apparel , with shamefacedness and sobriety ; not with broided hair , or gold , or pearls , or costly array ; ( Proverbs 11 : 22 ) As a jewel of gold in a swine 's snout , so is a fair woman which is without discretion . ( Proverbs 31 : 30 ) Favour is deceitful , and beauty is vain : but a woman that feareth the Lord , she shall be praised . Catholic Church ( edit ) A placard informs tourists about the minimum dress standards required to enter St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican Catholics are expected to dress modestly ; it is recognised that the forms taken by modesty vary from one culture to another . The wearing of a headcovering at Mass was for the first time mandated as a universal rule for the Latin Rite by the Code of Canon Law of 1917 , abrogated by the 1983 Code of Canon Law . Apart from that , there have never been any `` official '' guidelines issued by the Catholic Church . But from time to time the Church hierarchy , and some popes , have given opinions on various matters ; although these guidelines are not binding , they are often followed . Pope Pius XII stated that women should cover their upper arms and shoulders , that their skirts should cover at least as far as the knee , and the neckline should not reveal anything . Giuseppe Cardinal Siri of Genoa stated that trousers were unacceptable dress for women . Many traditional Catholics have attempted to further expand on this latter standard . Some Catholics have attempted to form cohesive theories of modesty . Sometimes this is from a sociological perspective , while at other times it takes a more systematic , Thomistic approach , combined with the writings of the Church Fathers . Approaches arguing primarily from traditional practices and traditional authorities , such as the Saints , can also be found . Around 1913 , it became fashionable for dresses to be worn with a modest round or V - shaped neckline . In the German Empire , for example , all Roman Catholic bishops joined in issuing a pastoral letter attacking the new fashions . The Catholic Legion of Decency has been active from 1933 in monitoring morally objectionable content in films . It has condemned a number of films including several on account of the clothing worn . For example , the Legion has condemned the display of cleavage in The Outlaw ( 1941 ) and in The French Line ( 1954 ) . Church of Jesus Christ of latter - day Saints ( edit ) See also : Law of chastity The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) has issued official statements on modest dress for its members . Clothing such as `` short shorts and short skirts , shirts that do not cover the stomach , and clothing that does not cover the shoulders or is low - cut in the front or the back '' are discouraged . Men and women are also encouraged to avoid extremes in clothing or hairstyles . Rules on modesty also include women being asked to wear no more than one pair of earrings . Women are generally expected to wear skirts or dresses for church services . Most LDS members do not wear sleeveless shirts or shorts that do not reach the knee . The church - funded university , Brigham Young University ( BYU ) , requires students and tenants of BYU housing , to sign an agreement to live according to these standards of modesty . Other churches ( edit ) Many other Trinitarian Christians also consider modesty extremely important , though considerable differences of opinion exist about its requirements and purposes . Amish groups and some Mennonite groups like Conservative Mennonites are known for their adherence to modest fashion styles . Evangelical Christians and Holiness Christians also have strict guidelines on modesty . Many christian communal groups chose to dress simply and modestly as an outward symbol of the rejection of vanity and worldliness . The Hutterites and the Bruderhof , both christian intentional communities stemming from the Anabaptist tradition , wear modest clothing , and the women wear head coverings . Hinduism ( edit ) Dressing norms and concepts of modesty have widely varied among Hindus before the 20th century . Above is a topless Balinese ( Indonesian ) Hindu woman at a temple complex in 1922 , during Dutch colonial rule of Indonesia . In the background , in the center left , one can see other topless women , as well as a woman who is fully covered in European dress . The colored image is typical dress observed in modern day Bali temples . The premise and concepts of modesty have evolved under Hinduism . During Vedic times , both women and men wore at least two pieces of draped dress that was largely undifferentiated , voluntary and flexible . Stitched clothes such as skirts and bodices were also common in the Vedic period . However , modesty was not determined by the precepts of religion , but by local traditions , social codes , profession , circumstances and occasion . The multiple pieces of draped dress for women evolved into a single length of draped cloth among Indian Hindus , now called sari ; but remained two or more pieces in Southeast Asian Hindus . For men , the draped dress reduced to one piece now called by various names such as dhoti , lungi , pancha , laacha and other names among Indian Hindus , and kamben among Balinese Hindu . The Hindu belief , suggests Christopher Bayly , is that modesty through appropriate dress has the energy to transmit spirit and substance in a social discourse , the dress serves as a means of expression or celebration , with some dressing elements such as saffron threads or white dress worn by men as moral , transformative and a means to identify and communicate one 's social role in a gathering , or one 's state of life such as mourning in days or weeks after the passing away of a loved one . The canons of modesty for Hindus in South Asia underwent significant changes with the arrival of Islam in the 12th century . The Islamic rulers imposed a dress code in public places for Hindu dhimmis , per their Islamic mores of modesty . The sari worn by Hindu women extended to provide a veil , as well as a complete cover of her navel and legs . In the early 18th century , Tryambakayajvan -- a court official in south central India -- issued an edict called Stridharmapaddhati . The ruling outlined required dress code for orthodox Hindus in that region . Stridharmapaddhati laced social trends with Hindu religion to place new rules on modesty for women , but gave much freedom to men . The concept of modesty evolved again during colonial times when the British administration required Indians to wear dresses to help identify and segregate the local native populations . Bernard Cohn , and others remark that dress during colonial era became part of a wider issue in India about respect , honor and modesty , with the dress code intentionally aimed by the administration to reflect the nature of relationship between the British ruler and the Indian ruled . The British colonial empire , encouraged and sometimes required Indians to dress in an ' oriental manner ' , to help define and enforce a sense of modesty , identify roles and a person 's relative social status . Among Indonesian Hindus , the accepted practice of toplessness among teenage Hindu girls changed during the Dutch colonial rule , with women now wearing a blouse or colorful cloth . Temples ( edit ) Women dressed in sari , heading into a South Indian Hindu Temple . Inside most Hindu temples , there is an expectation of modesty rather than sexual allurement . Men and women typically wear traditional dress during religious ceremonies and rituals in a temple , with women wearing sari or regional Indian dress . In Indonesia and Cambodia , Hindu temple visitors are often requested to wrap their waist with traditional single piece cloth called kamben , wastra or sarung , with or without saput . Current trends ( edit ) Hindus have diverse views on modesty , with significant regional and local variations . Among orthodox Hindu populations , sexually revealing dress or any sexual behavior in public or before strangers is considered immodest , particularly in rural areas . In contrast , the dress of deities and other symbolism in Hindu temples , the discussion of dress and eroticism in ancient Hindu literature , and art works of Hinduism can be explicit , celebrating eroticism and human sexuality . In general , a disregard of modesty can be confusing or distressing , in particular to traditional Hindu women . Even in health care context , some Hindu women may express reluctance to undress for examination . If undressing is necessary , the patient may prefer to be treated by a doctor or nurse of the same sex . Islam ( edit ) A headscarf See also : Awrah and List of types of sartorial hijab Islam has strongly emphasized the concept of decency and modesty . In many authentic hadiths , it has been quoted that `` modesty is a part of faith '' . Modesty is verily required in the interaction between members of the opposite sex and in some case between the members of same sex also . Dress code is part of that overall teaching . Women ( edit ) `` And tell the believing women to cast down their glances and guard their private parts and not expose their adornment except that which ( necessarily ) appears thereof and to wrap ( a portion of ) their headcovers over their chests and not expose their adornment except to their husbands , their fathers , their husbands ' fathers , their sons , their husbands ' sons , their brothers , their brothers ' sons , their sisters ' sons , their women , that which their right hands possess , or those male attendants having no physical desire , or children who are not yet aware of the private aspects of women . '' - Quran 24 : 31 . `` O Prophet ! Say to your wives , your daughters , and the women of the believers that : they should let down upon themselves their jalabib . '' - Quran 33 : 59 . Jalabib is an Arabic word meaning `` loose outer garment '' . In some Muslim societies , women wear the niqab , a veil that covers the whole face except the eyes , or the full burqa , a full - body covering garment that occasionally does cover the eyes . Wearing these garments is common in some , but not all , countries with a predominantly Muslim population . A taqiyah cap Though by some scholars these expressions of modesty are interpreted as mandatory , most countries do not enforce modesty by law . However , a few countries , such as Saudi Arabia , Afghanistan and Iran , enforce specified standards of dress for women . Men ( edit ) `` Tell the believing men to cast down their glances and guard their private parts . That is purer for them . Indeed , Allah is ( well ) acquainted with what they do . '' - Quran 24 : 30 Most scholars agree that men are required to cover everything from the navel to the knees ; some men choose also to wear the traditional Islamic cap ( taqiyah ) , similar to but larger than the Jewish yarmulke or kippah . The taqiyah may vary in shape , size and color , with differences according to tradition , region , and personal taste . Judaism ( edit ) Modesty in Judaism , called Tzniut , is important beyond aspects of clothing . It extends to behaviour in public and in private , and depends on the context . Women ( edit ) Three styles of hair covering common among married Observant Jewish women . From right to left : snood , fall , and hat . Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox Jewish women usually wear skirts to their knees , with blouses covering the collarbone and sleeves coming to or covering elbows . See - through materials may not be used and clothes are expected not to be tight - fitting , provocative , loud in color , or display texts . These rules are relaxed to allow for color and text in less strict communities . Some modern Orthodox communities allow the collarbone to be shown ( so long as cleavage is amply covered ) , and sleeves not to reach the elbow . There are many different opinions on these issues . Some communities apply these standards to girls as young as three . Less strict Conservative Judaism recommends modest dress , but this is not broadly observed . Less restrictive branches of Judaism tend to adopt the fashions of the society in which they live . It is the custom for an observant married Orthodox Jewish woman to cover her hair in public , and sometimes at home . The hair covering may be a scarf , hat , snood called a Tichel , or a wig called a Sheitel . Women who do not follow all the regulations in everyday life , often do so during religious observances in a synagogue or elsewhere . Men ( edit ) Standards of modesty also apply to men . While some men will wear shorts and short - sleeve shirts , many strictly observant Orthodox men will not . Cross-cultural and non-religious ( edit ) Some individuals adopt modesty standards of other groups or standards of previous generations . An example includes the Noahides who follow Jewish laws but are not themselves Jewish . In the arts ( edit ) Cupidon ( French for Cupid ) , by William - Adolphe Bouguereau , 1875 ; the tip of the right wing covers the boy 's genitals . Standards of modesty in art have varied at different times and in different places . Nudity and various types of behaviour were sometimes depicted , sometime not . In many cases where society did not allow nudity or immodest dress , nudity was accepted in art . Where nudity in art was not acceptable , full nudity was not displayed ; otherwise nude subjects had their private parts hidden by apparently accidental draped fabric , flowers , other people , a fig leaf , etc . In films , very brief nudity was accepted . Some nude artworks had fig leaves added when standards became less permissive . In a given society , the criteria varied according to the circumstances ; for example artworks on public display were more restrained than those for private display to adults . Nudity in art was sometimes suggested without actual depiction by : something seemingly by chance covering the private parts in film : showing a supposedly nude person from the waist or shoulders up maneuvering ( turning , having objects in front ) and editing in such a way that no genitals are seen showing nudity from a distance , or from the back only , although other characters are nearby and / or would also see frontal nudity showing nudity very briefly In cartoons , even in cases where the genital area is not covered with clothing , genitals are often simply not drawn , as is the case in Family Guy and other animated sitcoms . In the film Barnyard , showing anthropomorphized cattle of both sexes walking on two legs , instead of either showing genitals of male cattle or not showing them , the concept of a `` male cow '' was used , with an udder . In Underdog a partly animated anthropomorphized dog is shown with penis when a real dog is filmed , and without penis in the animated parts . Paintings are sometimes changed because of changed modesty standards , and later sometimes changed back . During the Counter-Reformation there was a `` fig - leaf campaign '' aiming to cover all representations of human genitals in paintings and sculptures that started with Michelangelo 's works . Works covered in this way include the marble statue of Cristo della Minerva ( church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva , Rome ) which was covered by added drapery , as it remains today , and the statue of the naked child Jesus in Madonna of Bruges ( The Church of Our Lady in Bruges , Belgium ) remained covered for several decades . Also , the plaster copy of the David in the Cast Courts ( Victoria and Albert Museum ) in London , has a fig leaf in a box at the back of the statue . It was there to be placed over the statue 's genitals so that they would not upset visiting female royalty . The statue of Achilles at Hyde Park Corner now has an incongruous figleaf permanently attached , after it was stolen several times . See also : Expulsion from the Garden of Eden Many fairytales and other related media feature women from or ethnic origin from Western Europe and Northern Europe to be demure due to their typically soft features . Famous examples include Snow White , Cinderella , Sleeping Beauty , Beauty and the Beast , Little Red Riding Hood , Wendy Darling from Peter Pan , Maid Marian from Robin Hood , Christine Daaé from The Phantom of the Opera , Ophelia from Hamlet , and Dorothy Gale from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jennett , Sheila . The Oxford companion to the body . Eds . Colin Blakemore , and Sheila Jennett . Vol. 7 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Naked rambler vows to walk on '' . BBC News . 26 August 2003 . Jump up ^ Guardian newspaper : World Naked Bike Ride -- in pictures , 10 June 2012 While most of the riders are naked , all the photographs in this series obscure details by strategically places handlebars . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Gymnophobia '' . MedicineNet.com . MedicineNet.com . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DSM 5 : Understanding Exhibitionistic Disorder '' . Hypersexual Disorders . Elements Behavioral Health . 21 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dru Sefton ( 25 May 2002 ) . `` We 'd rather die than take our clothes off , disaster planners say '' . Seattle Times . Jump up ^ Why are Britons so bad at being naked ? Sarah Ditum , The Guardian , United Kingdom ( 16 January 2013 ) Jump up ^ Salmansohn , Karen . `` The Power of Cleavage '' . The Huffington Post , October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davies , Lizzy ( 12 January 2014 ) . `` Pope Francis encourages mothers to breastfeed - even in the Sistine Chapel '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Breastfeeding Laws '' . Breastfeeding State Laws . National Conference of State Legislatures , United States . Jump up ^ CNN , By Elizabeth Landau , . `` Breastfeeding rooms hidden in health care law - CNN.com '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Varyanne Sika ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` Fashion for Feminists : How fashion and dress shape women 's identities '' . Open Society Initiative of Southern Africa ( OSISA ) . Jump up ^ `` Santorelli & Schloss v. State of New York '' . Cornell University Law School . 7 July 1992 . Jump up ^ `` The dominant idea that clothing is necessary for reasons of modesty is a cultural premise . It 's an '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ The 75 sekhiyas Buddhism Dhamma Dana ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Buddhist Monastic Code I Chapter 10 , Sekhiya Rules , Thanissaro Bhikkhu ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Edward Thomas ( 2002 ) , The History of Buddhist Thought , Dover Publications , ISBN 978 - 0486421049 , pp 163 , 207 - 208 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , ( 1 ) Para. 2521 - 2524 . Jump up ^ `` 1917 Codex Iuris Canonici '' . Canon 1262 , Section 2 . ( Latin ) Jump up ^ `` Canon 6 § 1 of the Code of Canon Law '' . Jump up ^ See all the following citations , which all expound at least partly upon such guidelines . ^ Jump up to : Modesty and beauty - the lost connection by Regina Schmiedicke Jump up ^ Notification Concerning Men 's Dress Worn by Women by Giuseppe Cardinal Siri ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ See G.K. Chesterton , What 's Wrong with the World , Part III , Chap . V , for an early attempt ( 1910 ) ; see also In Praise of the Skirt , for a more contemporary one ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Modesty Handbook ( describing the nature of modesty from a Catholic perspective , based on St. Thomas Aquinas and the Church Fathers ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Those Who Serve God Should Not Follow the Fashions by Robert T. Hart ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Gernsheim , Alison . Victorian and Edwardian Fashion . A Photographic Survey . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications , 1981 . Reprint of 1963 edition . ISBN 0 - 486 - 24205 - 6 , p. 94 ^ Jump up to : `` Dress and Appearance '' , For the Strength of Youth . Jump up ^ The Brigham Young University Honor Code , which includes `` Dress and Grooming Standards , '' agreement to which is required for application . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Modesty : The Undressing of Our Youth , by Lenora Hammond . Jump up ^ The Modesty Survey Archived 2009 - 01 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. : An anonymous discussion among Christians concerning various aspects of modesty . Jump up ^ `` 5 Beliefs That Set the Bruderhof Apart From Other Christians '' . Newsmax . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Learning from the Bruderhof : An Intentional Christian Community '' . ChristLife . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Tarlo 1996 , p. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ C.A. Bayly , D.H.A. Kolff , Two Colonial Empires : Comparative Essays on the History of India and Indonesia in the Nineteenth Century , Springer , ISBN 978 - 9024732746 Jump up ^ Lesile , J. ( Editor ) ( 1992 ) , Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women , Motilal Banarsidass Publications Jump up ^ Bernard Cohn ( 1987 ) , An Anthropologist Among the Historians and Other Essays , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195618754 Jump up ^ Robert Ross , Clothing : A Global History , Cambridge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3186 - 8 Jump up ^ Tarlo 1996 , p. 12 -- 59 . Jump up ^ see Bernard Cohn , `` Cloth , Clothes and Colonialism : India in the 19th Century '' , and Susan Bean , `` Gandhi and Khadi : The Fabric of Independence '' ; both in Weiner and Schneider ( editors ) , Cloth and Human Experience , Smithsonian Institution Press ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Nye , M. ( 1995 ) . A Place for Our Gods : The Construction of an Edinburgh Hindu Temple Community ( Vol. 8 ) . Psychology Press Jump up ^ Rubinstein and Connor ( 1999 ) , Staying Local in the Global Village : Bali in the Twentieth Century , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0824821173 Jump up ^ Gupta , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Sexuality in the Indian subcontinent '' . Sexual and Marital Therapy , 9 ( 1 ) , pp 57 -- 69 Jump up ^ McConnachie , J. ( 2008 ) , The Book of Love : The Story of the Kamasutra , Macmillan Jump up ^ Dwyer , R. ( 2000 ) . `` The erotics of the wet sari in Hindi films '' . South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies , 23 ( 2 ) , pp 143 -- 160 Jump up ^ Ichaporia , N. ( 1983 ) . `` Tourism at Khajuraho an Indian enigma ? '' Annals of Tourism Research , 10 ( 1 ) , 75 -- 92 Jump up ^ Culture and Religion Information Sheet : Hinduism Government of Western Australia ( July 2012 ) , page 7 Jump up ^ `` Hadith 20 : : Modesty is from Faith '' . 40hadithnawawi.com . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Modesty : Not Only A Woman 's Burden '' , Patheos Jump up ^ The Laws of Jewish Modesty Archived May 10 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Undercover : Bio '' . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Tarlo , Emma ( 1996 ) . Clothing Matters : Dress and Identity in India . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0226789767 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Modesty at Wikimedia Commons Nudity , modesty and related topics Naturism International Naturist Federation Public nudity Christian naturism Gay naturism Naturist magazines Naturist resorts Anarchist naturism Nude recreation Nude beach Naked restaurant Nudity in sport Clothing - optional bike ride Naked hiking Massage Hot tubbing Bathing Banya Sauna Turkish bath Strip game Nude beaches Naked restaurants Depictions of nudity Nude ( art ) Body painting Naked News Model ( art ) Nude Model Nudity in film Nude photography Nude photography ( art ) Nudity in American television Nudity in science fiction Nudity in music videos Nudity in advertising Nude calendar Nudity and sexuality Exhibitionism Voyeurism Anasyrma Mooning Striptease Stripper feminist stripper Softcore pornography Erotic photography Sexual objectification Issues in social nudity Indecent exposure Obscenity Topfreedom Nudity and protest Sex segregation Breastfeeding in public Dress code Clothing laws by country Awrah Nudity in religion Strip search By location Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Historical figures Kurt Barthel Lee Baxandall Paul Bindrim Ilsley Boone Lady Godiva Henry S. Huntington Heinrich Pudor Elton Raymond Shaw Richard Ungewitter See also American Nudist Research Library Society for Indecency to Naked Animals American Gymnosophical Association History of nudity Timeline of non-sexual social nudity List of social nudity organizations Nudity in combat Nudity clause Imagery of nude celebrities Clothing - optional events Social nudity advocates Toplessness Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modesty&oldid=823776592 '' Categories : Modesty Philosophy of love Naturism Seven virtues Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from October 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Чӑвашла Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Ido עברית Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tagalog Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 09 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the idea of modesty come from | [
"Modesty, sometimes known as demureness, is a mode of dress and deportment which intends to avoid encouraging of sexual attraction in others. The word \"modesty\" comes from the Latin root modestus which means \"keeping within measure\".[1] Standards of modesty are culturally and context dependent and vary widely. In this use, it may be considered inappropriate or immodest to reveal certain parts of the body. In some societies, modesty may involve women covering their bodies completely and not talking to men who are not immediate family members; in others, a fairly revealing but one-piece bathing costume is considered modest when other women wear bikinis. In some countries, exposure of the body in breach of community standards of modesty is also considered to be public indecency, and public nudity is generally illegal in most of the world and regarded as indecent exposure. For example, Stephen Gough a lone man attempting to walk naked from south to north Britain was repeatedly imprisoned.[2] However, nudity is at times tolerated in some societies; for example, during a World Naked Bike Ride.[3]"
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"comes from the Latin root modestus which means \"keeping within measure\""
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4512765381720499 | History of Sikkim | History of Sikkim - Wikipedia History of Sikkim Jump to : navigation , search Statue of Guru Rinpoche , the patron saint of Sikkim in Namchi is the tallest statue of the saint in the world at 36 meters ( 120 ft . ) . The history of Sikkim an area in present - day North - East India , began in 1642 a kingdom established when India and Nepal were still many princely states with many rulers at that time and had not unified to the present Union of India and present country of Nepal . At that time Sikkm had already solidified into country then with a king known as a Chogyal or dharma king and till 16 may 1975 was an independent country ruled by the monarchs . Sikkim had twelve kings Palden Thondup Namgyal was the last king of Independent Sikkim. There was contacts between ancient Hindus and Tibetans , followed by the establishment of a Buddhist kingdom or Chogyal in the 17th century . Sikkim emerged as a polity in its own right against a backdrop of incursions from Tibet and Bhutan , during which the kingdom enjoyed varying degrees of independence . In the early 18th century , the British Empire sought to establish trade routes with Tibet , leading Sikkim to fall under British suzerainty until independence in 1947 . Initially , Sikkim remained an independent country , until it merged with India in 1975 after a decisive referendum . Many provisions of the Indian constitution had to be altered to accommodate the international treaties between Sikkim and India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient history 2 Kingdom of Sikkim 2.1 Invasions from Bhutan and Nepal 2.2 Relations with the British Empire 2.3 Independent monarchy 3 State of India 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Ancient History ( edit ) When the Kirat King Yalambar captured central Nepal in 1,500 B.C his kingdom extended from river Trisuli in the west to river Teesta in the east . According to Hindu mythology , Lord Shiva is said to have appeared in the form of hunter Kirateshwar or Lord of the Kiratas to Arjuna in the very spot where the ancient Kirateshwar temple lies in Legship , West Sikkim . By the 6th century the Lepchas occupied the Lapchan area of Nepal ( present Ilam region ) , present Sikkim , Har Chu Valley and Ammo Chu Valley ( present South Western Bhutan ) and most of Eastern part of Greater Sikkim up to the Chumbi Valley . Meanwhile , the Limbus inhabited the Western part of Greater Sikkim ( present Limbuwan region ) . A part of Limbuwan is still retained in present Sikkim in the West district , South district and a part of North district . The Lepchas spoke the Lepcha dialect and were believers of Boongthism and Munism or Animism by faith . The Limbus spoke the Limbu dialect and were believers of Yumaism or Yuma Sammang , a form of Kirat Mundhum . In the 7th century , Thekung Adek consolidated the Lepcha tribes and declared himself a Panu , a Tribal Religious and Administrative chief or king . Similarly , the Limbu tribes were ruled by 10 elected chiefs or Hangs from each of their clans to form a social and administrative body called Thibong Yakthum Tumyanghang ( tribal republic council or Ten Limbus Council ) . Around 870 A.D. Na Hang , the chief of Daramdin , West Sikkim was incited by the Chilikchom people to fight against the Kirati Limbu king of Limbuwan , Mabo Hang . Na Hang was defeated and the Chilikchom were banished from Limbuwan . Sikkim also finds mention in many Hindu texts because the Buddhist saint Guru Rinpoche or Padmasambhava is said to have passed through the land in the 9th century . According to legend , the Guru blessed the land , introduced Buddhism to Sikkim and also foretold the era of the monarchy in the state , which would arrive centuries later . There are numerous stories regarding the migration of Tibetans into Sikkim and the establishment of the Sikkimese monarchy . The most popular states that in the 13th century , Guru Tashi , a prince from the Minyak House in Kham in Eastern Tibet , had a divine revelation one night instructing him to travel south to seek his fortunes . Guru Tashi settled down in the Chumbi Valley . The population and linguistic survey were not held during this period but it 's certain that the region was inhabited by the Lepchas , the Limbus , the Magars and some Bhutias in the later periods . Kingdom of Sikkim ( edit ) Map of Sikkim Main article : Kingdom of Sikkim By 1641 the Lepchas , the Limbus and the Magars were ruling in different villages independently . The Limbu and the Magar tribes lived in the remote Western and Southern regions . In the early 17th century the Bhutias were forced to take refuge in Sikkim due to the conflict between followers of the Yellow hat and the Red hats in Tibet . The Bhutias tried to convert the Sikkimese worshippers of nature to Buddhism and succeeded to an extent . The Tibetan Lamas sought to establish Sikkim as a Buddhist Kingdom thereby electing a Lhopa King of Tibetan origin . In 1642 , the fifth generation descendant of Guru Tashi , Phuntsog Namgyal was consecrated as the first Denjong Gyalpo or the Chogyal ( king ) of Sikkim by Lhatsun Chhenpo , Nga - dag Lama and Kathhog Lama , three great Lamas who came from the north , west and south to Yuksom Norbugang in West Sikkim . The event , Naljor Chezhi , was as predicted by Guru Rinpoche some eight hundred years before . The Dalai Lama sent the new Chogyal a silk scarf , the mitre of Guru Rinpoche and a sand image of him as a coronation present . However the Limbu and the Magar chiefs refused to accept the rule of the Chogyal who had to bring in Tibetan soldiers to subdue them . This historical gathering of the three virtuous lamas is called Yuksom , which in Lepcha means ' The Place where the Three monks met ' as in Lepcha a lama is called a `` Yukmun '' and the word for three is `` Som '' . The Chogyal , along with the three lamas proselytised the Lepcha tribes into Buddhism and annexed the Chumbi Valley , the present - day Darjeeling district and parts of today 's eastern Nepal . Shortly after his coronation the new Chogyal appointed 12 kalons or ministers from the Bhutia community and split his kingdom into 12 Dzongs or administrative units , which each contained a fort . Individual Dzongs were headed by a Dzonga drawn from amongst the Lepchas . The lands of Sikkim were leased as gifts to kazis and thikadars who in turn leased sub-plots to peasants at high rents . Mandals ( headmen ) and karbaris ( assistants to the mandals ) were employed by the kazis and thikadars as rent collectors and dispute mediators . Out of Sikkims 104 revenue estates , 61 were leased to kazis and thikadars for fixed sums , five were given to monasteries and fifteen retained by the Chogyal for his private use . The Limbu chiefs or the Subbas were also given full autonomy of their districts under the King . Thus Phuntsog Namgyal became the first King of the Kingdom of Sikkim and all the Kirat chiefs agreed to regard him as the supreme ruler . However the Magars did not get along with the Bhutias and left Sikkim after they were defeated in a battle . The King called all the Kirat chiefs and proclaimed that Bhutias or Lhopsas , Tsongs or the Limbus and the Mempas or the Lepchas were all part of one family known as the Lho - Mehn - Tsong with the King as the father , the Lepchas as the mother and the Limbus as the sons and they were forbidden to fight amongst themselves . The signing of this tripartite treaty of Lho - Mehn - Tsong Tsum was overseen by eight Bhutia tribal leaders , twelve Limbu tribal leaders and four Lepcha tribal leaders in present West Sikkim . Invasions from Bhutan and Nepal ( edit ) Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded by his son , Tensung Namgyal in 1670 . The reign of this Chogyal was peaceful and saw the capital move from Yuksom to Rabdentse . Chakdor Namgyal , the king 's second wife 's son , took over the throne from him in 1700 . This outraged his elder half - sister Pendiongmu , who ousted him with the help of the Bhutanese . From 1700 to 1706 , when Chakdor Namgyal , the third Chogyal of the Kingdom of Sikkim , most parts of it were invaded by Deb Naku Zidar , the king of Bhutan . Chakdor Namgyal went into exile in Tibet . The Tibetan people subsequently expelled the Bhutanese army , and called Chakdor Namgyal back to Sikkim . Chakdor 's son Gyurmed Namgyal succeeded him in 1717 . Gyurmed 's reign saw many skirmishes between the Nepalese and Sikkimese . Phuntsog Namgyal II , the illegitimate child of Gyurmed , succeeded his father in 1733 . His reign was tumultuous in the face of attacks by the Bhutanese and the Nepalese who managed to capture the capital Rabdentse . Tenzing Namgyal , Chogyal from 1780 to 1793 , was a weak ruler , and his sovereignty saw most of Sikkim being appropriated by Nepal . In 1788 , the Nepali Gorkha Army invaded Sikkim , and took Limbuana and the former capital Rabdentse by storm . The king of Sikkim went into exile in Tibet for a second time . In 1788 , the 8th Dalai Lama stationed him in Chumbi Valley in Rènà zong ( also `` Rèrì , '' today 's Yadong County ) . His son Tshudpud Namgyal , returned to Sikkim in 1793 to reclaim the throne with the help of China . Finding Rabdentse too close to the Nepalese border , he shifted the capital to Tumlong . Relations with the British Empire ( edit ) With the arrival of the British in neighbouring India , Sikkim allied itself with them as they had a common enemy -- the Gorkha Kingdom of Nepal . The infuriated Nepalese attacked Sikkim with vengeance , over-running most of the region including the Terai . This prompted the British East India Company to attack Nepal resulting in the Anglo - Nepalese War , which began in 1814 . Treaties signed between British and Nepal -- the Sugauli Treaty and Sikkim and British India -- Treaty of Titalia , returned the territory annexed by the Nepalese to Sikkim in 1817 . Meanwhile , the British were looking for a route to establish trading links with Tibet . An offshoot of the ancient Silk Road through Sikkim meant that the kingdom was ideal as a transit route . A secondary reason for the establishment of links was to quell the growing Russian influence in Tibet in the context of The Great Game . However ties between Sikkim and India grew sour with the taxation of the area of Morang by the British . An internal disturbance , which began in 1825 , gave the British the opportunity to secure the 1835 cession of Darjeeling to British Sikkim in view of its perceived advantages as a sanitorium . Unhappy with this development , Sikkim 's Dewan often frustrated the cessation by denying aid to the British in capturing escaped criminals and offering amnesty for escaped slaves . As compensation for the loss , the British Government paid the Sikkim Raja Rs. 3,000 from 1841 onwards , a sum that was later increased to Rs. 12,000 . In 1849 , British doctor Archibald Campbell , then superintendent of Darjeeling , and botanist Joseph Hooker , ventured into the mountains of Sikkim with the permission of the British and the Chogyal of Sikkim but strayed across the Cho La into Tibet . They were detained by the Sikkim government at the instigation of the pro-Tibetan `` mad Dewan '' T. Namguey , which led to a punitive British expedition against the Himalayan kingdom . Although subsequent bloodshed was avoided , the British annexed the whole of Darjeeling district and the Terai in 1861 . In the same year , signature of the Treaty of Tumlong effectively made Sikkim a de facto protectorate of the British . Alongside `` British Sikkim '' , `` Independent Sikkim '' continued to exist as a rump state centred around the capital at Gangtok ruling over 2,500 square miles ( 6,500 km ) of territory . The former Chogyal was forced to abdicate in favour of his son , Sidkeong Namgyal in 1863 . The Chogyals endeavoured to modernise Sikkim in the succeeding decades , along with their army . A state visit to Darjeeling by Sidekong 's half brother , Chogyal Thutob Namgyal in 1873 failed to yield such results , and he returned to Tumlong disappointed . In 1886 , the British , interested in trade with Tibet , launched a brief expedition into Sikkim . The Tibetans occupied several of Sikkim 's northern border forts , and the Chogyal and his wife were held prisoner by the British when they came to negotiate at Calcutta . In 1888 , the Tibetans were defeated and northern Sikkim came under the rule of British India . The British established new landholdings in Sikkim , but released the Chogyal only to have him captured again in 1891 . In 1894 , the capital was shifted to Gangtok . In 1895 , the Chogyal was released , but the British governors in India reneged on an agreement -- the Ten Clauses Agreement -- which returned sovereignty to Sikkim . The governor of British India , Claude White , refused to return any sovereignty , and only let the Chogyal retain the judiciary of Sikkim . In 1905 , the Prince of Wales -- the future King George V -- arrived in Calcutta on a state visit during which he met the Chogyal . The two made an excellent acquaintance and the Crown Prince of Sikkim , Sidkeong Tulku was sent to study at Oxford University . When Sidkeong came to power , he arranged widened sovereignty for Sikkim from King George 's government and endorsed sweeping reforms in his short rule as Chogyal , which ended in 1914 . In 1918 , Sikkim 's independence in all domestic affairs was restored , and in the next decade the kingdom embarked on a policy to end social ills , outlawing gambling , child labour , and indentured service . Independent monarchy ( edit ) The Sikkimese National Flag Tashi Namgyal , Chogyal of Sikkim. 1938 . Sikkim had retained guarantees of independence from Britain when it became independent , and such guarantees were transferred to the Indian government when it gained independence in 1947 . A popular vote for Sikkim to join the Indian Union failed and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru agreed to a special protectorate status for Sikkim . Sikkim was to be a tributary of India , in which India controlled its external defence , diplomacy and communication . A state council was established in 1953 to allow for constitutional government for the Chogyal , which was sustained until 1973 . In 1962 , India and the People 's Republic of China went to war . Although Sikkim was an independent country , skirmishes occurred at the Nathula Pass between Indian border guards and the Chinese soldiers . After the war , the ancient pass was shut down ( it reopened 6 July 2006 ) . The old ruler Tashi Namgyal died in 1963 after suffering from cancer . The last hereditary ruler , the Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal , ascended to the throne in 1965 . Trouble began to brew for the crown even before the Chogyal assumed the throne , as Indian Prime Minister Nehru , who had carefully preserved Sikkim 's status as an independent protectorate , died in 1964 . His daughter Indira Gandhi , who became Prime Minister in 1966 , would have little patience for maintaining an independent Sikkim or its monarchy . The chogyal , who responded to the increased pressure by drinking , was viewed by India as politically dangerous , especially after his wife , the American socialite Hope Cooke , published a journal article advocating a return of certain former Sikkimese properties . In early 1970 the anti-monarchy Sikkim National Congress Party demanded fresh elections and greater representation for the Nepalese . In 1973 , anti-royalty riots in front of the palace led to a formal request for protection from India . India worried that an unstable Sikkim would invite China to act on its claims that Sikkim was part of Tibet , and therefore part of China . The Indian government appointed a Chief administrator , Mr. B.S. Das , who effectively wrested control of the country away from the Chogyal . Frosty relations between the Chogyal and the elected Kazi ( Prime Minister ) Lhendup Dorji resulted in an attempt to block the meeting of the legislature . The Kazi was elected by the Council of Ministers which was unanimous in its opposition to the retention of the Monarchy . Prime Minister Dorji appealed to the Indian Parliament for representation and change of status to statehood . On 14 April 1975 , a referendum was held , in which Sikkim voted to merge with the union of India . Sikkim became the 22nd Indian State on 26 April 1975 . On 16 May 1975 , Sikkim officially became a state of the Indian Union and Lhendup Dorji became head of State ( chief minister ) . The position of Chogyal was thus abolished , ending the monarchy . In 1982 , Palden Thondup died of cancer in the United States . State of India ( edit ) The 1979 assembly election saw Nar Bahadur Bhandari elected Chief Minister of Sikkim . Bhandhari held on to win again in 1984 and 1989 . In 1994 , Assembly politician Pawan Kumar Chamling became the Chief Minister of Sikkim . In 1999 , 2004 , 2009 and 2014 Chamling consolidated his position to sweep the polls . Sino - Indian relations were somewhat bruised in 2000 by an event in Sikkim which challenged China 's longstanding claim of Sikkim as an independent country . The unusual event was the escape of Ogyen Trinley Dorje from Tibet to Dharamsala , India . Ogyen Trinley Dorje is one of the two rival claimants who seeks recognition as the 17th Karmapa , the head of the Black Hat branch of Tibetan Buddhism ( see Karmapa controversy ) . The two claimants did battle in the Indian court system for control of the considerable funds collected by the 16th Karmapa for the restoration and maintenance of Rumtek Monastery , located in Gangtok , Sikkim . The Chinese , who recognise Ogyen Trinley Dorje as the true Karmapa , were unhappy about the court outcome which awarded the monastery funds to the other rival . However , the Chinese government was in a quandary as to what to do about it , as any protest to India would mean an explicit endorsement that the high court of India holds jurisdiction over Sikkim . In 2003 , with the thawing of relations between the two nations , Indian sovereignty over Sikkim was finally recognised by China . The two governments also proposed to open the Nathula and Jelepla Passes in 2005 . On 18 September 2011 , a magnitude 6.9 M earthquake struck Sikkim , killing at least 116 people in the state and in Nepal , Bhutan , Bangladesh and Tibet . More than 60 people died in Sikkim alone , and the city of Gangtok suffered significant damage . See also ( edit ) Indigenous peoples of Sikkim Chogyal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chumlung , Yakthung ( 2014 ) . `` chapter 1 , The term ' Kirat ' and it 's origin '' . Kirat History and Culture : All about south asian Monoglians ( Kindle ) format = requires url = ( help ) . ASIN B00JH8W6HQ . Jump up ^ Kirat Yoyakhha `` History of Kirat '' . Archived from the original on 30 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Gautam , Keshav ( 2014 ) . Society and Economy of Sikkim Under Namgyal Rulers ( 1640 -- 1890 ) . pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple '' . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Subba , J.R ( 2008 ) . The Evolution of Man and the Modern Society in Mountainous Sikkim . Gyan Publishing House . pp. 107 -- 108 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 212 - 1009 - 6 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Choudhury , Maitreyee ( 2006 ) . Sikkim : Geographical Perspectives . Mittal Publications . pp. 25 -- 28 . ISBN 81 - 8324 - 158 - 1 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Subba , J.R ( 2008 ) . The Evolution of Man and the Modern Society in Mountainous Sikkim . Gyan Publishing House . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 212 - 1009 - 6 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chumlung , Yakthung ( 2014 ) . `` chapter 3 , Mawrong Hang '' . Kirat History and Culture : All about south asian Monoglians ( Kindle ) format = requires url = ( help ) . ASIN B00JH8W6HQ . Jump up ^ Mullard , Saul ( 2003 ) . Bulletin of Tibetology ( 1 , 2 ) : 13 -- 24 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mullard , Saul ( 2005 ) . Bulletin of Tibetology ( 1 , 2 ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Subba , J.R ( 2008 ) . The Evolution of Man and the Modern Society in Mountainous Sikkim . Gyan Publishing House . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 212 - 1009 - 6 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chumlung , Yakthung ( 2014 ) . `` chapter 5 , Kirat Kings of Namgyal Dynasty '' . Kirat History and Culture : All about south asian Monoglians ( Kindle ) format = requires url = ( help ) . ASIN B00JH8W6HQ . Jump up ^ Skoda , Uwe ( 2014 ) . Navigating Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Contemporary India and Beyond : Structures , Agents , Practices ( Anthem South Asian Studies ) . Anthem Press . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 1783083404 . Jump up ^ `` History of Sikkim '' . National Informatics Centre , Sikkim . Archived from the original on 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bareh 2001 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Gautav , Keshav ( 2014 ) . SOCIETY AND ECONOMY OF SIKKIM UNDER NAMGYAL RULERS ( 1640 -- 1890 ) . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Arora 2008 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ George L. Harris ; Jackson A Giddens ; Thomas E. Lux ; Frederica Muhlenberg ; Farancis Chadwick Rintz ; Harvey H. Smith ( 1964 ) . Area handbook for Nepal ( with Sikkim and Bhutan ) . Washington , D.C. : Foreign Areas Studies Division , The American University on behalf of the US Army . p. 368 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` III . A Brief History of Sikkim '' . Journal of Qinghai Nationalities Institute . III : 34 . April 1978 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Long Bo ( 龙 波 ) ( 2007 ) . `` 中国 的 '' 邻 国 `` -- -- 锡金 '' ( China 's `` Neighbours '' -- Sikkim ) . Guidance for Junior High Students . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Paget 1907 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Arora 2008 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Chakrabarti , Anjan ( February 2012 ) . `` Migration and Marginalisation in the ' Himalayan Kingdom ' of Sikkim '' . Journal of Exclusion Studies . 2 ( 1 ) : 3 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sir Richard Carnac Temple ( 1887 ) . Journals Kept in Hyderabad , Kashmir , Sikkim , and Nepal . W.H. Allen . p. 152 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Saibal ( 21 September 2011 ) . `` Himalayan Quake Toll Climbs to 116 , 40 Stranded Foreign Tourists Rescued '' . DNA online . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake Toll Over 80 ; India 68 ; as Rescue Teams Reach Quake Epicentre '' . Gangtok : New Delhi Television ( NDTV ) online . 26 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Bibliography Arora , Vibha ( 2008 ) . `` Routing the Commodities of Empire through Sikkim ( 1817 -- 1906 ) '' . Commodities of Empire : Working Paper No. 9 ( PDF ) . Open University . ISSN 1756 - 0098 . Bareh , Hamlet ( 2001 ) . Encyclopaedia of North - East India : Sikkim . Mittal Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 794 - 8 . Paget , William Henry ( 1907 ) . Frontier and overseas expeditions from India . Indian Army Intelligence Branch . Further reading ( edit ) Datta - Ray , Sunanda K. ( 1980 ) . Smash and Grab : The Annexation of Sikkim . Vikas . ISBN 0 - 7069 - 2509 - 2 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Forbes , Andrew ; Henley , David ( 2011 ) . China 's Ancient Tea Horse Road . Chiang Mai : Cognoscenti Books . ASIN : B005DQV7Q2 External links ( edit ) Genealogy of the Namgyal dynasty of Sikkim Discuss History & Culture of Sikkim History of India States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry State of Sikkim Capital : Gangtok Topics History Kingdom Geography Highest point Music Politics People Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors High Court Police Districts East Sikkim North Sikkim South Sikkim West Sikkim Towns Gangtok Singtam Rangpo Namchi Jorethang Geyzing Mangan Rivers Jaldhaka Lachen Lachung Lhonak Rangeet Rangpo chu Rangpo River Ranikhola Ratey Chu Roro Chu Teesta Lakes Gurudongmar Khecheopalri Menmecho Tso Lhamo Tsongmo Glaciers Lonak Rathong Zemu See also Jorethang Singtam Rangpo Upper Tadong Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&oldid=808020647 '' Categories : History of Sikkim Princely states of India Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Lietuvių Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 11 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did sikkim became a part of north east | [
"The history of Sikkim an area in present-day North-East India, began in 1642 a kingdom established when India and Nepal were still many princely states with many rulers at that time and had not unified to the present Union of India and present country of Nepal . At that time Sikkm had already solidified into country then with a king known as a Chogyal or dharma king and till 16 may 1975 was an independent country ruled by the monarchs. Sikkim had twelve kings Palden Thondup Namgyal was the last king of Independent Sikkim.There was contacts between ancient Hindus and Tibetans, followed by the establishment of a Buddhist kingdom or Chogyal in the 17th century. Sikkim emerged as a polity in its own right against a backdrop of incursions from Tibet and Bhutan, during which the kingdom enjoyed varying degrees of independence. In the early 18th century, the British Empire sought to establish trade routes with Tibet, leading Sikkim to fall under British suzerainty until independence in 1947. Initially, Sikkim remained an independent country, until it merged with India in 1975 after a decisive referendum. Many provisions of the Indian constitution had to be altered to accommodate the international treaties between Sikkim and India."
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9045946166955628259 | Dolce & Gabbana | Dolce & Gabbana - wikipedia Dolce & Gabbana Jump to : navigation , search `` D & G '' redirects here . For the region in south - west Scotland , see Dumfries and Gallow Way . Dolce & Gabbana S.R.L. Type Società a responsabilità limitata Industry Retail Founded 1985 ; 32 years ago ( 1985 ) Milan Founder Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana Headquarters Milan , Italy Area served Worldwide Key people Alfonso Dolce , CEO Cristiana Ruella , COO Products Clothing , footwear , handbags , sunglasses , watches , jewellery , perfumery and cosmetics . Number of employees 3,150 Parent Dolce & Gabbana Luxembourg S. à. r.l. Website dolcegabbana.it Dolce & Gabbana ( Italian pronunciation : ( ˈdoltʃe e ɡɡabˈbaːna ) ) is an Italian luxury fashion house founded in 1985 in Legnano by Italian designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana . The two met in Milan in 1980 and designed for the same fashion house . In 1982 , they established a designer consulting studio ; in time it grew to become `` Dolce & Gabbana '' . They presented their first women 's collection in 1985 in Milan , where a year later their store would open its doors . In 1988 , they launched a leotard line , and in 1989 they began designing underwear and swimming costumes . Dolce & Gabbana started to export their products to Japan and other countries including the United States , where they founded their own showroom in 1990 . In 1992 , the same year they presented their men 's collection , they also launched their first perfume Dolce & Gabbana . They won the Woolmark award in 1991 , and Perfume 's Academy `` Most Feminine Flavor of the Year '' in 1993 for their fragrance Dolce & Gabbana Parfum . By the end of the 1990s , the company 's revenues were around US $ 500 million and in 2003 their revenue reached $633 million . By 2005 , their turnover was € 600 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 The design house 1.1 Early collections 1.2 The 1980s and 1990s 1.3 2000s 2 Brands 2.1 Dolce&Gabbana 2.2 D & G 2.3 Other lines 2.4 Internet 3 Partnerships 3.1 Sports 3.2 Products 4 Advertising campaigns 5 Inspirations and style 6 Books 7 Spaces and exhibitions 8 Controversies 8.1 Advertising 8.2 Hong Kong photo ban controversy 8.3 Gay adoption and in vitro fertilisation 8.4 Racism 9 Legal issues 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links The design house ( edit ) Early collections ( edit ) The first collection from the design duo was shown in October 1985 alongside five other up - and - coming Italian labels as part of Milan Fashion Week . The two did not have enough money to hire models or provide accessories for them , so they sought help from their friends . The models ( their friends ) simply wore their personal items to complement the clothing . They used a bed sheet that Dolce had brought from home as their stage curtain . The pair labeled their first collection Real Women , due in part to the use of local women as models on the runway . Sales from their first collection were disappointing enough for Gabbana to cancel the fabric order they 'd put in to create their second collection . However , Dolce 's family offered to help meet their costs when the two visited them in Sicily over Christmas , while incidentally , the fabric company did not receive the cancellation notice in time so the fabric was ready for them back in Milan upon their return . They produced the next collection in 1986 and opened their first store that same year . Michael Gross wrote of their third collection in a 1992 interview , `` They were a secret known only to a handful of Italian fashion editors . Their few models changed behind a rickety screen . They called their collection of T - shirt - cotton and elastic - silk pieces , Transformation . '' The clothing in this collection came with instructions on the seven different ways a piece could be worn in an outfit , as the wearer could use Velcro and snaps to alter the clothing 's form . Their fourth collection was the first to make a significant impact on the Italian fashion market . In this collection , Dolce drew upon his Sicilian roots . The collection 's advertising campaign was shot by photographer Ferdinando Scianna in Sicily , and featured Dutch model Marpessa Hennink in black and white pictures inspired by the Italian cinema of the 1940s . They continued the use of Italian cinema as inspiration in their fifth collection , drawing on the work of filmmaker Luchino Visconti and his film The Leopard . One of the pieces from their fourth collection was labeled `` The Sicilian Dress '' by the fashion press , and was named by author Hal Rubenstein as one of the 100 most important dresses ever designed . It is considered to be the most representative piece of this era for the brand . Rubenstein described the piece in 2012 by writing , `` The Sicilian dress is the essence of Dolce & Gabbana , the brand 's sartorial touchstone . The dress takes its cue from a slip -- but it 's a slip that 's adorned Anna Magnani , and it 's a silhouette that has graced Anita Ekberg , Sophia Loren , ( and so forth ) . The straps fit tight to the body just as bra straps would ; the neckline runs straight across but gets waylaid at least twice , once on each side to caress each breast and in the middle to meet an uplifting tuck that 's giving a gentle push up . The slip does n't just slide down , but comes in at the waist to hold the figure firmly but not too tightly and then widens to emphasise the hips , only to fall with a slight taper at the knees to guarantee that the hips will sway when the wearer walks . '' The 1980s and 1990s ( edit ) In 1987 , the two launched a separate knitwear line and in 1989 , they started designing a lingerie line and a beachwear line . Two years later , they launched their leotard line . In 1989 , Dolce & Gabbana opened their first store in Japan in partnership with Kashiyama Co . They started to export their products to the United States , where they founded their own showroom in 1990 . In 1992 , the same year that they presented their men 's collection , they also launched their first perfume Dolce & Gabbana . They won an `` Oscar des Parfums '' for best male perfume in 1996 from the French Parfum Academy , the first time ever that the title has been awarded to an Italian brand . Towards the end of the 1990s their sales were around $500 million and in 2003 alone , their revenue reached $633.2 million . In 1990 , they launched their first men 's collection . That year , they also moved the design house into its first official offices and began to design gowns and other more expensive pieces in addition to their original clothing . Their 1990 Spring / Summer women 's collection referenced the mythological painting of Raphael , and the duo began to build a reputation for crystal - encrusted clothing . The 1991 Fall / Winter women 's collection was also adorned by trinkets , including filigree medals and embellished corsets . The 1992 Fall / Winter women 's collection was then inspired by the silver screen of the 1950s , though the collection still included crystal embellished body suits . In 1991 , their men 's collection was awarded the Woolmark Award for the most innovative men 's collection of the year . What is considered to be their first foray into international recognition came when Madonna wore a corset made of gemstones and an accompanying jacket from Dolce & Gabbana at the 1991 New York City premiere of Truth or Dare : In Bed with Madonna . The duo then partnered with Madonna in 1993 to design over 1500 costumes for the artist 's Girlie Show international tour in support of her 1992 album Erotica . In an interview about the costumes , Madonna stated that , `` Their clothes are sexy with a sense of humor -- like me . '' In 1994 , the house 's trademark double - breasted jacket was named `` La Turlington '' after model Christy Turlington . That same year the company launched its second main line -- D&G , a line aimed at younger individuals . In 1996 the D&G runway show was streamed only on the Internet and not the runway , in an experimental move towards new media . That year Dolce & Gabbana also designed the costumes for the film Romeo + Juliet . In the film industry , both Dolce & Gabbana appeared in the 1995 film The Star Maker ( L'Uomo delle Stelle ) by director Giuseppe Tornatore , playing minor roles as extras . They appeared in more significant cameo roles in Rob Marshall 's film - adaptation of Nine . As stylists , they also worked on the music video Girl Panic ! by Duran Duran . In terms of market expansion , in 1989 Dolce & Gabbana signed an agreement with the Kashiyama group to open their first boutique in Japan . They released their first fragrance for women in 1992 , called `` Dolce & Gabbana Pour Femme '' , which was awarded the Perfume Academy 's 1993 award for best feminine fragrance of the year . Their first male fragrance , `` Dolce & Gabbana pour Homme '' , was the recipient of the best masculine fragrance of the year award from the same Academy in 1995 . That year Dolce & Gabbana 's collections caused a controversy with the British and Italian press , when they selected the American gangster motif as inspiration for their work . Dolce & Gabbana transposed this Fall / Winter 1995 inspiration onto women 's wear , which critics stated brought an erotic edge to the clothing . The duo had used the motif before in 1992 when photographer Steven Meisel shot an ad campaign for the house in which the models posed in `` gangster chic '' . This included wide - lapelled 1930s style coats and black leather caps . Author Nirupama Pundir stated that , `` Dolce & Gabbana , with their superfeminine and fantastical style , broke away from the serious and sober - minded fashions that dominated during much of the Nineties . '' 2000s ( edit ) Dolce & Gabbana continued to work with Madonna , designing the costumes for her Drowned World Tour in 2001 , in support of her 2000 album Music . They also designed costumes for the international tours of Missy Elliott , Beyoncé , and Mary J. Blige . In 1999 , the duo appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show in support of singer Whitney Houston , who used the show to debut the Dolce & Gabbana designed costumes for her My Love Is Your Love tour , considered by fashion and music critics to be unusually risqué . The duo continued to design costumes for musical artists through the 2000s , including the costumes for Kylie Minogue 's Showgirl Homecoming tour . Madonna also participated in Dolce & Gabbana 's 2010 advertising campaigns . In the 2000s , Dolce & Gabbana took a great deal of inspiration from the sport of football as well . In 2003 the men 's line took its main inspiration from the world 's great football stars . Other forms of art began taking inspirations from Dolce & Gabbana too . In 2003 dance music artist Frankie Knuckles said that the fashion house was a `` great barometer '' for trends in both fashion and music . As for their impact on the design world , in 2002 the corsets that were a key part of Dolce & Gabbana 's early designs were revived by many of Europe 's main designers as a trend . In recent years Dolce & Gabbana has begun holding private viewings of their new collections for buyers , in order to sell their collections before they become public and to pre-empt the copying of their designs by fast fashion companies . By 2005 their turnover was € 597 million . In 2006 , the company started a new journey in accessories and leather goods for men and women . The company also ventured into cosmetics , with Scarlett Johansson as the face of the advertising campaign . In 2012 , D&G was merged with Dolce & Gabbana in order to strengthen the main line . The final independent D&G collection was the Spring / Summer 2012 collection shown in September 2011 . The New Yorker published in 2005 that , `` Dolce and Gabbana are becoming to the two - thousands what Prada was to the nineteen - nineties and Armani was to the nineteen - eighties -- gli stilisti whose sensibility defines the decade . '' As for personal awards , in both 1996 and 1997 Dolce & Gabbana were named by FHM as the designers of the year . In 2003 GQ Magazine named Dolce & Gabbana among their `` Men of the Year '' . The following year readers of British Elle voted Dolce & Gabbana the best international designers at the 2004 Elle Style Awards . Dolce & Gabbana celebrated the 20th anniversary of their brand on 19 June 2010 at the Piazza della la Scala and Palazzo Marino in Milan . A public exhibition was also held the following day that included a room in which several dozen televisions were piled haphazardly upon each other , each showing a different collection from the design house 's twenty - year history . Brands ( edit ) Dolce & Gabbana had two central lines ( D&G and Dolce&Gabbana ) until 2012 , when the lines merged under the label Dolce & Gabbana . Dolce&Gabbana ( edit ) Dolce&Gabbana ( spelled without spaces , unlike the name of the company ) specialises in luxury items inspired by high - designs and is more formal and ' timeless ' , responding to long - term trends as well as seasonal changes . It also sells sunglasses and corrective eyewear , purses , and watches . In April 2009 it launched its make - up range , unveiled at Selfridges , London by Scarlett Johansson . In February 2010 , it was announced that American singer Madonna would design a collection of sunglasses titled MDG , set to be released in May of that year . It also offers fragrances for men and women . An example is ' The One ' which is a perfume by Dolce&Gabbana . D & G ( edit ) D & G was the younger , more flamboyant diffusion line of the brand . Unlike Dolce&Gabbana , D&G sold watches as well as clothing : watches were manufactured by Naloni and Binda Group . In 2011 , Dolce & Gabbana decided to discontinue the D & G - line in order to put `` more strength and energy '' into their other collections . Other lines ( edit ) Dolce & Gabbana created a bridal collection , but only between 1992 and 1998 . The Dolce & Gabbana Home Collection -- started in 1994 -- was also discontinued in 1999 , with the exception of unique pieces being created for D&G premises . The first women 's beachwear collection was developed in 1989 , followed by the first men 's beachwear collection in 1992 . D&G launched an eyewear line in 1998 and a timepieces line in 2000 . That same year D&G launched both a men 's and women 's underwear collection , separate from their Dolce & Gabbana lingerie collection . In 2001 they launched the D&G Junior line for children . In 2006 the duo launched the Anamalier line of leopard print accessories for women , and in 2007 they launched a line of crocodile travel cases for men . Other bags produced by the house include the Miss Sicily tote bag , and the `` Dolce '' bag , offered in straw and leather . In 2009 they launched their first line of color cosmetics , with Scarlett Johansson as the face of the advertising campaign . Dolce & Gabbana launched its first line of fine jewellery in late 2011 with an 80 - piece line including bejewelled rosaries , charm bracelets , and necklaces . They later launched a fine jewellery collection for men . Dolce & Gabbana have received several awards for their fragrances , as was described in the above sections . Their current fragrances include : `` The One '' , `` Sport '' , `` Light Blue '' , `` Dolce '' , `` Classic '' , `` Sicily '' , `` The One Rose '' , and the original scents `` Pour Homme '' and `` Parfum '' . On 16 October 2014 , the company announced that Colin Farrell would be the face of their new fragrance called `` Intenso . '' Internet ( edit ) Dolce & Gabbana made the `` DG '' logo an iconic and instantly recognizable symbol , but they were never able to get the matching internet address DG.com . In fact , DG.com is one of the oldest Internet domains and was already registered in 1986 by the computer company Data General , now defunct . After that company closed in 1999 , the url went to EMC before Dollar General purchased it in 2010 after a bidding war with Dolce & Gabbana . Partnerships ( edit ) Sports ( edit ) Dolce & Gabbana has designed the on - field attire for A.C. Milan since 2004 . In addition to having their on - field uniforms designed by Dolce & Gabbana , A.C. Milan players also dress in team - issued Dolce & Gabbana attire when at official functions off the field . The duo also designed the off - field suits for the Italy national football team . In 2010 , Dolce & Gabbana signed a three - year deal with the Chelsea F.C. to design and provide the club 's on - and off - field uniforms and attire . The deal included the creation of clothing for female staff members in addition to male staff members and the players themselves . The off - field outfits designed for the club included a dark blue suit featuring the lion symbol on the breast pocket . The designers also re-designed the club 's director 's lounge and main office reception area . Dolce & Gabbana were also the named sponsors of the Milano Thunder Italian Boxing Team . Products ( edit ) In 2006 , Dolce & Gabbana partnered with Motorola to produce the Motorola V3i Dolce & Gabbana cellular phone . In 2009 , Dolce & Gabbana partnered with Sony Ericsson to produce a version of its Jalou cellular phone line with 24 - karat gold details and the logo of the design house emblazoned on the co-designed piece of technology . Dolce & Gabbana also partnered with Citroën to co-design a version of their C3 Pluriel vehicle . In 2010 Dolce & Gabbana partnered with Martini to produce a `` gold edition '' of its vermouth . In 2010 the design house then teamed with singer Madonna to release a co-designed line of sunglasses called MDG . Advertising campaigns ( edit ) The commercial for the first women fragrance of Dolce & Gabbana ran for several years in Italy , created by filmmaker Giuseppe Tornatore , scored by Ennio Morricone , and starred actress Monica Bellucci . The 30 - second commercial begins with a man slapping an octopus against the stone ridges of a tide pool . He stands and looks around his surroundings at different women going about their daily lives . One woman ( Bellucci ) is seen changing into a 1950s - style bathing suit behind a white sheet being held up by two other women . After she changes , she tosses her bra atop a prickly pear cactus and walks towards the ocean . Later she is seen lying atop a well - made bed , and the man who saw her is standing outside her window , holding her bra up to his nose . The film closes with the image of the Dolce & Gabbana fragrance bottles against a black backdrop . In 2003 , the Dolce & Gabbana perfume Sicily was advertised in another commercial about a Sicilian funeral , which was also directed by Giuseppe Tornatore . Gisele Bündchen starred in the 2006 commercial for the fragrance `` The One '' , featuring Bundchen in front of a vanity mirror being made up , with flashes of a mob of cameramen interspersed ; she then puts on a golden dress , shoes , and a pair of D&G sunglasses . Photographers and filmmakers that have worked with Dolce & Gabbana on advertising campaigns have included Giampaolo Barbieri , Michel Comte , Fabrizio Ferri , Steven Klein , Steven Meisel , Mert + Marcus , Jean Baptiste Mondino , Ferdinando Scianna , Giampaolo Sgura , Mario Sorrenti , Sølve Sundsbø , Mario Testino , Giuseppe Tornatore , and Mariano Vivanco . Dolce & Gabbana have won two Leadawards for their campaigns from Germany 's leading advertising awards . In 2004 they won for their Fall / Winter 2003 / 04 campaign and in 2006 they won for their Fall / Winter 2005 / 06 campaign . Inspirations and style ( edit ) Originally inspired by eclectic , thrift shop bohemian style , Dolce & Gabbana 's deeply colored , animal prints have been described as `` haute hippy dom '' taking inspiration in particular from Italy 's prestigious film history . `` When we design it 's like a movie ( Domenico ) , '' says Domenico Dolce . `` We think of a story and we design the clothes to go with it ( Domenico ) . '' They claim to be more concerned about creating the best , most flattering clothes than sparking trends , once admitting that they would n't mind if their only contribution to fashion history was a black bra ( Dolce & Gabbana 2007 ) . Sicily and Sicilian culture is the most important style and identity of Dolce & Gabbana . D & G trademarks include underwear - as - outerwear ( such as corsets and bra fastenings ) , gangster boss pinstripe suits , and extravagantly printed coats . Meanwhile , their feminine collections are always backed by powerful ad campaigns , like the black - and - white ads featuring model Marpessa photographed by Ferdinando Scianna in 1987 ( Dolce & Gabbana ) . `` They find their way out of any black dress , any buttoned - up blouse ( Domenico ) , '' says Rossellini . `` The first piece of theirs I wore was a white shirt , very chaste , but cut to make my breasts look as if they were bursting out of it ( Domenico ) . '' Once dubbed the `` Gilbert and George of Italian fashion '' , Dolce & Gabbana gave their fashion interests a musical turn in 1996 , by recording their own single , in which they intoned the words `` D&G is love '' over a techno beat ( Dolce & Gabbana 2011 ) . Newer to the design game than other heavyweight Italian fashion houses such as Armani and Versace , the pair acknowledge that luck has played its part in their phenomenal success . By 1997 , their company reported a turnover of € 400 million , prompting both designers to announce that they planned to retire by the age of 40 -- a promise they did not keep ( Domenico ) . After the designers spotted a Veneziano painting of Christ on the cross wearing a pair of their branded underwear briefs in the Venice Biennale , they commissioned the artist to do a portrait of them with the Madonna portrayed as the likeness of the chanteuse and performer Madonna Ciccone and the courtiers as two putti at her feet . In January 2016 , the company launched a high - end fashion range aimed at wealthy Muslim women featuring a collection of hijabs and abayas printed with daisies , lemons and roses . Books ( edit ) In addition to designing clothing , Dolce & Gabbana have co-authored nearly two dozen books featuring photographic narratives as well as collections of their own work . The proceeds of many of these books go to charities including the Children 's Action Network and the Butterfly Onlus `` école sans frontières '' Foundation . The following is a bibliography of their literary works : 10 Anni Dolce & Gabbana ( A collection of the most important advertising and editorial images of the design house 's first decade ) Wildness Animal Hollywood ( Features over 100 photographs of the movie stars from the post-1985 era ) Calcio ( Photographs of 44 soccer players , 3 teams , and 2 coaches ) A.C. Milan Music ( Features over 150 of globally recognised musicians ) 20 Years Dolce & Gabbana ( A chronological photographic history of each of the house 's collections , using over 1000 photos ) Milan 2006 Italia ( A book celebrating the 2006 World Cup title won by Italy ) Fashion Album ( Contains over 400 images paying homage to the great fashion photographers of Dolce & Gabbana collections ) Secret Ceremony Family ( A book that focuses on the family as the center of a man 's life ) The Good Shepherd ( A book that illustrates the day of a common shephard , wearing Dolce & Gabbana clothing ) Milano Beach Soccer Diamonds & Pearls 20 Years of Dolce & Gabbana for Men Icons 1990 -- 2010 Fashion Shows 1990 -- 2010 Nazionale Italiana : South Africa 2010 ( A series of images starring the Italian National Football Team during the training sessions preceding the 2010 FIFA World Cup ) Uomini Milan Fashion Soccer Players Portraits David Gandy ( A 280 - page photographic coffee table book of images chronicling collaborations with British model David Gandy from 2006 to 2011 ) Campioni Spaces and exhibitions ( edit ) Dolce & Gabbana opened the La sede di via San Damiano atelier in September 1995 . They opened a combined seven - floor boutique and corporate space Lo showroom di via Goldoni in 2002 , moving from its prior main showroom at Piazza Umanitaria . In July 2006 Dolce & Gabbana then opened a 5,000 square foot show floor Lo showroom di via Broggi in Milan . The design house also bought the Il Metropol theatre in Milan , a historic cinema built in the 1940s . It was renovated and reopened in September 2005 . In 2006 Dolce & Gabbana opened IL GOLD , an establishment with café , bar , bistro , and restaurant areas . This is followed by the opening of a co-sponsored drinking establishment the duo founded at their Milanese men 's showroom called the Martini Bar in 2003 . An additional Martini Bar was later opened at their Shanghai showroom in 2006 . In 2009 Dolce & Gabbana had 93 boutiques and 11 factory outlets , and was sold in over 80 countries . In all they have 251 mono - brand stores . In the United States standalone boutiques can be found in Bal Harbour , Beverly Hills , Chicago , Houston , Las Vegas , and New York City . Dolce & Gabbana also operates boutiques in other cities in select department stores : Nordstrom , Saks Fifth Avenue , Neiman Marcus , and Bergdorf Goodman . In addition to developing runway shows and advertising campaigns for its collections , Dolce & Gabbana use their spaces to host photography and other art exhibitions . Soon after the opening of the Il Metropol , they hosted two exhibitions by artist Ron Arad in the lobby space : Blo - Glo between April 2006 and April 2007 , and Bodyguards in late April 2007 . They held photography exhibitions featuring the work of Enzo Sellerio in 2007 and Herbert List in 2008 . In 2011 Dolce & Gabbana held an open house and architectural exhibition with Studio Piuarch showcasing the studio 's various architectural designs and projects since 1996 . Studio Piuarch built the Dolce & Gabbana headquarters in 2006 , which was where the exhibition and open house was held . Dolce & Gabbana also uses its spaces for book launches and photographic exhibitions of its own clothing , such as the book launch of their book David Gandy in 2011 . They also use other spaces as well , such as the Palazzo della Ragione in Milan , where in May 2009 they staged a photographic exhibition of over 100 images selected from the history of US Vogue over its 90 - year history . The exhibition was called Extreme Beauty in Vogue . The company has production factories in Legnano and Incisa in Val d'Arno . Controversies ( edit ) Advertising ( edit ) 2007 D&G advertising image subject to controversy . Dolce & Gabbana was publicly criticised by Britain 's advertising watchdog Advertising Standards Authority ( ASA ) in January 2007 , for an advertising campaign showing models brandishing knives . Following complaints from consumer groups in February 2007 , Dolce & Gabbana pulled an advertisement in Spain that showed a man holding a woman to the ground by her wrists while a group of men look on . Spain 's Labour and Social Affairs Ministry branded the campaign as illegal and humiliating to women , saying the woman 's body position had no relation to the products Dolce & Gabbana was trying to sell . Italian publications followed suit , banning the ad . This advertisement was called `` a glorification of gang rape '' and declared `` one of the most controversial advertisements in fashion history '' by Debonair Magazine . When asked about the ad being banned in Spain , Dolce & Gabbana responded that the `` Spaniards were a bit backward . '' According to the Daily Mail , Dolce & Gabbana 's ad was said to `` offend the dignity of the woman . '' This particular ad was brought up again seven years later by Kelly Cutrone , a well - known fashion publicist , when she mentioned it on her Twitter account . According to Nextshark.com , `` she slammed Dolce & Gabbana , claiming the ad , which depicts a woman being pinned to the group by a half - naked man as three men look on , stimulates a ' gang bang ' . '' According to the Huffington Post UK , feminist writer Louise Pennington recently also commented on the image . She stated that , `` This particular image is a representative of an increasingly misogynistic contraction of women in the fashion industry demonstrating very clear links between the fashion - beauty industry and the mainstreaming of pornography . Those who suggest this image is harmless fail to recognize the reality of rape culture and the dehumanization of women 's bodies in our pornographic mainstream media . '' Hong Kong photo ban controversy ( edit ) One of the four streets blocked during the Sunday protest . On 5 January 2012 , Apple Daily reported that only Hong Kong citizens had been prevented from taking pictures of Dolce & Gabbana window displays in both their Hong Kong stores , stirring anti-Mainland Chinese sentiment . In particular staff and security personnel at their flagship store on Canton Road asserted the pavement area outside was private property where photography was forbidden . The actions sparked protests spanning several days and gained international news coverage on 8 January . Citing the case of Zhou Jiugeng , a Nanjing official whose high - living lifestyle was identified by Chinese citizens using internet photographs , local news reports speculated that the Dolce & Gabbana photo ban may have been imposed at the request of some wealthy Chinese government officials attempting to block details on the source of their wealth . Dolce & Gabbana finally issued a formal apology to Hong Kong citizens from its Milan headquarters on 18 January 2012 . Gay adoption and in vitro fertilisation ( edit ) In an interview in 16 March 2015 issue of Italian magazine Panorama , Stefano Gabbana and Domenico Dolce caused controversy when they remarked , `` We oppose gay adoptions . The only family is the traditional one . '' They also criticized in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) and surrogacy by saying , `` No chemical offspring and rented uterus : life has a natural flow , there are things that should not be changed . '' Since the comments were made by two gay men in an industry often seen as gay - friendly , reactions were especially harsh . Critics took to social media to voice their opposition , with the hashtag # BoycottDolceGabbana garnering 30,000 tweets on Twitter in five days . Celebrities , including Elton John , Madonna , Victoria Beckham , Ricky Martin , Martina Navratilova and Courtney Love , were among those expressing anger over the remarks . Love said she would `` burn all of her Dolce and Gabbana clothing '' , while John , father of two children conceived through IVF , commented , `` How dare you refer to my beautiful children as ' synthetic ' . And shame on you for wagging your judgmental little fingers at IVF - a miracle that has allowed legions of loving people , both straight and gay , to fulfil their dream of having children . '' In an Instagram post Madonna , who appeared in a 2010 Dolce & Gabbana campaign , said , `` All babies contain a soul however they come to this earth and their families . There is nothing synthetic about a soul ! ! So how can we dismiss IVF and surrogacy ? Every soul comes to us to teach us a lesson . God has his hand in everything even technology ! We are arrogant to think Man does anything on his own . As above so below ! Think before you speak . '' More than 10,000 people signed an online petition calling for Macy 's and Debenhams to stop stocking the brand in their department stores , until D&G retracted their statements and apologized . Protesters also gathered outside Dolce & Gabbana 's flagship London shop calling for an international boycott of the luxury fashion store . Dolce & Gabbana criticized calls for a boycott on their brand as `` medieval '' and called for fans to use the hashtag # BoycottEltonJohn , though it resulted in only 1,500 tweets . Social conservative website LifeSiteNews launched a petition in support of Dolce & Gabbana that got more than 20,000 signatures . After being asked during an interview with CNN if he supported having children through IVF , Dolce replied , `` Yeah , I do n't have anything bad , because the beauty of the world is freedom ... We love gay couple . We are gay . We love gay couple . We love gay adoption . We love everything . It 's just an express of my private point of view . '' Racism ( edit ) The brand has come under scrutiny for its use of racist imagery in several collections . In their Spring / Summer 2013 collection they included earrings and fabric prints that closely resembled imagery associated with the Mammy archetype with many media outlets commenting the likeness . In addition , although much of the clothing featured exaggerated depictions of people of color , all of the models were slim and white . In the spring of 2016 , the brand came under fire for a listing on their web store of a pair of sandals featuring colorful decorations and pom poms with the title of `` Slave Sandal in Napa Leather '' . Other retailers listed them as the Bianca or the Pom Pom sandal . When social media users called the name into question , the listing was changed . Legal issues ( edit ) In May 2009 , the Italian government charged Dolce & Gabbana with tax evasion for having moved assets of about 249 million euros to Luxembourg in the 2004 -- 2006 period . On 19 June 2013 , they were found guilty of failing to declare 1 billion euros ( $1.3 billion ) of income to authorities after moving their brand to Gado , a Luxembourg - based holding company . The court sentenced them both to one year and eight months in jail . Dolce & Gabbana were quick to file a 90 - page appeal and thus did not face any jail time . On 30 April 2014 , a three judge panel overruled the appeal and decided to uphold the initial sentence . However , since they were sentenced to only one year and six months , which is under the two - year minimum , both of them will not serve actual imprisonment in jail . On 24 October 2014 , both Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana were found innocent of tax evasion by the Italian Court of Justice . After the court 's decision was announced , Stefano Gabbana tweeted in Italian , `` We knew it ! ! ! We are honest people ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vernon , Polly ( 20 February 2005 ) . `` Mixing business and pleasure '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Martini Gold by Dolce & Gabbana '' . Moetodete.bg. 23 November 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Marie - Louise Gumuchian ( 16 March 2010 ) . `` Madonna designs Dolce & Gabbana sunglasses '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Valentina Zannoni ( 9 October 2011 ) . `` 1994 : Monica Bellucci and Giuseppe Tornatore for Dolce & Gabbana '' . Swide Magazine . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Valentina Zannoni ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` Funeral alla Dolce & Gabbana '' . Swide Magazine . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Valentina Zannoni ( 13 November 2011 ) . `` Gisele is The One '' . Swide Magazine . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Spread '' . GQ Russia . March 2011 . pp. 242 -- 245 . Jump up ^ `` The Artist '' . 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spring / Summer 1987 : The Power of Dolce & Gabbana Transformation '' . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dolce & Gabbana : Madonna by Steven Klein for Dolce & Gabbana S / S 2010 '' . OhLaLa Magazine . 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stefano and Domenico 's Dolce Vita '' . W Magazine . February 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dolce & Gabbana Fall Winter 2006 : The Renaissance by Steven Meisel '' . Design Scene. 13 June 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Felicity Jones by Mert + Marcus for Dolce &Gabbana Make - up '' . Swide Magazine . 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ferdinando Scianna -- Dutch model , MARPESSA , photographed for DOLCE & GABBANA. 1987 . '' . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Kovac & Valerija Sestic For D&G Summer 2012 Eyewear '' . Ohlala Magazine . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` On Fire '' . W Magazine . March 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Karin Nelson ( 23 August 2009 ) . `` Pulse ; Wearing the Works '' . New York Times . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Phong Luu ( 15 February 2012 ) . `` Meet Adam Senn , the new face of Dolce & Gabbana 's The One Sport '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary Pini ( 7 May 2012 ) . `` Why Is This Dolce & Gabbana Poster Worth $500 ? '' . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Winners '' . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Winners '' . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Jo Craven ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` Dolce & Gabbana '' . Vogue UK . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lunch with the FT : Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` 10 Magazine '' . 10magazine.com . Jump up ^ Gani , Aisha ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Dolce & Gabbana launches luxury hijab collection '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dolce & Gabbana ( 1996 ) . 10 Anni Dolce & Gabbana . Leonardo Arte SRL . Jump up ^ Dolce & Gabbana ( 1997 ) . Dolce & Gabbana Wildness . Leonardo Arte SRL . Jump up ^ Dolce & Gabbana ( 1998 ) . Animal . Abbeville Press . Jump up ^ Dolce & Gabbana ( 2003 ) . Hollywood . Assouline . Jump up ^ `` Mariano Vivanco '' . Archived from the original on 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Dolce & Gabbana and Mariano Vivanco ( 2004 ) . AC Milan Dressed by Dolce & Gabbana . Dolce & Gabbana . Jump up ^ `` Books '' . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Dolce & Gabbana and Mariano Vivanco ( 2006 ) . Milan . Mondadori Electa . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Italia '' . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Dolce & Gabbana and Mariuccia Casadio ( 2006 ) . Fashion Album . Skira . Jump up ^ Steven Klein and Dolce & Gabbana ( 2007 ) . Secret Ceremony . Dolce & Gabbana SRL . Jump up ^ Michael Roberts ( 2007 ) . The Good Shepherd . Dolce & Gabbana SRL . Jump up ^ Jared Paul Stern ( 26 December 2008 ) . `` Dolce & Gabbana 's Diamonds & Pearls '' . The Luxist . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ 20 Years of Dolce & Gabbana for Men . Mondadori Electa. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Icons : Dolce & Gabbana 1990 -- 2010 '' . 2DM. 1 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fashion Shows 1990 -- 2010 Dolce & Gabbana . Mondadori Electa. 2011 . Jump up ^ Rod Hagwood ( 27 May 2010 ) . `` '' Sporno '' Soccer studs pitch Fashion or Futball ? `` . Fort Lauderdale Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mariano Vivanco and Dolce & Gabbana ( 2011 ) . Uomini . Rizzoli . Jump up ^ Lauren Milligan ( 6 January 2011 ) . `` Dolce Undressed '' . Vogue UK . Jump up ^ `` Dolce & Gabbana celebrates AC MILAN '' . DA Man . 24 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Dolce & Gabbana ( 2011 ) . David Gandy . Rizzoli . Jump up ^ `` Campioni '' . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Jack W. Plunkett ( 2008 ) . Plunkett 's Retail Industry Almanac 2009 : Retail Industry Market Research , Statistics , Trends and Leading Companies . Plunkett Research . Jump up ^ `` Group Profile '' . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blo - Glo by Ron Arad '' . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bodyguards by Ron Arad '' . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze : Photos by Enzo Sellerio '' . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert List : An Eye for Beauty '' . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Pauline Sung ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` Haute Event : Dolce & Gabbana and Studio Piuarch Present Open House -- Piuarch@Dolce&Gabbana '' . Haute Living . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Nico Saieh ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Dolce & Gabbana Headquarters / Studio Piuarch '' . ArchDaily . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Carolina Rimondi ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` Dolce & Gabbana Celebrates with David Gandy '' . Style.it . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Extreme Beauty in Vogue '' . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tim Blanks ( 2009 ) . `` To the Extreme '' . Style.com . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mauro Gasperi '' . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` what 's up in viapiranesi '' . Ymag. 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dolce & Gabbana angry at advertising campaign controversy in Spain '' . Euskal Irrati Telebista. 23 February 2007 . Retrieved 24 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Controversial Ads in Fashion History '' . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Augustine Reyes ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` People Are Pissed at Dolce & Gabbana Again For These Ads Depicting Gang Rape '' . NextShark . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Rachel ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` ' Gang Rape ' Dolce & Gabbana Advert Brings Yet More Controversy For Brand After ' Synthetic ' IVF Comments '' . Huffington Post UK . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ 梁 御 和 、 盧勁業 、 伍雅謙 ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` 擅 禁 途 人 拍照 玷污 購物 天堂 名店 惡霸 D&G '' ( D&G the Tyrannical Luxury Shop Unpermittedly Forbids By - passers to Take Photos , `` Shoppers ' Paradise '' Ashamed ) . Apple Daily ( in Chinese ) . Hong Kong . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Protest at Dolce and Gabbana store in Hong Kong follows alleged ban on photography '' . News Limited Australia . 8 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds protest D&G photo ' ban ' in Hong Kong '' . The Sunday Times . UK . 8 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One thousand protest Dolce & Gabbana Hong Kong store over photo ban '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dolce & Gabbana Photo Ban Sparks Protest '' . The Wall Street Journal . 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` D&G 事件 起因 傳 內地 高 幹 投訴 怕 被 扯 上 貪污 '' ( Alleged Cause of D&G Incident : Fear of Corruption ( Accusations ) , Mainland Officials Complain ) . Oriental Daily . 8 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Moore in Shanghai ( 30 December 2008 ) . `` Chinese internet vigilantes bring down another official '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ D&G 凌晨 「 道歉 」 網民 拒 收 「 行貨 」 , AM730 , 19 January 2012 Jump up ^ Dolce & Gabbana Apologizes for Photo Spat , Wall Street Journal , 19 January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Figli e famiglia , la verità di Dolce e Gabbana '' . Panorama . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dolce and Gabbana say ' Boycott Elton John ' '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Sieczkowski , Cavan ( 19 March 2015 ) . `` Madonna Responds To The Dolce & Gabbana Controversy '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Gani , Aisha ( 19 March 2015 ) . `` Dolce & Gabbana protesters demand boycott outside London shop '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dolce and Gabbana say ' Boycott Elton John ' '' . BBC News . 16 March 2015 . Retrieved 15 Aug 2015 . Jump up ^ I Support Dolce and Gabbana Petition at LifeSiteNews Website Jump up ^ Madison Park , Anna Coren ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` CNN Exclusive : Dolce & Gabbana : We do n't judge on IVF '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 Aug 2015 . Jump up ^ Wareing , Charlotte ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` Dolce & Gabbana slam boycott campaign over IVF and adoption row as ' medieval ' '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Sauers , Jenna ( 27 Sep 2012 ) . `` Dolce & Gabbana Shows Racist ' Mammy ' Earrings and Fabric Prints '' . Jezebel . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bitette , Nicole ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` Dolce & Gabbana release offensive ' Slave Sandal ' as part of Spring 2016 collection '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` D&G tentano l'evasione del secolo '' . Mazzetta blog . 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Più Gabbana che Dolce Perché i giornali ignorano quella notizia '' . Il Giornale ( in Italian ) . 26 May 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dolce and Gabbana Convicted of Tax Evasion '' . Time . 19 June 2013 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Lisa ( 30 April 2014 ) . `` Dolce , Gabbana Found Guilty of Tax Evasion '' . Business of Fashion . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dolce & Gabbana found guilty of tax evasion '' . 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Wood , Robert W. ( 25 October 2014 ) . `` Dolce & Gabbana Cleared Of Tax Evasion , Could Help Lionel Messi Trial '' . forbes.com . Jump up ^ `` Dolce & Gabbana Founders Found Innocent in Tax Evasion Case '' . E ! Online . Jump up ^ LEITCH , LUKE ( 24 October 2014 ) . `` Dolce and Gabbana cleared of tax evasion : Rome 's supreme court overturned a ruling that found designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana guilty of tax evasion with a 20 - month prison penalty '' . telegraph.co.uk . Further reading ( edit ) `` Dolce & Gabbana . '' The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Fashion and Fashion Designers . London : Thames & Hudson , 2007 . Credo Reference . Web . 29 November 2011 . `` Gabbana , Stefano . '' Marquis Who 's Who in the World . New Providence : Marquis Who 's Who LLC , 2011 . Credo Reference . Web . 29 November 2011 . `` Gabbana , Stefano . '' The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Fashion and Fashion Designers . London : Thames & Hudson , 2007 . Credo Reference . Web . 29 November 2011 . `` Domenico Dolce Quotes -- Swide Magazine . '' Swide Magazine by Dolce&Gabbana . Swide Magazine , 2 June 2011 . Web . 29 November 2011 . `` Dolce & Gabbana -- Biography on Bio . '' Bio : Shows , Video , TV Schedule and More on Bio . AETN UK . Web . 29 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dolce & Gabbana . Official website Dolce & Gabbana -- brand and company profile at Fashion Model Directory Dolce & Gabbana on FASHION NET Designer labels Etienne Aigner Ace Marks Akris Armani Max Azria Badgley Mischka Victoria Beckham Laura Biagiotti Manolo Blahnik Ozwald Boateng Tory Burch Ally Capellino Cavalli Jimmy Choo Kenneth Cole Brunello Cucinelli S.T. Dupont Dolce & Gabbana Adolfo Domínguez Dean and Dan Caten Escada Etro Fendi Fiorucci Tom Ford Diane von Fürstenberg Jean Paul Gaultier Gucci Daniel Hechter Herrera Tommy Hilfiger Marc Jacobs Donna Karan Kenzo Calvin Klein Michael Kors Lacroix Lacoste Karl Lagerfeld Helmut Lang Lardini Guy Laroche Levi 's Ralph Lauren Judith Leiber Nanette Lepore Monique Lhuillier Phillip Lim Dan Liu Christian Louboutin Léo Marciano Maison Margiela Lana Marks Stella McCartney Carlos Miele Issey Miyake Missoni Moschino Mouawad Thierry Mugler Mulberry Maria Pinto Zac Posen Prada Emilio Pucci Paco Rabanne Billy Reid Sonia Rykiel Elie Saab SabyaSachi Proenza Schouler Paul Smith Kate Spade Anna Sui Elie Tahari Valentino Giambattista Valli Kris Van Assche John Varvatos Versace Viktor & Rolf Alexander Wang Vera Wang Vivienne Westwood Jason Wu Wooyoungmi Giuseppe Zanotti Rachel Zoe Men 's undergarments Upper body Male bra Sleeveless shirt ( A-shirt / singlet / tank top ) T - shirt Henley shirt Undershirt Telnyashka Lower body Boxer briefs Midway briefs Boxer shorts Briefs ( slip / Y - fronts ) Fundoshi Jockstrap ( athletic supporter ) Compression shorts Pantyhose for men Tanga Thong ( G - string ) Trunks Willy warmer Full body Long underwear ( long johns ) Union suit Hosiery Compression stockings Leggings Pantyhose Sock Stocking Tabi Historical Breechcloth Chausses Codpiece Doublet Garter Hose Loincloth Union suit Brands 2 ist 2wink Abercrombie & Fitch American Eagle American Apparel Andrew Christian aussieBum Bonds BVD Calvin Klein Diesel S.p.A. DKNY Dolce & Gabbana Emporio Armani Fruit of the Loom Hanes Hugo Boss Jockey International Joe Boxer Mundo Unico Munsingwear Pringle John Smedley 's Stanfield 's Under Armour XTG Extreme Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolce_%26_Gabbana&oldid=806267221 '' Categories : Dolce & Gabbana Italian fashion designers Clothing brands of Italy Clothing companies of Italy Shoe companies of Italy High fashion brands Luxury brands Companies based in Milan Clothing companies established in 1985 Design companies established in 1985 1985 establishments in Italy Privately held companies of Italy Bags ( fashion ) Underwear brands Watch manufacturing companies of Italy Italian brands Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use dmy dates from March 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 21 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | dolce and gabbana based on which italian city | [
"\nDolce & Gabbana S.R.L.\n\n\n\n\n\nType\n\nSocietà a responsabilità limitata\n\n\nIndustry\nRetail\n\n\nFounded\n1985; 32 years ago (1985)\nMilan\n\n\nFounder\nDomenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana\n\n\nHeadquarters\nMilan, Italy\n\n\n\nArea served\n\nWorldwide\n\n\n\nKey people\n\n\n\n\nAlfonso Dolce, CEO\nCristiana Ruella, COO\n\n\n\n\n\nProducts\nClothing, footwear, handbags, sunglasses, watches, jewellery, perfumery and cosmetics.\n\n\n\nNumber of employees\n\n3,150\n\n\nParent\nDolce & Gabbana Luxembourg S.à.r.l.\n\n\nWebsite\ndolcegabbana.it\n\n"
] | [
"Milan"
] |
-8484715964205602850 | Apologize (OneRepublic song) | Apologize ( OneRepublic song ) - Wikipedia Apologize ( OneRepublic song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Apologize '' iTunes cover Single by OneRepublic from the album Dreaming Out Loud Released April 30 , 2006 ( original release ) November 6 , 2007 ( digital re-release ) Recorded 2005 Genre Pop rock R&B Length 3 : 28 Label Mosley Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Ryan Tedder Producer ( s ) Greg Wells OneRepublic singles chronology `` Apologize '' ( 2006 ) `` Stop and Stare '' ( 2007 ) Audio sample file help `` Apologize '' ( also spelled `` Apologise '' internationally ) is the debut single written by OneRepublic frontman Ryan Tedder for OneRepublic 's debut album Dreaming Out Loud . It was released as the lead single of that album . A remix version was included on the Timbaland album , Shock Value , and on the deluxe version of Dreaming Out Loud . The song was the biggest radio airplay hit in the history of the Mainstream Top 40 chart in North America , with 10,394 plays in one week , until its record was broken by Leona Lewis 's `` Bleeding Love '' , which was also co-written by Tedder . The song was a major hit internationally , reaching number one in 16 countries , including Australia , Austria , Canada , Germany , Italy , New Zealand , Sweden , Turkey , and the Netherlands , as well as staying at number one for eight consecutive weeks on the Billboard Pop 100 chart . The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , staying in the top - 10 for 25 weeks , and spent 13 weeks at number one in Canada . `` Apologize '' earned the band a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and was ranked number 50 on the list of the Billboard Hot 100 's All - Time Top Songs list from the chart 's first 50 years . It spent 25 consecutive weeks in the top 10 , the longest stay there for any song since `` Smooth '' by Santana , which spent 30 weeks in 1999 . It was also ranked number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade . It was OneRepublic 's biggest hit single in the United States until `` Counting Stars '' was released in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timbaland version 1.1 Music video 1.2 Track listing 2 Chart performance 3 Personnel 4 Covers 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Decade - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 See also 9 References Timbaland version ( edit ) `` Apologize '' Single by Timbaland featuring OneRepublic from the album Shock Value Released September 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 17 ) Recorded 2006 -- 07 Genre Pop R&B Length 3 : 04 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Ryan Tedder Producer ( s ) Greg Wells Ryan Tedder Timbaland Timbaland singles chronology `` Ayo Technology '' ( 2007 ) `` Apologize '' ( 2007 ) `` Scream '' ( 2008 ) `` Ayo Technology '' ( 2007 ) `` Apologize '' ( 2007 ) `` Scream '' ( 2008 ) Music video `` Apologize '' on YouTube Timbaland remixed the song for his second studio album , Shock Value . This version , also produced by Greg Wells , included an extra line of percussion , new backing vocals , and added sound samples , in addition to sound mixing and various other minor changes . The guitar solo after the second verse was omitted , completing its transformation to a more R&B style to fit with Shock Value . When the remix debuted , on the back of the strong Timbaland name , radio outlets announced the artist for the song as `` Timbaland '' or `` Timbaland with OneRepublic '' . As the song gained popularity it was changed to `` Timbaland Presents OneRepublic '' . Music video ( edit ) An official video associated with the remix was filmed on September 19 , 2007 and released in early October . The video premiered on VH1 's Top 20 Countdown on October 27 , 2007 . The video was directed by Robert Hales and was shot in a recording studio showing OneRepublic performing the song . The video also includes scenes from a New Year 's Eve countdown party , starring actor Brian A. Pollack . In a third version of the video , also directed by Robert Hales and associated with the remix , Timbaland is shown remixing the song himself . A European version of the video features clips of the film Keinohrhasen , starring Til Schweiger . A Japanese version of the video was also made available for a short time . It features the same footage as the original but has more scenes from different angles of the camera . It also features footage of people falling and floating in the air in slow motion . A fan made video by Aaron Platt is also popular . The music video currently has 176.4 million views . Track listing ( edit ) CD single # 1 ( UK and Europe ) `` Apologize '' ( Timbaland Remix ) -- 3 : 04 `` Give It To Me '' ( Laugh At ' Em ) ( Remix Radio Edit ) ( featuring Justin Timberlake and Jay Z ) -- 3 : 16 CD single # 2 ( UK and Europe ) `` Apologize '' ( Timbaland Remix ) -- 3 : 04 `` Apologize '' -- 3 : 27 `` The Way I Are '' ( OneRepublic Remix ) ( featuring Keri Hilson ) -- 4 : 03 `` Apologize '' ( Music Video ) -- 3 : 10 Australian CD single `` Apologize '' ( Timbaland Remix ) -- 3 : 04 `` Apologize '' -- 3 : 27 Chart Performance ( edit ) `` Apologize '' was OneRepublic 's breakout hit and first number - one hit . In the United States , `` Apologize '' peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for four non-consecutive weeks , first blocked from the top spot for two weeks by Chris Brown 's `` Kiss Kiss '' and then for two weeks by Alicia Keys ' `` No One '' . It spent 11 weeks at number three and 25 weeks inside the top 10 and peaked at number three for 10 weeks on the Hot 100 Airplay . It also topped the Billboard Pop 100 and became the third single from Shock Value to have topped the chart . It also became the album 's first number - one single on the Billboard Adult Top 40 . It is also the second consecutive single from Shock Value to reach number one on the US Mainstream Top 40 radio . It became only the tenth song to sell over 5 million by May 2011 in the US . As of February 2014 , it had sold 5,819,000 copies . In the UK , `` Apologize '' climbed to number 32 on the strength of digital downloads alone , and peaked at number three . The song spent 28 consecutive weeks in the top 40 and 13 weeks in the top 10 . The song ended 2007 as the year 's sixteenth biggest selling single in Britain . In Australia , the single debuted at number 10 on the ARIA Singles Chart , and peaked at number one . It stayed at the top for eight consecutive weeks , and was certified 4x Platinum by ARIA . The song reached number one on both the Canadian Hot 100 and New Zealand RIANZ Chart . It is the most downloaded single of all time in Australia and New Zealand . On Billboard 's official European Hot 100 Singles chart , the song debuted at number 16 , making it the highest debut chart position of any new act in the history of the chart . It later entered the top 10 . The song went gold in Russia with 100,000 copies sold . In Germany , the song was downloaded 437,000 times , making it the third best - selling download single of all time behind Lady Gaga 's `` Poker Face '' and Lena Meyer - Landrut 's `` Satellite '' . Personnel ( edit ) Ryan Tedder -- lead vocals , background vocals , piano Zach Filkins -- lead guitar , viola , backing vocals Drew Brown -- keyboards , rhythm guitar , glockenspiel Eddie Fisher -- drums , percussion Brent Kutzle -- cello , bass Covers ( edit ) Luke Bryan covered `` Apologize '' on Doin ' My Thing Taylor Swift covered `` Apologize '' on her Speak Now : World Tour Live Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation covered the song as part of their weekly radio promos for their 15 - year anniversary show , Elements . The song is also featured on their cover album The Q - Music Sessions . Swedish alternative metal band All Ends covered the song on their album All Ends . Canadian post-hardcore band Silverstein covered the song on the Punk Goes Pop 2 compilation album . A cover version by T.J. and the Revo entitled `` Too Late to Apologize : A Declaration '' , which uses the tune and altered lyrics in the vein of the American Revolution , was produced in 2010 by Soomo Publishing . Actor and Singer Willam released a parody cover in 2013 titled `` RuPaulogize '' where she discuss her experiences and disqualification on the fourth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race . The season winner Sharon Needles plays RuPaul . Female Country singer , Kacey Musgraves , has also covered `` Apologize '' . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 -- 08 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 29 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Airplay Chart ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 35 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 60 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 32 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 32 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 80 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 66 Chart ( 2008 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 32 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 40 Wallonia ) 5 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) European Hot 100 Singles France ( SNEP ) 46 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 36 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 54 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 30 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 90 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 20,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 5,819,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date United States September 17 , 2007 Netherlands October 20 , 2007 United Kingdom October 29 , 2007 Europe November 9 , 2007 Australia November 19 , 2007 See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia in 2007 List of number - one hits of 2007 ( Austria ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2007 ( Canada ) List of European number - one hits of 2007 List of number - one hits of 2007 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2008 ( Italy ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2007 List of number - one singles from the 2000s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one hits of 2007 ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2007 ( Switzerland ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Sets Latest Chart Record '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Top 20 songs in digital history '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Decade Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic - ALBUM OUT NOW ! ! ! ! - City of Angels , California -- Rock / Alternative / Pop '' . Myspace . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Timbaland Presents OneRepublic -- Apologize ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . November 9 , 2007 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . Evertube.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https :/. youtube.com/watch ? v = ZSM3w1v - A_Y Jump up ^ `` Week Ending May 8 , 2011 . Songs : Rolling In The Dough -- Yahoo ! Chart Watch '' . Yahoo ! News . May 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : ' Dark Horse ' Holds Off ' Happy ' '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Singles of the Year 2007 '' . BBC Music . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles Chart -- Australian Record Industry Association '' . Ariacharts.com.au . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2007 '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Timbaland presents OneRepublic -- Apologize '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' Poker Face ' knackt 500.000 er - Download - Marke -- media control '' . 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Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH OneRepublic Ryan Tedder Zach Filkins Drew Brown Eddie Fisher Brent Kutzle Tim Myers Studio albums and singles Dreaming Out Loud ( 2007 ) `` Apologize '' `` Stop and Stare '' `` Say ( All I Need ) '' `` Mercy '' `` Come Home '' Waking Up ( 2009 ) `` All the Right Moves '' `` Secrets '' `` Marchin On '' `` Good Life '' Native ( 2013 ) `` Feel Again '' `` If I Lose Myself '' `` Counting Stars '' `` Something I Need '' `` Love Runs Out '' `` I Lived '' Oh My My ( 2016 ) `` Wherever I Go '' `` Kids '' `` Let 's Hurt Tonight '' `` Lift Me Up '' Other singles `` No Vacancy '' `` Rich Love '' Concert tours Native Tour 16th Annual Honda Civic Tour Related Discography Mosley Music Group Native Tour List of awards and nominations Timbaland singles Discography Production discography Tim 's Bio `` Here We Come '' Shock Value `` Give It to Me '' `` The Way I Are '' `` Throw It on Me '' `` Apologize '' `` Scream '' Shock Value II `` Morning After Dark '' `` Say Something '' `` Carry Out '' `` If We Ever Meet Again '' `` Marchin On '' Opera Noir `` Know Bout Me '' Featured singles `` What About Us ? '' `` Hot Like Fire '' `` Are You That Somebody ? `` Get on the Bus '' `` Ryde or Die , Bitch '' `` We Need a Resolution '' `` Ugly '' `` Ching Ching '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Deliverance '' `` Headsprung '' `` Are You Feelin ' Me ? '' `` Promiscuous '' `` SexyBack '' `` Wait a Minute '' `` Ice Box '' `` Anonymous '' `` Ayo Technology '' `` Elevator '' `` 4 Minutes '' `` Dangerous '' `` Return the Favor '' `` I Do n't Need It '' `` Long Gone '' `` Scream '' `` Krazy '' `` Get Involved '' `` 9th Inning '' `` Triple Threat '' `` Coke Bottle '' Other songs `` Pass at Me '' `` Release '' Songs Production work Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apologize_(OneRepublic_song)&oldid=808583837 '' Categories : 2007 singles 2000s ballads OneRepublic songs Timbaland songs Luke Bryan songs Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Italy Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Turkey Song recordings produced by Timbaland Songs written by Ryan Tedder Music videos directed by Robert Hales Pop ballads Rock ballads Debut singles Interscope Records singles Song recordings produced by Greg Wells Song recordings produced by Ryan Tedder Silverstein ( band ) songs Mosley Music Group singles 2005 songs Songs about betrayal Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 19 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings it's too late to apologize | [
"\nRyan Tedder – lead vocals, background vocals, piano\nZach Filkins – lead guitar, viola, backing vocals\nDrew Brown – keyboards, rhythm guitar, glockenspiel\nEddie Fisher – drums, percussion\nBrent Kutzle – cello, bass\n",
"\nRyan Tedder – lead vocals, background vocals, piano\nZach Filkins – lead guitar, viola, backing vocals\nDrew Brown – keyboards, rhythm guitar, glockenspiel\nEddie Fisher – drums, percussion\nBrent Kutzle – cello, bass\n"
] | [
"Ryan Tedder",
"Zach Filkins"
] |
-4423273451577800592 | Taylor Swift (album) | Taylor Swift ( album ) - wikipedia Taylor Swift ( album ) Taylor Swift Studio album by Taylor Swift Released October 24 , 2006 Recorded 2005 Studio The Castles Studios Quad Studios - A Sound Cottage Sound Emporium Genre Country Length 53 : 30 Label Big Machine Producer Scott Borchetta ( exec . ) Nathan Chapman Robert Ellis Orrall Taylor Swift chronology Taylor Swift ( 2006 ) The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection ( 2007 ) Singles from Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' Released : June 19 , 2006 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' Released : February 19 , 2007 `` Our Song '' Released : September 9 , 2007 `` Picture to Burn '' Released : February 3 , 2008 `` Should 've Said No '' Released : May 18 , 2008 Taylor Swift is the debut studio album by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift , released on October 24 , 2006 , by Big Machine Records . Swift was 16 years old at the time of the album 's release and wrote its songs during her freshman year of high school . Swift has writing credits on all of the album 's songs , including those co-written with Liz Rose . Swift experimented with several producers , ultimately choosing Nathan Chapman , who had produced her demo album . Musically , the album is country music styled , and lyrically it speaks of romantic relationships , a couple of which Swift wrote from observing relationships before being in one . Lyrics also touch on Swift 's personal struggles in high school . Five singles were released from the album , all of which have been certified platinum by the RIAA . `` Tim McGraw '' was released as the lead single and reached the top ten on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' was released as the second single and was the album 's best - charting song on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Our Song '' was released as the third single from the album and was Swift 's first number one on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart . It made her the youngest person to single - handedly write and perform a number one song on the Hot Country Songs chart . `` Picture to Burn '' and `` Should 've Said No '' were released as the fourth and fifth singles from the album , respectively , and both were successful on the country charts in the United States . Swift promoted the album by performing on tour as the opening act for artists such as Rascal Flatts , George Strait , Brad Paisley , and Tim McGraw and Faith Hill . Taylor Swift was received positively by contemporary critics , who praised Swift 's talent at such a young age . The album enjoyed commercial success and launched Swift 's career in country music . In the United States , it topped the Top Country Albums Chart for 24 non-consecutive weeks , and was certified seven times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of over 7 million copies . Taylor Swift has logged 275 weeks on Billboard 's Top 200 albums chart as of early 2013 . The album was also successful outside of Swift 's native country , especially in Canada , Australia , and the United Kingdom . Contents 1 Background 2 Development and music 3 Recording 4 Packaging and release 5 Promotion 6 Singles 7 Critical reception 8 Accolades 9 Commercial performance 10 Track listing 11 Personnel 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 All - time chart 12.3 Year - end charts 13 Certifications 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) Swift is from Reading , Pennsylvania and developed an early interest in country music and songwriting . When she was eleven , she and her family made their first visit to Nashville , Tennessee in pursuit of a record deal , though nothing came out of it . Swift was judged and neglected by record labels for being too young . In regards to the labels which rejected her , she said , `` I can understand . They were afraid to put out a 13 - year - old . They were afraid to put out a 14 - year - old . Then they were afraid to put out a 15 - year - old . Then they were nervous about putting out a 16 - year - old . And I 'm sure if I had n't signed with Scott Borchetta ( head of Big Machine Records ) , everybody would be afraid to put out a 17 - year - old . '' Development and Music ( edit ) Swift performing `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' . The song became the best - charting single from Taylor Swift on the Billboard Hot 100 . Swift wrote `` Tim McGraw '' during her freshman year , knowing that she and her senior boyfriend , Brandon Borello , would break up at the end of the year when he left for college . Rose said Swift showed up at her after school job writing songs for Sony / ATV `` with the idea and the melody . She knew exactly what she wanted . '' The nostalgic song describes a summer romance and Swift 's hope that when Borello `` think ( s ) Tim McGraw '' he would `` think ( her ) favorite song '' -- McGraw 's `` Ca n't Tell Me Nothin '' -- and remember her . Conversely , `` Picture to Burn '' describes a girl furious after a break - up . Swift says that while the song is about `` just being mad '' and is `` completely , brutally honest '' ; she gave it a comedic edge . While at work after school , Swift `` found ( her ) self just sitting there with ( her ) guitar going , ' I hate his stupid truck that he does n't let me drive . He 's such a redneck ! Oh my God ! ' , '' a line which developed into the song 's chorus . The up - tempo song is heavy with banjos and drums , while the chorus is marked by distorted guitars and big vocals . The singer penned the autobiographical song `` The Outside '' as an outlet at age twelve , the year she began writing her own songs . Like many of the other songs she wrote early on , the song describes the unhappiness and loneliness Swift felt when her love of country music alienated her from her peers . Swift wrote `` Tied Together with a Smile '' the day she learned one of her best friends was bulimic , a fact which shocked her . She recalled , `` How can somebody that seems so strong have such a horrible , horrible weakness ? Something that is killing her . '' The lyrics to `` Tied Together with a Smile '' describe a beautiful girl trying to hide her inner turbulence and mourn that `` You 're tied together with a smile / But you 're coming undone '' . Swift commented , `` I always thought that one of the biggest overlooked problems American girls face is insecurity . '' She wrote `` Should 've Said No '' according to `` something really , really dramatic and crazy happening to ( her ) and ( her ) needing to address it in the form of music '' . The song was a last minute addition to Taylor Swift : Swift had written it two days before mastering was scheduled and booklets were about to be printed ; she then called her producer and completed the song overnight . `` Mary 's Song ( Oh My My My ) '' was actually inspired by her next - door neighbors ' long lasting marriage , being the opposite of what tabloids fixate on . Swift wrote `` Our Song '' for her freshman year of high school talent show with no intentions of including it on the album . She claimed she `` just knew there was something about it '' and chose to include it on Taylor Swift . `` I wrote it about this guy I was dating , and how we did n't have a song . So I went ahead and wrote us one . '' The song is a narrative and describes a young couple who use the events in their lives in place of a regular song . The banjo - riddled song is placed at the end of the album due to its closing lyrics , a request to `` play it again '' . `` Invisible '' is ballad describing loneliness and heartache of going unnoticed . Sean Dooley of About.com writes , the `` piano - driven song ( ... ) perfectly captures the awkward teenage angst we all endure -- or have endured -- at one time or another . '' Recording ( edit ) While recording her demo album , Swift worked with demo producer Nathan Chapman , whom she met in a little shed behind a publishing company she was at . Swift said , `` I 'd always go in there and play him some new songs , and the next week he would have this awesome track , on which he played every instrument , and it sounded like a record . We did this for a period of a year to two years before I got my record deal . '' To record Taylor Swift , she had to choose which album producer she would work with : `` Then , all of a sudden , it was , ' OK , we 're going to use this producer ' or ' We 're going to use that producer . ' '' After experimenting with different producers , originating from Nashville , Swift chose Chapman because of the unique sound he put into songs . Big Machine Records was skeptical about hiring Chapman because he had never done a studio album prior to Taylor Swift , only demos . Swift described the songs he produced as `` the right chemistry hit ( ting ) '' and therefore , Big Machine Records accepted Chapman producing some of the album 's songs . In the end , Chapman produced all but one of the tracks on Taylor Swift . Recording was executed during a four - month period before 2005 was over . Packaging and release ( edit ) Taylor Swift was released on October 24 , 2006 with eleven tracks . Swift was highly involved in the album packaging , designing doodle graphics herself . She also personally capitalized specific letters in the lyrics from each song to spell out hidden messages , a feat she would also execute for her succeeding albums . On November 6 , 2007 , the album was released under the title Taylor Swift Deluxe Edition for a limited time . The deluxe edition contained three new songs : `` I 'm Only Me When I 'm with You '' , `` Invisible '' and `` A Perfectly Good Heart '' , the radio edits for `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' , and `` Our Song '' , and Swift 's first phone conversation with Tim McGraw . The release also bore new artwork and a bonus DVD with all of Swift 's music videos at the time ( `` Tim McGraw '' , `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' , and `` Our Song '' ) , behind - the - scenes footage of `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' and `` Our Song '' music videos , and a performance of `` Picture to Burn '' , among other material . The American retail company Target released an exclusive version of Taylor Swift Deluxe Edition , with performances of Swift during McGraw and Hill 's Soul2Soul II Tour . A third and final edition appeared on March 18 , 2008 with the original album artwork , including the three new songs from the Taylor Swift Deluxe Edition , as well as the radio edit of `` Picture to Burn , '' and an additional pop remix of `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' . This version of the album was also released on vinyl in 2016 . A karaoke version of Taylor Swift was released on January 27 , 2009 , containing the first fourteen tracks from the album on both CD + G and DVD . Promotion ( edit ) Swift performing `` Our Song '' when opening for Rascal Flatts ' Me and My Gang Tour . It was her first number - one on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs . Swift 's first broadcast performance of `` Tim McGraw '' was on October 24 , 2006 on Good Morning America . Other songs from Taylor Swift have been performed on television programs , award shows , and festivals such as The Megan Mullally Show , the New Faces Show , America 's Got Talent , TRL , the 2008 CMT Music Awards , and the Academy of Country Music . Swift spent much of 2006 promoting `` Tim McGraw '' and Taylor Swift in a radio tour . In regards to the extensive radio tour , Swift commented , `` Radio tours for most artists last six weeks . Mine lasted six months . That 's because I wanted it to . I wanted to meet every single one of the people that was helping me out . '' Swift also promoted the album by performing as an opening act for several country artists ' concert tours . She opened for Rascal Flatts on several dates , from October 19 to November 3 , 2006 , included on the Me and My Gang Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) , performing a total of five songs from the album . She also served as opening act on twenty dates for George Strait 's 2007 United States tour , and selected dates for Brad Paisley 's Bonfires & Amplifiers Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) ; Swift served as an opening act during all 2007 legs of the tour . During mid-2007 , Swift engaged as the opening act on several dates for Tim McGraw 's and Faith Hill 's joint tour , Soul2Soul II Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) . Swift again opened for Flatts for their Still Feels Good Tour in 2008 . In addition , Swift performed six songs from Taylor Swift on her first headlining tour , the Fearless Tour ( 2009 -- 10 ) . Singles ( edit ) `` Tim McGraw '' was released as the lead single from Taylor Swift on June 19 , 2006 . The song was critically appreciated for Swift 's delivery . `` Tim McGraw '' enjoyed commercial success , peaking at number forty on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number six on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs ; it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for the shipment of 2,000,000 copies . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' was released as the second single from Taylor Swift . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' received critical success for its memorable chorus and crossover potential , as well as commercial success by becoming the best - charting single from Taylor Swift on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number thirteen . It became Swift 's first pop crossover hit , peaking at number eleven on the now - canceled Pop 100 chart . The song was certified double platinum by the RIAA for the shipment of 3,000,000 copies . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' peaked at number forty - five in Canada and at number fifty - one in the United Kingdom . `` Our Song '' was released as the third single from the album . The song was critically favored , being described as `` gem '' . `` Our Song '' peaked at number sixteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified quadraple platinum by the RIAA ; it also became Swift 's first - number one on Hot Country Songs . The song peaked at number thirty on the Canadian Hot 100 , becoming the best - charting single from Taylor Swift in Canada . `` Picture to Burn '' was released as the fourth single from Taylor Swift . `` Picture to Burn '' was appreciated by contemporary critics for lyrics reflecting feminism . It became a fourth consecutive top ten single for Swift on the United States ' chart Hot Country Songs and was certified double platinum by the RIAA . `` Should 've Said No '' was released as the fifth and final single from the album . In the United States , `` Should 've Said No '' became Swift 's second number - one on Hot Country Songs and was certified double platinum by the RIAA . The song made its highest international peak in the New Zealand Singles Chart , at number eighteen . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Country Weekly Taylor Swift received positive reviews from contemporary critics . Jeff Tamarkin of AllMusic described Swift as `` a fresh , still girlish voice , full of hope and naïveté , but it 's also a confident and mature one '' . He said her `` talent to be reckoned '' was portrayed through the songs `` Tim McGraw '' , `` The Outside '' , and `` Mary 's Song ( Oh My My My ) '' . Tamarkin criticized producer Nathan Chapman for applying `` a gloss that not all ( songs ) really require and in some cases would do better to shed '' . Rick Bell of Country Standard Time gave a positive review , saying that Swift had `` smart songwriting '' and that `` her deeply personal , self - penned songs , particularly ' The Outside ' and ' Our Song ' '' were `` stirring . '' He compared her sound to Cyndi Thomson and Hilary Duff . Chris Neal of Country Weekly said that Swift `` demonstrat ( es ) an honesty , intelligence and idealism with which listeners of any age will be able to connect '' and added that `` the more thoughtful material suggests a talent poised to last well past high school . '' Ken Rosenbaum of The Toledo Blade wrote Swift `` deftly handles lyrics and subjects in that shadowy area between teenager and womanhood . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Organization Award Result Ref . 2008 Academy of Country Music Awards Album of the Year Nominated Commercial performance ( edit ) Swift performing `` Tim McGraw '' in 2007 . On the week ending November 11 , 2006 , Taylor Swift debuted at number nineteen on the Billboard 200 due to sales of 40,000 copies . It reached its highest sales week on the week ending January 5 , 2008 with 187,000 copies sold . After sixty - three weeks on the Billboard 200 , on the week ending January 19 , 2008 , the album reached its charting peak at number five due to sales of 47,000 copies . Taylor Swift marked the longest stay on the Billboard 200 by any album released in the decade . As of June 3 , 2011 , the album has stayed on the chart for 275 weeks . The album topped Billboard 's Top Country Albums Chart for twenty - four non-consecutive weeks . On the week ending August 2 , 2008 , Swift 's EP Beautiful Eyes replaced Taylor Swift as the chart 's number one album . With Taylor Swift charting at number two , Swift became the first artist to hold the first two positions on Top Country Albums since LeAnn Rimes charted in 1997 with Blue ( 1996 ) and Unchained Melody : The Early Years ( 1997 ) . In December 2017 , the album was certified seven times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for the shipment and sales of 7,000,000 copies . As of July 2015 , the album has sold 5.52 million copies in the United States . Six years after its release , Taylor Swift debuted at number thirty - eight on the New Zealand Albums Chart . Taylor Swift peaked at number fourteen on the Canadian Albums Chart and at number - one on the Canadian Country Albums Chart . Taylor Swift was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for the shipment of 80,000 copies . In Australia , Taylor Swift peaked at number thirty - three on the main chart and at number three on the country - genre chart . On the week ending September 5 , 2009 , it entered the UK Albums Chart at number 88 ; the following week , it reached its peak at number 81 . The album has been certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for sales of more than 100,000 copies . Track listing ( edit ) Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Tim McGraw '' Taylor Swift Liz Rose 3 : 54 2 . `` Picture to Burn '' Swift Rose 2 : 55 3 . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' Swift Rose 3 : 35 4 . `` A Place in This World '' Swift Robert Ellis Orrall Angelo Petraglia 3 : 22 5 . `` Cold as You '' Swift Rose 4 : 01 6 . `` The Outside '' Swift 3 : 29 7 . `` Tied Together with a Smile '' Swift Rose 4 : 11 8 . `` Stay Beautiful '' Swift Rose 3 : 58 9 . `` Should 've Said No '' Swift 4 : 04 10 . `` Mary 's Song ( Oh My My My ) '' Swift Rose Brian Maher 3 : 35 11 . `` Our Song '' Swift 3 : 24 Total length : 40 : 28 show Digital edition ( bonus track ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 12 . `` I 'd Lie '' Swift 3 : 40 show Enhanced edition ( bonus videos ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Tim McGraw '' 4 : 00 2 . `` Taylor 's Grand Ole Opry Debut '' 2 : 56 show 2008 reissue edition ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 12 . `` I 'm Only Me When I 'm with You '' Swift Orrall Petraglia 3 : 35 13 . `` Invisible '' Swift Orrall 3 : 26 14 . `` A Perfectly Good Heart '' Swift Brett James Troy Verges 3 : 42 15 . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( pop version ) Swift Rose 2 : 58 show 2008 reissue enhanced edition ( bonus videos ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Tim McGraw '' 4 : 00 2 . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' 3 : 45 show Deluxe edition ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 12 . `` I 'm Only Me When I 'm with You '' Swift Orrall Petraglia 3 : 35 13 . `` Invisible '' Swift Orrall 3 : 26 14 . `` A Perfectly Good Heart '' Swift Brett James Troy Verges 3 : 42 15 . `` Taylor Swift 's 1st Phone Call with Tim McGraw '' 4 : 44 show Deluxe edition ( bonus DVD ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Tim McGraw '' ( music video ) 4 : 00 2 . `` Tim McGraw '' ( Live at Grand Ole Opry ) 2 : 56 3 . `` Tim McGraw '' ( Live at Yahoo ! Music ) 4 : 05 4 . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( music video ) 3 : 45 5 . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( behind the scenes ) 4 : 16 6 . `` Our Song '' ( music video ) 3 : 30 7 . `` Our Song '' ( behind the scenes ) 11 : 30 8 . `` A Place in This World '' ( GAC Short Cut series ) 21 : 48 9 . `` Picture to Burn '' ( CMT 's unplugged at 330 sessions video performance ) 3 : 14 10 . `` Taylor 's Home Movie '' 5 : 40 show Target deluxe edition ( bonus DVD ) No . Title Length 11 . `` Taylor 's Performance on the Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Tour 2007 '' 10 : 12 show Karaoke edition ( CD / DVD ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Tim McGraw '' Swift Rose 3 : 52 2 . `` Picture to Burn '' Swift Rose 2 : 57 3 . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' Swift Rose 3 : 24 4 . `` A Place in This World '' Swift Orrall Petraglia 3 : 22 5 . `` Cold as You '' Swift Rose 4 : 01 6 . `` The Outside '' Swift 3 : 27 7 . `` Tied Together with a Smile '' Swift Rose 4 : 11 8 . `` Stay Beautiful '' Swift Rose 3 : 58 9 . `` Should 've Said No '' Swift 4 : 04 10 . `` Mary 's Song ( Oh My My My ) '' Swift Rose Maher 3 : 35 11 . `` Our Song '' Swift 3 : 27 12 . `` I 'm Only Me When I 'm with You '' Swift Orrall Petraglia 3 : 33 13 . `` Invisible '' Swift Orrall 3 : 24 14 . `` Perfectly Good Heart '' Swift Brett James Troy Verges 3 : 42 Notes `` I 'd Lie '' was available as an exclusive download for copies of the album purchased at Best Buy during the first week of release . Initial pressings of the deluxe edition replaced the original versions of `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' and `` Our Song '' with their respective radio single versions . Later deluxe pressings also replaced `` Picture to Burn '' with its country radio edit and scrapped the bonus DVD and Swift 's phone call with McGraw and replaced them with the pop version of `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' . Personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from liner notes of Taylor Swift . Chuck Ainlay -- mixing Jeff Balding -- mixing Bruce Bouton -- Dobro Mike Brignardello -- bass Scott Borchetta -- executive producer Nick Buda -- drums Gary Brunette -- electric guitar Jason Campbell -- production coordination Chason Carlson -- engineer Nathan Chapman -- acoustic guitar , banjo , bass , drums , electric guitar , engineer , background vocals , mandolin , production Aaron Chmielewski -- assistant engineer Eric Darken -- percussion Allen Ditto -- engineer Dan Dugmore -- pedal steel Shannon Forrest -- drums Rob Hajacos -- fiddle Gordon Hammon -- assistant engineer Tony Harrell -- keyboard Jeffrey Hyde -- banjo Scott Kidd -- mixing assistant Greg Lawrence -- mixing assistant Andy Leftwich -- fiddle , mandolin Liana Manis -- background vocals Tim Marks -- bass Robert Ellis Orrall -- background vocals , producer Lex Price -- mandolin Lee Ann Ramey -- graphic design Joshua Whitmore -- dobro , pedal steel Clarke Schleicher -- engineer Steve Short -- assistant engineer Sandi Spika -- engineer Whitney Sutton -- production coordination Taylor Swift -- acoustic guitar , lead vocals , background vocals Ilya Toshinsky -- acoustic guitar , banjo Wanda Vick -- fiddle Hank Williams -- mastering John Willis -- banjo , mandolin , hi string acoustic guitar Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 33 Australian Country Albums ( ARIA ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 14 Canadian Country Albums ( Billboard ) Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 59 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 38 UK Albums ( OCC ) 81 US Billboard 200 5 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) All - time chart ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard 200 18 US Billboard 200 ( Women ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Position US Billboard 200 9 US Billboard Country Albums Chart ( 2008 ) Position US Billboard 200 5 US Billboard Country Albums Chart ( 2009 ) Position US Billboard 200 24 US Billboard Country Albums 6 Chart ( 2010 ) Position US Billboard 200 62 US Billboard Country Albums 19 Chart ( 2011 ) Position US Billboard 200 164 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 110,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 205,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 7 × Platinum 5,700,000 Summaries Worldwide N / A 6,500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Taylor Swift ( CD ) . 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Time Warner , Inc . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Bobbi . `` Rascal Flatts Concert Review -- Air Canada Center -- November 1 , 2006 : Taylor Swift Opens the Show '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . p. 1 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Joins George Straits 2007 Tour '' . CMT News . Viacom . November 17 , 2006 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Paisley Plans Tour With Three Opening Acts '' . CMT News . Viacom . January 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Paisley Announces More Tour Dates '' . CMT News . Viacom . March 19 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Joins Tim McGraw , Faith Hill on Tour '' . CMT News . Viacom . June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fabian , Shelly . `` Rascal Flatts & Taylor Swift in Concert -- Sacramento , CA -- April 10 , 2008 '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . 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Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` British album certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Taylor Swift '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Select albums in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Taylor Swift in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift ( Bonus Track Version ) '' . iTunes Store . Apple , Inc . Retrieved October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift : Taylor Swift '' . Amazon.com ( US ) Amazon.com Inc . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift : Taylor Swift '' . Amazon.com ( US ) Amazon.com Inc . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Taylor Swift '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Taylor Swift -- Taylor Swift '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . 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External links ( edit ) Taylor Swift portal Taylor Swift at Taylor Swift official site Taylor Swift at Discogs ( list of releases ) Taylor Swift Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography Studio albums Taylor Swift Fearless Speak Now Red 1989 Reputation Extended plays The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection Beautiful Eyes Live albums Speak Now World Tour -- Live Television Taylor Swift and Def Leppard Journey to Fearless Concert tours Fearless Tour Speak Now World Tour The Red Tour The 1989 World Tour Reputation Stadium Tour Fragrances Wonderstruck Incredible Things Related articles 1989 ( Ryan Adams album ) Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taylor_Swift_(album)&oldid=851373712 '' Categories : 2006 debut albums Big Machine Records albums Taylor Swift albums Albums produced by Nathan Chapman ( record producer ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 21 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was taylor swift's first album released | [
"Taylor Swift is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, released on October 24, 2006, by Big Machine Records. Swift was 16 years old at the time of the album's release and wrote its songs during her freshman year of high school. Swift has writing credits on all of the album's songs, including those co-written with Liz Rose. Swift experimented with several producers, ultimately choosing Nathan Chapman, who had produced her demo album. Musically, the album is country music styled, and lyrically it speaks of romantic relationships, a couple of which Swift wrote from observing relationships before being in one. Lyrics also touch on Swift's personal struggles in high school.\n"
] | [
"October 24, 2006"
] |
-7071478328129981066 | Minister of State | Minister of State - wikipedia Minister of State Jump to : navigation , search For the 1997 Finnish film , see The Minister of State . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Minister of State is a title borne by politicians or officials in certain countries governed under a parliamentary system . In some countries a `` Minister of State '' is a junior minister , who is assigned to assist a specific cabinet minister . In other countries a `` Minister of State '' is a holder of a more senior position , such as a cabinet minister or even a head of government . Contents ( hide ) 1 High government ranks 2 Minor government ranks 3 Subnational office 4 Other use 4.1 Netherlands and Belgium 4.2 New Zealand 4.3 Ancien Régime France 4.4 British diplomacy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links High government ranks ( edit ) In several national traditions , the title `` Minister of State '' is reserved for government members of Cabinet rank , often a formal distinction within it , or even its chief . In Australia s . 64 of the Commonwealth Constitution empowers the Governor - General , as the Queen 's representative , to appoint Ministers of State ' to administer such departments of State of the Commonwealth as the Governor - General in Council may establish ' . Junior Ministers may not be responsible for an entire department , but may serve under a senior Minister who is so responsible , with the junior Minister administering a particular area of policy . For example , the Minister for Sport is responsible for sport within the Department of Health and Ageing , which is in turn administered by the Minister for Health and Ageing . In Brazil , Minister of State ( Portuguese : Ministro de Estado ) is the title borne by all members of the Federal Cabinet . In Kenya , a Minister of State generically refers to a more senior Minister by virtue of the revenue power , or security implications of their Ministry . For instance , powerful Ministries housed under the Office of the President , Office of the Vice-President and Office of the Prime Minister are titled as `` Ministries of State for '' . Actual examples include Ministry of State for Internal Security and Provincial Administration ; Ministry of State for Immigration ; and Ministry of State for Public Service . France : Under the Fifth Republic , Minister of State ( Ministre d'État in French ) is an honorific title bestowed during his nomination on a Minister . Ministres d'État , in the protocol , rank after the Prime Minister and before the other Ministers but enjoy no other specific prerogatives . Initially , the title of Ministres d'État did n't explicitly include a portfolio ( a practice common under previous regimes ) , although in time both the title and a specific portfolio have since normally been conferred together . As under previous regimes , a series of Ministres d'État in the same cabinet may also reflect a balance between the different political trends in the ruling party ( or within the ruling coalition ) . A Ministre d'État is not to be confused with a Secretary of State ( Secrétaire d'État ) , a Junior minister assisting a Minister and who may only attend cabinet meeting if the topic discussed touches his responsibilities . Former Ministres d'État include former French President Nicolas Sarkozy . In Japan , Minister of State is the title borne by all members of the Japanese Cabinet . In Luxembourg , Minister of State ( French : Ministre d'État ; Luxembourgish and German : Staatsminister ) is an additional title borne by the Prime Minister . Unlike the title ' Prime Minister ' ( French : Premier ministre ; Luxembourgish : Premier ; German : Premierminister ) which was instituted only in 1989 , that of Minister of State has been held by the head of government since 1848 . As Minister of State , his role is to control and coordinate the activities of the other Ministers . Monaco : The Minister of State of Monaco is the principality 's Head of government , subordinate to the Prince of Monaco and responsible for enforcing its laws . In Portugal , Minister of State ( Ministro de Estado ) is a member of the Council of Ministers who holds a more distinct position within the cabinet , roughly equivalent to Deputy prime minister . In Scandinavian states , the equivalent title Statsminister is used for the head of government ( i.e. the prime minister ) , and compound titles of which - minister is a part may be used for major - portfolio Ministers . Spain : When Leopoldo Calvo - Sotelo was Prime Minister of Spain ( 1981 -- 1982 ) , Ministers of State were created who held a more distinct position within the Government . However , this initiative did not last since his successors did not follow this path . Minor government ranks ( edit ) In various nations , especially in former members of the British Empire , `` Minister of State '' is a junior ministerial rank , often subordinated to a cabinet member . Australia : The Special Minister of State is a ministerial position in the Australian Government , sometimes a Cabinet position , responsible for parliamentary , electoral , oversight and other affairs . Canada : A Minister of State is senior to a Secretary of State but junior to a Minister of the Crown ( ordinary portfolio minister ) - see Ministers of State in Canada . Germany : Minister of State ( Staatsminister in German ) is the title given to a parliamentary state secretary ( a member of parliament serving as a political aide to a cabinet minister ) serving in the Foreign Office or the Chancellor 's Office . Accordingly , Minister of State ranks between a Secretary of State and a Federal Minister . It is also used as the title of cabinet ministers of certain German states . Historically , the same title was used ( sometimes alternating with other styles ) , notably as head of government in certain of the many constituent monarchies of pre-reunion Germany , e.g. in Hesse - Darmstadt , Hesse - Kassel ( or Hesse - Cassel ) , Lippe , Schaumburg - Lippe , in Hannover , Mecklenburg - Strelitz , Reuss - Schleiz - Gera and Reuss Junior Line , electorate / kingdom Saxony , Saxe - Altenburg , Saxe - Coburg - Gotha , Saxe - Meiningen , Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach , Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg - Sondershausen . India : A Minister of State is a junior minister in the Council of Ministers in the Federal or Central Government who may assist a cabinet minister or have independent charge of a ministry . Constitution of India restricts the number of ministers of state in the federal government . A Minister of State with independent charge is a minister without an overseeing Cabinet Minister in the State or Union Government of India . He himself is in charge of his ministry , unlike Minister of State who is also a Minister but assists a cabinet minister . Moreover , such ministers can take part in cabinet meetings on important issues unlike Ministers of state who does not take any part in any cabinet meetings Ireland : A Minister of State is junior to a Minister of a Department of State ( portfolio minister ) and of similar standing to a Parliamentary Secretary - see Ministers of State in Ireland . Nigeria : A Minister of State is a junior Minister in the Nigerian Cabinet and is normally the principal deputy or one of the deputies to the Minister in a Federal Ministry . The Minister of State may in some cases be the head of a special department in the President 's Office . By law , both senior Ministers and Ministers of State are regarded as Ministers of the Government of the Federation . Pakistan : Like in other former British colonies , a Minister of State in Pakistan is a junior Minister in the national Government who may assist a cabinet minister or have independent charge of a ministry . Sri Lanka : A Minister of State is a member of the executive branch of the Government of Sri Lanka , is junior to a Cabinet Minister but senior to a Deputy Minister . Singapore : Ministers of State and Senior Ministers of State are members of the executive branch of the Government of Singapore , senior in rank to Parliamentary Secretaries and Senior Parliamentary Secretaries , but junior to full Cabinet Ministers . United Kingdom : A Minister of State is a member of Her Majesty 's Government , junior only to a Secretary of State but senior to a Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State and Parliamentary Private Secretaries ( PPSs ) . Ministers of State are responsible to their Secretaries of State . This position has only existed since 1945 - previously , each parliamentary under - secretary was directly beneath a secretary of state . There can be more than one Minister of State at any government Department . Ministers of State may have departmental PPSs , or a PPS might be assigned to them . Of a similar standing to Ministers of State are positions such as the Solicitor General , the Deputy Leader of the House of Commons , Treasurer of the Household , Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard , Paymaster General , Financial Secretary to the Treasury and Economic Secretary to the Treasury . Ministers of State are bound by the Ministerial Code . Subnational office ( edit ) In the republic of Burma , the title was used for the Chief ministers of the following autonomous states , from 1947 / 48 till the abolition of that autonomy in 1962 : Arakan State ( Rakhine ) , Chin State , Kayin State ( Kayin ) , Kayah State ( Karenni ) , Kachin State and Shan State Other Use ( edit ) Netherlands and Belgium ( edit ) Main articles : Minister of State ( Netherlands ) and Minister of State ( Belgium ) In the Netherlands ( Minister van Staat in Dutch ) and Belgium ( also Ministre d'État in French ) , Ministers of State is a title of honour awarded formally by the Monarch , but on the initiative of the government . It is given on a personal basis , for life rather than for a specified period . The title is granted for exceptional merits , generally to senior politicians at the end of their party career . Ministers of state are often former cabinet members or party leaders . Ministers of State advise the Sovereign in delicate situations , with moral authority but without formal competence . In Belgium they are entitled to a seat , alongside the members of the government in power , in the Crown Council ; to date the Crown Council has been convened on only five occasions , the first being in 1870 for the Franco - Prussian War , and the latest in 1960 in connection with the independence of the Belgian Congo . Apart from that , the only privileges of being a `` minister of state '' are protocollary precedence on state occasions and a ministerial car registration number . De facto , appointments tend to respect the almost obsessional balances between the Flemish and French - speaking communities as well as between the ' ministeriable ' political families : mainly Christian - democrats , Socialists , Liberals , also ( moderate ) Nationalists , occasionally an Ecologist ) . Other former careers include those of Étienne Davignon ( European Commissioner ) and Luc Coene ( prime - ministerial Kabinetschef , roughly Chief of staff ) . In January 2006 the number of ministers of state reached 51 with Johan Vande Lanotte , shortly after he laid down his portfolio and title of Vice-Prime Minister to head the Flemish Socialist SP. A party . After formateur Yves Leterme returned his commission in August 2007 , King Albert II consulted 13 Ministers of State individually , without convening the crown council as such . In both countries , junior ministers are called Secretary of State ( staatssecretaris or secrétaire d'état ) , similarly to France . Some Dutch Secretaries of State may , in specific circumstances , style themselves as Minister ( not Minister of State ) when visiting a foreign country . New Zealand ( edit ) To bestow a sinecure -- the role has been given to senior figures who did not occupy positions of leadership , but who were held in high esteem or who were wanted in Cabinet . For example , a former Prime Minister might be appointed Minister of State as an `` elder statesman '' -- this was the purpose for which New Zealand Prime Minister Rob Muldoon originally created the position in 1975 . To create a sort of junior minister -- using this office , politicians can be appointed to associate roles without having a substantive ministerial role of their own . There is no formal rank of `` assistant minister '' or `` deputy minister '' in New Zealand , but if someone is a full minister , they can be assigned to an associate role helping a different full minister . Someone appointed Minister of State is technically a full minister and can thus be assigned associate roles , thereby creating a type of minister whose only effective authority is as an associate minister . The first Minister of State in New Zealand was Keith Holyoake , a former Prime Minister . Other prominent people to have held the office include Jim Bolger and Robin Gray ( a former Prime Minister and a former Speaker , respectively ) . Examples of people who held the office simply in order that they might be appointed as associate ministers include Mita Ririnui , Damien O'Connor , and Dover Samuels . Ancien Régime France ( edit ) In France during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration , the title `` Ministre d'État '' had a specific designation . The title first appeared under Louis XIII . The `` ministres d'État '' , appointed by lettres patentes , attended meetings of the Conseil du Roi ( which would later become the Conseil d'État ) . From 1661 on -- at the start of Louis XIV 's `` personal reign '' -- the king called whomever he wished to his Council ; invitations were only good for one session and needed to be renewed as long as the individual retained the king 's confidence . However , having attended one session of the Council gave the person the right to be called `` ministre d'État '' for life , and also gave him the right to an annual life pension of roughly 20,000 livres . There were few `` ministres d'État '' at Council meetings ( between three or four during the reign of Louis XIV ) ; they also attended the `` Conseil des Dépêches '' ( the `` Council of Messages '' , concerning notices and administrative reports from the provinces ) . Suppressed during the French Revolution , the title `` ministre d'État '' reappeared during the Bourbon Restoration as essentially an honorary title given ( not systematically ) to Ministers after their demission or their departure from office ; refusal on behalf of the King to award this title to a demissioned Minister was seen as an affront . British diplomacy ( edit ) From 28 January 1944 , the last two British Ministers Resident in the Middle East , concerned with former British protectorate Egypt , were styled Ministers of State in the Middle East . See also ( edit ) List of Jamaican Ministers of State References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pakistan Federal Cabinet External links ( edit ) WorldStatesmen - see each present country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_State&oldid=787683762 '' Categories : Executive ministers Lists of government ministers Government ministers State ministers Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Portuguese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the difference between federal minister and minister of state | [
"Germany: Minister of State (Staatsminister in German) is the title given to a parliamentary state secretary (a member of parliament serving as a political aide to a cabinet minister) serving in the Foreign Office or the Chancellor's Office. Accordingly, Minister of State ranks between a Secretary of State and a Federal Minister. It is also used as the title of cabinet ministers of certain German states. Historically, the same title was used (sometimes alternating with other styles), notably as head of government in certain of the many constituent monarchies of pre-reunion Germany, e.g. in Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), Lippe, Schaumburg-Lippe, in Hannover, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Reuss-Schleiz-Gera and Reuss Junior Line, electorate/kingdom Saxony, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen."
] | [
"Minister of State ranks between a Secretary of State and a Federal Minister"
] |
-1939531535960416236 | 2018 Tata Open Maharashtra | 2018 Tata Open Maharashtra - wikipedia 2018 Tata Open Maharashtra Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Maharashtra Open Date 1 -- 6 January 2018 Edition 23rd Draw 28S / 16D / 32Q Prize money $447,480 Surface Hard Location Pune , India Champions Singles Gilles Simon Doubles Robin Haase / Matwé Middelkoop ← 2017 Maharashtra Open 2019 → The 2018 Maharashtra Open was a 2018 ATP World Tour tennis played on outdoor hard courts . It was the 23rd edition of the only ATP tournament played in India and took place in Pune , India , from 1 January through 6 January 2018 . It was the first edition of the tournament to be held after it was moved from Chennai to Pune . Contents ( hide ) 1 Points and prize money 1.1 Point distribution 1.2 Prize money 2 ATP singles main draw entrants 2.1 Seeds 2.2 Other Entrants 2.3 Withdrawals 2.4 Retirements 3 ATP doubles main draw entrants 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Other Entrants 4 Champions 4.1 Men 's Singles 4.2 Men 's Doubles 5 References 6 External links Points and prize money ( edit ) Point distribution ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q2 Q1 Singles 250 150 90 45 20 0 12 6 0 Doubles 0 N / A N / A N / A N / A Prize money ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q2 Q1 Singles $89,435 $47,105 $25,515 $14,535 $8,565 $5,075 $2,285 $1,145 Doubles $27,170 $14,280 $7,740 $4,430 $2,590 N / A N / A N / A Doubles prize money per team ATP singles main draw entrants ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Country Player Rank Seed CRO Marin Čilić 6 RSA Kevin Anderson 14 ESP Roberto Bautista Agut 20 FRA Benoît Paire 41 NED Robin Haase 42 5 CZE Jiří Veselý 62 6 KAZ Mikhail Kukushkin 74 7 FRA Pierre - Hugues Herbert 81 8 Rankings as of December 25 , 2017 Other entrants ( edit ) The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw : Arjun Kadhe Benoît Paire Ramkumar Ramanathan The following players received entry using a protected ranking : Pablo Andújar The following players received entry from the qualifying draw : Ilya Ivashka Thiago Monteiro Sumit Nagal Ricardo Ojeda Lara Withdrawals ( edit ) Before the tournament Jérémy Chardy → replaced by Pablo Andújar Rogério Dutra Silva → replaced by Marco Cecchinato Ivo Karlović → replaced by Yuki Bhambri Lukáš Lacko → replaced by Roberto Carballés Baena Lu Yen - hsun → replaced by Ruben Bemelmans Retirements ( edit ) Thiago Monteiro ATP doubles main draw entrants ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Country Player Country Player Rank Seed SWE Robert Lindstedt CRO Franko Škugor 114 NED Robin Haase NED Matwé Middelkoop 117 CHI Hans Podlipnik - Castillo BLR Andrei Vasilevski 119 IND Rohan Bopanna IND Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan 120 Rankings are as of December 25 , 2017 . Other entrants ( edit ) The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw : Sriram Balaji / Vishnu Vardhan Arjun Kadhe / Benoît Paire Champions ( edit ) Men 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Maharashtra Open -- Singles Gilles Simon def . Kevin Anderson , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Men 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Maharashtra Open -- Doubles Robin Haase / Matwé Middelkoop def. Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Gilles Simon , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tournament overview - Tata Open Maharashtra '' . atpworldtour.com . atpworldtour.com . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 TATA OPEN MAHARASHTRA '' . External links ( edit ) Official website 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio de Janeiro ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Pune ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Uniondale ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Tata_Open_Maharashtra&oldid=828888436 '' Categories : Sports competitions in Pune 2018 Maharashtra Open 2018 ATP World Tour 2018 in Indian sport January 2018 sports events in Asia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 10 : 32 . About Wikipedia | who has won the 2018 men's singles tata open maharashtra tennis tournament | [
"\n Gilles Simon def. Kevin Anderson, 7–6(7–4), 6–2\n"
] | [
"Gilles Simon"
] |
6326582816057657958 | The Brave (TV series) | The Brave ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Brave ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Brave Genre Drama Military Created by Dean Georgaris Starring Anne Heche Mike Vogel Tate Ellington Demetrius Grosse Natacha Karam Noah Mills Sofia Pernas Hadi Tabbal Composer ( s ) Toby Chu Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brad Anderson Avi Nir Alon Shtruzman Peter Traugott Rachel Kaplan Karni Ziv Dean Georgaris Producer ( s ) Ben Rimmer Cinematography Daniel Aranyó Editor ( s ) Jim Page Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Keshet International Universal Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website www.nbc.com/the-brave The Brave is an American drama series . NBC ordered the pilot to series on May 4 , 2017 together with Rise , making both series the first regular series orders for the 2017 -- 18 United States network television schedule . In May 2017 NBC announced that Matt Corman and Chris Ord will be the showrunners . The series premiered on September 25 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical response 4 References 5 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Anne Heche as Deputy Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency Patricia Campbell Mike Vogel as Captain Adam Dalton , a former Delta force operator , communications director for the team Tate Ellington as Noah Morgenthau , an analyst at the DIA and former CIA operative Demetrius Grosse as CPO Ezekiel `` Preach '' Carter , a former U.S. Navy SEAL Natacha Karam as Sergeant Jasmine `` Jaz '' Khan , the team 's sniper Noah Mills as Sergeant Joseph J. `` McG '' McGuire , the team 's combat medic , a former Delta operator Sofia Pernas as Hannah Archer , a former operative turned analyst at the DIA Hadi Tabbal as Agent Amir Al - Raisani , intelligence director and newest member of the team Recurring ( edit ) Bahram Khosraviani as Qassem Javad Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Brad Anderson Dean Georgaris September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 5.96 When Dr. Kimberly Wells , an ophthalmologist with Doctors Without Borders , is kidnapped by the Al - Nusra Front in Northern Syria , it is up to DIA Special Ops Capt . Adam Dalton and his team of misfits to find the terrorists responsible and bring her home safely . `` Moscow Rules '' Yves Simoneau Dean Georgaris October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 5.17 When a CIA safe house in Ukraine is attacked and one of the operatives hurt and on the run , the team must both locate her while evading the highly skilled Russian ops team in pursuit of her . `` The Greater Good '' Jeffrey Nachmanoff Story by : Dean Georgaris & Michael Alaimo Teleplay by : Michael Alaimo October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 5.14 The team is tasked with planting a bug on an extremely paranoid arms dealer who supplies weapons to terrorists , aided by an undercover Mexican agent and a mole in the terrorist organization -- the leader 's mistress . `` Break Out '' David Straiton Mike Daniels October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 4.97 The team , along with Deputy Director Patricia Campbell , enter an Afghani military prison to interrogate an American who joined the Taliban and has intimate knowledge of an imminent attack . During the interrogation , the Taliban prisoners stage a prison break , and the team must escape before the heavily armed Taliban reinforcements arrive . 5 `` Enhanced Protection '' John Terlesky Matt Corman & Chris Ord October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 5.19 The DIA intercepts chatter about an impending attack on a peace summit in Nigeria which will be attended by the US Ambassador . Dalton and his team are assigned to the Ambassador 's protection detail . However , the attack ends up being at a mall , and the Ambassador 's wife is taken hostage . The team rushes to the mall to stop the terrorists before they identify the Ambassador 's wife , and before they find out the prisoner they want released is already dead . Meanwhile , Campell receives the letter her son wrote to her in the event of his death , which was just delivered . 6 `` The Seville Defection '' Tessa Blake Mike Daniels October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 4.55 When a Russian spy 's daughter turns to the team in Spain looking to help her father defect , the team must simultaneously avoid Venezuelan and Russian operatives while Morgenthau enters the field to try and flush out a Russian mole at the NSA . 7 `` It 's All Personal '' Breck Eisner Jamie Pachino November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 5.18 Amir goes under - cover , assuming his identity as an Algerian ISIS operative , in order to infiltrate a cell in Paris that kidnapped a boy to use him as a suicide bomber . His decisions cause tension for the team as they do n't believe that the boy is an unwilling participant . 8 `` Stealth '' John Scott Theo Travers November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 5.03 9 `` Desperate Times '' TBA TBA November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' September 25 , 2017 1.3 / 5 5.96 0.9 3.71 9.67 `` Moscow Rules '' October 2 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.17 N / A 3.12 N / A 8.29 `` The Greater Good '' October 9 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.13 0.7 3.23 1.8 8.37 `` Break Out '' October 16 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.97 N / A 2.90 N / A 7.87 5 `` Enhanced Protection '' October 23 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.19 N / A 2.86 N / A 8.05 6 `` The Seville Deduction '' October 30 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.55 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` It 's All Personal '' November 6 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.18 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Stealth '' November 13 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.03 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Desperate Times '' November 20 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 38 % approval rating , with an average rating of 5.75 / 10 based on 18 reviews . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 54 out of 100 based on 11 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rise ' & ' For God And Country ' Picked Up To Series By NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe . `` NBC 's ' The Brave ' Taps ' Covert Affairs ' Creators as Co-Showrunners '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Anne Heche To Star In NBC Pilot ' For God And Country ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Vogel To Topline ' For God And Country ' NBC Military Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rise ' & ' For God And Country ' Picked Up To Series By NBC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Lenny Platt Joins CBS Pilot ' Perfect Citizen ' ; Demetrius Grosse Cast In NBC 's ' For God And Country ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Noah Mills Enlists In ' For God And Country ' ; Lyric Lewis Joins NBC 's Seth Meyers Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Alan Powell Joins ' Redliners ' NBC Drama Pilot ; Sofia Pernas In ' For God And Country ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marsha Thomason Scrubs In For ' The Good Doctor ' ; Bahram Khosraviani Joins ' The Brave ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 109 ) `` Desperate Times '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brave : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brave : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Brave on IMDb ( hide ) NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) First Dates ( since 2017 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football Thursday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The Voyager with Josh Garcia Upcoming A.P. Bio ( TBA ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) Champions ( TBA ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( TBA ) Genius Junior ( TBA ) Good Girls ( TBA ) Making It ( TBA ) The Reaper ( TBA ) Reverie ( TBA ) Rise ( TBA ) Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brave_(TV_series)&oldid=810441591 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts American drama television series English - language television programs NBC network shows Military television series Television series by Universal Television Terrorism in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 07 : 36 . About Wikipedia | when does the tv show the brave start | [
"The Brave is an American drama series. NBC ordered the pilot to series on May 4, 2017 together with Rise, making both series the first regular series orders for the 2017–18 United States network television schedule.[1] In May 2017 NBC announced that Matt Corman and Chris Ord will be the showrunners.[2] The series premiered on September 25, 2017.[3]"
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"September 25, 2017"
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3174878578918094266 | The Greatest Love of All | The Greatest Love of All - wikipedia The Greatest Love of All This article is about the popular song . For the Singaporean TV series , see The Greatest Love of All ( TV series ) . For the Brazilian film , see The Greatest Love of All ( film ) . `` The Greatest Love of All '' is a song written by songwriters Michael Masser , who composed the music , and Linda Creed , who wrote the lyrics . It was originally recorded in 1977 by American singer and guitarist George Benson , who made the song a substantial hit , peaking at number 2 on the US R&B chart that year , the first R&B chart Top Ten hit for Arista Records . The song was written and recorded to be the main theme of the 1977 film The Greatest , a biopic of the boxer Muhammad Ali . Eight years after Benson 's original recording , the song became even more well known for a version by Whitney Houston , whose 1985 cover ( with the slightly amended title `` Greatest Love of All '' ) eventually topped the charts , peaking at number 1 in Australia , Canada , U.S. and on the US R&B chart in 1986 . The original recording by Benson was released in 1977 in the U.S. , Japan , France , Germany , New Zealand , Australia , Italy , Brazil , Netherlands , U.K. and in Thailand , on an extended play ( EP ) . He officially recorded the song four times ; in addition to the studio single , Benson also recorded three live versions , the last time in a duet with Italian operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti in 2001 . Contents 1 Background and composition 2 The George Benson version , 1977 2.1 Charts positions 2.1. 1 Weekly charts 2.1. 2 Year - end charts 2.2 Track listing 2.3 Personnel 2.4 George Benson and Luciano Pavarotti 2.5 Versions of the single in other countries 2.6 Single with `` Funkin ' for Jamaica ( N.Y. ) '' 2.7 The Floating Gold EP in Thailand 3 The Whitney Houston version , 1986 3.1 Background 3.2 Music video 3.3 Reception 3.3. 1 Critical reception 3.3. 2 Chart performance 3.3. 3 Accolades 3.4 Controversy 3.5 Track listing 3.6 Personnel 3.7 Charts and certifications 3.7. 1 Weekly charts 3.7. 2 Year - end charts 3.8 End - of - decade charts 3.8. 1 Certifications 4 References 5 External links Background and composition ( edit ) The song 's music was composed by Michael Masser , and its lyrics were written by Linda Creed , in 1976 for The Greatest , a film based on the life of former heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali . According to the Los Angeles Times , after he had been asked to write the song for the movie , Masser felt drawn to Jerusalem , even though he was not a religious man , `` to get the feelings -- not just my own . '' Masser also told the L.A. Times his special feelings about Ali : Here was a man who wanted to change his name and religion . That 's all . Ali had n't believed in the war in Vietnam and had refused to fight in it . He won that battle through the legal system . Still , he lost everything -- including his title . But Ali retained the most important thing of all -- his dignity . In an interview with Ocala Star - Banner in 1988 , similarly , Masser said that `` He ( Ali ) represented to me a tremendous athlete who suffered prejudice from the white man 's world . He did n't give up what he believed even though he lost his title . '' Masser also told the L.A. Times that the song had another personal meaning for him to give up a legal career to pursue his interest in music , adding , `` People thought I was crazy . I had to starve . Had no money . Marriage broke up . But I had to do what I 'd wanted to do since I was 6 ... write music . '' Upon his return from Jerusalem , he contracted with lyricist Creed to work on the song and wrote it right from the heart . Then Masser had George Benson perform the song for the soundtrack . He said , `` The record came out and the song became an underground theme for black people . '' He was later accused by Gordon Lightfoot of plagiarizing 24 bars of his 1971 hit `` If You Could Read My Mind , '' but Lightfoot eventually dropped the suit out of respect for singer Whitney Houston . The George Benson version , 1977 ( edit ) `` The Greatest Love of All '' One of A-side track labels of the U.S. vinyl release Single by George Benson from the album The Greatest soundtrack B - side `` Ali 's Theme '' Released June 1977 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1977 Genre Smooth jazz R&B soul Length 5 : 32 ( Album full version ) 3 : 29 ( Single edited version ) Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Michael Masser Linda Creed Producer ( s ) Michael Masser George Benson singles chronology `` Gonna Love You More '' ( 1977 ) `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( 1977 ) `` On Broadway '' ( 1978 ) `` Gonna Love You More '' ( 1977 ) `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( 1977 ) `` On Broadway '' ( 1978 ) The original version of `` The Greatest Love of All '' was recorded in 1977 by Benson and originally released on the soundtrack album for The Greatest . The song was released as a single in the same year and was a substantial hit , reaching at number 2 on the Billboard R&B chart , the first R&B Top Ten hit for Arista Records , and ended the year at position 33 . The single also reached positions number 3 on the Cash Box Top 100 R&B and number 4 on the Record World R&B Singles . In other charts , the single was between positions number 22 and number 29 in the U.S. , number 27 in the UK , and number 25 and 42 in Canada . `` The Greatest Love of All '' is one of George Benson 's most successful hits , and for this reason , two of his numerous collections were intutated as The Greatest Hits of All , and The Very Best of George Benson : The Greatest Hits of All , both released in 2003 . ( Another selection from the film soundtrack among the same lines , again with Masser 's music and Creed 's lyrics , and again performed by Benson , was called `` I Always Knew I Had It In Me . '' This , selection mumber 2 on the soundtrack album , was not released as a single . ) Charts positions ( edit ) The original version of `` The Greatest Love of All '' recorded in 1977 by George Benson reached the following positions : Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 42 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts ) 27 US R&B Chart ( Billboard ) US Top 100 R&B ( Cash Box ) US R&B Singles ( Record World ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 22 US Billboard Hot 100 24 US Singles Chart ( Record World ) 27 US Top 100 Singles ( Cash Box ) 29 style = `` width : 50 % ; text - align : left ; vertical - align : top ; '' Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( December 1977 ) Position Canada Top 200 Singles of 1977 ( RPM ) 173 US R&B Solo Artist ( Record World ) 10 US Soul Singles ( Billboard ) 33 US Top R&B Singles ( Cash Box ) 41 US Top 200 Hits of 1977 153 ) Track listing ( edit ) Year Side Song Length Interpreter Writer / Composer Producer Arrangers Original Album 1977 A-side `` The Greatest Love of All '' 3 : 29 ( Edit single ) George Benson Michael Masser , Linda Creed Michael Masser Lee Holdridge , Michael Masser The Greatest soundtrack 1977 B - side `` Ali 's Theme '' 5 : 18 Michael Masser Michael Masser Michael Masser Lee Holdridge , Michael Masser The Greatest soundtrack The full length of `` The Greatest Love of All '' on the album The Greatest is 5 : 32 . The length of 3 : 29 on the 7 '' single is an edited version of the song . Personnel ( edit ) Writer -- Michael Masser , Linda Creed Arranger -- Michael Masser , Lee Holdridge Conductor , Orchestrated by -- Lee Holdridge Producer -- Michael Masser Lead Vocal - George Benson Piano -- Michael Masser Guitar -- Lee Ritenour Drums -- Harvey Mason Bass -- Stanley Banks George Benson and Luciano Pavarotti ( edit ) On May 29 , 2001 , the Italian operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti performed the concert `` Pavarotti & Friends '' in his hometown of Modena , Italy . To raise money for refugees from Afghanistan under the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , this concert called `` Pavarotti & Friends for Afghanistan '' featured guest artists , one of them being his friend George Benson . The song performed in duet by the two was Benson 's song `` The Greatest Love of All '' , sung in parts by Benson in English and elsewhere by Pavarotti in Italian . This complete concert `` Pavarotti & Friends for Afghanistan '' raised $3.3 million for its cause , and was recorded and released in CD in 2001 . The song was credited with the original title `` The Greatest Love of All '' recorded by Benson . Versions of the single in other countries ( edit ) The original single of `` The Greatest Love of All '' by George Benson has also been released in several other countries , as shown in the chart below . Year Country Label Catalogue Format A-Side `` The Greatest Love Of All '' B - Side `` Ali 's Theme '' 1978 United States ( Reissue in 1978 ) Arista / Flashback Records AFS - 9170 7 '' single 5 : 35 ( Full length ) 5 : 18 1977 Japan Arista IER - 20349 7 '' single 5 : 34 ( Full length ) 5 : 19 1977 Italy Arista 3C 006 9989 7 '' single 5 : 32 ( Full length ) 5 : 17 1977 Germany Arista / EMI Electrola 1C 006 - 99 489 7 '' single 4 : 23 ( Edit single ) 5 : 15 1977 France Arista 2C 006 - 99.489 7 '' single 4 : 18 ( Edit single ) 5 : 18 1977 Netherlands Arista NG 891 7 '' single 4 : 18 ( Edit single ) 5 : 18 1977 Australia Arista AR - 11530 7 '' single 4 : 18 ( Edit single ) 5 : 18 1977 New Zealand Arista ATA 251 7 '' single 4 : 18 ( Edit single ) 5 : 18 1977 United Kingdom Arista ARISTA 133 7 '' single ( uninformed ) ( uninformed ) 1977 Brazil Arista AR - 31043 7 '' single ( uninformed ) ( uninformed ) Single with `` Funkin ' for Jamaica ( N.Y. ) '' ( edit ) In July 1984 , a single was released in the UK by label Old Gold , with `` The Greatest Love of All '' . Benson 's original recording remained on the A-side of the single , and on the B - side was another hit single of another artist : `` Funkin ' for Jamaica ( N.Y. ) '' by Tom Browne , originally released in 1980 . Year Recording Side Song Length Interpreter Writer / Composer Producer Original Album 1977 A-side `` The Greatest Love of All '' 5 : 32 ( Full length ) George Benson Michael Masser , Linda Creed Michael Masser The Greatest soundtrack 1980 B - side `` Funkin ' for Jamaica ( N.Y. ) '' 3 : 29 Tom Browne Tom Browne , Toni Smith Dave Grusin , Larry Rosen Love Approach The Floating Gold EP in Thailand ( edit ) In 1977 , an extended play ( EP ) with four successful soul music songs from that year was released in Thailand . The EP was called Floating Gold , released by label Royalsound , in reference to the song `` Float On '' by the Floaters , the first track of the EP . The second track was the Manhattans ' `` We Never Danced To Love Song '' and the third was the Brothers Johnson 's `` Strawberry Letter 23 '' . To finish the EP , the fourth track was `` The Greatest Love of All '' by George Benson . Year Recording Side Song Interpreter Writer / Composer Producer Original Album 1977 A-side 1 `` Float On '' The Floaters Marvin Willis , James Mitchell , Arnold Ingram Marvin Willis , James Mitchell Floaters 1977 A-side 2 `` We Never Danced To a Love Song '' The Manhattans Gerald Alston , Edward ' Sonny ' Bivins The Manhattans , Bobby Martin It Feels So Good 1977 B - side 1 `` Strawberry Letter 23 '' The Brothers Johnson Shuggie Otis Quincy Jones Right on Time 1977 B - side 2 `` The Greatest Love of All '' George Benson Michael Masser , Linda Creed Michael Masser The Greatest soundtrack The Whitney Houston version , 1986 ( edit ) `` Greatest Love of All '' Single by Whitney Houston from the album Whitney Houston B - side `` Thinking About You '' Released March 18 , 1986 Format CD single , cassette single , 7 - inch single , 12 '' single Recorded December 1984 Genre Soul , R&B Length 4 : 48 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Michael Masser , Linda Creed Producer ( s ) Michael Masser Whitney Houston singles chronology `` How Will I Know '' ( 1985 ) `` Greatest Love of All '' ( 1986 ) `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( 1987 ) `` How Will I Know '' ( 1985 ) `` Greatest Love of All '' ( 1986 ) `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' ( 1987 ) The song was further popularized by Whitney Houston under the title `` Greatest Love of All , '' without the `` The . '' The song was recorded by the American recording artist for her self - titled debut album , which was released in February 1985 by Arista Records . The song became a major hit , topping the charts in Australia , Canada and the US , while reaching the top 20 in most countries , including Italy , Sweden and the UK . It remains her third biggest US hit , after `` I Will Always Love You '' and `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' . All three songs , in order of their former popularity , re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart , after Houston 's death in 2012 , debuting the same week at numbers 7 , 35 and 41 , respectively , giving Houston three posthumous chart hits . Clive Davis , founder of Houston 's label Arista Records , was initially against Houston recording the song for her debut studio album , Whitney Houston , but he eventually gave in after persuasion from Houston and Masser . It was released as the B - side to the single `` You Give Good Love , '' a previous Top 5 hit by Houston . The song , eventually released as a single in its own right , on March 18 , 1986 , was the seventh release from Houston 's debut album , and spent three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in May of that year . Houston 's album version features a piano intro , while the single version begins with a keyboard intro . After the single became a success , it replaced the original album version on subsequent pressings of the album . However , the original version was restored for the 2010 Deluxe Anniversary Edition reissue of the album and international releases . Her live performance in 1990 in the 15th anniversary of Arista Records concert in Radio City Music Hall was included in the 25th anniversary deluxe edition of Whitney Houston and the 2014 CD / DVD release , Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances . Background ( edit ) Whitney Houston was still an unknown hopeful when then the president of Arista Records , Clive Davis , and Masser heard her sing `` Greatest Love '' in a New York club on Amsterdam Avenue at about 68th St. a few years before her debut . Davis later described the first time he heard Houston sing : I went down there ( Sweetwater 's club ) instead of having her audition in a studio ; I was seeing her before an audience . She did backup singing and you could see she was a beautiful young girl . But then she stepped out and she did two solo numbers , one of which was the song `` The Greatest Love of All . '' Whitney sang the song with such fervor , with such a natural vocal gift , with such passion , that I was stunned . I knew really right then and there that this was a special talent and I was blown away by her . As I reflect back on this , I can relive the exprience for the very first time . There was no hesitation . I wanted to sign Whitney . Masser said , `` When I first met Whitney , she was about 19 and unknown . I went into Sweetwater 's , and I thought I must be totally out of it ― - I said , ' I must be going crazy , I think I 'm hearing one of my songs . ' She was singing ' The Greatest Love of All ' just as I walked in , and that meant something to me . Two and a half years later when I was doing Teddy Pendergrass there was a duet and everybody wanted me to use this or that known person . Only because I had heard Whitney singing ' The Greatest Love of All . ' I chose her . '' ( The eventual duet between Pendergrass and Houston to which Masser referred , which served as Houston 's debut single , was titled `` Hold Me In Your Arms . '' ) Music video ( edit ) Houston 's music video was filmed at Harlem 's Apollo Theater in New York City . In the video , she is a successful singer who is about to perform in front of an audience . She reminisces about the time when she was a child performing in a talent competition and receiving encouragement from her mother . The video features Houston 's mother Cissy Houston playing herself , supporting a young Whitney , as well as hugging present Whitney at the end of the video . It was directed by Peter Israelson , filmed with James Contner as DP and Steadicam operator Robin Buerki shooting 35mm film . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Many critics called the song the centerpiece of Houston 's debut album . Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that `` Houston sings it with a forceful directness that gives its message of self - worth an astounding resonance and conviction '' and called the song a compelling assertion of spiritual devotion , black pride , and family loyalty , all at once . Don Shewey of Rolling Stone wrote that as the song builds , Houston `` slowly pours on the soul , slips in some churchy phrasing , holds notes a little longer and shows off her glorious voice . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Benson 's 1977 version was an R&B hit , reaching number 2 on the R&B chart . It was a moderate pop hit , making the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Houston 's version reached number one on the Hot 100 chart for three weeks in 1986 . The single was the fourth hit ( and third number 1 ) from her debut album . To date , this song was her second longest stay atop this chart , behind 1992 's `` I Will Always Love You . '' The song also reached number one on both component charts , the Hot 100 Singles Sales and the Hot 100 Airplay , her second consecutive release to do so , and stayed for 14 weeks inside the top 40 . On other Billboard charts , Houston also performed well , reaching number three on the R&B chart . The song topped the adult contemporary chart for five weeks , Houston 's longest stay at the top of that chart at the time . The song ranked No. 11 on Billboard 's year end pop singles chart . Houston 's single fared well globally as well , reaching No. 8 in the United Kingdom and the top ten or No. 1 in several other European countries . It became her first No. 1 single in Australia . After her death , the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 , debuting at number 41 . Accolades ( edit ) Houston won the American Music Award for Favorite Soul / R&B Video Single , and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Record of the Year and a Soul Train Music Award for Single of the Year . Controversy ( edit ) In April 1987 , Gordon Lightfoot filed a lawsuit against Michael Masser , alleging that Masser 's song `` The Greatest Love of All '' stole twenty - four bars from Lightfoot 's 1970 hit `` If You Could Read My Mind . '' According to Maclean 's , Lightfoot commented , `` It really rubbed me the wrong way . I do n't want the present - day generation to think that I stole my song from him . '' Lightfoot has stated that he dropped the suit when he felt it was having a negative effect on Whitney Houston , as the suit was about Masser and not her . Track listing ( edit ) US vinyl / 7 `` / Single A `` Greatest Love of All '' -- 4 : 51 B `` Thinking About You '' -- 4 : 06 Personnel ( edit ) Writer -- Michael Masser , Linda Creed Producer -- Michael Masser Arranger -- Gene Page , Jr . The players -- Robbie Buchanan , Nathan East , Dann Huff , Paul Jackson , Jr. , Randy Kerber , Richard Marx , Lou Shelton , Debbie Thomas , Julia Waters , Maxine Waters , Oren Waters , John Robinson Mixer -- Bill Schnee Engineers -- Michael Mancini , Russell Schmitt Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Canada ( RPM ) finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 16 Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 56 France ( SNEP ) 70 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 40 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 28 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 20 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 39 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 55 US Billboard Hot 100 36 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Position Australian Kent Music Report 27 US Pop Singles 11 US Black Singles 46 US Top Adult Contemporary Singles 7 End - of - decade charts ( edit ) End of decade ( 1980 -- 1989 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 71 Certifications ( edit ) Country ( Provider ) Certification Sales Canada ( CRIA ) Gold 5,000 USA ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ discogs.com . `` George Benson - `` The Greatest Love Of All '' ( 1977 ) `` . 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Jump up ^ ( 4 ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Benson 's `` The Greatest Love of All '' music video ( from The Greatest ) on YouTube Benson 's `` The Greatest Love of All '' page at Discogs Benson 's `` The Greatest Love of All '' page at 45cat Houston 's `` Greatest Love of All '' music video on YouTube Houston 's `` Greatest Love of All '' page at Discogs George Benson Discography Studio albums The New Boss Guitar of George Benson It 's Uptown The George Benson Cookbook Giblet Gravy Shape of Things to Come Goodies Tell It Like It Is The Other Side of Abbey Road Beyond the Blue Horizon White Rabbit Body Talk Bad Benson Good King Bad Benson & Farrell Breezin ' In Flight Livin ' Inside Your Love Give Me the Night In Your Eyes Pacific Fire I Got a Woman and Some Blues 20 / 20 While the City Sleeps ... Collaboration Twice the Love Big Boss Band That 's Right Standing Together Absolute Benson Irreplaceable Givin ' It Up Songs and Stories Guitar Man Inspiration : A Tribute to Nat King Cole Live albums In Concert - Carnegie Hall Weekend in L.A. Compilations Space The George Benson Collection The Greatest Hits of All The Very Best of George Benson : The Greatest Hits of All Main Singles `` This Masquerade '' ( 1976 ) `` Breezin ' '' ( 1976 ) `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( 1977 ) `` On Broadway '' ( 1978 ) `` Love Ballad '' ( 1979 ) `` Give Me the Night '' ( 1980 ) `` Love X Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Never Give Up on a Good Thing '' ( 1981 ) `` Turn Your Love Around '' ( 1981 ) `` Inside Love ( So Personal ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Lady Love Me ( One More Time ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' ( 1983 ) `` In Your Eyes '' ( 1983 ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( 1985 ) `` Shiver '' ( 1986 ) `` Teaser '' ( 1986 ) `` Let 's Do It Again ( 1988 ) Book : George Benson Whitney Houston Albums discography Singles discography Videography Live performances Awards and nominations List of songs Studio albums Whitney Houston Whitney I 'm Your Baby Tonight My Love Is Your Love Just Whitney ... One Wish : The Holiday Album I Look to You Soundtrack albums The Bodyguard The Preacher 's Wife Live albums Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances Compilation albums Whitney : The Greatest Hits Love , Whitney The Ultimate Collection I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston Other releases Whitney : Dancin ' Special I Wish You Love : More from The Bodyguard Concert tours US Summer Tour The Greatest Love World Tour Moment of Truth World Tour Feels So Right Tour I 'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour The Bodyguard World Tour The Pacific Rim Tour The European Tour My Love Is Your Love World Tour Soul Divas Tour Nothing but Love World Tour Concerts and appearances Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston The Concert for a New South Africa Whitney : Brunei The Royal Wedding Celebration Classic Whitney : Live from Washington , D.C. VH1 Divas Live ' 99 Achievements Chart records and achievements Grammy awards history American Music Awards history Related articles `` Dance with Somebody '' The Bodyguard ( musical ) Being Bobby Brown The Houstons : On Our Own Whitney : Can I Be Me Bobby Brown ( ex-husband ) Bobbi Kristina Brown ( daughter ) Cissy Houston ( mother ) Whitney ( 2015 film ) Whitney ( 2018 film ) Book Portal Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Greatest_Love_of_All&oldid=855795456 '' Categories : 1977 singles 1977 songs 1986 singles Songs written by Michael Masser Songs written by Linda Creed Arista Records singles George Benson songs Whitney Houston songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Songs involved in plagiarism controversies RPM Top Singles number - one singles Contemporary R&B ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Pop ballads Soul ballads CBS Sports Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Austria All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 21 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song the greatest love of all | [
"\n\"The Greatest Love of All\" is a song written by songwriters Michael Masser, who composed the music, and Linda Creed, who wrote the lyrics. It was originally recorded in 1977 by American singer and guitarist George Benson, who made the song a substantial hit, peaking at number 2 on the US R&B chart that year, the first R&B chart Top Ten hit for Arista Records. The song was written and recorded to be the main theme of the 1977 film The Greatest, a biopic of the boxer Muhammad Ali. Eight years after Benson's original recording, the song became even more well known for a version by Whitney Houston, whose 1985 cover (with the slightly amended title \"Greatest Love of All\") eventually topped the charts, peaking at number 1 in Australia, Canada, U.S. and on the US R&B chart in 1986.\n"
] | [
"songwriters Michael Masser, who composed the music, and Linda Creed, who wrote the lyrics"
] |
-7526651108616881303 | Wolves and moose on Isle Royale | Wolves and moose on Isle Royale - Wikipedia Wolves and moose on Isle Royale A pack of wolves hunting a moose on Isle Royale , 1966 The single predator - single prey relationship between wolves and moose on Isle Royale in Lake Superior is unique , and has been the subject of detailed study for over 50 years . Isle Royale , the principal island of Isle Royale National Park in Michigan in the United States , is an isolated island with little migration of animals into and out of the island and as a national park human interaction and impact on the two species is also limited . Both the wolves and the moose first became established populations on Isle Royale in the 1900s . Over the fifty years of the study , the populations of both moose and wolves have shown repeated spikes and declines and have not settled to a balanced relationship . The moose populations have ranged from 500 to 2500 while the number of wolves has ranged from almost 50 to presently down to two . The relationship between wolves and moose on Isle Royale has been the subject of the longest research study of its type , begun in 1958 . The wolves have been subject to inbreeding and carry a spinal deformity . As of the 2014 count , there were only 9 wolves on the island , with the 2015 -- 2017 counts showing only 2 . A review completed in 2014 determined that new wolves would not be introduced into the park to attempt a genetic rescue , but as of December 2016 , the National Park Service had instead decided to introduce 20 to 30 wolves to the island . Isle Royale National Park is made up of about 400 islands , and is in the northwest portion of Lake Superior . It is about 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Michigan 's shore , and 12 miles ( 19 km ) from the Canadian shore . The main island is about 45 miles ( 72 km ) long , and nine miles ( 14 km ) wide at the widest point , with an area of 205 square miles ( 530 km ) . There are no roads , and no motorized vehicles are allowed on the island . The park is closed from September to May during which the wolf - moose study personnel are the only humans resident on the island . Contents 1 Wolf - moose dynamics interactions 2 Wolf population dynamics 2.1 Old Gray Guy 3 Other species 4 Climate effects 5 Trends 6 References 7 External links 8 Bibliography Wolf - moose dynamics Interactions ( edit ) Moose health and population on Isle Royale have a great effect on other animal and plant life . As an isolated island , Isle Royale initially had neither wolves nor moose . The moose are believed to have either swum across Lake Superior from Minnesota in the early 1900s or were stocked on the island by man for the purpose of recreational hunting . In 1949 a pair of wolves crossed an ice bridge from Ontario to the island during a harsh winter . But because only one pair of wolves migrated to the island , they have suffered from severe inbreeding . According to Rolf Peterson , a professor at Michigan Technological University and the lead wolf - moose researcher , `` Moose were isolated here 100 years ago . Most of the genes are still here , but they have enough population ( to compensate ) . There are so few wolves that they have lost genetic variability . The scientific dogma suggests that they are not going to make it . '' In fact , all of the wolves ' DNA on Isle Royale can be traced back to one ancestor . Inbreeding leads to inbreeding depression and fitness problems , often accompanied by violent social rejection by other wolves . When study began in 1958 , many researchers believed the two species would eventually reach a population equilibrium of about 25 wolves and 1,500 moose ; but there has been no sign of this , with populations fluctuating unpredictably . The highest number of moose observed since the arrival of wolves was 2,450 in 1995 . The highest number of wolves observed was 50 in 1980 followed by a population crash to 14 by 1982 . As of 2005 , there were 540 moose , the lowest recorded , and a relatively high population of 30 wolves . In 2008 , there were 700 moose and 23 wolves . The density of the two species depends strongly on the density of forage . Moose prefer birch and aspen trees , which used to grow plentifully on the island , but over a century of moose browsing have been largely replaced by the less nutritious balsam fir , which now makes up 59 % of a moose 's diet . Even this has declined dramatically : as of 2002 , understory growth of balsam fir was at 5 % , down 40 % from 19th century observations . The plant is more plentiful on the east side of the island , which draws a higher concentration of moose . Because balsam fir does not give sufficient moisture , moose have recently been spotted eating snow , a very rare occurrence . They have also been sighted eating lichen , which researcher Rolf Peterson has compared to eating dust . When the moose population grows too high , the balsam fir population crashes , leading to a crash in the moose population , in a continuing population `` see - saw '' . Moose mostly die from the consequences of malnutrition : they become emaciated and slowed down by arthritis , until they are easy prey for a wolf pack . Also , calves suffer from malnutrition when they are born during a winter with snow too deep for easy foraging . Moose make up nine - tenths of an Isle Royale wolf 's diet ( the remainder being snowshoe hare and beaver ) . Moose in their prime years commonly outrun wolves in a hunt , especially on soft snow : moose can cross snow two feet deep at 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) . Even if wolves can catch up to a moose , they can not always bring it down ; researchers often find wolves with hunting bruises and scars . To improve their chances , wolves pick out moose which are calves , old , diseased , or injured . The typical moose killed is about 12 years old and suffers from arthritis , osteoporosis , and / or periodontitis . Eighty to ninety percent of moose are brought down by wolves rather than directly by disease , and each wolf kills an average of between 0.44 and 1.69 moose per month . Wolf population dynamics ( edit ) The wolf is the prominent predator on Isle Royale . Wolves on the island have , historically , been separated into three or four packs , with each pack usually having between three and eight members , including two or three pups . The number of wolves in a pack depends mainly on the amount of snow that fell in the previous winter . In winters with light snow , pups tend to leave the pack to find mates , so packs run at four or five members ; in heavily snowy winters , the pups stay with the pack , which can reach ten to twelve members . If many members of a pack die , the pack dissolves and a new one forms within a year . One pack will dissolve about once every thirty years . In 2006 , the wolf population , with the exception of 10 loners and separate pairs , formed three packs ; the east pack , the middle pack , and the Chippewa Harbor pack . Wolf packs on the island have been known to fight to try to extend their territory and , thus , supply of moose . In 2006 , the east pack killed Chippewa Harbor pack 's alpha male , as witnessed by John Vucetich , a professor at Michigan Technological University and one of the lead researchers on the island , who believed that the Chippewa Harbor pack may die off without their leader . Old Gray Guy ( edit ) During the winter of 1997 a particularly virile wolf ( later named `` Old Gray Guy '' and wolf No. 93 ) crossed the 15 miles of ice to Isle Royale. Old Gray Guy was larger and more territorial than the other Isle Royale wolves . His own pack grew to an unusually large 10 wolves , and displaced and drove to extinction one of the other 4 packs . He was so - named because as he aged his fur became very pale , an unusual phenomenon . It was determined that by 2009 , 56 % of the wolves on Isle Royale had descended from Old Gray Guy . `` We do n't know of any other instance -- except when they first came -- of wolves crossing the ice , '' said John A. Vucetich , the lead author of a study of the wolves published online in The Proceedings of the Royal Society B in 2011 . `` The entire population is descended from a single female . '' The wolf population on Isle Royale is small , averaging only about 23 wolves . By the end of his eight years of breeding , he produced 34 pups , those had produced an additional 45 pups . Such a genetic impact is evidence for substantially greater fitness of Old Gray compared to the other inbred wolves on the island . Scientists expected that such an introduction would create a `` genetic rescue '' population boom , but it did not happen . `` A co-author of the study , Rolf O. Peterson , a research professor at Michigan Technological University , said that the population of Isle Royale hangs on by a thread , as it has for decades . The average reproduction after the Old Gray Guy arrived was no different from before . Yet this does not mean that he had no effect . '' `` The simple interpretation is that genetic rescue does n't work , '' said Dr. Vucetich , an assistant professor of wildlife ecology at Michigan Technological University . `` But what happened here is that when the immigrant came in 1997 , in the decade that followed , the moose population declined radically . It 's plausible that we did n't see an effect because the wolves were suffering from some other trouble that disguised the benefit . What if wolf No. 93 had never arrived ? Dr. Vucetich said that it is impossible to know for sure , but the Isle Royale wolves might have disappeared completely . It may be that the Old Gray Guy arrived just in time . '' Other species ( edit ) A snowshoe hare , one of the other species impacting the wolf and moose on Isle Royale . Once a moose is brought down and killed , wolves have to compete with scavenging ravens . Ravens are tenacious scavengers that can easily dodge the strike of a wolf and are unbothered by them . Ravens can eat and store up to two pounds ( 0.91 kg ) in a few days , which is minuscule compared to the storage capacity of wolves , which is up to eighteen pounds ( 8.2 kg ) in just a few hours . Other anti-social species have an effect , though rather small , on the relationship between wolves and moose on Isle Royale . Before wolves hunted them to extinction , coyotes used to inhabit the island . Beavers and snowshoe hares also have an effect on both populations , because beavers and snowshoe hares are the only two animals that wolves prey on excluding moose , constituting a tenth of an Isle Royale wolf 's diet . The beaver population has sharply declined since the arrival of wolves , but they still are present , and though they are not a prime food source for typical wolves , they are the second to moose as the most consumed animal by the wolves on the island . Beavers benefit both species . They are as easy prey for wolves and they create aquatic macrophytes , very nutritional plants for moose , although the macrophytes are also consumed by the beavers . Though wolves are thought to contribute to the decline in beaver , researchers believe that the decline of aspen , the primary food source of beavers , which used to be plentiful , could have led to their decrease . Beavers have been exposed to predation by having to travel long distances to find only parts of the island where aspen remains . Snowshoe hares , the third most consumed animal by wolves on Isle Royale constitute a very small portion of the wolves ' diet , because snowshoe hares are so difficult to catch . Researchers have found that wolves do not show much interest in preying on hares , and only feed on them incidentally . Snowshoe hares have a negative effect on moose as they eat some of the same vegetation that moose eat , which only contributes to the decline in appropriate forage for moose . The red fox is yet another animal that inhabits Isle Royale ; red foxes mainly feed on snowshoe hares and occasionally scavenge on moose , or any other meat a wolf leaves behind . Wolves do not commonly hunt foxes , though wolves have been observed killing foxes when they attempt to feed on an animal carcass . Climate effects ( edit ) Climate plays a major role in the moose - wolf relationship as well . Since El Niño hit in 1998 , the climate has warmed up , which has significantly affected the moose population across North America . The warmer climate in recent years has produced more Moose winter ticks , which consume the blood of animals , making them more susceptible to anemia , and induce the moose to scratch off their hair , exposing them to hypothermia in cold weather . A moose can have tens of thousands of ticks feeding on its blood at one time , each sucking up to one milliliter of blood . The biting ticks cause a lot of discomfort for the moose , so they try to get the ticks off their bodies by biting off their hair , and rubbing up against trees . This preoccupies moose , and keeps them from browsing for food , which can lead to malnutrition . Compounded with blood loss , moose weakened by ticks are easier for wolves to kill . Ticks are more prominent in years where spring arrives earlier than usual , because when they fall on ground not covered in snow , then they can reproduce . Otherwise , they die out . Then , if the summer is hot , ticks are able to reproduce at a higher rate . Hot summers also lead to moose resting in the shade , or in the water to keep cool , making them easier prey for wolves . Also , hot summers lead to tougher foraging for moose which makes them less prepared and more vulnerable to the winter . Not only has the recent warming of Isle Royale hurt the moose , but completely opposite problems harm them also . Harsh winters pose significant problems to moose , because moose have problems finding food when there is too much snow on the ground . The less snow there is , the more freely moose can move around the island . When there is a significant amount of snow , moose stay in conifer swamps , making them easier prey for wolves , because they are more confined , and immobilized due to the snow . Deep or heavy snow decreases the speed and agility of moose that is necessary to evade wolf attacks , and calves born during a winter with particularly deep snow are more vulnerable to being weaker prey for wolves later on in their lives because of foraging problems that occur when the snow is deep . The keen survival instincts of moose have been clearly evident from the studying of their actions on Isle Royale . Female moose ( called `` cows '' ) have been spotted on nearby smaller islands , around the main island of Isle Royale , because they swim across to give birth . This allows for them to give birth and raise their young without the threat of wolves preying on their young when they are vulnerable . This also causes trouble for moose that are born in the winter , because they can no longer swim across the water to another island , and must raise the new calf in the snow . Once the calves are physically mature , they are able to swim back , and are then able to better protect themselves from wolves , as they are then in their prime years . Trends ( edit ) Initially , it was thought that the wolf and moose populations would reach a stable balance , but this will no longer be possible . During the nearly sixty years of the study , the populations of both species have fluctuated up and down with the number of moose ranging from a high of nearly 2500 down to 500 and the number of wolves ranging from a high of 50 down to one in 2017 / 18 . During 2016 , the wolf population is now nearly extirpated with only two severely inbred wolves present . The moose population was about 2 / 3rd of its historical maximum with ample forage and growing rapidly . Absent a new infusion of migrant wolves , or human intervention , the original situation of a high moose population limited only by starvation is the prospect . However , in December 2016 , the National Park Service ( NPS ) put forward a plan in which they would add 20 to 30 wolves to the island in order to prevent the pack from disappearing completely . In December 2017 , Sarah Hoy et al. of Michigan Technological University published results of a 40 - year study showing a decrease in the size and lifespans of moose . Analysis of moose skulls documents a 16 % shrinkage likely consistent with warming winters which are correlated with smaller brain size in one - year - old moose . The moose population has tripled in the past decade , reaching about 1,600 in the 2017 survey , but as wolf die off approaches , competition for food due to overpopulation will become a further stress on moose . In March 2018 , with the release of the final Environmental Impact Statement , the NPS formally proposed to relocate 20 to 30 wolves to the island over a three - year time period , starting immediately . An official Record of Decision was released on 7 June 2018 selecting this preferred alternative over several others including taking no action , introducing wolves over a longer 20 - year period , and delaying immediate action but allowing for the possibility of future action after the continued monitoring of moose population metrics . As of June 2018 , the NPS is actively developing specific implementation strategies . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About The Project : Overview '' . The Wolves and Moose of Isle Royale . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/isro/learn/nature/wolves.htm ^ Jump up to : Just 2 wolves left on Isle Royale , Detroit News , Retrieved April 18 , 2016 : http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2016/04/11/isle-royale-wolves-two/82893406/ ^ Jump up to : `` Overview of the Ecology and Research of Wolves and Moose on Isle Royale . '' The Wolves and Moose of Isle Royale. April 16 , 2006 ( 1 ) Archived December 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rebecca Williams ( Jan 6 , 2015 ) . `` Isle Royale researchers take to the air for bird 's eye view of wolves and moose '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Two wolves survive in world 's longest running predator - prey study , Science , Retrieved September 7 , 2017 : http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/04/two-wolves-survive-world-s-longest-running-predator-prey-study Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Scientists say Isle Royale National Park gray wolf population down to 2 and may soon die out '' . usnews.com/ . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa Kaczke ( Mar 11 , 2015 ) . `` Pair of wolves cross to Lake Superior island , but no success in breeding '' . The Dickinson Press . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in 2008 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Flesher , John . `` Biologist Never Tires of Watching Wolves , Moose on Isle Royale . '' The Boston Globe March 24 , 2006 . April 9 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Line , Les . `` In Long - Running Wolf - Moose Drama , Wolves Recover From Disaster . '' The New York Times March 19 , 1996 . April 3 , 2006 ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Weier , Anita . `` Isle is Perfect Laboratory for Moose and Wolves -- Their Interactions Studied Since 1958 . ( Saturday Extra ) '' The Capital Times ( Madison , WI ) ( May 31 , 2003 ) : 1B . ^ Jump up to : Myers , John . `` Isle Royale 's Moose Numbers Continue Crash . '' Duluth News Tribune March 10 , 2006 . April 2 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : McLaren , B.E. , and R.O. Peterson . `` Wolves , moose , and tree rings on Isle Royale . ( Isle Royale National Park , Michigan ) . '' Science 266. n5190 ( Dec 2 , 1994 ) : 1555 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Wilmers , CC ; Post , ES ; Peterson , RO ; Vucetich , JA ( 2006 ) . `` Disease mediated switch from top - down to bottom - up control exacerbates climatic effects on moose population dynamics '' . Ecology Letters. 9 : 383 -- 389 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1461 - 0248.2006. 00890. x . ^ Jump up to : `` Isle Royale is a study in moose and wolves . '' Akron Beacon Journal ( Akron , OH ) ( Dec 29 , 2005 ) : NA . Jump up ^ Peterson , R.O. , R.E. Page , and K.M. Dodge . `` Wolves , moose , and the allometry of population cycles . '' Science 224 ( June 22 , 1984 ) : 1350 ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Vucetich , JA & RO Peterson . 2004 . Long - term population and predation dynamics of wolves on Isle Royale . Pages 281 -- 292 in Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids , edited by D. Macdonald & C. Sillero - Zubiri , Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Moose population decline leaves Isle Royale wolves scrapping for food . '' The America 's Intelligence Wire ( March 11 , 2006 ) : NA . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Bakalar , New York Times April 4 , 2011 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/science/05wolf.html?_r=1 Wolf Crosses the Lake Superior Ice to Become Leader of the Pack '' ^ Jump up to : `` Species of Lesser Significance . '' ParkNet . July 4 , 2002 . National Park Service . May 18 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Predators and prey affected by warming . ( Ecology ) ( decline in numbers of North American moose , increase in number of wolves ) ( Brief Article ) . '' USA Today ( Magazine ) 133.2711 ( August 2004 ) : 7 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Goodrich , Marcia . `` Isle Royale Wolf - Moose Study Report . '' Michigan Tech News / Media . March 4 , 2004 . Michigan Technological University . April 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ Roach , John . `` Wolves , Ticks , Send Michigan Moose Numbers Plummeting . '' National Geographic June 6 , 2005 . April 5 , 2006 Jump up ^ Bhanoo , Sindya ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Only Three Wolves Left on an Island Full of Prey '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ John A. Vucetich and Rolf O. Peterson ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale Annual Report 2014 -- 15 '' ( PDF ) . isleroyalewolf.org . School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science , Michigan Technological University , . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . These changes are part of a longer trend . Since 2009 the wolf population has dropped by nearly 90 % . As a result of very low wolf abundance , each of the past four years has seen unprecedented low rates of predation . In response , the moose population has been growing at a mean rate of 22 % per year for each of the past four years . If that growth rate persists , the moose population will double in size over the next three years . Jump up ^ `` Isle Royale may add 20 -- 30 wolves to keep pack from disappearing '' . Freep . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The shrinking moose of Isle Royale ( Report ) . Michigan Technological University . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah R. Hoy , Rolf O. Peterson , John A. Vucetich ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Climate warming is associated with smaller body size and shorter lifespans in moose near their southern range limit '' . Global Change Biology . doi : 10.1111 / gcb. 14015 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` National Park Service - PEPC - Environmental Impact Statement to Address the Presence of Wolves at Isle Royale National Park '' . parkplanning.nps.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release National Park Service Releases Record of Decision to Introduce Wolves at Isle Royale National Park - Isle Royale National Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . www.nps.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . External links ( edit ) The Wolves and Moose of Isle Royale Isle Royale National Park Web site Bibliography ( edit ) `` Food Fight : Wolves Pack Up to Out - Eat Ravens . '' Ascribe Higher Education News Service ( August 19 , 2004 ) : NA . The Moose of Isle Royale , ( 1934 ) . Adolph Murie . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan , Museum of Zoology , Misc . Publication No. 25 . Study of the moose population before the wolves arrived . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolves_and_moose_on_Isle_Royale&oldid=864392017 '' Categories : Isle Royale National Park Fauna of the Great Lakes region ( North America ) Ecological experiments Wolves in the United States Moose Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from February 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 22 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | arrival of moose on isle royale is an example of a | [
"The single predator-single prey relationship between wolves and moose on Isle Royale in Lake Superior is unique,[dubious – discuss] and has been the subject of detailed study for over 50 years. Isle Royale, the principal island of Isle Royale National Park in Michigan in the United States, is an isolated island with little migration of animals into and out of the island and as a national park human interaction and impact on the two species is also limited. Both the wolves and the moose first became established populations on Isle Royale in the 1900s. Over the fifty years of the study, the populations of both moose and wolves have shown repeated spikes and declines and have not settled to a balanced relationship. The moose populations have ranged from 500 to 2500 while the number of wolves has ranged from almost 50[1] to presently down to two.[2][3]\n"
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"single predator-single prey relationship"
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2887193786169566593 | Toyota Highlander | Toyota Highlander - wikipedia Toyota Highlander Jump to : navigation , search Toyota Highlander Overview Manufacturer Toyota Also called Toyota Kluger Production 2000 -- present Model years 2001 -- present Body and chassis Class Mid-size crossover SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Front - engine , front - wheel - drive Front - engine , all - wheel - drive Platform Toyota K platform The Toyota Highlander ( Japanese : トヨタ ハイランダー , Toyota Hairandā ) , also known as the Toyota Kluger ( Japanese : トヨタ クルーガー , Toyota Kurūgā ) , is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by Toyota . It is built on the same platform as used on the Toyota Camry , but based on size of the Toyota Avalon chassis . Announced in April 2000 at the New York Auto Show and arriving in late 2000 in Japan and January 2001 in North America , the Highlander became one of the first car - based mid-size SUV or mid-size crossovers . The Highlander is the crossover counterpart to the more rugged , truck - based midsize 4Runner and became Toyota 's best - selling SUV before being surpassed by the smaller RAV4 in 2006 . In Japan , the Kluger is exclusive to dealership network called Toyota NETZ as a larger alternative to the RAV4 . Unable to use the Highlander name in Japan and Australia because of a trademarked Hyundai Terracan trim line , Toyota calls the vehicle the Toyota Kluger ( pronounced Klu - ger ) there , the name derived from the German word klug , which means clever or wise ( klüger being the comparative form ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( XU20 ; 2000 -- 2007 ) 1.1 2001 update 1.2 2003 update 1.3 2005 update 1.4 Safety 1.5 Hybrid ( MHU28 , 2005 -- 2007 ) 2 Second generation ( XU40 ; 2007 -- 2013 ) 2.1 2010 update 2.2 Safety 2.3 Hybrid 2.4 Highlander FCHV ( 2007 ) 2.5 Chinese version 2.6 Israel 3 Third generation ( XU50 ; 2013 -- present ) 3.1 2016 update 3.2 Safety 4 Sales 5 References 6 External links First generation ( xu20 ; 2000 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) First generation Overview Production November 2000 -- May 2007 Model years 2001 -- 2007 Assembly Japan : Miyawaka , Fukuoka ( Miyata plant ) Body and chassis Platform Toyota K platform Powertrain Engine 2.4 L 2AZ - FE I4 3.0 L 1MZ - FE V6 3.3 L 3MZ - FE V6 Transmission 4 - speed U140E / 140F / 241E automatic 5 - speed U141E / F automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 106.9 in ( 2,715 mm ) Length 2001 : 184.3 in ( 4,681 mm ) 2002 -- 03 : 184.4 in ( 4,684 mm ) 2004 -- 07 : 184.6 in ( 4,689 mm ) Hybrid : 185.6 in ( 4,714 mm ) Width 71.9 in ( 1,826 mm ) Height 2001 -- 05 4WD : 66.5 in ( 1,689 mm ) 2001 -- 05 Limited 4WD : 68.7 in ( 1,745 mm ) 2003 -- 05 FWD : 66.1 in ( 1,679 mm ) 2003 -- 05 Limited FWD : 68.3 in ( 1,735 mm ) 2006 -- 07 FWD : 67.9 in ( 1,725 mm ) 2006 -- 07 4WD & FWD Hybrid : 68.3 in ( 1,735 mm ) 4WD Hybrid : 68.9 in ( 1,750 mm ) Curb weight 3,784 lb ( 1,716 kg ) Chronology Successor Toyota Vanguard ( XA30 ) ( for Kluger , Japan ) The Highlander ( or Kluger in Japan and Australia ) shared a platform with its Lexus RX / Toyota Harrier cousin . It came in five ( 2001 -- 2007 ) and seven - seat ( 2004 -- 2007 ) configurations and became a sales success for Toyota in a number of markets across the world . The Highlander came standard with front wheel drive and offered all wheel drive ( 50 : 50 front : rear fixed torque split ) . Unlike Toyota 's own 4Runner and other mid-sized competitors such as the Jeep Grand Cherokee , or Chevrolet TrailBlazer , the Highlander aimed for on - road comfort with its unibody construction and independent rear suspension . Although it was longer than the 1996 -- 2002 4Runner available at the time it was launched , the Highlander was surpassed in length by the redesigned 4Runner in 2002 . The Highlander was available in three trim lines in the United States : the base model , the Sport model , and the Limited model . The base and Limited models were present when the Highlander was initially introduced , while the Sport model was introduced in March 2006 . In Japan , it is regarded as a luxury vehicle as the Kluger exceeds Japanese Government regulations regulating engine displacement and exterior dimensions . In 2004 the wheels on the Limited trim changed from a six - spoke , to a five - spoke alloy . The base - model Highlander wheels also changed from steel - rims to the alloy wheels that were on the 2001 -- 2003 model year Highlander Limited and B - Package . The Sport models had a distinctive grille design , differentiating themselves from the non-Sport models . Wheel styling also serves to differentiate the various models -- the hybrid sports a unique twin - spoke design . The Kluger was introduced to Australia in October 2003 . It was available in three guises : CV , CVX , and Grande . A limited edition CV Sport model was also released in 2006 . There was no hybrid model available in Australia . The only engine offered was the 3.3 - liter 3MZ - FE V6 . Typical fuel economy using the Australian standard testing regime is 12.3 L / 100 km ( 23.0 mpg ; 19.1 mpg ) . Engines : 2001 -- 2007 2.4 L 2AZ - FE I4 , 155 hp ( 119 kW ) 2001 -- 2003 3.0 L 1MZ - FE V6 , 220 hp ( 164 kW ) 2004 -- 2007 3.3 L 3MZ - FE V6 , 225 hp ( 172 kW ) The 3.0 - liter engine was able to propel the Kluger from 0 -- 60 mph in approximately 8.8 seconds . In 2004 the Kluger was given a new 3.3 - liter V6 engine to compete with the more powerful V6 offerings from its competitors , mainly the Nissan Murano and the Honda Pilot . The larger engine made it possible for the Kluger to reach 0 to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) in 7.8 seconds . 2001 update ( edit ) The Japanese and Australian Kluger was released with a center console integrated with the dashboard , while the North American Highlander initially lacked this integrated center console . The integrated center console was introduced in all U.S. Highlanders and in Canadian Limited Highlanders in 2001 , for the 2002 model year , and in all Canadian Highlanders in 2003 , for the 2004 model year . However , for these early Highlanders without the integrated center console , a smaller non-integrated stand - alone center console was available as an option , which was installed at the factory or could be installed by the dealer . 2003 update ( edit ) 2004 -- 2007 MY Highlander Limited ( US ) 2003 -- 2007 Kluger Grande ( Australia ) In 2003 , for the 2004 model year , in addition to the 3.3 - liter engine , V6 - powered models were equipped with a new five - speed automatic transmission , replacing the four - speed automatic transmission , while the inline - four models continued to use the old four - speed . This year also saw the introduction of the optional third row seat allowing for two additional passengers . The center console , which was previously exclusive to the top trim level , is now standard across all trims . The unibody was slightly modified behind the second row seats to include a depression in the trunk floor able to accommodate the optional third row seating . On models without third row seating , this depression was turned into a storage compartment ( prior to 2004 the spare tire was accessible from inside the vehicle where the third row seating would subsequently be located ; beginning in 2004 the spare tire is accessible from underneath the vehicle ) . Subtle changes to the front grille , front and rear bumpers , headlights and taillights ( LED taillights on later hybrid models ) round - out the major changes for the 2003 mid-cycle refresh . 2005 update ( edit ) In 2005 , for the 2006 model year , Highlanders sold in Canada are offered only in a V6 all - wheel drive configuration . Hybrid models are available with part - time four - wheel drive which Toyota refers to as 4WD - i where the rear wheels are powered by the separate electric motor . This system is intended for use on snow and ice , and is prone to overheating the rear electric motor off - road . Safety ( edit ) Anti-lock brakes , brake assist and electronic brakeforce distribution were standard , Vehicle Stability Control w / traction control optional on 2001 -- 03 models became standard for 2004 models ( Hybrids come standard with VDIM ) . Also standard for 2004 was a tire pressure monitor . Front seat - mounted side torso airbags were optional on 2001 -- 06 models , while front and second row side curtain airbags were optional on 2004 -- 06 models . Side airbags became standard on 2007 models and the curtain airbags gained a rollover sensor that year as well . NHTSA crash test ratings , no side airbags ( 2002 ) : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Rear Passenger : Rollover : NHTSA crash test ratings , no side airbags ( 2004 ) : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Rear Passenger : Rollover ( 2005 ) : In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) crash tests the Highlander was rated `` Good '' overall in the frontal offset crash test . The IIHS reported the Highlander had one of the lowest driver fatality rates among all vehicles , and amongst SUVs , only the Toyota 4Runner had a lower driver fatality rate . This report looked at 2001 -- 2005 model year vehicles in the US . Hybrid ( mhu28 , 2005 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Highlander Hybrid Limited Highlander Hybrid Initially , the Kluger was a regular , non-hybrid SUV driven by an internal combustion engine , but later Toyota introduced a hybrid version , the Kluger Hybrid that utilizes the company 's Hybrid Synergy Drive technology combined with the company 's 3MZ - FE 3.3 - liter V6 engine offered in either FWD or AWD trim . The hybrid drivetrain was unveiled at the 2004 North American International Auto Show , and was offered to the public in July 2005 as a 2006 model . The power steering pump , water pump and AC compressor were changed from belt - drive to electrically powered versions . A modified alternator was incorporated into the hybrid system . In North America , the hybrid version was called the Highlander Hybrid . It was also the first seven - seat hybrid vehicle . With the electric motors providing power including lower speeds overall acceleration is improved particularity at passing speeds . Other additions include Toyota 's Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management ( VDIM ) system and Electronically Controlled Brake ( ECB ) . The California Air Resources Board gave it a SULEV emission rating . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( revised standards ) rated it at 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) City / 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) Highway for FWD models and 27 mpg ( 8.7 L / 100 km ; 32 mpg ) / 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) for AWD models . This system is near identical to that of the Lexus RX 400h . All - wheel drive models were rated to tow 3,500 lb ( 1,600 kg ) . Second generation ( XU40 ; 2007 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Also called Toyota Kluger ( Australia ) Production May 2007 -- 2013 October 2009 -- November 2013 ( US ) Model years 2008 -- 2013 Assembly Japan : Miyawaka , Fukuoka ( Miyata plant ) ; China : Guangzhou United States : Princeton , Indiana ( TMMI ) Designer Ian Cartabiano ( 2005 ) Body and chassis Platform Toyota K platform Powertrain Engine 2.7 L 1AR - FE I4 3.5 L 2GR - FE V6 3.3 L 3MZ - FE V6 ( hybrid ) 3.5 L 2GR - FXE V6 ( hybrid ) Transmission 5 - speed U151E automatic 6 - speed U760E automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 109.8 in ( 2,789 mm ) Length 188.4 in ( 4,785 mm ) Width 2008 - 2010 : 75.2 in ( 1,910 mm ) 2011 - 2013 : 75.5 in ( 1,917 mm ) Height 2008 - 2010 : 69.3 in ( 1,760 mm ) 2011 - 2013 : 68.1 in ( 1,729 mm ) Curb weight 4,045 lb ( 1,835 kg ) Interior Toyota revealed the second - generation Highlander and Highlander Hybrid at the 2007 Chicago Auto Show , with American sales beginning in July and hybrids in late September . But the second - generation Highlander and Highlander Hybrid are not sold in Japan . The five - seat Highlander for the United States and Canada was dropped as the larger Venza replaced it . Initially the sole powertrain for the 2008 Highlander was a 270 horsepower ( 201 kW ) 3.5 - liter 2GR - FE V6 mated to a five - speed automatic . The four - cylinder model had been discontinued but added again in 2009 . While the 3.5 - liter engine has 55 more bhp than the previous 3.3 - liter V6 and dimensional increases along with increased sound proofing added nearly 500 pounds to the vehicle 's curb weight of approximately 4,000 lbs , fuel economy is slightly improved . The EPA estimated fuel economy for front - wheel drive models is at 18 mpg ( 13 L / 100 km ; 22 mpg ) city / 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) highway ( last gen : 17 mpg ( 14 L / 100 km ; 20 mpg ) city / 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) hwy ) . For 2009 , Toyota again offered a 4 - cylinder for 5 - passenger front - wheel drive models with the all - new ULEV - II certified 2.7 - liter 1AR - FE I4 paired to a six - speed automatic . It generates 187 hp ( 139 kW ) at 5,800 rpm and 186 lb ⋅ ft ( 252 N ⋅ m ) of peak torque at 4,100 rpm on regular 87 octane fuel . The four - cylinder delivers an EPA estimated fuel economy of 20 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 24 mpg ) city and 27 mpg ( 8.7 L / 100 km ; 32 mpg ) highway . This is better than the previous model 's four - cylinder with 19 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 23 mpg ) / 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) . The same three trim levels were offered ( Base , Sport , and Limited ) until early 2010 when the SE model replaced the Sport model , buyers are still able to choose between front - drive or all - wheel drive on V6 platforms . Also new is an Electric Power Steering ( EPS ) system . Sport and Limited models get a standard backup camera using a 3.5 - inch LCD display . Major options include leather seats , heated seats , a touch - screen DVD based navigation system , a new Smart Key System , an upgraded JBL Synthesis stereo , a rear - seat DVD entertainment system with 9 - inch screen , and a towing package that increases towing capacity to 5000 pounds . The XU40 was initially produced exclusively at the Miyata plant in Miyawaka , Fukuoka , Japan for all global markets beginning in May 2007 . Production in China for local sales was started on 25 May 2009 by GAC Toyota in Nansha District , Guangzhou , Guangdong . Toyota had intended on building the Highlander in Blue Springs , Mississippi for the North American market in the 2011 model year . However , the Corolla was built there instead , and the Highlander is being built at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana in Princeton , Indiana , from the 2010 model year onward for a majority of North America , replacing Tundra production . TMMI Highlander production began in October 2009 for gasoline engine models only ; hybrids continued to be imported from Japan until the release of the third generation XU50 , where all production except for China was consolidated at TMMI . In Australia , the new generation Kluger was launched in August 2007 . There are three grades available , KX - R , KX - S and Grande . All grades are available with either 2WD or AWD . The base model KX - R is also available with either five or seven seats , whilst the latter grades are seven seaters only . Specifications are mostly similar to the US Highlander , sharing the same 3.5 - litre V6 2GR - FE engine and five - speed automatic transmission . However , there are no plans at present to introduce a hybrid version of the Kluger into the Australian market . 2010 update ( edit ) In 2010 , for the 2011 model year , Toyota made some changes to the Highlander and Highlander Hybrid . While the general design remains similar to the 2010 model , the Highlander 's front end has been significantly revised , now featuring new headlights , a new black with chrome accent rocker panel , and new front grille . The non-hybrid engines for 2011 remain the same , although now the 2.7 - liter four - cylinder engine may be had on the SE trim level , previously only available on the base model . More standard features are now equipped on all trim levels , with the base model receiving front and rear air conditioning , power locks / windows , cruise control , and a multi-function keyless entry control . Pre-facelift styling Front Rear Post-facelift styling Front ( Kluger KX - S ) Rear ( Kluger KX - R ) Safety ( edit ) NHTSA crash test ratings ( 2008 ) : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Rear Passenger : Rollover : All models come standard with enhanced Vehicle Stability Control which immediately alters electric powering steering assist w / traction control ( hybrids come standard with VDIM ) , anti-lock brakes , brake assist and electronic brakeforce distribution . Also standard is a tire pressure monitor , a driver 's knee airbag , front seat - mounted side torso airbags , side curtain airbags for all three rows which includes a rollover sensor and active front headrests . Hill Start Assist Control ( HAC ) is also standard which prevents rolling backwards on slopes , and Downhill Assist Control ( DAC ) is standard on AWD trims . The IIHS rates the Highlander `` Good '' overall in their frontal offset crash test , and good in all subcategories except for `` Head / neck , '' which is rated as `` Acceptable . '' And `` Good '' overall in the side impact crash test , with `` Good '' rating in all nine measured categories . The Highlander is also rated `` Good '' in the roof strength test , giving it a `` top safety pick '' rating . In Australasian New Car Assessment Program ( ANCAP ) testing the Kluger is given a rating but only a rating for pedestrian protection . The safety and effectiveness of the Highlander / Kluger 's Vehicle Stability Control system has been questioned by some motoring journalists . During testing for Wheels magazine Car of the Year in 2007 , the magazine 's editor rolled the vehicle during high - speed gravel road testing . Noting that it was the first such event in the magazine 's 45 - year history , he criticised the vehicle 's stability system stating that `` Deficiencies in the Kluger 's ESP contributed to the crash '' . Six of the seven other judges also stated that they felt `` the vehicle 's ESP performance was sub-standard '' , and remarked that the vehicle was `` almost dangerous on dirt ( roads ) '' . In a written response , Toyota disputed the circumstances of the accident and criticised the testing procedures as `` unscientific '' . Hybrid ( edit ) Pre-facelift Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited ( US ) Pre-facelift Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited ( Spain ) Facelift Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited ( US ) The Kluger Hybrid features Toyota 's Hybrid Synergy Drive which continues to allow an electric only powered mode for short distances and speeds . Weight and cost have been improved over the previous hybrid . The expanded size and new features have led to an increase of 500 pounds to its curb weight . All Highlander Hybrids are all - wheel drive , and the EPA has rated the hybrid at 27 mpg ( 8.7 L / 100 km ; 32 mpg ) for the city and 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) for the highway , same as the previous model . The Highlander 's fuel economy , while better than the Lexus RX 400h 's , lags behind the compact 4cyl Ford Escape Hybrid , which ceased production in 2012 , and the latest RX 450h , but still produces significantly fewer emissions than the non-hybrid version with a CARB SULEV rating . The Highlander Hybrid continues to use the same 3.3 - liter 3MZ - FE V6 ( 208 hp ) offered in AWD from the prior model , net power is 270 hp ( 201 kW ) . VDIM and Electronically Controlled Brake remain new features include a driver selectable electric only EV mode ( when possible ) and another ECON mode which restricts acceleration and minimizes air conditioning during acceleration . The Highlander Hybrid Hybrid uses a 1.9 kWh sealed nickel - metal hydride traction battery . For the 2011 model year the Highlander Hybrid received styling changes and was upgraded with the 3.5 - liter 2GR - FXE V6 ( 245 hp ) , increasing net power by 10 hp ( 7 kW ) , and a powertrain similar to the RX450h . The vehicle is now rated at 28 mpg ( 8 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) for the city , highway and combined cycles . Highlander fchv ( 2007 ) ( edit ) It was a test vehicle using compressed hydrogen gas , with average fuel economy of 68.3 miles / kg ( approximate mpg equivalent ) . The vehicle was unveiled in 2007 LA motor show . Chinese version ( edit ) The Chinese version of the Highlander ( ASU40 / GSU45 ) was unveiled in 2009 at the 13th Shanghai International Automobile Industry Exhibition . Israel ( edit ) In mid-2012 , Union Motors ( Toyota 's Israeli - Market Import Company ) announced that it will begin importing the Highlander in late 2012 , however , this was delayed to 2013 . Third generation ( XU50 ; 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) Third generation ( XU50 ) Overview Also called Toyota Kluger ( Australia ) Production December 2013 -- present Model years 2014 -- present Assembly China : Guangzhou United States : Princeton , Indiana ( TMMI ) Designer Matt Sperling ( 2009 ) Body and chassis Platform Toyota K platform Related Toyota Harrier ( XU60 ) Powertrain Engine 2.0 L 8AR - FTS I4 turbo ( China ) 2.7 L 1AR - FE I4 3.5 L 2GR - FE V6 3.5 L 2GR - FXE V6 ( hybrid ) 3.5 L 2GR - FKS V6 ( 2016 -- present ) Transmission 6 - speed U660E / 760E automatic 8 - speed UA80E / UA80F automatic ( 2016 -- present ) Dimensions Wheelbase 109.8 in ( 2,789 mm ) Length 191.1 in ( 4,854 mm ) Width 75.8 in ( 1,925 mm ) Height 68.1 in ( 1,730 mm ) Curb weight 4,508 lb ( 2,045 kg ) Chronology Predecessor Toyota Venza Interior On 27 March 2013 , Toyota unveiled the third - generation XU50 series Highlander at the New York International Auto Show , with plans to have the vehicle reach dealerships in early 2014 . Production began on 5 December . This version is longer and wider than the outgoing generation and its design has changed from its boxy look to one that is similar to other mid-size crossover SUVs . In addition to the changes , this one will feature seating for eight people with a sliding second - row point of entry that gives it 4.3 inches of added width space , soft - touch materials on the instrument panel , lane - departure warning , pre-collision warning and blind spot monitoring systems . HD Radio and Bluetooth will become a standard on all trims for the US version , which will also come equipped with Toyota 's Entune multimedia system along with a 6.1 - inch touchscreen display audio system . An eight - inch touchscreen system and Toyota 's Entune app suite with 12 JBL speakers will be offered as an optional feature . The three powertrain trims that will be offered include a 2.7 - liter , six - speed automatic , front - wheel drive base model , a 3.5 - liter , six - speed automatic model in both front - or all - wheel drive , and the AWD - only Hybrid trim with a 3.5 - liter V6 mated to an eCVT . The newest Highlander is also approved for use as a New York City taxicab . 2016 update ( edit ) A refreshed 2017 model year Highlander appeared at the March 2016 New York Auto Show with sales starting in the fourth quarter of 2016 . In V6 powered models , an eight - speed automatic replaced the six - speeder and the revised V6 engine ( now designated 2GR - FKS ) added Toyota 's D4 - S direct injection fuel system . The new Highlander has a new fascia with restyled headlights and taillights , new SE grade , and XLE and LE Hybrid grades plus new exterior and interior colors . Pre-facelift styling Front ( GXL ) Rear ( Grande ) Post-facelift styling Front ( GX ) Rear Safety ( edit ) 2016 Toyota Highlander on NHTSA Overall : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Pole Driver : Rollover AWD : 16.9 % 2015 Toyota Highlander on IIHS : Category Rating Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Small overlap frontal offset ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Acceptable Side impact Good Roof strength Good vehicle structure rated `` Good '' strength - to - weight ratio : 5.40 Sales ( edit ) Toyota set a Highlander sales record in the US in 2017 , selling 215,775 Highlanders . 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Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Sets Sales Record for Sixth Year in a Row '' . Theautochannel.com. 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Announces Best Sales Year in Its 46 - Year History , Breaks Sales Record for Eighth Year in a Row '' . Theautochannel.com. 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2005 and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2007 and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2008 and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports December And 2009 Sales '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Berman , Brad ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) . `` December 2010 Dashboard : Year End Tally '' . Hybrid Cars . US . 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"In 2003, for the 2004 model year, in addition to the 3.3-liter engine, V6-powered models were equipped with a new five-speed automatic transmission, replacing the four-speed automatic transmission, while the inline-four models continued to use the old four-speed. This year also saw the introduction of the optional third row seat allowing for two additional passengers. The center console, which was previously exclusive to the top trim level, is now standard across all trims. The unibody was slightly modified behind the second row seats to include a depression in the trunk floor able to accommodate the optional third row seating. On models without third row seating, this depression was turned into a storage compartment (prior to 2004 the spare tire was accessible from inside the vehicle where the third row seating would subsequently be located; beginning in 2004 the spare tire is accessible from underneath the vehicle). Subtle changes to the front grille, front and rear bumpers, headlights and taillights (LED taillights on later hybrid models) round-out the major changes for the 2003 mid-cycle refresh."
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445629182620226320 | You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin' | You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' - wikipedia You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' Jump to : navigation , search `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' A-side label of US vinyl single Single by The Righteous Brothers from the album You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' B - side `` There 's a Woman '' Released November 1964 Format 7 '' single Recorded October 1964 Studio Gold Star Studios , Hollywood Genre Pop , R&B , blue - eyed soul Length 3 : 45 Label Philles Songwriter ( s ) Phil Spector , Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil Producer ( s ) Phil Spector The Righteous Brothers singles chronology `` My Babe '' ( 1963 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1964 ) `` Bring Your Love to Me '' ( 1965 ) `` My Babe '' ( 1963 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1964 ) `` Bring Your Love to Me '' ( 1965 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' is a song written by Phil Spector , Barry Mann , and Cynthia Weil . It was first recorded by the Righteous Brothers in 1964 , produced by Phil Spector . Their recording is considered by some music critics to be the ultimate expression and illustration of Spector 's `` Wall of Sound '' recording technique . It has also been described by various music writers as `` one of the best records ever made '' and `` the ultimate pop record '' . The original Righteous Brothers version was a critical and commercial success on its release , becoming a number - one hit single in both the United States and the United Kingdom in February 1965 . It was the fifth best selling song of 1965 in the US . It also entered the Top 10 in the UK chart on an unprecedented three separate occasions . `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' has been covered successfully by numerous artists . A 1965 hit cover by Cilla Black reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart . Dionne Warwick took her version to number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1969 . A 1971 duet version by singers Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway peaked at number 30 on the Billboard R&B singles chart . Long John Baldry charted at number 2 in Australia with his 1979 remake and a 1980 version by Hall and Oates reached number 12 on the US Hot 100 . In December 1999 , the performing - rights organization Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) ranked the song as the most - played song on American radio and television in the 20th century , having accumulated more than 8 million airplays by 1999 , and nearly 15 million by 2011 . Additionally , the song was chosen as one of the Songs of the Century by RIAA and ranked No. 34 on the list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time by Rolling Stone . In 2015 , the single was inducted into the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 The Righteous Brothers recording 2.1 Reception 2.2 Commercial success 2.3 Recognition 2.4 Chart performance 2.4. 1 Weekly charts 2.4. 2 Year - end charts 3 Cilla Black version 3.1 Background 3.2 Chart rivalry 3.3 Track listings 3.4 Chart performance 3.4. 1 Weekly charts 3.4. 2 Year - end charts 4 Dionne Warwick version 4.1 Background 4.2 Track listings 4.3 Chart performance 4.3. 1 Weekly charts 4.3. 2 Year - end charts 5 Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway version 5.1 Background 5.2 Track listings 5.3 Chart performance 5.3. 1 Weekly charts 5.3. 2 Year - end charts 6 Long John Baldry version 6.1 Background 6.2 Track listings 7 Hall & Oates version 7.1 Background 7.2 Track listings 7.3 Chart performance 7.3. 1 Weekly charts 7.3. 2 Year - end charts 8 Other versions 9 Popularity 10 References 11 External links Background and composition ( edit ) Phil Spector In 1964 , music producer Phil Spector conducted the band at a show in San Francisco where the Righteous Brothers was also appearing , and he was impressed enough with the duo to want them to record for his own label Philles Records . All the songs previously produced by Spector for Philles Records featured black singers , and the Righteous Brothers would become his first white vocal group . However they had a black vocal style , termed blue - eyed soul , that suited Spector . Spector commissioned Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil to write a song for the group , bringing them over from New York to Los Angeles to stay at the Chateau Marmont Hotel so they could write the song . Taking a cue from `` Baby I Need Your Loving '' by The Four Tops that was then rising in the charts , Mann and Weil decided to write a ballad . Mann wrote the melody first , and came up with the opening line `` You never close your eyes anymore when I kiss your lips '' , influenced by a line from the song `` I Love How You Love Me '' that was co-written by Mann - `` I love how your eyes close whenever you kiss me '' . Mann and Weil wrote the first two verses quickly , including the chorus line `` you 've lost that lovin ' feelin ' '' , and Spector added `` gone , gone , gone , whoa , whoa , whoa '' to the end of the chorus , which Weil disliked . The line `` you 've lost that lovin ' feelin ' '' was originally only intended to be a dummy line that would be replaced later , but Spector liked it and decided to keep it . The form of the song is of verse - chorus - verse - chorus - bridge - chorus or ABABCB form . Mann and Weil had problems writing the bridge and the ending , and asked Spector for help . Spector experimented on the piano with a `` Hang On Sloopy '' riff that they would then use to build on for the bridge . Weil recalled that , `` after Phil , Barry and I finished ( writing it ) , we took it over to the Righteous Brothers . Bill Medley , who has the low voice , seemed to like the song . '' However , Medley initially felt that the song did n't suit their more up - tempo rhythm and blues style , and Mann and Spector had sung the song in a higher key : `` And we just thought , ' Wow , what a good song for The Everly Brothers . ' But it did n't seem right for us . '' The song , which has a very big range , was originally written at a higher key of F. To accommodate Medley 's baritone voice , this was gradually lowered , eventually down to C ♯ , which , together with slowing the song down , changed the `` whole vibe of the song '' according to Medley . Bobby Hatfield reportedly expressed his annoyance to Spector when he learned that Bill Medley would start the first verse alone and he would have to wait until the chorus before joining Medley 's vocals . Previous to this they would have been given equal prominence in a song . When Hatfield asked Spector just what he was supposed to do during Medley 's solo , Spector replied : `` You can go directly to the bank ! '' The Righteous Brothers recording ( edit ) The Righteous Brothers The song was recorded at Studio A of Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles . When Hatfield and Medley went to record the vocals a few weeks after the song was written , all the instrumental tracks had already been recorded and overdubbed . They would repeat recording the vocal many times - Medley would sing the opening verse over and over again until Spector was satisfied , then the process would be repeated with the next verse . The recording took over 39 takes , and around eight hours over a period of two days . The song would become one of the foremost examples of Spector 's `` Wall of Sound '' technique . It features the studio musicians the Wrecking Crew , included for this recording were Don Randi on piano , Tommy Tedesco on guitar , Carol Kaye and Ray Pohlman on bass , and Steve Douglas on sax . They were also joined by Barney Kessel on guitar and Earl Palmer on drums for this session . Jack Nitzsche usually arranged the songs for Spector but he was absent , and the arrangement for this song was done by Gene Page . As with his other songs , Spector started by cutting the instrumental track first , building up layers of sound to create the Wall of Sound effect . The recording was done mono so Spector could fix the sound exactly as he wanted it . According to sound engineer Larry Levine , they started recording four acoustic guitars , when that was ready , they added the pianos , of which there were three , followed by three basses , the horns ( two trumpets , two trombones , and three saxophones ) , then finally the drums . The vocals by Hatfield and Medley were then recorded and the strings overdubbed . The background singers were mainly the vocal group The Blossoms , also joining in the song 's crescendo was a young Cher . Reverb was applied in the recording , and more was added on the lead vocals during the mix . According to music writer Robert Palmer , the effect of the technique used was to create a sound that was `` deliberately blurry , atmospheric , and of course huge ; Wagnerian rock ' n ' roll with all the trimmings . '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' The slow start of `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' with the deep voice of Bill Medley has been described as `` one of the most famous openings of any pop song in history '' , but also misled some early listeners to think that it had been played at the wrong speed Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song started slowly in the recording , with Medley singing in a basso profondo voice . Right before the second verse started Spector also wanted the tempo to stay the same but the beat would also be just a little behind where they are supposed to land to give the impression of the song slowing down . The recorded song was three ticks slower and a tone and a half lower than what Mann and Weil had written . When Mann heard the finished record over the phone , he thought that it had been mistakenly played at 33 1 / 3 instead of 45 rpm and told Spector , `` Phil , you have it on the wrong speed ! '' Even with his interest in the song , Medley had his doubts because of its length that was then unusually long for a pop song . In an interview with Rolling Stone magazine , he recalled , `` We had no idea if it would be a hit . It was too slow , too long , and right in the middle of The Beatles and the British Invasion . '' The song ran for nearly four minutes when released . This was too long by contemporary AM radio standards , as the radio stations then rarely played songs longer than three minutes because longer songs meant that fewer ads could be placed between song sets . Spector however refused to cut it shorter . Following a suggestion by Larry Levine , Spector had `` 3 : 05 '' printed on the label , instead of the track 's actual running time of 3 : 45 . He also added a false ending which made the recording more dramatic , and would also trick radio deejays into thinking it was a shorter song . The production of the single cost Spector around $35,000 , then a considerable amount . Spector himself was deeply concerned about the reception to a song that was unusual for its time , worrying that his vision would not be understood . He canvassed a few opinions - his publisher Don Kirshner suggested that the song should be re-titled `` Bring Back That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' , while New York DJ Murray the K thought that bass line in the middle section similar to that of a slowed - down `` La Bamba '' should be the start of the song . Spector took these as criticisms and later said : `` I did n't sleep for a week when that record came out . I was so sick , I got a spastic colon ; I had an ulcer . '' Reception ( edit ) Andrew Oldham , who was then the manager of The Rolling Stones and a fan and friend of Spector , chanced upon Spector listening to a test pressing of the song that had just been delivered to Spector . Oldham later wrote : `` The room was filled with this amazing sound , I had no idea what it was , but it was the most incredible thing I 'd ever heard . '' He added : `` I 'd never heard a recorded track so emotionally giving or empowering . '' Later , when Cilla Black recorded a rival version of the same song and it was racing up the charts ahead of The Righteous Brothers ' version in Britain , Oldham was appalled , and took it upon himself to run a full - page ad in Melody Maker : This advert is not for commercial gain , it is taken as something that must be said about the great new PHIL SPECTOR Record , THE RIGHTEOUS BROTHERS singing `` YOU 'VE LOST THAT LOVIN ' FEELING '' . Already in the American Top Ten , this is Spector 's greatest production , the last word in Tomorrow 's sound Today , exposing the overall mediocrity of the Music Industry . Signed , Andrew Oldham In other ads , Oldham also coined a new term to describe the song , the `` Phil Spector 's Wall of Sound '' , which Spector would later register as a trademark . Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys heard the song and rang Mann and Weil in January 1965 : `` Your song is the greatest record ever . I was ready to quit the music business , but this has inspired me to write again . '' Assessments by music writers were also highly positive . Nick Logan and Bob Woffinden thought that the song might be `` the ultimate pop record ... here ( Spector 's ) genius for production truly bloomed to create a single of epic proportion ... '' Richard Williams , who wrote the 1972 biography of Phil Spector Out of His Head , considered the song to be one of the best records ever made , while Charlie Gillett in his 1970 book The Sound of the City : The Rise of Rock and Roll wrote that `` the ebb and flow of passion the record achieved had no direct equivalent . '' Mick Brown , author of a biography of Spector Tearing Down the Wall of Sound , considered the song to be `` Spector 's defining moment '' and his `` most Wagnerian production yet - a funeral march to departed love '' . The opening line was said to be `` one of the most familiar opening passages in the history of pop '' , and Vanity Fair described the song as `` the most erotic duet between men on record '' . However , when it was first presented on the BBC television panel show Juke Box Jury in January 1965 upon its release in the UK , it was voted a miss by all four panelists , with one questioning if it was played at the right speed . There were initially reservations about the song from the radio industry ; a common complaint was that it was too long , and others also questioned the speed of the song , and thought that the singer `` keeps yelling '' . Some stations refused to play the song after checking the song 's length , or after it caused them to miss the news . The radio industry trade publication Gavin Report offered the opinion that `` blue - eyed soul has gone too far '' . In Britain , Sam Costa , a DJ on the BBC Light Programme , said that The Righteous Brothers ' record was a dirge , adding , `` I would n't even play it in my toilet . '' However , despite the initial reservations , the song would become a highly popular song on radio . Spector himself would later rate the song as the pinnacle of his achievement at Philles Records . Commercial success ( edit ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' made its debut in the charts on December 12 , 1964 . It topped the Billboard Hot 100 on February 6 , 1965 and remained at No. 1 for a further week ( February 13 ) . Due to its length , it became at that time the longest ever song to top the chart . In addition , the song crossed over to the R&B charts , peaking at number two . Billboard ranked the record as the number 5 song of 1965 . The song was released in January 1965 in the UK . It debuted at No. 35 on the UK Top 40 chart , for the chart week of January 20 , 1965 . It reached No. 1 in its fourth week ( February 10 ) and remained there the following week . It would become the only single to ever enter the UK Top 10 three times , having been successfully re-releases in 1969 ( No. 10 ) , and again in 1990 ( No. 3 ) as a follow - up to the re-release of `` Unchained Melody '' , which had hit No. 1 after being featured in the film Ghost . `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' also reached No. 42 after a 1977 re-release and in 1988 reached No. 87 . In Ireland , `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin '' charted twice , first in January 1965 , when it peaked at No. 2 , and second in December 1990 , following its reissue , when it peaked at No. 2 again . The original Righteous Brothers recording remains the only version of the song to chart in Ireland . In the Netherlands `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin '' reached No. 8 in March 1965 with three versions ranked together as one entry : the versions by the Righteous Brothers and Cilla Black plus a local cover by Trea Dobbs ( NL ) . Recognition ( edit ) In 1965 , the Righteous Brothers recording of `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' was nominated in the Best Rock and Roll Recording category at the 7th Annual Grammy Awards . It was also awarded Best Pop Single To Date 1965 in the Billboard Disc Jockey Poll . In 2001 , this recording was ranked at No. 9 in the list of Songs of the Century released by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . In 2004 , the same recording was ranked at No. 34 by Rolling Stone magazine in their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In 2005 , `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' was awarded the Songwriters Hall of Fame 's Towering Song Award presented to `` the creators of an individual song that has influenced the culture in a unique way over many years '' . In 2015 , the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress , which each year selects from 130 years of sound recordings for special recognition and preservation , chose the Righteous Brothers recording of the song as one of the 25 recordings that has `` cultural , artistic and / or historical significance to American society and the nation 's audio legacy '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 -- 65 ) Peak position Australia 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 21 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 42 Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 87 Chart ( 1990 -- 91 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 5 UK Singles Chart 26 Cilla Black version ( edit ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' Single by Cilla Black B - side `` Is It Love '' Released January 1965 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop , R&B , blue - eyed soul Length 3 : 09 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Phil Spector , Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil Producer ( s ) George Martin Cilla Black singles chronology `` It 's for You '' ( 1964 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1965 ) `` I 've Been Wrong Before '' ( 1965 ) `` It 's for You '' ( 1964 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1965 ) `` I 've Been Wrong Before '' ( 1965 ) Background ( edit ) English singer Cilla Black first became a recording star by covering Dionne Warwick 's newly released American hit `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' for the UK market , which gave her a No. 1 song in both the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart in February 1964 , out - performing Dionne Warwick 's original version , which only peaked at No. 42 in the UK . Black 's producer George Martin repeated this strategy with the Righteous Brothers `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' that had just been released in the US . Black 's version is shorter with an abbreviated bridge , which she explained by saying : `` I do n't want people to get bored '' . The abridgement also removed the necessity of Black 's attempting to match the Righteous Brothers ' climactic vocal trade - off . Chart rivalry ( edit ) Both Cilla Black 's and the Righteous Brothers versions of the song debuted on the UK chart in the same week in January 1965 , with Black debuting higher at No. 28 . According to Tony Hall of Decca Records who was responsible for promoting the Righteous Brothers record in the UK , Black 's version was preferred by BBC radio where one of its DJs disparaged the Righteous Brothers ' version as a `` dirge '' and refused to play it . Hall therefore requested that Spector send the Righteous Brothers over to Britain to promote the song so it may have a chance on the chart . The following week Black remained in ascendancy at No. 12 with the Righteous Brothers at No. 20 . The Righteous Brothers came over to Britain , spent a week promoting the song and performed for television shows in Manchester and Birmingham . At the same time , Andrew Oldham placed a full - page ad on Melody Maker promoting the Righteous Brothers version at his own initiative and expense , and urged the readers to watch the Righteous Brothers appearance on the ITV television show Ready Steady Go ! . In its third week on the February 3 , 1965 chart , Black jumped to No. 2 , while the Righteous Brothers made an even larger jump to No. 3 . Hall recalled meeting at a party Brian Epstein , the manager of Black , who said that Black 's version would be No. 1 and told Hall , `` You have n't a hope in hell . '' However , in its fourth week , Black 's version began its descent , dropping to No. 5 , while the Righteous Brothers climbed to No. 1 . Cilla Black then reportedly cabled her congratulations to the Righteous Brothers on their No. 1 . Black 's version of `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' would prove to be her highest charting UK single apart from her two No. 1 's : `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' and `` You 're My World '' . While Black 's version was released in Ireland , it did not make the official Irish Singles Chart as published by RTÉ , but it reached No. 5 on the unofficial Evening Herald charts . It also reached No. 15 in Australia - where The Righteous Brothers ' version was also a hit at No. 5 . Black would later remake `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' for her 1985 Surprisingly Cilla album . Track listings ( edit ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin '' - 3 : 09 `` Is It Love '' - 2 : 56 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Australia 15 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Rank UK Singles Chartt 77 Dionne Warwick version ( edit ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' A-side label of US vinyl release of Dionne Warwick 's rendition Single by Dionne Warwick from the album Soulful B - side `` Window Wishing '' Released September 1969 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop , R&B Length 3 : 02 Label Scepter Records Songwriter ( s ) Phil Spector , Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil Producer ( s ) Chips Moman , Dionne Warwick Dionne Warwick singles chronology `` Odds and Ends '' ( 1969 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' ( 1969 ) `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' ( 1970 ) `` Odds and Ends '' ( 1969 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling ' '' ( 1969 ) `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' ( 1970 ) Background ( edit ) In 1969 , American singer Dionne Warwick recorded a cover version of `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' for her studio album Soulful . Her version was the only single released from the album and it was aimed to showcase Warwick as more of an R&B singer than was evidenced by her work with Burt Bacharach . Co-produced by Warwick and Chips Moman and recorded at American Sound Studios in Memphis , Tennessee , Soulful was one of Warwick 's most successful albums peaking at number 11 on the Billboard 200 album chart . The single `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' reached number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and charted at number 13 on the Billboard R&B singles chart . In Australia the Go - Set Top 40 chart ranked Warwick 's version of `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' with a No. 34 peak in January 1970 . In Warwick 's version of the song , she spells the last word of the title out fully as `` feeling '' rather than the usual `` feelin ' '' . Track listings ( edit ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' - 3 : 02 `` Window Wishing '' - 2 : 20 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 -- 70 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set 34 Australia KMR 26 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 12 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 10 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Cash Box Top 100 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) ( 1969 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 * 132 ( * - unofficial stratified ranking ) Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway version ( edit ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' Single by Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway from the album Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway B - side `` Be Real Black for Me '' Released September 25 , 1971 Format 7 '' single Genre R&B , Soul Length 3 : 52 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Phil Spector , Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil Producer ( s ) Joel Dorn Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway singles chronology `` You 've Got a Friend '' ( 1971 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1971 ) `` Where Is the Love '' ( 1972 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' ( 1971 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1971 ) `` Where Is the Love '' ( 1972 ) Background ( edit ) In 1971 , American singers Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway recorded a cover version of `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' . Their version of the song was produced by Joel Dorn and was included on their 1972 self - titled duet album Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway , issued on the Atlantic Records label . Their version of the song was released as the second single from the album after the Top 30 version of `` You 've Got a Friend '' . The Flack / Hathaway take on `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' reached number 30 on the Billboard R&B singles chart and charted at number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart . It also reached number 57 in the Cash Box Top 100 Singles and peaked at number 53 on the Record World 100 Pop Chart . Track listings ( edit ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' -- 3 : 52 `` Be Real Black for Me '' -- 3 : 31 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) ( 1971 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Cashbox Top 100 57 Year - end charts ( edit ) Year - end chart ( 1971 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 422 Long John Baldry version ( edit ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' Single by Long John Baldry from the album Baldry 's Out B - side `` Baldry 's Out '' Released 1979 Format 7 '' single Genre Rock Length 5 : 00 Label EMI Capitol Records Songwriter ( s ) Phil Spector , Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil Producer ( s ) Jimmy Horowitz Long John Baldry singles chronology `` Do n't Try to Lay No Boogie Woogie on the King of Rock and Roll '' ( 1979 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1979 ) `` A Thrill 's A Thrill '' ( 1979 ) `` Do n't Try to Lay No Boogie Woogie on the King of Rock and Roll '' ( 1979 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1979 ) `` A Thrill 's A Thrill '' ( 1979 ) Background ( edit ) In 1979 , English blues singer Long John Baldry recorded a cover version of `` You 've Lost That Loving Feeling ' '' for his album Baldry 's Out , the Jimmy Horowitz - produced disc which was Baldry 's first recording in his newly adopted homeland of Canada . This version of the song is performed as a duet with Kathi McDonald , who in singing the latter half of the first and second verse inverts the usual order . Released as a single , Baldry 's `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' charted at number 45 on the Canadian RPM singles chart , and spilled over into the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 89 . The single also reached number 2 in Australia in 1980 . Bill Medley of the Righteous Brothers told Baldry that he liked their remake of the song better than his own . Baldry had first recorded the song - as `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' - for his 1966 album Looking at Long John . The Baldry / McDonald duet version of `` You 've Lost That Loving Feeling '' also reached No. 37 in New Zealand . Track listings ( edit ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' - 5 : 00 `` Baldry 's Out '' - 3 : 31 Hall & Oates version ( edit ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' A-side label of US vinyl release Single by Hall & Oates from the album Voices B - side `` United State '' ( UK ) `` Diddy Doo Wop ( I Hear the Voices ) '' ( US , Canada and Germany ) Released September 27 , 1980 Format 7 '' Recorded Early 1980 Genre Blue - eyed soul , soft rock Length 4 : 37 ( album version ) 4 : 10 ( single version ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Phil Spector , Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil Producer ( s ) Daryl Hall & John Oates Hall & Oates singles chronology `` How Does It Feel to Be Back '' ( 1980 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1980 ) `` Kiss on My List '' ( 1981 ) `` How Does It Feel to Be Back '' ( 1980 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1980 ) `` Kiss on My List '' ( 1981 ) Background ( edit ) In 1980 , the American musical duo Hall & Oates recorded a cover version of `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' for their ninth studio album Voices . Their version of the song was produced by the duo and included a sparse arrangement contrasting with the lavish Righteous Brothers original version . It was the second non-original song Hall & Oates had ever recorded . According to Oates , this was the very last song recorded for the album , as it had been deemed complete with the other ten tracks . However , Hall and Oates felt that there was `` something missing '' from the album . Then they came across the Righteous Brothers ' version of the song on a jukebox machine while going out to get food and they decided to cover it . They went back to the studio , cut it in a period of four hours , and placed on the album . The track was issued on RCA Records as the album 's second single after the original `` How Does It Feel to Be Back '' peaked at number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The November peak of number 12 on the Hot 100 chart made `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' the first Hall & Oates single to ascend higher than number 20 since the No. 1 hit `` Rich Girl '' in the spring of 1977 . `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' also reached number 15 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , on the Radio & Records Airplay chart the song debuted at No. 30 on the September 26 , 1980 issue , after seven weeks it reached and peaked at No. 4 staying there for one week , the song stayed on the top 10 of the chart for six weeks and remained on it for thirteen . It also made number 55 in the UK Singles Chart . The single version of this song is featured on the 2006 reissue of the album Rock ' n Soul Part 1 ( 1983 ) . Track listings ( edit ) US `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' -- 4 : 10 `` Diddy Doo Wop ( I Hear the Voices ) '' -- 3 : 43 UK `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' -- 4 : 10 `` United State '' -- 3 : 08 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 -- 81 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 96 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 90 Other versions ( edit ) 1965 -- Joan Baez with Phil Spector on piano , at The Big T.N.T. Show 1975 -- `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' charted C&W at No. 41 for Barbara Fairchild in 1975 . 1986 -- A remake of `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' by Grant & Forsyth ( formerly of Guys ' n ' Dolls ) reached No. 48 in the Netherlands . 1971 and 1988 -- Bill Medley , former The Righteous Brothers ' member , made a solo remake . 1988 -- Carroll Baker took the song to No. 7 on the Country Singles chart in Canada . 1996 -- Günther Neefs reached No. 31 on the Belgian charts ( Flemish region ) with his 1996 recording `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' . 2002 -- The song charted at No. 57 in Netherlands in 2002 for André Hazes & Johnny Logan . Popularity ( edit ) The song is highly popular on the radio ; according to the performing - rights organization Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) , it became the most - played song of all time on American radio in 1997 with over 7 million airplays ( all versions ) , overtaking the Beatles ' `` Yesterday '' . At the end of 1999 , the song was ranked by the BMI as the most - played song of the 20th century , having been broadcast more than 8 million times on American radio and television , and it remains the most - played song , having accumulated almost 15 million airplays in the US by 2011 . The song also received 11 BMI Pop Awards by 1997 , the most for any song , and has received 14 in total so far . The popularity of the song also means that it is one of the highest grossing songs for its copyright holders . It was estimated by the BBC programme The Richest Songs in the World in 2012 to be the third biggest earner of royalties of all songs , behind `` White Christmas '' and `` Happy Birthday to You '' . The song has been adopted as an anthem by fans of Nottingham Forest FC and is generally sung when Nottingham Forest have scored a goal or won a match by several goals . One reason for the song 's resurgence during the mid-1980s was the song 's inclusion in the iconic ' 80s film Top Gun . After serenading the eventual love interest with the tune earlier , she returns the favor by selecting it on the jukebox at their old hangout to catch his attention and reunite . As the end credits begin to roll , the main character , `` Maverick '' , literally flies off into the sunset as the Righteous Brothers harmonic chorus continues in the background . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan ( October 4 , 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 101 -- 103 . ISBN 978 - 0810882959 . Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil . Jump up ^ Stephen Dowling . `` Brothers in good company with hits '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' . Song Facts . ^ Jump up to : `` News BMI Announces Top 100 Songs of the Century '' . BMI.com . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Van 's Brown Eyed Girl hits the 10 million mark in US '' . BBC . October 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Entries to National Recording Registry News Releases - Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Avram Mednick ( June 12 , 2000 ) . The 100 Greatest Rock ' n ' Roll Songs Ever . iUniverse . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 0595093045 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Williams ( November 17 , 2009 ) . Phil Spector : Out Of His Head ( Revised ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 9780857120564 . Jump up ^ Mick Brown ( April 7 , 2008 ) . Tearing Down The Wall of Sound : The Rise And Fall of Phil Spector . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 0747572473 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil still have that lovin ' feelin ' '' . CBS . February 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marc Myers ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Song That Conquered Radio '' . The Wall Street Journal . 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Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time : 65 - Phil Spector , ' Back to Mono ( 1958 - 1969 ) ' '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : Dan Daley ( March 1 , 2002 ) . `` Classic Tracks : The Righteous Brothers ' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` . Mix . ^ Jump up to : Don Randi , Karen `` Nish '' Nishimura ( August 1 , 2015 ) . You 've Heard These Hands : From the Wall of Sound to the Wrecking Crew and Other Incredible Stories . Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1495008825 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Pierre Perrone ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Obituary : Gene Page '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Robert Greenfield ( November 6 , 2012 ) . The Last Sultan : The Life and Times of Ahmet Ertegun . Simon & Schuster ; Reprint edition . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 1416558408 . Jump up ^ Richard Williams ( November 17 , 2009 ) . Phil Spector : Out Of His Head ( Revised ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 9780857120564 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Williams ( November 17 , 2009 ) . Phil Spector : Out Of His Head ( Revised ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 9780857120564 . Jump up ^ Mick Brown ( April 7 , 2008 ) . Tearing Down The Wall of Sound : The Rise And Fall of Phil Spector . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 400 . ISBN 978 - 0747572473 . Jump up ^ James Adams ( February 5 , 2003 ) . `` ' I 'm my own worst enemy ' '' . Globe and Mail . ^ Jump up to : Mick Brown1 ( February 4 , 2003 ) . `` Pop 's lost genius '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Dave Thompson ( April 7 , 2008 ) . Phil Spector : Wall of Pain . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9780747572473 . Jump up ^ Andrew Loog Oldham ( September 4 , 2003 ) . 2Stoned . Vintage . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 9780099443650 . ^ Jump up to : Ribowsky , Mark ( 2000 ) . He 's A Rebel : Phil Spector , Rock and Roll 's Legendary Producer . pp. 186 -- 187 . ISBN 9780815410447 . Jump up ^ Gillett , Charlie ( 1970 ) . The Sound of the City : Rise of Rock and Roll . p. 227 . ISBN 9780285626195 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Hatfield '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 7 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Josh Grossberg ( November 6 , 2003 ) . `` Righteous Bro Hatfield Dies '' . E Online . Jump up ^ Jay Warner ( 2004 ) . On this Day in Music History . Hal Leonard . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0634066931 . ^ Jump up to : Mick Brown ( April 7 , 2008 ) . Tearing Down The Wall of Sound : The Rise And Fall of Phil Spector . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 0747572473 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer Leigh ( November 7 , 2003 ) . `` Obituaries : Bobby Hatfield '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : Irv Lichtman ( March 22 , 1997 ) . `` ' Lovin ' ' BMI 's Most - Performed Song '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Mick Brown ( April 7 , 2008 ) . Tearing Down The Wall of Sound : The Rise And Fall of Phil Spector . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 176 -- 177 . ISBN 978 - 0747572473 . Jump up ^ Dave Thompson ( April 7 , 2008 ) . Phil Spector : Wall of Pain . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9780747572473 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 492 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Singles 1943 - 1983 '' . Billboard . December 15 , 1984 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Official UK Charts Company . Click on Chart Facts for complete charting information Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine '' . February 27 , 1965 . Jump up ^ `` Search the Charts '' . The Irish Charts - All there is to know . Search Righteous Brothers for chart ranking ^ Jump up to : `` week 12 ( 20 maart 1965 ) '' . Media Markt 100 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 1965 '' . Awards & Shows . Jump up ^ Billboard. April 3 , 1965 . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Jamie Allen ( March 8 , 2001 ) . `` Songs of the Century ' list : The debate goes on '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Award & Induction Ceremony '' . Songwriter Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ Randy Lewis ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Library of Congress welcomes recordings by the Doors , Righteous Brothers '' . 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External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Downtown '' by Petula Clark Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( The Righteous Brothers version ) February 6 , 1965 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Diamond Ring '' by Gary Lewis & the Playboys Preceded by `` Go Now '' by The Moody Blues UK number - one single ( The Righteous Brothers version ) February 4 , 1965 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Tired of Waiting for You '' by The Kinks The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield Bill Medley Singles `` Little Latin Lupe Lu '' ( 1963 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1964 , 1969 , 1977 , 1988 ) `` Just Once in My Life '' ( 1965 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 1965 , 1990 ) `` Ebb Tide '' ( 1965 ) `` Georgia on My Mind '' ( 1966 ) `` ( You 're My ) Soul and Inspiration '' ( 1966 , 1992 ) `` He '' ( 1966 ) `` He Will Break Your Heart '' ( 1966 ) `` On this Side of Goodbye '' ( 1966 ) `` ( There 'll Be Bluebirds Over ) The White Cliffs of Dover '' ( 1966 ) `` Rock and Roll Heaven '' ( 1974 ) `` Dream On '' ( 1974 ) Portal : Biography Portal : Rock music Phil Spector Productions Albums Twist Uptown He 's A Rebel A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector Presenting the Fabulous Ronettes Featuring Veronica Just Once in My Life River Deep - Mountain High Let It Be All Things Must Pass John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band The Concert for Bangladesh Imagine Living in the Material World Some Time in New York City Rock ' n ' Roll Born To Be With You Death of a Ladies ' Man End of the Century Season of Glass Silence Is Easy Singles `` Corrine , Corrina '' `` Pretty Little Angel Eyes '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Under the Moon of Love '' `` There 's No Other ( Like My Baby ) '' `` Uptown '' `` He Hit Me ( It Felt Like a Kiss ) '' `` He 's a Rebel '' `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' `` He 's Sure the Boy I Love '' `` Why Do Lovers Break Each Other 's Heart '' `` ( Let 's Dance ) The Screw '' `` Da Doo Ron Ron '' `` Then He Kissed Me '' `` Be My Baby '' `` Baby , I Love You '' `` Christmas ( Baby , Please Come Home ) '' `` ( The Best Part of ) Breakin ' Up '' `` Do I Love You ? '' `` Walking in the Rain '' `` Ringo , I Love You '' `` Why Do n't They Let Us Fall in Love '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin '' `` Just Once in My Life '' `` Is This What I Get for Loving You ? '' `` Hung Up on You / Unchained Melody '' `` Ebb Tide '' `` River Deep - Mountain High '' `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Proud Mary '' `` You Came , You Saw , You Conquered ! '' `` Black Pearl '' `` Instant Karma ( We All Shine On ) '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` What Is Life '' `` Power to the People '' `` Mother '' `` Try Some , Buy Some '' `` Bangla - Desh '' `` Imagine '' `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' `` A Woman 's Story '' `` Born to Be with You '' `` Baby , Let 's Stick Together '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll High School '' `` Do You Remember Rock ' n ' Roll Radio ? '' `` Silence Is Easy '' Compilations Menlove Ave . Back to Mono ( 1958 - 1969 ) Other songs `` To Know Him is to Love Him '' `` Do n't You Worry My Little Pet '' `` Chapel of Love '' `` I Can Hear Music '' `` Little by Little '' `` Spanish Harlem '' `` This Could Be the Night '' Associates The Beatles ( John Lennon George Harrison ) Bob B. Soxx and the Blue Jeans Leonard Cohen The Crystals Sonny Charles and the Checkmates , Ltd . Dion DiMucci Larry Levine Jack Nitzsche Yoko Ono Ramones The Righteous Brothers Ronnie Spector The Ronettes The Teddy Bears Ike and Tina Turner The Wrecking Crew Related articles `` B Boy Baby '' `` Take Me Home Tonight '' Wall of Sound Gold Star Studios Philles Records Phil Spector International Recording studio as musical instrument Warner - Spector Records Easy Rider Let It Be ... Naked Tearing Down the Wall of Sound Murder of Lana Clarkson Phil Spector Category Cilla Black Studio albums Cilla ( 1965 ) Is It Love ? ( 1965 ) Cilla Sings a Rainbow ( 1966 ) Sher - oo ! ( 1968 ) Surround Yourself with Cilla ( 1969 ) Sweet Inspiration ( 1970 ) Images ( 1971 ) Day by Day with Cilla ( 1973 ) In My Life ( 1974 ) It Makes Me Feel Good ( 1976 ) Modern Priscilla ( 1978 ) Especially For You ( 1980 ) Surprisingly Cilla ( 1985 ) Cilla 's World ( 1990 ) Through The Years ( 1993 ) Beginnings : Greatest Hits & New Songs ( 2003 ) Cilla All Mixed Up ( 2009 ) Compilation albums The Best of Cilla Black ( 1968 ) The Definitive Collection ( A Life in Music ) ( 2009 ) Completely Cilla : 1963 - 1973 ( 2012 ) The Very Best of Cilla Black ( 2013 ) Songs `` Love of the Loved '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` You 're My World '' `` It 's for You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` Alfie '' `` For No - one '' `` Step Inside Love '' `` Surround Yourself with Sorrow '' `` If I Thought You 'd Ever Change Your Mind '' `` Something Tells Me ( Something 's Gonna Happen Tonight ) '' Related Discography Dionne Warwick Discography Studio albums Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) Here I Am ( 1965 ) Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) Soulful ( 1969 ) I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) Very Dionne ( 1970 ) Dionne ( 1979 ) No Night So Long ( 1980 ) Friends in Love ( 1982 ) Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) Friends ( 1985 ) Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) Live albums Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) Compilation albums The Love Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Walk On By '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Message to Michael '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Alfie '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` The Good Life '' `` Then Came You '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` After You '' `` No Night So Long '' `` Easy Love '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` All the Love in the World '' `` Run to Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Love Power '' `` It 's All Over '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' Book Donny Hathaway Studio albums Everything Is Everything Donny Hathaway Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway Extension of a Man Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway Live albums Live These Songs for You , Live ! Soundtrack album Come Back , Charleston Blue Singles `` The Ghetto '' `` This Christmas '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` Giving Up '' `` Where Is the Love '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' Related articles Lalah Hathaway Daryl Hall & John Oates Daryl Hall John Oates Studio albums Whole Oats ( 1972 ) Abandoned Luncheonette ( 1973 ) War Babies ( 1974 ) Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 1975 ) Bigger Than Both of Us ( 1976 ) Beauty on a Back Street ( 1977 ) Along the Red Ledge ( 1978 ) X-Static ( 1979 ) Voices ( 1980 ) Private Eyes ( 1981 ) H O ( 1982 ) Big Bam Boom ( 1984 ) Ooh Yeah ! ( 1988 ) Change of Season ( 1990 ) Marigold Sky ( 1997 ) Do It for Love ( 2003 ) Our Kind of Soul ( 2004 ) Home for Christmas ( 2006 ) Live albums Livetime ( 1978 ) Live at the Apollo ( 1985 ) Greatest Hits Live ( 2001 ) Compilation albums No Goodbyes ( 1977 ) Rock ' n Soul Part 1 ( 1983 ) The Atlantic Collection ( 1996 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 1998 ) The Very Best of Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 2001 ) VH1 Behind the Music : The Daryl Hall and John Oates Collection ( 2002 ) Ultimate Daryl Hall + John Oates ( 2004 ) The Singles ( 2008 ) Singles `` She 's Gone '' ( 1974 ) `` Sara Smile '' ( 1976 ) `` Rich Girl '' ( 1977 ) `` Wait for Me '' ( 1979 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1980 ) `` Kiss on My List '' ( 1981 ) `` You Make My Dreams '' ( 1981 ) `` Private Eyes '' ( 1981 ) `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Did It in a Minute '' ( 1982 ) `` Maneater '' ( 1982 ) `` One on One '' ( 1983 ) `` Family Man '' ( 1983 ) `` Jingle Bell Rock '' ( 1983 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 1983 ) `` Adult Education '' ( 1984 ) `` Out of Touch '' ( 1984 ) `` Method of Modern Love '' ( 1985 ) `` A Nite at the Apollo Live ! The Way You Do the Things You Do / My Girl '' ( live ) ( 1985 ) `` Everything Your Heart Desires '' ( 1988 ) `` Love Train '' ( 1989 ) `` So Close '' ( 1990 ) `` Do It for Love '' ( 2002 ) `` Someday We 'll Know '' ( 2003 ) `` Getaway Car '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'll Be Around '' ( 2004 ) `` Without You '' ( 2004 ) `` I Can Dream About You '' ( 2005 ) `` Ooh Child '' ( 2005 ) `` It Came Upon the Midnight Clear '' ( 2006 ) Hall solo albums Sacred Songs ( 1980 ) Three Hearts in the Happy Ending Machine ( 1986 ) Soul Alone ( 1993 ) Ca n't Stop Dreaming ( 1996 ) Laughing Down Crying ( 2011 ) Oates solo albums Phunk Shui ( 2002 ) John Oates : Live at the Historic Wheeler Opera House ( 2004 ) Related articles Discography Interpreting the Masters Volume 1 : A Tribute to Daryl Hall and John Oates Live from Daryl 's House Book Commons Carroll Baker Notable singles `` It 's Late ( And I Have to Go ) '' `` I 've Never Been This Far Before '' `` The Hungry Fire of Love '' `` One Night of Cheatin ' '' `` Tonight with Love '' `` Why I Had to Pass This Way '' `` It 's My Party '' `` The Morning After Baby Let Me Down '' `` I Might as Well Believe ( I 'll Live Forever ) '' `` Portrait in the Window '' `` Hooked on a Feeling '' `` I 'm Getting High Remembering '' `` Hollywood Love '' `` Still Falling in Love '' `` I 'm So Excited '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' Related articles Discography Westlife singles Discography Westlife `` Swear It Again '' `` If I Let You Go '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Fool Again '' Coast to Coast `` Against All Odds '' `` My Love '' `` What Makes a Man '' `` I Lay My Love on You '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` When You 're Looking Like That '' World of Our Own `` Queen of My Heart '' `` Evergreen '' `` World of Our Own '' `` Bop Bop Baby '' Unbreakable `` Unbreakable '' `` Tonight / Miss You Nights '' Turnaround `` Hey Whatever '' `` Mandy '' `` Obvious '' Allow Us to Be Frank `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` Smile '' Face to Face `` You Raise Me Up '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Amazing '' The Love Album `` The Rose '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Back Home `` Home '' `` Us Against the World '' `` Something Right '' Where We Are `` What About Now '' Gravity `` Safe '' Greatest Hits `` Lighthouse '' `` Beautiful World '' Book Category Barbara Fairchild Studio albums Love Never Fails ( 2003 ) Singles `` The Teddy Bear Song '' `` Kid Stuff '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Lost_That_Lovin%27_Feelin%27&oldid=842532802 '' Categories : 1964 songs 1964 singles 1965 singles 1980 singles Songs written by Phil Spector Songs written by Barry Mann Songs with lyrics by Cynthia Weil The Righteous Brothers songs Barbara Fairchild songs The Beach Boys songs Carroll Baker songs Dionne Warwick songs Donny Hathaway songs Roberta Flack songs Checkmates , Ltd. songs Hall & Oates songs Isaac Hayes songs The Osmonds songs Cilla Black songs Glen Campbell songs Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Song recordings produced by George Martin Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles United States National Recording Registry recordings Philles Records singles RCA Records singles Parlophone singles Atlantic Records singles EMI Records singles Capitol Records singles Scepter Records singles Vocal duets Song recordings with Wall of Sound arrangements Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart used with UKchartstats that can not be substituted Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 02 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did you lost that loving feeling come out | [
"\n\n\"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\"\n\n\n\nA-side label of US vinyl single\n\n\n\nSingle by The Righteous Brothers\n\n\nfrom the album You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\n\n\nB-side\n\"There's a Woman\"\n\n\nReleased\nNovember 1964\n\n\nFormat\n7\" single\n\n\nRecorded\nOctober 1964[1]\n\n\nStudio\nGold Star Studios, Hollywood\n\n\nGenre\nPop, R&B, blue-eyed soul\n\n\nLength\n3:45\n\n\nLabel\nPhilles\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nPhil Spector, Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil[2]\n\n\nProducer(s)\nPhil Spector\n\n\nThe Righteous Brothers singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"My Babe\"\n(1963)\n\"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\"\n(1964)\n\"Bring Your Love to Me\"\n(1965)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"My Babe\"\n(1963)\n\"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\"\n(1964)\n\"Bring Your Love to Me\"\n(1965)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"November 1964"
] |
-1968749131470150553 | Balamory | Balamory - wikipedia Balamory Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Balamory Created by Brian Jameson Starring Julie Wilson Nimmo Miles Jupp Kasia Haddad Buki Akib Juliet Cadzow Andrew Agnew Rodd Christensen Mary Riggans Kim Tserkezie Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 254 , including Christmas special . Production Producer ( s ) Brian Jameson Running time 19 -- 21 minutes . 28 -- 30 minutes . Specials Production company ( s ) BBC Scotland Distributor BBC Release Original network CBeebies Picture format 16 : 9 Widescreen Audio format Stereo Original release 10 February 2002 -- 14 April 2005 External links Website www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/shows/balamory Balamory is a Scottish live action television series on British television ( BBC One , BBC Two and CBeebies ) for pre school children , about a fictional small island community called Balamory in Scotland . It was produced between 10 February 2002 and 14 April 2005 by BBC Scotland , with 254 episodes made ( including a DVD exclusive Christmas episode ) . The series was created by Brian Jameson . Balamory was filmed mostly in Tobermory on the Isle of Mull , with the exception of scenes at Archie 's castle filmed at Fenton Tower in North Berwick , and other scenes , such as Camden and the nursery filmed in Glasgow . A select series of episodes was shown for two brief seasons in the United States on the Discovery Kids channel . It was also shown on TLC . In Ireland , episodes were shown until recently on weekdays on RTÉ Two 's The Den and continue to be shown on The Den 's replacement , RTÉjr . Tobermory , Mull , the setting for the fictional town of Balamory Edie McCredie 's bus ( LDV Convoy ) in the Glasgow Museum of Transport Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Episodes 2.1 Episode guide 3 Audience 4 Songs 5 Production 6 Retirement 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Characters ( edit ) There are eight central characters in Balamory . Each character wears a distinctive colour of clothing like pink or yellow , and lives in a house of the same colour like Archie lives in a pink castle , with the exception of Penny Pocket ( who shares the red house / shop with Suzie Sweet , and wears blue ) and PC Plum ( who lives in the white house but wears a police uniform ) . Each character also has one or more individual songs . Character Actor Job House Song ( s ) Miss Hoolie Julie Wilson Nimmo Nursery teacher Green house Nursery Song : Everybody everyone Day off song : What do you want to do today ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Strike up the band ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Archie the Inventor Miles Jupp Inventor Pink castle I 'm Archie the Inventor ( Series 1 - 4 ) Great Inventions , Groovy Solutions ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Josie Jump Buki Akib ( series 1 - 2 ) Kasia Haddad ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Fitness instructor Yellow house Josie Jump is My Name ( Jump a Little Higher ) ( Series 1 - 4 ) Cheer You Up ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Edie McCredie Juliet Cadzow Bus driver Blue garage / house When I Honk My Horn ( Series 1 - 4 ) Let Me Take You on a Journey ( Series 3 -- 4 ) PC Plum Andrew Agnew Policeman Black and white police station I 'm PC Plum ( Series 1 -- 4 ) Follow the Clue ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Spencer the Painter Rodd Christensen Painter / Musician Orange house Climbing Up My Musical Ladder ( Series 1 -- 4 ) If You Need a Little Rhythm ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Suzie Sweet Mary Riggans Shop and café workers Red shop I 'm Suzie Sweet , I 'm Penny Pocket ( Series 1 -- 4 ) Suzie 's Cooking ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Penny Pocket Kim Tserkezie I 'm Suzie Sweet , I 'm Penny Pocket ( Series 1 -- 4 ) Sort It ( Series 3 -- 4 ) The nursery teacher Miss Hoolie is the framing character and narrator for each episode . She introduces the programme and the problem which needs to be solved , provides a recap in the middle , and summarises the story at the end of the episode . Archie the Inventor builds zany creations from household objects , such as boxes , bottles , yoghurt pots , string , and similar items that young children might typically use in craft projects . His inventions are intended to be useful , but sometimes backfire . Josie Jump is the fitness instructor at the primary school next door to Miss Hoolie 's nursery school . She plays and coaches all types of gymnastics , sports , and dance , and encourages the young viewers to exercise . She is also talented at storytelling through expressive movement and dance . Edie McCredie drives the nursery school bus . She has travelled all over the world , and has a variety of photographs and souvenirs to talk about . She is also an expert driver and motor mechanic , and occasionally gets exasperated with other road users . Police officer PC Plum aspires to be a master detective , but Balamory is a crime free village . He spends most of his time watching wildlife and using his detective skills , to figure out what the animals have been doing . He is also particularly interested in rules , regulations , and safety . Spencer is officially responsible for painting the coloured houses of Balamory , but also paints pictures and creates music . His painter 's ladder is musical , each rung sounding a different note . Spencer is also the only American to reside in Balamory and he is black . Suzie Sweet and Penny Pocket together run the village shop and cafe . Suzie Sweet is an older , grandmotherly figure who loves to tell customers about the items in the shop . Penny Pocket is a young woman who uses a wheelchair ; she has a talent for mathematics . Episodes ( edit ) A typical episode follows this general plan : The opening credits show the town of `` Balamory '' with its brightly coloured houses . Miss Hoolie opens the nursery school , greets the nursery children , and talks about that day 's weather . One of the other characters ( who will be the main character of that episode ) tells Miss Hoolie about a problem . This character then sings `` Which Coloured House Are We Going To ? '' , asking the young viewers to guess which of the Balamory characters will be most helpful in solving the problem . The main character then proceeds to visit several other characters until the problem is solved . Miss Hoolie and the main character provide a summary of the story at each point , and a final recap at the end of the episode . For example , in one episode Josie Jump has been asked to look after a neighbour 's rabbit , but does not know what it needs . She is advised to visit PC Plum , who advises her to feed it vegetables . She then goes to the shop run by Pocket and Sweet to buy rabbit food , and finally brings the rabbit to Miss Hoolie 's nursery for the children to feed and pat it . Each episode of Balamory contains at least five songs : `` What 's the Story in Balamory ? '' , the theme song Miss Hoolie 's opening song , either `` Everybody , Everyone '' if the nursery school is open , or one of the two `` day off '' songs otherwise `` Which Coloured House Are We Going To ? '' , sung by the main character after presenting his or her problem Character - specific songs , sung by the characters visited by the main character Episode guide ( edit ) Series One Series Two Series Three Series Four Audience ( edit ) The programme was aimed at pre schoolers . The programme 's creator had intended it as a `` soap opera for children '' . The show can also be seen in a humorous light . The characters in Balamory are somewhat naive and light hearted , often appearing to be children trapped in adult bodies with adult roles . The storyline revolves around simple problems designed to challenge pre schoolers ' minds . Songs ( edit ) There are many songs in Balamory , mainly sung by the actors . These songs are used consistently throughout the series , when corresponding characters or circumstances are introduced . In the run starting from September 2004 , new songs were introduced . These songs are longer and take up more time in the episode , so the old versions were still often used . In addition to the character specific songs mentioned in the `` Characters '' section , there are two general songs : `` What 's the Story in Balamory ? '' is the show 's theme song , sung over the opening titles and played as an instrumental over the closing credits . `` Which Coloured House Are We Going To ? '' is sung by the main character of each episode after introducing that episode 's problem . Production ( edit ) Very few episodes feature actors other than the main characters and the nursery children . Terry Wogan made a guest appearance in one episode ( The Game Show ) as a television director . This episode also featured Greg Hemphill ( Julie Wilson Nimmo 's husband in real life ) and John Altman , who plays Nick Cotton in the BBC soap opera EastEnders . Celebrity chef Keith Floyd appeared in Suzie Sweet 's song `` Suzie 's Cookin ' '' . Occasionally , the shots of children entering the nursery are cut down for repeats for time reasons . Retirement ( edit ) On 30 April 2005 , the BBC announced that it would not order another season of the series , citing they wanted to experiment and create more new programme ideas . In that year , all the cast ( except for two of them ) performed a farewell touring show called `` Balamory Live : Strike up the Band '' , a follow up to the `` Balamory Live : What 's The Story '' tour from 2004 . By the time the programme was retired , many of the cast were also keen to move on . Miles Jupp , who played Archie , stated that his role caused some problems when he was performing stand up on the Edinburgh Fringe , due to parents assuming his show was child friendly , and bringing their children to see it . Julie Wilson Nimmo , who played Miss Hoolie , complained that she could not take her children to the local play area without being mobbed . Awards ( edit ) Nominated for Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2003 BAFTA Children 's Awards . Awarded Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2004 BAFTA Children 's Awards . Nominated for Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2005 BAFTA Children 's Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Sunday Herald talks to the Balamory cast and production team Jump up ^ Ross , Peter ( 8 December 2004 ) . `` What 's the story ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners and Nominees - Children 's -- Awards - 2003 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners and Nominees - Children 's - Awards - 2004 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners and Nominees - Children 's - Awards - 2005 '' . BAFTA . Archived from the original on 23 February 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . External links ( edit ) http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/shows/balamory Press release at the launch of Balamory ) at bbc.co.uk http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/08_august/30/balamory.shtml CBeebies - Balamory ) at bbc.co.uk Balamory on IMDb Balamory at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balamory&oldid=807129679 '' Categories : Balamory BBC children 's television programmes Fictional populated places in Scotland 2002 British television programme debuts 2005 British television programme endings 2000s Scottish television series Musical television series Preschool education television series Television shows set in Scotland Isle of Mull 2002 establishments in Scotland BBC Scotland television programmes 2000s British children 's television series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 02 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who lives in the yellow house in balamory | [
"\n\nCharacter\nActor\nJob\nHouse\nSong(s)\n\n\nMiss Hoolie\nJulie Wilson Nimmo\nNursery teacher\nGreen house\n\nNursery Song:Everybody everyone\nDay off song:What do you want to do today (Series 1–2)\nStrike up the band (Series 3–4)\n\n\n\nArchie the Inventor\nMiles Jupp\nInventor\nPink castle\n\nI'm Archie the Inventor (Series 1-4)\nGreat Inventions, Groovy Solutions (Series 3–4)\n\n\n\nJosie Jump\nBuki Akib (series 1-2)\nKasia Haddad (Series 3–4)\nFitness instructor\nYellow house\n\nJosie Jump is My Name (Jump a Little Higher) (Series 1-4)\nCheer You Up (Series 3–4)\n\n\n\nEdie McCredie\nJuliet Cadzow\nBus driver\nBlue garage/house\n\nWhen I Honk My Horn (Series 1-4)\nLet Me Take You on a Journey (Series 3–4)\n\n\n\nPC Plum\nAndrew Agnew\nPoliceman\nBlack and white police station\n\nI'm PC Plum (Series 1–4)\nFollow the Clue (Series 3–4)\n\n\n\nSpencer the Painter\nRodd Christensen\nPainter/Musician\nOrange house\n\nClimbing Up My Musical Ladder (Series 1–4)\nIf You Need a Little Rhythm (Series 3–4)\n\n\n\nSuzie Sweet\nMary Riggans\nShop and café workers\nRed shop\n\nI'm Suzie Sweet, I'm Penny Pocket (Series 1–4)\nSuzie's Cooking (Series 3–4)\n\n\n\nPenny Pocket\nKim Tserkezie\n\nI'm Suzie Sweet, I'm Penny Pocket (Series 1–4)\nSort It (Series 3–4)\n\n\n"
] | [
"Josie Jump"
] |
4196231371112146709 | List of spaceflight records | List of spaceflight records - wikipedia List of spaceflight records Jump to : navigation , search The first space rendezvous was accomplished by Gemini 6A and Gemini 7 in 1965 . This is a list of spaceflight records . Most of these records relate to human spaceflights , but some unmanned and animal records are included . Contents ( hide ) 1 First independent sub-orbital and orbital human spaceflight by country 2 Most spaceflights 3 Duration of spaceflight 3.1 Most time in space 3.2 Ten longest human space flights 3.3 Longest single flight by a woman 3.4 Longest continuous occupation of space 3.5 Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft 3.6 Longest solo flight 3.7 Longest time on lunar surface 3.8 Longest time in lunar orbit 4 Animal records 4.1 First animals in space 4.2 First animal in orbit 4.3 Longest canine single flight 4.4 First animals beyond low -- Earth orbit 5 Speed and altitude 5.1 Farthest humans from Earth 5.2 Highest altitude for manned non-lunar mission 5.3 Fastest 6 Age records 6.1 Earliest - born to reach space ( suborbital flight ) 6.2 Earliest - born to go into space ( orbital flight ) 6.3 Youngest ( age during space flight ) 6.4 Oldest ( age during space flight ) 7 Spacewalks 7.1 Most spacewalks 7.2 Most spacewalks during a single mission 8 Human spaceflight firsts 9 Total time in space 10 Total human spaceflight time by country 11 Notable unmanned spaceflights 12 See also 13 References 14 External links First independent sub-orbital and orbital human spaceflight by country ( edit ) Country Mission Crew Spacecraft Launch vehicle Date Type USSR Vostok 1 Yuri Gagarin Vostok 3KA Vostok - K 12 April 1961 Orbital USA Mercury - Redstone 3 ( Freedom 7 ) Alan Shepard Mercury Spacecraft No. 7 Mercury - Redstone 5 May 1961 Sub-orbital USA Mercury - Atlas 6 ( Friendship 7 ) John Glenn Mercury Spacecraft No. 13 Atlas LV - 3B 20 February 1962 Orbital China Shenzhou 5 Yang Liwei Shenzhou spacecraft Long March 2F 15 October 2003 Orbital Most spaceflights ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 7 spaceflights Jerry L. Ross -- USA Franklin Chang - Diaz -- Costa Rica / USA * 6 spaceflights John W. Young -- USA Story Musgrave -- USA Curtis Brown -- USA James Wetherbee -- USA Michael Foale -- United Kingdom / USA * Sergei Krikalev -- Russia Yuri Malenchenko -- Russia Note : While Young has made six spaceflights , he was launched into orbit seven times if his moon ascent on Apollo 16 is counted . * Dual citizen . Duration of spaceflight ( edit ) Most time in space ( edit ) Gennady Padalka , who has spent 879 days in space over 5 missions , became the man who spent the most time in space when he surpassed , on 28 June 2015 , the record of Sergei Krikalev who spent 803 days , 9 hours and 39 minutes , or 2.2 years in space over the span of six spaceflights on Soyuz , the Space Shuttle , Mir , and the International Space Station . Currently , second is Yuri Malenchenko who spent 828 days in space on six spaceflights . Ten longest human space flights ( edit ) # Time in space Crew Country Launch date ( Launch craft ) Landing date ( Landing craft ) Space station or mission type 437.7 days Valery Polyakov Russia 1994 - 01 - 09 ( Soyuz TM - 18 ) 1995 - 03 - 22 ( Soyuz TM - 20 ) Mir 379.6 days Sergei Avdeyev Russia 1998 - 08 - 13 ( Soyuz TM - 28 ) 1999 - 08 - 28 ( Soyuz TM - 29 ) Mir 365.0 days Vladimir Titov Musa Manarov Soviet Union 1987 - 12 - 21 ( Soyuz TM - 4 ) 1988 - 12 - 21 ( Soyuz TM - 6 ) Mir 340.4 days Mikhail Kornienko Scott Kelly Russia United States 2015 - 03 - 27 ( Soyuz TMA - 16M ) 2016 - 03 - 01 ( Soyuz TMA - 18M ) International Space Station ISS year long mission 5 326.5 days Yury Romanenko Soviet Union 1987 - 02 - 05 ( Soyuz TM - 2 ) 1987 - 12 - 29 ( Soyuz TM - 3 ) Mir 6 311.8 days Sergei Krikalev Soviet Union / Russia 1991 - 05 - 18 ( Soyuz TM - 12 ) 1992 - 03 - 25 ( Soyuz TM - 13 ) Mir 7 289.2 days Peggy Whitson United States 2016 - 11 - 17 ( Soyuz MS - 03 ) 2017 - 09 - 03 ( Soyuz MS - 04 ) International Space Station 8 240.9 days Valeri Polyakov Soviet Union 1988 - 08 - 29 ( Soyuz TM - 6 ) 1989 - 04 - 7 ( Soyuz TM - 7 ) Mir 9 237.0 days Leonid Kizim Vladimir Solovyov Oleg Atkov Soviet Union 1984 - 02 - 08 ( Soyuz T - 10 ) 1984 - 10 - 02 ( Soyuz T - 11 ) Salyut 7 10 215.4 days Mikhail Tyurin Michael López - Alegría Russia United States 2006 - 09 - 18 ( Soyuz TMA - 9 ) 2007 - 04 - 21 ( Soyuz TMA - 9 ) International Space Station Further information : Timeline of longest spaceflights Longest single flight by a woman ( edit ) Peggy Whitson , NASA Astronaut , holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman when she surpassed Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti 's 199 days , 16 hours during Expedition 52 in 2017 . She returned to Earth in September 2017 , having spent approximately 290 days in space . Third is American astronaut Sunita Williams with 195 days on the ISS where she was a member of Expedition 14 / Expedition 15 ( 2006 -- 2007 ) . Longest continuous occupation of space ( edit ) An international partnership consisting of Russia , the United States , Canada , Japan and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000 when Soyuz TM - 31 was launched . Two days later it docked with the International Space Station . Since then space has been continuously occupied for 7003621600000000000 ♠ 17 years , 7 days . Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft ( edit ) The International Space Station has been continuously occupied since 2 November 2000 ( 7003621400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 5 days ) . It broke the record of 9 years 358 days of the Soviet / Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010 . Longest solo flight ( edit ) Valery Bykovsky flew for 4 days and 23 hours solo in Vostok 5 , 14 -- 19 June 1963 . The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the ( non-solo ) Gemini 5 flight . The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight , and during the Apollo 16 mission , T.K. Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours . Longest time on lunar surface ( edit ) Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes 40 seconds ( over 3 days ) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972 . They performed three EVAs ( extra-vehicular activity ) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes , 57 seconds ( as commanders were always the first one out of the LM and the last to get back in , Cernan 's EVA time was slightly longer ) . Longest time in lunar orbit ( edit ) Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours ( 148 hours ) , however for the solo portion of that flight around the Moon , T.K. Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans ' solo duration . Animal records ( edit ) Further information : Animals in space First animals in space ( edit ) Fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V - 2 rocket to an altitude of 68 miles ( 108 km ) . Also the first animals to safely return from space . First animal in orbit ( edit ) Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2 . The technology to deorbit had not yet been developed , so there was no expectation for survival . She died several hours into flight . Belka and Strelka were the first to successfully return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960 . Longest canine single flight ( edit ) Veterok ( Ветерок , `` Light Wind '' ) and Ugolyok ( Уголёк , `` Ember '' ) were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March . First animals beyond low -- Earth orbit ( edit ) An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises , as well as wine flies and mealworms launched with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Zond 5 spacecraft . It was launched by a Proton - K rocket on 15 September 1968 . The capsule came within 2000 km of the moon and returned to Earth , the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the moon . Speed and altitude ( edit ) Farthest humans from Earth ( edit ) Apollo 13 crew ; Jim Lovell , Fred Haise , Jack Swigert while passing over the far side of the moon at an altitude of 254 km ( 158 mi ) from the lunar surface , were 400,171 km ( 248,655 mi ) from Earth . This record breaking distance was reached at 0 : 21 UTC on 15 April 1970 . Highest altitude for Manned non-lunar mission ( edit ) Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad , Jr and Richard F. Gordon , Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966 , at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 739.2 nautical miles ( 1,369.0 km ) . Fastest ( edit ) See also : List of vehicle speed records § Spacecraft The Apollo 10 crew ; Thomas Stafford , John W. Young and Eugene Cernan achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans ; 39,897 km / h ( 11.082 km / s , 24,791 mph , approximately 32 times the speed of sound and approximately 0.0037 percent of the speed of light ) . The record was set 26 May 1969 . Age records ( edit ) Earliest - born to reach space ( suborbital flight ) ( edit ) Joe Walker born 20 February 1921 , on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963 . Earliest - born to go into space ( orbital flight ) ( edit ) Man -- Georgy Beregovoy born 15 April 1921 , on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968 . Woman -- Valentina Tereshkova born 6 March 1937 , on Vostok 6 on 16 -- 19 June 1963 . Youngest ( age during space flight ) ( edit ) Man -- Gherman Titov , aged 25 years , on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961 . Woman -- Valentina Tereshkova , aged 26 years on Vostok 6 on 16 -- 19 June 1963 . Oldest ( age during space flight ) ( edit ) Man -- John Glenn at age 77 , 29 October 1998 on STS - 95 . Woman -- Peggy Whitson at age 56 , 17 November 2016 on Soyuz MS - 03 . Turned 57 while in space . Spacewalks ( edit ) See also : List of cumulative spacewalk records Most spacewalks ( edit ) Man -- Anatoly Solovyev , 16 spacewalks for total of 82 hours , 21 minutes ( which is also the duration record ) . Woman -- Peggy Whitson , 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours , 21 minutes . Most spacewalks during a single mission ( edit ) 7 : Anatoly Solovyev , during the 24th Expedition on the Soviet / Russian space station Mir , in 1997 -- 98 . Two were internal `` spacewalks '' inside a depressurized module . 6 : Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov , the third crew on the Soviet space station Salyut 7 . Human spaceflight FIRSTS ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) First Person ( s ) Mission Country Date Person to reach space Person in orbit Yuri Gagarin Vostok 1 USSR 12 April 1961 Person to make suborbital flight Person to ( land ) in a spacecraft after spaceflight thus achieving the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions Person to pilot a craft in space Alan Shepard Freedom 7 USA 5 May 1961 Person in space for over 24 hours Multiple orbits during a spaceflight Gherman Titov Vostok 2 USSR 6 August 1961 -- 7 August 1961 Person to land ( splashdown ) in a spacecraft after orbital flight John Glenn Friendship 7 USA 20 February 1962 Group flight Adjacent orbits Spacecraft - to - spacecraft communications Andrian Nikolayev Pavel Popovich Vostok 3 Vostok 4 USSR 12 August 1962 -- 15 August 1962 Woman in space Civilian in space Valentina Tereshkova Vostok 6 USSR 16 June 1963 -- 19 June 1963 Spaceflight ( suborbital ) by winged spacecraft Joe Walker X-15 Flight 90 USA 19 July 1963 Person to enter space twice ( suborbital flights above 100 km ) Joe Walker X-15 Flights 90 and 91 USA 22 August 1963 Three - person spaceflight , single spacecraft Persons to land in a spacecraft on hard ground Manned flight without pressurized spacesuits Vladimir Komarov Konstantin Feoktistov Boris Yegorov Voskhod 1 USSR 12 October 1964 -- 13 October 1964 Spacewalk Alexey Leonov Voskhod 2 USSR 18 March 1965 Orbital maneuvers ( change orbit ) Gus Grissom , John W. Young Gemini 3 USA 23 March 1965 Person to fly two orbital spaceflights Gordon Cooper Faith 7 Gemini 5 USA 15 May 1963 -- 16 May 1963 ; 21 August 1965 -- 29 August 1965 Persons to spend one week in space Gordon Cooper Pete Conrad Gemini 5 USA 21 August 1965 -- 29 August 1965 Space rendezvous ( orbital maneuver and station - keeping ) Four people in space Frank Borman , Jim Lovell Walter Schirra , Thomas Stafford Gemini 7 Gemini 6A USA 15 December 1965 -- 16 December 1965 Space docking Neil Armstrong David Scott Gemini 8 and Agena USA 16 March 1966 Multiple rendezvous John W. Young Michael Collins Gemini 10 with Agena 10 and Agena 8 USA 19 July 1966 ; 20 July 1966 Spaceflight fatality ( during landing ) Vladimir Komarov Soyuz 1 USSR 23 April 1967 -- 24 April 1967 Person to complete three spaceflights Walter Schirra Apollo 7 ( previous flights Mercury - Atlas 8 , Gemini 6A ) USA 22 October 1968 Persons to leave Low Earth orbit ( LEO ) Persons to escape Earth 's influence Persons to enter lunar orbit Frank Borman Jim Lovell Bill Anders Apollo 8 USA 24 December 1968 -- 25 December 1968 Space docking of two manned spacecraft Dual spacewalk Сrew transfer ( Khrunov , Yeliseyev ) Vladimir Shatalov Boris Volynov Aleksei Yeliseyev Yevgeny Khrunov Soyuz 4 Soyuz 5 USSR 16 January 1969 Solo flight around the Moon John Young Apollo 10 USA 22 May 1969 Moon landing / planetary surface EVA Neil Armstrong Buzz Aldrin Apollo 11 USA 20 July 1969 Time five people are in space Georgi Shonin , Valeri Kubasov Anatoly Filipchenko , Vladislav Volkov , Viktor Gorbatko Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7 USSR 12 October 1969 -- 13 October 1969 Triple spaceflight Seven - people in space Shonin , Kubasov Filipchenko , Volkov , Gorbatko Vladimir Shatalov , Aleksei Yeliseyev Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7 Soyuz 8 USSR 13 October 1969 -- 16 October 1969 Person to complete four spaceflights James A. Lovell Apollo 13 ( previous flights Gemini 7 , Gemini 12 , Apollo 8 ) USA 17 April 1970 Person to fly two lunar flights Person to complete two flights beyond low -- Earth orbit James A. Lovell Apollo 13 ( previous flight Apollo 8 ) USA 11 April 1970 -- 17 April 1970 People to spend two weeks in space Night launch Andrian Nikolayev Vitali Sevastyanov Soyuz 9 USSR 1 June 1970 -- 19 June 1970 People to EVA out of sight of their spacecraft Alan Shepard Edgar Mitchell Apollo 14 USA 6 February 1971 Docking with space station Night landing Vladimir Shatalov Aleksei Yeliseyev Nikolai Rukavishnikov Soyuz 10 docked with Salyut 1 ( soft dock ) USSR 22 April 1971 -- 24 April 1971 Manned space station Georgi Dobrovolski Viktor Patsayev Vladislav Volkov Soyuz 11 docked with Salyut 1 USSR 7 June 1971 -- 29 June 1971 In - space fatalities Georgi Dobrovolski Viktor Patsayev Vladislav Volkov Soyuz 11 USSR 29 June 1971 People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth . Dave Scott Jim Irwin Apollo 15 USA 31 July 1971 -- 2 August 1971 EVA in outer space outside Low Earth orbit ( trans - Earth trajectory ) Al Worden Apollo 15 USA 5 August 1971 Person twice in lunar orbit ( during separate lunar expeditions ) John W. Young Apollo 16 ( previous flight Apollo 10 ) USA 16 April 1972 -- 27 April 1972 People in orbit for four weeks Pete Conrad Joseph Kerwin Paul Weitz Skylab 2 USA 25 May 1973 -- 22 June 1973 People in orbit for eight weeks Alan Bean Jack Lousma Owen Garriott Skylab 3 USA 28 July 1973 -- 25 September 1973 People in orbit for 12 weeks Gerald Carr William Pogue Edward Gibson Skylab 4 USA 16 November 1973 -- 8 February 1974 Spaceflight aborted during liftoff ( at 145 kilometers ( 90 mi ) altitude ) Re-entry ( emergency ) with 20 g acceleration Vasily Lazarev , Oleg Makarov Soyuz 18a USSR 5 April 1975 Crew to visit occupied space station Vladimir Dzhanibekov , Oleg Makarov Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO - 1 crew USSR 10 January 1978 -- 16 January 1978 People in orbit 19 weeks ( 4 months ) Vladimir Kovalyonok , Aleksandr Ivanchenkov Salyut 6 EO - 2 , Soyuz 29 - Soyuz 31 USSR 15 June 1978 -- 2 November 1978 People in orbit 26 weeks ( 6 months ) Leonid Popov , Valery Ryumin Salyut 6 EO - 4 , Soyuz 35 - Soyuz 37 USSR 9 April 1980 -- 11 October 1980 Spaceflight ( orbital ) by winged spacecraft John W. Young Robert L. Crippen STS - 1 USA 12 April 1981 Person to fly four different types of spacecraft John W. Young STS - 1 ( previous flights in Gemini , Apollo , and Lunar Module ) USA 12 April 1981 Person to complete five spaceflights John W. Young STS - 1 ( previous flights Gemini 3 , Gemini 10 , Apollo 10 , Apollo 16 ) USA 14 April 1981 Four - person spaceflight , single spacecraft Vance Brand , Robert F. Overmyer Joseph P. Allen , William B. Lenoir STS - 5 USA 11 November 1982 -- 16 November 1982 Five - person spaceflight , single spacecraft Robert L. Crippen , Frederick H. Hauck John M. Fabian , Sally K. Ride , Norman E. Thagard STS - 7 USA 18 June 1983 -- 24 June 1983 Six - person spaceflight , single spacecraft John W. Young , Brewster H. Shaw , Owen K. Garriott , Robert A. Parker , Byron K. Lichtenberg -- USA Ulf Merbold -- Germany ( European Space Agency ) STS - 9 USA West Germany 28 November 1983 -- 8 December 1983 Person to complete six spaceflights John W. Young STS - 9 ( previous flights Gemini 3 , Gemini 10 , Apollo 10 , Apollo 16 , STS - 1 ) USA 8 December 1983 Untethered spacewalk Bruce McCandless II STS - 41 - B USA 7 February 1984 Time eight people in space , no docking Oleg Atkov , Leonid Kizim , Vladimir Solovyov -- USSR Vance D. Brand , Robert L. Gibson , Bruce McCandless II , Ronald McNair , Robert L. Stewart -- USA Salyut 7 EO - 3 , Soyuz T - 10 , STS - 41 - B USSR USA 8 February 1984 -- 11 February 1984 Time 11 people in space , no docking Oleg Atkov , Leonid D. Kizim , Yury Malyshev , Vladimir Solovyov , Gennady Strekalov -- USSR Robert L. Crippen , Terry J. Hart , George Nelson , Francis Scobee , James van Hoften -- USA Rakesh Sharma -- India STS - 41 - C , Salyut 7 EO - 3 , Soyuz T - 10 - Soyuz T - 11 USSR USA India 6 April 1984 -- 11 April 1984 People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission Leonid Kizim , Vladimir Solovyov Salyut 7 USSR 26 April -- 18 May 1984 Spacewalk by woman Svetlana Savitskaya Soyuz T - 12 USSR 25 July 1984 People in orbit 33 weeks ( 7 months ) Leonid Kizim , Vladimir Solovyov , Oleg Atkov Salyut 7 EO - 3 , Soyuz T - 10 - Soyuz T - 11 USSR 8 February 1984 -- 2 October 1984 Seven person spaceflight , single spacecraft Robert L. Crippen , Jon A. McBride , Kathryn D. Sullivan , Sally K. Ride , David C. Leestma , Paul D. Scully - Power -- USA Marc Garneau -- Canada STS - 41 - G USA Canada 5 October 1984 -- 13 October 1984 Time two women in space Kathryn D. Sullivan , Sally K. Ride STS - 41 - G USA 5 October 1984 -- 13 October 1984 Partial crew exchange at a space station Alexander Volkov , Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov Soyuz T - 14 , Salyut 7 USSR 17 September 1985 -- 26 September 1985 Eight person spaceflight , single spacecraft Henry W. Hartsfield , Steven R. Nagel , Bonnie J. Dunbar , James F. Buchli , Guion S. Bluford -- USA Reinhard Furrer , Ernst Messerschmid -- West Germany Wubbo Ockels -- Netherlands ( European Space Agency ) STS - 61 - A USA West Germany Netherlands 30 October 1985 -- 6 November 1985 Fatalities during launch Francis `` Dick '' Scobee Michael J. Smith Ellison Onizuka Judith Resnik Ronald McNair Sharon Christa McAuliffe Gregory Jarvis STS - 51 - L USA 28 January 1986 Space station to space station flight / Space station to space station return flight / Expedition on two space stations Leonid Kizim Vladimir Solovyov Soyuz T - 15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir USSR 15 March 1986 -- 16 July 1986 Complete crew exchange at a space station Vladimir Titov , Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko , Alexander Alexandrov Soyuz TM - 4 - Soyuz TM - 2 , Soyuz TM - 3 , at Mir USSR 21 December 1987 -- 29 December 1987 People in orbit 52 weeks ( one year ) Vladimir Titov , Musa Manarov Mir EO - 3 , Soyuz TM - 4 - Soyuz TM - 6 USSR 21 December 1987 -- 21 December 1988 Time 12 people in space ; no docking Shuttle : Vance Brand , Samuel Durrance , Guy S. Gardner , Jeffrey A. Hoffman , John M. Lounge , Ronald Parise , Robert A. Parker -- USA Mir : Gennady Manakov , Gennady Strekalov -- Russia Soyuz and Soyuz / Mir : Musa Manarov , Viktor Afanasyev -- Russia Toyohiro Akiyama -- Japan STS - 35 , Mir EO - 7 , Soyuz TM - 10 - Soyuz TM - 11 USSR USA Japan 2 December 1990 -- 10 December 1990 Time three women in space Millie Hughes - Fulford , Tamara E. Jernigan , M. Rhea Seddon STS - 40 USA 5 June 1991 -- 14 June 1991 Three - person spacewalk Pierre J. Thuot , Richard J. Hieb Thomas D. Akers STS - 49 USA 13 May 1992 Time 13 people in space ; no docking Shuttle : Steve Oswald , William Gregory , John Grunsfeld , Wendy Lawrence , Tammy Jernigan , Sam Durrance , Ron Parise -- USA Mir : Aleksandr Viktorenko , Yelena Kondakova , Valeriy Polyakov -- Russia Soyuz / Mir : Vladimir Dezhurov , Gennady Strekalov -- Russia Norman E. Thagard -- USA STS - 67 , Mir , Soyuz TM - 20 , Soyuz TM - 21 USA Russia 14 March 1995 -- 18 March 1995 Time ten people in one spacecraft ; docking Robert L. Gibson , Charles J. Precourt , Ellen S. Baker , Bonnie J. Dunbar , Gregory J. Harbaugh Norman E. Thagard -- USA Anatoly Solovyev , Nikolai Budarin , Vladimir Dezhurov , Gennady Strekalov -- Russia STS - 71 , Mir , Soyuz TM - 21 USA Russia 29 June 1995 -- 4 July 1995 Space tourist Dennis Tito Soyuz TM - 32 / 31 , ISS EP - 1 USA Russia April 28 , 2001 -- May 6 , 2001 Person to complete seven trips to space Jerry L. Ross STS - 110 ( previous flights STS - 61B , STS - 27 , STS - 37 , STS - 55 , STS - 74 , STS - 88 ) USA 19 April 2002 Citizen of an independent African country in space Mark Shuttleworth Soyuz TM - 34 South Africa 25 April 2002 - 5 May 2002 Privately funded human space flight ( suborbital ) Mike Melvill SpaceShipOne flight 15P USA 21 June 2004 Time 13 people in one spacecraft ; docking Michael Barratt , Mark L. Polansky , Douglas G. Hurley , Christopher J. Cassidy , Thomas H. Marshburn , David Wolf , Timothy Kopra -- USA Gennady Padalka , Roman Romanenko -- Russia Robert Thirsk , Julie Payette -- Canada Frank De Winne -- Belgium ( European Space Agency ) Koichi Wakata -- Japan ISS , Soyuz TMA - 14 , Soyuz TMA - 15 , STS - 127 USA Russia Canada Belgium Japan 17 July 2009 Four women in space at once Shuttle : Dorothy Metcalf - Lindenburger , Stephanie Wilson -- USA Naoko Yamazaki -- Japan ISS : Tracy Caldwell Dyson -- USA STS - 131 ISS Expedition 23 USA Japan 5 April 2010 -- 20 April 2010 Total time in space ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : List of spaceflight records . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space , as of 3 September 2017 . Travelers currently in space are ranked by total time in space of their completed missions only . Color - key : Currently in space Active Retired Deceased Rank Person Days Flights Status Nationality Gennady Padalka 878.480 5 Retired Russia Yuri Malenchenko 827.389 6 Retired Russia Sergei Krikalev 803.371 6 Retired Soviet Union / Russia Alexandr Kaleri 769.276 5 Active Russia 5 Sergei Avdeyev 747.593 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 6 Valeriy Polyakov 678.690 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 7 Fyodor Yurchikhin 672.860 5 Active Russia 8 Peggy A. Whitson 665.932 Active United States 9 Anatoly Solovyev 651.117 5 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 10 Viktor Afanasyev 555.772 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 11 Yury Usachev 552.773 Retired Russia 12 Sergey Volkov 547.931 Retired Russia 13 Pavel Vinogradov 546.939 Active Russia 14 Musa Manarov 541.021 Retired Soviet Union ( Azerbaijan ) 15 Jeffrey Williams 534.116 Active United States 16 Oleg Kononenko 533.000 Active Russia 17 Mikhail Tyurin 532.118 Active Russia 18 Oleg Kotov 526.211 Retired Russia 19 Scott Kelly 520.440 Retired United States 20 Mikhail Borisovich Korniyenko 516.417 Active Russia 21 Alexander Viktorenko 489.066 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 22 Nikolai Budarin 444.060 Retired Russia 23 Yuri Romanenko 430.765 Retired Soviet Union 24 Alexander Volkov 391.495 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 25 Yuri I. Onufrienko 389.282 Retired Russia 26 Vladimir G. Titov 387.036 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 27 Vasili Tsibliyev 381.662 Retired Russia 28 Valery G. Korzun 381.653 Retired Russia 29 Michael Fincke 381.633 Active United States 30 Leonid Kizim 374.749 Deceased Soviet Union 31 Michael Foale 373.763 6 Retired United States / United Kingdom 32 Aleksandr Serebrov 372.954 Deceased Soviet Union / Russia 33 Valeri Ryumin 371.725 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 34 Donald Pettit 369.696 Active United States 35 Anton Shkaplerov 365.001 Active Russia 36 Vladimir Solovyov 361.952 Retired Soviet Union 37 Thomas Reiter 350.239 Retired Germany 38 Koichi Wakata 347.356 Active Japan 39 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Skvortsov 345.267 Active Russia 40 Talgat Musabayev 341.408 Retired Russia 41 Oleg Novitskiy 340.419 Active Russia 42 Andrei Borisenko 337.377 Active Russia 43 Maksim Surayev 334.508 Retired Russia 44 Roman Romanenko 333.459 Retired Russia 45 Vladimir Lyakhov 333.324 Retired Soviet Union 46 Oleg Skripochka 331.521 Active Russia 47 Aleksandr Samokutyayev 331.474 Retired Russia 48 Yuri P. Gidzenko 329.950 Retired Russia 49 Sunita Williams 321.719 Active United States 50 Gennadi Manakov 309.889 Retired Soviet Union / Russia Total human spaceflight time by country ( edit ) Total Human Spaceflight statistics by nation Nation Total persons Total person flights Total in orbit ( @ update ) Total person days % of Total person days TOTAL 551 1247 6 50893.75 - Russia Soviet Union 122 266 26888.11 0.528318458861964 United States 338 847 19232.15 0.3778881559224 ESA ( show ) Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom 39 63 2734.61 0.0537317111143447 Japan 11 19 - 1186.54 0.0233140249640924 Italy 7 12 728.77 0.0143194973339673 Germany 11 15 - 658.97 0.0129479712754931 France 10 18 - 628.92 0.0123576073818738 Canada 9 17 - 506.14 0.00994510592087971 Netherlands - 210.69 0.00413980638701864 Belgium - 207.65 0.00408016416035082 United Kingdom - 193.81 0.00380809681705871 China 11 14 - 165.35 0.00324896629265525 Switzerland - 42.50 0.000835113978208871 Sweden - 26.73 0.000525290963173486 Spain - 18.78 0.000369042247187836 Israel - 15.93 0.000313015941377244 Ukraine - 15.69 0.000308294776786289 Bulgaria - 11.80 0.000231828284394045 Malaysia - 10.88 0.000213857839982805 South Korea - 10.88 0.000213857839982805 South Africa - 9.89 0.000194372802306837 Brazil - 9.89 0.000194263642431902 Denmark - 9.84 0.000193404008416786 Kazakhstan - 9.84 0.000193404008416786 Afghanistan - 8.85 0.000173918970740818 Syria - 7.96 0.000156426100782421 Czechoslovakia - 7.93 0.000155771141532808 Austria - 7.93 0.000155716561595341 Poland - 7.92 0.000155580111751671 Slovakia - 7.91 0.00015549824184547 India - 7.90 0.000155279922095599 Hungary - 7.86 0.000154529447955418 Cuba - 7.86 0.000154502157986684 Mongolia - 7.86 0.000154488513002317 Vietnam - 7.86 0.000154488513002317 Romania - 7.86 0.00015447486801795 Saudi Arabia - 7.07 0.000138878650886556 Mexico - 6.88 0.000135139925170019 Astronauts currently in space : Mark Thomas Vande Hei Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Misurkin Paolo Angelo Nespoli Sergei Nikolayevich Ryazansky Joseph Michael Acaba Randolph James `` Randy '' Bresnik Crew Vehicles currently in space : Soyuz MS - 05 Soyuz MS - 06 Table data accurate as of 2017 - 11 - 07 05 : 05 UTC * includes those in orbit at time table was updated + TOTAL person days in orbit will not match the sum of the totals for individual nations as some individuals are dual citizens ( based solely on those identified as such by spacefacts.de - see table references ) . Notable unmanned spaceflights ( edit ) Further information : List of unmanned spacecraft by program In reference to : Spacecraft Event Origin Date Earth MW 18014 ( A-4 ( V - 2 ) ) First rocket to reach space ( suborbital flight ) . Germany 20 June 1944 Earth V - 2 No. 20 First living organisms ( fruit flies ) in space ( suborbital flight ) successfully recovered . USA 20 February 1947 Earth R - 1V First mammals ( dogs ) in space ( suborbital flight ) successfully recovered . USSR 22 July 1951 Earth Sputnik 1 First satellite in orbit . USSR 4 October 1957 Earth Sputnik 2 First animal in orbit , Laika the dog . USSR 3 November 1957 Earth Vanguard 1 Oldest satellite still in orbit -- expected to stay in orbit 240 years . Ceased transmission in May 1964 . USA 17 March 1958 Earth Pioneer 1 Failed to reach the moon as intended , but reached a record -- setting distance of 113,800 km from Earth . USA 11 October 1958 Earth Jupiter AM - 13 First monkey in space . USA 13 December 1958 Earth Luna 1 First spacecraft to reach Earth 's escape velocity . USSR 4 January 1959 Moon Luna 1 First flyby , dist. of 5,995 km . USSR 4 January 1959 Sun Luna 1 First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit . USSR 4 January 1959 Moon Luna 2 First impact . USSR 14 September 1959 Moon Luna 3 First image of lunar far - side . USSR 7 October 1959 Earth Discoverer 13 First satellite recovered from orbit . USA 11 August 1960 Earth Korabl - Sputnik 2 First living beings recovered from orbit . USSR 19 August 1960 Venus Venera 1 First flyby , dist. of 100,000 km ( lost communication contact before ) . USSR 19 May 1961 Moon Ranger 4 First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon . USA 26 April 1962 Venus Mariner 2 First planetary flyby , dist. of 34,762 km ( with communication contact ) . USA 14 December 1962 Earth Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1 Oldest spacecraft still in use , 50 yrs as of 2015 USA 6 May 1965 Mars Mariner 4 First Mars flyby , first planetary imaging , dist. of 9,846 km . USA 14 July 1965 Earth Astérix First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the US or USSR ( other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets ) . France 26 November 1965 Moon Luna 9 First soft landing , first pictures from lunar surface . USSR 3 February 1966 Venus Venera 3 First impact . USSR 1 March 1966 Moon Luna 10 First orbiter . USSR 3 April 1966 Docking Cosmos 186 , Cosmos 188 First automated docking of unmanned spacecraft . USSR 30 October 1967 Moon Zond 5 First to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth . First animals to circle the Moon . USSR 15 September 1968 Moon Luna 16 First automated sample return . USSR 24 September 1970 Moon Luna 17 First automated roving vehicle -- Lunokhod 1 . USSR 17 November 1970 Venus Venera 7 First soft landing . USSR 15 December 1970 Mars Mariner 9 First orbiter . USA 14 November 1971 Mars Mars 2 First impact . USSR 27 November 1971 Mars Mars 3 First soft landing , telemetry signal for 20 seconds before transmissions ceased . USSR 2 December 1971 Sun Pioneer 10 First spacecraft to reach Sun 's escape velocity . USA 3 March 1972 Jupiter Pioneer 10 First flyby , dist. of 132,000 km . USA 4 December 1973 Mercury Mariner 10 First flyby , dist. of 703 km . USA 29 March 1974 Venus Venera 9 First orbiter . First surface - level imaging of another planet . USSR 22 October 1975 Sun Helios 2 Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the sun , 252,792 km / h . Closest ever approach to the sun at a record distance of 0.29 AU ( 43 million km ) , slightly inside the orbit of Mercury . Record still unbeaten as of November 2009 but to be beaten by the future Solar Orbiter probe ( 0.23 AU / 33 million km ) . West Germany USA 17 April 1976 Mars Viking 1 First surface - level imaging of Mars . USA 20 July 1976 Saturn Pioneer 11 First flyby , dist. of 21,000 km . USA 1 September 1979 Venus Venera 13 First sound record on another planet . USSR 1 March 1982 Trans - Neptunian region Pioneer 10 First spacecraft to travel past the orbit of Neptune , the furthest major planet from the sun . USA 13 June 1983 Venus Vega 1 First helium balloon atmospheric probe . USSR 11 June 1985 Comet Giacobini - Zinner International Cometary Explorer ( ICE ) First flyby through comet tail , dist. of 7,800 km , no pictures . USA 11 September 1985 Uranus Voyager 2 First flyby , dist. of 81,500 km . USA 24 January 1986 Comet Halley Vega 1 First comet flyby with pictures returned , dist. of 8,890 km . USSR 6 March 1986 Orbital Spaceplane Buran First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane ( with airstrip landing ) . USSR 15 November 1988 Phobos Phobos 2 First flyby , dist. of 860 km . USSR 21 February 1989 Neptune Voyager 2 First flyby , dist. of 40,000 km . USA 25 August 1989 951 Gaspra Galileo First asteroid flyby , dist. of 1,600 km . USA 29 October 1991 Jupiter Galileo probe First impact . USA 7 December 1995 Jupiter Galileo First orbiter . USA 8 December 1995 Mars Mars Pathfinder First automated roving vehicle -- Sojourner . USA 4 July 1997 433 Eros NEAR Shoemaker First asteroid orbiter . USA 14 February 2000 433 Eros NEAR Shoemaker First asteroid soft landing . USA 12 February 2001 Saturn Cassini orbiter First orbiter . ESA USA 1 July 2004 Solar wind Genesis First sample return from farther than the Moon . USA 8 September 2004 Titan Huygens probe First soft landing . ESA USA 14 January 2005 Comet Tempel 1 Deep Impact First comet impact . USA 4 July 2005 25143 Itokawa Hayabusa First asteroid ascent . First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff . Japan 19 November 2005 81P / Wild Stardust First sample return from comet . USA 15 January 2006 Farthest distance from Earth Voyager 1 At greatest distance from Sun , 20.479 billion km . USA As of November 2016 Longest time in operation Voyager 2 Longest operating space probe , since August 1977 USA As of 2015 Earth to Venus trajectory IKAROS First interplanetary solar sail . Japan set sail on 10 June 2010 25143 Itokawa Hayabusa First sample return from asteroid . Japan 13 June 2010 Mercury MESSENGER First orbiter . USA 17 March 2011 Earth -- Sun L2 Lagrangian point Chang'e 2 First object to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit . China 25 August 2011 International Space Station SpaceX Dragon First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station . SpaceX 25 May 2012 Interstellar Medium Voyager 1 First spacecraft to cross the Heliopause , exiting the Heliosphere and entering interstellar space . USA 25 August 2012 4179 Toutatis Chang'e 2 First object to reach asteroid directly from Sun - Earth Langrangian point . First probe to explore both Moon and asteroid . China 13 December 2012 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko Rosetta First comet orbiter . ESA 6 August 2014 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko Philae First comet soft landing . ESA 12 November 2014 Ceres Dawn First dwarf planet orbiter . USA 6 March 2015 Mars Opportunity Longest distance traveled on surface of another world -- 26.219 miles ( 42.195 km ) ( marathon - length ) USA 23 March 2015 ( ongoing ) Mercury MESSENGER First impact . USA 30 April 2015 Pluto New Horizons First flyby of Pluto , Charon , Nix , Hydra , Kerberos , and Styx , first up - close images of Pluto system , first images of Pluto and Charon 's surfaces , first spacecraft to explore the Kuiper belt . USA 14 July 2015 All 9 planets in the pre-IAU 2006 redefinition version of the Solar System All United States spacecrafts including New Horizons With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto , the United States is the first nation to have its space probes to explore all 9 planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System . USA 14 July 2015 Earth Juno Fastest man - made object relative to Earth , ca. 265,000 km / h . USA 4 July 2016 Earth Falcon 9 First reflight of orbital class rocket . SpaceX 30 March 2017 See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal List of cumulative spacewalk records List of International Space Station spacewalks List of Mir spacewalks List of spacewalkers List of spacewalks 2000 -- 2014 List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965 -- 1999 List of spacewalks since 2015 Manned Maneuvering Unit Omega Speedmaster Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue Space suit Suitport References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gebhardt , Chris ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Anniversaries : 50 years of human spaceflight -- 30 years for Shuttle '' . NASASpaceFlight ( not affiliated with NASA ) . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercury - Redstone 3 ( Freedom 7 ) '' . NASA . 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercury - Atlas 6 ( Friendship 7 ) '' . NASA . 20 November 2006 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Making History : China 's First Human Spaceflight '' . Space.com. 28 September 2005 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wall , Mike ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` The Most Extreme Human Spaceflight Records '' . Space.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astronaut Biography '' . NASA . ^ Jump up to : NASA ( 2005 ) . `` Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev Biography '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ NASA ( 2005 ) . `` Krikalev Sets Time - in - Space Record '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Curtiss ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` Russian Cosmonaut Sets Record For Most Time Spent In Space '' . Penny4NASA . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Russian astronaut record - breaker Padalka returns to Earth , BBC News , 12 September 2015 ^ Jump up to : Schwirtz , Michael ( 2009 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Staying Put on Earth , Taking a Step to Mars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Pearlman , Robert ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` One Year in Space : A History of Ultra-Long Missions Off Planet Earth '' . Space.com . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Michael ( 2015 ) . Living Among Giants : Exploring and Settling the Outer Solar System . Springer . p. 195 . ISBN 3319106732 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Warren ( 4 Feb 1994 ) . `` Man in the News : Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev ; Symbol of New Cooperation '' . Cape Canaveral : New York Times . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soyuz MS - 04 lands as Peggy Whitson ends record - breaking mission '' . NASASpaceflight. 2 Sep 2017 . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunn , Marcia ( 28 Dec 1997 ) . `` Mischief a Specialty for Mir 's Doctor in Residence '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pearlman , Robert ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` Cosmonaut Leonid Kizim , Who Visited 2 Space Stations in 1 Mission , Dies '' . Space.com . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wenz , John ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` 5 Things You Must Know About Scott Kelly 's Year in Space '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , NPR Jump up ^ American Astronaut Peggy Whitson Sets Record for Women in Space , James Rogers , Fox News Channel , Apr 24 2017 Jump up ^ Tariq Malik ( 2007 ) . `` Orbital Champ : ISS Astronaut Sets New U.S. Spacewalk Record '' . Space.com . Jump up ^ `` Astronaut Bio : Sunita Williams ( 5 / 2008 ) '' . NASA Logo National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Years and Counting '' . NASA . 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astronautic World Records : Spacecraft with one astronaut -- General category '' . Fédération Aéronautique Internationale . This only counts the duration of solo flight within a mission , so a longer mission with solo flight , such as Apollo 17 at 12d + 13h duration is surpassed because the solo undocked duration was only 3d + 7h . ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mission Report : Apollo 17 -- The Most Productive Lunar Expedition '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronal Evans Biographical Data '' . NASA . April 1990 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . longest time in lunar orbit , 147 hours , 48 minutes ^ Jump up to : Tate , Karl . `` Cosmic Menagerie : A History of Animals in Space ( Infographic ) '' ( infographic ) . Space.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission : The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April -- 17 April 1970 '' . NASA . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dumoulin , Jim ( August 25 , 2000 ) , NASA Project Gemini - XI , retrieved April 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` ABC News '' . Jump up ^ `` GCTC , Biographies of Cosmonauts : Solovyev , Anatoly Yakovlevich '' . Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Spacewalking astronauts pull off urgent station repairs , May 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ISS astronauts complete 200th station EVA for maintenance tasks '' . NASASpaceflight.com. 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Spacefacts ( 2017 ) . `` Astronauts and Cosmonauts with EVA Experience ( sorted by `` EVA Time '' ) `` . Spacefacts . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAJOR SPACE `` FIRSTS ' - AN AMERICAN ASSESSMENT '' ( PDF ) . Flight . 91 ( 3028 ) : 459 . 1967 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Astronauts and Cosmonauts ( sorted by `` Time in Space '' ) `` . spacefacts.de . The current missions are listed but not included in day count . Jump up ^ Northon , Karen ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Astronaut Scott Kelly to Retire from NASA in April '' . NASA . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Michael Foale holds dual U.S. / British citizenship . Jump up ^ `` Astronauts and Cosmonauts flown in space ( in alphabetical order ) '' . spacefacts.de . The alphabetical list of astronauts provides the `` Total Persons '' `` Total Person Flights '' as well as the `` Total person days '' , excepting the time of astronauts currently in orbit Jump up ^ `` Manned spaceflights '' . spacefacts.de . The flight list allows is searched to determine which flight is in orbit , and when it reached orbit . This allows determination of `` Total in orbit ( @ update ) and update the `` Total person days '' accordingly . Jump up ^ `` R - 1V '' . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Asif A. Siddiqi . `` Challenge to Apollo '' ( PDF ) . NASA . ; see page . 253 Jump up ^ Williamson , Mark ( 1998 ) . `` Protecting the space environment : Are we doing enough ? '' . Space Policy . 14 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0265 - 9646 ( 97 ) 00038 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Where are the Voyagers ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Because Earth moves around the sun faster than Voyager 1 is traveling from Earth , the distance between Earth and the spacecraft actually decreases at certain times of the year . Jump up ^ `` Ching'e 2 to reaches liberation point 2 '' . 2011 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` China 's space probe flies by asteroid Toutatis '' . Chinadaily. com. cn. 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ esa . `` Rosetta arrives at comet destination '' . Jump up ^ `` Philae probe makes historic comet landing '' . 12 November 2014 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ CNN , Amanda Barnett . `` NASA 's Dawn spacecraft begins orbiting Ceres '' . Jump up ^ CNN , Euan McKirdy . `` Opportunity rover celebrates marathon milestone '' . Jump up ^ Corum , Jonathan ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` Messenger 's Collision Course With Mercury '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Fastest - Ever Spacecraft to Arrive at Jupiter Tonight '' . Jump up ^ `` Used SpaceX Rocket Launches Satellite , Then Lands in Historic 1st Reflight '' . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who set a new record for the longest space flight by a woman | [
"\nPeggy Whitson, NASA Astronaut, holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman when she surpassed Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti's 199 days, 16 hours during Expedition 52 in 2017. She returned to Earth in September 2017, having spent approximately 290 days in space.[19][20] Third is American astronaut Sunita Williams with 195 days[21][22] on the ISS where she was a member of Expedition 14/Expedition 15 (2006–2007).\n"
] | [
"Peggy Whitson"
] |
-10833870908904392 | Hideki Tojo | Hideki Tojo - wikipedia Hideki Tojo In this Japanese name , the family name is Tōjō . Hideki Tōjō 東條 英機 27 Prime Minister of Japan Leader of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association In office October 17 , 1941 -- July 22 , 1944 Monarch Shōwa Preceded by Fumimaro Konoe Succeeded by Kuniaki Koiso Minister of War of the Japanese Empire In office July 22 , 1940 -- July 22 , 1944 Monarch Shōwa Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe ( 1940 -- 1941 ) Himself ( 1941 -- 1944 ) Preceded by Shunroku Hata Succeeded by Hajime Sugiyama Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office In office 21 February 1944 -- 18 July 1944 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Hajime Sugiyama Succeeded by Yoshijirō Umezu Personal details ( 1884 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1884 Kōjimachi ward , Tokyo , Japan December 23 , 1948 ( 1948 - 12 - 23 ) ( aged 63 ) Sugamo Prison , Tokyo , Occupied Japan Cause of death Execution by hanging Political party Imperial Rule Assistance Association ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Other political affiliations Independent ( before 1940 ) Spouse ( s ) Katsuko Ito ( 1890 -- 1982 ) Children 3 sons , 4 daughters Alma mater Imperial Japanese Army Academy Army War College Awards Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun Order of the Golden Kite , 2nd Class Order of the Sacred Treasure Signature Military service Allegiance Empire of Japan Rank General Commands Kwantung Army ( 1932 -- 1934 ) Battles / wars Russian Civil War Japanese invasion of Manchuria February 26 Incident Second Sino - Japanese War Operation Chahar Pacific War Hideki Tojo ( Kyūjitai : 東條 英機 ; Shinjitai : 東条 英機 ; Tōjō Hideki ( help info ) ; December 30 , 1884 -- December 23 , 1948 ) was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) , the leader of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association , and the 27th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II , from October 17 , 1941 , to July 22 , 1944 . As Prime Minister , he was responsible for ordering the attack on Pearl Harbor , which initiated war between Japan and the United States , although planning for it had begun in April 1941 , before he entered office . After the end of the war , Tojo was arrested and sentenced to death for war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East , and hanged on December 23 , 1948 . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 As major general 2.2 Rise to Prime Minister 2.3 As Prime Minister 3 Arrest , trial , and execution 4 Legacy 5 In popular culture 6 Honors 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Hideki Tojo was born in the Kōjimachi district of Tokyo on December 30 , 1884 , as the third son of Hidenori Tojo , a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army . Under the bakufu , Japanese society was divided rigidly into four castes ; the merchants , peasants , artisans and the samurai . After the Meiji Restoration , the caste system was abolished in 1871 , but the former caste distinctions in many ways persisted afterwards , ensuring that those from the former samurai caste continued to enjoy their traditional prestige . The Tojo family came from the samurai caste , though the Tojos were relatively lowly warrior retainers for the great daimyōs ( lords ) that they had served for generations . Tojo 's father was a samurai turned Army officer and his mother was the daughter of a Buddhist priest , making his family very respectable , but poor . Hideki had an education typical of a Japanese youth in the Meiji era . The purpose of the Meiji educational system was to train the boys to be soldiers as adults , and the message was relentlessly drilled into Japanese students that war was the most beautiful thing in the entire world , that the Emperor was a living god and that the greatest honor for a Japanese man was to die for the Emperor . Japanese girls were taught that the highest honor for a woman was to have as many sons as possible who could die for the Emperor in war . As a boy , Tojo was known for his stubbornness , for having utterly no sense of humor , for being an opinionated and combative youth fond of getting into fights with the other boys and for his tenacious way of pursuing what he wanted . Japanese schools in the Meiji era were very competitive , and there was no tradition of sympathy with failing ; those who did were often bullied by the teachers into committing suicide . Tojo was of average intelligence , but he was known to compensate for his limited intelligence with a willingness to work extremely hard . Tojo 's boyhood hero was the 17th - century shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu who issued the injunction : `` Avoid the things you like , turn your attention to unpleasant duties '' . Tojo liked to say : `` I am just an ordinary man possessing no shining talents . Anything I have achieved I owe to my capacity for hard work and never giving up '' . In 1899 , Hideki entered the Army Cadet School . When he graduated from the Japanese Military Academy ( ranked 10th of 363 cadets ) in March 1905 , he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the infantry of the IJA . In 1905 , Tojo shared in the general outrage in Japan at the Treaty of Portsmouth , which ended the war with Russia , and which the Japanese people saw as a betrayal as the war did not end with Japan annexing Siberia as popular opinion had demanded . The Treaty of Portsmouth was so unpopular that it set off anti-American riots known as the Hibiya incendiary incident as many Japanese were enraged at the way the Americans had apparently cheated Japan as the Japanese gains in the treaty were far less than what public opinion had expected . Very few Japanese at the time had understood that the war with Russia had pushed their nation to the verge of bankruptcy , and most people in Japan believed that the American president Theodore Roosevelt who had mediated the Treaty of Portsmouth had cheated Japan out of its rightful gains . Tojo 's anger at the Treaty of Portsmouth left him with an abiding dislike of Americans . In 1909 , Hideki married Katsuko Ito , with whom he had three sons ( Hidetake , Teruo , and Toshio ) and four daughters ( Mitsue , Makie , Sachie and Kimie ) . In 1918 -- 19 , Tojo briefly served in Siberia as part of the Japanese expeditionary force sent to intervene in the Russian Civil War . Tojo served as Japanese military attache to Germany between 1919 - 1922 . As the Imperial Japanese Army had been trained by a German military mission in the 19th century , the Japanese Army was always very strongly influenced by intellectual developments in the German Army , and Tojo was no exception . In the 1920s , the German military favored winning the next war on starting by creating a totalitarian Wehrstaat ( Defense State ) , an idea that was taken up by the Japanese military as the `` national defense state '' . In 1922 , on his way home to Japan , Tojo took a train ride across the United States , his first and only visit to America , which left him with the impression that the Americans were a materialistic `` soft '' people devoted only to making money and to hedonistic pursuits like sex , partying and despite Prohibition , drinking . Tojo boasted that his only hobby was his work , and he customarily brought home his paperwork to work late into the night , and he refused to have any part in raising his children , which he viewed both as a distraction from his work and a woman 's work , having his wife do all the work of taking care of his children . A stern , humorless man , Tojo was known for his brusque manner , his obsession with etiquette , and for his coldness . Like almost all Japanese officers at the time , Tojo routinely slapped the faces of the men under his command when giving orders , saying that face - slapping was a `` means of training '' men who came from families that were not part of the samurai caste , and for whom bushido was not second nature . In 1924 , Tojo was greatly offended by the Immigration Control Act passed by the American Congress banning all Asian immigration into the United States with many Congressmen and Senators openly saying the act was necessary because the Asians worked harder than whites . Tojo wrote with bitterness at the time that American whites would never accept Asians as equals and `` It ( the Immigration Control Act ) shows how the strong will always put their own interests first . Japan , too , has to be strong to survive in the world '' . By 1928 , he was bureau chief of the Japanese Army and was shortly thereafter promoted to colonel . He began to take an interest in militarist politics during his command of the 8th Infantry Regiment . Reflecting the imagery often used in Japan to describe people in power , Tojo told his officers that they were to be both a `` father '' and a `` mother '' to the men under their command . Tojo often visited the homes of the men under his command , assisted his men with personal problems and made loans to officers short of money . Like many other Japanese officers , Tojo disliked Western cultural influence in Japan , which was often disparaged as resulting in the ero - guro - nansensu ( `` eroticism , grotesquerie and nonsense '' ) movement as he complained about such forms of `` Western decadence '' like young couples holding hands and kissing in public , which were undermining traditional values necessary to uphold the kokutai . Career ( edit ) As major General ( edit ) Hideki Tōjō In 1934 , Hideki was promoted to major general and served as Chief of the Personnel Department within the Army Ministry . Tojo wrote a chapter in the book Hijōji kokumin zenshū ( Essays in time of national emergency ) , a book published in March 1934 by the Army Ministry calling for Japan to become a totalitarian `` national defense state '' . This book of 15 essays by senior generals argued that Japan had defeated Russia in the war of 1904 -- 05 because bushidō had given the Japanese superior willpower as the Japanese did not fear death unlike the Russians who wanted to live , and what was needed to win the inevitable next war ( against precisely whom the book did not say ) was to repeat the example of the Russian - Japanese war on a much greater scale by creating the `` national defense state '' that would mobilize the entire nation for war . In his essay Tojo wrote `` The modern war of national defense extends over a great many areas '' requiring `` a state that can monolithically control '' all aspects of the nation in the political , social and economic spheres . Tojo attacked Britain , France and the United States for waging `` ideological war '' against Japan since 1919 . Tojo ended his essay stating that Japan must stand tall `` and spread its own moral principles to the world '' as the `` cultural and ideological war of the ' imperial way ' is about to begin '' . Tojo was appointed commander of the IJA 24th Infantry Brigade in August 1934 . In September 1935 , Tojo assumed top command of the Kenpeitai of the Kwantung Army in Manchuria . Politically , he was fascist , nationalist , and militarist , and was nicknamed `` Razor '' ( カミソリ , Kamisori ) , for his reputation of having a sharp and legalistic mind capable of quick decision - making . Tojo was a member of the Tōseiha ( `` Control '' ) faction in the Army that was opposed by the more radical Kōdōha ( `` Imperial Way '' ) faction . Both the Tōseiha and the Kōdōha factions were militaristic , fascistic groups that favored a policy of expansionism abroad and dictatorship under the Emperor at home , but differed over the best way of achieving these goals . The Imperial Way faction wanted a coup d'état to achieve a Shōwa Restoration ; emphasised `` spirit '' as the principle war - winning factor ; and despite advocating socialist policies at home wanted to invade the Soviet Union . The Control faction , while being willing to use assassination to achieve its goals , was more willing to work within the system to achieve reforms ; wanted to create the `` national defense state '' to mobilize the entire nation before going to war ; and , while not rejecting the idea of `` spirit '' as a war - winning factor also saw military modernization as a war - winning factor ; and saw the United States as a future enemy just as much as the Soviet Union . During the February 26 coup attempt of 1936 , Tojo and Shigeru Honjō , a noted supporter of Sadao Araki , both opposed the rebels who were associated with the rival `` Imperial Way '' faction . Emperor Hirohito himself was outraged at the attacks on his close advisers , and after a brief political crisis and stalling on the part of a sympathetic military , the rebels were forced to surrender . As the commander of the Kenpeitai , Tojo ordered the arrest of all officers in the Kwantung Army suspected of supporting the coup attempt in Tokyo . In the aftermath , the Tōseiha faction was able to purge the Army of radical officers , and the coup leaders were tried and executed . Following the purge , Tōseiha and Kōdōha elements were unified in their nationalist but highly anti-political stance under the banner of the Tōseiha military clique , with Tojo in the leadership position . Tojo was promoted to Chief of staff of the Kwangtung Army in 1937 . As the `` Empire of Manchukuo '' was a sham , and in reality , Manchukuo was a Japanese colony , the Kwangtung Army 's duties were just as much political as they were military . During this period , Tojo become close to Yōsuke Matsuoka , the fiery ultra-nationalist CEO of the South Manchuria Railway , one of Asia 's largest corporations at the time , and Nobusuke Kishi , the Deputy Minister of Industry in Manchukuo , who was the man de facto in charge of Manchukuo 's economy . Though Tojo regarded preparing for a war with the Soviet Union as his first duty , Tojo also supported the forward policy in north China as the Japanese sought to extend their influence into China . As chief of staff , Tojo was responsible for the military operations designed to increase Japanese penetration into the Inner Mongolia border regions with Manchukuo . In July 1937 , he personally led the units of the 1st Independent Mixed Brigade in Operation Chahar , his only real combat experience . After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident marking the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War , Tojo ordered his forces to attack Hebei Province and other targets in northern China . Tojo received Jewish refugees in accordance with Japanese national policy and rejected the resulting Nazi German protests . Tojo was recalled to Japan in May 1938 to serve as Vice-Minister of War under Army Minister Seishirō Itagaki . From December 1938 to 1940 , Tojo was Inspector - General of Army Aviation . Rise to Prime Minister ( edit ) On 1 June 1940 , the Showa Emperor appointed Kōichi Kido , a leading `` reform bureaucrat '' as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal , making him into the Emperor 's leading political advisor and fixer . Kido had aided in the creation in the 1930s of an alliance between the `` reform bureaucrats '' and the `` Control '' faction in the Army , which was headed by General Mutō Akira and General Tojo . Kido 's appointment also favored the rise of his allies in the Control faction . On July 30 , 1940 , Hideki Tojo was appointed Army Minister in the second Fumimaro Konoe regime and remained in that post in the third Konoe cabinet . Prince Konoe had chosen Tojo -- a man representative of both the Army 's hardline views and the Control faction while being considered reasonable to deal with -- to secure the Army 's backing for his foreign policy . Tojo was a militant ultra-nationalist , well respected for his work ethic and his ability to handle paperwork , who believed that the Emperor was a living god and favored `` direct imperial rule '' , ensuring that he would faithfully follow any order from the Emperor . Konoe favored having Germany mediate an end to the Sino - Japanese war , pressuring Britain to end its economic and military support of China even at the risk of war , seeking better relations with both Germany and the United States , and of taking advantage of the changes in the international order caused by Germany 's victories in the spring of 1940 to make Japan a stronger power in Asia . Konoe wanted to make Japan the dominant power in East Asia , but he also believed it was possible to negotiate a modus vivendi with the United States under which the Americans would agree to recognize the `` Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere '' . By 1940 , Konoe , who had started the war with China in 1937 , no longer believed that a military solution to the `` China Affair '' was possible as he once did , instead favored having Germany mediate an end to the war that would presumably result in a pro-Japanese peace settlement , but would be less than he himself had outlined in the `` Konoe programme '' of January 1938 . For this reason , Konoe wanted Tojo , a tough general whose ultra-nationalism was beyond question , to provide `` cover '' for his attempt to seek a diplomatic solution to the war with China . Tojo was a strong supporter of the Tripartite Pact between Imperial Japan , Nazi Germany , and Fascist Italy . As the Army Minister , he continued to expand the war with China . After negotiations with Vichy France , Japan was given permission to place its troops in the southern part of French Indochina in July 1941 . In spite of its formal recognition of the Vichy government , the United States retaliated against Japan by imposing economic sanctions in August , including a total embargo on oil and gasoline exports . On September 6 , a deadline of early October was fixed in the Imperial Conference for resolving the situation diplomatically . On October 14 , the deadline had passed with no progress . Prime Minister Konoe then held his last cabinet meeting , where Tojo did most of the talking : For the past six months , ever since April , the foreign minister has made painstaking efforts to adjust relations . Although I respect him for that , we remain deadlocked ... The heart of the matter is the imposition on us of withdrawal from Indochina and China ... If we yield to America 's demands , it will destroy the fruits of the China incident . Manchukuo will be endangered and our control of Korea undermined . The prevailing opinion within the Japanese Army at that time was that continued negotiations could be dangerous . However , Hirohito thought that he might be able to control extreme opinions in the army by using the charismatic and well - connected Tojo , who had expressed reservations regarding war with the West , although the Emperor himself was skeptical that Tojo would be able to avoid conflict . On October 13 , he declared to Kōichi Kido : `` There seems little hope in the present situation for the Japan - U.S. negotiations . This time , if hostilities erupt , I have to issue a declaration of war . '' During the last cabinet meetings of the Konoe government , Tojo emerged as a hawkish voice , saying he did not want a war with the United States but portrayed the Americans as arrogant , bullying white supremacists . He said that any compromise solution would only encourage them to make more extreme demands on Japan , in which case Japan might be better to choose war to uphold national honor . Despite saying he favored peace , Tojo had often declared at cabinet meetings that any withdrawal from French Indochina and / or China would be damaging to military morale and might threaten the kokutai ; the `` China Incident '' could not be resolved via diplomacy and required a military solution ; and attempting to compromise with the Americans would be seen as weakness by them . On October 16 , Konoe , politically isolated and convinced that the Emperor no longer trusted him , resigned . Later , he justified himself to his chief cabinet secretary , Kenji Tomita : Of course His Majesty is a pacifist , and there is no doubt he wished to avoid war . When I told him that to initiate war is a mistake , he agreed . But the next day , he would tell me : `` You were worried about it yesterday , but you do not have to worry so much . '' Thus , gradually , he began to lean toward war . And the next time I met him , he leaned even more toward war . In short , I felt the Emperor was telling me : `` My prime minister does not understand military matters , I know much more . '' In short , the Emperor had absorbed the views of the army and navy high commands . Hideki Tojo in military uniform At the time , Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni was said to be the only person who could control the Army and the Navy and was recommended by Konoe and Tojo as Konoe 's replacement . Hirohito rejected this option , arguing that a member of the imperial family should not have to eventually carry the responsibility for a war against the West as a defeat would ruin the prestige of the House of Yamato . Following the advice of Kōichi Kido , he chose instead Tojo , who was known for his devotion to the imperial institution . Tojo 's first speech on the radio made a call for `` world peace '' , but also stated his determination to settle the `` China Affair '' on Japanese terms and to achieve the `` Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere '' that would unite all of the Asian nations together . Tojo was known to advocate war with the United States , and Prince Takamatsu wrote in his diary about hearing of the appointment : `` We have finally committed to war and now must do all we can to launch it powerfully . But we have clumsily telegraphed out intentions . We need n't have signaled what we 're going to do ; having ( the entire Konoe cabinet ) resign was too much . As matters stand now we can merely keep silent and without the least effort war will begin . '' The Emperor summoned Tojo to the Imperial Palace one day before Tojo took office . During the meetings of the senior statesmen to decide who was to succeed Prince Konoe , the former Prime Minister Admiral Keisuke Okada was opposed to Tojo as Prime Minister , while the powerful Lord Privy Seal Kōichi Kido pushed for Tojo , leading a compromise where Tojo would become Prime Minister while `` re-examining '' the options for dealing with the crisis with the United States , though Kido did not say that Tojo would attempt to avoid a war . By tradition , the Emperor needed a consensus among the elder statesmen before appointing a prime minister , and as long as Admiral Okada was opposed to Tojo , it would be impolitic for the Emperor to appoint him as Prime Minister . Tojo wrote in his diary : `` I thought I was summoned because the Emperor was angry at my opinion . '' He was given one order from the Emperor : to make a policy review of what had been sanctioned by the Imperial Conferences . Tojo , who was on the side of war , nevertheless accepted this order , and pledged to obey . According to Colonel Akiho Ishii , a member of the Army General Staff , the Prime Minister showed a true sense of loyalty to the emperor performing this duty . For example , when Ishii received from Hirohito a communication saying the Army should drop the idea of stationing troops in China to counter the military operations of the Western powers , he wrote a reply for the Prime Minister for his audience with the Emperor . Tojo then replied to Ishii : `` If the Emperor said it should be so , then that 's it for me . One can not recite arguments to the Emperor . You may keep your finely phrased memorandum . '' On November 2 , Tojo and Chiefs of Staff Hajime Sugiyama and Osami Nagano reported to Hirohito that the review had been in vain . The Emperor then gave his consent to war . The next day , Fleet Admiral Osami Nagano explained in detail the Pearl Harbor attack plan to Hirohito . The eventual plan drawn up by Army and Navy Chiefs of Staff envisaged such a mauling of the Western powers that Japanese defense perimeter lines -- operating on interior lines of communications and inflicting heavy Western casualties -- could not be breached . In addition , the Japanese fleet which attacked Pearl Harbor was under orders from Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto to be prepared to return to Japan on a moment 's notice , should negotiations succeed . Two days later , on November 5 , Hirohito approved the operations plan for a war against the West and continued to hold meetings with the military and Tojo until the end of the month . On 26 November 1941 , the American Secretary of State Cordell Hull handed Ambassador Nomura and Kurusu Saburo in Washington a `` draft mutual declaration of policy '' and `` Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement between the United States and Japan '' . Hull proposed that Japan `` withdraw all military , naval , air and police forces '' from China and French Indochina in exchange for lifting the oil embargo , but left the term China undefined . The `` Hull note '' as it is known in Japan made it clear the United States would not recognise the puppet government of Wang Jingwei as the government of China , but strongly implied that the United States might recognise the `` Empire of Manchukuo '' and did not impose a deadline for the Japanese withdrawal from China . On 27 November 1941 , Tojo chose to misrepresent the `` Hull note '' to the Cabinet as an `` ultimatum to Japan '' , which was incorrect as the `` Hull note '' did not have a timeline for its acceptance and was marked `` tentative '' in the opening sentence , which is inconsistent with an ultimatum . The claim that the Americans had demanded in the `` Hull note '' Japanese withdrawal from all of China , instead of just the parts occupied since 1937 and together with the claim the note was an ultimatum was used as one of the principal excuses for choosing war with the United States . On December 1 , another conference finally sanctioned the `` war against the United States , England , and Holland '' . As Prime Minister ( edit ) Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo landed in Nichols Field , an airfield south of Manila , for state visit to the Philippines . U.S. wartime propaganda caricatured Tojo as the face of the enemy . On 7 December 1941 , Tojo went on Japanese radio to announce that Japan was now at war with the United States , the British Empire and the Netherlands , reading out an Imperial Rescript that ended with the playing of the popular martial song Umi Yukabe ( Across the Sea ) , which set to music a popular war poem the Manyōshū , featuring the lyrics `` Across the sea , corpses soaking in the water , Across the mountains corpses heaped up in the grass , We shall die by the side of our lord , We shall never look back '' . Tojo continued to hold the position of Army Minister during his term as Prime Minister from October 17 , 1941 , to July 22 , 1944 . He also served concurrently as Home Minister from 1941 to 1942 , Foreign Minister in September 1942 , Education Minister in 1943 , and Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1943 . As Education Minister , he continued militaristic and nationalist indoctrination in the national education system , and reaffirmed totalitarian policies in government . As Home Minister , he ordered various eugenics measures ( including the sterilization of the `` mentally unfit '' ) . Tojo had popular support in the early years of the war as Japanese forces moved from one victory to another . In March 1942 , Tojo in his capacity as Army Minister gave permission for the Japanese Army in Taiwan to ship 50 `` comfort women '' from Taiwan to Borneo without ID papers ( his approval was necessary as the Army 's rules forbade people without ID traveling to the new conquests ) . The Japanese historian Yoshimi Yoshiaki noted this document proves that Tojo was aware of and approved of the `` comfort women '' corps . On 18 April 1942 , the Americans staged the Doolittle Raid , bombing Tokyo . Some of the American planes were shot down and their pilots taken prisoner . The Army General Staff led by Field Marshal Hajime Sugiyama insisted on executing the eight American fliers , but were opposed by Tojo , who feared that the Americans would retaliate against Japanese POWs if the Doolittle fliers were executed . The dispute was resolved by the Emperor who commuted the death sentences of five fliers while allowing the other three to die , for reasons that remain unclear as the documents relating to the Emperor 's intervention were burned in 1945 . As the Japanese went from victory to victory , Tojo and the rest of the Japanese elite were gripped by what the Japanese called `` victory disease '' as the entire elite was caught up in a state of hubris , believing Japan was invincible and the war was as good as won . In May 1942 , reflecting his hubris , Tojo approved of a set of `` non-negotiable '' demands to be presented when the Allies sued for peace once it became clear to them that Japan was invincible , under which Japan would keep everything it had already conquered , and would take considerably more . Tojo wanted Japan to annex Australia ; Australian New Guinea ; British India ( all of modern India , Pakistan and Bangladesh ) ; Ceylon ( modern Sri Lanka ) ; New Zealand ; the Canadian province of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory ; the American state of Washington and the territories of Alaska and Hawaii ; and to take Ecuador , Columbia , Honduras , Panama , El Salvador , Guatemala , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , British Honduras , Cuba , Jamaica , Haiti and the rest of the West Indies . Additionally , Tojo wanted all of China to be under the rule of the puppet Wang Jingwei , planned to buy Macau and East Timor from Portugal and to create new puppet kingdoms in Burma , Cambodia , Vietnam , Laos , Thailand and Malaya . As the Burmese had proved to be enthusiastic collaborators in the `` New Order in Asia '' , the new Burmese kingdom would be allowed to annex much of north - east India as a reward . The Navy for its part demanded that Japan take New Caledonia , Fiji , and Samoa . The main forum for military decision - making was the Imperial General Headquarters presided over by the Emperor that consisted of the Army and Navy ministers ; the Army and Navy chiefs of staff ; and chiefs of the military affairs bureaus in both services . The Imperial GHQ was not a joint chiefs of staff as existed in the United States and United Kingdom , but rather two separate services command operating under the same roof who would meet about twice a week to attempt to agree on a common strategy . The Operations Bureaus of the Army and Navy would develop their own plans and then attempt to `` sell them '' to the other , which was often not possible . Tojo was one voice out of many speaking at the Imperial GHQ , and was not able to impose his will on the Navy , which he had to negotiate with , like he was dealing with an ally . The American historian Stanley Falk described the Japanese system as characterized by `` bitter inter-service antagonisms '' as the Army and Navy worked `` at cross-purposes '' , observing the Japanese system of command was `` uncoordinated , ill - defined and inefficient '' . However , after the Battle of Midway , with the tide of war turning against Japan , Tojo faced increasing opposition from within the government and military . In August -- September 1942 , a major crisis gripped the Tojo cabinet when the Foreign Minister Shigenori Tōgō objected quite violently on 29 August 1942 to the Prime Minister 's plan to establish a Greater East Asia Ministry to handle relations with the puppet regimes in Asia as an insult to the Gaimushō and threatened to resign in protest . Tojo went to see the Emperor , who backed the Prime Minister 's plans for the Greater East Asia Ministry , and on 1 September 1942 Tojo told the cabinet he was establishing the Greater East Asia Ministry and could not care less about how the Gaimusho felt about the issue , leading Tōgō to resign in protest . The American historian Herbert Bix wrote that Tojo was a `` dictator '' only in the narrow sense that from September 1942 on , he was generally able to impose his will on the Cabinet without seeking a consensus , but at same time noted that Tojo 's power was based upon support from the Emperor , who held the ultimate powers . In November 1942 , Tojo , as Army Minister , was involved in drafting the regulations for taking `` comfort women '' from China , Japan ( which included Taiwan and Korea at this time ) and Manchukuo to the `` South '' , as the Japanese called their conquests in South - East Asia , to ensure that the `` comfort women '' had the proper papers before departing . Until then the War Ministry required special permission to take `` comfort women '' without papers , and Tojo was tired of dealing with these requests . At the same time , Tojo , as the Army Minister , became involved in a clash with the Army chief of staff over whether to continue the battle of Guadalcanal or not . Tojo sacked the Operations office and his deputy at the general staff , who were opposed to withdrawing , and ordered the abandonment of the island . In September 1943 , the Emperor and Tojo agreed that Japan would pull back to an `` absolute defense line '' in the south - west Pacific to stem the American advance , and considered abandoning Rabual base , but changed their minds in face of objections from the Navy . In November 1943 , the American public 's reaction to the Battle of Tarawa led Tojo to view Tarawa as a sort of Japanese victory , believing that more battles like Tarawa would break American morale , and force the U.S. to sue for peace . Moreover , Tojo believed that the Americans would become bogged down in the Marshalls , giving more time to strengthen the defenses in the Marianas . In late 1943 , with the support of the Emperor , Tojo made a major effort to make peace with China to free up the 2 million Japanese soldiers in China for operations elsewhere , but the unwillingness of the Japanese to give up any of their `` rights and interests '' in China doomed the effort . China was by far the largest theater of operations for Japan , and with the Americans steadily advancing in the Pacific , Tojo was anxious to end the quagmire of the `` China affair '' to redeploy Japanese forces . In an attempt to enlist support from all of Asia , especially China , Tojo opened the Greater East Asia Conference in November 1943 , which issued a set of Pan-Asian war aims , which made little impression on most Asians . On 9 January 1944 , Japan signed a treaty with the puppet Wang regime under which Japan gave up its extraterritorial rights in China as part of a bid to win Chinese public opinion over to a pro-Japanese viewpoint , but as the treaty changed nothing in practice , the gambit failed . At the same time as he sought a diplomatic effort to end the war with China , Tojo also approved of the planning for Operation Ichi - Go , a huge offensive against China intended to take the American air bases in China and finally knock China out of the war once and for all . In January 1944 , Tojo approved of orders issued by Imperial General Headquarters for an invasion of India , where the Burma Area Army in Burma under General Masakazu Kawabe was to seize the Manipour and Assam provinces with the aim of cutting off American aid to China ( the railroad that supplied the American air bases in north - east India that allowed for supplies to be flown over `` the Hump '' of the Himalayas to China passed through these provinces ) . Cutting off American aid to China in turn might have the effect of forcing Chiang Kai - shek to sue for peace . Following the 15th Army into India in the U-Go offensive were the Indian nationalist Subhas Chandra Bose and his Indian National Army , as the political purpose of the operation was to provoke a general uprising against British rule in India that might allow the Japanese to take all of India . The roads necessary to properly supply the 150,000 Japanese soldiers committed to invading India would turn into mud when the monsoons arrived , giving the Japanese a very short period of time to break through . The Japanese were counting on capturing food from the British to feed their army , which in turn was based on the assumption that all of India would rise up when the Japanese arrived , causing the collapse of the Raj . The Japanese brought along with them enough food to last for only 20 days , and after that , they would have to capture food from the British to avoid starving . Bose had impressed Tojo at their meetings as the best man to inspire an anti-British revolution in India . In the central Pacific , the Americans destroyed the main Japanese naval base at Truk in an air raid on 18 February 1944 , forcing the Imperial Navy back to the Marianas ( the oil to fuel ships and planes operating in the Marshalls , Caroline and Gilbert islands went up in smoke at Truk ) . This breach of the `` absolute defense line '' , five months after its creation , led Tojo to fire Admiral Osami Nagano as the Navy Chief of Staff , for incompetence . The Americans had penetrated 1,300 miles across `` absolute defense line '' and destroyed Truk , which caused a major crisis in Tokyo as Tojo , senior generals and admirals all blamed each other for the situation . To strengthen his position in face of criticism of the way the war was going , on 21 February 1944 , Tojo assumed the post of Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff , arguing he needed to take personal charge of the Army . When Field Marshal Sugiyama complained to the Emperor about being fired and having the Prime Minister run the General Staff , the Emperor told him he supported Tojo . Tojo 's major concern as Army Chief of Staff was planning the operations in China and India , with less time given over to the coming battles in the Marianas . Tojo decided to take the strategic offensive for 1944 with his plans to win the war in 1944 being as follows : Operation Ichigo would end the war with China , freeing up some 2 million Japanese soldiers . Operation U-Go would take India . When the Americans made the expected offensive into the Marianas , the Imperial Navy 's Combined Fleet would fight a decisive battle of annihilation against the U.S. 5th Fleet , and halt the American drive in the central Pacific . In the South - west Pacific , the Japanese forces in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands would stay on the defensive and try to slow down the American , Australian , and New Zealand forces for long as possible . Knowing of General MacArthur 's personal obsession with returning to the Philippines , Tojo expected MacArthur to head for the Philippines rather than the Japanese - occupied Dutch East Indies ( modern Indonesia ) , which was a relief from the Japanese viewpoint ; the Dutch East Indies were rich in oil while the Philippines were not . Tojo expected that a major American defeat in the Marianas together with the conquest of China and India would so stun the Americans that they would sue for peace . By this point , Tojo no longer believed the war aims of 1942 could be achieved , but he believed that his plans for victory 1944 would lead to a compromise peace that would allow him to present as a victory to the Japanese people . By serving as Prime Minister , Army Minister and Army Chief of Staff , Tojo was taking on all of the responsibility , and if plans for victory in 1944 failed , he would have no scapegoat . On 12 March 1944 , the Japanese launched the U-Go offensive and invaded India . Tojo had some doubts about Operation U-Go , but it was ordered by the Emperor himself , and Tojo was unwilling to oppose any decision of the Emperor . Despite the Japanese Pan-Asian rhetoric and claim to be liberating India , the Indian people did not revolt and the Indian soldiers of the 14th Army stayed loyal to their British officers , and the invasion of India ended in complete disaster . The Japanese were defeated by the Anglo - Indian 14th Army at the Battles of Imphal and Kohima . On 5 July 1944 , the Emperor accepted Tojo 's advice to end the invasion of India as 72,000 Japanese soldiers had been killed in battle . A similar number had starved to death or died of diseases as the logistics to support an invasion of India were lacking , once the monsoons turned the roads of Burma into impassable mud . Of the 150,000 Japanese soldiers who had participated in the March invasion of India , most were dead by July 1944 . In parallel with the invasion of India , in April 1944 Tojo began Operation Ichigo , the largest Japanese offensive of the entire war , with the aim of taking southern China . In the Battle of Saipan , about 70,000 Japanese soldiers , sailors , and civilians were killed in June -- July 1944 and in the Battle of the Philippine Sea the Imperial Navy suffered a crushing defeat . The first day of the Battle of the Philippine Sea , 19 June 1944 , was dubbed by the Americans `` the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot '' as over the course of the dogfights in the air , the United States Navy lost 30 planes while shooting down about 350 Imperial Japanese planes , in one of the Imperial Navy 's most humiliating defeats . The Japanese believed that indoctrination in bushido ( `` the way of the warrior '' ) would give them the edge as the Japanese longed to die for the Emperor , while the Americans were afraid to die , but superior American pilot training and airplanes meant the Japanese were hopelessly outclassed by the Americans . With Saipan in American hands , the Americans could take other islands in the Marianas to build airbases . The establishment of American bases in the Marianas meant the cities of Japan were within the range of B - 29 Superfortress bombers and Willmott noted that `` even the most hard - headed of the Japanese militarists could dimly perceive that Japan would be at the end of her tether in that case '' . As the news of the disastrous defeat suffered at Saipan reached Japan , it turned elite opinion against the Tojo government . The Emperor himself was furious about the defeat at Saipan ; had called a meeting of the Board of Field Marshals and Fleet Admirals to see if were possible to recapture Saipan ( it was not ) ; and Prince Takamatsu wrote in his diary `` he flares up frequently '' . Tojo was the Prime Minister , Minister of War and Chief of the Army General Staff , and was seen both in Japan and in the US as , in words of the British historian H.P. Willmott , `` the embodiment of national determination , hardline nationalism and militarism '' . Prince Konoe and Admiral Okada had long been plotting to bring down the Tojo government since the spring of 1943 , and their principal problem had been the support of the Emperor , who did not wish to lose his favorite Prime Minister . After the Battle of Saipan , it was clear to at least some of the Japanese elite that the war was lost , and Japan needed to make peace before the kokutai and perhaps even the Chrysanthemum Throne itself was destroyed . Tojo had been so demonized in the United States during the war that , for the American people , Tojo was the face of Japanese militarism , and it was inconceivable that the United States would make peace with a government headed by Tojo . Willmott noted that an additional problem for the `` peace faction '' was that : `` Tojo was an embodiment of mainstream opinion within the nation , the armed services and particularly the Army . Tojo had powerful support , and by Japanese standards , he was not extreme . '' Tojo was more of a follower than a leader , and he represented mainstream opinion in the Army , and so his removal from office would not mean the end of the political ambitions of an Army still fanatically committed to victory or death . The jushin ( elder statesmen ) had advised the Emperor that Tojo needed to go after Saipan and further advised the Emperor against partial changes in the cabinet , demanding that the entire Tojo cabinet resign . Tojo , aware of the intrigues to bring him down , had sought the public approval of the Emperor , which was denied , with the Emperor sending him a message to the effect that the man responsible for the disaster of Saipan was not worthy of his approval . Tojo suggested reorganizing his cabinet to regain Imperial approval , and was rebuffed with the Emperor saying the entire cabinet had to go . Once it was clear that Tojo no longer had the support of the Chrysanthemum Throne , Tojo 's enemies had little trouble bringing down his government . The politically powerful Lord Privy Seal , Marquis Kōichi Kido spread the word that the Emperor no longer supported Tojo . After the fall of Saipan , he was forced to resign on July 18 , 1944 . The jushin advised the Emperor to appoint a former Prime Minister , Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai as Prime Minister as he was popular with the Navy , the diplomatic corps , the bureaucracy and the `` peace faction '' , but Yonai refused to serve , knowing full well that a Prime Minister who attempted to make peace with the Americans might be assassinated as many Army officers were still committed to victory or death and regarded any talk of peace as treason . Admiral Yonai stated that only another general could serve as Prime Minister , and advised General Kuniaki Koiso should serve as Prime Minister . At a conference with the Emperor , Koiso and Yonai were told by the Emperor to co-operate in forming a government without saying who was to be the new Prime Minister . As the Emperor was worshiped as a living god , neither Yonai and Koiso could ask him who was to be the Prime Minister , as one does not ask questions of a god , and after the meeting , both men were very confused as to which of the two was now the Prime Minister . Finally , the Lord Privy Seal , Kōichi Kido resolved the muddle by saying Koiso was the Prime Minister . Two days after Tojo resigned , the Emperor gave him an imperial rescript offering him unusually lavish praise for his `` meritorious services and hard work '' and declaring `` Hereafter we expect you to live up to our trust and make even greater contributions to military affairs '' . Arrest , trial , and execution ( edit ) Hideki Tojo after his attempted suicide during his arrest After Japan 's unconditional surrender in 1945 , U.S. general Douglas MacArthur ordered the arrest of forty alleged war criminals , including Tojo . Five American GIs were sent to serve the arrest warrant . As American soldiers surrounded Hideki 's house on September 11 , he shot himself in the chest with a pistol but missed his heart . As a result of this experience , the Army had medical personnel present during the later arrests of other accused Japanese war criminals , such as Shimada Shigetarō . As he bled , Tojo began to talk , and two Japanese reporters recorded his words : `` I am very sorry it is taking me so long to die . The Greater East Asia War was justified and righteous . I am very sorry for the nation and all the races of the Greater Asiatic powers . I wait for the righteous judgment of history . I wished to commit suicide but sometimes that fails . '' After recovering from his injuries , Tojo was moved to Sugamo Prison . While there , he received a new set of dentures , made by an American dentist , into which the phrase `` Remember Pearl Harbor '' had been secretly drilled in Morse code . The dentist ground away the message three months later . Tojo was tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East for war crimes and found guilty of , among other things , waging wars of aggression ; war in violation of international law ; unprovoked or aggressive war against various nations ; and ordering , authorizing , and permitting inhumane treatment of prisoners of war . Crimes committed by Imperial Japan were responsible for the deaths of millions , some estimate between 3,000,000 and 14,000,000 civilians and prisoners of war through massacre , human experimentation , starvation , and forced labor that was either directly perpetrated or condoned by the Japanese military and government with a significant portion of them occurring during Tojo 's rule of the military . One source attributes 5,000,000 civilian deaths to Tojo 's rule of the military . Tojo before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East Hideki Tojo accepted full responsibility in the end for his actions during the war , and made this speech : It is natural that I should bear entire responsibility for the war in general , and , needless to say , I am prepared to do so . Consequently , now that the war has been lost , it is presumably necessary that I be judged so that the circumstances of the time can be clarified and the future peace of the world be assured . Therefore , with respect to my trial , it is my intention to speak frankly , according to my recollection , even though when the vanquished stands before the victor , who has over him the power of life and death , he may be apt to toady and flatter . I mean to pay considerable attention to this in my actions , and say to the end that what is true is true and what is false is false . To shade one 's words in flattery to the point of untruthfulness would falsify the trial and do incalculable harm to the nation , and great care must be taken to avoid this . Tojo was sentenced to death on November 12 , 1948 , and executed by hanging 41 days later on December 23 , 1948 . Before his execution , he gave his military ribbons to one of his guards ; they are on display in the National Museum for Naval Aviation in Pensacola , Florida . In his final statement , he apologized for the atrocities committed by the Japanese military and urged the American military to show compassion toward the Japanese people , who had suffered devastating air attacks and the two atomic bombings . Historians Herbert P. Bix and John W. Dower criticize the work done by General MacArthur and his staff to exonerate Emperor Hirohito and all members of the imperial family from criminal prosecutions . According to them , MacArthur and Brigadier General Bonner Fellers worked to protect the Emperor and shift ultimate responsibility to Tojo . According to the written report of Shūichi Mizota , interpreter for Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai , Fellers met the two men at his office on March 6 , 1946 , and told Yonai : `` It would be most convenient if the Japanese side could prove to us that the Emperor is completely blameless . I think the forthcoming trials offer the best opportunity to do that . Tojo , in particular , should be made to bear all responsibility at this trial . '' The sustained intensity of this campaign to protect the Emperor was revealed when , in testifying before the tribunal on December 31 , 1947 , Tojo momentarily strayed from the agreed - upon line concerning imperial innocence and referred to the Emperor 's ultimate authority . The American - led prosecution immediately arranged that he be secretly coached to recant this testimony . Ryūkichi Tanaka , a former general who testified at the trial and had close connections with chief prosecutor Joseph B. Keenan , was used as an intermediary to persuade Tojo to revise his testimony . Legacy ( edit ) Tojo 's commemorating tomb is located in a shrine in Hazu , Aichi ( now Nishio , Aichi ) , and he is one of those enshrined at the controversial Yasukuni Shrine . His ashes are divided between Yasukuni Shrine and Zōshigaya Cemetery in Toshima ward , Tokyo . He was survived by a number of his descendants , including his granddaughter , Yūko Tojo , who was a far - right ultranationalist and political hopeful who claimed Japan 's war was one of self - defense and that it was unfair that her grandfather was judged a Class - A war criminal . Tojo 's second son , Teruo Tojo , who designed fighter and passenger aircraft during and after the war , eventually served as an executive at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries . In a 1997 survey of university students in China asking `` When somebody talks about Japanese people , what person do you think of '' , the answer that most gave was Hideki Tojo , reflecting a lingering sense of hurt in China about Japan 's wartime aggression . In the 1998 film Puraido ( Pride ) , Tojo was portrayed as a national hero , forced against his will by the Hull note into attacking America and executed after a rigged trial , a picture of Tojo that is widely accepted in Japan while giving offense abroad . In popular culture ( edit ) During World War II , the IJAAS fighter plane known as the Nakajima Ki - 44 received the Allied reporting name of `` Tojo '' . In the 1945 film Blood on the Sun , Tojo is portrayed by Robert Armstrong . In the 1970 film , Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! , directed by Toshio Masuda , Tojo is portrayed by Asao Uchida at various events leading up to the Pearl Harbor attack . In 1970 's The Militarists , directed by Hiromichi Horikawa , he is portrayed by Keiju Kobayashi as a tyrant , and in an alternate history angle , stays Prime Minister until the end of the war . In 1981 's The Imperial Japanese Empire , he is portrayed by Tetsurō Tamba as a family man who single - handedly planned the war against America , and the film deals with his war crimes trial . In a 1983 song `` Tojo '' by Australian band Hoodoo Gurus . The Shunya Itō - directed historical drama Pride , released in 1998 , cast Masahiko Tsugawa as Tojo . In the 2004 Shyam Benegal biopic , Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose : The Forgotten Hero , the role of Tojo was portrayed by Kelly Dorjee In the Season 1 episode of the FX TV series Rescue Me titled `` Leaving , '' Tommy 's father mentions that `` back in the old days , you knew who the bad guys were : Hitler and Tojo . '' In 2012 's Emperor , Hideki Tojo is portrayed by Shôhei Hino . In 2014 , the History Channel 's miniseries The World Wars , Tojo as a youth is portrayed by Koji Oshashi , and as an adult by Garret T. Sato . In 2016 , the Paradox Interactive 's video game Hearts of Iron IV features Tojo as a character in the Japanese government . Honors ( edit ) Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure ( July 7 , 1937 ) Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun ( April 29 , 1940 ) Order of the Golden Kite , 2nd Class ( April 29 , 1940 ) Grand Cordon of the Grand Order of the Orchid Blossom , Manchukuo Grand Cordon of the Order of the Illustrious Dragon , Manchukuo Grand Cordon of the Order of Auspicious Clouds , Manchukuo Grand Cordon of the Order of the Pillars of State , Manchukuo Order of Chula Chom Klao , Thailand Knight Grand Cordon ( Special Class of Order of the White Elephant ) , Thailand Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle , Nazi Germany References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://japan.kantei.go.jp/cabinet/0001-30_e.html ^ Jump up to : Yenne , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Gorman , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Butow , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Browne , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Browne , pp. 14 -- 15 , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Browne , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , p. 20 . 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Jump up ^ Falk , pp. 511 -- 512 . ^ Jump up to : Falk , p. 512 . Jump up ^ Falk , p. 518 . ^ Jump up to : Bix , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Yoshimi , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Falk , p. 510 . Jump up ^ Bix , p. 467 - 468 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millet , p. 348 . ^ Jump up to : Bix , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 498 . Jump up ^ Bix , pp. 473 -- 474 . ^ Jump up to : Bix , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , pp. 640 -- 641 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , p. 641 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , pp. 641 -- 642 . Jump up ^ Willmott , pp. 155 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Willmott , pp. 156 -- 157 . ^ Jump up to : Bix , p. 472 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 649 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , p. 651 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millet , p. 349 . ^ Jump up to : Bix , p. 475 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 641 - 642 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 642 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Bix , p. 477 . ^ Jump up to : Bix , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Willmott , pp. 216 -- 217 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Carola , Chris . `` The Man Who Captured Tojo '' . Jump up ^ Toland , pp. 871 -- 872 . Jump up ^ Countis . Jump up ^ `` Dentist Played Prank on Tojo 's Teeth '' . CS Monitor . August 17 , 1995 . Jump up ^ International Military Tribunal for the Far East . `` Judgment of 4 November 1948 '' . In Pritchard , John ; Zaide , Sonia M. The Tokyo War Crimes Trial ( PDF ) . pp. 49843 -- 49848 . Jump up ^ `` Rummell , Statistics '' . Hawaii.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sterling and Peggy Seagrave : Gold Warriors '' . Jump up ^ `` Japanese War Criminals World War Two '' . The National Archives ( U.K. ) . Jump up ^ `` Japanese War Crimes '' . The National Archives ( U.S. ) . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Theater Document Archive '' . War Crimes Studies Center , University of California , Berkeley . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kafala , Tarik ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` What is a war crime ? '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Bibliography : War Crimes '' . Sigur Center for Asian Studies , George Washington University . Jump up ^ Crowe , p. 217 . Jump up ^ `` Tojo 's ribbons go on display at Pensacola naval museum '' . The Florida Times ‐ Union . November 11 , 2003 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toland , p. 873 . Jump up ^ Bix , pp. 583 -- 585 . Jump up ^ Dower , pp. 324 -- 326 . Jump up ^ Yenne , pp. 337 -- 338 . Jump up ^ Toyoda , pp. 170 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Bix , p. 584 . Jump up ^ Dower , pp. 325 , 604 -- 605 . Jump up ^ Kristof , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Kristof , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Mikesh , Robert C. ( 1993 ) . Japanese Aircraft Code Names & Designations . Atglen , PA : Schiffer Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88740 - 447 - 4 . Bibliography ( edit ) Karnow , Stanley ( 1989 ) . `` Hideki Tojo / Hideko Tojo '' . In Our Image : America 's Empire in the Philippines . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 54975 - 0 . Gorman , Jacqueline Laks ( 2009 ) . Pearl Harbor : A Primary Source History . Gareth Stevens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4339 - 0047 - 1 . Butow , Robert Joseph Charles ( 1961 ) . Tojo and the coming of the war . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0690 - 2 . Baudot , Marcel ( 1980 ) . The Historical encyclopedia of World War II . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87196 - 401 - 4 . Browne , Courtney ( 1998 ) . Tojo The Last Banzai . Boston : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0306808447 . Crowe , David M. ( 2014 ) . War Crimes , Genocide , and Justice : A Global History . New York City , New York : St. Martin 's Press , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 62224 - 1 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Dower , John ( 1986 ) . War Without Mercy : Race and Power in the Pacific War . New York : Pantheon . ISBN 0075416522 . Falk , Stanley ( December 1961 ) . `` Organization and Military Power : The Japanese High Command in World War II '' . Political Science Quarterly . 76 . pp. 503 -- 518 . Fredrikson , John C. ( 2001 ) . America 's military adversaries : from colonial times to the present . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 603 - 3 . Kristof , Nicholas ( November -- December 1998 ) . `` The Problem of Memory '' . Foreign Affairs . 77 . pp. 37 -- 49 . Lamont - Brown , Raymond ( 1988 ) . Kempeitai : Japan 's dreaded military police . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 1566 - 3 . Toland , John ( 1970 ) . The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire , 1936 -- 1945 . New York : Random House . LCCN 77117669 . Takemae , Eiji ; Ricketts , Robert ( 2003 ) . The Allied Occupation of Japan . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1521 - 9 . Dear , I.C.B. ; Foot , M.R.D. , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford companion to World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860446 - 4 . Cowley , Robert ; Parker , Geoffrey ( 2001 ) . The Reader 's Companion to Military History . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 12742 - 9 . Goodman , David G. ; Miyazawa , Masanori ( 2000 ) . Jews in the Japanese mind : the history and uses of a cultural stereotype . Lexington Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0167 - 4 . Kato , Masuo ( 1946 ) . The Lost War : A Japanese Reporter 's Inside Story . Alfred A. Knopf . The New International Year Book : A Compendium of the World 's Progress . Dodd , Mead and Company . 1945 . Bix , Herbert P. ( 2001 - 09 - 04 ) . Hirohito and the making of modern Japan . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 093130 - 8 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Kido , Kōichi ( 1966 ) . Kido Kōichi nikki ( Diary of Kido Kōichi ) . Tokyo : Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai . Fujiwara , Akira ( 1991 ) . Shōwa tennō no ju - go nen sensō ( The Shōwa Emperor 's Fifteen Year War ) . Aoki Shoten . Murray , Williamson ; Millet , Alan ( 2000 ) . A War To Be Won : Fighting the Second World War . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674006801 . Terasaki , Hidenari ( 1991 ) . Shōwa tennō dokuhakuroku . Bungei Shunjūsha . Wetzler , Peter ( 1998 ) . Hirohito and war : imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1925 - 5 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Countis , Sierra ( September 12 , 2002 ) . `` The message on Tojo 's teeth '' . Chico News & Review . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Taylor , Blaine ( May 2009 ) . `` Hirohito 's Triumph '' . WWII History Magazine . Sovereign Media . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Dower , John W. ( 2000 - 06 - 29 ) . Embracing defeat : Japan in the wake of World War II . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32027 - 5 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Toyoda , Kumao ( 1986 ) . Sensō saiban yoroku . Taiseisha Kabushiki Kaisha . pp. 170 -- 172 . Weinberg , Gerhard ( 2005 ) . A World In Arms A Global History of World War II . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9 780521 618267 . Willmott , H.P. ( 1984 ) . June 1944 . Poole , United Kingdom : Blandford Press . ISBN 0 7137 1446 8 . Yenne , Bill ( 2014 ) . The Imperial Japanese Army : The Invincible Years 1941 -- 42 . Oxford , United Kingdom : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78200 - 932 - 0 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Yoshimi , Yoshiaki ( 2000 ) . Comfort Women : Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0231120338 . Further reading ( edit ) Swint , Kerwin ( 2011 ) . The King Whisperers : Power Behind the Throne from Rasputin to Rove . New York : Union Square Press . pp. 163 -- 170 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 7201 - 6 . Edwin Palmer Hoyt ( 1993 ) . Warlord : Tojo Against the World . Scarborough House . pp. 195 -- 201 . Ben Ami Shillony ( 1981 ) . Politics and culture in wartime Japan . Oxford University Press . pp. 62 -- 63 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHideki Tojoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote WW2DB : Hideki Tojo Address by Tojo Hideki , Premier of Japan at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 12 , 2008 ) Hideki Tojo 's grave at Findagrave The Kokomo Tribune . September 10 , 1945 . `` Terror of Asia Gives Interview on Many Topics '' . Prescott Evening Courier . Sep 10 , 1945 . `` Tojo 's Death Plotted in 1944 , Is Disclosure '' . The Evening Independent . October 10 , 1945 . Newspaper clippings about Hideki Tojo in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) Political offices Preceded by Shunroku Hata Minister of War 1940 -- 1944 Succeeded by Hajime Sugiyama Preceded by Fumimaro Konoe Prime Minister of Japan 1941 -- 1944 Succeeded by Kuniaki Koiso Preceded by Harumichi Tanabe Minister of Home Affairs 1941 -- 1942 Succeeded by Michio Yuzawa Preceded by Shigenori Tōgō Minister of Foreign Affairs 1942 Succeeded by Masayuki Tani Preceded by Kunihiko Hashida Minister of Education 1942 Succeeded by Nagakage Okabe Preceded by Nobusuke Kishi Minister of Commerce and Industry 1943 Office abolished New creation Minister of Munitions 1943 -- 1944 Succeeded by Ginjirō Fujiwara Military offices Preceded by Hajime Sugiyama Chief of Army General Staff 1944 Succeeded by Yoshijirō Umezu Prime Ministers of Japan ( List ) Empire of Japan , 1868 -- 1947 Meiji Period , 1868 -- 1912 H. Itō Kuroda Sanjō Yamagata Matsukata H. Itō Kuroda Matsukata H. Itō Ōkuma Yamagata H. Itō Saionji Katsura Saionji Taishō Period , 1912 -- 26 Katsura Saionji Katsura Yamamoto Ōkuma Terauchi Hara Uchida Takahashi To . Katō Uchida Yamamoto Kiyoura Ta . Katō Wakatsuki Shōwa Period , 1926 -- 47 G. Tanaka Hamaguchi Shidehara Hamaguchi Wakatsuki Inukai Takahashi Saitō Okada Gotō Okada Hirota Hayashi Konoe Hiranuma N. Abe Yonai Konoe Tōjō Koiso K. Suzuki Higashikuni Shidehara Yoshida State of Japan , 1947 -- present Shōwa Period , 1947 -- 89 Katayama Ashida Yoshida I. Hatoyama Ishibashi Kishi Ikeda Satō K. Tanaka Miki T. Fukuda Ōhira M. Itō Z . Suzuki Nakasone Takeshita Heisei Period , 1989 -- Uno Kaifu Miyazawa Hosokawa Hata Murayama Hashimoto Obuchi Aoki Mori Koizumi S. Abe Y . Fukuda Asō Y . Hatoyama Kan Noda S. 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Kōno ( 2nd ) M. Tanaka Koizumi Kawaguchi Machimura ( 1st ) Asō Machimura ( 2nd ) Kōmura ( 2nd ) Nakasone Okada Maehara Matsumoto Genba Kishida T. 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"Hideki Tojo (Kyūjitai: 東條 英機; Shinjitai: 東条 英機; Tōjō Hideki (help·info); December 30, 1884 – December 23, 1948) was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), the leader of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, and the 27th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from October 17, 1941, to July 22, 1944. As Prime Minister, he was responsible for ordering the attack on Pearl Harbor, which initiated war between Japan and the United States, although planning for it had begun in April 1941, before he entered office. After the end of the war, Tojo was arrested and sentenced to death for war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, and hanged on December 23, 1948.[2]\n"
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"Hideki Tojo"
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6827125896323620793 | Energy conversion efficiency | Energy conversion efficiency - wikipedia Energy conversion efficiency This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Useful output energy is always lower than input energy . Efficiency of power plants , world total , 2008 Energy conversion efficiency ( η ) is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input , in energy terms . The input , as well as the useful output may be chemical , electric power , mechanical work , light ( radiation ) , or heat . Contents 1 Overview 2 Fuel heating values and efficiency 3 Wall - plug efficiency , luminous efficiency , and efficacy 4 Example of energy conversion efficiency 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Energy conversion efficiency depends on the usefulness of the output . All or part of the heat produced from burning a fuel may become rejected waste heat if , for example , work is the desired output from a thermodynamic cycle . Energy converter is an example of an energy transformation . For example a light bulb falls into the categories energy converter . η = P o u t P i n ( \ displaystyle \ eta = ( \ frac ( P_ ( \ mathrm ( out ) ) ) ( P_ ( \ mathrm ( in ) ) ) ) ) Even though the definition includes the notion of usefulness , efficiency is considered a technical or physical term . Goal or mission oriented terms include effectiveness and efficacy . Generally , energy conversion efficiency is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1.0 , or 0 % to 100 % . Efficiencies may not exceed 100 % , e.g. , for a perpetual motion machine . However , other effectiveness measures that can exceed 1.0 are used for heat pumps and other devices that move heat rather than convert it . When talking about the efficiency of heat engines and power stations the convention should be stated , i.e. , HHV ( a.k.a. Gross Heating Value , etc . ) or LCV ( a.k.a. Net Heating value ) , and whether gross output ( at the generator terminals ) or net output ( at the power station fence ) are being considered . The two are separate but both must be stated . Failure to do so causes endless confusion . Related , more specific terms include Electrical efficiency , useful power output per electrical power consumed ; Mechanical efficiency , where one form of mechanical energy ( e.g. potential energy of water ) is converted to mechanical energy ( work ) ; Thermal efficiency or Fuel efficiency , useful heat and / or work output per input energy such as the fuel consumed ; ' Total efficiency ' , e.g. , for cogeneration , useful electric power and heat output per fuel energy consumed . Same as the thermal efficiency . Luminous efficiency , that portion of the emitted electromagnetic radiation is usable for human vision . Fuel heating values and efficiency ( edit ) In Europe the usable energy content of fuel is typically calculated using the lower heating value ( LHV ) of that fuel , the definition of which assumes that the water vapor produced during fuel combustion ( oxidation ) , remains gaseous , and is not condensed to liquid water so the latent heat of vaporization of that water is not usable . Using the LHV , a condensing boiler can achieve a `` heating efficiency '' in excess of 100 % ( this does not violate the first law of thermodynamics as long as the LHV convention is understood , but does cause confusion ) . This is because the apparatus recovers part of the heat of vaporization , which is not included in the definition of the lower heating value of fuel . In the U.S. and elsewhere , the higher heating value ( HHV ) is used , which includes the latent heat for condensing the water vapor , and thus the thermodynamic maximum of 100 % efficiency can not be exceeded with HHV 's use . Wall - plug efficiency , luminous efficiency , and efficacy ( edit ) The absolute irradiance of four different gases when used in a flashtube . Xenon is by far the most efficient of the gases , although krypton is more effective at a specific wavelength of light . The sensitivity of the human eye to various wavelengths . Assuming each wavelength equals 1 watt of radiant energy , only the center wavelength is perceived as 685 candelas ( 1 watt of luminous energy ) , equaling 685 lumens . The vertical colored - lines represent the 589 ( yellow ) sodium line , and popular 532 nm ( green ) , 671 nm ( red ) , 473 nm ( blue ) , and 405 nm ( violet ) laser pointers . A Sankey diagram showing the multiple stages of energy loss between the wall plug and the light output of a fluorescent lamp . The greatest losses occur due to the Stokes shift . In optical systems such as lighting and lasers , the energy conversion efficiency is often referred to as wall - plug efficiency . The wall - plug efficiency is the measure of output radiative - energy , in watts ( joules per second ) , per the total of the input electrical - energy in watts . The output - energy is usually measured in terms of absolute irradiance and the wall - plug efficiency is given as a percentage of the total input - energy , with the inverse percentage representing the losses . The wall - plug efficiency differs from the luminous efficiency in that wall - plug efficiency describes the direct output / input conversion of energy ( the amount of work that can be performed ) whereas luminous efficiency takes into account the human eye 's varying sensitivity to different wavelengths ( how well it can illuminate a space ) . Instead of using watts , the power of a light source to produce wavelengths proportional to human perception is measured in lumens . The human eye is most sensitive to wavelengths of 555 nanometers ( greenish - yellow ) but the sensitivity decreases dramatically to either side of this wavelength , following a Gaussian power - curve and dropping to zero sensitivity at the red and violet ends of the spectrum . Due to this the eye does not usually see all of the wavelengths emitted by a particular light - source , nor does it see all of the wavelengths within the visual spectrum equally . Yellow and green , for example , make up more than 50 % of what the eye perceives as being white , even though in terms of radiant energy white - light is made from equal portions of all colors ( i.e. : a 5 mw green laser appears brighter than a 5 mw red laser , yet the red laser stands - out better against a white background ) . Therefore , the radiant intensity of a light source may be much greater than its luminous intensity , meaning that the source emits more energy than the eye can use . Likewise , the lamp 's wall - plug efficiency is usually greater than its luminous efficiency . The effectiveness of a light source to convert electrical energy into wavelengths of visible light , in proportion to the sensitivity of the human eye , is referred to as luminous efficacy , which is measured in units of lumens per watt ( lm / w ) of electrical input - energy . Unlike efficacy ( effectiveness ) , which is a unit of measurement , efficiency is unitless number expressed as a percentage , requiring only that the input and output units be of the same type . Therefore , the luminous efficiency of a light source is the percentage of luminous efficacy per the theoretical - maximum efficacy at a specific wavelength . The amount of energy carried by a photon of light is determined by its wavelength . In lumens , this energy is offset by the eye 's sensitivity to the selected wavelengths . For example , a green laser pointer can have greater than 30 times the apparent brightness of a red pointer of the same power output . At 555 nm in wavelength , 1 watt of radiant energy is equivalent to 685 lumens , thus a monochromatic light source at this wavelength , with a luminous efficacy of 685 lm / w , has a luminous efficiency of 100 % . The theoretical - maximum efficacy lowers for wavelengths at either side of 555 nm . For example , low - pressure sodium lamps produce monochromatic light at 589 nm with a luminous efficacy of 200 lm / w , which is the highest of any lamp . The theoretical - maximum efficacy at that wavelength is 525 lm / w , so the lamp has a luminous efficiency of 38.1 % . Because the lamp is monochromatic , the luminous efficiency nearly matches the wall - plug efficiency of < 40 % . Calculations for luminous efficiency become more complex for lamps that produce white light or a mixture of spectral lines . Fluorescent lamps have higher wall - plug efficiencies than low - pressure sodium lamps , but only have half the luminous efficacy of ~ 100 lm / w , thus the luminous efficiency of fluorescents is lower than sodium lamps . A xenon flashtube has a typical wall - plug efficiency of 50 -- 70 % , exceeding that of most other forms of lighting . Because the flashtube emits large amounts of infrared and ultraviolet radiation , only a portion of the output energy is used by the eye . The luminous efficacy is therefore typically around 50 lm / w . However , not all applications for lighting involve the human eye nor are restricted to visible wavelengths . For laser pumping , the efficacy is not related to the human eye so it is not called `` luminous '' efficacy , but rather simply `` efficacy '' as it relates to the absorption lines of the laser medium . Krypton flashtubes are often chosen for pumping Nd : YAG lasers , even though their wall - plug efficiency is typically only ~ 40 % . Krypton 's spectral lines better match the absorption lines of the neodymium - doped crystal , thus the efficacy of krypton for this purpose is much higher than xenon ; able to produce up to twice the laser output for the same electrical input . All of these terms refer to the amount of energy and lumens as they exit the light source , disregarding any losses that might occur within the lighting fixture or subsequent output optics . Luminaire efficiency refers to the total lumen - output from the fixture per the lamp output . With the exception of a few light sources , such as incandescent light bulbs , most light sources have multiple stages of energy conversion between the `` wall plug '' ( electrical input point , which may include batteries , direct wiring , or other sources ) and the final light - output , with each stage producing a loss . Low - pressure sodium lamps initially convert the electrical energy using an electrical ballast , to maintain the proper current and voltage , but some energy is lost in the ballast . Similarly , fluorescent lamps also convert the electricity using a ballast ( electronic efficiency ) . The electricity is then converted into light energy by the electrical arc ( electrode efficiency and discharge efficiency ) . The light is then transferred to a fluorescent coating that only absorbs suitable wavelengths , with some losses of those wavelengths due to reflection off and transmission through the coating ( transfer efficiency ) . The number of photons absorbed by the coating will not match the number then reemitted as fluorescence ( quantum efficiency ) . Finally , due to the phenomenon of the Stokes shift , the reemitted photons will have a shorter wavelength ( thus lower energy ) than the absorbed photons ( fluorescence efficiency ) . In very similar fashion , lasers also experience many stages of conversion between the wall plug and the output aperture . The terms `` wall - plug efficiency '' or `` energy conversion efficiency '' are therefore used to denote the overall efficiency of the energy - conversion device , deducting the losses from each stage , although this may exclude external components needed to operate some devices , such as coolant pumps . Example of energy conversion efficiency ( edit ) This article is missing information about clear definition of the energy conversion efficiency for light sources . The numbers listed for some light sources are unclear as to whether they refer to conversion efficiency or luminous efficiency . Please help by clarifying the percentages ... Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( March 2018 ) Conversion process Conversion type Energy efficiency Electricity generation Gas turbine Chemical to electrical up to 40 % Gas turbine plus steam turbine ( combined cycle ) Chemical / thermal to electrical up to 60 % Water turbine Gravitational to electrical up to 90 % ( practically achieved ) Wind turbine Kinetic to electrical up to 59 % ( theoretical limit ) Solar cell Radiative to electrical 6 -- 40 % ( technology - dependent , 15 - 20 % most often , 85 -- 90 % theoretical limit ) Fuel cell Chemical to electrical up to 85 % World Electricity generation 2008 Gross output 39 % Net output 33 % Electricity storage Lithium - ion battery Chemical to electrical / reversible 80 -- 90 % Nickel - metal hydride battery Chemical to electrical / reversible 66 % Lead - acid battery Chemical to electrical / reversible 50 -- 95 % Engine / motor Combustion engine Chemical to kinetic 10 -- 50 % Electric motor Electrical to kinetic 70 -- 99.99 % ( > 200 W ) ; 50 -- 90 % ( 10 -- 200 W ) ; 30 -- 60 % ( < 10 W ) Turbofan Chemical to kinetic 20 - 40 % Natural process Photosynthesis Radiative to chemical up to 6 % Muscle Chemical to kinetic 14 -- 27 % Appliance Household refrigerator Electrical to thermal low - end systems ~ 20 % ; high - end systems ~ 40 -- 50 % Incandescent light bulb Electrical to radiative 0.7 -- 5.1 % , 5 -- 10 % Light - emitting diode ( LED ) Electrical to radiative 4.2 -- 53 % Fluorescent lamp Electrical to radiative 8.0 -- 15.6 % , 28 % Low - pressure sodium lamp Electrical to radiative 15.0 -- 29.0 % , 40.5 % Metal - halide lamp Electrical to radiative 9.5 -- 17.0 % , 24 % Switched - mode power supply Electrical to electrical currently up to 96 % practically Electric shower Electrical to thermal 90 -- 95 % ( multiply with the energy efficiency of electricity generation for comparison with other water - heating systems ) Electric heater Electrical to thermal ~ 100 % ( essentially all energy is converted into heat , multiply with the energy efficiency of electricity generation for comparison with other heating systems ) Others Firearm Chemical to kinetic ~ 30 % (. 300 Hawk ammunition ) Electrolysis of water Electrical to chemical 50 -- 70 % ( 80 -- 94 % theoretical maximum ) See also ( edit ) Cost of electricity by source Energy efficiency ( disambiguation ) EROEI Exergy efficiency Figure of merit Heat of combustion International Electrotechnical Commission Perpetual motion Sensitivity ( electronics ) Solar cell efficiency Coefficient of performance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Applied Atomic Collision Physics , Volume 5 by H.S.W. Massey , E.W. McDaniel , B. Bederson -- Academic Press 1982 Page 383 Jump up ^ https://www.photonics.com/a28677/Efficacy_Limits_for_Solid-State_White_Light Jump up ^ Advanced Optical Instruments and Techniques by Daniel Malacara Hernández -- CRC Press 2018 Page 589 Jump up ^ Solid - state laser engineering by Walter Koechner -- Springer - Verlag 1965 Page 335 Jump up ^ Understanding LED Illumination by M. Nisa Khan -- CRC Press 2014 Page 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ https://www.rp-photonics.com/wall_plug_efficiency.html Jump up ^ Handbook of Luminescent Semiconductor Materials by Leah Bergman , Jeanne L. McHale -- CRC Press 2012 Page 270 Jump up ^ IEC / OECD 2008 Energy Balance for World , accessdate 2011 - 06 - 08 Jump up ^ Valøen , Lars Ole and Shoesmith , Mark I. ( 2007 ) . The effect of PHEV and HEV duty cycles on battery and battery pack performance ( PDF ) . 2007 Plug - in Highway Electric Vehicle Conference : Proceedings . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NiMH Battery Charging Basics '' . PowerStream.com . Jump up ^ PowerSonic , Technical Manual ( PDF ) , p. 19 , retrieved January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Motivations for Promoting Clean Diesels '' ( PDF ) . US Department Of Energy . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 11.5 Trends in thermal and propulsive efficiency '' . web.mit.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Miyamoto K. `` Chapter 1 - Biological energy production '' . Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production ( FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin - 128 ) . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Luminous efficacy # Lighting efficiency Jump up ^ `` All in 1 LED Lighting Solutions Guide '' . PhilipsLumileds.com . Philips . 2012 - 10 - 04 . p. 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Light Pollution Handbook . Springer . 2004 . External links ( edit ) The Intelligent Energy - Europe programme : the EU 's tool for funding action towards a more energy intelligent Europe Does it make sense to switch to LED ? Lamps Lighting Concepts Accent lighting Color temperature Efficiency Glare Lamp Light fixture Light pollution Lightbulb socket Task lighting Methods of generation Incandescent Regular Halogen Nernst Parabolic aluminized reflector ( PAR ) Luminescent Fluorescent Fluorescent lamp ( compact ) Fluorescent induction Photoluminescent laser lamp Chemiluminescent Solid - state LED bulb Cathodoluminescent Electron - stimulated Electroluminescent field - induced polymer Combustion Acetylene / Carbide Argand Campfire Candle Carcel Diya Flare Gas Kerosene Lantern Limelight Oil Rushlight Safety Tilley Torch Electric arc Carbon arc Klieg light Yablochkov candle Gas discharge Deuterium arc Neon Plasma Sulfur Xenon arc Xenon flash High - intensity discharge ( HID ) Mercury - vapor Metal - halide ceramic Hydrargyrum medium - arc iodide ( HMI ) Hydrargyrum quartz iodide ( HQI ) Sodium vapor Theatrical Cinematic Floodlight Footlight Gobo Scoop Spotlight ellipsoidal reflector Stage lighting instrument Stationary Aircraft warning Balanced - arm lamp Chandelier Emergency light Gas lighting Gooseneck lamp Intelligent street lighting Light tube Nightlight Neon lighting Pendant light Recessed light Sconce Street light Torchère Track lighting Troffer Mobile Flashlight tactical Glow stick Headlamp ( outdoor ) Lantern Laser pointer Navigation light Searchlight Solar lamp Industrial Scientific Germicidal Grow light Infrared lamp Stroboscope Tanning Display Decorative Aroma lamp Black light Bubble light Christmas lights Crackle tube DJ lighting Electroluminescent wire Lava lamp Marquee Plasma globe Strobe light Related topics Bioluminescence Chemiluminescence Electroluminescence Laser Photoluminescence Radioluminescence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_conversion_efficiency&oldid=846392249 '' Categories : Building engineering Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics Energy conservation Energy conversion Energy efficiency Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 13 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what percentage of energy usage by muscles is converted into heat energy | [
"\n\n\nConversion process\n\nConversion type\n\nEnergy efficiency\n\n\nElectricity generation\n\n\nGas turbine\n\nChemical to electrical\n\nup to 40%\n\n\nGas turbine plus steam turbine (combined cycle)\n\nChemical/thermal to electrical\n\nup to 60%\n\n\nWater turbine\n\nGravitational to electrical\n\nup to 90% (practically achieved)\n\n\nWind turbine\n\nKinetic to electrical\n\nup to 59% (theoretical limit)\n\n\nSolar cell\n\nRadiative to electrical\n\n6–40% (technology-dependent, 15-20% most often, 85–90% theoretical limit)\n\n\nFuel cell\n\nChemical to electrical\n\nup to 85%\n\n\nWorld Electricity generation 2008\n\nGross output 39%\n\nNet output 33%[8]\n\n\nElectricity storage\n\n\nLithium-ion battery\n\nChemical to electrical/reversible\n\n80–90% [9]\n\n\nNickel-metal hydride battery\n\nChemical to electrical/reversible\n\n66% [10]\n\n\nLead-acid battery\n\nChemical to electrical/reversible\n\n50–95% [11]\n\n\nEngine/motor\n\n\nCombustion engine\n\nChemical to kinetic\n\n10–50%[12]\n\n\nElectric motor\n\nElectrical to kinetic\n\n70–99.99% (> 200 W); 50–90% (10–200 W); 30–60% (\n\nTurbofan\n\nChemical to kinetic\n\n20-40%[13]\n\n\nNatural process\n\n\nPhotosynthesis\n\nRadiative to chemical\n\nup to 6%[14]\n\n\nMuscle\n\nChemical to kinetic\n\n14–27%\n\n\nAppliance\n\n\nHousehold refrigerator\n\nElectrical to thermal\n\nlow-end systems ~ 20%; high-end systems ~ 40–50%\n\n\nIncandescent light bulb\n\nElectrical to radiative\n\n0.7–5.1%,[15] 5–10%[citation needed]\n\n\nLight-emitting diode (LED)\n\nElectrical to radiative\n\n4.2–53% [16]\n\n\nFluorescent lamp\n\nElectrical to radiative\n\n8.0–15.6%,[15] 28%[17]\n\n\nLow-pressure sodium lamp\n\nElectrical to radiative\n\n15.0–29.0%,[15] 40.5%[17]\n\n\nMetal-halide lamp\n\nElectrical to radiative\n\n9.5–17.0%,[15] 24%[17]\n\n\nSwitched-mode power supply\n\nElectrical to electrical\n\ncurrently up to 96% practically\n\n\nElectric shower\n\nElectrical to thermal\n\n90–95% (multiply with the energy efficiency of electricity generation for comparison with other water-heating systems)\n\n\nElectric heater\n\nElectrical to thermal\n\n~100% (essentially all energy is converted into heat, multiply with the energy efficiency of electricity generation for comparison with other heating systems)\n\n\nOthers\n\n\nFirearm\n\nChemical to kinetic\n\n~30% (.300 Hawk ammunition)\n\n\nElectrolysis of water\n\nElectrical to chemical\n\n50–70% (80–94% theoretical maximum)\n"
] | [
"14–27%"
] |
-6962435870124435232 | Dhaula Kuan metro station | Dhaula Kuan Metro station - Wikipedia Dhaula Kuan Metro station Dhaula Kuan Delhi Metro station Location Dhaula Kuan Enclave I , Dhaula Kuan , New Delhi , 110010 India 28 ° 35 ′ 31 '' N 77 ° 09 ′ 42 '' E / 28.591853 ° N 77.161690 ° E / 28.591853 ; 77.161690 Owned by Delhi Metro Line ( s ) Airport Express Platforms Side platform Platform - 1 → Dwarka Sector 21 Platform - 2 → New Delhi station Tracks Construction Structure type Elevated Platform levels Disabled access Yes History Opened August 15 , 2011 ; 7 years ago ( 2011 - 08 - 15 ) Electrified 25 kV 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary Services Preceding station Delhi Metro Following station Shivaji Stadium toward New Delhi Orange Line Delhi Aerocity toward Dwarka Sector 21 The Dhaula Kuan Metro Station is located on the Delhi Airport Express Line of the Delhi Metro . This station is the only elevated one along the Airport Express Line and features check - in facilities . It did not commence operations along with the rest of the line and trains ran through the station without stopping initially . It was opened to the public for the first time on Independence Day , 15 August 2011 . Under the Phase III network , the Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station was built . The distance between the two stations is approximately 500 metres and they are connected using a travelator . Contents 1 Station layout 2 Gallery 3 Connections 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Station layout ( edit ) Street Level Exit / Entrance L1 Mezzanine Fare control , station agent , Metro Card vending machines , crossover L2 Side platform No - 1 , doors will open on the left South West bound Towards → Dwarka Sector 21 Northbound → Towards ← New Delhi station Side platform No - 2 , doors will open on the left L2 Gallery ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Connections ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) See also ( edit ) List of Delhi Metro stations Transport in Delhi Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Delhi Suburban Railway Delhi portal Railways in India portal Transport portal Infrastructure portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Plush , high - speed metro line fast - tracks Delhi airport commute '' . The Hindu : Business Line . 5 February 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delhi Metro . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( Official site ) Delhi Metro Annual Reports `` Station Information '' . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( DMRC ) . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . UrbanRail.Net -- descriptions of all metro systems in the world , each with a schematic map showing all stations . Delhi Metro Lines Red Line Dilshad Garden Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli HUDA City Centre Blue Line Main Line Noida City Centre Dwarka Sector 21 Branch Line Yamuna Bank Vaishali Green Line Main Line Inderlok Bahadurgarh City Park Branch Line Ashok Park Main Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Escorts Mujesar Airport Express New Delhi IGI Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line Majlis Park Shiv Vihar Magenta line Janakpuri West Botanical Garden Delhi Metro stations Red Line New Bus Adda Arthala Mohan Nagar Shyam Park Rajendra Nagar Raj Bagh Shahid Nagar Dilshad Garden Jhilmil Mansarovar Park Shahdara Welcome Seelampur Shastri Park Kashmere Gate Tis Hazari Pul Bangash Pratap Nagar Shastri Nagar Inderlok Kanhiya Nagar Keshav Puram Netaji Subhash Place Kohat Enclave Pitam Pura Rohini East Rohini West Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli Rohini Sector 18 , 19 Haiderpur Jahangirpuri Adarsh Nagar Azadpur Model Town GTB Nagar Vishwa Vidyalaya Vidhan Sabha Civil Lines Kashmere Gate Chandni Chowk Chawri Bazar New Delhi Rajiv Chowk Patel Chowk Central Secretariat Udyog Bhawan Lok Kalyan Marg Jor Bagh INA AIIMS Green Park Hauz Khas Malviya Nagar Saket Qutab Minar Chhatarpur Sultanpur Ghitorni Arjan Garh Guru Dronacharya Sikandarpur MG Road IFFCO Chowk HUDA City Centre Blue Line Dwarka Sector 21 Dwarka Sector 8 Dwarka Sector 9 Dwarka Sector 10 Dwarka Sector 11 Dwarka Sector 12 Dwarka Sector 13 Dwarka Sector 14 Dwarka Dwarka Mor Nawada Uttam Nagar West Uttam Nagar East Janakpuri West Janakpuri East Tilak Nagar Subhash Nagar Tagore Garden Rajouri Garden Ramesh Nagar Moti Nagar Kirti Nagar Shadipur Patel Nagar Rajendra Place Karol Bagh Jhandewalan Ramakrishna Ashram Marg Rajiv Chowk Barakhamba Road Mandi House Pragati Maidan Indraprastha Yamuna Bank Akshardham Mayur Vihar - I Mayur Vihar Extension New Ashok Nagar Noida Sector 15 Noida Sector 16 Noida Sector 18 Botanical Garden Golf Course Noida City Centre Noida Sector 34 Noida Sector 52 Noida Sector 61 Noida Sector 59 Noida Sector 62 Noida Electronic City Yamuna Bank -- Vaishali Branch Yamuna Bank Laxmi Nagar Nirman Vihar Preet Vihar Karkarduma Anand Vihar Kaushambi Vaishali Dwarka -- Najafgarh Branch ( under construction ) Dwarka Nangli Najafgarh Green Line Inderlok Ashok Park Main Punjabi Bagh East Shivaji Park Madipur Paschim Vihar East Paschim Vihar West Peera Garhi Udyog Nagar Surajmal Stadium Nangloi Nangloi Railway Station Rajdhani Park Mundka Mundka Industrial Area Ghevra Metro Station Tikri Kalan Tikri Border Modern Industrial Estate Bus Stand City Park Ashok Park Main -- Kirti Nagar Branch Ashok Park Main Satguru Ram Singh Marg Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Lal Qila Jama Masjid Delhi Gate ITO Mandi House Janpath Central Secretariat Khan Market Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jangpura Lajpat Nagar Moolchand Kailash Colony Nehru Place Kalkaji Mandir Govind Puri Harkesh Nagar Okhla Jasola Apollo Sarita Vihar Mohan Estate Tughlakabad Station Badarpur Border Sarai NHPC Chowk Mewala Maharajpur Sector - 28 Badkhal Mor Old Faridabad Neelam Chowk Ajronda Bata Chowk Escorts Mujesar NCB Colony Ballabhgarh Airport Express New Delhi Shivaji Stadium Dhaula Kuan Delhi Aerocity Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line Majlis Park Azadpur Shalimar Bagh Netaji Subhash Place Shakurpur Punjabi Bagh West ESI Hospital Rajouri Garden Mayapuri Naraina Vihar Delhi Cantt South Campus Moti Bagh Bhikaji Cama Place Sarojini Nagar INA South Extension Lajpat Nagar Vinoba Puri Ashram Hazrat Nizamuddin Mayur Vihar Mayur Vihar Pocket I Trilokpuri Vinod Nagar East Vinod Nagar IP Extension Anand Vihar Karkarduma Krishna Nagar East Azad Nagar Welcome Jaffrabad Maujpur Gokulpuri Johri Enclave Shiv Vihar Magenta Line Janakpuri West Dabri Mor Dashrath Puri Palam Sadar Bazaar Cantonment Terminal 1 - IGI Airport Shankar Vihar Vasant Vihar Munirka R.K Puram IIT Delhi Hauz Khas Panchsheel Park Chirag Delhi Greater Kailash Nehru Enclave Kalkaji Mandir Okhla NSIC Sukhdev Vihar Jamia Millia Islamia Okhla Vihar Jasola Vihar Shaleen Bagh Kalindi Kunj Okhla Bird Sanctuary Botanical Garden Stations along operational lines that are denoted in italics have yet to open . Urban rail transit in India Suburban rail Operational Chennai Suburban Railway Delhi Suburban Railway Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System Kolkata Kolkata Suburban Railway Kolkata Circular Railway Lucknow Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Mumbai Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway Planned Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Bengaluru Commuter Rail Proposed Delhi -- Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System Rapid transit Operational Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Namma Metro Under construction Bhopal Metro Metro - Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad Indore Metro Nagpur Metro Navi Mumbai Metro Noida Metro Pune Metro Planned Agra Metro Chandigarh Metro Guwahati Metro Jabalpur Metro Kanpur Metro Ludhiana Metro Meerut Metro Patna Metro Surat Metro Varanasi Metro Vijayawada Metro Visakhapatnam Metro Proposed Allahabad Metro Bareilly Metro Coimbatore Metro Greater Gwalior Metro Greater Nasik Metro Ranchi Metro Srinagar Metro Western railway elevated corridor Monorail Operational Mumbai Monorail Planned Chennai Monorail Coimbatore Monorail Proposed Ahmedabad Monorail Aizawl Monorail Bengaluru Monorail Bhubaneswar Monorail Delhi Monorail Indore Monorail Kanpur Monorail Kolkata Monorail Navi Mumbai Monorail Patna Monorail Pune Monorail Tiruchirappalli Monorail Light rail Proposed Delhi Light Rail Transit Kolkata Light Rail Transit Kozhikode Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Tram Operational Trams in Kolkata Rapid transit in Asia Azerbaijan Baku Metro Armenia Yerevan Metro China Beijing Subway Changchun Subway Changsha Metro Changsha Maglev Chengdu Metro Chongqing Rail Transit Dalian Metro Dongguan Rail Transit Foshan Metro Fuzhou Metro Guangzhou Metro Guiyang Metro Hangzhou Metro Harbin Metro Hefei Metro Hong Kong MTR Kunming Rail Transit Nanchang Metro Nanjing Metro Nanning Metro Ningbo Rail Transit Qingdao Metro Shanghai Maglev Train Shanghai Metro Shenyang Metro Shenzhen Happy Line Shenzhen Metro Shenzhen Window of the World Monorail Shijiazhuang Metro Suzhou Rail Transit Tianjin Metro Wuhan Metro Wuxi Metro Xi'an Metro Xi'an Monorail Xiamen Metro Zhengzhou Metro Georgia ( country ) Tbilisi Metro India Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Mumbai Monorail Namma Metro Iran Isfahan Metro Mashhad Urban Railway Shiraz Metro Tabriz Metro Tehran Metro Japan Chiba Urban Monorail Fukuoka City Subway Hiroshima Astram Line Hiroshima Skyrail Midorizaka Line Kanagawa Shonan Monorail Kitakyushu Monorail Kōbe Rapid Transit Railway Kobe Municipal Subway Kyoto Municipal Subway Kyoto Municipal Subway Nagoya Linimo Nagoya Municipal Subway Okinawa Monorail Osaka Monorail Osaka Metro Sapporo Municipal Subway Sendai Subway Tokyo Metro Tokyo Monorail Tokyo Rinkai Line Tokyo Tama Toshi Monorail Line Tokyo Toei Subway Tokyo Ueno Zoo Monorail Urayasu Chiba Urban Monorail Yokohama Municipal Subway Yokohama Minatomirai Line Kazakhstan Almaty Metro North Korea Pyongyang Metro South Korea Busan Metro Daegu Metro Daejeon Metro Gwangju Metro Incheon Subway Incheon Airport Maglev Seoul Korail metro lines Seoul Metropolitan Subway Seoul Shinbundang NeoTrans Line Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Metropolitian Rapid Transit Philippines Manila LRT Manila MRT Russia Kazan Metro Moscow Metro Moscow Monorail Nizhny Novgorod Metro Novosibirsk Metro Saint Petersburg Metro Samara Metro Yekaterinburg Metro Saudi Arabia Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro Southern Line Mecca Metro Riyadh Metro Dammam Metro Jeddah Metro Medina Metro Singapore Singapore MRT Singapore LRT Sentosa Express Taiwan Kaohsiung MRT Taichung Metro Taipei Metro Taoyuan Metro Thailand Bangkok MRT Bangkok Skytrain Turkey Adana Metro Ankara Metro Bursaray Istanbul F1 Funicular Istanbul Marmaray Istanbul Metro Istanbul Tünel İzmir Metro Turkmenistan Ashgabat Monorail United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Metro Dubai Metro Dubai Palm Jumeirah Monorail Uzbekistan Tashkent Metro This article related to the Delhi Metro is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a railway station in the Indian union territory of Delhi is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhaula_Kuan_metro_station&oldid=853892395 '' Categories : Delhi Metro stations Railway stations opened in 2011 Railway stations in South West Delhi district Delhi Metro stubs Delhi railway station stubs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles using Infobox station with markup inside name Articles using Infobox station with links or images inside name Articles using Infobox station with markup inside type Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2017 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from March 2017 Articles with empty sections from March 2017 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 16 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | on which line is dhaula kuan metro station | [
"The Dhaula Kuan Metro Station is located on the Delhi Airport Express Line of the Delhi Metro. This station is the only elevated one along the Airport Express Line and features check-in facilities.[1] It did not commence operations along with the rest of the line and trains ran through the station without stopping initially. It was opened to the public for the first time on Independence Day, 15 August 2011.\n"
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"Delhi Airport Express Line of the Delhi Metro"
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-8544788932971932781 | Yellowstone National Park | Yellowstone National Park - wikipedia Yellowstone National Park `` Yellowstone '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yellowstone ( disambiguation ) . Yellowstone National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone Location of Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park ( the US ) Show map of Wyoming Show map of the US Show all Location United States Park County , Wyoming Teton County , Wyoming Gallatin County , Montana Park County , Montana Fremont County , Idaho Coordinates 44 ° 36 ′ N 110 ° 30 ′ W / 44.600 ° N 110.500 ° W / 44.600 ; - 110.500 Coordinates : 44 ° 36 ′ N 110 ° 30 ′ W / 44.600 ° N 110.500 ° W / 44.600 ; - 110.500 Area 2,219,791 acres ( 8,983.18 km ) Established March 1 , 1872 ( 1872 - March - 01 ) Visitors 4,116,524 ( in 2017 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Official website UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Natural Criteria vii , viii , ix , x Designated 1978 ( 2nd session ) Reference no . 28 Region The Americas Endangered 1995 -- 2003 Yellowstone National Park is an American national park located in Wyoming , Montana , and Idaho . It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1 , 1872 . Yellowstone was the first national park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world . The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features , especially Old Faithful geyser , one of its most popular features . It has many types of ecosystems , but the subalpine forest is the most abundant . It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion . Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years . Aside from visits by mountain men during the early - to - mid-19th century , organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s . Management and control of the park originally fell under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior , the first being Columbus Delano . However , the U.S. Army was subsequently commissioned to oversee management of Yellowstone for a 30 - year period between 1886 and 1916 . In 1917 , administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service , which had been created the previous year . Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance , and researchers have examined more than a thousand archaeological sites . Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles ( 8,983 km ) , comprising lakes , canyons , rivers and mountain ranges . Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high - elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera , the largest supervolcano on the continent . The caldera is considered an active volcano . It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years . Half of the world 's geothermal features are in Yellowstone , fueled by this ongoing volcanism . Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone . The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , the largest remaining nearly - intact ecosystem in the Earth 's northern temperate zone . In 1978 , Yellowstone was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Hundreds of species of mammals , birds , fish , and reptiles have been documented , including several that are either endangered or threatened . The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants . Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous megafauna location in the contiguous United States . Grizzly bears , wolves , and free - ranging herds of bison and elk live in this park . The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States . Forest fires occur in the park each year ; in the large forest fires of 1988 , nearly one third of the park was burnt . Yellowstone has numerous recreational opportunities , including hiking , camping , boating , fishing and sightseeing . Paved roads provide close access to the major geothermal areas as well as some of the lakes and waterfalls . During the winter , visitors often access the park by way of guided tours that use either snow coaches or snowmobiles . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Park creation 1.2 Later history 1.3 Heritage and Research Center 2 Geography 3 Geology 3.1 History 3.2 Geysers and the hydrothermal system 3.3 Earthquakes 4 Biology and ecology 4.1 Flora 4.2 Fauna 5 Forest fires 6 Climate 7 Recreation 8 Legal jurisdiction 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Detailed pictorial map from 1904 The park contains the headwaters of the Yellowstone River , from which it takes its historical name . Near the end of the 18th century , French trappers named the river Roche Jaune , which is probably a translation of the Hidatsa name Mi tsi a-da - zi ( `` Yellow Rock River '' ) . Later , American trappers rendered the French name in English as `` Yellow Stone '' . Although it is commonly believed that the river was named for the yellow rocks seen in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone , the Native American name source is unclear . The human history of the park begins at least 11,000 years ago when Native Americans began to hunt and fish in the region . During the construction of the post office in Gardiner , Montana , in the 1950s , an obsidian projectile point of Clovis origin was found that dated from approximately 11,000 years ago . These Paleo - Indians , of the Clovis culture , used the significant amounts of obsidian found in the park to make cutting tools and weapons . Arrowheads made of Yellowstone obsidian have been found as far away as the Mississippi Valley , indicating that a regular obsidian trade existed between local tribes and tribes farther east . By the time white explorers first entered the region during the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805 , they encountered the Nez Perce , Crow , and Shoshone tribes . While passing through present day Montana , the expedition members heard of the Yellowstone region to the south , but they did not investigate it . In 1806 , John Colter , a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition , left to join a group of fur trappers . After splitting up with the other trappers in 1807 , Colter passed through a portion of what later became the park , during the winter of 1807 -- 1808 . He observed at least one geothermal area in the northeastern section of the park , near Tower Fall . After surviving wounds he suffered in a battle with members of the Crow and Blackfoot tribes in 1809 , Colter described a place of `` fire and brimstone '' that most people dismissed as delirium ; the supposedly imaginary place was nicknamed `` Colter 's Hell '' . Over the next 40 years , numerous reports from mountain men and trappers told of boiling mud , steaming rivers , and petrified trees , yet most of these reports were believed at the time to be myth . After an 1856 exploration , mountain man Jim Bridger ( also believed to be the first or second European American to have seen the Great Salt Lake ) reported observing boiling springs , spouting water , and a mountain of glass and yellow rock . These reports were largely ignored because Bridger was a known `` spinner of yarns '' . In 1859 , a U.S. Army Surveyor named Captain William F. Raynolds embarked on a two - year survey of the northern Rockies . After wintering in Wyoming , in May 1860 , Raynolds and his party -- which included naturalist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden and guide Jim Bridger -- attempted to cross the Continental Divide over Two Ocean Plateau from the Wind River drainage in northwest Wyoming . Heavy spring snows prevented their passage , but had they been able to traverse the divide , the party would have been the first organized survey to enter the Yellowstone region . The American Civil War hampered further organized explorations until the late 1860s . Ferdinand V. Hayden ( 1829 -- 1887 ) American geologist who convinced Congress to make Yellowstone a National Park in 1872 . The first detailed expedition to the Yellowstone area was the Cook -- Folsom -- Peterson Expedition of 1869 , which consisted of three privately funded explorers . The Folsom party followed the Yellowstone River to Yellowstone Lake . The members of the Folsom party kept a journal and based on the information it reported , a party of Montana residents organized the Washburn -- Langford -- Doane Expedition in 1870 . It was headed by the surveyor - general of Montana Henry Washburn , and included Nathaniel P. Langford ( who later became known as `` National Park '' Langford ) and a U.S. Army detachment commanded by Lt. Gustavus Doane . The expedition spent about a month exploring the region , collecting specimens and naming sites of interest . A Montana writer and lawyer named Cornelius Hedges , who had been a member of the Washburn expedition , proposed that the region should be set aside and protected as a national park ; he wrote detailed articles about his observations for the Helena Herald newspaper between 1870 and 1871 . Hedges essentially restated comments made in October 1865 by acting Montana Territorial Governor Thomas Francis Meagher , who had previously commented that the region should be protected . Others made similar suggestions . In an 1871 letter from Jay Cooke to Ferdinand V. Hayden , Cooke wrote that his friend , Congressman William D. Kelley had also suggested `` Congress pass a bill reserving the Great Geyser Basin as a public park forever '' . Park creation ( edit ) See also : Expeditions and the protection of Yellowstone ( 1869 -- 1890 ) Ferdinand V. Hayden 's map of Yellowstone National Park , 1871 In 1871 , eleven years after his failed first effort , Ferdinand V. Hayden was finally able to explore the region . With government sponsorship , he returned to the region with a second , larger expedition , the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 . He compiled a comprehensive report , including large - format photographs by William Henry Jackson and paintings by Thomas Moran . The report helped to convince the U.S. Congress to withdraw this region from public auction . On March 1 , 1872 , President Ulysses S. Grant signed The Act of Dedication law that created Yellowstone National Park . Hayden , while not the only person to have thought of creating a park in the region , was its first and most enthusiastic advocate . He believed in `` setting aside the area as a pleasure ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people '' and warned that there were those who would come and `` make merchandise of these beautiful specimens '' . Worrying the area could face the same fate as Niagara Falls , he concluded the site should `` be as free as the air or Water . '' In his report to the Committee on Public Lands , he concluded that if the bill failed to become law , `` the vandals who are now waiting to enter into this wonder - land , will in a single season despoil , beyond recovery , these remarkable curiosities , which have required all the cunning skill of nature thousands of years to prepare '' . Hayden and his 1871 party recognized Yellowstone as a priceless treasure that would become rarer with time . He wished for others to see and experience it as well . Eventually the railroads and , some time after that , the automobile would make that possible . The Park was not set aside strictly for ecological purposes ; however , the designation `` pleasure ground '' was not an invitation to create an amusement park . Hayden imagined something akin to the scenic resorts and baths in England , Germany , and Switzerland . THE ACT OF DEDICATION AN ACT to set apart a certain tract of land lying near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River as a public park . Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That the tract of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming ... is hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement , occupancy , or sale under the laws of the United States , and dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people ; and all persons who shall locate , or settle upon , or occupy the same or any part thereof , except as hereinafter provided , shall be considered trespassers and removed there from ... Approved March 1 , 1872 . Signed by : ULYSSES S. GRANT , President of the United States . SCHUYLER COLFAX , Vice-President of the United States and President of the Senate . JAMES G. BLAINE , Speaker of the House . ( 1870 ) Portrait of Nathaniel P. Langford , the first superintendent of the park There was considerable local opposition to the Yellowstone National Park during its early years . Some of the locals feared that the regional economy would be unable to thrive if there remained strict federal prohibitions against resource development or settlement within park boundaries and local entrepreneurs advocated reducing the size of the park so that mining , hunting , and logging activities could be developed . To this end , numerous bills were introduced into Congress by Montana representatives who sought to remove the federal land - use restrictions . After the park 's official formation , Nathaniel Langford was appointed as the park 's first superintendent in 1872 by Secretary of Interior Columbus Delano . Langford served for five years but was denied a salary , funding , and staff . Langford lacked the means to improve the land or properly protect the park , and without formal policy or regulations , he had few legal methods to enforce such protection . This left Yellowstone vulnerable to poachers , vandals , and others seeking to raid its resources . He addressed the practical problems park administrators faced in the 1872 Report to the Secretary of the Interior and correctly predicted that Yellowstone would become a major international attraction deserving the continuing stewardship of the government . In 1874 , both Langford and Delano advocated the creation of a federal agency to protect the vast park , but Congress refused . In 1875 , Colonel William Ludlow , who had previously explored areas of Montana under the command of George Armstrong Custer , was assigned to organize and lead an expedition to Montana and the newly established Yellowstone Park . Observations about the lawlessness and exploitation of park resources were included in Ludlow 's Report of a Reconnaissance to the Yellowstone National Park . The report included letters and attachments by other expedition members , including naturalist and mineralogist George Bird Grinnell . Great Falls of the Yellowstone `` , U.S. Geological and Geographic Survey of the Territories ( 1874 -- 1879 ) Photographer : William Henry Jackson Grinnell documented the poaching of buffalo , deer , elk , and antelope for hides . `` It is estimated that during the winter of 1874 -- 1875 , not less than 3,000 buffalo and mule deer suffer even more severely than the elk , and the antelope nearly as much . '' As a result , Langford was forced to step down in 1877 . Having traveled through Yellowstone and witnessed land management problems first hand , Philetus Norris volunteered for the position following Langford 's exit . Congress finally saw fit to implement a salary for the position , as well as to provide a minimal funding to operate the park . Norris used these funds to expand access to the park , building numerous crude roads and facilities . In 1880 , Harry Yount was appointed as a gamekeeper to control poaching and vandalism in the park . Yount had previously spent decades exploring the mountain country of present - day Wyoming , including the Grand Tetons , after joining F V. Hayden 's Geological Survey in 1873 . Yount is the first national park ranger , and Yount 's Peak , at the head of the Yellowstone River , was named in his honor . However , these measures still proved to be insufficient in protecting the park , as neither Norris , nor the three superintendents who followed , were given sufficient manpower or resources . Fort Yellowstone , formerly a U.S. Army post , now serves as park headquarters . The Northern Pacific Railroad built a train station in Livingston , Montana , connecting to the northern entrance in the early 1880s , which helped to increase visitation from 300 in 1872 to 5,000 in 1883 . Visitors in these early years faced poor roads and limited services , and most access into the park was on horse or via stagecoach . By 1908 visitation increased enough to attract a Union Pacific Railroad connection to West Yellowstone , though rail visitation fell off considerably by World War II and ceased around the 1960s . Much of the railroad line was converted to nature trails , among them the Yellowstone Branch Line Trail . Thomas Moran painted Tower Creek , Yellowstone , while on the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 During the 1870s and 1880s Native American tribes were effectively excluded from the national park . Under a half - dozen tribes had made seasonal use of the Yellowstone area , but the only year - round residents were small bands of Eastern Shoshone known as `` Sheepeaters '' . They left the area under the assurances of a treaty negotiated in 1868 , under which the Sheepeaters ceded their lands but retained the right to hunt in Yellowstone . The United States never ratified the treaty and refused to recognize the claims of the Sheepeaters or any other tribe that had used Yellowstone . The Nez Perce band associated with Chief Joseph , numbering about 750 people , passed through Yellowstone National Park in thirteen days during late August 1877 . They were being pursued by the U.S. Army and entered the national park about two weeks after the Battle of the Big Hole . Some of the Nez Perce were friendly to the tourists and other people they encountered in the park ; some were not . Nine park visitors were briefly taken captive . Despite Joseph and other chiefs ordering that no one should be harmed , at least two people were killed and several wounded . One of the areas where encounters occurred was in Lower Geyser Basin and east along a branch of the Firehole River to Mary Mountain and beyond . That stream is still known as Nez Perce Creek . A group of Bannocks entered the park in 1878 , alarming park Superintendent Philetus Norris . In the aftermath of the Sheepeater Indian War of 1879 , Norris built a fort to prevent Native Americans from entering the national park . Ongoing poaching and destruction of natural resources continued unabated until the U.S. Army arrived at Mammoth Hot Springs in 1886 and built Camp Sheridan . Over the next 22 years the army constructed permanent structures , and Camp Sheridan was renamed Fort Yellowstone . On May 7 , 1894 , the Boone and Crockett Club , acting through the personality of George G. Vest , Arnold Hague , William Hallett Phillips , W.A. Wadsworth , Archibald Rogers , Theodore Roosevelt , and George Bird Grinnell were successful in carrying through the Park Protection Act , which saved the Park . The Lacey Act of 1900 provided legal support for the officials prosecuting poachers . With the funding and manpower necessary to keep a diligent watch , the army developed their own policies and regulations that permitted public access while protecting park wildlife and natural resources . When the National Park Service was created in 1916 , many of the management principles developed by the army were adopted by the new agency . The army turned control over to the National Park Service on October 31 , 1918 . In 1898 , the naturalist John Muir described the park as follows : `` However orderly your excursions or aimless , again and again amid the calmest , stillest scenery you will be brought to a standstill hushed and awe - stricken before phenomena wholly new to you . Boiling springs and huge deep pools of purest green and azure water , thousands of them , are plashing and heaving in these high , cool mountains as if a fierce furnace fire were burning beneath each one of them ; and a hundred geysers , white torrents of boiling water and steam , like inverted waterfalls , are ever and anon rushing up out of the hot , black underworld . '' Later History ( edit ) Park Superintendent Horace M. Albright and dinner guests , 1922 . The feeding of `` tame '' black bears was popular with tourists in the early days of the park , but led to 527 injuries between 1931 and 1939 . By 1915 , 1,000 automobiles per year were entering the park , resulting in conflicts with horses and horse - drawn transportation . Horse travel on roads was eventually prohibited . The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , a New Deal relief agency for young men , played a major role between 1933 and 1942 in developing Yellowstone facilities . CCC projects included reforestation , campground development of many of the park 's trails and campgrounds , trail construction , fire hazard reduction , and fire - fighting work . The CCC built the majority of the early visitor centers , campgrounds and the current system of park roads . During World War II , tourist travel fell sharply , staffing was cut , and many facilities fell into disrepair . By the 1950s , visitation increased tremendously in Yellowstone and other national parks . To accommodate the increased visitation , park officials implemented Mission 66 , an effort to modernize and expand park service facilities . Planned to be completed by 1966 , in honor of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the National Park Service , Mission 66 construction diverged from the traditional log cabin style with design features of a modern style . During the late 1980s , most construction styles in Yellowstone reverted to the more traditional designs . After the enormous forest fires of 1988 damaged much of Grant Village , structures there were rebuilt in the traditional style . The visitor center at Canyon Village , which opened in 2006 , incorporates a more traditional design as well . The Roosevelt Arch is located in Gardiner , Montana at the North Entrance The 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake just west of Yellowstone at Hebgen Lake damaged roads and some structures in the park . In the northwest section of the park , new geysers were found , and many existing hot springs became turbid . It was the most powerful earthquake to hit the region in recorded history . In 1963 , after several years of public controversy regarding the forced reduction of the elk population in Yellowstone , United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall appointed an advisory board to collect scientific data to inform future wildlife management of the national parks . In a paper known as the Leopold Report , the committee observed that culling programs at other national parks had been ineffective , and recommended management of Yellowstone 's elk population . The wildfires during the summer of 1988 were the largest in the history of the park . Approximately 793,880 acres ( 321,272 ha ; 1,240 sq mi ) or 36 % of the parkland was impacted by the fires , leading to a systematic re-evaluation of fire management policies . The fire season of 1988 was considered normal until a combination of drought and heat by mid-July contributed to an extreme fire danger . On `` Black Saturday '' , August 20 , 1988 , strong winds expanded the fires rapidly , and more than 150,000 acres ( 61,000 ha ; 230 sq mi ) burned . The expansive cultural history of the park has been documented by the 1,000 archeological sites that have been discovered . The park has 1,106 historic structures and features , and of these Obsidian Cliff and five buildings have been designated National Historic Landmarks . Yellowstone was designated an International Biosphere Reserve on October 26 , 1976 , and a UN World Heritage Site on September 8 , 1978 . The park was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger from 1995 to 2003 due to the effects of tourism , infection of wildlife , and issues with invasive species . In 2010 , Yellowstone National Park was honored with its own quarter under the America the Beautiful Quarters Program . Justin Ferrell explores three moral sensibilities that motivated activists in dealing with Yellowstone . First came the utilitarian vision of maximum exploitation of natural resources , characteristic of developers in the late 19th century . Second was the spiritual vision of nature inspired by the Romanticism and the transcendentalists in the mid-19th century . The twentieth century saw the biocentric moral vision that focuses on the health of the ecosystem as theorized by Aldo Leopold , which led to the expansion of federally protected areas and to the surrounding ecosystems . Heritage and research Center ( edit ) The Heritage and Research Center is located at Gardiner , Montana , near the north entrance to the park . The center is home to the Yellowstone National Park 's museum collection , archives , research library , historian , archeology lab , and herbarium . The Yellowstone National Park Archives maintain collections of historical records of Yellowstone and the National Park Service . The collection includes the administrative records of Yellowstone , as well as resource management records , records from major projects , and donated manuscripts and personal papers . The archives are affiliated with the National Archives and Records Administration . Geography ( edit ) See also : Mountains and mountain ranges of Yellowstone National Park , Waterfalls in Yellowstone National Park , and Plateaus of Yellowstone National Park Official Park Map Approximately 96 percent of the land area of Yellowstone National Park is located within the state of Wyoming . Another three percent is within Montana , with the remaining one percent in Idaho . The park is 63 miles ( 101 km ) north to south , and 54 miles ( 87 km ) west to east by air . Yellowstone is 2,219,789 acres ( 898,317 ha ; 3,468.420 sq mi ) in area , larger than the states of Rhode Island or Delaware . Rivers and lakes cover five percent of the land area , with the largest water body being Yellowstone Lake at 87,040 acres ( 35,220 ha ; 136.00 sq mi ) . Yellowstone Lake is up to 400 feet ( 120 m ) deep and has 110 miles ( 180 km ) of shoreline . At an elevation of 7,733 feet ( 2,357 m ) above sea level , Yellowstone Lake is the largest high altitude lake in North America . Forests comprise 80 percent of the land area of the park ; most of the rest is grassland . The Continental Divide of North America runs diagonally through the southwestern part of the park . The divide is a topographic feature that separates Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean water drainages . About one third of the park lies on the west side of the divide . The origins of the Yellowstone and Snake Rivers are near each other but on opposite sides of the divide . As a result , the waters of the Snake River flow to the Pacific Ocean , while those of the Yellowstone find their way to the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Mexico . Aerial view , 3D computer generated image The park sits on the Yellowstone Plateau , at an average elevation of 8,000 feet ( 2,400 m ) above sea level . The plateau is bounded on nearly all sides by mountain ranges of the Middle Rocky Mountains , which range from 9,000 to 11,000 feet ( 2,700 to 3,400 m ) in elevation . The highest point in the park is atop Eagle Peak ( 11,358 feet or 3,462 metres ) and the lowest is along Reese Creek ( 5,282 feet or 1,610 metres ) . Nearby mountain ranges include the Gallatin Range to the northwest , the Beartooth Mountains in the north , the Absaroka Range to the east , and the Teton Range and the Madison Range to the southwest and west . The most prominent summit on the Yellowstone Plateau is Mount Washburn at 10,243 feet ( 3,122 m ) . Yellowstone National Park has one of the world 's largest petrified forests , trees which were long ago buried by ash and soil and transformed from wood to mineral materials . This ash and other volcanic debris are believed to have come from the park area itself . This is largely because Yellowstone is actually a massive caldera of a supervolcano . There are 290 waterfalls of at least 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in the park , the highest being the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River at 308 feet ( 94 m ) . Three deep canyons are located in the park , cut through the volcanic tuff of the Yellowstone Plateau by rivers over the last 640,000 years . The Lewis River flows through Lewis Canyon in the south , and the Yellowstone River has carved two colorful canyons , the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and the Black Canyon of the Yellowstone in its journey north . Geology ( edit ) Main articles : Geothermal areas of Yellowstone , Yellowstone Caldera , and Supervolcano History ( edit ) Columnar basalt near Tower Falls ; large floods of basalt and other lava types preceded mega-eruptions of superheated ash and pumice Yellowstone is at the northeastern end of the Snake River Plain , a great U-shaped arc through the mountains that extends from Boise , Idaho some 400 miles ( 640 km ) to the west . This feature traces the route of the North American Plate over the last 17 million years as it was transported by plate tectonics across a stationary mantle hotspot . The landscape of present - day Yellowstone National Park is the most recent manifestation of this hotspot below the crust of the Earth . The Yellowstone Caldera is the largest volcanic system in North America . It has been termed a `` supervolcano '' because the caldera was formed by exceptionally large explosive eruptions . The magma chamber that lies under Yellowstone is estimated to be a single connected chamber , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) long , 18 miles ( 29 km ) wide , and 3 to 7 miles ( 5 to 12 km ) deep . The current caldera was created by a cataclysmic eruption that occurred 640,000 years ago , which released more than 240 cubic miles ( 1,000 km3 ) of ash , rock and pyroclastic materials . This eruption was more than 1,000 times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . It produced a caldera nearly five eighths of a mile ( 1 km ) deep and 45 by 28 miles ( 72 by 45 km ) in area and deposited the Lava Creek Tuff , a welded tuff geologic formation . The most violent known eruption , which occurred 2.1 million years ago , ejected 588 cubic miles ( 2,450 km3 ) of volcanic material and created the rock formation known as the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff and created the Island Park Caldera . A smaller eruption ejected 67 cubic miles ( 280 km3 ) of material 1.3 million years ago , forming the Henry 's Fork Caldera and depositing the Mesa Falls Tuff . Each of the three climactic eruptions released vast amounts of ash that blanketed much of central North America , falling many hundreds of miles away . The amount of ash and gases released into the atmosphere probably caused significant impacts to world weather patterns and led to the extinction of some species , primarily in North America . Wooden walkways allow visitors to closely approach the Grand Prismatic Spring . A subsequent caldera - forming eruption occurred about 160,000 years ago . It formed the relatively small caldera that contains the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake . Since the last supereruption , a series of smaller eruptive cycles between 640,000 and 70,000 years ago , has nearly filled in the Yellowstone Caldera with 80 different eruptions of rhyolitic lavas such as those that can be seen at Obsidian Cliffs and basaltic lavas which can be viewed at Sheepeater Cliff . Lava strata are most easily seen at the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone , where the Yellowstone River continues to carve into the ancient lava flows . The canyon is a classic V - shaped valley , indicative of river - type erosion rather than erosion caused by glaciation . Each eruption is part of an eruptive cycle that climaxes with the partial collapse of the roof of the volcano 's partially emptied magma chamber . This creates a collapsed depression , called a caldera , and releases vast amounts of volcanic material , usually through fissures that ring the caldera . The time between the last three cataclysmic eruptions in the Yellowstone area has ranged from 600,000 to 800,000 years , but the small number of such climactic eruptions can not be used to make an accurate prediction for future volcanic events . Geysers and the hydrothermal System ( edit ) Old Faithful Geyser erupts approximately every 91 minutes . The most famous geyser in the park , and perhaps the world , is Old Faithful geyser , located in Upper Geyser Basin . Castle Geyser , Lion Geyser and Beehive Geyser are in the same basin . The park contains the largest active geyser in the world -- Steamboat Geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin . A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone . Of these , an average of 465 are active in a given year . Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 geothermal features altogether . Half the geothermal features and two - thirds of the world 's geysers are concentrated in Yellowstone . Steamboat Geyser is the world 's largest active geyser . In May 2001 , the U.S. Geological Survey , Yellowstone National Park , and the University of Utah created the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory ( YVO ) , a partnership for long - term monitoring of the geological processes of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field , for disseminating information concerning the potential hazards of this geologically active region . In 2003 , changes at the Norris Geyser Basin resulted in the temporary closure of some trails in the basin . New fumaroles were observed , and several geysers showed enhanced activity and increasing water temperatures . Several geysers became so hot that they were transformed into purely steaming features ; the water had become superheated and they could no longer erupt normally . This coincided with the release of reports of a multiple year United States Geological Survey research project which mapped the bottom of Yellowstone Lake and identified a structural dome that had uplifted at some time in the past . Research indicated that these uplifts posed no immediate threat of a volcanic eruption , since they may have developed long ago , and there had been no temperature increase found near the uplifts . On March 10 , 2004 , a biologist discovered 5 dead bison which apparently had inhaled toxic geothermal gases trapped in the Norris Geyser Basin by a seasonal atmospheric inversion . This was closely followed by an upsurge of earthquake activity in April 2004 . In 2006 , it was reported that the Mallard Lake Dome and the Sour Creek Dome -- areas that have long been known to show significant changes in their ground movement -- had risen at a rate of 1.5 to 2.4 inches ( 3.8 to 6.1 cm ) per year from mid -- 2004 through 2006 . As of late 2007 , the uplift has continued at a reduced rate . These events inspired a great deal of media attention and speculation about the geologic future of the region . Experts responded to the conjecture by informing the public that there was no increased risk of a volcanic eruption in the near future . However , these changes demonstrate the dynamic nature of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system . Earthquakes ( edit ) Main terraces of Mammoth Hot Springs Yellowstone experiences thousands of small earthquakes every year , virtually all of which are undetectable to people . There have been six earthquakes with at least magnitude 6 or greater in historical times , including the 7.5 ‐ magnitude Hebgen Lake earthquake which occurred just outside the northwest boundary of the park in 1959 . This quake triggered a huge landslide , which caused a partial dam collapse on Hebgen Lake ; immediately downstream , the sediment from the landslide dammed the river and created a new lake , known as Earthquake Lake . Twenty - eight people were killed , and property damage was extensive in the immediate region . The earthquake caused some geysers in the northwestern section of the park to erupt , large cracks in the ground formed and emitted steam , and some hot springs that normally have clear water turned muddy . A 6.1 ‐ magnitude earthquake struck inside the park on June 30 , 1975 , but damage was minimal . For three months in 1985 , 3,000 minor earthquakes were detected in the northwestern section of the park , during what has been referred to as an earthquake swarm , and has been attributed to minor subsidence of the Yellowstone caldera . Beginning on April 30 , 2007 , 16 small earthquakes with magnitudes up to 2.7 occurred in the Yellowstone Caldera for several days . These swarms of earthquakes are common , and there have been 70 such swarms between 1983 and 2008 . In December 2008 , over 250 earthquakes were measured over a four - day span under Yellowstone Lake , the largest measuring a magnitude of 3.9 . In January 2010 , more than 250 earthquakes were detected over a two - day period . Seismic activity in Yellowstone National Park continues and is reported hourly by the Earthquake Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey . On March 30 , 2014 , a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck almost the very middle of Yellowstone near the Norris Basin at 6 : 34 am ; reports indicated no damage . This was the largest earthquake to hit the park since February 22 , 1980 . Biology and Ecology ( edit ) Main articles : Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and Ecology of the Rocky Mountains Meadow in Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park is the centerpiece of the 20 million acre / 31,250 square - mile ( 8,093,712 ha / 80,937 km ) Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , a region that includes Grand Teton National Park , adjacent National Forests and expansive wilderness areas in those forests . The ecosystem is the largest remaining continuous stretch of mostly undeveloped pristine land in the contiguous United States , considered the world 's largest intact ecosystem in the northern temperate zone . With the successful wolf reintroduction program , which began in the 1990s , virtually all the original faunal species known to inhabit the region when white explorers first entered the area can still be found there . Flora ( edit ) Over 1,700 species of trees and other vascular plants are native to the park . Another 170 species are considered to be exotic species and are non-native . Of the eight conifer tree species documented , Lodgepole Pine forests cover 80 % of the total forested areas . Other conifers , such as Subalpine Fir , Engelmann Spruce , Rocky Mountain Douglas - fir and Whitebark Pine , are found in scattered groves throughout the park . As of 2007 , the whitebark pine is threatened by a fungus known as white pine blister rust ; however , this is mostly confined to forests well to the north and west . In Yellowstone , about seven percent of the whitebark pine species have been impacted with the fungus , compared to nearly complete infestations in northwestern Montana . Quaking Aspen and willows are the most common species of deciduous trees . The aspen forests have declined significantly since the early 20th century , but scientists at Oregon State University attribute recent recovery of the aspen to the reintroduction of wolves which has changed the grazing habits of local elk . Yellowstone sand verbena are endemic to Yellowstone 's lakeshores . There are dozens of species of flowering plants that have been identified , most of which bloom between the months of May and September . The Yellowstone sand verbena is a rare flowering plant found only in Yellowstone . It is closely related to species usually found in much warmer climates , making the sand verbena an enigma . The estimated 8,000 examples of this rare flowering plant all make their home in the sandy soils on the shores of Yellowstone Lake , well above the waterline . In Yellowstone 's hot waters , bacteria form mats of bizarre shapes consisting of trillions of individuals . These bacteria are some of the most primitive life forms on earth . Flies and other arthropods live on the mats , even in the middle of the bitterly cold winters . Initially , scientists thought that microbes there gained sustenance only from sulfur . In 2005 researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder discovered that the sustenance for at least some of the diverse hyperthermophilic species is molecular hydrogen . Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium found in the Yellowstone hot springs that produces an important enzyme ( Taq polymerase ) that is easily replicated in the lab and is useful in replicating DNA as part of the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) process . The retrieval of these bacteria can be achieved with no impact to the ecosystem . Other bacteria in the Yellowstone hot springs may also prove useful to scientists who are searching for cures for various diseases . In 2016 , researchers from Uppsala University reported the discovery of a class of thermophiles , Hadesarchaea , in Yellowstone 's Culex Basin . These organisms are capable of converting carbon monoxide and water to carbon dioxide and oxygen . Non-native plants sometimes threaten native species by using up nutrient resources . Though exotic species are most commonly found in areas with the greatest human visitation , such as near roads and at major tourist areas , they have also spread into the backcountry . Generally , most exotic species are controlled by pulling the plants out of the soil or by spraying , both of which are time consuming and expensive . Fauna ( edit ) Main articles : Animals of Yellowstone , Birds of Yellowstone National Park , Wolf reintroduction , History of wolves in Yellowstone , Yellowstone Park Bison Herd , Small mammals of Yellowstone National Park , Fishes of Yellowstone National Park , and Amphibians and reptiles of Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone is widely considered to be the finest megafauna wildlife habitat in the lower 48 states . There are almost 60 species of mammals in the park , including the timber wolf , coyote , the threatened Canadian lynx , and grizzly bears . Other large mammals include the bison ( often referred to as buffalo ) , black bear , elk , moose , mule deer , white - tailed deer , mountain goat , pronghorn , bighorn sheep , and cougar . American bison The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the largest public herd of American bison in the United States . The relatively large bison populations are a concern for ranchers , who fear that the species can transmit bovine diseases to their domesticated cousins . In fact , about half of Yellowstone 's bison have been exposed to brucellosis , a bacterial disease that came to North America with European cattle that may cause cattle to miscarry . The disease has little effect on park bison , and no reported case of transmission from wild bison to domestic livestock has been filed . However , the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( APHIS ) has stated that bison are the `` likely source '' of the spread of the disease in cattle in Wyoming and North Dakota . Elk also carry the disease and are believed to have transmitted the infection to horses and cattle . Bison once numbered between 30 and 60 million individuals throughout North America , and Yellowstone remains one of their last strongholds . Their populations had increased from less than 50 in the park in 1902 to 4,000 by 2003 . The Yellowstone Park bison herd reached a peak in 2005 with 4,900 animals . Despite a summer estimated population of 4,700 in 2007 , the number dropped to 3,000 in 2008 after a harsh winter and controversial brucellosis management sending hundreds to slaughter . The Yellowstone Park bison herd is believed to be one of only four free roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America . The other three herds are the Henry Mountains bison herd of Utah , at Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota and in Elk Island National Park in Alberta . Elk mother nursing her calf . To combat the perceived threat of brucellosis transmission to cattle , national park personnel regularly harass bison herds back into the park when they venture outside of the area 's borders . During the winter of 1996 -- 97 , the bison herd was so large that 1,079 bison that had exited the park were shot or sent to slaughter . Animal rights activists argue that this is a cruel practice and that the possibility for disease transmission is not as great as some ranchers maintain . Ecologists point out that the bison are merely traveling to seasonal grazing areas that lie within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem that have been converted to cattle grazing , some of which are within National Forests and are leased to private ranchers . APHIS has stated that with vaccinations and other means , brucellosis can be eliminated from the bison and elk herds throughout Yellowstone . A reintroduced wolf in Yellowstone National Park Starting in 1914 , in an effort to protect elk populations , the U.S. Congress appropriated funds to be used for the purposes of `` destroying wolves , prairie dogs , and other animals injurious to agriculture and animal husbandry '' on public lands . Park Service hunters carried out these orders , and by 1926 they had killed 136 wolves , and wolves were virtually eliminated from Yellowstone . Further exterminations continued until the National Park Service ended the practice in 1935 . With the passing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973 , the wolf was one of the first mammal species listed . After the wolves were extirpated from Yellowstone , the coyote then became the park 's top canine predator . However , the coyote is not able to bring down large animals , and the result of this lack of a top predator on these populations was a marked increase in lame and sick megafauna . By the 1990s , the Federal government had reversed its views on wolves . In a controversial decision by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( which oversees threatened and endangered species ) , northwestern wolves imported from Canada were reintroduced into the park . Reintroduction efforts have been successful with populations remaining relatively stable . A survey conducted in 2005 reported that there were 13 wolf packs , totaling 118 individuals in Yellowstone and 326 in the entire ecosystem . These park figures were lower than those reported in 2004 but may be attributable to wolf migration to other nearby areas as suggested by the substantial increase in the Montana population during that interval . Almost all the wolves documented were descended from the 66 wolves reintroduced in 1995 -- 96 . The recovery of populations throughout the states of Wyoming , Montana and Idaho has been so successful that on February 27 , 2008 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service removed the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf population from the endangered species list . Black bear and cub in the Tower - Roosevelt area An estimated 600 grizzly bears live in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , with more than half of the population living within Yellowstone . The grizzly is currently listed as a threatened species , however the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has announced that they intend to take it off the endangered species list for the Yellowstone region but will likely keep it listed in areas where it has not yet recovered fully . Opponents of delisting the grizzly are concerned that states might once again allow hunting and that better conservation measures need to be implemented to ensure a sustainable population . Black bears are common in the park and were a park symbol due to visitor interaction with the bears starting in 1910 . Feeding and close contact with bears has not been permitted since the 1960s to reduce their desire for human foods . Yellowstone is one of the few places in the United States where black bears can be seen coexisting with grizzly bears . Black bear observations occur most often in the park 's northern ranges and in the Bechler area which is in the park 's southwestern corner . Elk Population figures for elk are in excess of 30,000 -- the largest population of any large mammal species in Yellowstone . The northern herd has decreased enormously since the mid ‐ 1990s ; this has been attributed to wolf predation and causal effects such as elk using more forested regions to evade predation , consequently making it harder for researchers to accurately count them . The northern herd migrates west into southwestern Montana in the winter . The southern herd migrates southward , and the majority of these elk winter on the National Elk Refuge , immediately southeast of Grand Teton National Park . The southern herd migration is the largest mammalian migration remaining in the U.S. outside of Alaska . Pronghorn are commonly found on the grasslands in the park . In 2003 the tracks of one female lynx and her cub were spotted and followed for over 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . Fecal material and other evidence obtained were tested and confirmed to be those of a lynx . No visual confirmation was made , however . Lynx have not been seen in Yellowstone since 1998 , though DNA taken from hair samples obtained in 2001 confirmed that lynx were at least transient to the park . Other less commonly seen mammals include the mountain lion and wolverine . The mountain lion has an estimated population of only 25 individuals parkwide . The wolverine is another rare park mammal , and accurate population figures for this species are not known . These uncommon and rare mammals provide insight into the health of protected lands such as Yellowstone and help managers make determinations as to how best to preserve habitats . Eighteen species of fish live in Yellowstone , including the core range of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout -- a fish highly sought by anglers . The Yellowstone cutthroat trout has faced several threats since the 1980s , including the suspected illegal introduction into Yellowstone Lake of lake trout , an invasive species which consume the smaller cutthroat trout . Although lake trout were established in Shoshone and Lewis lakes in the Snake River drainage from U.S. Government stocking operations in 1890 , it was never officially introduced into the Yellowstone River drainage . The cutthroat trout has also faced an ongoing drought , as well as the accidental introduction of a parasite -- whirling disease -- which causes a terminal nervous system disease in younger fish . Since 2001 , all native sport fish species caught in Yellowstone waterways are subject to a catch and release law . Yellowstone is also home to six species of reptiles , such as the painted turtle and Prairie rattlesnake , and four species of amphibians , including the Boreal Chorus Frog . 311 species of birds have been reported , almost half of which nest in Yellowstone . As of 1999 , twenty - six pairs of nesting bald eagles have been documented . Extremely rare sightings of whooping cranes have been recorded , however only three examples of this species are known to live in the Rocky Mountains , out of 385 known worldwide . Other birds , considered to be species of special concern because of their rarity in Yellowstone , include the common loon , harlequin duck , osprey , peregrine falcon and the trumpeter swan . Forest fires ( edit ) See also : Yellowstone fires of 1988 and 1988 -- 89 North American drought Fire in Yellowstone National Park As wildfire is a natural part of most ecosystems , plants that are indigenous to Yellowstone have adapted in a variety of ways . Douglas - fir have a thick bark which protects the inner section of the tree from most fires . Lodgepole Pines -- the most common tree species in the park -- generally have cones that are only opened by the heat of fire . Their seeds are held in place by a tough resin , and fire assists in melting the resin , allowing the seeds to disperse . Fire clears out dead and downed wood , providing fewer obstacles for lodgepole pines to flourish . Subalpine Fir , Engelmann Spruce , Whitebark Pine , and other species tend to grow in colder and moister areas , where fire is less likely to occur . Aspen trees sprout new growth from their roots , and even if a severe fire kills the tree above ground , the roots often survive unharmed because they are insulated from the heat by soil . The National Park Service estimates that in natural conditions , grasslands in Yellowstone burned an average of every 20 to 25 years , while forests in the park would experience fire about every 300 years . About thirty - five natural forest fires are ignited each year by lightning , while another six to ten are started by people -- in most cases by accident . Yellowstone National Park has three fire lookout towers , each staffed by trained fire fighters . The easiest one to reach is atop Mount Washburn , which has interpretive exhibits and an observation deck open to the public . The park also monitors fire from the air and relies on visitor reports of smoke and / or flames . Fire towers are staffed almost continuously from late June to mid-September -- the primary fire season . Fires burn with the greatest intensity in the late afternoon and evening . Few fires burn more than 100 acres ( 40 ha ) , and the vast majority of fires reach only a little over an acre ( 0.5 ha ) before they burn themselves out . Fire management focuses on monitoring dead and down wood quantities , soil and tree moisture , and the weather , to determine those areas most vulnerable to fire should one ignite . Current policy is to suppress all human caused fires and to evaluate natural fires , examining the benefit or detriment they may pose on the ecosystem . If a fire is considered to be an immediate threat to people and structures , or will burn out of control , then fire suppression is performed . Wildfire in Yellowstone National Park produces a pyrocumulus cloud . In an effort to minimize the chances of out of control fires and threats to people and structures , park employees do more than just monitor the potential for fire . Controlled burns are prescribed fires which are deliberately started to remove dead timber under conditions which allow fire fighters an opportunity to carefully control where and how much wood is consumed . Natural fires are sometimes considered prescribed fires if they are left to burn . In Yellowstone , unlike some other parks , there have been very few fires deliberately started by employees as prescribed burns . However , over the last 30 years , over 300 natural fires have been allowed to burn naturally . In addition , fire fighters remove dead and down wood and other hazards from areas where they will be a potential fire threat to lives and property , reducing the chances of fire danger in these areas . Fire monitors also regulate fire through educational services to the public and have been known to temporarily ban campfires from campgrounds during periods of high fire danger . The common notion in early United States land management policies was that all forest fires were bad . Fire was seen as a purely destructive force and there was little understanding that it was an integral part of the ecosystem . Consequently , until the 1970s , when a better understanding of wildfire was developed , all fires were suppressed . This led to an increase in dead and dying forests , which would later provide the fuel load for fires that would be much harder , and in some cases , impossible to control . Fire Management Plans were implemented , detailing that natural fires should be allowed to burn if they posed no immediate threat to lives and property . A crown fire approaches the Old Faithful complex on September 7 , 1988 . 1988 started with a wet spring season although by summer , drought began moving in throughout the northern Rockies , creating the driest year on record to that point . Grasses and plants which grew well in the early summer from the abundant spring moisture produced plenty of grass , which soon turned to dry tinder . The National Park Service began firefighting efforts to keep the fires under control , but the extreme drought made suppression difficult . Between July 15 and 21 , 1988 , fires quickly spread from 8,500 acres ( 3,400 ha ; 13.3 sq mi ) throughout the entire Yellowstone region , which included areas outside the park , to 99,000 acres ( 40,000 ha ; 155 sq mi ) on the park land alone . By the end of the month , the fires were out of control . Large fires burned together , and on August 20 , 1988 , the single worst day of the fires , more than 150,000 acres ( 61,000 ha ; 230 sq mi ) were consumed . Seven large fires were responsible for 95 % of the 793,000 acres ( 321,000 ha ; 1,239 sq mi ) that were burned over the next couple of months . A total of 25,000 firefighters and U.S. military forces participated in the suppression efforts , at a cost of 120 million dollars . By the time winter brought snow that helped extinguish the last flames , the fires had destroyed 67 structures and caused several million dollars in damage . Though no civilian lives were lost , two personnel associated with the firefighting efforts were killed . Contrary to media reports and speculation at the time , the fires killed very few park animals -- surveys indicated that only about 345 elk ( of an estimated 40,000 -- 50,000 ) , 36 deer , 12 moose , 6 black bears , and 9 bison had perished . Changes in fire management policies were implemented by land management agencies throughout the United States , based on knowledge gained from the 1988 fires and the evaluation of scientists and experts from various fields . By 1992 , Yellowstone had adopted a new fire management plan which observed stricter guidelines for the management of natural fires . Climate ( edit ) Winter scene in Yellowstone Yellowstone climate is greatly influenced by altitude , with lower elevations generally found to be warmer year - round . The record high temperature was 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) in 2002 , while the coldest temperature recorded is − 66 ° F ( − 54 ° C ) in 1933 . During the summer months of June to early September , daytime highs are normally in the 70 to 80 ° F ( 21 to 27 ° C ) range , while night time lows can go to below freezing ( 0 ° C ) especially at higher altitudes . Summer afternoons are frequently accompanied by thunderstorms . Spring and fall temperatures range between 30 and 60 ° F ( − 1 and 16 ° C ) with nights in the teens to single digits ( − 5 to − 20 ° C ) . Winter in Yellowstone is accompanied by high temperatures usually between zero and 20 ° F ( − 20 to − 5 ° C ) and nighttime temperatures below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) for most of the winter . Precipitation in Yellowstone is highly variable and ranges from 15 inches ( 380 mm ) annually near Mammoth Hot Springs , to 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) in the southwestern sections of the park . The precipitation of Yellowstone is greatly influenced by the moisture channel formed by the Snake River Plain to the west that was , in turn , formed by Yellowstone itself . Snow is possible in any month of the year , but most common between November and April , with averages of 150 inches ( 3,800 mm ) annually around Yellowstone Lake , to twice that amount at higher elevations . Tornadoes in Yellowstone are rare ; however , on July 21 , 1987 , the most powerful tornado recorded in Wyoming touched down in the Teton Wilderness of Bridger - Teton National Forest and hit Yellowstone National Park . Called the Teton -- Yellowstone tornado , it was classified as an F4 , with wind speeds estimated at between 207 and 260 miles per hour ( 333 and 418 km / h ) . The tornado left a path of destruction 1 to 2 miles ( 1.6 to 3.2 km ) wide , and 24 miles ( 39 km ) long , and leveled 15,000 acres ( 6,100 ha ; 23 sq mi ) of mature pine forest . The climate at Yellowstone Lake is classified as subarctic ( Dfc ) , according to Köppen - Geiger climate classification , while at the park headquarters the classification is humid continental ( Dfb ) . show Climate data for Yellowstone Lake , elev . 7,870 feet ( 2,399 m ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 46 ( 8 ) 56 ( 13 ) 61 ( 16 ) 65 ( 18 ) 78 ( 26 ) 83 ( 28 ) 92 ( 33 ) 91 ( 33 ) 83 ( 28 ) 72 ( 22 ) 63 ( 17 ) 48 ( 9 ) 92 ( 33 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 24.4 ( − 4.2 ) 28.0 ( − 2.2 ) 36.2 ( 2.3 ) 43.3 ( 6.3 ) 51.9 ( 11.1 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 47.8 ( 8.8 ) 33.5 ( 0.8 ) 24.3 ( − 4.3 ) 46.4 ( 8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 1.2 ( − 17.1 ) 1.2 ( − 17.1 ) 9.2 ( − 12.7 ) 18.0 ( − 7.8 ) 28.0 ( − 2.2 ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 39.9 ( 4.4 ) 31.8 ( − 0.1 ) 23.7 ( − 4.6 ) 13.8 ( − 10.1 ) 5.0 ( − 15 ) 20.8 ( − 6.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 50 ( − 46 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) − 42 ( − 41 ) − 26 ( − 32 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 17 ( − 8 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 30 ( − 34 ) − 43 ( − 42 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.65 ( 41.9 ) 1.61 ( 40.9 ) 1.80 ( 45.7 ) 1.78 ( 45.2 ) 2.47 ( 62.7 ) 2.25 ( 57.2 ) 1.62 ( 41.1 ) 1.60 ( 40.6 ) 1.46 ( 37.1 ) 1.18 ( 30 ) 1.85 ( 47 ) 1.63 ( 41.4 ) 20.90 ( 530.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 34.3 ( 87.1 ) 30.4 ( 77.2 ) 25.6 ( 65 ) 21.4 ( 54.4 ) 8.1 ( 20.6 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 9.9 ( 25.1 ) 30.9 ( 78.5 ) 30.5 ( 77.5 ) 193.7 ( 492 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 16.8 14.0 13.7 11.6 11.5 14.4 11.0 10.8 9.7 8.8 13.1 15.6 151 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 16.2 13.4 12.6 9.5 4.4 0.9 0 0 1.1 5.8 12.6 14.9 91.4 Source # 1 : NOAA ( normals , 1981 -- 2010 ) Source # 2 : The Weather Channel ( Records ) show Climate data for Yellowstone Park Headquarters , elev . 6,230 feet ( 1,899 m ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 52 ( 11 ) 56 ( 13 ) 66 ( 19 ) 78 ( 26 ) 86 ( 30 ) 92 ( 33 ) 99 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 92 ( 33 ) 82 ( 28 ) 66 ( 19 ) 52 ( 11 ) 99 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 30.2 ( − 1 ) 33.4 ( 0.8 ) 40.8 ( 4.9 ) 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 68.6 ( 20.3 ) 79.3 ( 26.3 ) 78.6 ( 25.9 ) 67.4 ( 19.7 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 37.7 ( 3.2 ) 28.7 ( − 1.8 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 12.0 ( − 11.1 ) 13.0 ( − 10.6 ) 20.1 ( − 6.6 ) 26.7 ( − 2.9 ) 34.8 ( 1.6 ) 42.3 ( 5.7 ) 48.3 ( 9.1 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 38.4 ( 3.6 ) 29.4 ( − 1.4 ) 19.8 ( − 6.8 ) 11.3 ( − 11.5 ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 36 ( − 38 ) − 35 ( − 37 ) − 25 ( − 32 ) − 4 ( − 20 ) 6 ( − 14 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 0 ( − 18 ) − 8 ( − 22 ) − 27 ( − 33 ) − 35 ( − 37 ) − 36 ( − 38 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.73 ( 18.5 ) 0.64 ( 16.3 ) 0.95 ( 24.1 ) 1.30 ( 33 ) 2.06 ( 52.3 ) 1.95 ( 49.5 ) 1.46 ( 37.1 ) 1.06 ( 26.9 ) 1.14 ( 29 ) 1.28 ( 32.5 ) 1.03 ( 26.2 ) 0.81 ( 20.6 ) 14.41 ( 366 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 11.1 ( 28.2 ) 8.5 ( 21.6 ) 10.4 ( 26.4 ) 8.0 ( 20.3 ) ( 5.6 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 4.0 ( 10.2 ) 9.4 ( 23.9 ) 10.2 ( 25.9 ) 64.4 ( 163.6 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.8 9.0 9.1 9.7 12.8 13.3 9.9 8.9 8.2 8.4 9.8 10.2 119.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 8.0 7.1 6.4 4.8 1.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 2.6 7.2 8.3 45.9 Source # 1 : NOAA ( normals , 1981 -- 2010 ) Source # 2 : Western Regional Climate Center ( extremes 1894 -- present ) Recreation ( edit ) Main articles : Trails of Yellowstone National Park and Angling in Yellowstone National Park Union Pacific Railroad brochure promoting travel to park ( 1921 ) Yellowstone ranks among the most popular national parks in the United States . Since the mid-1960s , at least 2 million tourists have visited the park almost every year . Average annual visitation increased to 3.5 million during the ten - year period from 2007 to 2016 , with a record of 4,257,177 recreational visitors in 2016 . July is the busiest month for Yellowstone National Park . At peak summer levels , 3,700 employees work for Yellowstone National Park concessionaires . Concessionaires manage nine hotels and lodges , with a total of 2,238 hotel rooms and cabins available . They also oversee gas stations , stores and most of the campgrounds . Another 800 employees work either permanently or seasonally for the National Park Service . Park service roads lead to major features ; however , road reconstruction has produced temporary road closures . Yellowstone is in the midst of a long term road reconstruction effort , which is hampered by a short repair season . In the winter , all roads aside from the one which enters from Gardiner , Montana , and extends to Cooke City , Montana , are closed to wheeled vehicles . Park roads are closed to wheeled vehicles from early November to mid April , but some park roads remain closed until mid-May . The park has 310 miles ( 500 km ) of paved roads which can be accessed from five different entrances . There is no public transportation available inside the park , but several tour companies can be contacted for guided motorized transport . In the winter , concessionaires operate guided snowmobile and snow coach tours , though their numbers and access are based on quotas established by the National Park Service . Facilities in the Old Faithful , Canyon and Mammoth Hot Springs areas of the park are very busy during the summer months . Traffic jams created by road construction or by people observing wildlife can result in long delays . Old Faithful Inn The National Park Service maintains 9 visitor centers and museums and is responsible for maintenance of historical structures and many of the other 2,000 buildings . These structures include National Historical Landmarks such as the Old Faithful Inn built from 1903 to 1904 and the entire Fort Yellowstone -- Mammoth Hot Springs Historic District . An historical and educational tour is available at Fort Yellowstone which details the history of the National Park Service and the development of the park . Campfire programs , guided walks and other interpretive presentations are available at numerous locations in the summer , and on a limited basis during other seasons . Camping is available at a dozen campgrounds with more than 2,000 campsites . Camping is also available in surrounding National Forests , as well as in Grand Teton National Park to the south . Backcountry campsites are accessible only by foot or by horseback and require a permit . There are 1,100 miles ( 1,800 km ) of hiking trails available . The park is not considered to be a good destination for mountaineering because of the instability of volcanic rock which predominates . Visitors with pets are required to keep them on a leash at all times and are limited to areas near roadways and in `` frontcountry '' zones such as drive in campgrounds . Around thermal features , wooden and paved trails have been constructed to ensure visitor safety , and most of these areas are handicapped accessible . The National Park Service maintains a year - round clinic at Mammoth Hot Springs and provides emergency services throughout the year . Hunting is not permitted , though it is allowed in the surrounding national forests during open season . Fishing is a popular activity , and a Yellowstone Park fishing license is required to fish in park waters . Many park waters are fly fishing only and all native fish species are catch and release only . Boating is prohibited on rivers and creeks except for a 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) stretch of the Lewis River between Lewis and Shoshone Lake , and it is open to non-motorized use only . Yellowstone Lake has a marina , and the lake is the most popular boating destination . Vintage photo of human - habituated bears seeking food from visitors . In the early history of the park , visitors were allowed , and sometimes even encouraged , to feed the bears . Visitors welcomed the chance to get their pictures taken with the bears , who had learned to beg for food . This led to numerous injuries to humans each year . In 1970 , park officials changed their policy and started a vigorous program to educate the public on the dangers of close contact with bears , and to try to eliminate opportunities for bears to find food in campgrounds and trash collection areas . Although it has become more difficult to observe bears in recent years , the number of human injuries and deaths has taken a significant drop and visitors are in less danger . The eighth recorded bear - related death in the park 's history occurred in August 2015 . Other protected lands in the region include Caribou - Targhee , Gallatin , Custer , Shoshone and Bridger - Teton National Forests . The National Park Service 's John D. Rockefeller , Jr . Memorial Parkway is to the south and leads to Grand Teton National Park . The famed Beartooth Highway provides access from the northeast and has spectacular high altitude scenery . Nearby communities include West Yellowstone , Montana ; Cody , Wyoming ; Red Lodge , Montana ; Ashton , Idaho ; and Gardiner , Montana . The closest air transport is available by way of Bozeman , Montana ; Billings , Montana ; Jackson ; Cody , Wyoming , or Idaho Falls , Idaho . Salt Lake City , 320 miles ( 510 km ) to the south , is the closest large metropolitan area . Legal jurisdiction ( edit ) Street map of Yellowstone National Park at the northwest corner of Wyoming The entire park is within the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming , making it the only federal court district that includes portions of more than one state ( Idaho , Montana , and Wyoming ) . Law professor Brian C. Kalt has argued that it may be impossible to impanel a jury in compliance with the Vicinage Clause of the Sixth Amendment for a crime committed solely in the unpopulated Idaho portion of the park ( and that it would be difficult to do so for a crime committed solely in the lightly populated Montana portion ) . One defendant , who was accused of a wildlife - related crime in the Montana portion of the park , attempted to raise this argument but eventually pleaded guilty , with the plea deal including his specific agreement not to raise the issue in his appeal . See also ( edit ) North America portal Bibliography of Yellowstone National Park List of national parks of the United States List of Yellowstone National Park - related articles Making North America ( 2015 PBS film ) Yellowstone - Teton Clean Energy Coalition References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone , the First National Park '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Statutes at Large , Vol. 17 , Chap. 24 , pp. 32 -- 33 . `` An Act to set apart a certain Tract of Land lying near the Head - waters of the Yellowstone River as a public Park . '' ( S. 392 ) `` . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Biosphere Reserve Information -- United States -- Yellowstone '' . UNESCO -- MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory . UNESCO . August 17 , 2000 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park Facts '' . National Park Service . December 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone , History and Culture '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the National Park Service ( NPS ) '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Questions About Yellowstone Volcanic History '' . United States Geological Survey , Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Geothermal Features and How They Work '' . National Park Service . February 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Schullery , Paul . `` The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem '' . Our Living Resources . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2006 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , James S. , Jr . ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` History of Yellowstone as a Place Name '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone : A Brief History of the Park '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lahren , Larry ( 2006 ) . Homeland : An archaeologist 's view of Yellowstone Country 's past . Cayuse Press . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 9789251 - 0 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Janetski , Joel C. ( 1987 ) . Indians in Yellowstone National Park . Salt Lake City , Utah : University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 724 - 7 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` The Lewis and Clark Era ( 1805 -- 1814 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved November 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` The Fur Trade Era ( 1818 -- 42 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved November 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kenneth H. ( 1976 ) . `` Enchanted Enclosure - Historic Roads in the National Park System - Chapter 2 - The Raynolds Expedition of 1860 '' . Historical Division , Office of the Chief Of Engineers , United States Army . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 1975 ) . `` The Exploring Era ( 1851 -- 63 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved November 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` The Folsom Party ( 1869 ) '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haines , Aubrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` Cornelius Hedges '' . Yellowstone National Park : Its Exploration and Establishment . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone '' . American Studies at the University of Virginia . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History & Culture '' . General Grant National Memorial . National Park Service . July 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Marlene Deahl Merrill ( September 1 , 2003 ) . Yellowstone and the Great West : Journals , Letters , and Images from the 1871 Hayden Expedition . U of Nebraska Press . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8289 - 6 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marlene Deahl Merrill ( September 1 , 2003 ) . Yellowstone and the Great West : Journals , Letters , and Images from the 1871 Hayden Expedition . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8289 - 6 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chittenden , Hiram Martin . The Yellowstone National Park - Historical and Descriptive . Cincinnati : Stewart and Kidd Co. pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Olin Dunbar ( 2010 ) . Enlarge Image Nathaniel Pitt Langford : The Vigilante , the Explorer , the Expounder and First Superintendent of the Yellowstone Park . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 177 - 37550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dilsaver , Lary M. ; William Wyckoff ( May 2005 ) . `` The Political Geography of National Parks '' . The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 74 , No. 2 . University of California Press : 237 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Wuerthner , 11 - 15 - 07 , George ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` NREPA : Local Interests and Conservation History '' . George Wuerthner 's On the Range . NewWest . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the year 1872 '' . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Punke , Michael ( 2007 ) . Last Stand : George Bird Grinnell , the Battle to Save the Buffalo , and the Birth of the New West . Smithsonian Books . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 089782 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` The Administrations of Nathaniel Langford and Philetus Norris '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Griske , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Diaries of John Hunton . Heritage Books . pp. 121 , 122 . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 3804 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Griske , op . cit. , p. 122 Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Merchant , Carolyn ( 2002 ) . The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History . Columbia University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11232 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Chittenden , Hiram Martin ( 1895 ) . The Yellowstone National Park : historical and descriptive . The R. Clarke Company . pp. 111 -- 122 . OCLC 3015335 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Dayton ; Ken Burns ( 2009 ) . The National Parks : America 's Best Idea . Alred A. Knopf . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26896 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Nez Perce Creek '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` The United States Army Takes Control of Yellowstone National Park 1886 -- 1906 '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grinnell , George Bird ( 1910 ) . The History of the Boone and Crockett Club . New York City : Forest and Stream Publishing Company . pp. 10 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` The National Park Service in Yellowstone National Park 1917 -- 1929 '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( April 1898 ) . `` The Yellowstone National Park '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Fisher Smith ( June 7 , 2016 ) . Engineering Eden . Crown / Archetype . p. 37 . ISBN 9780307454263 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park 's First 130 Years '' . Yellowstone History . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matthew A. Redinger , `` The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Development of Glacier and Yellowstone Parks , 1933 -- 1942 , '' Pacific Northwest Forum , 1991 , Vol. 4 Issue 2 , pp 3 -- 17 Jump up ^ Rydell , Kiki Leigh ; Mary Shivers Culpin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` Mission 66 in Yellowstone National Park 1941 -- 1965 '' ( PDF ) . A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park , 1872 -- 1965 . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allaback , Sarah ( 2000 ) . `` Mission 66 Visitor Centers '' . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Canyon Area NPS Visitor Facilities '' . U.S. Department of the Interior . August 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2007 . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Largest Earthquake in Montana '' . Historic Earthquakes . U.S. Geological Survey . January 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Leopold , A. Starker ; et al. ( 1963 ) . `` The Goal of Park Management in the United States '' . Wildlife Management in the National Parks . National Park Service . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wildland Fire in Yellowstone '' . National Park Service . July 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Patry , Marc ; Bassett , Clare ; Leclerq , Benedicte ( March 11 -- 13 , 2003 ) . `` The State of Conservation of World Heritage Forests '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the 2nd World Heritage Forest Meeting . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Quarter Introduced '' . United States Mint . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Justin Farrell , The Battle for Yellowstone : Morality and the Sacred Roots of Environmental Conflict ( Princeton UP , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Heritage and Research Center '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park Archives '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Affiliated Archives '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Snake River Plain '' . U.S. Geological Survey . March 12 , 2001 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Oskin , Becky ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Yellowstone 's Volcano Bigger Than Thought '' . LiveScience . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field of Wyoming , Idaho , and Montana '' . U.S. Geological Survey . August 27 , 2001 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . / ^ Jump up to : `` Tracking Changes in Yellowstone 's Restless Volcanic System '' . U.S. Geological Survey . January 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volcanic History of the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bindeman , Ilya N. ( June 2006 ) . `` The Secrets of Supervolcanoes '' . Scientific American . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Questions About Future Volcanic Activity '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jeff . `` How many geysers are found in Yellowstone ? '' Program and Abstracts , The 11th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem . October 8 -- 10 , 2012 , Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel , Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming . Jump up ^ Lundquist , Laura . `` Dormant Yellowstone geyser erupts . '' The Bozeman Daily Chronicle , August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park '' . World Heritage Sites . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . April 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Information about the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Notable Changes in Thermal Activity at Norris Geyser Basin Provide Opportunity to Study Hydrothermal System '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . March 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about recent findings at Yellowstone Lake '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archive of Stories About the Yellowstone Volcanic System '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . February 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake Swarms at Yellowstone Continue '' . Inland Park News . December 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert B. ; Wu - Lung Chang ; Lee Siegel ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Yellowstone rising : Volcano inflating with molten rock at record rate '' . Press release , University of Utah Public Relations . EurekAlert ! ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lowenstern , Jake ( June 2005 ) . `` Truth , fiction and everything in between at Yellowstone '' . Geotimes . American Geologic Institute . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` More Than A Dozen Earthquakes Shake Yellowstone '' . KUTV News . May 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archive of Yellowstone Updates for 2008 '' . Yellowstone Volcanic Observatory . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone hit by swarm of earthquakes '' . Denver Post . January 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Earthquakes -- US '' Yellowstone Region `` . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 4.8 Magnitude Earthquake Hits Yellowstone National Park '' . Liberty Voice . March 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kendall , Katherine . `` Whitebark Pine '' . Our Living Resources . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2006 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Presence Of Wolves Allows Aspen Recovery In Yellowstone '' . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are the Bloomin ' Wildflowers ? '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . February 2004 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Sand Verbena '' . Nature and Science . National Park Service . July 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Microbes In Colorful Yellowstone Hot Springs Fueled By Hydrogen , CU - Boulder Researchers Say '' . University of Colorado at Boulder . January 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Yellowstone Thermophiles Conservation Project '' . World Foundation for Environment and Development . April 27 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baker , Brett J. ; Saw , Jimmy H. ; Lind , Anders E. ; Lazar , Cassandra Sara ; Hinrichs , Kai - Uwe ; Teske , Andreas P. ; Ettema , Thijs J.G. ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Genomic inference of the metabolism of cosmopolitan subsurface Archaea , Hadesarchaea '' . Nature Microbiology. 1 ( 3 ) : 16002 . doi : 10.1038 / nmicrobiol. 2016.2 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atherton , Matt ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of the underworld microbes Hadesarchaea discovered living on toxic gas deep below Yellowstone hot springs '' . IB Times . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exotic Vegetation Management in Yellowstone National Park '' ( PDF ) . Nature and Science . National Park Service . February 1 , 2006 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brucellosis and Yellowstone Bison '' . Brucellosis . Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Bison '' . Nature and Science . National Park Service . August 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Prettyman , Brett ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` Moving Bison '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defenders of Wildlife '' . A Yellowstone Chronology . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2005 Interagency Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , Nez Perce Tribe , National Park Service , Montana Fish , Wildlife & Parks , Idaho Fish and Game , and USDA Wildlife Services . 2006 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Final Rule Designating the Northern Rocky Mountain Population of Gray Wolf as a Distinct Population Segment and Removing This Distinct Population Segment From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . February 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mott , Maryann ( July 2 , 2004 ) . `` Bald Eagle , Grizzly : U.S. Icons Endangered No More ? '' . National Geographic News . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2006 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Bears '' . National Park Service . March 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Bear Information Continued '' . National Park Service . April 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 2007 Winter Count of Northern Yellowstone Elk '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Potter , Tiffany ( April 13 , 2004 ) . `` Reproduction of Canada Lynx Discovered in Yellowstone '' . Nature : Year in Review . National Park Service . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Lions '' . National Park Service . July 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Marquis , Amy Leinbach ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' . National Parks . National Parks Conservation Association . 80 ( 3 ) : 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fishing in Yellowstone National Park '' . National Park Service . April 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Yellowstone Lake Crisis : Confronting a Lake Trout Invasion '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . 1995 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kendall , W.C. ( 1915 ) . The Fishes of the Yellowstone National Park . Washington D.C. : Department of Commerce , Bureau of Fisheries . pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Vital Habitats : Wetlands and Wildlife '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Threatened and Endangered Species '' . National Park Service . July 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Species of Special Concern '' . National Park Service . July 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fire Ecology '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park : Mount Washburn '' . Backpacker Magazine . Cruz Bay Publishing , Inc . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Lookouts '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2006 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Facts '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Monitoring '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Prescribed Fire '' . Yellowstone Wildland Fire . National Park Service . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weather '' . National Park Service . December 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Severe Weather '' . Wyoming Climate Office . March 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WY Lake Yellowstone '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Yellowstone Lake , Wyoming '' . The Weather Channel . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WY Yellowstone PK Mammoth '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Park , Wyoming '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Annual Visitation Statistics '' . Yellowstone National Park . U.S. Department of the Interior . August 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2006 . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Yellowstone becoming hotter vacation spot '' . CNN Travel . August 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Road Construction Delays and Closures '' . National Park Service . April 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Operating Hours & Seasons '' . National Park Service . April 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Services in Yellowstone '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hiking in the Park '' . National Park Service . August 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations Regarding Pets '' . National Park Service . July 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Information Every Visitor Needs to Know '' . National Park Service . March 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing in Yellowstone National Park '' . National Park Service . April 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2007 Yellowstone National Park Fishing Regulations Archived January 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Boating in Yellowstone National Park '' . National Park Service . September 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ National Park Service Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bear Inflicted Human Injuries and Fatalities in Yellowstone '' . U.S. National Park Service . January 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Directions '' . National Park Service . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian C. Kalt , The Perfect Crime , 93 Geo . L.J. 675 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` The perfect place for the perfect crime '' . trib.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States v. Belderrain , 309 F. App'x 259 ( 10th Cir. 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Brian C. Kalt , Tabloid Constitutionalism , 96 Geo . L.J. 1971 ( 2008 ) . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutYellowstone National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage U.S. Geological Survey Photographic Library Yellowstone National Park Official site Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park from the Library of Congress The short film A Visit to Yellowstone National Park ( c. 1932 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Four Seasons of Yellowstone ( 1970 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Fantastic Yellowstone ( 1997 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Yellowstone magmatic system from the mantle plume to the upper crust ( 46,000 km3 magma reservoir below chamber ) Yellowstone 360 degree panoramic video National Geographic Channel The Act of Dedication BYU Larsen Yellowstone collection , one of the largest libraries of Yellowstone materials , at L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library , Brigham Young University Yellowstone National Park -- History and people Historic events and personalities from Yellowstone National Park Expeditions Cook -- Folsom -- Peterson Expedition Washburn -- Langford -- Doane Expedition Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 Explorers Robert Adams Jr . Jim Bridger John Colter Lt. Gustavus C. Doane Truman C. Everts Warren Angus Ferris Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden Nathaniel P. Langford Alexander Ross ( fur trader ) Osborne Russell Cyrus Thomas Henry D. Washburn Photographers , artists and illustrators Heinrich C. Berann Albert Bierstadt Frank Jay Haynes William Henry Jackson Thomas Moran Park management Mission 66 Horace M. Albright Harry W. Child Harry W. Frantz Harlan Kredit Herbert Maier John W. Meldrum Philetus Norris Robert Reamer Harry Yount Military administration Henry Tureman Allen Lloyd Milton Brett Frazier Boutelle Dan Christie Kingman Hiram M. Chittenden Samuel Baldwin Marks Young Wilber Elliott Wilder Fort Yellowstone Events History of the National Park Service History of wolves in Yellowstone Teton -- Yellowstone tornado 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake Yellowstone fires of 1988 List of Yellowstone National Park related articles Media related to People associated with Yellowstone National Park at Wikimedia Commons Protected areas of Wyoming Federal National Parks : Grand Teton Yellowstone National Monuments : Devils Tower Fossil Butte National Historic Sites : Fort Laramie National Historic Trails : California Trail Mormon Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express National Wildlife Refuges : Bamforth Cokeville Meadows Hutton Lake Mortenson Lake Pathfinder Seedskadee National Elk Refuge Jackson National Fish Hatchery National Recreation Areas : Bighorn Canyon Flaming Gorge ( USFS ) National Forests : Ashley Bighorn Bridger - Teton Medicine Bow - Routt Shoshone Caribou - Targhee National Grasslands : Thunder Basin Wilderness Areas : Absaroka - Beartooth Bridger Cloud Peak Encampment River Fitzpatrick Gros Ventre Huston Park Jedediah Smith North Absaroka Platte River Popo Agie Savage Run Teton Washakie Winegar Hole Wild and Scenic Rivers Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River Snake River State State Parks : Bear River Boysen Buffalo Bill Curt Gowdy Edness K. Wilkins Glendo Guernsey Hawk Springs Hot Springs Keyhole Seminoe Sinks Canyon State Historical Sites : Ames Monument Connor Battlefield Fort Bridger Fort Fetterman Fort Fred Steele Fort Phil Kearny Granger Stage Station Governors ' Mansion Independence Rock Legend Rock Medicine Lodge Names Hill Oregon Trail Ruts Piedmont Charcoal Kilns Point of Rocks Stage Station Register Cliff South Pass City Trail End Pioneer Memorial Museum Territorial Park County County Parks : Ayres Natural Bridge Wyoming Division of State Parks and Historic Sites ( web ) Protected areas of Montana Federal National Parks Glacier Yellowstone National Monuments Little Bighorn Battlefield Pompeys Pillar ( BLM ) Upper Missouri River Breaks ( BLM ) National Battlefield Big Hole National Historical Parks & Historic Sites Grant - Kohrs Ranch NHS Nez Perce NHP National Historic & Scenic Trails Lewis and Clark NHT Nez Perce NHT Continental Divide NST Pacific Northwest NST National Recreation Area Bighorn Canyon National Wildlife Refuges Benton Lake Black Coulee Bowdoin Charles M. Russell Creedman Coulee Hailstone Halfbreed Lake Hewitt Lake Lake Mason Lake Thibadeau Lamesteer Lee Metcalf Lost Trail Medicine Lake National Bison Range Ninepipe Pablo Red Rock Lakes Swan River UL Bend War Horse National Forests Beaverhead Bitterroot Custer Flathead Gallatin Helena Kootenai Lewis and Clark Lolo National Wilderness Absaroka - Beartooth Anaconda - Pintler Bear Trap Canyon Bob Marshall Cabinet Mountains Gates of the Mountains Great Bear Lee Metcalf Medicine Lake Mission Mountains Rattlesnake Red Rock Lakes Scapegoat Selway - Bitterroot UL Bend Welcome Creek National Wild & Scenic Rivers Flathead Missouri State State Parks Ackley Lake Anaconda Smoke Stack Bannack Beaverhead Rock Beavertail Hill Big Arm Black Sandy Brush Lake Chief Plenty Coups Clark 's Lookout Cooney Council Grove Elkhorn Finley First Peoples Buffalo Jump Fort Owen Frenchtown Pond Giant Springs Granite Ghost Town Greycliff Prairie Dog Town Hell Creek Lake Elmo Lake Mary Ronan Lewis and Clark Logan Lone Pine Lost Creek Madison Buffalo Jump Makoshika Medicine Rocks Missouri Headwaters Painted Rocks Parker Homestead Pictograph Cave Pirogue Island Placid Lake Rosebud Battlefield Salmon Lake Sluice Boxes Smith River Spring Meadow Lake Thompson Falls Tongue River Reservoir Tower Rock Travelers ' Rest Wayfarers West Shore Whitefish Lake Wild Horse Island Yellow Bay State Forests Clearwater Coal Creek Lincoln Lubrecht Experimental Forest Stillwater Sula Swan River Thompson River Wildlife Management Areas Amelia Island Aunt Molly Badlands Beartooth Beckman Big Lake Blackfoot - Clearwater Blackleaf Blue Eyed Nellie Bowdoin Buffalo Head Park Bull River Calf Creek Canyon Creek Canyon Ferry Dodson Creek Dodson Dam Dome Mountain Ear Mountain Elk Island F Island Flathead Lake Flathead River Fleecer Mountain Fox Lake Freezout Lake Fresno Reservoir Fresno Tailwater Gallatin Garrity Mountain Grant Marsh Gravelly - Blacktail Haymaker Hinsdale Horseshoe Lake Howard Valley Isaac Homestead Judith River Kootenai / Falls Kootenai / West Kootenai / Woods Ranch Lake Helena Lost Creek Lower Stillwater Lake Madison - Bear Creek Madison - Wall Creek Milk River Mount Haggin Mount Jumbo Mount Silcox Nevada Lake Ninepipe North Swan Valley CE Pablo Ray Kuhns Robb - Ledford Rookery Roundhom Sanders Seven Sisters Silver Gate Silver Run Smith River Sun River Swan Lake Thompson - Fisher CE Three Mile Threemile Vandalia War Dance Island Warm Springs Protected areas of Idaho Federal National Parks Yellowstone National Historic Sites & Historical Parks Minidoka NHS Nez Perce NHP National Monuments Craters of the Moon Hagerman Fossil Beds National Forests Bitterroot Boise Caribou - Targhee Clearwater Coeur d'Alene Idaho Panhandle Kaniksu Kootenai Nez Perce Payette Salmon - Challis Sawtooth St. Joe Wallowa -- Whitman Wasatch - Cache National Grasslands Curlew National Recreation Areas Hells Canyon Sawtooth National Wildlife Refuges Bear Lake Camas Deer Flat Grays Lake Kootenai Minidoka Oxford Slough Waterfowl Production Area National Conservation Areas Snake River Birds of Prey Wilderness Areas Big Jacks Creek Bruneau -- Jarbidge Rivers Craters of the Moon Frank Church -- River of No Return Gospel Hump Hells Canyon Hemingway -- Boulders Jim McClure -- Jerry Peak Little Jacks Creek North Fork Owyhee Owyhee River Pole Creek Sawtooth Selway - Bitterroot Cecil D. Andrus -- White Clouds National Wild and Scenic Rivers Battle Creek Big Jacks Creek Bruneau Bruneau ( West Fork ) Clearwater ( Middle Fork ) Cottonwood Creek Deep Creek Dickshooter Creek Duncan Creek Jarbidge Little Jacks Creek Lochsa Owyhee Owyhee ( North Fork ) Owyhee ( South Fork ) Rapid Red Canyon Saint Joe Salmon Salmon ( Middle Fork ) Selway Sheep Creek Snake Wickahoney Creek State State Parks Bear Lake Bruneau Dunes Castle Rocks City of Rocks Coeur d'Alene Parkway Dworshak Eagle Island Farragut Harriman Hells Gate Henrys Lake Heyburn Lake Cascade Lake Walcott Land of the Yankee Fork Lucky Peak Massacre Rocks McCroskey Old Mission Ponderosa Priest Lake Round Lake Thousand Springs Three Island Crossing Trail of the Coeur d'Alenes Winchester Lake Wildlife Management Areas Big Cottonwood Billingsley Creek Blackfoot River Boise River Boundary Creek Camas Prairie Centennial Marsh Carey Lake Cartier Slough Cecil D. Andrus C.J. Strike Coeur d'Alene River Craig Mountain Deer Parks Farragut Fort Boise Georgetown Summit Hagerman Market Lake McArthur Lake Montour Montpelier Mud Lake Niagara Springs Payette River Pend Oreille Portneuf Red River St. Maries Sand Creek Snow Peak Sterling Tex Creek Other Central Idaho Dark Sky Reserve Idaho Department of Parks & Recreation ( website ) National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Gateway Arch Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada State of Idaho Boise ( capital ) Topics Index Bibliography Geography Government Delegations Governors History Images People Symbols Tourist attractions Seal of Idaho Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Boise metropolitan area Cache Valley Central Idaho Columbia River Plateau Eastern Idaho Great Basin Inland Empire Magic Valley North Central Idaho Idaho Panhandle Palouse Southern Idaho Southwestern Idaho Treasure Valley Wasatch Range Wood River Valley Yellowstone Larger cities Boise Nampa Meridian Idaho Falls Pocatello Caldwell Coeur d'Alene Twin Falls Lewiston Post Falls Rexburg Moscow Eagle Smaller cities Kuna Ammon Chubbuck Mountain Home Hayden Blackfoot Garden City Jerome Burley Counties Ada Adams Bannock Bear Lake Benewah Bingham Blaine Boise Bonner Bonneville Boundary Butte Camas Canyon Caribou Cassia Clark Clearwater Custer Elmore Franklin Fremont Gem Gooding Idaho Jefferson Jerome Kootenai Latah Lemhi Lewis Lincoln Madison Minidoka Nez Perce Oneida Owyhee Payette Power Shoshone Teton Twin Falls Valley Washington State of Montana Helena ( capital ) Topics Index Congressional delegations Geography Government Governors History bibliography People Protected areas Sports State symbols Transportation Tourist attractions Seal of Montana Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics LGBT rights Regions Eastern Montana The Flathead Glacier National Park Regional designations of Montana Western Montana Yellowstone Largest cities Anaconda Belgrade Billings Bozeman Butte Columbia Falls Dillon Glendive Great Falls Hamilton Havre Helena Kalispell Laurel Lewistown Livingston Miles City Missoula Polson Sidney Whitefish Counties Beaverhead Big Horn Blaine Broadwater Carbon Carter Cascade Chouteau Custer Daniels Dawson Deer Lodge Fallon Fergus Flathead Gallatin Garfield Glacier Golden Valley Granite Hill Jefferson Judith Basin Lake Lewis and Clark Liberty Lincoln Madison McCone Meagher Mineral Missoula Musselshell Park Petroleum Phillips Pondera Powder River Powell Prairie Ravalli Richland Roosevelt Rosebud Sanders Sheridan Silver Bow Stillwater Sweet Grass Teton Toole Treasure Valley Wheatland Wibaux Yellowstone State of Wyoming Cheyenne ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Governors Delegations History People State symbols Radio stations Seal of Wyoming Society Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Black Hills Grand Teton Great Basin Powder River Country Red Desert Yellowstone Cities Buffalo Casper Cheyenne Cody Douglas Evanston Gillette Green River Jackson Lander Laramie Powell Rawlins Riverton Rock Springs Sheridan Torrington Worland Counties Albany Big Horn Campbell Carbon Converse Crook Fremont Goshen Hot Springs Johnson Laramie Lincoln Natrona Niobrara Park Platte Sheridan Sublette Sweetwater Teton Uinta Washakie Weston BNF : cb13338376q ( data ) GND : 4119196 - 1 ISNI : 0000 0001 2166 7865 NARA : 10046156 SUDOC : 03581523X VIAF : 137822900 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowstone_National_Park&oldid=848753426 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Yellowstone National Park National parks in Wyoming National parks in Montana National parks in Idaho National parks of the Rocky Mountains Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Regions of Wyoming History of the Rocky Mountains History of Wyoming Geysers of Wyoming Hot springs of Wyoming Hot springs of Teton County , Wyoming Landforms of Park County , Wyoming Landforms of Teton County , Wyoming Protected areas of Fremont County , Idaho Protected areas of Gallatin County , Montana Protected areas of Park County , Montana Protected areas of Park County , Wyoming Protected areas of Teton County , Wyoming Protected areas established in 1872 1872 establishments in the United States 1870s establishments in Wyoming Territory Civilian Conservation Corps in Wyoming Civilian Conservation Corps in Montana Civilian Conservation Corps in Idaho Biosphere reserves of the United States World Heritage Sites in the United States Yellowstone Caldera Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Hidatsa - language text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 71 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 02 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | yellowstone national park includes parts of idaho montana and | [
"Yellowstone National Park is an American national park located in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872.[4][5] Yellowstone was the first national park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world.[6] The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful geyser, one of its most popular features.[7] It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.\n"
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"Wyoming"
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-3721668937467204634 | Millie Bobby Brown | Millie Bobby Brown - wikipedia Millie Bobby Brown Jump to : navigation , search Millie Bobby Brown Brown at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con ( 2004 - 02 - 19 ) 19 February 2004 ( age 13 ) Marbella , Andalusia , Spain Nationality British Citizenship British Occupation Actress model Years active 2013 -- present Millie Bobby Brown ( born 19 February 2004 ) is an English actress and model . She rose to prominence for her role as Eleven in the Netflix science fiction drama series Stranger Things , for which she earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at age 13 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Films 3.2 Television 3.3 Music videos 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life Brown was born in Marbella , Andalusia , Spain , the third of four children of English parents Kelly and Robert Brown . The family moved to Bournemouth , Dorset , when Brown was around four years old , and then to Orlando , Florida , four years later . Brown resides in London and Atlanta , Georgia . Career In 2013 , Brown made her acting debut as a guest star in the ABC fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , a spin - off of Once Upon a Time , portraying the role of Young Alice . In 2014 , she had a starring role in the BBC America paranormal drama - thriller series Intruders as Madison O'Donnell . She then made guest appearances in the CBS police procedural drama NCIS , the ABC sitcom Modern Family , and the ABC medical drama series Grey 's Anatomy . In 2016 , Brown plays Eleven in the Netflix science fiction drama series Stranger Things . Her portrayal received critical acclaim and she was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series with her co-stars . In November 2016 , Brown starred in the music video for Sigma and Birdy 's single `` Find Me '' . Since November 2016 , she has appeared in commercial advertisements for Citigroup . In January 2017 , she made her modelling debut in Calvin Klein 's By Appointment campaign . The following month , she was signed to the agency IMG Models . Brown will make her feature film debut in the Godzilla sequel , Godzilla : King of the Monsters . Filmography Films Year Title Role Notes 2019 Godzilla : King of the Monsters Madison Russell Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 2013 Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Young Alice 2 episodes 2014 Intruders Madison O'Donnell Main role ; 8 episodes 2014 NCIS Rachel Barnes Episode : `` Parental Guidance Suggested '' 2015 Modern Family Lizzie Episode : `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' 2015 Grey 's Anatomy Ruby Episode : `` I Feel the Earth Move '' 2016 -- present Stranger Things Eleven / Jane Main role Music videos Year Title Artist Ref . 2016 `` Find Me '' Sigma featuring Birdy 2017 `` I Dare You '' The xx Awards and nominations Year Nominated work Award Result Ref . 2017 Stranger Things People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Won Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Actress Won Saturn Awards Best Younger Actor in a Television Series Won MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Actor in a Show Won Best Hero Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Star Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Supporting Actress Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Won Herself NME Awards Hero of the Year Nominated 2018 Stranger Things Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Pending Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Pending References Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` Meet ' Stranger Things ' Breakout Millie Bobby Brown , aka Lucky Number Eleven '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millie Bobby Brown - Full Panel / Q&A - SLCC 2016 '' . YouTube . 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Belloni , Matthew ( 4 October 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star 's Father Demands Cash From Agents to Represent Her ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` At 13 , ' Stranger Things ' star Millie Bobby Brown is an icon in the making '' . New York Post . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` How ' Stranger Things ' Star Millie Bobby Brown Made Eleven ' Iconic ' and Catapulted Into Pop Culture '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Simm and Mira Sorvino Start Filming BBC AMERICA 's Intruders as James Frain , Tory Kittles , and Millie Brown Join Cast '' . BBC Worldwide . 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( 4 November 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Citi Launches Digital Campaign To Spark a Nationwide Conversation About Money '' . Business Wire. 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Overdeep , Meghan ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Star Millie Bobby Brown Is Officially a Calvin Klein Model '' . InStyle . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Emily ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` Millie Bobby Brown Officially Signs with a Major Modeling Agency '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 27 January 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Breakout Millie Bobby Brown Set to Star in ' Godzilla ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( 3 November 2016 ) . `` Watch Stranger Things ' Millie Bobby Brown Star in Birdy and Sigma 's New Music Video ' Find Me ' '' . People . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Leigh ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Paris Jackson , Millie Bobby Brown Wear Calvin Klein for The xx New Music Video '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees Set '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joely ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . Fangoria. 7 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars among top winners 43rd Saturn Awards '' . Homemedia magazine . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . People . 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations for Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . 13 July 2017 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Daniel Montgomery , Chris Beachum , Marcus James ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards winners : ' Big Little Lies ' and ' SNL ' sweep , while ' Stranger Things ' takes Best Drama '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` Here 's the full list of VO5 NME Awards winners 2017 '' . NME . ^ Jump up to : http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/13/entertainment/sag-awards-nominations/index.html External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Millie Bobby Brown . Millie Bobby Brown on IMDb Millie Bobby Brown at Rotten Tomatoes Awards for Millie Bobby Brown Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Chandler Riggs ( 2013 ) Maisie Williams ( 2014 ) Chandler Riggs ( 2015 ) Millie Bobby Brown ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) VIAF : 53151050090433412004 LCCN : no2017143450 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millie_Bobby_Brown&oldid=819231116 '' Categories : 2004 births Living people People from Marbella English child actresses English female models English television actresses English emigrants to the United States 21st - century English actresses People from Bournemouth Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from September 2016 Use British English from September 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 06 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the girl who plays 11 in stranger things | [
"Millie Bobby Brown (born 19 February 2004) is an English actress and model. She rose to prominence for her role as Eleven in the Netflix science fiction drama series Stranger Things, for which she earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at age 13.[1]"
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"Millie Bobby Brown"
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-4405859606995716163 | Joseph Baptista | Joseph Baptista - wikipedia Joseph Baptista Jump to : navigation , search Joseph Baptista Mayor of Bombay In office 1925 -- 1926 Personal details ( 1864 - 03 - 17 ) 17 March 1864 Matharpacady , Mazagaon , Bombay 18 September 1930 ( aged 66 ) Bombay Resting place Sewri cemetery Citizenship Indian Nationality Indian Parents John Baptista Residence Bombay Education Barrister Alma mater University of Bombay University of Cambridge Occupation Engineer in the forest department Known for Mayor of Bombay Website kakabaptista.com Joseph `` Kaka '' Baptista ( 17 March 1864 -- 1930 ) was an Indian politician and activist from Bombay ( today known as Mumbai ) , closely associated with the Lokmanya Tilak and the Home Rule Movement . He is credited with the coining of the popular phrase `` Swaraj is my Birthright and I shall have it '' . He was elected as the Mayor of Bombay in 1925 . He was given the title Kaka that means `` uncle '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Political activism 3 Death 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Joseph Baptista was born on 17 March 1864 in Matharpacady in Mazagaon , Bombay . His father , John Baptista hailed from Uttan , near Bassein ( now Vasai ) . The Baptistas belonged to the East Indian ethnic community , who were converted to Roman Catholicism during Portuguese rule between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries . He completed his early education from St. Mary 's School , Mumbai . He then joined the College of Engineering in Pune and later pursued a BA degree in Political Science from the Fitzwilliam College , Cambridge . During this period , he first met Bal Gangadhar Tilak . Political activism ( edit ) In 1901 , Baptista joined the Bombay Municipal Corporation , and would be a part of the BMC for the next 17 years . Influenced by the Irish Home Rule movement , Baptista 's ideas on an Indian version took root . His ideas deeply influenced Tilak and the two became close associates . He assisted Tilak by launching the Sarvajanik Ganpati ( public Ganpati celebrations ) to raise nationalistic feelings . In addition , Baptista coined the phrase `` Swaraj is my Birthright '' , that was later made popular by Tilak . In 1916 , along with Tilak , Annie Besant founded the Home Rule Movement , with Baptista opening the Belgaum unit . He was also the legal advisor to Lokmanya Tilak . Later he interviewed British Prime Minister David Lloyd George for the British government 's views on the Home Rule . In the interview , Baptista gained the impression `` that the Cabinet had decided to give India the fullest possible measure of Home Rule without delay . '' Baptista was also a practising barrister at the Bombay High Court . One of his most high - profile clients was Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , where he demanded an open trial to assure the dignity of fundamental rights . In 1920 , founded the All India Trade Union Congress ( AITUC ) . As a labour leader he took up the cause of mill workers and postmen and other blue collar workers . Although religious , he refused to mix politics and religion refusing to have separate religion - based electorates . I thoroughly disapprove of separate electorate for Indian Christians in water - tight compartments In 1925 , Baptista was elected as the Mayor of the Bombay Municipal Corporation , a post that he occupied for a year . Death ( edit ) Baptista died in 1930 and is buried in the Sewri cemetery . The Mazagon Gardens , site of the demolished Mazagaon Fort , near Dockyard Road station is named after him . On 12 October 2008 , his tomb at Sewri cemetery was restored with the funds of local MLC Kapil Patil . The ceremony was attended by members of the Bombay Catholic Sabha and Shikshak Bharati , a teacher 's organisation . In 1999 , a book on Baptista titled Joseph Baptista : The father of Home Rule in India was released by KR Shirsat at Lalbaug in Mumbai . Through the book , the author hoped that Baptista would be a role model for modern - day youths . See also ( edit ) Home Rule Movement Joseph Baptista Gardens Further reading ( edit ) Shirsat , Shirsat ( 1974 ) . Kaka Joseph Baptista : Father of Home Rule Movement in India . Popular Prakashan . p. 179 . Shirsat , K.R. Joseph Baptista : The Father of Home Rule in India . 1999 . Shirsat , K.R. Speeches and Writings of Kaka Joseph Baptista on the Labour Movement of India . 2000 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kaka Baptista '' . East Indian Community . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baptista , Joseph ( BPTT895J ) '' . A Cambridge Alumni Database . University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ Deshpande , Swati ( 22 December 2007 ) . `` 77,000 judges needed to clear backlog : CJI '' . Times of India . Times Group . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Turner , John ( 1990 ) . Lloyd George 's Secretariat . CUP Archive . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22370 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Christian leaders tombs at Sewri restored '' . Times of India . Times Group . 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Book on Kaka Baptista released '' . Indian Express . Express Group . 21 May 1999 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . External links ( edit ) Official website East Indians LCCN : n89287517 VIAF : 1610105 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Baptista&oldid=812875961 '' Categories : Mayors of Mumbai 19th - century Indian engineers 19th - century Indian lawyers 1864 births 1930 deaths University of Mumbai alumni Trade unionists from Maharashtra Alumni of Fitzwilliam College , Cambridge Indian independence activists from Maharashtra Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India 20th - century Indian engineers 20th - century Indian lawyers Politicians from Mumbai Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 11 : 31 . About Wikipedia | who coined the term swaraj is my birthright | [
"Joseph \"Kaka\" Baptista (17 March 1864 – 1930) was an Indian politician and activist from Bombay (today known as Mumbai), closely associated with the Lokmanya Tilak and the Home Rule Movement. He is credited with the coining of the popular phrase \"Swaraj is my Birthright and I shall have it\".[1] He was elected as the Mayor of Bombay in 1925. He was given the title Kaka that means \"uncle\"."
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"Joseph \"Kaka\" Baptista"
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4628157630763001418 | How Far I'll Go | How Far I 'll Go - wikipedia How Far I 'll Go Jump to : navigation , search `` How Far I 'll Go '' is a song from Disney 's 2016 animated feature film Moana . It was written and produced by Lin - Manuel Miranda . The song was performed in the film by American actress and singer Auli'i Cravalho in her role as Moana . Canadian singer Alessia Cara also recorded the song for the Moana soundtrack . The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 89th Academy Awards and Best Original Song at the 74th Golden Globe Awards but lost both to `` City of Stars '' from La La Land . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Auli'i Cravalho version 2.1 Music video 2.2 Other languages 2.3 Charts 2.4 Certifications 2.4. 1 Alessia Cara version 2.4. 1.1 Blue Days version 2.5 Critical reception 2.6 Music video 2.7 Other languages 2.8 Charts 2.9 Certifications 3 Accolades 4 References Composition ( edit ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' was composed as Moana 's `` I Want '' song , following in the long tradition of `` I Want '' songs in Disney animated musicals going back to the Disney Renaissance era . It replaced an earlier attempt called `` More '' , for which the demo version recorded by Marcy Harriell was released as an outtake on the deluxe version of the soundtrack album . Although Miranda has stressed that he is still `` very proud of '' the song as a first draft , `` More '' was not good enough in retrospect because it merely expressed Moana 's vague desire to see more since she had already figured out everything about the island . In contrast , `` How Far I 'll Go '' expresses a deeper , richer message : Moana 's struggle with the irresistible impulse to explore beyond the reef notwithstanding her genuine love for her island , her family , and her people . As Miranda explained to People : `` To me that 's much more complicated than , ' I hate it here and I want to get out , ' ... To say , ' I love it here , I love my parents , but why ca n't I stop walking to the ocean and fantasizing about getting out of here ? ' And questioning that instinct ? It 's even more confusing . And that 's a valid story too . '' To make himself write a song more compelling than `` More '' , Miranda `` went method '' . According to Miranda , he locked himself in his childhood bedroom at his parents ' residence for an entire weekend in order to force his mind back to age 16 ( i.e. , the same age as Moana in the film ) , a time when he was facing what seemed like an `` impossible distance '' between the reality of his pleasant middle - class childhood which had no connection to show business whatsoever , and his dreams of a career in show business . He was well aware that he was composing the next Disney `` I Want '' song after `` Let It Go '' and that whatever he wrote had to be different from `` Let It Go '' . Auli'i Cravalho version ( edit ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' Song by Auli'i Cravalho from the album Moana Format Digital download Genre Soul . Disney Length 2 : 43 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Lin - Manuel Miranda Producer ( s ) Miranda Moana track listing `` Where You Are '' ( 3 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 4 ) `` We Know the Way '' ( 5 ) American actress and singer Auli'i Cravalho , the voice of Moana , recorded `` How Far I 'll Go '' for Moana and the Moana soundtrack . It was released along with the album on November 18 , 2016 . Music video ( edit ) A music video for the song was released on December 12 , 2016 . Other languages ( edit ) When the movie had its first theater release worldwide , the song numbered 44 versions , including a special Tahitian - language adaptation created specifically for the movie . For promotional purposes , South African singer Lira and Filipino singer and actress Janella Salvador recorded their own English - language versions of the song in order to play them over the end credits on the South African and Filipino release of the film , while Indonesian singer Maudy Ayunda and Malaysian singer Ayda Jebat recorded their own versions of the song respectively in Indonesian and Malaysian language . On December 15 , a 5 - languages mash - up was released online , featuring singers from Southeast Asian countries : Janella Salvador from the Philippines , Maudy Ayunda from Indonesia , Myra Molloy from Thailand , Ayda Jebat from Malaysia and Trần Minh Như from Vietnam . Shortly thereafter , a 24 - languages video was released on Disney 's Vevo channel . In June 2017 , a Māori - language version of the movie , featuring four voice - actors from the original English cast , was announced . Three weeks later , New Zealander Jaedyn Randell was introduced as Moana 's singing voice . The movie is set to be released in September 2017 . ( show ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' worldwide Language Performer Title Translation Arabic كارمن عصام سليمان ( Carmen Essam Suleiman ) `` المجهول يناديني '' ( `` Almajhul inadini '' ) `` The unknown calls me '' Brazilian Portuguese Any Gabrielly `` Saber quem sou '' `` To know who I am '' Bulgarian Михаела Маринова ( Mihaela Marinova ) `` По пътя мой '' ( `` Po pŭtya moĭ '' ) `` On my way '' Cantonese 蘇麗珊 ( `` So Lai Shan '' ; Cecilia So ) ( zh ) `` 尋 我 的 路 '' ( `` Chàhm ngóh dīk louh '' ) `` Find my own path '' Castilian Spanish María Parrado `` Qué hay más allá '' `` What 's beyond '' Catalan Ana Fernández Pellicer `` On aniré '' `` Where I will go '' Croatian Mia Negovetić `` Što dalje '' `` What 's further away '' Czech Michaela Tomešová ( cs ) `` Co je tam dál '' `` What 's next '' Danish Clara Rugaard - Larsen `` Hvor langt min verden når '' `` How far my world reaches '' Dutch Vajèn van den Bosch ( nl ) `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' English Auli'i Cravalho Janella Salvador ( Philippines end credits ) Lira ( South Africa end credits ) `` How far I 'll go '' Estonian Kelly Tulvik `` Kui kaugel see '' `` How far it is '' European Portuguese Sara Madeira `` Onde irei ter '' `` Where I will get to '' Finnish Yasmine Yamajako `` Taivaanrantaan '' `` Into the horizon '' Flemish Laura Tesoro `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' French Cerise Calixte `` Le bleu lumière '' `` The gleam - blue '' German Debby Van Dooren `` Ich bin bereit '' `` I am ready '' Greek Μαρίνα Σάττι ( Marína Sátti ) ( el ) `` Αν θα την βρω '' ( `` An tha tin vro '' ) `` If I 'll find it '' Hebrew משי קלינשטיין ( Meshi Kleinstein ) ( he ) `` כמה רחוק '' ( `` Kama rachok '' ) `` How far '' Hindi श्रुति राणे ( Shruti Rane ) `` मंजिल हैं जो '' ( `` Manzil hai jo '' ) `` Where my destination is '' Hungarian Faluvégi Fanni `` Ahogy csillan a távoli fény '' `` How the distant shine gleams '' Icelandic Agla Bríet Einarsdóttir `` Hve langt ég fer '' `` How far I 'll go '' Indonesian ( Indonesia credits ) Maudy Ayunda `` Seberapa jauh ku melangkah '' `` How far I step '' Italian Chiara Grispo `` Oltre l'orizzonte '' `` Beyond the horizon '' Japanese 屋比久 知 奈 ( Tomona Yabiku ) `` どこまでも '' ( `` Doko made mo '' ) `` To the ends of the earth '' Kazakh Назерке Серікболова ( Nazerke Serikbolova ) `` Бірақ қайда барам '' ( `` Biraq qayda baram '' ) `` Where do I go '' Korean 김소향 ( Kim So - Hyang ) `` 나 언젠간 떠날 거야 '' ( `` Na ŏnjen - gan ttŏnal gŏya '' ) `` When will I leave '' Latin American Spanish Sara Paula Gómez Arias `` Cuán lejos voy '' `` How far I go '' Latvian Vanda Siliņa `` Cik tālu došos es '' `` How far do I go '' Lithuanian Dorotėja Kravčenkaitė `` Plauksiu iš čia '' `` I 'll sail from here '' Malaysian ( Malaysia credits ) Ayda Jebat `` Bawaku berkelana '' `` Take me wander '' Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 刘美麟 ( Liú Měi - Lín ) ( zh ) `` 能 走 多 远 '' ( `` Néng zǒu duō yuǎn '' ) `` How far I 'll go '' Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 吳 以 悠 ( `` Wú Yǐ - Yōu '' ; Monica Wu ) `` 海洋 之 心 '' ( `` Hǎiyáng zhī xīn '' ) `` The heart of the sea '' Māori Jaedyn Randell TBA TBA Norwegian Nora Gjestvang `` Hvor langt jeg må '' `` How far I need '' Polish Weronika Bochat `` Pół kroku stąd '' `` Half a step away '' Romanian Ana Bianca Popescu `` E viața mea '' `` It 's my life '' Russian Зинаида Куприянович ( Zinaida Kupriyanovich ) ( ru ) `` Что меня ждёт '' ( `` Chto menya zhdyot '' ) `` What awaits me '' Serbian Ивона Рамбосек ( Ivona Rambosek ) ( sr ) `` Пучине зов '' ( `` Pučine zov '' ) `` Call of the high seas '' Slovak Monika Potokárová `` Svet plný krás , naozaj mám '' `` This beautiful world is truly mine '' Slovene Katja Ajster `` Do kod naj grem '' `` Where should I go '' Swedish Wiktoria Johansson `` Vad jag kan nå '' `` What I can reach '' Tahitian Sabrina Laughlin `` E fano ai au '' `` I will go '' Thai ไม ร่า มณี ภัสสร มอ ล ลอย ( Myra Molloy ) `` ห่าง เพียง ใด '' ( `` Hang - phiang - dai '' ) `` How far is it '' Turkish Ezgi Erol `` Uzaklara '' `` To far off places '' Ukrainian Маргарита Мелешко ( Margarita Maleshko ) `` Ця далина така ясна '' ( `` Tsya dalyna taka yasna '' ) `` This expance is so bright '' Vietnamese Trần Minh Như `` Chặng đường bao xa '' `` How far the way is '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 49 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 New Zealand Heatseekers ( Recorded Music NZ ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 100 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 US Billboard Hot 100 41 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Alessia Cara version ( edit ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' Single by Alessia Cara from the album Moana Released October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) Format Digital download Genre Synthpop tropical house Length 2 : 55 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Lin - Manuel Miranda Producer ( s ) Miranda Alessia Cara singles chronology `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( 2016 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Stay '' ( 2017 ) `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( 2016 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Stay '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` How Far I 'll Go '' on YouTube Canadian singer and songwriter Alessia Cara recorded `` How Far I 'll Go '' for the Moana soundtrack , with the song being released ahead of the soundtrack on October 28 , 2016 . Blue Days version ( edit ) Canadian singers Innes Reid and Eileen Nash ( Blue Days ) recorded this soundtrack July 9 , 2017 Critical reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos called the song `` inspirational and sweet '' and went on to say `` the uplifting song is a perfect fit into the Disney canon , with Cara belting lyrics about persevering to achieve her dreams in spite of her imperfections or detractors . '' US magazine Rap - Up said `` the empowering anthem allows the Canadian songstress to deliver outstanding vocals about overcoming adversity to reach for goals '' and labeled it `` a song with a message '' and an `` emotionally - charged track . '' Taylor Weatherby of Billboard dubbed it a `` bouncy , uplifting tune . '' Idolator 's Mike Wass said `` the inspiring anthem is the perfect antidote to the general ugliness of 2016 '' and called it `` a soaring ballad . '' Music video ( edit ) The official music video for the song , directed by Aya Tanimura , was released on November 3 , 2016 . Derek Lawrence of Entertainment Weekly described the video : `` The video finds Cara roaming an empty beach as she belts out lyrics that reflect the film 's plot about a young Polynesian girl setting sail for an epic adventure . '' The video was filmed at El Matador Beach in Malibu , California . Other languages ( edit ) In many versions of Moana , Alessia Cara 's version of the song played during the end credits . However , several localized adaptations of Cara 's version of the song were recorded for the end credits of the film as released in certain markets around the world . Vajèn van den Bosch ( nl ) ( Dutch ) , Laura Tesoro ( Flemish ) and Cerise Calixte ( French ) sang the song both for the end credits and the movie . ( hide ) `` How far I 'll go '' end credits version worldwide Language Performer Title Translation Dutch Vajèn van den Bosch ( nl ) `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' English Alessia Cara `` How Far I 'll Go '' Flemish Laura Tesoro `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' French Cerise Calixte `` Le bleu lumière '' `` The gleam - blue '' German Helene Fischer `` Ich bin bereit '' `` I am ready '' Japanese 加藤 ミリヤ ( Miliyah Kato ) `` どこまでも '' ( `` Doko made mo '' ) `` To the ends of the earth '' Kazakh Гулсим Мырзабекова ( Gulsim Myrzabekova ) `` Бірақ қайда барам '' ( `` Biraq qayda daram '' ) `` Where do I go '' Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 吉克 隽 逸 ( `` Jike Junyì '' ; Summer Jike ) ( zh ) `` 海洋 之 心 '' ( `` Hǎiyáng zhī xīn '' ) `` The heart of the sea '' Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 阿 玲 ( `` Ā Líng '' ; A-Lin ) Polish Natalia Nykiel `` Pół kroku stąd '' `` Half a step away '' Russian Юлианна Караулова ( Yulianna Karaulova ) `` Ceрдцe мoё '' ( `` Syerdtse moyo '' ) `` My heart '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 58 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 19 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 46 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 29 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 53 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 Italy ( FIMI ) 51 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 67 Malaysia ( RIM ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 79 Portugal ( AFP ) 40 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 80 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 36 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 66 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 49 US Billboard Hot 100 56 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Moana ( 2016 film ) Awards Award Result Ref . Academy Awards Best Original Song Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Houston Film Critics Society Best Original Song St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Song References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Taylor Weatherby ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's ' How Far I 'll Go , ' Written By Lin - Manuel Miranda for Disney 's Upcoming Film ' Moana ' : Listen - Billboard '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gagliano , Rico ; Miranda , Lin - Manuel ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda on ' I Want ' Songs , Going Method for ' Moana ' and Fearing David Bowie '' ( Transcript ) . The Dinner Party Download . American Public Radio . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Dave ( 24 February 2017 ) . `` How Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Oscar - Nominated Moana Track Evolved into Disney 's Most Unique Ballad '' . People . New York : Time Inc . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Auli'i Cravalho - How Far I 'll Go ( From ' Moana ' ) - YouTube '' . YouTube . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Moana ' to be First Disney Film Translated Into Tahitian Language '' . EW.com. 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ El Broide , `` Lira Lends Her Voice To Disney 's Moana Soundtrack '' , People , November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios Philippines ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) , Disney 's Moana - MV teaser - Janella Salvador , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 Jump up ^ Walt Disney Indonesia ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) , Disney 's Moana : Maudy Ayunda - Seb'rapa Jauh Ku Melangkah / How Far I 'll Go , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios , Malaysia ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) , Disney 's Moana `` How Far I 'll Go '' - Ayda Jebat , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 Jump up ^ Walt Disney Thailand ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) , มิวสิค วิดีโอ Moana - How Far I 'll Go ( Mash up ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ DisneyMusicVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) , Various Artists - How Far I 'll Go - Heard Around the World ( 24 Languages ) ( From `` Moana '' ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ Speak Māori ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) , Te Reo Māori Moana Casting , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 Jump up ^ disney portuguêsfrançais ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) , Meet the Maori Voices of Moana and Maui , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 Jump up ^ `` Moana '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Auli'i Cravalho -- How Far I 'll Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Auli'i Cravalho - Chart history ( Billboard Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 04 - 14 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 08 - 11 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Auli'i Cravalho - Chart history ( Billboard Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Auli'i Cravalho '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Enter Auli'i Cravalho in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Auli'i Cravalho '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Francesca Bacardi ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's How Far I 'll Go From Moana Is Your New Anthem - E ! News '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brittany Spanos ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Hear Alessia Cara 's Lin - Manuel Miranda - Penned ' How Far I 'll Go ' - Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Alessia Cara - ' How Far I 'll Go ' - Rap - Up '' . Rap - Up . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Wass ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's ' How Far I 'll Go ' Video - Idolator '' . Idolator . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara - How Far I 'll Go ( Official Video ) - YouTube '' . YouTube . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Derek Lawrence ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara debuts beauty music video for ' Moana ' song ' How Far I 'll Go ' - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Black Dog ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Aya Tanimura directs Alessia Cara in `` How Far I 'll Go '' , music video to accompany Disney 's Moana `` . Black Dog Films . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vaiana ( Originele Nederlandstalige Soundtrack ) ' van Various Artists op Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Moana / Flemish cast '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ disneymusicfrVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) , Cerise Calixte - Le bleu lumière ( Interprétée par Cerise Calixte ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ disneymusicdeVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) , Helene Fischer - Ich bin bereit ( aus `` Vaiana '' / Helene Fischer Version ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ `` YESASIA : Moana Original Soundtrack ( Japanese Version ) ( Japan Version ) CD - Japan Animation Soundtrack , Movie Soundtrack - Japanese Music - Free Shipping '' . www.yesasia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` How Far I 'll Go ( From `` Moana '' ) ( Kazakh Version ) - Single by Gulsim Myrzabekova on Apple Music `` . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Moana ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Deluxe Edition ) on Apple Music '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . 海洋 之 心 ( 吉克 雋 逸 版 ) - Summer Jike Jump up ^ ku6entertainment ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) , 《 海洋 奇 缘 》 中文 主题 曲 《 海洋 之 心 》 全 长 MV , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Moana ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Deluxe Edition ) on Apple Music '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . 海洋 之 心 ( A-Lin Version ) Jump up ^ 迪士尼 影 業 ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ) , 《 海洋 奇 緣 》 中文 版 主題 曲 - A-Lin 〈 海洋 之 心 〉 Official Music Video , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ DisneyPolskaVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) , Natalia Nykiel - Pól kroku stad ( z filmu `` Vaiana - Skarb Oceanu '' / Official Lyric Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ `` '' Моана ( Оригинальный саундтрек ) '' ( Разные Артисты ) в Apple Music `` . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201703 into search . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 13 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- How Far I 'll Go '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 8 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 7 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 03 - 03 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201709 into search . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 01 - 20 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Type ' in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select ' and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications '' . British Phonographic Industry . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Alessia Cara '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Guardian Film ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscar nominations 2017 : the full list '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice Awards . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations 2017 : Full List of Nominees - Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clayton Davis ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominations - ' The Nice Guys ' and Rebecca Hall Get a Deserved Boost - AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis '' . AwardsCircuit . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annual StLFCA Awards - St. Louis Film Critics Association '' . St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Alessia Cara Discography Studio albums Know - It - All EPs Four Pink Walls Singles `` Here '' `` Wild Things '' `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' `` Seventeen '' `` How Far I 'll Go '' `` Stay '' Featured singles `` Wild '' `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' `` I Can Only '' `` Remember Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Far_I%27ll_Go&oldid=801082082 '' Categories : 2016 songs Alessia Cara songs Songs from animated films Disney songs 2016 singles Walt Disney Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Interlanguage link template link number Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 15 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings how far i'll go in moana at the end | [
"\"How Far I'll Go\" is a song from Disney's 2016 animated feature film Moana. It was written and produced by Lin-Manuel Miranda.[1] The song was performed in the film by American actress and singer Auli'i Cravalho in her role as Moana. Canadian singer Alessia Cara also recorded the song for the Moana soundtrack. The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 89th Academy Awards and Best Original Song at the 74th Golden Globe Awards but lost both to \"City of Stars\" from La La Land."
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"Auli'i Cravalho"
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-8656514837015855525 | List of Yona of the Dawn volumes | List of Yona of the Dawn volumes - wikipedia List of Yona of the Dawn volumes Jump to : navigation , search The cover of the first volume of Yona of the Dawn . The Japanese manga series Yona of the Dawn is written and illustrated by Mizuho Kusanagi . Kusanagi began serializing the manga in Hakusensha 's Hana to Yume shōjo manga magazine on August 4 , 2009 . The story follows Yona , a princess of the fictional kingdom of Kouka . She is forced to go on the run with her friend and bodyguard Son Hak when her childhood friend Soo - won murders her father and takes the throne . Viz Media announced their license to the series during their panel at New York Comic Con on October 9 , 2015 , along with their plans to publish the first volume in summer 2016 . An original anime DVD adapting two bonus chapters from the twelfth volume was included in a limited edition of the manga 's nineteenth volume on September 18 , 2015 . Two more OADs will be included with the twenty - first and twenty second volumes of the manga on August 19 , 2016 , and December 20 , 2016 , respectively . Hakusensha published the first tankōbon volume on January 19 , 2010 , and since then a total of twenty volumes have been released . Viz Media will publish the first volume in North America on August 2 , 2016 . Volumes ( edit ) No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN January 19 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19081 - 3 August 2 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 8781 - 3 `` Princess Yona '' ( 皇女 ヨナ , Ōjo Yona ) `` Shattered Bonds '' ( ちぎれ た 絆 , Chigireta Kizuna ) `` Hidden Strength '' ( う しろ 手 の 強 さ , Ushirode no Tsuyosa ) `` Distant Skies '' ( 遠い 空 , Tōi Sora ) `` Just Breathing '' ( ただ 息 を し て いる だけ , Tada Iki o Shiteiru Dake ) May 19 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19082 - 0 October 4 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 8783 - 7 `` The Wind Tribe '' ( 風 の 部族 , Kaze no Buzoku ) `` The Spear in My Heart '' ( 心 に おさめ た 槍 , Kokoro ni Osameta Yari ) `` It 's My Decision '' ( 自分 で 決め た , Jibun de Kimeta ) `` Roar '' ( 咆哮 , Hōkō ) `` Crimson Hair '' ( 紅い 髪 , Akai Kami ) `` Accession of the New King '' ( 新 王 即位 , Shin Ō Sokui ) September 17 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19083 - 7 December 6 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 8784 - 4 `` The Valley That the Voice of God Calls '' ( 神 の 声 が 呼ぶ 谷 , Kami no Koe ga Yobu Tani ) `` Fate '' ( 天命 , Tenmei ) `` The Chosen Door '' ( 選ん だ 扉 , Eranda Tobira ) `` Wavering Determination '' ( ふるえる 覚悟 , Furueru Kakugo ) `` The Hidden Village of the Dragon '' ( 龍 の 隠れ里 , Ryū no Kakurezato ) `` At Long Last '' ( 待望 , Taibō ) January 19 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19084 - 4 February 7 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 8785 - 1 `` The Dragon 's Claws '' ( 龍 の 爪 , Ryū no Tsume ) `` This Way and That '' ( あちら へ こちら へ , Achira e Kochira e ) `` The Tunnel Dwellers '' ( あ なぐら の 民 , Anagura no Tami ) `` The Blindfolded Dragon '' ( 目隠し の 龍 , Mekakushi no Ryū ) `` Calling to Each Other '' ( 呼び あう , Yobiau ) `` Echoes of Fear '' ( 反響 する 恐怖 , Hankyō Suru Kyōfu ) May 19 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19085 - 1 April 4 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 8786 - 8 `` Light '' ( 光 , Hikari ) `` A Name is Given '' ( 呼び名 , Yobina ) `` To a New Land '' ( 新た な 地 へ , Arata na Chi e ) `` The Third Dragon '' ( 三 人目 の 龍 , Sanninme no Ryū ) `` Pirates of Awa '' ( 阿波 の 海賊 , Awa no Kaizoku ) `` Ties '' ( 縁 , Enishi ) 6 September 20 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19086 - 8 June 6 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1421587875 `` Negotiation '' ( 交渉 , Kōshō ) `` The Senju Herb Test '' ( 千 樹 草 の 試し , Senjusō no Tameshi ) `` Connection '' ( 繋がり , Tsunagari ) `` Preparing for War '' ( 戦 支度 , Ikusajitaku ) `` Chain of Courage '' ( 勇気 の 連鎖 , Yūki no Rensa ) `` Sweet - Scented Cargo '' ( 馨 しい 積荷 , Kaguwashii Tsumini ) 7 November 18 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19087 - 5 August 1 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1421587882 `` A Spark of Light '' ( 火花 , Hibana ) `` History Is Made at Night '' ( 歴史 は 夜 作 られる , Rekishi wa Yoru Tsukurareru ) `` The Night of the Banquet '' ( 宴 の 夜 に , Utage no Yoru ni ) `` The Menacing Clouds of Dawn '' ( 曉 雲 は 暗く , Gyōun wa Kuraku ) `` The Morning of the Vow '' ( 誓い の 朝 , Chikai no Asa ) `` Dragon , Human or Both ? '' ( 龍 で あり 人 で あり , Ryū deari Hito deari ) 8 March 19 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19088 - 2 October 3 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1421587899 `` All Together '' ( 皆さん おそろいで , Minasan Osoroi de ) `` From Here On '' ( これから , Kore Kara ) `` People 's Expectations '' ( それぞれ の 思惑 , Sorezore no Omowaku ) `` War Games '' ( 戦 ごっこ , Ikusa Gokko ) `` Paving the Way '' ( 地ならし , Jinarashi ) `` A Welcome Rain '' ( 甘 雨 , Kan'u ) 9 July 20 , 2012 ( regular edition ) July 20 , 2012 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19089 - 9 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 10551 - 0 -- -- Warumedachi ( 悪 目立ち ) Ankoku Ryū to Yukai na Haraheritachi ( 暗黒 龍 と ゆ かいな 腹 ヘリ 達 ) Kaihō ( 解放 ) Bōga no Sakai ( 忘我 の 境 ) Migi ni Tasshitsu ( 右 に 立っ 失 ) Yukitagari no Tejun - sama ( 逝き た がり の テジュン 様 ) 10 December 20 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19090 - 5 -- -- Maboroshi de Shiyou ka ( 幻 で しよう か ) Yume no Yō de ( 夢 の よう で ) Hi de Hi wa Kienu ( 火 で 火 は 消え ぬ ) Hito wa Shiranai Koto wa Kangaerarenai ( 人 は 知ら ない こと は 考え られ ない ) Ikuji to Yowamushi ( 意気地 と 弱虫 ) Anata wa Watashi no Inori ( あなた は 私 の 祈り ) 11 April 19 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19691 - 4 -- -- Wakaba Kaze Zenpen ( 若葉 風 前編 ) Wakaba Kaze Kōhen ( 若葉 風 後編 ) Sono Yaiba ga Todoku Mae ni ( その 刃 が 届く 前 に ) Yureru Dōchū ( ゆれる 道中 ) Kai Teikoku Senshū Senri - mura ( 戒 帝国 千 州 千里 村 ) Kachin no Matsuri Hajimaru ( 火 鎮 の 祭 始まる ) 12 August 20 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19692 - 1 -- -- Hi no Nai Tokoro ni Kemuri wa Tatanu ( 火 の 無い 所 に 煙 は 立た ぬ ) Hinote ( 火の手 ) Hi no Mamoritetachi ( 火 の 守り 手 たち ) Taika no Kizashi ( 大火 の 兆し ) Makka na Mōshū ( 真赤 な 妄執 ) Sono Sei ni wa ( その 背 に は ) Kijiya ( キジヤ ) 13 December 20 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19693 - 8 -- -- Ama no Saihai ( 天 の 采配 ) Michibiku Mono ( 導く 者 ) Kōya de Ō no Yume o Mita ( 荒野 で 王 の 夢 を 見 た ) Kimi no Kutsuato ni Saku Hana ( きみ の 靴 跡 に 咲く 花 ) Mittsu no Jōken ( 三 つの 条件 ) Nagaremono no Ichiba ( 流れ 者 の 市場 ) Raijū ( 雷獣 ) 14 April 18 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19694 - 5 -- -- Kirisame ni Shizumu Machi ( 霧雨 に 沈む 町 ) Shisen o Mushibamu Nadai ( 四 ( シ ) 泉 ( セン ) を 蝕む ナダイ ) Tada Miteiru Dake ( ただ 見 て いる だけ ) Kachū ( 渦中 ) Soko no Mienai Uzu ( 底 の 見え ない 渦 ) Sono Tsurugi ni Fukutsu o Chikau ( その 剣 に 不屈 を 誓う ) 15 September 19 , 2014 ( regular edition ) September 19 , 2014 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19695 - 2 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 10556 - 5 -- -- The Sound of Invisible Tears ( 見え ない 涙 の 音 が する ) Koko de o Wakare ( ここ で お 別れ ) Sensui e ( 仙水 へ ) Deai wa Hito o Tsukuru ( 出会い は 人 を 創る ) Tsuigeki ( 追撃 ) Sono Hitomi wa Onaji Umi no Iro ( その 瞳 は 同じ 海 の 色 ) 16 December 19 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19696 - 9 -- -- Kao no Mienai Mikata ( 顔 の 見え ない 味方 ) Ikari no Hokosaki wa ( 怒り の 矛先 は ) Kare wa Totemo Taisetsu na Yūjin datta ( 彼 は とても 大切 な 友人 だっ た ) Sora ni Ano Egao o Sagasu ( 空 に あの 笑顔 を さがす ) Dōka Ki o Tsukete ( どうか 気 を つけ て ) Jidai wa Tomaranai ( 時代 は 止まら ない ) 17 March 20 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19697 - 6 -- -- Takoku no Shōnen ( 他国 の 少年 ) Kurokumo ( 黒雲 ) Kotae o Sagashite Tabi o Suru ( 答え を 探し て 旅 を する ) Nigero ( 逃げろ ) Tatakai ga Owaranai ( 闘い が 終わら ない ) Tobe ( 飛べ ) 18 June 19 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19698 - 3 -- -- Kizutsukanai Karada ( 傷つか ない 体 ) Hajimari no Ryū ( はじまり の 龍 ) Kamisama no Kodomotachi ( 神さま の 子供 たち ) Wagakimi Nemurite ( 我 が 君 眠り て ) Doko ni mo Tsukanai Kobune ( どこに も 着 かない 小舟 ) Akai Hoshi ga Noboru ( あかい 星 が 昇る ) Fuyuki na Ten wa Owabi Itashimasu ( 不 行き な 点 は お詫び 致し ます ) 19 September 18 , 2015 ( regular edition ) September 18 , 2015 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19699 - 0 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 10512 - 1 -- -- Aokunaru Mori Zenpen ( 青く なる 森 前編 ) Aokunaru Mori Chūhen ( 青く なる 森 中 編 ) Aokunaru Mori Kōhen ( 青く なる 森 後編 ) Meguri Megutte ( めぐり めぐっ て ) Chiisana Okurimono ( 小さな 贈り物 ) Hito ga Kieru Machi ( 人 が 消える 町 ) Kyō wa Oyasumi ( 今日 は おやすみ ) 20 March 18 , 2016 ( regular edition ) March 18 , 2016 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 21510 - 3 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 21802 - 9 -- -- Yoseatsume no Toride ( 寄せ 集め の 砦 ) Tatakae ( 闘え ) Itsuka Ieru Darō ka ( いつか 言える だろ うか ) Sakusen Kaigi ( 作戦 会議 ) Teki wa Mikata wa ( 敵 は 味方 は ) Kono Mune ni Chikatta ( この 胸 に 誓っ た ) 21 August 19 , 2016 ( regular edition ) August 19 , 2016 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 21511 - 0 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 10515 - 2 -- -- Kimi no Moto e ( 君 の も と へ ) Kushibi no Toride ( クシビ の 砦 ) Todoke ( とどけ ) Ano hi Kara ( あの 日 から ) Anata no Soba ni ( あなた の そば に ) Ienai Kimochi ( 言え ない 気持ち ) Okeyou kara Oyasumi Made ( おけ よう から おやすみ まで ) 22 December 20 , 2016 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 10516 - 9 -- -- Novel ( edit ) No . Title Japanese release date Japanese ISBN 01 Yona of the Dawn : Under the Same Moon Akatsuki no Yona Onaji Tsuki no Shita de ( 暁 の ヨナ 同じ 月 の 下 で ) March 20 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 592 - 19795 - 9 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mugen Spiral 's Kusanagi Starts Akatsuki no Yona Manga '' . Anime News Network . August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Adds Kuroko 's Basketball , Haikyu ! ! , Yona of the Dawn Manga '' . Anime News Network . October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akatsuki no Yona OAD Ship With 19th Manga Volume in September '' . Anime News Network . May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yona of the Dawn Gets New 2 - Part OVA Adapting Manga 's Zeno Arc '' . Anime News Network . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 1 ( Yona of the Dawn 1 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yona of the Dawn , Volume 1 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 2 ( Yona of the Dawn 2 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yona of the Dawn , Volume 2 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 3 ( Yona of the Dawn 3 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yona of the Dawn , Volume 3 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 4 ( Yona of the Dawn 4 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yona of the Dawn , Vol. 4 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 5 ( Yona of the Dawn 5 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yona of the Dawn , Vol. 5 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 6 ( Yona of the Dawn 6 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yona of the Dawn , Vol. 6 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 7 ( Yona of the Dawn 7 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yona of the Dawn , Vol. 7 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 8 ( Yona of the Dawn 8 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yona of the Dawn , Vol. 8 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 9 ( Yona of the Dawn 9 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 9 ドラマ CD 付き 初回 限定 版 ( 花 と ゆめ COMICS ) ( Yona of the Dawn 9 Drama CD First Press Limited Edition ( Hana to Yume COMICS ) ) . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 10 ( Yona of the Dawn 10 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 11 ( Yona of the Dawn 11 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 12 ( Yona of the Dawn 12 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 13 ( Yona of the Dawn 13 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 14 ( Yona of the Dawn 14 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 15 ( Yona of the Dawn 15 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ ドラマ CD 付き 初回 限定 版 15 ( Yona of the Dawn Drama CD First Press Limited Edition 15 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 16 ( Yona of the Dawn 16 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 17 ( Yona of the Dawn 17 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 18 ( Yona of the Dawn 18 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 19 ( Yona of the Dawn 19 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ オリジナル アニメ DVD 付 限定 版 19 ( Yona of the Dawn 19 Limited Edition with original anime DVD ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 20 ( Yona of the Dawn 20 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 20 ( 秘 ) スケッチ 集 付き 特 装 版 ( Yona of the Dawn 20 ( secret ) Special Edition with sketch collection ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 21 ( Yona of the Dawn 21 ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 21 オリジナル アニメ DVD 付 限定 版 ( Yona of the Dawn 21 Limited Edition with original anime DVD ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 暁 の ヨナ 22 オリジナル アニメ DVD 付 限定 版 ( 花 と ゆめ コミックス ) . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 小説 ・ 暁 の ヨナ 同じ 月 の 下 で ( Yona of the Dawn : Under the Same Moon ( novel ) ) . Hakusensha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Yona of the Dawn at Hana to Yume ( in Japanese ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yona_of_the_Dawn_volumes&oldid=803967354 '' Categories : Lists of manga volumes and chapters Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from April 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 20 : 37 . About Wikipedia | how many volumes of akatsuki no yona are there | [
"Hakusensha published the first tankōbon volume on January 19, 2010, and since then a total of twenty volumes have been released. Viz Media will publish the first volume in North America on August 2, 2016."
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-8961929610716099356 | Battle of Princeton | Battle of Princeton - wikipedia Battle of Princeton Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Princeton Part of the American Revolutionary War A painting of George Washington rallying his troops at Princeton Date January 3 , 1777 Location Princeton , New Jersey 40 ° 19 ′ 40 '' N 74 ° 40 ′ 24 '' W / 40.32790 ° N 74.67339 ° W / 40.32790 ; - 74.67339 Coordinates : 40 ° 19 ′ 40 '' N 74 ° 40 ′ 24 '' W / 40.32790 ° N 74.67339 ° W / 40.32790 ; - 74.67339 Result American victory Belligerents United States Great Britain Commanders and leaders George Washington Hugh Mercer † Alexander Hamilton Charles Mawhood Charles Cornwallis Strength 4,500 35 guns 1,200 6 -- 9 guns Casualties and losses 25 -- 44 killed 40 wounded 18 -- 100 killed 58 -- 70 wounded 194 -- 280 captured Revolutionary War campaigns in New York and New Jersey 1776 -- 1777 Long Island The Turtle Staten Island Peace Conference Kip 's Bay Harlem Heights Pell 's Point White Plains Fort Washington Fort Lee Geary Ambush Iron Works Hill Delaware crossing Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Forage War Millstone The Battle of Princeton was a battle of the American Revolutionary War , fought near Princeton , New Jersey on January 3 , 1777 . Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis had left 1,400 British troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood in Princeton . Following a surprise attack at Trenton early in the morning of December 26 , 1776 , General George Washington of the Continental Army decided to attack the British in New Jersey before entering winter quarters . On December 30 , he crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey . His troops followed on January 3 , 1777 . Washington advanced to Princeton by a back road , where he pushed back a smaller British force but had to retreat before Cornwallis arrived with reinforcements . The battles of Trenton and Princeton were a boost to the morale of the Continental troops , leading many recruits to join the Continental Army in the spring . After defeating the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26 , 1776 , Washington withdrew back to Pennsylvania . He subsequently decided to attack the British forces before going into winter quarters . On December 29 , he led his army back into Trenton . On the night of January 2 , 1777 , Washington repulsed a British attack at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek . That night , he evacuated his position , circled around General Lord Cornwallis ' army , and went to attack the British garrison at Princeton . On January 3 , Brigadier General Hugh Mercer of the Continental Army clashed with two regiments under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood of the British Army . Mercer and his troops were overrun , and Mercer was mortally wounded . Washington sent a brigade of militia under Brigadier General John Cadwalader to help them . The militia , on seeing the flight of Mercer 's men , also began to flee . Washington rode up with reinforcements and rallied the fleeing militia . He then led the attack on Mawhood 's troops , driving them back . Mawhood gave the order to retreat and most of the troops tried to flee to Cornwallis in Trenton . In Princeton itself , Brigadier General John Sullivan encouraged some British troops who had taken refuge in Nassau Hall to surrender , ending the battle . After the battle , Washington moved his army to Morristown , and with their third defeat in 10 days , the British evacuated southern New Jersey . With the victory at Princeton , morale rose in the American ranks and more men began to enlist in the army . The battle ( while considered minor by British standards ) was the last major action of Washington 's winter New Jersey campaign . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Victories at Trenton 1.2 Evacuation 1.3 Plan of attack 1.4 Mawhood 's reaction 2 Battle 2.1 Mawhood overruns Mercer 2.2 Cadwalader 's arrival 2.3 Washington 's arrival 2.4 British collapse 3 Aftermath 4 Casualties 5 Consequences 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : New York and New Jersey campaign Victories at Trenton ( edit ) On the night of December 25 -- 26 , 1776 , General George Washington , Commander - in - chief of the Continental Army , led 2,400 men across the Delaware River . After a nine - mile march , they seized the town of Trenton on the morning of the 26th , killing or wounding over 100 Hessians and capturing 900 more . Soon after capturing the town , Washington led the army back across the Delaware into Pennsylvania . On the 29th , Washington once again led the army across the river , and established a defensive position at Trenton . On the 31st , Washington appealed to his men , whose enlistments expired at the end of the year , `` Stay for just six more weeks for an extra bounty of ten dollars . '' His appeal worked , and most of the men agreed to stay . Also , that day , Washington learned that Congress had voted to give him wide - ranging powers for six months that are often described as dictatorial . In response to the loss at Trenton , General Lord Cornwallis left New York City and reassembled a British force of more than 9,000 at Princeton to oppose Washington . Leaving 1,200 men under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood at Princeton , Cornwallis left Princeton on January 2 in command of 8,000 men to attack Washington 's army of 6,000 troops . Washington sent troops to skirmish with the approaching British to delay their advance . It was almost nightfall by the time the British reached Trenton . After three failed attempts to cross the bridge over the Assunpink Creek , beyond which were the primary American defenses , Cornwallis called off the attack until the next day . Evacuation ( edit ) General George Washington at Trenton on the night of January 2 , 1777 by John Trumbull During the night , Washington called a council of war and asked his officers whether they should stand and fight , attempt to cross the river somewhere , or take the back roads to attack Princeton . Although the idea had already occurred to Washington , he learned from Arthur St. Clair and John Cadwalader that his plan to attack Princeton was indeed possible . Two intelligence collection efforts , both of which came to fruition at the end of December 1776 , supported such a surprise attack . After consulting with his officers , they agreed that the best option was to attack Princeton . Washington ordered that the excess baggage be taken to Burlington where it could be sent to Pennsylvania . The ground had frozen , making it possible to move the artillery without it sinking into the ground . By midnight , the plan was complete , with the baggage on its way to Burlington and the guns wrapped in heavy cloth to stifle noise and prevent the British from learning of the evacuation . Washington left 500 men behind with two cannon to patrol , keep the fires burning , and to work with picks and shovels to make the British think that they were digging in . Before dawn , these men were to join up with the main army . By 2 : 00 AM the entire army was in motion roughly along Quaker Bridge Road through what is now Hamilton Township . The men were ordered to march with absolute silence . Along the way , a rumor was spread that they were surrounded and some frightened militiamen fled for Philadelphia . The march was difficult , as some of the route ran through thick woods and it was icy , causing horses to slip , and men to break through ice on ponds . Plan of attack ( edit ) As dawn came , the army approached a stream called Stony Brook . The road the army took followed Stony Brook for a mile farther until it intersected the Post Road from Trenton to Princeton . However , off to the right of this road , there was an unused road which crossed the farmland of Thomas Clark . The road was not visible from the Post Road , and ran through cleared land to a stretch from which the town could be entered at any point because the British had left it undefended . However , Washington was running behind schedule as he had planned to attack and capture the British outposts before dawn and capture the garrison shortly afterward . By the time dawn broke he was still two miles from the town . Washington sent 350 men under the command of Brigadier General Hugh Mercer to destroy the bridge over Stony Creek in order to delay Cornwallis 's army when he found out that Washington had escaped . Shortly before 8 : 00 AM , Washington wheeled the rest of the army to the right down the unused road . First in the column went General John Sullivan 's division consisting of Arthur St. Clair 's and Isaac Sherman 's brigades . Following them were John Cadwalader 's brigade and then Daniel Hitchcock 's . Mawhood 's reaction ( edit ) Cornwallis had sent orders to Mawhood to bring the 17th and 55th British regiments to join his army in the morning . Mawhood had moved out from Princeton to fulfill these orders when his troops climbed the hill south of Stony Brook and sighted the main American army . Unable to figure out the size of the American army due to the wooded hills , he sent a rider to warn the 40th British Regiment , which he had left in Princeton , then wheeled the 17th and 55th Regiments around and headed back to Princeton . That day , Mawhood had called off the patrol which was to reconnoiter the area from which Washington was approaching . Mercer received word that Mawhood was leading his troops back across the bridge and back to Princeton . Mercer , on orders from Washington , moved his column to the right in order to hit the British before they could confront Washington 's main army . Mercer moved towards Mawhood 's rear but when he realized he would not be able to cut off Mawhood in time , he decided to join Sullivan . When Mawhood learned that Mercer was in his rear and moving to join Sullivan , Mawhood detached part of the 55th Regiment to join the 40th Regiment in the town and then moved the rest of the 55th , the 17th , fifty cavalry , and two artillery pieces to attack Mercer . Battle ( edit ) Mawhood overruns Mercer ( edit ) The Battle of Princeton , January 2 -- 3 , 1777 Mawhood ordered his light troops to delay Mercer , while he brought up the other detachments . Mercer was walking through William Clark 's orchard when the British light troops appeared . The British light troops ' volley went high , which gave time for Mercer to wheel his troops around into battle line . Mercer 's troops advanced , pushing back the British light troops . The Americans took up a position behind a fence at the upper end of the orchard . However , Mawhood had brought up his troops and his artillery . The American gunners opened fire first and for about ten minutes , the outnumbered American infantry exchanged fire with the British . However , many of the Americans had rifles which took longer to load than muskets . Mawhood ordered a bayonet charge and because many of the Americans had rifles , which could not be equipped with bayonets , they were overrun . Both of the Americans ' cannons were captured , and the British turned them on the fleeing troops . Mercer was surrounded by British soldiers and they shouted at him `` Surrender you damn rebel ! '' . Declining to ask for quarter , Mercer chose to resist instead . The British , thinking they had caught Washington , bayoneted him , and then left him for dead . Mercer 's second in command , Colonel John Haslet , was shot through the head and killed . Cadwalader 's arrival ( edit ) Fifty light infantrymen were in pursuit of Mercer 's men when a fresh brigade of 1,100 militiamen under the command of Cadwalader appeared . Mawhood gathered his men who were all over the battlefield and put them into battle line formation . Meanwhile , Sullivan was at a standoff with the detachment of the 55th Regiment that had come to assist the 40th Regiment , neither daring to move towards the main battle for risk of exposing its flank . Cadwalader attempted to move his men into a battle line but they had no combat experience and did not know even the most basic military maneuvers . When his men reached the top of the hill and saw Mercer 's men fleeing from the British , most of the militia turned around and ran back down the hill . Washington 's arrival ( edit ) As Cadwalader 's men began to flee , the American guns opened fire onto the British , who were preparing to attack , and the guns were able to hold them off for several minutes . Cadwalader was able to get one company to fire a volley but it fled immediately afterwards . At this point , Washington arrived with the Virginia Continentals and Edward Hand 's riflemen . Washington ordered the riflemen and the Virginians to take up a position on the right hand side of the hill and then Washington quickly rode over to Cadwalader 's fleeing men . Washington shouted , `` Parade with us my brave fellows ! There is but a handful of the enemy and we shall have them directly ! '' . Cadwalader 's men formed into battle formation at Washington 's direction . When Daniel Hitchcock 's New England Continentals arrived , Washington sent them to the right , where he had put the riflemen and the Virginians . Washington , with his hat in his hand , rode forward and waved the Americans forward , while he rode ahead on his horse . At this point , Mawhood had moved his troops slightly to the left to get out of the range of the American artillery fire . Washington gave orders not to fire until he gave them the signal , and when they were thirty yards away , he turned around on his horse , facing his men and said `` Halt ! '' and then `` Fire ! '' . At this moment , the British also fired , obscuring the field in a cloud of smoke . One of Washington 's officers , John Fitzgerald , pulled his hat over his eyes to avoid seeing Washington killed , but when the smoke cleared , Washington appeared , unharmed , waving his men forward . British collapse ( edit ) Site of Joseph Moulder 's battery . Mawhood 's British troops attacked uphill toward this position . On the right , Hitchcock 's New Englanders fired a volley and then advanced again , threatening to turn the British flank . The riflemen were slowly picking off British soldiers while the American artillery was firing grapeshot at the British lines . At this point , Hitchcock ordered his men to charge , and the British began to flee . The British attempted to save their artillery but the militia also charged , and Mawhood gave the order to retreat . The British fled towards the Post Road followed by the Americans . Washington reportedly shouted , `` It 's a fine fox chase my boys ! '' Some Americans had swarmed onto the Post Road in order to block to British retreat across the bridge , but Mawhood ordered a bayonet charge , and broke through the American lines , escaping across the bridge . Some of the Americans , Hand 's riflemen among them , continued to pursue the British , and Mawhood ordered his dragoons to buy them some time to retreat , however , the dragoons were pushed back . Some Americans continued to pursue the fleeing British until nightfall , killing some and taking some prisoner . After some time , Washington turned around and rode back to Princeton . At the edge of town , the 55th Regiment received orders from Mawhood to fall back and join the 40th Regiment in town . The 40th had taken up a position just outside town , on the north side of a ravine . The 55th formed up to the left of the 40th . The 55th sent a platoon to flank the oncoming Americans , but it was cut to pieces . When Sullivan sent several regiments to scale the ravine , they fell back to a breastwork . After making a brief stand , the British fell back again , some leaving Princeton , and others taking up refuge in Nassau Hall . Alexander Hamilton brought three cannons up and had them blast away at the building . Then some Americans rushed the front door , broke it down , and the British put a white flag outside one of the windows . Exactly 194 British soldiers walked out of the building and laid down their arms . Aftermath ( edit ) After entering Princeton , the Americans began to loot the abandoned British supply wagons and the town itself . With news that Cornwallis was approaching , Washington knew he had to leave Princeton . Washington wanted to push onto New Brunswick and capture a British pay chest of 70,000 pounds but Major Generals Henry Knox and Nathanael Greene talked him out of it . Instead , Washington moved his army to Somerset Courthouse on the night of January 3 , then marched to Pluckemin by January 5 , and arrived at Morristown , by sunset the next day , for winter encampment . After the battle , Cornwallis abandoned many of his posts in New Jersey , and ordered his army to retreat to New Brunswick . Casualties ( edit ) The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton , January 3 , 1777 by John Trumbull , with Captain William Leslie , shown on the right , mortally wounded General Sir William Howe 's official casualty report for the battle stated 18 killed , 58 wounded and 200 missing . Mark Boatner says that the Americans took 194 prisoners during the battle , while the remaining 6 `` missing '' men may have been killed . A civilian eyewitness ( the anonymous writer of A Brief Narrative of the Ravages of the British and Hessians at Princeton in 1776 -- 1777 ) wrote that 24 British soldiers were found dead on the field . George Washington claimed that the British had more than 100 killed and 300 captured . William S. Stryker follows Washington in stating that the British loss was 100 men killed , 70 wounded and 280 captured Washington reported his own army 's casualties as 6 or 7 officers and 25 to 30 enlisted men killed , giving no figures for the wounded . Richard M. Ketchum states that the Americans had `` 30 enlisted men and 14 officers killed '' ; Henry B. Dawson gives 10 officers and 30 enlisted men killed ; while Edward G. Lengel gives total casualties as 25 killed and 40 wounded . The Loyalist newspaper , New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury , reported on January 17 , 1777 , that the American losses at Princeton had been 400 killed and wounded . Consequences ( edit ) The British viewed Trenton and Princeton as minor American victories , but with these victories , the Americans believed that they could win the war . American historians often consider the Battle of Princeton a great victory , on par with the battle of Trenton , due to the subsequent loss of control of most of New Jersey by the Crown forces . Some other historians , such as Edward Lengel consider it to be even more impressive than Trenton . A century later , British historian Sir George Otto Trevelyan would write in a study of the American Revolution , when talking about the impact of the victories at Trenton and Princeton , that `` It may be doubted whether so small a number of men ever employed so short a space of time with greater and more lasting effects upon the history of the world . '' A 1784 portrait of Washington by Charles Willson Peale depicting him at the Battle of Princeton Legacy ( edit ) Part of the battlefield is now preserved in Princeton Battlefield State Park , which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 . Another section of the battlefield adjacent to the state park is embroiled in a development controversy . The Institute for Advanced Study , which owns the property , is planning a housing project on land where George Washington charged with his men during the battle . Historians , the Department of the Interior and archaeological evidence confirm the land 's significance . Several national and local preservation organizations are working to prevent construction on the property , and the Princeton Battlefield Society had legal action pending as of summer 2016 . On December 12 , 2016 , the Civil War Trust announced that through its Campaign 1776 project to preserve land at battlefields of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , it will purchase almost 15 acres of land from the Institute for Advanced Study valued at $4.1 million . This purchase will increase the size of the state park by 16 % . Seven of the planned single family dwellings will be replaced with townhouses . In total , 16 housing units will be constructed . The compromise is subject to approval by the Princeton Planning Board and Delaware and Raritan Canal Commission. Through 2017 , Campaign 1776 had saved nine additional acres of the Princeton battlefield . The equestrian statue of George Washington at Washington Circle in Washington , D.C. depicts him at the Battle of Princeton . Sculptor Clark Mills said in his speech at the statue 's dedication ceremony on February 22 , 1860 , `` The incident selected for representation of this statue was at the battle of Princeton where Washington , after several ineffectual attempts to rally his troops , advanced so near the enemy 's lines that his horse refused to go further , but stood and trembled while the brave rider sat undaunted with reins in hand . But while his noble horse is represented thus terror stricken , the dauntless hero is calm and dignified , ever believing himself the instrument in the hand of Providence to work out the great problem of liberty . '' Eight current Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 103rd Eng Bn , A / 1 - 104th Cav , 111th Inf , 125th QM Co , 175th Inf , 181st Inf and 198th Sig Bn ) and one currently - active Regular Army Artillery battalion ( 1 -- 5th FA ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Princeton . There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots . A famous story , possibly apocryphal , states that during the Battle of Princeton the then commander of an artillery battery Alexander Hamilton ordered his cannons to fire upon the British soldiers taking refuge in Nassau Hall . As a result one of the cannonballs was shot through the head of the portrait of King George II that hung in the chapel , which was subsequently replaced with a portrait of George Washington . Tangentially , a few years before Hamilton was refused accelerated study at the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) housed in Nassau Hall . He attended King 's College ( now Columbia University ) in New York , instead . See also ( edit ) New Jersey during the American Revolution The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton , January 3 , 1777 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wood , WJ. page 194 Battles Of The Revolutionary War : 1775 -- 1781 Jump up ^ Michael E. Newton ( 25 July 2011 ) . Angry Mobs and Founding Fathers : The Fight for Control of the American Revolution . Michael Newton . pp. 47 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9826040 - 2 - 1 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer p. 404 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 208 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum . p. 373 ^ Jump up to : `` History.Net.Com Battle of Princeton '' . Historynet.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Stryker p. 308 - 309 ^ Jump up to : Boatner p. 893 Jump up ^ `` Battle of Princeton ( Jan. 3 , 1777 ) Summary & Facts '' . Totallyhistory.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Princeton boosts morale '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ McCullough p. 276 Jump up ^ McCullough p. 281 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 278 Jump up ^ McCullough p. 286 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 199 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 200 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 201 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 293 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 294 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum p. 295 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum p. 297 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum p. 298 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum p. 299 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 202 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum p. 300 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum p. 301 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum p. 303 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 332 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum p. 304 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 204 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 305 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 306 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum p. 307 Jump up ^ McCullough p. 289 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum p. 308 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 362 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum pp. 361 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum p. 309 ^ Jump up to : Fischer p. 338 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 339 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 206 ^ Jump up to : McCullough p. 290 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 342 Jump up ^ Collins p. 33 Jump up ^ Collins p. 34 Jump up ^ Stryker pp. 308 -- 309 Jump up ^ Freeman , p. 360 Jump up ^ Dawson Volume I , p. 208 Jump up ^ Collins p. 19 Jump up ^ McCullough p. 291 Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Preserve -- do n't destroy -- the Princeton Battlefield '' . The Times of Trenton . Jump up ^ Lender , Mark . `` Commentary : The new battle of Princeton '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` PRINCETON : Nine - member coalition urges Institute for Advanced Study to reconsider faculty housing project '' . The Princeton Packet . Jump up ^ `` Institute for Advanced Study and Civil War Trust Announce Agreement to Expand the Princeton Battlefield State Park While Meeting Institute Housing Needs '' . Institute for Advanced Study . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Civil War Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed Jan. 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Concluding Scenes of the 22d , '' The Evening Star ( Washington , D.C. ) , February 22 , 1860 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 103rd Engineer Battalion . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , Troop A / 1st Squadron / 104th Cavalry . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 111th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 . pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company Archived 2014 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 175th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1982 , pp. 343 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 198th Signal Battalion . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 1st Battalion , 5th Field Artillery . Jump up ^ Linke , Dan ( January 24 , 2008 ) . `` Alexander Hamilton shooting the cannonball that destroys the portrait of King George '' . Princeton University : Mudd Manuscript Library Blog . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Boatner , Mark Mayo ( 1966 ) . Cassell 's Biographical Dictionary of the American War of Independence 1763 -- 1783 . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 29296 - 6 . Collins ( editor ) , Varnum Lansing ( 1968 ) . A Brief Narrative of the Ravages of the British and Hessians at Princeton in 1776 -- 1777 . New York : The New York Times and Arno Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Fischer , David Hackett ( 2006 ) . Washington 's Crossing . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518159 - X . Freeman , Douglas Southall ( 1951 ) . George Washington : A Biography . Volume Four : Leader of the Revolution . London : Eyre & Spottiswood . Ketchum , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Winter Soldiers : The Battles for Trenton and Princeton . Holt Paperbacks ; 1st Owl books ed edition . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6098 - 7 . Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) . General George Washington . New York : Random House Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2 . Lowell , Edward J. ( 1884 ) . The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War . New York : Harper Brothers Publishers . McCullough , David ( 2006 ) . 1776 . New York : Simon and Schuster Paperback . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2672 - 0 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Stryker , William S. ( 1898 ) . The Battles of Trenton and Princeton . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin and Company . Bonk , David Trenton and Princeton 1777 -- 1776 , Osprey Publishing , 2009 Dawson , Henry B. ( 1860 ) . Battles of the United States by Sea and Land . New York : Johnson , Fry and Company . History.Net.Com Battle of Princeton Smith , Samuel Stelle ( 1967 ) . The Battle of Princeton . Philip Freneau Press . Monmouth Beach , N.J. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Princeton . Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Battle of Princeton . Princeton Battlefield Society The Battle of Princeton Battle of Princeton Princeton Battlefield State Park official site Virtual Tour of the park `` The Winter Patriots : The Trenton - Princeton Campaign of 1776 -- 1777 '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Animated History Map of the Battle of Princeton New Jersey in the American Revolution 1776 Turtle Gut Inlet Fort Lee Geary ambush Iron Works Hill George Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River First Trenton 1777 Second Trenton Princeton Millstone Forage War Bound Brook Short Hills Red Bank Gloucester Middlebrook encampment 1778 Quinton 's Bridge Monmouth Molly Pitcher Baylor Massacre The Affair at Little Egg Harbor Chestnut Neck 1779 Paulus Hook 1780 Connecticut Farms Springfield Bull 's Ferry 1781 Pennsylvania Line Mutiny 1783 U.S. Capital at Princeton GND : 4608251 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Princeton&oldid=824554680 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1777 Battles of the New Jersey Campaign Princeton , New Jersey State parks of New Jersey New Jersey in the American Revolution Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving the United States United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries 1777 in New Jersey Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who led the british in the battle of princeton | [
"The Battle of Princeton was a battle of the American Revolutionary War, fought near Princeton, New Jersey on January 3, 1777. Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis had left 1,400 British troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood in Princeton. Following a surprise attack at Trenton early in the morning of December 26, 1776, General George Washington of the Continental Army decided to attack the British in New Jersey before entering winter quarters. On December 30, he crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey. His troops followed on January 3, 1777. Washington advanced to Princeton by a back road, where he pushed back a smaller British force but had to retreat before Cornwallis arrived with reinforcements. The battles of Trenton and Princeton were a boost to the morale of the Continental troops, leading many recruits to join the Continental Army in the spring."
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"Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood"
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-402321518614258609 | All-India Muslim League | All - India Muslim League - Wikipedia All - India Muslim League All - India Muslim League Presiding Leader ( s ) Muhammad Ali Jinnah A.K. Fazlul Huq Aga Khan III Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Sir Feroz Khan Noon Khwaja Nazimuddin Liaquat Ali Khan Khaliq - uz - Zaman Mohammad Ali Bogra Founder Nawab Viqar ul Malik Founded 30 December 1906 ( 1906 - 12 - 30 ) at Dacca , British raj ( now in Dhaka , Bangladesh ) Dissolved 15 August 1947 Succeeded by Muslim League in Pakistan , Awami League in Bangladesh and Indian Union Muslim League in India Headquarters Lucknow Newspaper Dawn Student wing AIMSF Paramilitary wing Khaki Ideology Pan-Islamism conservatism Two - nation theory Civil rights for Muslims in India Religion Islam International affiliation All -- India Muslim League ( London Chapter ) Election symbol Crescent and Star Politics of India Political parties Elections The All - India Muslim League ( popularised as Muslim League ) was a political party established during the early years of the 20th century in the British Indian Empire . Its strong advocacy for the establishment of a separate Muslim - majority nation - state , Pakistan , successfully led to the partition of British India in 1947 by the British Empire . The party arose out of a literary movement begun at The Aligarh Muslim University in which Syed Ahmad Khan was a central figure . Sir Syed had founded , in 1886 , the Muhammadan Educational Conference , but a self - imposed ban prevented it from discussing politics . In December 1906 conference in Dhaka , attended by 3,000 delegates , the conference removed the ban and adopted a resolution to form an All Indian Muslim League political party . Its original political goal was to define and advance the Indian Muslim 's civil rights and to provide protection to the upper and gentry class of Indian Muslims . It remained an elitist organisation until 1937 , when the leadership began mobilising the Muslim masses and the League then became a popular organisation . Following in the 1930s , the idea of a separate nation - state and influential philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal 's vision of uniting the four provinces in North - West British India further supported the rationale of two - nation theory . Constitutional struggle of Jinnah and political struggle of founding fathers , the Muslim League played a decisive role in World War II in the 1940s and as the driving force behind the division of India along religious lines and the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947 . The events leading the World War II , the Congress effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with the Indian people ; the Muslim League went on to support the British war efforts , and later agitated against the Congress with the cry of `` Islam in Danger '' . After the partition and subsequent establishment of Pakistan , the Muslim League continued as a minor party in India where it was often part of the government . In Bangladesh , the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced , rendering it insignificant in the political arena . In India Indian Union Muslim League and in Pakistan , the Pakisthan Muslim League became the original successors of the All - India Muslim League . Under the leadership Of Qaede millath Muhammad Ismail Sahib Muslim league is reconstituted in India. The founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( and after Jinnah 's death by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan ) , but suffered with ill - fate following the military intervention in 1958 . One of its faction remained to supportive of President Ayub Khan until 1962 when the all factions decided to reform into the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin supporting Fatima Jinnah in the presidential elections in 1965 . Furthermore , it was the only party to have received votes from both East and West Pakistan during the elections held in 1970 . During the successive periods of Pakistan , the Muslim League continued to be a ruling party in the different periods of Pakistan . Since 1985 , the Pakistan Muslim League split into various factions ; all factions which had little ideological connection with the original Muslim League . However , the PML - N remains to be influential faction than others , and has been in power during the elections held in 1990 and in the 1997 . As of current of 2013 elections , the PML - N remains to be a ruling party of Pakistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Foundation 2 Early years 3 Communalism grows 4 Conception of Pakistan 5 Campaign for Pakistan 6 Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent 6.1 Pakistan 6.2 India 6.3 Bangladesh 6.4 United Kingdom 7 Historical versions 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Foundation ( edit ) The AIME Conference in 1906 , held at the Ahsan Manzil palace of the Dhaka Nawab Family , laid the foundation of the Muslim League . The All - India Muslim League ( AIML ) was formed with the help from the reformist Syed Ahmad Khan . His strong advocacy for British education and political activism had inspired Subhan Muslims to support the cause for the AIML . Originally hosting the All - India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 in a vision to uplift the cause for the British education especially science and literature , among India 's Muslims . The conference , in addition to generating funds for Sir Syed 's Aligarh Muslim University ( AMU ) , motivated Muslim upper class to propose expansion of educational uplift elsewhere , known as the Aligarh Movement . In turn this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites that went on to form the AIML . The formation of a Subhan political party on national level was seen as essential by 1901 . The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906 , with participation of representatives from all over India . The decision for re-consideration to form the all Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference . The Simla Deputation reconsidered the issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of Educational Conference ; that was later , scheduled to be held at Dhaka . Meanwhile , Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All - India Muslim Confederacy . Pursuant upon the decisions taken earlier in Lucknow meeting and later in Simla ; the annual meeting of the All - India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka that continued from 27 December , until 30 December 1906 . that was headed by both Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk and Nawab Muhasan - ul - Mulk ( the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference ) ; in which he explained its objectives and stressed the unity of the Muslims under the banner of an association . It was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan , Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar , Zafar Ali Khan , Syed Nabiullah Bar at Law Lucknow and Syed Zahur Ahmad an eminent lawyer and several others . The political party was established at the end of the conference . The Founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah and attended by three thousand delegates , while Ameer Ali , Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi were also the founding fathers who attended this meeting . The name `` All - India Muslim League '' was proposed by Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi . Sir Agha Khan III was appointed its first president . Fifty eight delegates from all over the Subcontinent were the founding members of League . The League 's constitution was framed in 1907 in Karachi . In 1910 , Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda selected as the president of the party . Early years ( edit ) Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah ( Aga Khan III ) was appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League . The headquarters were established at Lucknow . There were also six vice-presidents , a secretary and two joint secretaries initially appointed for a three - years term , proportionately from different provinces . The principles of the League were espoused in the `` Green Book , '' which included the organisation 's constitution , written by Maulana Mohammad Ali . Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state , but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights , promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians , educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government , and discouraging violence . Aga Khan III ( 1877 -- 1957 ) played a leading role in founding AIML ; his goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in India . He shared Ahmad Khan 's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics . Agha Khan boldly told the British Raj that Muslims must be considered a separate nation within India . Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912 , he still exerted major influence on its policies and agendas . in 1913 Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league . Intellectual support and a cadre of young activists emerged from Aligarh Muslim University . Hasan reports that in the early 20th century , this Muslim institution , designed to prepare students for service to the British Raj , exploded into political activity . Until 1939 , the faculty and students supported an all - India nationalist movement . After 1939 , however , sentiment shifted dramatically toward a Muslim separatist movement , as students and faculty mobilised behind Jinnah and the Muslim League . Communalism grows ( edit ) Politically there was a degree of unity between Muslim and Hindu leaders after World War I , as typified by the Khilafat Movement . Relationships cooled sharply after that campaign ended in 1922 . Communalism grew rapidly , forcing the two groups apart . Major riots broke out in numerous cities , including 91 in U.P. alone . At the leadership level , the proportion of Muslims among delegates to Congress fell sharply , from 11 % in 1921 to under 4 % in 1924 . Muhammad Ali Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu - Muslim alliance , and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain . The leadership of the League was taken over by , Sir Muhammad Iqbal , who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India . The `` Two - Nation Theory '' , the belief that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations who could not live in one country , gained popularity among Muslims . The two - state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders , who favoured a united India based on composite national identity . Congress at all times rejected `` communalism '' -- that is , basing politics on religious identity . Iqbal 's policy of uniting the North - West Frontier Province , Baluchistan , Punjab , and Sindh into a new Muslim majority state became part of the League 's political platform . The League rejected the Committee report ( the Nehru Report ) , arguing that it gave too little representation ( only one quarter ) to Muslims , established Devanagari as the official language of the colony , and demanded that India turn into a de facto unitary state , with residuary powers resting at the centre -- the League had demanded at least one - third representation in the legislature and sizeable autonomy for the Muslim provinces . Jinnah reported a `` parting of the ways '' after his requests for minor amendments to the proposal were denied outright , and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour . Conception of Pakistan ( edit ) Main articles : Pakistan Movement and Allahabad Address On 29 December 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session . He said : I would like to see Punjab , North - West Frontier Province ( now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ) , Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state . Self - government within the British Empire or without the British Empire , the formation of a consolidated North - West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims , at least of North - West India . Sir Muhammad Iqbal did not use the word `` Pakistan '' in his address . According to some scholars , Iqbal had not presented the idea of a separate Muslim State ; rather he wanted a large Muslim province by amalgamating Punjab , Sindh , NWFP and Baluchistan into a big North - Western province within India . They argued that `` Iqbal never pleaded for any kind of partition of the country . Rather he was an ardent proponent of a ' true ' federal setup for India ... , and wanted a consolidated Muslim majority within the Indian Federation '' . Another Indian historian , Tara Chand , also held that Iqbal was not thinking in terms of partition of India , but in terms of a federation of autonomous states within India . Dr. Safdar Mehmood also asserted in a series of articles that in the Allahabad address Iqbal proposed a Muslim majority province within an Indian federation and not an independent state outside an Indian Federation . On 28 January 1933 , Choudhary Rahmat Ali , founder of the Pakistan National Movement , voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled `` Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? '' The word ' P In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail . `` Pakistan ' is both a Persian and an Urdu word . It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands ; that is , Punjab , Afghania , Kashmir , Sindh and Balochistan . It means the land of the Pure '' . The British and the Indian Press vehemently criticised these two different schemes and created a confusion about the authorship of the word `` Pakistan '' to such an extent that even Jawaharlal Nehru had to write : Iqbal was one of the early advocates of Pakistan and yet he appears to have realised its inherent danger and absurdity . Edward Thompson has written that in the course of conversation , Iqbal told him that he had advocated Pakistan because of his position as President of Muslim League session , but he felt sure that it would be injurious to India as a whole and to Muslims especially . Campaign for Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Pakistan Movement Muslim League Working Committee at the Lahore session Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat presiding the session . Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims . The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s , especially after the Lahore Resolution . Under Jinnah 's leadership its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook . The Muslim League 's earliest base was the United Provinces . The Muslim League successfully mobilised the religious community in the United Provinces in the late 1930s . Jinnah worked closely with local politicians . However , there was a lack of uniform political voice by the League during the 1938 -- 1939 Madhe Sahaba riots of Lucknow . From 1937 onwards , the Muslim League and Jinnah attracted large crowds throughout India in its processions and strikes . At a League conference in Lahore in 1940 , Jinnah said : Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions , philosophies , social customs and literature ... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history . They have different epics , different heroes and different episodes ... To yoke together two such nations under a single state , one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority , must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state . In response to Jinnah 's speech , the All - India Jamhur Muslim League ( AIJML ) was formed to counter the move of Jinnah on his support for Sir Syed 's two - nation theory and to oppose the creation of Pakistan . The Raja of Mahmoodabad was elected its president and Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi was its first general secretary . Perhaps it was the first split of Muslim League on ideological ground . This party however merged with Indian Congress latter on to strengthen its views on partition . At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state , including Sindh , Punjab , Baluchistan , the North West Frontier Province and Bengal , that would be `` wholly autonomous and sovereign '' . The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions . The Lahore Resolution , moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A.K. Fazlul Huq , was adopted on 23 March 1940 , and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan 's first constitution . Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement . This was the last attempt to reach a single - state solution . First Session of All India Jamhur Muslim League In the 1940s , Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid - e-Azam ( lit . Great Leader ) . In the Constituent Assembly of India 's elections of 1946 , the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims ( and about 89.2 % of Muslim votes ) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan , and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted . Congress , led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India . However , 1947 saw violent and bloody battles caused due to the communal clashes between the two communities in India . Millions of people migrated from India to Pakistan and vice versa . The situation continued to be tense even after the governments of the two nations were formed . The partition seems to have been inevitable after all , one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten 's statement on Jinnah : `` There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan . '' Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent ( edit ) Pakistan ( edit ) Main articles : Politics in Pakistan and Pakistan Muslim League After the partition of British Indian Empire , the Muslim League played a major role in giving the birth of modern conservatism and the introduction of the democratic process in the country . From 1947 -- 51 , Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan spearheaded the Muslim League 's government until 1955 when Awami League came to power with Huseyn Suhrawardy becoming the Prime Minister . After Jinnah and Ali Khan , Nazimuddin struggled to lead the party , primarily due to lack of its social programmes . During this time , the Republican Party , led by Iskander Mirza , had taken over the credibility and prestige of Muslim League in all over the country . In 1958 , the Muslim League nearly lost its influence when General Ayub Khan , army chief at that time , imposed martial law to with the support of Republican President Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon , a leader of Muslim League . The Federative constitution allowed the ailing Muslim League to be reformed itself as the Pakistan Muslim League ( PML ) and endorsed for Fatima Jinnah for the presidential bid in 1965 . However , one of its convention actively supported President Ayub Khan . India ( edit ) Main article : Indian Union Muslim League With the partition of British Indian Empire , the Muslim League lost all influence in the United Provinces and Indian states with significant Muslim population . In 1948 , the Indian Muslim League was formed as breakaway faction of the Muslim League by those members who did not migrate to Pakistan . During its successive periods , the Indian Muslim League remained a part of the Kerala government ; nonetheless , the Indian Muslim League disintegrated after the general elections of 1980 . Many of its leaders later joined Congress and some migrated to Pakistan . The party has still has a stronghold in northern Kerala and is the second largest party within the present ruling coalition in the state . Bangladesh ( edit ) Main article : Awami League The Muslim League formed its government in East Bengal immediately after partition of Bengal , with Nurul Amin becoming the first Chief Minister . Problems in East Pakistan for Muslim League began rise following the issue of Constitution . Furthermore , the language movement proved to be a last event that led the Muslim League to lose its mandate in the East Bengal . Muslim League 's national conservatism program also faced several set back and resistance from the Communist Party of Pakistan . In an interview given to print media , Nurul Amin stated that the communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests , mass demonstration , and strikes for the Bengali Language Movement . All over the country , the political parties had favoured the general elections in Pakistan with the exception of Muslim League . In 1954 , the legislative elections were to be held for the Parliament . Unlike in West , not all of the Hindu population migrated to India , instead a large number of Hindu population was in fact presented in the state . The communist influence deepened and was finally realised in the elections . The United Front , Communist Party and the Awami League returned to power , inflicting a severe defeat to Muslim League . Out of 309 , the Muslim League only won 10 seats , whereas the communist party had 4 seats of the ten contested . The communists working with other parties had secured 22 additional seats , totalling 26 seats . The right - wing Jamaat - e-Islami had completely failed in the elections . In 1955 , the United Front named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief minister of the State who ruled the state in two non-consecutive terms until 1958 when the martial law was imposed . The Muslim League remained to be a minor party in East Pakistan but participated with full rigour during the general elections in 1970 . It had won 10 seats from East Pakistan and 7 seats from other parts of Pakistan . After the independence of Bangladesh , the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced , rendering it insignificant in the political arena . United Kingdom ( edit ) During the 1940s , the Muslim League had a United Kingdom section active in the British politics . After the establishment of Pakistan , the Pakistani community 's leaders took over the UK branch , making Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola as president of party to continue to serve its purpose in the United Kingdom . As of current , the Muslim League 's UK branch is taken over by the PML - N , with Zubair Gull its president , and Nawaz Sharif serving its patron - in - chief . Historical versions ( edit ) Historically , Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan : Muslim League , the original successor of All - India Muslim League , which was disbanded on first martial law . Convention Muslim League , a political platform created by General Ayub Khan in 1962 when he became the president . Council Muslim League , a party created by political leaders who opposed General Ayub Khan . Muslim League , a party created by Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan when he split with the Council Muslim League to run for the 1970 general elections . See also ( edit ) Indian Independence Movement Indian Muslim nationalism Indian Nationalism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Establishment of All India Muslim League '' . Story of Pakistan . p. 1 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Sequeira , Dolly . Total History and Civics ICSE 10. New Delhi : MSB publushers , 2016. Print . ^ Jump up to : H. Rizvi ( 15 May 2000 ) . Military , State and Society in Pakistan . Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 59904 - 8 . The Muslim League maintained an elitist character until 1937 when its leadership began to engage in popular mobilisation . It functioned as a mass and popular party for 7 - 8 years after the Congress provincial ministries resigned in 1939 , more so , after the passage of the Lahore Resolution in March 1940 . Jump up ^ John Keay ( 2001 ) . India : A History . Grove Press . p. 468 . ISBN 9780802137975 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim League and the impact of World War II '' . Story of Pakistan . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal ( 1994 ) . The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah , the Muslim League , and the Demand for Pakistan . Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45850 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pan-Islam in British Indian politics , pgs 57,245 by M. Naeem Qureshi Jump up ^ `` PML - N 's popularity up by four percent : survey '' . The News International . 28 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Iqbal , Anwar ( 30 September 2012 ) . `` PTI losing ground amid PML - N surge : IRI survey '' . Dawn . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Election 2013 : Live Election Results '' . Geo News . Archived from the original on 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rashid Kahn , Abdul ( 2007 ) . `` All - India Muhammadan Educational Conference and the Foundation of the All - India Muslim League '' . Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society . 55 ( 1 / 2 ) : 65 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Pakistan movement . Commencement and evolution , p. 167 , 168 , by Dr. Sikandar Hayat Khan and Shandana Zahid , published by Urdu Science Board , Lahore . ISBN 969 - 477 - 122 - 6 Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2013 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . Karachi , Pakistan : 2013 . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577389 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Muslim Heritage of Bengal - by Muhammad Mojlum Khan - Kube Publishing Ltd. , UK - ISBN 978 - 1 - 84774 - 059 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Establishment of All India Muslim League '' . Story of Pakistan . p. 2 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Amin Valliani , `` Aga Khan 's Role in the Founding and Consolidation of the All - India Muslim League '' , Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society ( 2007 ) 55 # 1 / 2 , pp 85 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Mushirul Hasan , `` Nationalist and Separatist Trends in Aligarh , 1915 -- 47 , '' Indian Economic and Social History Review , ( Jan 1985 ) 22 # 1 pp 1 -- 33 Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar ( 1983 ) . Modern India : 1885 -- 1947 . Macmillan . p. 233 . Jump up ^ Markovits , Claude , ed. ( 2004 ) ( First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne ) . A History of Modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . London : Anthem Press . pp. 371 -- 372 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 004 - 4 . Remarkable unity shown between Hindus and Muslims ( during the Khilafat movement ) ... tension between the religious communities worsened ... the reforms of 1919 had encouraged Muslim separatism by maintaining constituencies reserved for Muslims : having to get only the votes of their coreligionists , Hindu and Muslim politicians tended to emphasise what divided rather than what united the two communities . Jump up ^ Judith Margaret Brown ( 1994 ) . Modern India : the origins of an Asian democracy . Oxford U. Press . p. 228 . ISBN 9780198731122 . Jump up ^ David E. Ludden ( 1996 ) . Contesting the nation : religion , community , and the politics of democracy in India . U. of Pennsylvania Press . p. 93 . ISBN 0812215850 . Jump up ^ Peter Lyon ( 2008 ) . Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 85 . ISBN 9781576077122 . Jump up ^ P.M. Holt ; Peter Malcolm Holt ; Ann K.S. Lambton ( 1977 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam . Cambridge University Press . p. 103ff . ISBN 9780521291378 . Jump up ^ A.R. Tariq ( ed . ) , Speeches and Statements of Iqbal ( Lahore : 1973 ) , Jump up ^ K.K. Aziz , Making of Pakistan ( London : 1970 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Verinder Grover ( ed . ) , Muhammad Iqbal : Poet Thinker of Modern Muslim India Vol. 25 ( New Delhi : Deep & Deep Publications , 1995 ) , pp. 666 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Tara Chand , History of Freedom Movement in India Vol . III ( New Delhi : 1972 ) , p. 253 . Jump up ^ lang , 23 , 24 & 25 March 2003 ; Also see , Safdar Mahmood , Iqbal , Jinnah aur Pakistan ( Lahore : Khazina Ilm - wa - Adab , 2004 ) , pp. 52 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Full text of the pamphlet `` Now or Never '' , published by Choudhary Rahmat Ali , http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html Jump up ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali , 1947 , Pakistan : the fatherland of the Pak nation , Cambridge , OCLC : 12241695 Jump up ^ J.L. Nehru , Discovery of India ( New York : 1946 ) , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Venkat Dhulipala ( 9 February 2015 ) . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 50 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 25838 - 5 . During this growth spurt , the ML itself was transformed from an elite moribund organization into a mass - based party that gave itself a new constitution , a more radical ideology and a revamped organizational structure . Jump up ^ Victor Sebestyen ( 1 October 2014 ) . 1946 : The Making of the Modern World . Pan Macmillan UK . pp. 247 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74353 - 456 - 4 . That , too , had begun life as a cosy club of upper - class Indians , seeking a limited range of extra privileges for Indian Muslims . However , under the leadership of Mohammad Ali Jinnah , the League grew rapidly to a membership of more than two million and its message became increasingly religious and separatist in tone . Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan ( 4 July 2017 ) . The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan , New Edition . Yale University Press . pp. 18 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 23364 - 3 . Although it was founded in 1909 the League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War . The party had expanded astonishingly rapidly and was claiming over two million members by the early 1940s , an unimaginable result for what had been previously thought of as just one of numerous pressure groups and small but insignificant parties . Jump up ^ Talbot , Ian ( 1982 ) . `` The growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab , 1937 -- 1946 '' . Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics . 20 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 24 . Despite their different viewpoints all these theories have tended either to concentrate on the All - India struggle between the Muslim League and the Congress in the pre-partition period , or to turn their interest to the Muslim cultural heartland of the UP where the League gained its earliest foothold and where the demand for Pakistan was strongest . Jump up ^ Venkat Dhulipala ( 2010 ) . `` Rallying the Qaum : The Muslim League in the United Provinces , 1937 -- 1939 '' . Modern Asian Studies . 44 ( 3 ) : 603 -- 640 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x09004016 . JSTOR 40664926 . Jump up ^ Talbot , Ian ( 1993 ) . `` The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggle for Pakistan '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 21 ( 2 ) : 307 -- 333 . Huge crowds attended Muslim League meetings and flocked to glimpse Jinnah as he journeyed about India from 1937 onwards . They also joined in processions , strikes , and riots . Jump up ^ Cited in Ainslie T. Embree Jump up ^ South Asian History and Culture vol. 2 no. 1 pp 16 -- 36 , Taylor and Francis Group Jump up ^ Peter Lyon , Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia ( 2008 ) p 108 Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan , The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Akbar S. Ahmed ( 1997 ) . Jinnah , Pakistan and Islamic Identity : The Search for Saladin . London : Routledge . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14966 - 2 . Jump up ^ MS , Amogh ( 20 May 2011 ) . `` A history project on the impact of the AIMD on the future courses of India and Pakistan '' . Online Daily . Jump up ^ Masood , Alauddin ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` PML Perpetually Multiplying Leagues '' . The Weekly . Jump up ^ Nair , M. Bhaskaran ( 1990 ) . Politics in Bangladesh : A Study of Awami League , 1949 - 58 . New Delhi , India : Northern Book Centre . pp. 73 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85119 - 79 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Tariq ( 2002 ) . The Clash of Fundamentalism . United Kingdom : New Left Book plc . p. 181 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 457 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Muslim League in UK '' . PMLN Muslim League in UK . Archived from the original on 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashraf Mumtaz . Dawn Newspaper , 14 May 2006 Further reading ( edit ) Cohen , Stephen Philip ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 1503 - 0 . Graham , George Farquhar Irving ( 1974 ) . The Life and Work of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan . Karachi : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 636069 - 0 . Malik , Iftikar H. ( 2008 ) . The History of Pakistan . The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34137 - 3 . Moore , R.J. ( 1983 ) . `` Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 17 ( 4 ) : 529 -- 561 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00011069 . JSTOR 312235 . al Mujahid , Shairf ( 2007 ) . `` Reconstructing the Saga of the All India Muslim League ( 1906 -- 47 ) '' . Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society . 55 ( 1 / 2 ) : 15 -- 26 . Wolpert , Stanley ( 1984 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503412 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to All - India Muslim League . Government of Pakistan website The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Chronicles Of Pakistan Jinnah at a Meeting of the Muslim League 16 - second QuickTime film clip Colloquium on the One Hundred Years of Muslim League at the University of Chicago , 4 Nov 2006 Pakistan Movement History of Pakistan ( timeline : 1947 -- present ) History East India Company Indian Rebellion of 1857 Aligarh Movement Urdu movement Partition of Bengal Lucknow Pact Khilafat Movement Shuddhi Movement Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Allahabad Address Now or Never pamphlet World War II Two nation theory Round Table Conferences Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Muslim nationalism in South Asia Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act Partition of India Radcliffe Line Durand Line Pakistan Osmanistan Enlightened Moderation Objectives Resolution Independence Republic Day Kashmir conflict National symbols Constitution of Pakistan British heritage Organisations Muslim League Punjab Branch Bengal Branch Unionist Student Federations Khaksars Renaissance Society Philosophical Congress Dawn Daily War Leaders Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Aga Khan III Nawab Salimullah Syed Ameer Ali Muhammad Ali Jouhar Maulana Shaukat Ali Allama Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fatima Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Mian Muhammad Shafi Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk Kamboh Mohsin - ul - Mulk Bahadur Yar Jung Baba - e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Abdur Rab Nishtar Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Choudhary Rahmat Ali A.K. Fazlul Huq G.M. Syed Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Hasrat Mohani Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Jogendra Nath Mandal K.H. Khurshid Khawaja Nazimuddin Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Qazi Muhammad Essa Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Sikandar Hayat Khan Maulana Zafar Ali Khan more Activists Hameed Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Altaf Husain ( journalist ) Adamjee Haji Dawood Mufti Muhammad Shafi Maulana Ahmed Ali Lahori Malik Barkat Ali Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad A.B.A. Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakeem Mohammad Saeed Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir Professor M.M. Sharif J.A. Rahim of PPP Z.A. Suleri G. Allana Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan : A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan : A Hard Country Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 Architecture Minar - e-Pakistan Bab - e-Pakistan The Monument Mazar - e-Quaid Ziarat Residency Iqbal 's Tomb Wazir Mansion National Library Deena Public Hall Bab - e-Khyber Jinnah Terminal In Memory Youm - e-Pakistan ( 23 March ) Youm - e-Dastur ( 10 April ) Youm - e-Takbir ( 28 May ) Youm - e-Azadi ( 14 August ) Youm - e-Difah ( 6 September ) Youm - e-Tasees ( 24 October ) Youm - e-Iqbal ( 9 November ) Youm - e-Viladat ( 25 December ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-India_Muslim_League&oldid=842942208 '' Categories : Conservatism in Pakistan Political parties established in 1906 Pakistan Movement Islamic political parties in Pakistan Islamic political parties in India Islam in Pakistan Islam in India Muslim League 1906 establishments in India 1947 disestablishments in India History of Pakistan Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 18 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote draft of muslim league in 1906 | [
"The formation of a Subhan political party on national level was seen as essential by 1901. The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906, with participation of representatives from all over India. The decision for re-consideration to form the all Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The Simla Deputation reconsidered the issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of Educational Conference; that was later, scheduled to be held at Dhaka. Meanwhile, Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All-India Muslim Confederacy. Pursuant upon the decisions taken earlier in Lucknow meeting and later in Simla; the annual meeting of the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka that continued from 27 December, until 30 December 1906. that was headed by both Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk and Nawab Muhasan-ul-Mulk (the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference); in which he explained its objectives and stressed the unity of the Muslims under the banner of an association.[12] It was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Zafar Ali Khan, Syed Nabiullah Bar at Law Lucknow and Syed Zahur Ahmad an eminent lawyer and several others. The political party was established at the end of the conference.[1] The Founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah and attended by three thousand delegates, while Ameer Ali, Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi were also the founding fathers who attended this meeting. The name \"All-India Muslim League\" was proposed by Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi. Sir Agha Khan III was appointed its first president. Fifty eight delegates from all over the Subcontinent were the founding members of League.[13] The League's constitution was framed in 1907 in Karachi. In 1910, Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda selected as the president of the party.[14]"
] | [
"Nawab Salimullah Khan"
] |
1174784353787849495 | List of most-subscribed YouTube channels | List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels - wikipedia List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels Jump to : navigation , search Swedish Let 's Player and vlogger PewDiePie is the most subscribed user on YouTube , with over 62 million subscribers as of May 2018 . American singer and songwriter Taylor Swift is the most subscribed female user on YouTube , with over 29 million subscribers as of May 2018 . This article lists the fifty most - subscribed channels on the video platform YouTube . The ability to `` subscribe '' to a user 's channel was added to YouTube by late October 2005 , and the `` most subscribed '' list on YouTube began as a chart by May 2006 , at which time Smosh was number one with fewer than three thousand subscribers . Since December 22 , 2013 , the most subscribed user has been PewDiePie , whose channel has over 62 million subscribers as of May 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top channels 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country and territory 2 Historical most subscribed channels 2.1 Timeline 3 Reactions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Top Channels All - Time The following table lists the fifty most subscribed channels on YouTube , with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers , as well as the network and language of each channel . Channels marked as `` Auto - generated by YouTube '' ( such as Music , Gaming , Sports and Movies ) and channels whose content has been transferred ( such as JustinBieberVEVO and RihannaVEVO ) are excluded . As of May 2018 , 35 of these channels primarily produce content in English . Self - owned channel ( without a network ) Rank Chg Channel name Network Primary language ( s ) Subscribers ( millions ) Content type 1 . PewDiePie N / A English 62 Comedy 2 . T - Series T - Series Hindi 44 Music 3 . Justin Bieber N / A English 38 Entertainment 4 . HolaSoyGerman . Machinima Spanish 33 5 . Canal KondZilla ONErpm Portuguese Music 6 . Ed Sheeran WMG English 30 7 . Dude Perfect Whistle Sports Sports 8 . Taylor Swift N / A 29 Music 9 . Katy Perry 10 . Rihanna Entertainment 11 . elrubiusOMG TalentWeb Spanish Comedy 12 . whinderssonnunes N / A Portuguese 13 . EminemMusic UniversalMC English 28 Music 14 . Fernanfloo BroadbandTV Spanish 27 Games 15 . One Direction N / A English Music 16 . YouTube Spotlight Google News 17 . WWE WWE 26 Sports 18 . JuegaGerman HolaSoyGerman Spanish Games 19 . TheEllenShow Time Warner English 25 Entertainment 20 . SET India Sony Pictures Hindi 23 Shows 21 . Ariana Grande N / A English Music 22 . Smosh Defy Media Comedy 23 . VanossGaming JETPAK 22 Games 24 . VEGETTA777 TalentWeb Spanish 25 . Spinnin ' Records Spinnin ' Records English 21 Entertainment 26 . Yuya N / A Spanish How - to 27 . Felipe Neto Disney Digital Network Portuguese Entertainment 28 . Bruno Mars WMG English Music 29 . Shakira N / A Spanish and English People 30 . nigahiga English 20 Entertainment 31 . Markiplier Disney Digital Network Games 32 . Trap Nation The District 19 Music 33 . Luis Fonsi Oficial N / A Spanish Entertainment 34 . 5 - Minute Crafts Channel Frederator English How - to 35 . jacksepticeye Disney Digital Network 18 Games 36 . DanTDM StyleHaul 37 . KSI Entertainment 38 . Selena Gomez N / A Film 39 . JennaMarbles Comedy 40 . Get Movies XMedia Digital Russian 17 Shows 41 . Skrillex WMG English Music 42 . David Guetta 43 . Logan Paul Vlogs Studio71 Entertainment 44 . WatchMojo.com WatchMojo 45 . Adele N / A Music 46 . FBE FullScreen Entertainment 47 . ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs KidsCamp Education 48 . enchufetv N / A Spanish Comedy 49 . rezendeevil Disney Digital Network Portuguese 16 Games 50 . Maroon 5 N / A English Music As of May 13 , 2018 By country and territory The following table lists the most subscribed YouTube channel in each country and territory from which at least one channel with at least five million subscribers originates , according to social media statistics complier DBase . Country or territory Channel Subscribers ( millions ) Argentina DrossRotzank 13 Australia HowToBasic 11 Austria Red Bull 7 Brazil Canal KondZilla 33 Canada VanossGaming 22 Chile HolaSoyGerman . 33 Colombia MalumaVEVO 15 El Salvador Fernanfloo 27 France David Guetta 17 Germany freekickerz 6 India T - Series 44 Iraq الرماس ميوزك 6 Ireland jacksepticeye 18 Mexico Yuya 21 Netherlands Trap City 10 Norway Alan Walker 13 Philippines ABS - CBN Entertainment 9 Puerto Rico Ozuna 15 Russia Get Movies 17 Saudi Arabia Rotana 6 South Korea SMTOWN 14 Spain elrubiusOMG 29 Sweden PewDiePie 62 Thailand GMM GRAMMY OFFICIAL 12 Turkey netd müzik 9 Ukraine SlivkiShow 10 United Arab Emirates Noor Stars 6 United Kingdom Ed Sheeran 30 United States Dude Perfect Uruguay dosogas 5 Venezuela LA DIVAZA 6 As of May 13 , 2018 Historical Most Subscribed Channels The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube 's most subscribed channel , from May 2006 to present . Current record Former record Channel name Network / owner Country Date achieved Days held Reference PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 22 , 2013 1605 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Dec 12 , 2013 10 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 8 , 2013 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Nov 2 , 2013 36 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Aug 15 , 2013 80 Smosh Defy Media USA Jan 12 , 2013 215 Ray William Johnson Ray Johnson Jun 28 , 2011 564 nigahiga Ryan Higa Aug 20 , 2009 677 Fяᴇᴅ Lucas Cruikshank Oct 6 , 2008 318 nigahiga nigahiga Sep 24 , 2008 12 Smosh Defy Media Apr 26 , 2007 517 lonelygirl15 Mesh Flinders Sep 17 , 2006 221 geriatric1927 Peter Oakley GBR Aug 17 , 2006 31 Brookers Brooke Brodack USA Jul 3 , 2006 45 Judson Laipply Judson Laipply Jun 12 , 2006 21 Smosh Defy Media May 17 , 2006 26 As of December 22 , 2013 Timeline Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels ( May 2006 -- May 2018 ) Reactions In late 2006 , when Peter Oakley , also known as Geriatric1927 , became most subscribed , a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame . The Daily Mail and TechBlog published an article about him and his success . In 2009 , the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers . Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed , Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo . A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa , Shane Dawson , Felix Kjellberg , Michael Buckley , Kassem Gharaibeh , The Fine Brothers , and Johnson himself , congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel . See also Internet portal Lists portal List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours Notes References Jump up ^ These are not to be mistaken for the channels Justin Bieber and Rihanna , both of which are included . Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald . `` The Superstar You 've Never Heard Of -- At Least , Not from Us '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Subscribed YouTube Channels ( Sorted by Subscriber Count ) '' . Social Blade . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's been awhile since our last update '' . Official YouTube Blog . Blogspot . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Most Subscribed Members - May 17 , 2006 , youtube.com ^ Jump up to : `` PewDiePie '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` T - Series '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber '' . YouTube . Def Jam . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HolaSoyGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect '' . YouTube . Whistle Sports . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift '' . YouTube . Big Machine Records . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry '' . YouTube . Capitol Records . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna '' . YouTube . Roc Nation . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` elrubiusOMG '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` whinderssonnunes '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EminemMusic '' . YouTube . Aftermath Records . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fernanfloo '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction '' . YouTube . Columbia Records . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube Spotlight '' . YouTube . Google . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE '' . YouTube . WWE . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JuegaGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TheEllenShow '' . YouTube . Warner Bros. Television . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SET India '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande '' . YouTube . Republic Records . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smosh '' . YouTube . Defy Media . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VanossGaming '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VEGETTA777 '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spinnin ' Records '' . YouTube . Warner Music Group . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuya '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Neto '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Atlantic Records . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shakira '' . YouTube . Sony Music Latin . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` nigahiga '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Markiplier '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trap Nation '' . YouTube . The Nations . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi Oficial '' . YouTube . Universal Music Latin . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - Minute Crafts '' . YouTube . Channel Frederator Network . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` jacksepticeye '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DanTDM '' . YouTube . StyleHaul . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KSI '' . YouTube . StyleHaul . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez '' . YouTube . Interscope Records . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JennaMarbles '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Movies '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Paul Vlogs '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WatchMojo.com '' . YouTube . WatchMojo . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adele '' . YouTube . XL Recordings . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FBE '' . YouTube . Fullscreen Media . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs '' . YouTube . KidsCamp . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` enchufetv '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` rezendeevil '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 '' . YouTube . Interscope Records . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austria 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chile 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norway 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirate 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United States 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dryden , Liam ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` A Complete Timeline Of Every `` Most Subscribed '' YouTuber In History `` . We The Unicorns . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PewDiePie - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` YouTube Spotlight - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) . `` YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . `` It 's Official : PewDiePie Becomes # 1 Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Smosh Passes Ray William Johnson as # 1 Most Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SMOSH Becomes The # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel - New Media Rockstars '' . 2013 - 01 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Michael . `` Ray William Johnson : = 3 Adds Up To Most - Subscribed On YouTube '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson Surpasses Nigahiga To Become The Most Subscribed YouTuber Of All Time '' . socialtimes. comdeadurl = no . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parr , Ben . `` DETHRONED : Fred No Longer # 1 on YouTube '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ William Hyde ( 2009 - 08 - 21 ) , YouTube Winners & Losers ! NigaHiga and Fred , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ `` FRED '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BuckHollywood ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) , Fred , Smosh or Nigahiga ? ! , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia . `` A Big Deal : The Run - Off on YouTube ! ! '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` lonelygirl15 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Stars ! : The Lonelygirl15 Story '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jr , Tom Zeller ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Lonelygirl15 : Prank , Art or Both '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Internet Memes of All Time12 . Lonelygirl15 '' . Complex . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` geriatric1927 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The meteoric rise of geriatric1927 '' . 2006 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brookers '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brooke BRODACK EMC '' . www.entertainment-masterclass.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Channels '' . 2006 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Judson Laipply '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutelle , Sam ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The History Of YouTube 's Most - Subscribed Channels Is A Fun Nostalgia Trip '' . tubefilter . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . In the early days , anyone who made a big viral video could enter the top ten , with `` Evolution of Dance '' performer Judson Laipply even holding the top spot for a bit . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Members ( This Month ) '' . 2006 - 05 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The first YouTube channel to hit one million subscribers '' . Variety . April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ray William Johnson ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` RWJ vs SMOSH '' . YouTube . = 3 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` YouTubers Respond to Smosh Becoming # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . ( hide ) YouTube History Censorship Copyright issues Social impact Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Channels Personalities Most - subscribed channels Spotlight Original channels YouTube Red ( List of original programs ) YouTube TV Culture and videos Elsagate Play Buttons YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Vevo Lists Most - viewed videos Most - liked videos Most - disliked videos Most - viewed Vevo videos Multi-channel networks Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Playlist Live VidCon Related articles API Viacom conflict Viral video YouTube Kids YouTube Music YouTube headquarters shooting Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels&oldid=841309125 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives YouTube - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Hrvatski Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 01 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who got the most subscribers on youtube 2018 | [
"\n\nRank\nChg\nChannel name\nNetwork\nPrimary\nlanguage(s)\nSubscribers[2]\n(millions)\nContent\ntype[2]\n\n\n1.\n\nPewDiePie[5]\nN/A\nEnglish\n62\nComedy\n\n\n2.\n\nT-Series[6]\nT-Series\nHindi\n44\nMusic\n\n\n3.\n\nJustin Bieber[7]\nN/A\nEnglish\n38\nEntertainment\n\n\n4.\n\nHolaSoyGerman.[8]\nMachinima\nSpanish\n33\n\n\n5.\n\nCanal KondZilla[9]\nONErpm\nPortuguese\nMusic\n\n\n6.\n\nEd Sheeran[10]\nWMG\nEnglish\n30\n\n\n7.\n\nDude Perfect[11]\nWhistle Sports\nSports\n\n\n8.\n\nTaylor Swift[12]\nN/A\n29\nMusic\n\n\n9.\n\nKaty Perry[13]\n\n\n10.\n\nRihanna[14]\nEntertainment\n\n\n11.\n\nelrubiusOMG[15]\nTalentWeb\nSpanish\nComedy\n\n\n12.\n\nwhinderssonnunes[16]\nN/A\nPortuguese\n\n\n13.\n\nEminemMusic[17]\nUniversalMC\nEnglish\n28\nMusic\n\n\n14.\n\nFernanfloo[18]\nBroadbandTV\nSpanish\n27\nGames\n\n\n15.\n\nOne Direction[19]\nN/A\nEnglish\nMusic\n\n\n16.\n\nYouTube Spotlight[20]\nGoogle\nNews\n\n\n17.\n\nWWE[21]\nWWE\n26\nSports\n\n\n18.\n\nJuegaGerman[22]\nHolaSoyGerman\nSpanish\nGames\n\n\n19.\n\nTheEllenShow[23]\nTime Warner\nEnglish\n25\nEntertainment\n\n\n20.\n\nSET India[24]\nSony Pictures\nHindi\n23\nShows\n\n\n21.\n\nAriana Grande[25]\nN/A\nEnglish\nMusic\n\n\n22.\n\nSmosh[26]\nDefy Media\nComedy\n\n\n23.\n\nVanossGaming[27]\nJETPAK\n22\nGames\n\n\n24.\n\nVEGETTA777[28]\nTalentWeb\nSpanish\n\n\n25.\n\nSpinnin' Records[29]\nSpinnin' Records\nEnglish\n21\nEntertainment\n\n\n26.\n\nYuya[30]\nN/A\nSpanish\nHow-to\n\n\n27.\n\nFelipe Neto[31]\nDisney Digital Network\nPortuguese\nEntertainment\n\n\n28.\n\nBruno Mars[32]\nWMG\nEnglish\nMusic\n\n\n29.\n\nShakira[33]\nN/A\nSpanish and English\nPeople\n\n\n30.\n\nnigahiga[34]\nEnglish\n20\nEntertainment\n\n\n31.\n\nMarkiplier[35]\nDisney Digital Network\nGames\n\n\n32.\n\nTrap Nation[36]\nThe District\n19\nMusic\n\n\n33.\n\nLuis Fonsi Oficial[37]\nN/A\nSpanish\nEntertainment\n\n\n34.\n\n5-Minute Crafts[38]\nChannel Frederator\nEnglish\nHow-to\n\n\n35.\n\njacksepticeye[39]\nDisney Digital Network\n18\nGames\n\n\n36.\n\nDanTDM[40]\nStyleHaul\n\n\n37.\n\nKSI[41]\nEntertainment\n\n\n38.\n\nSelena Gomez[42]\nN/A\nFilm\n\n\n39.\n\nJennaMarbles[43]\nComedy\n\n\n40.\n\nGet Movies[44]\nXMedia Digital\nRussian\n17\nShows\n\n\n41.\n\nSkrillex[45]\nWMG\nEnglish\nMusic\n\n\n42.\n\nDavid Guetta[46]\n\n\n43.\n\nLogan Paul Vlogs[47]\nStudio71\nEntertainment\n\n\n44.\n\nWatchMojo.com[48]\nWatchMojo\n\n\n45.\n\nAdele[49]\nN/A\nMusic\n\n\n46.\n\nFBE[50]\nFullScreen\nEntertainment\n\n\n47.\n\nChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs[51]\nKidsCamp\nEducation\n\n\n48.\n\nenchufetv[52]\nN/A\nSpanish\nComedy\n\n\n49.\n\nrezendeevil[53]\nDisney Digital Network\nPortuguese\n16\nGames\n\n\n50.\n\nMaroon 5[54]\nN/A\nEnglish\nMusic\n\n\n\nAs of May 13, 2018\n"
] | [
"PewDiePie"
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-4514170264691464647 | Andes | Andes - wikipedia Andes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mountain range in South America . For other uses , see Andes ( disambiguation ) . Andes Mountain Range Picture of the Andes in 2015 Panorama of the andes showcasing the different climates present Highest point Peak Aconcagua ( Las Heras Department , Mendoza , Argentina ) Elevation 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) Coordinates 32 ° 39 ′ 10 '' S 70 ° 0 ′ 40 '' W / 32.65278 ° S 70.01111 ° W / - 32.65278 ; - 70.01111 Coordinates : 32 ° 39 ′ 10 '' S 70 ° 0 ′ 40 '' W / 32.65278 ° S 70.01111 ° W / - 32.65278 ; - 70.01111 Length 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) Width 500 km ( 310 mi ) Naming Native name Quechua : Anti ( s / kuna ) Geography Map of South America showing the Andes running along the entire western part ( roughly parallel to the Pacific coast ) of the continent Countries List ( show ) Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Venezuela The Andes or Andean Mountains ( Spanish : Cordillera de los Andes ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world . They form a continuous highland along the western edge of South America . This range is about 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) long , about 200 to 700 km ( 120 to 430 mi ) wide ( widest between 18 ° south and 20 ° south latitude ) , and of an average height of about 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries : Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Argentina and Chile . Along their length , the Andes are split into several ranges , which are separated by intermediate depressions . The Andes are the location of several high plateaus -- some of which host major cities such as Quito , Bogotá , Arequipa , Medellín , Sucre , Mérida and La Paz . The Altiplano plateau is the world 's second - highest after the Tibetan plateau . These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate : the Tropical Andes , the Dry Andes , and the Wet Andes . The Andes are the world 's highest mountain range outside Asia . The highest mountain outside Asia , Mount Aconcagua , in Argentina , rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) above sea level . The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes is farther from the Earth 's center than any other location on the Earth 's surface , due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth 's rotation . The world 's highest volcanoes are in the Andes , including Ojos del Salado on the Chile - Argentina border , which rises to 6,893 m ( 22,615 ft ) . The Andes are also part of the American Cordillera , a chain of mountain ranges ( cordillera ) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western `` backbone '' of North America , Central America , South America and Antarctica . `` Cono de Arita '' in the Puna de Atacama , Salta ( Argentina ) Aerial view of Aconcagua Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 3 Geology 3.1 Orogeny 3.2 Volcanism 3.3 Ore deposits and evaporates 4 Climate and hydrology 5 Flora 6 Fauna 7 Human activity 7.1 Cities 7.2 Transportation 7.3 Agriculture 7.4 Irrigation 7.5 Mining 8 Peaks 8.1 Argentina 8.2 Border between Argentina and Chile 8.3 Bolivia 8.4 Border between Bolivia and Chile 8.5 Chile 8.6 Colombia 8.7 Ecuador 8.8 Peru 8.9 Venezuela 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) The etymology of the word Andes has been debated . The majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word anti , which means `` east '' as in Antisuyu ( Quechua for `` east region '' ) , one of the four regions of the Inca Empire . Geography ( edit ) Aerial view of Valle Carbajal in the Fuegian Andes The Andes can be divided into three sections : The Southern Andes ( south of Llullaillaco ) in Argentina and Chile ; The Central Andes in Ecuador , Peru , and Bolivia The Northern Andes ( north of the Nudo de Pasto ) in Venezuela and Colombia , which consist of three parallel ranges , the western , central , and eastern ( the cordillera occidental , central , and oriental ) . In the northern part of the Andes , the isolated Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta range is often considered to be part of the Andes . The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word `` cordel '' , meaning `` rope '' . The Andes range is about 200 km ( 124 mi ) wide throughout its length , except in the Bolivian flexure where it is about 640 kilometres ( 398 mi ) wide . The Leeward Antilles islands Aruba , Bonaire , and Curaçao , which lie in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela , were thought to represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range , but ongoing geological studies indicate that such a simplification does not do justice to the complex tectonic boundary between the South American and Caribbean plates . Geology ( edit ) Geology of the Andes Orogenies Pampean orogeny Famatinian orogeny Gondwanide orogeny Andean orogeny Fold - thrust belts Central Andean Patagonian Batholiths Peruvian Coastal North Patagonian South Patagonian Subducted structures Antarctic Plate Carnegie Ridge Chile Rise Farallon Plate ( formerly ) Juan Fernández Ridge Nazca Plate Nazca Ridge Faults Gastre Liquiñe - Ofqui Magallanes - Fagnano Andean Volcanic Belt Northern Zone Peruvian flat - slab Central Zone Pampean flat - slab Southern Zone Patagonian Gap Austral Zone Paleogeographic terminology Arequipa - Antofalla Chilenia Chiloé Block Cuyania Iapetus Ocean Madre de Dios Terrane Mejillonia Pampia This box : view talk edit The Andes are a Mesozoic -- Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire , a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia - Pacific region . The Andes are the result of plate tectonics processes , caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate . The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the western rim of the South American Plate due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate . To the east , the Andes range is bounded by several sedimentary basins , such as Orinoco , Amazon Basin , Madre de Dios and Gran Chaco , that separate the Andes from the ancient cratons in eastern South America . In the south , the Andes share a long boundary with the former Patagonia Terrane . To the west , the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean , although the Peru - Chile trench can be considered their ultimate western limit . From a geographical approach , the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and a less rugged topography . The Andes Mountains also contain large quantities of iron ore located in many mountains within the range . The Andean orogen has a series of bends or oroclines . The Bolivian Orocline is a seaward concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18 ° S. At this point the orientation of the Andes turns from Northwest in Peru to South in Chile and Argentina . The Andean segment north and south of the orocline have been rotated 15 ° to 20 ° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively . The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau and according to Isacks ( 1988 ) the orocline is related to crustal shortening . The specific point at 18 ° S where the coastline bends is known as the `` Arica Elbow '' . Further south lies the Maipo Orocline or Maipo Transition Zone located between 30 ° S and 38 ° S with a break in trend at 33 ° S. Near the southern tip of the Andes lies the Patagonian orocline . Orogeny ( edit ) Main article : Andean orogeny The western rim of the South American Plate has been the place of several pre-Andean orogenies since at least the late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic , when several terranes and microcontinents collided and amalgamated with the ancient cratons of eastern South America , by then the South American part of Gondwana . The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic when Pangaea began to break up that resulted in developing several rifts . The development continued through the Jurassic Period . It was during the Cretaceous Period that the Andes began to take their present form , by the uplifting , faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east . The rise of the Andes has not been constant , where different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress , uplift , and erosion . Tectonic forces above the subduction zone along the entire west coast of South America where the Nazca Plate and a part of the Antarctic Plate are sliding beneath the South American Plate continue to produce an ongoing orogenic event resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to this day . In the extreme south a major transform fault separates Tierra del Fuego from the small Scotia Plate . Across the 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) wide Drake Passage lie the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula south of the Scotia Plate which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain . The regions immediately east of the Andes experience a series of changes resulting from the Andean orogeny . Parts of the Sunsás Orogen in Amazonian craton disappeared from the surface of earth being overridden by the Andes . The Sierras de Córdoba , where the effects of the ancient Pampean orogeny can be observed , owe their modern uplift and relief to the Andean orogeny in the Tertiary . Further south in southern Patagonia the onset of the Andean orogeny caused the Magallanes Basin to evolve from being an extensional back - arc basin in the Mesozoic to being a compressional foreland basin in the Cenozoic . Volcanism ( edit ) Main article : Andean Volcanic Belt Rift valley near Quilotoa , Ecuador Aerial photograph showing the high plains of the Andes Mountains in the foreground , with a line of young volcanoes facing the much lower Atacama Desert The Andes range has many active volcanoes , which are distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity . The Andean volcanism is a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate . The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps . The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style , products and morphology . While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to , there are significant differences inside volcanic zones and even between neighbouring volcanoes . Despite being a type location for calc - alkalic and subduction volcanism , the Andean Volcanic Belt has a large range of volcano - tectonic settings , such as rift systems and extensional zones , transpressional faults , subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains apart from a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths , and different amount of crustal assimilations . Ore deposits and evaporates ( edit ) The Andes Mountains host large ore and salt deposits and some of their eastern fold and thrust belt acts as traps for commercially exploitable amounts of hydrocarbons . In the forelands of the Atacama desert some of the largest porphyry copper mineralizations occurs making Chile and Peru the first and second largest exporters of copper in the world . Porphyry copper in the western slopes of the Andes has been generated by hydrothermal fluids ( mostly water ) during the cooling of plutons or volcanic systems . The porphyry mineralization further benefited from the dry climate that let them largely out of the disturbing actions of meteoric water . The dry climate in the central western Andes has also led to the creation of extensive saltpeter deposits which were extensively mined until the invention of synthetic nitrates . Yet another result of the dry climate are the salars of Atacama and Uyuni , the first one being the largest source of lithium today and the second the world 's largest reserve of the element . Early Mesozoic and Neogene plutonism in Bolivia 's Cordillera Central created the Bolivian tin belt as well as the famous , now depleted , deposits of Cerro Rico de Potosí . Climate and hydrology ( edit ) See also : Tropical Andes , Dry Andes , and Wet Andes Central Andes Bolivian Andes The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on latitude , altitude , and proximity to the sea . Temperature , atmospheric pressure and humidity decrease in higher elevations . The southern section is rainy and cool , the central section is dry . The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm , with an average temperature of 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) in Colombia . The climate is known to change drastically in rather short distances . Rainforests exist just miles away from the snow - covered peak Cotopaxi . The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas . The snow line depends on the location . It is at between 4,500 and 4,800 m ( 14,800 and 15,700 ft ) in the tropical Ecuadorian , Colombian , Venezuelan , and northern Peruvian Andes , rising to 4,800 -- 5,200 m ( 15,700 -- 17,100 ft ) in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30 ° S , then descending to 4,500 m ( 14,760 ft ) on Aconcagua at 32 ° S , 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) at 40 ° S , 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) at 50 ° S , and only 300 m ( 980 ft ) in Tierra del Fuego at 55 ° S ; from 50 ° S , several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level . The Andes of Chile and Argentina can be divided in two climatic and glaciological zones : the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes . Since the Dry Andes extend from the latitudes of Atacama Desert to the area of Maule River , precipitation is more sporadic and there are strong temperature oscillations . The line of equilibrium may shift drastically over short periods of time , leaving a whole glacier in the ablation area or in the accumulation area . In the high Andes of central Chile and Mendoza Province , rock glaciers are larger and more common than glaciers ; this is due to the high exposure to solar radiation . Though precipitation increases with the height , there are semiarid conditions in the nearly 7000 m towering highest mountains of the Andes . This dry steppe climate is considered to be typical of the subtropical position at 32 -- 34 ° S . The valley bottoms have no woods , just dwarf scrub . The largest glaciers , as e.g. the Plomo glacier and the Horcones glaciers do not even reach 10 km in length and have an only insignificant ice thickness . At glacial times , however , c. 20 000 years ago , the glaciers were over ten times longer . On the east side of this section of the Mendozina Andes they flowed down to 2060 m and on the west side to c. 1220 m asl . The massifs of Cerro Aconcagua ( 6,961 m ) , Cerro Tupungato ( 6,550 m ) and Nevado Juncal ( 6,110 m ) are tens of kilometres away from each other and were connected by a joint ice stream network . The Andes ' dendritic glacier arms , i.e. components of valley glaciers , were up to 112.5 km long , over 1020 , i.e. 1250 m thick and overspanned a vertical distance of 5150 altitude metres . The climatic glacier snowline ( ELA ) was lowered from currently 4600 m to 3200 m at glacial times . Flora ( edit ) Laguna de Sonso tropical dry forest in Northern Andes The Andean region cuts across several natural and floristic regions due to its extension from Caribbean Venezuela to cold , windy and wet Cape Horn passing through the hyperarid Atacama Desert . Rainforests and tropical dry forests used to encircle much of the northern Andes but are now greatly diminished , especially in the Chocó and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia . As a direct opposite of the humid Andean slopes are the relatively dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru , Chile and Argentina . Along with several Interandean Valles , they are typically dominated by deciduous woodland , shrub and xeric vegetation , reaching the extreme in the slopes near the virtually lifeless Atacama Desert . About 30,000 species of vascular plants live in the Andes , with roughly half being endemic to the region , surpassing the diversity of any other hotspot . The small tree Cinchona pubescens , a source of quinine which is used to treat malaria , is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia . Other important crops that originated from the Andes are tobacco and potatoes . The high - altitude Polylepis forests and woodlands are found in the Andean areas of Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and Chile . These trees , by locals referred to as Queñua , Yagual and other names , can be found at altitudes of 4,500 m ( 14,760 ft ) above sea level . It remains unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural , or the result of clearing which began during the Incan period . Regardless , in modern times the clearance has accelerated , and the trees are now considered to be highly endangered , with some believing that as little as 10 % of the original woodland remains . Fauna ( edit ) A male Andean cock - of - the - rock , a species found in humid Andean forests and the national bird of Peru Herds of alpacas near Ausangate mountain Main article : Fauna of the Andes The Andes are rich in fauna : With almost 3,500 species , of which roughly 2 / 3 are endemic to the region , the Andes are the most important region in the world for amphibians . The diversity of animals in the Andes is high , with almost 600 species of mammals ( 13 % endemic ) , more than 1,700 species of birds ( about 1 / 3 endemic ) , more than 600 species of reptile ( about 45 % endemic ) , and almost 400 species of fish ( about 1 / 3 endemic ) . The vicuña and guanaco can be found living in the Altiplano , while the closely related domesticated llama and alpaca are widely kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool . The crepuscular ( active during dawn and dusk ) chinchillas , two threatened members of the rodent order , inhabit the Andes ' alpine regions . The Andean condor , the largest bird of its kind in the Western Hemisphere , occurs throughout much of the Andes but generally in very low densities . Other animals found in the relatively open habitats of the high Andes include the huemul , cougar , foxes in the genus Pseudalopex , and , for birds , certain species of tinamous ( notably members of the genus Nothoprocta ) , Andean goose , giant coot , flamingos ( mainly associated with hypersaline lakes ) , lesser rhea , Andean flicker , diademed sandpiper - plover , miners , sierra - finches and diuca - finches . Lake Titicaca hosts several endemics , among them the highly endangered Titicaca flightless grebe and Titicaca water frog . A few species of hummingbirds , notably some hillstars , can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m ( 13,100 ft ) , but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes , especially in the humid Andean forests ( `` cloud forests '' ) growing on slopes in Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and far northwestern Argentina . These forest - types , which includes the Yungas and parts of the Chocó , are very rich in flora and fauna , although few large mammals exist , exceptions being the threatened mountain tapir , spectacled bear and yellow - tailed woolly monkey . Birds of humid Andean forests include mountain - toucans , quetzals and the Andean cock - of - the - rock , while mixed species flocks dominated by tanagers and furnariids commonly are seen -- in contrast to several vocal but typically cryptic species of wrens , tapaculos and antpittas . A number of species such as the royal cinclodes and white - browed tit - spinetail are associated with Polylepis , and consequently also threatened . Human activity ( edit ) See also : Cultural periods of Peru , Inca Empire , Viceroyalty of Peru , and Andean states This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Andes Mountains form a north - south axis of cultural influences . A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the Inca civilization and Inca Empire in the central Andes during the 15th century . The Incas formed this civilization through imperialistic militarism as well as careful and meticulous governmental management . The government sponsored the construction of aqueducts and roads in addition to preexisting installations . Some of these constructions are still in existence today . Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity and civil wars , in 1532 the Incas were defeated by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated ( e.g. Huancas , Chachapoyas , Cañaris ) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro . One of the few Inca sites the Spanish never found in their conquest was Machu Picchu , which lay hidden on a peak on the eastern edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon . The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the Quechua and Aymara language families . Woodbine Parish and Joseph Barclay Pentland surveyed a large part of the Bolivian Andes from 1826 to 1827 . Cities ( edit ) La Paz , Bolivia is the highest capital city in the world In modern times , the largest cities in the Andes are Bogotá , Colombia , with a population of about eight million , Santiago , Chile , and Medellin , Colombia . Lima is a coastal city adjacent to the Andes , and is the largest city of all Andean countries . It is the seat of the Andean Community of Nations . La Paz , Bolivia 's seat of government , is the highest capital city in the world , at an elevation of approximately 3,650 m ( 11,975 ft ) . Parts of the La Paz conurbation , including the city of El Alto , extend up to 4,200 m ( 13,780 ft ) . Other major cities in or near the Andes include Arequipa , Cusco , and Huancayo in Peru ; Quito and Cuenca in Ecuador ; Cochabamba , Oruro , and Sucre in Bolivia ; Mendoza , Tucumán , Salta , and San Juan in Argentina ; Cali , Cúcuta , Bucaramanga , Pereira , Pasto , Villavicencio , and Manizales in Colombia ; and San Cristóbal and Mérida in Venezuela . The cities of Caracas , Valencia , Barquisimeto , and Maracay are in the Venezuelan Coastal Range , which is a debatable extension of the Andes at the northern extreme of South America . Transportation ( edit ) Cities and large towns are connected with asphalt - paved roads , while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads , which may require a four - wheel - drive vehicle . Venezuelan Andes in Mérida The rough terrain has historically put the costs of building highways and railroads that cross the Andes out of reach of most neighboring countries , even with modern civil engineering practices . For example , the main crossover of the Andes between Argentina and Chile is still accomplished through the Paso Internacional Los Libertadores . Only recently the ends of some highways that came rather close to one another from the east and the west have been connected . Much of the transportation of passengers is done via aircraft . However , there is one railroad that connects Chile with Argentina via the Andes , and there are others that make the same connection via southern Bolivia . See railroad maps of that region . There is one or more highways in Bolivia that cross the Andes . Some of these were built during a period of war between Bolivia and Paraguay , in order to transport Bolivian troops and their supplies to the war front in the lowlands of southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay . For decades , Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes . However , these claims were given up in about 1870 during the War of the Pacific between Chile , the allied Bolivia and Peru , in a diplomatic deal to keep Argentina out of the war . The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru , and Chile took over Bolivia 's only province on the Pacific Coast , some land from Peru that was returned to Peru decades later . Bolivia has been a completely landlocked country ever since . It mostly uses seaports in eastern Argentina and Uruguay for international trade because its diplomatic relations with Chile have been suspended since 1978 . Because of the tortuous terrain in places , villages and towns in the mountains -- to which travel via motorized vehicles are of little use -- are still located in the high Andes of Argentina , Bolivia , Peru , and Ecuador . Locally , the relatives of the camel , the llama , and the alpaca continue to carry out important uses as pack animals , but this use has generally diminished in modern times . Donkeys , mules , and horses are also useful . Agriculture ( edit ) Peruvian farmers sowing maize and beans See also : Vertical archipelago The ancient peoples of the Andes such as the Incas have practiced irrigation techniques for over 6,000 years . Because of the mountain slopes , terracing has been a common practice . Terracing , however , was only extensively employed after Incan imperial expansions to fuel their expanding realm . The potato holds a very important role as an internally consumed staple crop . Maize was also an important crop for these people , and was used for the production of chicha , important to Andean native people . Currently , tobacco , cotton and coffee are the main export crops . Coca , despite eradication programmes in some countries , remains an important crop for legal local use in a mildly stimulating herbal tea , and , both controversially and illegally , for the production of cocaine . Irrigation ( edit ) Irrigating land in the Peruvian Andes In unirrigated land , pasture is the most common type of land use . In the rainy season ( summer ) , part of the rangeland is used for cropping ( mainly potatoes , barley , broad beans and wheat ) . Irrigation is helpful in advancing the sowing data of the summer crops which guarantees an early yield in the period of food shortage . Also , by early sowing , maize can be cultivated higher up in the mountains ( till 3800 m ) . In addition it makes cropping in the dry season ( winter ) possible and allows the cultivation of frost resistant vegetable crops like onion and carrot . Mining ( edit ) The Andes rose to fame for their mineral wealth during the Spanish conquest of South America . Although Andean Amerindian peoples crafted ceremonial jewelry of gold and other metals the mineralizations of the Andes were first mined in large scale after the Spanish arrival . Potosí in present - day Bolivia and Cerro de Pasco in Peru were one of the principal mines of the Spanish Empire in the New World . Río de la Plata and Argentina derive their names from the silver of Potosí . Currently , mining in the Andes of Chile and Peru places these countries as the first and third major producers of copper in the world . Peru also contains the largest goldmine in the world : the Yanacocha . The Bolivian Andes produce principally tin although historically silver mining had a huge impact on the economy of 17th century Europe . There is a long history of mining in the Andes , from the Spanish silver mines in Potosí in the 16th century to the vast current porphyry copper deposits of Chuquicamata and Escondida in Chile and Toquepala in Peru . Other metals including iron , gold and tin in addition to non-metallic resources are important . Chilean huasos , 19th century The mountain Huayna Picchu overlooks the Inca estate ( land ) of Machu Picchu . Peaks ( edit ) Main article : List of mountains in the Andes This list contains some of the major peaks in the Andes mountain range . The highest peak is Aconcagua of Argentina ( see below ) . Argentina ( edit ) See also : List of mountains in Argentina Aconcagua , 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) Cerro Bonete , 6,759 m ( 22,175 ft ) Galán , 5,912 m ( 19,396 ft ) Mercedario , 6,720 m ( 22,047 ft ) Pissis , 6,795 m ( 22,293 ft ) Llao Llao Hotel with the Andes in the background , in the city of Bariloche , Argentina The Aconcagua , Argentina , the highest mountain in the Americas and in the entire world outside the Himalayas El Chaltén , Argentina Mount Fitz Roy Border between Argentina and Chile ( edit ) Cerro Bayo , 5,401 m ( 17,720 ft ) Cerro Fitz Roy , 3,375 m ( 11,073 ft ) or 3,405 m , Patagonia , also known as Cerro Chaltén Cerro Escorial , 5,447 m ( 17,871 ft ) Cordón del Azufre , 5,463 m ( 17,923 ft ) Falso Azufre , 5,890 m ( 19,324 ft ) Incahuasi , 6,620 m ( 21,719 ft ) Lastarria , 5,697 m ( 18,691 ft ) Llullaillaco , 6,739 m ( 22,110 ft ) Maipo , 5,264 m ( 17,270 ft ) Marmolejo , 6,110 m ( 20,046 ft ) Ojos del Salado , 6,893 m ( 22,615 ft ) Olca , 5,407 m ( 17,740 ft ) Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas , 6,127 m ( 20,102 ft ) Socompa , 6,051 m ( 19,852 ft ) Nevado Tres Cruces , 6,749 m ( 22,142 ft ) ( south summit ) ( III Region ) Tronador , 3,491 m ( 11,453 ft ) Tupungato , 6,570 m ( 21,555 ft ) Nacimiento , 6,492 m ( 21,299 ft ) Bolivia ( edit ) Janq'u Uma , 6,427 m ( 21,086 ft ) Cabaraya , 5,860 m ( 19,226 ft ) Chacaltaya , 5,421 m ( 17,785 ft ) Wayna Potosí , 6,088 m ( 19,974 ft ) Illampu , 6,368 m ( 20,892 ft ) Illimani , 6,438 m ( 21,122 ft ) Laram Q'awa , 5,520 m ( 18,110 ft ) Macizo de Pacuni , 5,400 m ( 17,720 ft ) Nevado Anallajsi , 5,750 m ( 18,865 ft ) Nevado Sajama , 6,542 m ( 21,463 ft ) Patilla Pata , 5,300 m ( 17,390 ft ) Tata Sabaya , 5,430 m ( 17,815 ft ) Illampu , Bolivia Illimani , Bolivia Sajama , Bolivia Wayna Potosí , Bolivia Border between Bolivia and Chile ( edit ) Acotango , 6,052 m ( 19,856 ft ) Michincha , 5,305 m ( 17,405 ft ) Iru Phutunqu , 5,163 m ( 16,939 ft ) Licancabur , 5,920 m ( 19,423 ft ) Olca , 5,407 m ( 17,740 ft ) Parinacota , 6,348 m ( 20,827 ft ) Paruma , 5,420 m ( 17,782 ft ) Pomerape , 6,282 m ( 20,610 ft ) Licancabur , Bolivia / Chile Parinacota , Bolivia / Chile Chile ( edit ) Main article : List of mountains in Chile Monte San Valentin , 4,058 m ( 13,314 ft ) Cerro Paine Grande , 2,884 m ( 9,462 ft ) Cerro Macá , c. 2,300 m ( 7,546 ft ) Monte Darwin , c. 2,500 m ( 8,202 ft ) Volcan Hudson , c. 1,900 m ( 6,234 ft ) Cerro Castillo Dynevor , c. 1,100 m ( 3,609 ft ) Mount Tarn , c. 825 m ( 2,707 ft ) Polleras , c. 5,993 m ( 19,662 ft ) Acamarachi , c. 6,046 m ( 19,836 ft ) Santiago de Chile on the western slopes of a snowcapped Andes View of Cuernos del Paine in Torres del Paine National Park Colombia ( edit ) Nevado del Huila , 5,365 m ( 17,602 ft ) Nevado del Ruiz , 5,321 m ( 17,457 ft ) Nevado del Tolima , 5,205 m ( 17,077 ft ) Pico Pan de Azucar , 5,200 m ( 17,060 ft ) Ritacuba Negra , 5,320 m ( 17,454 ft ) Nevado del Cumbal , 4,764 m ( 15,630 ft ) Cerro Negro de Mayasquer , 4,445 m ( 14,583 ft ) Ritacuba Blanco , 5,410 m ( 17,749 ft ) Nevado del Quindío , 5,215 m ( 17,110 ft ) Purace , 4,655 m ( 15,272 ft ) Santa Isabel , 4,955 m ( 16,257 ft ) Doña Juana , 4,150 m ( 13,615 ft ) Galeras , 4,276 m ( 14,029 ft ) Azufral . 4,070 m ( 13,353 ft ) Ritacuba Blanco , the highest peak of Cordillera Oriental , Colombia . Nevado del Ruiz , Colombia Ecuador ( edit ) Antisana , 5,752 m ( 18,871 ft ) Cayambe , 5,790 m ( 18,996 ft ) Chimborazo , 6,268 m ( 20,564 ft ) Corazón , 4,790 m ( 15,715 ft ) Cotopaxi , 5,897 m ( 19,347 ft ) El Altar , 5,320 m ( 17,454 ft ) Illiniza , 5,248 m ( 17,218 ft ) Pichincha , 4,784 m ( 15,696 ft ) Quilotoa , 3,914 m ( 12,841 ft ) Reventador , 3,562 m ( 11,686 ft ) Sangay , 5,230 m ( 17,159 ft ) Tungurahua , 5,023 m ( 16,480 ft ) Titicaca , 5,035 m ( 16,519 ft ) Chimborazo near Riobamba , Ecuador Tungurahua , Ecuador Cayambe , Ecuador El Altar , Ecuador Cotopaxi , Ecuador Andes near Otavalo , Ecuador Pichincha Volcano , an active stratovolcano in the Ecuadorian Andes , photographed from the Historic Center of Quito Imbabura Volcano , Ecuador , an inactive stratovolcano Peru ( edit ) Alpamayo , 5,947 m ( 19,511 ft ) Artesonraju , 6,025 m ( 19,767 ft ) Carnicero , 5,960 m ( 19,554 ft ) Chumpe , 6,106 m ( 20,033 ft ) Coropuna , 6,377 m ( 20,922 ft ) El Misti , 5,822 m ( 19,101 ft ) El Toro , 5,830 m ( 19,127 ft ) Huandoy , 6,395 m ( 20,981 ft ) Huascarán , 6,768 m ( 22,205 ft ) Jirishanca , 6,094 m ( 19,993 ft ) Pumasillo , 5,991 m ( 19,656 ft ) Rasac , 6,040 m ( 19,816 ft ) Rondoy , 5,870 m ( 19,259 ft ) Sarapo , 6,127 m ( 20,102 ft ) Salcantay , 6,271 m ( 20,574 ft ) Seria Norte , 5,860 m ( 19,226 ft ) Siula Grande , 6,344 m ( 20,814 ft ) Huaytapallana , 5,557 m ( 18,232 ft ) Yerupaja , 6,635 m ( 21,768 ft ) Yerupaja Chico , 6,089 m ( 19,977 ft ) Alpamayo , Peru Chachani and El Misti , Peru Huandoy , Peru Yerupaja , Peru Venezuela ( edit ) Pico Bolívar , 5,007 m ( 16,427 ft ) Pico Humboldt , 4,940 m ( 16,207 ft ) Pico Bonpland , 4,880 m ( 16,010 ft ) Pico La Concha , 4,920 m ( 16,142 ft ) Pico Piedras Blancas , 4,740 m ( 15,551 ft ) Pico El Águila , 4,180 m ( 13,714 ft ) Pico El Toro 4,729 m ( 15,515 ft ) Pico El León 4,740 m ( 15,551 ft ) Pico Mucuñuque 4,609 m ( 15,121 ft ) Pico Bolívar , Venezuela Pico Humboldt , Venezuela Pico El León , Venezuela Snow in the Pico Humboldt , Venezuela Pico Pan de Azúcar , Venezuela See also ( edit ) Andean Geology -- a scientific journal Andesite line Apu ( god ) Cordillera Mountains in the Philippines List of longest mountain chains on Earth Mountain Passes of the Andes Rocky Mountains Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Teofilo Laime Ajacopa , Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha , La Paz , 2007 ( Quechua - Spanish dictionary ) Jump up ^ `` CORDILLERA '' . etimologias.dechile.net . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Meghan S. ; Levander , Alan ; Niu , Fenglin ; Li , Aibing ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean - South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 114 : B01312 . Bibcode : 2009JGRB ... 114.1312 M . doi : 10.1029 / 2007JB005507 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Isacks , Bryan L. ( 1988 ) , `` Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Geophysical Research , 93 ( B4 ) : 3211 -- 3231 , doi : 10.1029 / jb093ib04p03211 ^ Jump up to : Kley , J. ( 1999 ) , `` Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian orocline '' , Journal of South American Earth Sciences , 12 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 235 , doi : 10.1016 / s0895 - 9811 ( 99 ) 00015 - 2 Jump up ^ Beck , Myrl E. ( 1987 ) , `` Tectonic rotations on the leading edge of South America : The Bolivian orocline revisited '' , Geology , 15 ( 9 ) : 806 -- 808 , doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1987 ) 15 < 806 : trotle > 2.0.co ; 2 Jump up ^ Prezzi , Claudia B. ; Vilas , Juan F. ( 1998 ) . `` New evidence of clockwise vertical axis rotations south of the Arica elbow ( Argentine Puna ) '' . Tectonophysics. 292 : 85 -- 100 . doi : 10.1016 / s0040 - 1951 ( 98 ) 00058 - 4 . Jump up ^ Arriagada , César ; Ferrando , Rodolfo ; Córdova , Loreto ; Morata , Diego ; Roperch , Pierrick ( 2013 ) , `` The Maipo Orocline : A first scale structural feature in the Miocene to Recent geodynamic evolution in the central Chilean Andes '' ( PDF ) , Andean Geology , 40 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 437 Jump up ^ Charrier , Reynaldo ; Pinto , Luisa ; Rodríguez , María Pía ( 2006 ) . `` 3 . Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Andean Orogen in Chile '' . In Moreno , Teresa ; Gibbons , Wes . Geology of Chile . Geological Society of London . pp. 5 -- 19 . ISBN 9781862392199 . Jump up ^ Santos , J.O.S. ; Rizzotto , G.J. ; Potter , P.E. ; McNaughton , N.J. ; Matos , R.S. ; Hartmann , L.A. ; Chemale Jr. , F. ; Quadros , M.E.S. ( 2008 ) . `` Age and autochthonous evolution of the Sunsás Orogen in West Amazon Craton based on mapping and U -- Pb geochronology '' . Precambrian Research . 165 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 120 -- 152 . doi : 10.1016 / j. precamres. 2008.06. 009 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapela , C.W. ; Pankhurst , R.J ; Casquet , C. ; Baldo , E. ; Saavedra , J. ; Galindo , C. ; Fanning , C.M. ( 1998 ) . `` The Pampean Orogeny of the southern proto - Andes : Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba '' ( PDF ) . In Pankhurst , R.J ; Rapela , C.W. The Proto - Andean Margin of Gondwana. 142 . Geological Society , London , Special Publications . pp. 181 -- 217 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , T.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Transition from back - arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes : Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District , Chile '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 103 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 111 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1991 ) 103 < 0098 : tfbatf > 2.3.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of the Andes '' . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Jan - Christoph Otto , Joachim Götz , Markus Keuschnig , Ingo Hartmeyer , Dario Trombotto , and Lothar Schrott ( 2010 ) . Geomorphological and geophysical investigation of a complex rock glacier system -- Morenas Coloradas valley ( Cordon del Plata , Mendoza , Argentina ) ^ Jump up to : Kuhle , M. ( 2011 ) : The High - Glacial ( Last Glacial Maximum ) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes ( South America ) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence . Development in Quaternary Science , Vol. 15 ( Quaternary Glaciation -- Extent and Chronology , A Closer Look , Eds : Ehlers , J. ; Gibbard , P.L. ; Hughes , P.D. ) , 735 -- 738 . ( Elsevier B.V. , Amsterdam ) . Jump up ^ Brüggen , J. ( 1929 ) : Zur Glazialgeologie der chilenischen Anden . Geol . Rundsch. 20 , 1 -- 35 , Berlin . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1984 ) : Spuren hocheiszeitlicher Gletscherbedeckung in der Aconcagua - Gruppe ( 32 -- 33 ° S ) . In : Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil 1 11 / 12 , Verhandlungsblatt des Südamerika - Symposiums 1984 in Bamberg : 1635 -- 1646 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1986 ) : Die Vergletscherung Tibets und die Entstehung von Eiszeiten . In : Spektrum der Wissenschaft 9 / 86 : 42 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1987 ) : Subtropical Mountain - and Highland - Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene . In : GeoJournal 14 ( 4 ) ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 393 -- 421 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1988 ) : Subtropical Mountain - and Highland - Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene . In : Chinese Translation Bulletin of Glaciology and Geocryology 5 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 17 ( in Chinese language ) . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1989 ) : Ice - Marginal Ramps : An Indicator of Semiarid Piedmont Glaciations . In : GeoJournal 18 ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 223 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1990 ) : Ice Marginal Ramps and Alluvial Fans in Semi-Arid Mountains : Convergence and Difference . In : Rachocki , A.H. , Church , M. ( eds . ) : Alluvial fans -- A field approach . John Wiley & Sons Ltd , Chester - New York - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore : 55 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1990 ) : The Probability of Proof in Geomorphology -- an Example of the Application of Information Theory to a New Kind of Glacigenic Morphological Type , the Ice - marginal Ramp ( Bortensander ) . In : GeoJournal 21 ( 3 ) ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 195 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 2004 ) : The Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes ( South America ) . In : Ehlers , J. , Gibbard , P.L. ( Eds . ) , Quaternary Glaciation -- Extent and Chronology . Part III : South America , Asia , Africa , Australia , Antarctica . Development in Quaternary Science , vol . 2c . Elsevier B.V. , Amsterdam , pp. 75 -- 81 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions '' . wwf.panda.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Tropical Andes Archived 2010 - 08 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . -- biodiversityhotspots.org Jump up ^ `` Pants of the Andies '' . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , J.F. ; & Redford , K.H. ( 2000 ) . Mammals of the Neotropics , Volume 3 : The Central Neotropics : Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Brazil . ISBN 978 - 0226195421 ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , J.F. ; & Redford , K.H. ( 1992 ) . Mammals of the Neotropics , Volume 2 : The Southern Cone : Chile , Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay . ISBN 978 - 0226706825 ^ Jump up to : Fjeldsaa , J. ; & Krabbe , N. ( 1990 ) . Birds of the High Andes : A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia , South America . ISBN 978 - 8788757163 Jump up ^ Stuart , Hoffmann , Chanson , Cox , Berridge , Ramani and Young , editors ( 2008 ) . Threatened Amphibians of the World . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96553 - 41 - 5 Jump up ^ D'Altroy , Terence N. The Incas . Blackwell Publishing , 2003 Jump up ^ Andes travel map Jump up ^ `` Jujuy apuesta a captar las cargas de Brasil en tránsito hacia Chile by Emiliano Galli '' . La Nación newspaper . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ W. van Immerzeel , 1989 . Irrigation and erosion / flood control at high altitudes in the Andes . Published in Annual Report 1989 , p. 8 -- 24 , International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement , Wageningen , The Netherlands . On line : ( 1 ) References ( edit ) Oncken , O. et al. ( 2006 ) . The Andes . Active Subduction Orogeny . Springer : Berlin . DOI : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 48684 - 8 Biggar , J. ( 2005 ) . The Andes : A Guide For Climbers . 3rd . edition . Andes : Kirkcudbrightshire . ISBN 0 - 9536087 - 2 - 7 de Roy , T. ( 2005 ) . The Andes : As the Condor Flies . Firefly books : Richmond Hill . ISBN 1 - 55407 - 070 - 8 Fjeldså , J. & N. Krabbe ( 1990 ) . The Birds of the High Andes . Zoological Museum , University of Copenhagen : Copenhagen . ISBN 87 - 88757 - 16 - 1 Fjeldså , J. & M. Kessler ( 1996 ) . Conserving the biological diversity of Polylepis woodlands of the highlands on Peru and Bolivia , a contribution to sustainable natural resource management in the Andes . NORDECO : Copenhagen . ISBN 978 - 87 - 986168 - 0 - 1 Bibliography ( edit ) Biggar , John ( 2005 ) . The Andes : A Guide for Climbers ( 3 ed . ) . Scotland : Andes Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9536087 - 2 - 7 . Darack , Ed ( 2001 ) . Wild Winds : Adventures in the Highest Andes . Cordee / DPP . ISBN 978 - 1884980817 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Andes . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andes . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Andes University of Arizona : Andes geology Blueplanetbiomes.org : Climate and animal life of the Andes Discover-peru.org : Regions and Microclimates in the Andes Peaklist.org : Complete list of mountains in South America with an elevation at / above 1,500 m ( 4,920 ft ) Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt 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Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book VIAF : 254473096 GND : 4001912 - 3 NDL : 00628193 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andes&oldid=820788567 '' Categories : Andes Mountain ranges of South America Biodiversity hotspots Ecology of the Andes Regions of South America Physiographic divisions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how high are the andes mountains in peru | [
"The Andes are the world's highest mountain range outside Asia. The highest mountain outside Asia, Mount Aconcagua, in Argentina, rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m (22,838 ft) above sea level. The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes is farther from the Earth's center than any other location on the Earth's surface, due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth's rotation. The world's highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to 6,893 m (22,615 ft)."
] | [
"about 6,961 m (22,838 ft) above sea level"
] |
-2176277574049381852 | Hollywood Squares | Hollywood Squares - wikipedia Hollywood Squares This article is about the TV game show . For the band , see The Hollywood Squares ( band ) . Hollywood Squares Title card for the original 1966 -- 81 version Genre Game show Created by Merrill Heatter Bob Quigley Presented by Peter Marshall ( 1966 -- 81 ) Jon Bauman ( 1983 -- 84 ) John Davidson ( 1986 -- 89 ) Tom Bergeron ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Narrated by Kenny Williams ( 1966 -- 81 ) Gene Wood ( 1983 -- 84 ) Shadoe Stevens ( 1986 -- 89 , 1998 -- 2002 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2002 -- 03 ) John Moschitta , Jr. ( 2003 -- 04 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 26 No. of episodes 3,536 ( NBC daytime ) 46 ( Saturday morning ) 192 ( Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour ) 585 ( Davidson ) 1,050 ( Bergeron ) Production Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes ( all versions except Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour ) 44 -- 48 minutes ( Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour ) Production company ( s ) Heatter - Quigley Productions ( 1966 -- 81 ) Century Towers Productions ( 1986 -- 89 ) Moffitt / Lee Productions ( 1998 -- 2002 ) One - Ho Productions ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Henry Winkler - Michael Levitt Productions ( 2002 -- 04 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2003 -- 04 ) King World ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Distributor Rhodes Productions ( 1971 -- 79 ) Filmways Television ( 1979 -- 81 ) Orion Television Syndication ( 1986 -- 89 ) King World ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Release Original network NBC ( 1966 -- 80 , 1983 -- 84 ) Syndicated ( 1971 -- 81 , 1986 -- 89 , 1998 -- 2004 ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) Original release First Run October 17 , 1966 ( 1966 - 10 - 17 ) -- June 20 , 1980 ( 1980 - 06 - 20 ) ( NBC Daytime ) January 12 , 1968 ( 1968 - 01 - 12 ) -- September 13 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 13 ) ( NBC Primetime ) January 4 , 1969 ( 1969 - 01 - 04 ) -- August 30 , 1969 ( 1969 - 08 - 30 ) ( NBC Saturday morning ) November 1 , 1971 ( 1971 - 11 - 01 ) -- April 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 10 ) ( syndication ) Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour October 31 , 1983 -- July 27 , 1984 ( NBC Daytime ) Third Run September 15 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 15 ) -- June 16 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 16 ) ( daily syndication ) Fourth Run September 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 14 ) -- June 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 04 ) ( daily syndication ) Chronology Related shows Storybook Squares Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour Hip Hop Squares Hollywood Squares is an American panel game show in which two contestants play tic - tac - toe to win cash and prizes . The show piloted on NBC in 1965 , and the regular series debuted in 1966 on the same network . The board for the game is a 3 × 3 vertical stack of open - faced cubes , each occupied by a celebrity seated at a desk and facing the contestants . The stars are asked questions by the host , and the contestants judge the truth of their answers to gain squares in the right pattern to win the game . Although Hollywood Squares was a legitimate game show , the game largely acted as the background for the show 's comedy in the form of joke answers ( called `` zingers '' ) , often given by the stars prior to their real answer . The show 's writers usually supplied the jokes . In addition , the stars were given the questions ' subjects and bluff ( plausible but incorrect ) answers prior to the show . The show was scripted in this sense , but the gameplay was not . In any case , as original host Peter Marshall would explain at the beginning of the Secret Square game , the celebrities were briefed prior to the show to help them with bluff answers , but they otherwise heard the actual questions for the first time as they were asked on air . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked it at No. 7 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . Internationally , there are multiple versions under a variety of names ( see International versions below ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basic rules 2 1966 -- 81 2.1 Cast of stars 2.2 Secret Square 3 Storybook Squares ( 1969 & 1976 -- 77 ) 4 The Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour ( 1983 -- 84 ) 5 1986 -- 89 5.1 Secret Square 5.2 Bonus round 6 1998 -- 2004 6.1 Secret Square 6.2 Bonus round 6.2. 1 First version 6.2. 2 Big money round 6.2. 3 Keys 6.3 Final season changes 6.4 Tournaments 6.4. 1 Tournament of Champions 6.4. 2 College Championship 6.4. 3 Theme weeks 7 Theme songs 8 International versions 9 Home versions and merchandise 10 Broadcast history and episode status 10.1 Episode status 11 References 12 External links Basic rules ( edit ) Although there have been variations over the years in the rules of and the prizes in the game , certain aspects of the game have remained fairly consistent . Two contestants competed in every match , one playing X and the other O. With very rare exceptions , the matches were male vs. female with the male playing the X position and referred to informally as Mr. X , with the female playing the O position and referred to informally as Ms. Circle ( the show referred to the O by its shape and not its alphabetical nature ) . One of the contestants was usually a returning champion . Taking turns , each contestant selected a square . The star was asked a question and gave an answer , which was usually preceded by a zinger . The contestants had the choice of agreeing with the star 's answer or disagreeing if they thought the star was bluffing . On rare occasions , a star would not know the correct answer to a question , but would be unable to come up with a plausible bluff . In such instances , the contestant would be offered the chance to answer the question and would earn or lose the square based on how they answered . Usually the contestants declined , in which case they incurred no penalty and the same star was asked another question . The objective was to complete a line across , vertically , or diagonally or to score as many squares as possible , as contestants could also win by capturing five squares . Correctly agreeing or disagreeing with a star 's answer captured the square . If the contestant failed to agree or disagree correctly , the square went to his / her opponent . An exception was made if the square would result in the opponent winning by default , which was not allowed ; in that case , the square remained unclaimed and the opponent got a chance to earn it him / herself . 1966 -- 81 ( edit ) Bert Parks hosted the 1965 pilot of Hollywood Squares . NBC acquired the rights to the show , which debuted on October 17 , 1966 with Peter Marshall as host , a job he held for 15 years . Marshall agreed to host because he did not want rival Dan Rowan to host . Hollywood Squares was the final addition to a short - lived game show powerhouse block on NBC , which for the next two years also included Concentration , Jeopardy ! , You Do n't Say ! , Let 's Make a Deal , Match Game and others . During most of its daytime run , NBC broadcast The Hollywood Squares at 11 : 30 a.m. Eastern / 10 : 30 a.m. Central ; it dominated the ratings until 1976 , when it made the first of several time slot moves . The daytime show aired its 3536th and last episode on June 20 , 1980 . The show also ran at night , first on NBC from January 12 to September 13 , 1968 as a mid-season replacement for the short - lived sitcom Accidental Family . A nighttime syndicated program ran from November 1 , 1971 until May 22 , 1981 . Initially airing once weekly , the syndicated Squares added a second airing in 1972 and began airing daily or nightly in September 1980 , the show 's final season . Celebrating the start of its ninth year on the air in 1974 , ( L -- R ) are Paul Lynde , Rose Marie , host Peter Marshall and Cliff Arquette as Charley Weaver . The daytime series was played as a best two - out - of - three match between a returning champion and an opponent , with each individual game worth $200 / $400 per match ( originally $100 for each game and an additional $300 for the match that totaled $500 ) . Originally , a five - match champion retired with an additional $2,500 , the Secret Square prize package ( if not yet won ) and a new car ; the cash bonus was increased through the years . By 1976 , the prize for a five - day champion included additional cash ( $5,000 or $10,000 ) , two new cars and a luxury vacation , with a total value of somewhere between $20,000 and $25,000 . In September 1976 , an endgame was added after each match with the champion simply selecting a star , each of whom held an envelope with a prize ; the top prize was $5,000 , with additional prizes ranging from small kitchen appliances to items worth up to about $2,000 . The nighttime versions featured the same two contestants playing for the entire half - hour with each completed game worth $300 ( NBC prime time ) or $250 ( syndicated ) . On the syndicated version , if time ran out with a game still in progress ( interrupted by a loud horn that the host called `` the tacky buzzer '' ) , each X or O on the board at that point was worth an additional $50 to the contestants , with each contestant guaranteed at least $100 in total winnings . The contestant with the most money at the end of the show won a bonus prize , which for the first seven years of the syndicated series was a car . From 1978 -- 80 , the endgame described above was utilized with each prize worth at least $5,000 including a new car ; cash prizes of $5,000 and $10,000 were also available . If the match ended in a tie , one final question was played with the star of one contestant 's choosing ; if the contestant agreed or disagreed correctly , he / she won the match ; otherwise , the match went to the opponent . The nighttime syndicated version 's episodes were self - contained , unlike the daytime version where games could straddle . For the final ( 1980 -- 81 ) season , the syndicated series left NBC 's Burbank , California studio and moved to the Riviera Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . During the final season , games were no longer scored . Instead , the winner of each game won a prize , and if time ran out before a game could be completed , the prize went to the player with the most squares on the board . Additionally , the season 's eight highest - winning contestants were invited back to play in a Grand Championship tournament at the end of the season . The final $100,000 Grand Championship Tournament was played in 1980 and won by Eric Lloyd Scott of Denver , Colorado . Prizes that year included a Geodesic Dome Home from Domes America , a Botany 500 Wardrobe , a 50 - day cruise on Delta Line Cruises , the first Apple II computer system , the original Sony Betamax , a camper trailer and a motorhome and $20,000 in cash . Cast of stars ( edit ) The 2000th show in 1974 . Back row , L-R : Cliff Arquette as Charley Weaver , Rose Marie , John Davidson ( who would become a future host of the show ) , George Gobel , Kent McCord , Peter Marshall , Vincent Price , and Paul Lynde . Front row : Ruta Lee and Sandy Duncan . Many celebrities became recognized as regulars on the show . Some regulars were frequently asked questions pertaining to a certain topic or category . For instance , Cliff Arquette ( in character as `` Charley Weaver '' ) , a history buff , excelled at American history questions ; Rich Little almost always received questions about other celebrities , which gave him an opportunity to do an impression of that individual ; Roddy McDowall usually gave correct answers about the plays of Shakespeare ; Rose Marie often received questions on dating and relationships , playing off her lovelorn comic persona ; and Demond Wilson often responded with mock anger to questions that were carefully worded to play upon African American stereotypes . Other regulars and semi-regulars over the years included Nanette Fabray , Kaye Ballard , Wally Cox , Morey Amsterdam , Florence Henderson , Buddy Hackett , Marty Allen , Wayland Flowers and Madame , Barbara Eden , George Gobel , Vincent Price , Charo , Sandy Duncan , Carol Wayne , Jonathan Winters , Foster Brooks , The Lennon Sisters , Garrett Morris , Karen Valentine , and Joan Rivers . Paul Lynde was featured in the tactically important center square throughout most of the show 's original run . In 1968 , after two years on the show , Lynde became the regular center square . Lynde 's outrageous jokes helped him win two daytime Emmy Awards both in 1974 and 1978 . He left the series after taping the August 20 -- 24 , 1979 week of shows , but returned when the series relocated to Las Vegas for the 1980 -- 81 season . Secret square ( edit ) The Secret Square game is played as the first game on a given broadcast ( or the first complete game , if a show began with a game already in progress ) during the daytime series . In this game , a randomly selected Secret Square is shown only to the home audience by the shot of the television camera . A contestant who picked that panelist during the game won a bonus prize package if they correctly agreed or disagreed with the star . Secret Square prize packages added cash on the daytime edition , which started at around $1,000 ( for the 1966 episodes ; the base amount increased in the later years from 1967 to 1980 ( by which time a new Secret Square package was worth around $3,500 to $4,500 ) and grew daily until won . The question for the star was sealed in a special envelope and was almost always multiple choice . For the 1968 NBC prime - time series , the first two games are the Secret Square games . One Secret Square offered a trip and the other Secret Square offered a car ( or occasionally a boat ) . If not won , the prize offered in the first round carried over to the second round , with a second prize added . If not won in the second round , the Secret Square prize package went unclaimed . During the first two seasons of the syndicated series ( 1971 -- 1973 ) , the first two games were Secret Square games , with the prize packages generally worth about $2,500 ; if no one claimed the prizes offered in the first round , they would be carried over to the second round , and if still not won went unclaimed . Beginning in 1973 and ending in 1978 , the first three games had a Secret Square , with each game offering different prize packages , usually worth between $2,000 and $7,000 . From 1978 -- 80 , the Secret Square games were cut to game numbers two and three ( the first two games early on ) . The Secret Square was not used during the 1980 -- 81 daily syndicated version . Storybook Squares ( 1969 & 1976 -- 77 ) ( edit ) Peter Marshall hosting Storybook Squares in 1969 Main article : Storybook Squares Storybook Squares , a children 's version of Hollywood Squares , aired briefly on Saturday mornings on NBC from January 4 to August 30 , 1969 and featured stars dressed as various fictional characters from television and fairy tales as well as historical figures from the past . NBC would later bring the concept back to the daytime series in the 1976 -- 77 season with a slight retooling , where instead of children playing entire families played . In an interview with E ! 's True Hollywood Story on March 30 , 2003 ( episode 7.21 ) , Marshall lauded the concept , but lamented that by the time each of the characters was introduced , very little of the show 's half - hour format was left for actual gameplay The match game - Hollywood Squares Hour ( 1983 -- 84 ) ( edit ) The Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour logo Main article : Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour In 1983 , several years after Orion Pictures acquired Hollywood Squares rights owner Filmways , NBC decided to attempt a revival of the series . What resulted was a joint produced effort with Orion 's television unit and Mark Goodson Productions that combined the Hollywood Squares program with a revival of the Goodson - produced Match Game . The sixty - minute program was dubbed The Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour and debuted on October 31 , 1983 at 3 PM Eastern , coincidentally replacing the Peter Marshall - hosted series Fantasy . Jon Bauman ( aka former Sha Na Na frontman `` Bowzer '' ) hosted the Hollywood Squares portion of the show . The only regular panelist on this version was Gene Rayburn , who reprised his role as host of Match Game ; he always occupied the lower left square during Hollywood Squares , which Bauman also occupied during Match Game segments . Most of the semi-regulars were previously better known for Match Game ( only on one week of episodes did a regular from the previous Hollywood Squares , George Gobel , appear on the panel ) . Hollywood Squares was always played as the second ( middle ) segment of the show , and featured the winner of the Match Game match played in the first half of the program facing off with the show 's returning champion . This version of Hollywood Squares saw several different variations on the gameplay . First , the panelists were not given bluff answers or briefed . Second , the questions followed either a multiple - choice or true / false format . Third , for each square a contestant claimed $25 was added to his / her score with each game win starting at $100 for the first and increasing by that amount for subsequent games until time ran out and a winner was declared . In contrast to the original version of the show , players could win games by default if the opposing player incorrectly agreed / disagreed with a celebrity whose square would give the other player a completed row . ( On all other version of Squares , the player would have to earn the winning celebrity on their own . ) The winner would return to the Match Game gameplay and play the Super Match for a cash prize . The Match Game segment featured six panelists , as it had from 1973 to 1982 ; for the Hollywood Squares portion , a third tier was added to the panel seating area , with three more celebrities being introduced to the proceedings at the show 's midpoint . All nine celebrities could play the Super Match . The Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour was not a success and NBC cancelled it on July 27 , 1984 . It was replaced the following Monday with the soap opera Santa Barbara , which would run for nine years . 1986 -- 89 ( edit ) The 1986 -- 89 logo Two years after the cancellation of The Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour , a new Hollywood Squares series was put into production . Referred to throughout its run as The New Hollywood Squares , the program debuted on September 15 , 1986 and was produced by Century Towers Productions with Rick Rosner serving as executive producer and Orion Television as distributor ( Century Towers was a subdivision of Orion formed to produce game shows , specifically this series and the 1987 -- 88 syndicated revival of High Rollers ; the name was in reference to the street that Orion was headquartered at the time ) . John Davidson , who was a semi-regular panelist on the original Hollywood Squares , was chosen to host the new series . Shadoe Stevens was the announcer for the series and , beginning late in the first season , he also became a regular panelist occupying the bottom center square . After a season of rotating center squares , former Hollywood Squares panelist Joan Rivers joined the series as the permanent center square . Jim J. Bullock was the series ' third regular panelist , usually in the upper - left square . The three regulars also served as guest hosts for when Davidson was unavailable ; in one of those instances , for one week at the beginning of the show 's final season , Stevens hosted while Bullock was the center square and Howard Stern announced . On most other occasions that Stevens was not available to announce , his brother Richard would take his place . That happened beginning on the show 's 100th episode until the Friday before the final two weeks of the first season , when Shadoe returned and became a regular . All music for the program was composed by Stormy Sacks . The game used the original version 's rule that games could not be won due to an opponent 's error . For the first season , each game was worth $500 with a bonus of $100 per square if time ran out in the middle of a game . Beginning in season two , the third and subsequent games were worth $1,000 with $200 given for each square claimed when time ran out . If time had run out with the contestants tied , one more question was asked to one celebrity . If the contestant agreed or disagreed correctly , they won the money for one square and the match . If not , their opponent automatically won . This was also done on occasions where there was no tie , but there was only enough time for one question in a game . The contestant who finished with the most money won the match and went on to the bonus round . Secret square ( edit ) The second game of each show was a Secret Square game . As with the original version , the Secret Square was revealed to the home audience at the start of this game ; if a contestant chose this square and successfully claimed it , he / she won a prize ( usually a trip ) . The prize did not increase in value from one show to the next if it was not collected . Bonus round ( edit ) The first two seasons of this version of the series employed a bonus round that was similar to the one used on the 1970s game show Split Second . Five cars , each of the same brand / make , were displayed on the stage for the entire week . The champion chose one of five keys and then chose the car they thought the key would start . The contestant also chose at least one celebrity to stand beside the car or sit in it with them for good luck ; at times the entire panel would congregate near the car , especially on Friday shows or when a champion reached a fifth win and automatically retire with the car . If the chosen key started the car , the contestant won it and retired ; otherwise , the contestant returned the next day with that car eliminated should he or she return to the bonus game . The contestant automatically won whatever car was left on the fifth day should they have gone that far without starting the car . Each new week started with five new cars . If a champion 's reign carried over from the previous week , one of the lower priced cars was eliminated based on how many times the champion had previously played the bonus round and they would choose between whatever cars were left . For the final season , the car round was changed . The champion first chose a car , then one of the nine celebrities . Each held a key , with five of the celebrities holding keys that would start any one of the five available cars and four holding dud keys that did not start anything . If the champion failed to start the car , it was not eliminated from the round , but was available again if the champion returned the next day . However , the five - day limit was removed and a champion was able to stay until either winning a car or being defeated . 1998 -- 2004 ( edit ) The 1998 -- 2002 logo The 2002 -- 04 logo In 1991 , King World Productions acquired the rights to the entire worldwide Hollywood Squares format from Orion Pictures Corporation as that company was going through its bankruptcy phase . Six years later , King World decided to bring the series back to television and a revival was put in the works . Whoopi Goldberg was brought in to be the executive producer , and John Moffitt and Pat Tourk Lee were hired as producers . Goldberg 's One Ho Productions and Moffitt - Lee Productions joined Columbia TriStar Television as co-production companies with King World , who handled distribution by themselves . This differed from the other two King World / Columbia TriStar collaborations on television at the time , Jeopardy ! and Wheel of Fortune , as King World had no role in the production of those two series . On September 14 , 1998 , the revival debuted with Tom Bergeron as its host . In addition to her production duties , Whoopi Goldberg served as the permanent center square , with series head writer Bruce Vilanch , Gilbert Gottfried , Martin Mull , and Caroline Rhea as regular panelists and Brad Garrett , Bobcat Goldthwait , Jeffrey Tambor , George Wallace , Kathy Griffin and various others as semi-regular panelists . Shadoe Stevens returned to announce , although he was not given a square on the panel as he had been when John Davidson was host . Following the 2001 -- 02 season , Goldberg left the series and Moffitt and Lee were fired . In addition to these departures , Bruce Vilanch left his writing position and Caroline Rhea moved to New York to host The Caroline Rhea Show , a daytime variety series launched to replace The Rosie O'Donnell Show ; O'Donnell had decided to leave her namesake show before the end of the 2001 -- 02 season and Rhea , who was chosen by O'Donnell to be her replacement , served as guest host for most of the last season . The series also lost its announcer when Shadoe Stevens left as well . The 2002 -- 03 season launched with Henry Winkler and his production partner Michael Levitt as the new executive producers and Jeffrey Tambor as the announcer . Winkler guest announced for several weeks during the season . Some changes were made to the overall production with the show adopting a new logo that referred to the show as `` H2 '' . The set was given a makeover where the contestant desks were replaced with podiums with LED screens inside and a rewritten version of the Teena Marie song `` Square Biz '' became the theme song . After Goldberg 's departure , the show decided not to employ a traditional permanent center square . Instead , a new celebrity would be in the square each week . Ellen DeGeneres , Alec Baldwin , and Simon Cowell were among those who played center square as was Peter Marshall , who appeared during a special theme week in 2002 . For most of the first five seasons of this Hollywood Squares series , the first and second games were worth $1,000 to the winner . The third game was worth $2,000 , and every subsequent game until time ran out was worth $4,000 . If a contestant did not win anything in the main game , $500 was given to them as a consolation prize . In the early episodes of the first season , if a contestant could not win with five squares on the board , their opponent automatically got the remaining square and the five - square win . In addition , contestants only played for half the money ; $500 was won for each of the first two games , with $1,000 for the third and $2,000 for all subsequent games and $250 was given as a consolation prize for failing to win a game . In addition , the consolation prize amount also was used for each contestant 's square in the event that time ran out during a game , and was counted towards their cash total to determine the day 's champion . The tiebreaker was the same as the previous versions except that the contestant who has won the most games , most squares overall or won the last game played ( whichever came first ) had the option to play the question or pass it to his / her opponent , with a miss by either contestant giving their opponent the win by default . For the first season of this Hollywood Squares series , two new contestants competed on each episode . Beginning in the second season , the returning champion rule was reinstated ; a contestant could stay on for a maximum of five days . Secret square ( edit ) The first season also saw up to two Secret Square games . In the earliest episodes of the series , two Secret Square games were played on each show with a different prize offered for each game . The Secret Square was played in both the second and third games of the day , but after two weeks the Secret Square prize would only carry over to the third game if neither contestant had claimed in it the second game . From the second season forward , the Secret Square would only be played for in the second game . Beginning in the second season and continuing until the end of the fifth season , the Secret Square game was played for an accumulating jackpot of prizes that Bergeron referred to as the Secret Square Stash . A new prize would be added to the jackpot each day until someone claimed it , with the highest ever Secret Square totaling $50,731 in prizes . Bonus round ( edit ) The Bergeron Hollywood Squares employed three different bonus games during its six seasons on air . First version ( edit ) Originally , the show used the same `` pick a star , win a prize '' format the Marshall version had used during its last few years on the air . Each of the nine squares hid a different prize , with $10,000 cash ( $15,000 in season 3 ) and a car being the two most expensive . The day 's winner simply picked the celebrity they wanted , and won whatever prize was in an envelope that star was holding . As noted by Bergeron at the start of the bonus round each episode , the prizes totaled over $100,000 . Beginning partway through the first season and continuing until partway through season four , the round was modified to where in order to claim the prize , the champion had to correctly agree or disagree with a Secret Square - style question posed by Bergeron to the chosen celebrity . For the first season , if a contestant did not do so he / she was awarded $2,500 cash as a consolation prize . Once returning champions were reinstated beginning in the second season , no consolation prize was given to a champion for missing the question . However , for the show 's recurring theme weeks where contestants only played for one day , the $2,500 cash was given for a miss . Big money round ( edit ) Beginning approximately two months into season four and continuing until the end of that season in June 2002 , Hollywood Squares instituted a new high - stakes round in response to the recent trend of quiz shows offering big cash prizes . The champion faced a general knowledge trivia round with their choice of any of the nine celebrities . Again , each of the celebrities held envelopes with varying dollar amounts hidden inside , ranging from $1,000 to $5,000 ( increments of $500 ) . If the champion picked a square that contained more than one person , they would have to pick only one person from that square . The champion was given 60 seconds to answer as many questions as possible and was allowed to consult their celebrity partner for help ; however , only the champion 's answers counted . Each correct answer was worth the amount in the envelope , which was revealed at the start of the round . At the end of the sixty seconds , the champion was given a choice to either quit with the money earned in the round or attempt to go double - or - nothing on an open - ended final question , with the category given to the contestant before he / she made the decision to play on . The top prize in the Big Money Round was said to be $100,000 , with the most won by a contestant in the round being $60,000 . Keys ( edit ) A variation on the 1980s syndicated series ' endgame was added to Hollywood Squares in September 2002 and remained until the series ended in June 2004 . Nine keys were used in the game , only one of which would win the day 's prize . To eliminate the bad keys , contestants had 30 seconds to select celebrities and correctly agree or disagree with statements about the celebrities read by Bergeron . The clock started after the contestant selected the first star . For each correct response , one of the bad keys was eliminated from the pool of nine . If the champion had made multiple unsuccessful attempts to win the prize , one additional key was removed for each attempt . During themed weeks in which two new contestants played each day , one extra key was removed since the champion had only one chance to win the prize . After the bad keys were removed , the champion chose the one key they thought would win the prize . If unsuccessful , the champion received $1,000 ( originally $500 ) for each correct answer they had given in the first half of the round . The prize structure was as follows : 1st win : Car 2nd : $25,000 3rd : Trip around the world or a trip of a lifetime ( worth between $20,000 -- $30,000 ) 4th : $50,000 5th : $100,000 To win the car , the chosen key had to start its engine . The cash prizes required the contestant to unlock a safe with the correct key , while a steamer trunk had to be unlocked in order to win the trip . If the champion answered eight or all nine statements correctly before time expired , the key that started the engine or opened the trunk / safe was automatically revealed to the contestant . On occasion , the second prize was substituted for a gift certificate in that amount to an upscale store ; these were often used as bonus prizes during special weeks or tournaments . Final season changes ( edit ) For the sixth and last season of Hollywood Squares , more changes were made to the series . First , after a season of rotating center squares , the show went back to having a permanent center square and Martin Mull was chosen to fill the role while John Moschitta , Jr. replaced Jeffrey Tambor as the announcer and Bruce Vilanch returned to the series as an occasional panelist . Second , the game format was scrapped in favor of a return to the two - out - of - three match format last seen on the NBC series in 1980 . The first player to win the necessary two games won $2,000 and no consolation money was awarded if a player failed to win a game . The Secret Square was still played during the second game but the accumulating jackpot of prizes was discarded in favor of playing for one prize per match , regardless of whether or not the previous match 's prize was won . Third , the change in format resulted in the show no longer being self - contained , as matches could and often did straddle episodes . The bonus round format from the previous season remained , with the following prize structure . 1st win : Trip 2nd : $10,000 3rd : Luxury car 4th : $25,000 5th : Trip around the world The rules , however , were different . All nine keys were in play every time a contestant played the bonus round regardless of whether he / she had won the prize in the previous round or not . Each correct answer in the first half of the round was only worth $500 if the prize was not won . Theme weeks used the game format from the first five seasons , with each match played to time and the bonus round serving as the final segment . The winners of these matches played the bonus round for $10,000 cash , and had one key eliminated at the outset before eliminating any additional keys . Tournaments ( edit ) Tournament of champions ( edit ) Starting in season two , the show began having an annual Tournament of Champions each May , with the season 's biggest winners returning to compete for additional cash and prizes . The format changed each season : Season 2 : Six five - game winners came back to play again . Play was as normal , except the Secret Square was worth $2,500 , which was added to the score . The bonus game was also played for cash , from $5,000 to $15,000 . The two contestants who earned the most money came back for a two - game final , playing by the same rules as the semi-finals . In addition to the other cash won , the champion won an extra $50,000 . The final bonus round was worth up to $15,000 . Seasons 3 & 4 : Eight four - game winners compete in a semi-final game . The two top winners return on Friday . The Secret Square prize was an actual prize , again added to the final score , but was the same each day so no one has an advantage . The champion won $25,000 and the trophy , and a $44,000 Jaguar S - Type was among the prizes in the bonus game . Season four 's tournament was similar to that of the previous year , except that the bonus game winnings were taken into account . The final grand champion won a Mercedes - Benz in addition to the money . Season 5 : Season five had a `` Close but No Cigar '' week to decide who would join the seven undefeated winners in the normal tournament . The bonus round was played for a $25,000 Bloomingdale 's shopping spree until Friday , when it was replaced by a cruise on the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 . The winner of the tournament chose one of the celebrities who then revealed a cash amount of up to $50,000 inside a sealed envelope . Season 6 : The winner of the tournament played the standard bonus round and chose one of the captured celebrities , one of whom was holding an envelope with up to $100,000 in it . College Championship ( edit ) Each year from season two to five had 14 college students competing . Seven quarter - final games were played . The four contestants with the highest overall totals move on to the semi-finals . The two winners played in the final game , where the winner won a $25,000 savings bond ( later a car ) , as well as a trophy for their university . Secret Square and bonus round prizes were added to the totals to determine who moved on . In 2001 , Goldberg was not present during some tournament shows , having Caroline Rhea & other celebrity guests taking over center square . In the Finals , Martin Short ( in character as Jiminy Glick ) took over center square . In season five , the bonus round was played for $25,000 ( savings bonds in the quarter - finals , cash in the semi-finals ) , and the grand champion automatically won a new Jeep Wrangler . Theme weeks ( edit ) Three weeks of shows were recorded in the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York during season three ( November 6 -- 24 , 2000 ) , but was more notable for its reliance on theme weeks . One was a December 9 -- 13 , 2002 Game Show Week where several game show hosts and other personalities appeared . Original Hollywood Squares host Peter Marshall was the center square for the week , marking the first time he had appeared on the program since 1981 . Game show hosts Bob Eubanks , Jim Lange , Wink Martindale , and Chuck Woolery served on the panel , as did frequent 1970s game show panelist Jimmie Walker , and Match Game regulars Brett Somers and Charles Nelson Reilly shared a square for the week . The Price Is Right announcer ( at the time ) Rod Roddy served as the announcer for the week , and former Let 's Make a Deal model Carol Merrill presented the Secret Square and bonus round prizes . In the third season , there were two theme weeks dedicated to Survivor . The first , which aired in September 2000 , featured four of the cast members from the first season ( Borneo ) as well as a cameo from host Jeff Probst , and the second , which aired in May 2001 , featured all 16 cast members from the second season ( Australian Outback ) . A third theme week featuring cast members from Survivor : Africa aired during the fourth season . In the third season , the show went on the road to New York City , which was a throwback to the Davidson version when they did shows in Hollywood , Florida , Club Med in the Bahamas , as well as Radio City Music Hall . The show taped 2 weeks ' worth of episodes at the Hammerstein Ballroom in Manhattan . There were two Halloween - themed weeks : one from season four was titled Hollywood Scares and aired during the week of October 29 -- November 2 , 2001 , and another from season five titled Halloween Squares which aired during the week of October 28 -- November 1 , 2002 . In both of these weeks , the stars were dressed in costumes . On the December 12 , 2002 episode in Game Show Week , Marshall and Bergeron traded places . This was the first time Marshall had hosted an episode of Hollywood Squares since the first nightly syndicated series went off the air in 1981 . Marshall hosted the first portion of the show , with Bergeron taking over for the bonus round . Bergeron also swapped roles with Rosie O'Donnell during a separate episode . O'Donnell hosted the show during the Secret Square round while Bergeron sat in her square . In another episode , Goldberg hosted a round while Bergeron sat in her square . A second Game Show Week aired during the final season . Bob Eubanks returned as a panelist and was joined by hosts Monty Hall and Tom Kennedy , frequent Gong Show contributors Jaye P. Morgan and Jamie Farr ( who shared a square ) , original Hollywood Squares regular Rose Marie , and frequent game show panel members Betty White , Jo Anne Worley , and Nipsey Russell , who performed a poem in his guise of `` The Poet Laureate of Television '' . Martin Mull remained as center square for the week . Shadoe Stevens returned to announce for the week , making his first appearance since the end of season four . High Rollers assistant Ruta Lee and former Wheel of Fortune co-host Susan Stafford alternated presenting the Secret Square and bonus round prizes . The week was dedicated to Roddy who died in October 2003 . Two Bergeron - hosted episodes version have been noted in blooper specials . On October 1 , 1999 , the first game of the show took the entire episode to complete . Both the champion and challenger were having trouble correctly agreeing or disagreeing with the panel 's answers , which came to a head late in the program . Gilbert Gottfried 's square was the only one available and would have given whoever claimed it a five - square win . It took six questions for the champion to correctly agree with Gottfried 's answer , and for each unsuccessful attempt at doing so Gottfried shouted , `` You fool ! '' toward the contestants . Eventually Bergeron and fellow panelist Penn Jillette , who had initially done the same thing earlier in the game , joined in on the shouting . When the champion finally came up with the win , Bergeron raised his hands in mock triumph and yelled the correct answer . Another episode included an April Fools ' prank played on Tom Bergeron in the show 's fifth season , featuring E.E. Bell as an obnoxious contestant who kept pushing his overly emotional opponent ( played by Carrie Armstrong ) until she broke down in tears , in addition to testing Bergeron 's patience . When producer Henry Winkler gave Bergeron the notice that the episode was to air on April Fools ' Day ( April 1 ) , the game ended , and the two contestants got to keep the money they earned , and the normal game straddled into the next day 's episode ( with that day 's bonus round played as usual ) . Theme songs ( edit ) The first theme song used from 1966 to 1969 was an orchestration of `` The Silly Song '' by Jimmie Haskell ; however , the version used on the show is not the same one released on the LP ( Jimmie Haskell 's French Horns , Vol. 2 ) . The track found on the LP is a version with vocals and has a different instrumentation than the version used on the program . The second and most famous theme was composed by William Loose . Called `` Bob & Merrill 's Theme '' , it was named for Bob Quigley and Merrill Heatter , the show 's creators and original co-executive producers . This version of the theme song , in an edited format , is available on The Best of TV Quiz and Game Show Themes . A third theme song was used from 1979 to 1981 . Stan Worth re-recorded a new version of `` Bob & Merrill 's Theme '' with quasi-disco styling and renamed it as `` The Hollywood Bowl '' . Three versions of `` The Hollywood Bowl '' were created for the show : one for the opening music , one for the secret square prize descriptions and one for the main theme . The theme to The Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour was `` Lottery '' , composed by Edd Kalehoff for Score Productions . The theme is still heard as a car prize cue on The Price Is Right and was used for similar purposes on the late - 1980s revival of Card Sharks . The theme to the 1986 -- 89 edition and its cues were composed by Stormy Sacks ( who also performed live music during the show itself , as required for certain questions or celebrity intros ) . This music package was re-arranged / recorded for the show 's final season . The 1998 -- 2004 edition had two themes . The first theme , `` I Love Hollywood '' , and its accompanying music cues were composed by Jennifer May Mauldaur & Paul David Weinberg , with the main theme vocals by series regular / co-producer Whoopi Goldberg and was used from 1998 to 2002 , with a remixed version used for the 2001 -- 02 season . The second theme , which was used for the remainder of the run , `` Hollywood Square Biz '' , was a re-write of Teena Marie 's 1981 R&B hit `` Square Biz '' , performed by Marie herself . International versions ( edit ) Color Key : Currently airing or returning No longer airing Country Local title Host Channel Year ( s ) aired Arab World سين جيم Sin Jim Shareef El Alami Dubai TV 1990s معجب عجيب Mojab Ajeeb Michel Kazi Future TV 2009 Argentina Ta Te Show Leonardo Simons Silvio Soldán Fernando Bravo Telefe 1992 -- 97 Australia Celebrity Squares John Bailey Network Ten 1967 Jimmy Hannan Nine Network 1975 -- 76 Personality Squares John Bailey Joe Martin Bob Moore Network Ten 1967 -- 69 Jimmy Hannan 1981 All - Star Squares Ian ' Danno ' Rogerson Seven Network 1999 Belgium Sterrenconnectie Hans Otten VTM 1996 -- 98 De waarzeggers Rani De Coninck 2015 -- L'académie des 9 Maureen Louys La Une 2015 Brazil Jogo da Velha Haroldo de Andrade Rede Globo 1972 Jogo da Velha Fausto Silva Rede Globo 1989 -- 93 Canada ( Québec ) Tic Tac Toc Claude Mailhot TVA 1978 -- 79 Tic Tac Show Jean - François Mercier V 2013 -- 14 China Tic Tac Toe Dennis Chew MediaCorp 8 2003 Czech Republic Čtveráci Martin Severa Barbora Štěpánová Nova 1999 -- 2000 Denmark Stjerner på stribe Jarl Friis - Mikkelsen TV2 2013 -- France L'Academie des 9 Jean - Pierre Foucault Yves Lecoq Benjamin Castaldi Antenne 2 NRJ 12 1982 -- 87 1987 -- 91 2015 Le Kadox Alexandre Debanne France 3 1998 -- 2000 La Porte ouverte a toutes les fenêtres Cyril Hanouna France 4 2009 -- 10 Germany XXO -- Fritz & Co Fritz Egner Sat. 1 1995 -- 97 Star Weekend Marco Strohlein RTL 2000 Greece Τα Τετράγωνα Των Αστέρων Ta Tetragona ton asteron Maria Aliferi ERT 1980 -- 81 Giorgos Marinos ( el ) Mega Channel 2003 Hungary Esti Broadway István Vágó TV2 1999 -- 2000 India ( Telugu ) Tollywood Squares Navdeep Pallapolu Star Maa 2018 Indonesia Selebritis Indonesia Joe Richard Ferry Salim Indosiar 1999 -- 2002 Celebrity Squares John Martin NET . 2015 -- 2016 Israel תשע בריבוע Tesha BaRibu'a Uri Zohar Tuvia Tzafir Eyal Geffen Channel 1 1977 -- 82 כוכבים בריבוע Kochavim BaRibu'a Shai Avivi Channel 2 ( Keshet ) 1999 חכמים בריבוע Hakhamin BaRibu'a Avri Gilad Italy Il gioco dei 9 Raimondo Vianello and Sandra Mondaini Gerry Scotti Canale 5 1988 -- 90 1990 -- 92 Enrico Papi Italia 1 Japan 3 ・ 3 が 9 イズ 3 times 3 is quiz Genzō Wakayama TBS 1970 -- 71 うそつき クイズ Liar Quiz Jun Nagasawa Nippon TV 1979 -- 80 クイズ スクエア Quiz Square Haruo Mizuno 1980 Malaysia Celebrity Squares Sharifah Shahirah ntv7 2002 -- 03 Netherlands Sterrenflat Ron Brandsteder RTL 4 1999 Peru Michi Show Luis Angel Pinasco América Televisión 1993 -- 94 Poland 9 Wspaniałych Wojciech Malajkat Robet Rozmus Polsat 1997 -- 98 Russia Проще простого Proshche prostogo Igor Wernick Nikolay Fomenko MTK ( 1993 -- 96 ) Rossiya 1 ( 1996 -- 97 ) NTV ( 1997 ) 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 96 1996 -- 97 Singapore Celebrity Squares Lawrence Chau MediaCorp TV Channel 5 Spain VIP Emiilio Aragon Belen Rueda Jose Luis Moreno Mar Flores Thalia Juan Carlos Martin Raquel Carrillo Ana Charri Tito Agusto Miguel Lara Pepe Viyuela Arancha Del Sol Juan Luis Cano Jaime Barrella Guillermo Fesser Heather Parisi Cannelle Telecinco 1990 -- 92 Tres en Raya Carolina Ferre LaSexta 2007 Sweden Prat I Kvadrat Fredrik Belfrage Harald Treutiger Martin Örnorth Sveriges Television March 2 , 1983 1985 -- 86 1999 2000 OAS Lenhart Swahn TV1 1972 Thailand ซุป'ตา ร์ ท้า OX Superstars OX Challenge Kitti Chiaw - wongkul ONE 2017 -- 2018 Turkey XOX : Kare Akademisi Yalçın Menteş Show TV aTV 1993 -- 96 Kandıramazsın Beni Vatan Şaşmaz Fox Türkiye 2009 United Kingdom Celebrity Squares Bob Monkhouse ITV 1975 -- 79 1993 -- 97 Warwick Davis 2014 -- 15 United States The Hollywood Squares Peter Marshall NBC Daytime : 1966 -- 80 Nighttime : 1968 Storybook Squares 1969 -- 77 The Hollywood Squares Syndicated Weekly : 1971 -- 72 Twice weekly : 1972 -- 80 Daily / Nightly : 1980 -- 81 The Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour Gene Rayburn ( MG ) Jon Bauman ( HS ) NBC 1983 -- 84 The New Hollywood Squares John Davidson Syndicated 1986 -- 89 Hollywood Squares Tom Bergeron 1998 -- 2004 Hip Hop Squares Peter Rosenberg MTV2 2012 DeRay Davis VH1 2017 Home versions and merchandise ( edit ) Hollywood Squares game for Nintendo Entertainment System Watkins - Strathmore produced the first two home versions of the show in 1967 . Ideal issued a version of the game in 1974 with a picture of Peter Marshall on the box . Marshall was the original host of the television version throughout its entire first run . This was the first of the adaptations to feature humorous names for the celebrities . A similar board game based on the UK version under the title Celebrity Squares was released by Buckingham Toys five years later in 1979 with a picture of host Bob Monkhouse on the cover . Also in 1974 , Event Records released a compilation album entitled Zingers from The Hollywood Squares ( along with two companion books ) on vinyl LP and cassette , containing the audio of what were considered to be some of the show 's funniest moments . A CD of the album was included in Peter Marshall 's 2002 book Backstage with the Original Hollywood Square . Milton Bradley produced two home versions , first in 1980 with a game based on the Marshall version , then in 1986 for the Davidson version , with a 3 - D board and twelve `` celebrities '' to insert into the board . Parker Brothers released a similar game in 1999 , based on the Bergeron version . GameTek released a version of Hollywood Squares in 1988 for DOS , Commodore 64 and Apple II computers and later for the NES based on the Davidson version . In 1999 , Tiger Electronics released an electronic LCD handheld game based on the Bergeron version . In 2002 , the official Hollywood Squares website had an online version of the show using the celebrities that were on that week . In 2010 , Ludia released their version of Hollywood Squares for the PC , Wii , iPhone , iPad , iPod Touch and on PlayStation 3 's PSN downloadable service from November 15 , 2011 ; the games were based upon the 2002 -- 04 format and featured the voice of host Tom Bergeron and video clips of celebrities Brad Garrett , Kathy Griffin , Jeffrey Tambor , and Martin Mull as the center square . Broadcast history and episode status ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NBC Daytime ( Monday -- Friday ) Broadcast times for this version are for the Eastern Time Zone . The show aired one hour earlier in the Central , Mountain and Pacific Time Zones . October 17 , 1966 -- October 1 , 1976 , 11 : 30 AM - 12 NOON October 4 , 1976 -- September 29 , 1978 , 10 : 30 -- 11 : 00 AM October 2 , 1978 -- March 2 , 1979 , 1 : 00 -- 1 : 30 or 4 : 00 -- 4 : 30 ( NBC offered its affiliates a choice of one of the two time slots ) March 5 -- August 10 , 1979 , 12 : 30 -- 1 : 00 PM August 13 , 1979 -- June 20 , 1980 , 10 : 30 -- 11 : 00 AM NBC Nighttime January 12 -- September 13 , 1968 ( Friday Nights ) , 9 : 30 -- 10 : 00 PM Pacific / Eastern , 8 : 30 -- 9 : 00 PM Mountain / Central Episode status ( edit ) Most of the Peter Marshall hosted run was believed to have been destroyed by wiping , a common practice in the 1960s and 1970s by networks to save money and space for the large videotapes of the era . During a search for original master tapes of the soap opera Dark Shadows , master copies of at least 100 episodes from the Marshall - hosted prime time and syndicated runs were discovered . Many of these episodes aired on GSN from 2002 to 2003 . The NBC daytime Marshall episodes from March 5 to July 27 or August 3 , 1979 were rebroadcast on stations which carried the 1980 -- 81 daily syndicated version to fill out the rest of the season , from April 13 to September 4 or 11 , 1981 ; these stations included WPIX in New York City and KTLA in Los Angeles . The Davidson version was rebroadcast on the USA Network from September 11 , 1989 to June 25 , 1993 . MGM Television owns both this version and the original Marshall version . The Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour has never been rerun , due primarily to cross-ownership issues between current rights holders MGM and FremantleMedia , and Goodson 's distribution agents that handled the original NBC run . Both the Bergeron version ( which GSN has aired in the past ) and , as aforementioned , the general format rights , are currently owned by CBS Television Distribution , so any future version of the show will be under the aegis of CBS . GameTV started airing the first season of this version since July 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fabe , Maxene ( 25 September 1975 ) . `` Celebrities love to play TV games , but some personalities never make it '' . The Modesto Bee . Los Angelese Times Syndicate . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . The most complex and entertaining panel game ever devised is Hollywood Squares ... Jump up ^ Harrington , Stephanie ( 3 August 1975 ) . `` To tell the truth , the price is right '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . third to last paragraph . Retrieved 18 May 2011 ... the disclaimer run at the end of the celebrity panel show `` Hollywood Squares '' ... ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Lowry , Cynthia ( 25 November 1971 ) . `` Hollywood Squares easy income source to its guest stars '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . Retrieved 18 May 2011 ... NBC 's `` Hollywood Squares , '' the most popular game or panel show on television today . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( 21 February 1969 ) . `` Dual Format TV Show Reflects Generation Gap '' . Schenectady Gazette . UPI . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . The daily `` Hollywood Squares '' series is a tic - tac - toe game with a panel of nine performers ... Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' , TV Guide , pp. 14 and 15 . Jump up ^ Part 1 on YouTube Jump up ^ Part 2 on YouTube Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Backstage-Original-Hollywood-Square-Marshall/dp/1558539808 Jump up ^ `` E ! True Hollywood Story Season 7 -- ShareTV '' . sharetv.org . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( August 23 , 1988 ) . Now it 's hip to watch ' Hollywood Squares ' . USA Today Jump up ^ `` KING GETS THE SQUARE '' . Broadcasting : 26 . 1991 - 11 - 25 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://mystica401.50webs.com/hollywoodsquares/h2logo2.gif Jump up ^ E ! True Hollywood Story : Hollywood Squares , episode 7 -- 20 , aired March 30 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Coopee , Todd . `` The Hollywood Squares TV Game '' . ToyTales.ca . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Hollywood Squares Review '' . IGN . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Hollywood Squares ( 1966 -- 81 ) on IMDb The New Hollywood Squares ( 1986 -- 89 ) on IMDb Hollywood Squares / H2 ( 1998 -- 2004 ) on IMDb Storybook Squares ( 1966 / 1976 -- 77 ) on IMDb The Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour ( 1983 -- 84 ) on IMDb Hip Hop Squares ( 2012 ) on IMDb Preceded by Showdown 11 : 30 AM ( EST ) , NBC 10 / 17 / 66 -- 10 / 1 / 76 Succeeded by Stumpers Preceded by Celebrity Sweepstakes 10 : 30 AM ( EST ) , NBC 10 / 4 / 76 -- 9 / 29 / 78 Succeeded by Jeopardy ! Preceded by For Richer , for Poorer 1 : 00 PM ( EST ) , NBC 10 / 2 / 78 -- 3 / 2 / 79 Succeeded by Days of Our Lives Preceded by Password Plus 12 : 30 PM ( EST ) , NBC 3 / 5 / 79 -- 8 / 10 / 79 Succeeded by Password Plus Preceded by All Star Secrets 10 : 30 AM ( EST ) , NBC 8 / 13 / 79 -- 6 / 20 / 80 Succeeded by The David Letterman Show Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) The Price Is Right ( 2018 ) Rare Series Jetpac Sabreman Wizards & Warriors R.C. Pro-Am Snake Rattle ' n ' Roll Battletoads Donkey Kong Country Killer Instinct Banjo - Kazooie Conker Perfect Dark Viva Piñata Kinect Sports Games 1980s Slalom Anticipation WWF WrestleMania John Elway 's Quarterback Taboo : The Sixth Sense Cobra Triangle Who Framed Roger Rabbit 1990s Pin Bot Captain Skyhawk The Amazing Spider - Man Time Lord A Nightmare on Elm Street Super Glove Ball Digger T. Rock Beetlejuice High Speed F - 117 Night Storm Monster Max Ken Griffey Jr. 's Winning Run Blast Corps GoldenEye 007 Diddy Kong Racing Jet Force Gemini Mickey 's Racing Adventure 2000s Mickey 's Speedway USA Star Fox Adventures Grabbed by the Ghoulies It 's Mr. Pants Kameo 2010s Rare Replay Sea of Thieves Unreleased Dream : Land of Giants People Robin Beanland Duncan Botwood Steve Burke David Doak Eveline Fischer Martin Hollis Grant Kirkhope Leigh Loveday Gregg Mayles Graeme Norgate Stamper brothers David Wise List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_Squares&oldid=850248772 '' Categories : 1966 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1986 American television series debuts 1989 American television series endings 1998 American television series debuts 2004 American television series endings 1960s American game shows 1970s American game shows 1980s American game shows 1990s American game shows 2000s American game shows American game shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by King World Productions Television series by Heatter - Quigley Productions Television series by MGM Television Television series by Sony Pictures Television American television series revived after cancellation Television programs based on tic - tac - toe Hollywood Squares Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia עברית ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 18 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sat in the middle square on hollywood squares | [
"Paul Lynde was featured in the tactically important center square throughout most of the show's original run. In 1968, after two years on the show, Lynde became the regular center square. Lynde's outrageous jokes helped him win two daytime Emmy Awards both in 1974 and 1978. He left the series after taping the August 20–24, 1979 week of shows, but returned when the series relocated to Las Vegas for the 1980–81 season.\n"
] | [
"Paul Lynde"
] |
-605109060924551247 | The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film) | The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 film ) - Wikipedia The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Turteltaub Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Doug Miro Carlo Bernard Matt Lopez Story by Matt Lopez Lawrence Konner Mark Rosenthal Based on The Sorcerer 's Apprentice by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Starring Nicolas Cage Jay Baruchel Alfred Molina Teresa Palmer Monica Bellucci Omar Benson Miller Toby Kebbell Alice Krige Jake Cherry Music by Trevor Rabin Cinematography Bojan Bazelli Edited by William Goldenberg Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Saturn Films Broken Road Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 08 ) ( Fantasia Film Festival ) July 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 14 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $215.3 million The Sorcerer 's Apprentice is a 2010 American action - fantasy film produced by Jerry Bruckheimer , directed by Jon Turteltaub , and released by Walt Disney Pictures , the team behind the National Treasure franchise . The film stars Nicolas Cage , Jay Baruchel , Alfred Molina , Teresa Palmer , Monica Bellucci . The film is named after a segment in Disney 's 1940 film Fantasia called The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( with one scene being an extensive reference to it ) , which in turn is based on the late - 1890s symphonic poem by Paul Dukas and the 1797 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ballad . Balthazar Blake ( Nicolas Cage ) , a `` Merlinean '' , is a sorcerer in modern - day Manhattan , fighting against the forces of evil , in particular his nemesis , Maxim Horvath ( Alfred Molina ) , while searching for the person who will eventually inherit Merlin 's powers ( `` The Prime Merlinean '' ) . This turns out to be Dave Stutler ( Jay Baruchel ) , a physics student , whom Balthazar takes as a reluctant protégé . The sorcerer gives his unwilling apprentice a crash course in the art of science , magic , and sorcery , in order to stop Horvath and Morgana le Fay ( Alice Krige ) from raising the souls of the evil dead sorcerers ( `` Morganians '' ) and destroying the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Home media 4.4 Awards and accolades 5 Music 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 740 AD , in England , the mighty magician Merlin has three apprentices ; Balthazar Blake , Veronica Gorloisen & Maxim Horvath . Horvath betrays his master by joining forces with the evil sorceress Morgana le Fay . Morgana mortally wounds Merlin before Veronica is able to rip Morgana 's soul from her body and absorbs it into her own . As Morgana attempts to kill Veronica by possessing her from within , Balthazar stops her by imprisoning Morgana and Veronica in the `` Grimhold '' , a magic prison in the shape of a nesting doll . Before dying , Merlin gives Balthazar a dragon figurine that will identify the Prime Merlinean , Merlin 's descendant and the only one able to defeat Morgana . While he searches for his descendant throughout history , Balthazar imprisons Morganians , sorcerers who try to release Morgana , including Horvath , into successive layers on the Grimhold . In 2000 , in New York City , 10 - year - old Dave Stutler , encounters Balthazar in his Manhattan antique store , after straying from his school field trip . When Balthazar gives Dave Merlin 's dragon figurine , the statue comes to life and wraps itself around the boy 's finger to form a ring . When Balthazar goes to retrieve a book meant to teach magic , Dave accidentally opens the Grimhold , releasing the imprisoned Horvath . While battling for possession of the Grimhold , Balthazar and Horvath are imprisoned in an ancient Chinese urn with a ten - year lock curse . Dave is then ridiculed by his classmates when he claims he saw magic , only to find the shop empty . He is faced with severe bullying , and is misdiagnosed with hallucination caused by a `` glucose imbalance '' . David nevertheless keeps the ring . Ten years later in 2010 , Dave , now 20 years old , is a physics student at New York University , and meets his childhood crush Becky . He immediately becomes smitten with her , and repairs the transmitting mast of the radio station she works at after it is struck by lightning . The ten - year imprisonment curse of the urn ends , releasing Horvath and Balthazar . Horvath pursues Dave and the Grimhold . Balthazar rescues Dave , riding an animated steel eagle adapted from a Chrysler Building gargoyle . Dave initially refuses to help Balthazar , having been under psychiatric care since their first meeting , until the elder agrees to leave after finding the Grimhold . They track the Grimhold to Chinatown , where Horvath has released the next Morganian , Sun Lok . Dave defeats Sun Lok , and Balthazar retrieves the Grimhold . Dave changes his mind , deciding that he likes magic after all , and agrees to become Balthazar 's apprentice . He also becomes romantically involved with Becky against Balthazar 's wishes and advice , impressing her by playing the OneRepublic song `` Secrets '' with the Tesla coils he has been experimenting with . Horvath enlists a youthful Morganian , celebrity magician Drake Stone to get back the Grimhold . They attempt to kill Dave , but Balthazar saves him . Cued by Horvath , Dave demands to know the truth about Balthazar 's quest . Balthazar reveals that Morgana is trapped in the Grimhold with Veronica . Morgana , if freed , would cast a spell called `` The Rising '' , which would revive sorcerers from the dead and enslave mankind . As Prime Merlinian , Dave will become powerful enough to cast spells without his ring ( a focus , which for any other magician is the only way to channel their magic ) , and is the only one who can stop her . Despite Balthazar 's disdain of his relationship with Becky , Dave convinces to allow him to meet her for a date . Dave tries to use magic to clean his lab , but loses control of his animated cleaning mops and forces him to cancel his date with Becky . He is saved because of Balthazar 's intervention and , disillusioned , decides to give up on magic , until Becky unknowingly changes his mind . He returns to his underground subway lab , just as Drake and Horvath try to kill Balthazar and steal the Grimhold . Horvath , having no more use for Drake , casts a parasite spell and steals Drake 's magic and his ring . Horvath releases the witch Abigail Williams , uses her to kidnap Becky , then steals her magic and pendant focus . He threatens to kill Becky , forcing Dave to surrender the Grimhold and his ring . Balthazar goes after Horvath in Battery Park , sure that Dave , without his ring , will be killed . Horvath releases Morgana , who begins the Rising Spell while Horvath animates the Charging Bull sculpture and commands it to attack Balthazar . Dave arrives and stuns Horvath with a Tesla coil tied to Balthazar 's car while Balthazar 's eagle flies away with the bull . Becky interrupts the Rising Spell , stunning Morgana . Balthazar takes Morgana , body and soul , from Veronica into himself , but Morgana escapes and tries to incinerate them . Dave attempts to stop her without his ring and succeeds , proving that he is the Prime Merlinean . Morgana shoots plasma bolts at the three and overwhelming Balthazar and Veronica 's shield spells , kills Balthazar when he bodily intercepts a bolt meant for Veronica . Dave makes another , larger Tesla coil out of the square 's lamp posts and power lines to overwhelm her and then fires a plasma barrage which finally destroys her . He revives Balthazar by restarting his heart with plasma shocks . Balthazar and Veronica reunite . Dave and Becky kiss , and fly to France for breakfast on Balthazar 's eagle . In a post-credits scene , Horvath takes his hat at Balthazar 's shop . Cast ( edit ) Nicolas Cage as Balthazar Blake , a one - thousand - plus - year old sorcerer of the `` 777th degree '' . Based on Yen Sid in Fantasia . Jay Baruchel as David `` Dave '' Stutler , a highly intelligent college student who becomes Blake 's reluctant apprentice . Jake Cherry as Young Dave Alfred Molina as Maxim Horvath , an evil sorcerer and Balthazar 's nemesis . Once friends with his fellow apprentices , he became embittered when Veronica chose Balthazar over himself , eventually turning against them and Merlin . Teresa Palmer as Rebecca `` Becky '' Barnes , Dave 's love interest . Peyton List as Young Becky Toby Kebbell as Drake Stone , a Morganian who supports himself as a celebrity illusionist and joins forces with Horvath when called . Omar Benson Miller as Bennet Zurrow , Dave 's roommate . Monica Bellucci as Veronica Gorloisen , a sorceress and Balthazar 's love interest . Nicole Ehinger as Abigail Williams Alice Krige as Morgana le Fay Robert Capron as Oliver , Dave 's childhood friend . Production ( edit ) The basic idea for the movie was mostly Nicolas Cage 's , who wanted to explore a mystic world and play a character with magical powers , and following a suggestion by his producer friend Todd Garner , decided to make a feature - length movie based upon the Fantasia segment of the same name . On February 12 , 2007 , this film was announced by Disney . References to the original animation include the scene where Dave animates mops to clean his laboratory , and having Mickey Mouse 's hat in the post-credits scene . Filming ( edit ) Lighting equipment parked on lower Broadway , Downtown and Commerce continues behind lighting equipment . The Sorcerer 's Apprentice is set in New York City , and most scenes were shot on location , in places such as Washington Square Park and Chinatown 's Eldrige Street . Dave 's laboratory was filmed in either an abandoned subway station located under the New York City Hall or a studio recreation of it . In the early morning hours of May 4 , 2009 , a Ferrari F430 being driven during filming of a chase sequence , lost control and careened into the window of a Sbarro restaurant in Times Square , injuring two pedestrians , one of whom was struck by a falling lamppost . Filming resumed the following night , when yet another accident occurred . The two accidents were blamed on rain making the roads slick . To make the magic more believable , it was decided to an emphasis of practical , on - set effects , such as making real fire , with fluids or flash powder being used for colored flames . To provide a lighting reference for the plasma bolts , the actors wore gloves with LED displays to make them glow before adding the computer - generated shot . For floating objects , they were either thrown with wires or held by stuntmen wearing green chroma key suits . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Jay Baruchel was praised by critics for his performance . The Sorcerer 's Apprentice received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 41 % based on 167 reviews with an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It has a likable cast and loads of CGI spectacle , but for all but the least demanding viewers , The Sorcerer 's Apprentice will be less than spellbinding . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 46 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter has said that `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice is a tired relic of summer - movie cliches , clearly beaten to death by far too many credited writers . '' Chicago Sun - Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four and wrote `` This is a much better film than The Last Airbender , which is faint praise , but it 's becoming clear that every weekend brings another heavily marketed action ' comedy ' that pounds tens of millions out of consumers before evaporating '' . Box Office ( edit ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice made an opening gross of $3,873,997 on its first day ( Wednesday July 14 , 2010 ) . It finished at # 3 on its first weekend with $17,619,622 behind Inception and Despicable Me in the U.S. and Canada and gained another $8,928,216 on its first weekend internationally ( in 13 countries ) for a worldwide opening of $26,547,841 . On October 28 , 2010 , The Sorcerer 's Apprentice closed at the box - office in the United States and Canada with $63,150,991 . As of December 12 , 2010 , it has earned $152,132,612 in other countries totaling $215,283,603 worldwide . Besides the U.S. and Canada , other countries where it grossed more than $10 million were Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States ( $13,630,194 ) , France and the Maghreb region ( $12,930,320 ) and Japan ( $10,632,660 ) . Its largest international weekend was August 13 -- 15 , during which it grossed $14,091,169 in 42 countries . It occupies the fourth place on the all - time chart of Sword and Sorcery films in the U.S. and Canada , and the third place on the same chart worldwide . In July 2010 , Parade Magazine listed the film # 1 on its list of `` Biggest Box Office Flops of 2010 ( So Far ) . Home media ( edit ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 30 , 2010 . It has sold 1,288,735 DVD units ( equivalent to $21,609,680 ) since its release in DVD . Adding in its box - office revenue , the film 's earnings sum up to $236,893,283 . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Year Result Award Category Recipients Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie 2011 Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Box Office Films Trevor Rabin Music ( edit ) The score for this film was composed by Trevor Rabin . It was released on July 6 , 2010 . The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Film score by Trevor Rabin Released July 6 , 2010 Genre Film score Length 43 : 04 Label Walt Disney All tracks written by Trevor Rabin . No . Title Length 1 . `` Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' 3 : 14 2 . `` Story of the Prime Merlinian '' 4 : 02 3 . `` Note Chase '' 0 : 39 4 . `` Dave Revives Balthazar '' 2 : 41 5 . `` Classroom '' 1 : 25 6 . `` The Urn '' 1 : 39 7 . `` The Grimhold '' 1 : 39 8 . `` Morgana Fight '' 2 : 59 9 . `` The Ring '' 1 : 43 10 . `` Walk in the Rain '' 0 : 43 11 . `` Merlin Circle '' 2 : 01 12 . `` Dave Has Doubts '' 0 : 53 13 . `` Becky and Dave on Rooftop '' 1 : 24 14 . `` Car Chase '' 3 : 54 15 . `` Seeing Veronica '' 0 : 55 16 . `` Story of Veronica '' 1 : 44 17 . `` Horvath Made Off With the Grimhold '' 1 : 13 18 . `` Kiss from Becky '' 0 : 33 19 . `` Bull Fight '' 2 : 10 20 . `` Balthazar Saves Veronica '' 1 : 13 21 . `` Sorcerer 's Apprentice Suite '' 2 : 28 22 . `` Fantasia Original Demo '' 4 : 50 Total length : 43 : 24 The song `` Secrets '' by OneRepublic is used in the film but does not appear on the album . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Movie projector : ' Inception ' headed for No. 1 , ' Sorcerer 's Apprentice ' to open in third '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Sorcerer 's Apprentice - About the Film ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 2009 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Alfred Molina puts spell on ' Apprentice ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Kebbell joins Disney 's ' Apprentice ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Monica Bellucci joins ' Sorcerer ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` How Nicolas Cage 's Geeky Obessions Brought ' The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ' to Life '' . Yahoo !. July 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : The Making of The Sorcerer 's Apprentice . The Making of The Sorcerer 's Apprentice DVD : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 12 , 2007 ) . `` Dis has Cage conjured up for ' Sorcerer ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cage stunt car in New York crash '' . BBC News . May 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sword and Sorcery '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Biggest Box Office Flops of 2010 ( So Far ) '' . Parade Magazine . July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) by Trevor Rabin '' . iTunes . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Soundtrack ( 2010 ) '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ http://top40.about.com/od/singles/fr/Onerepublic-Secrets.htm Quote : it plays prominently in The Sorcerer 's Apprentice External links ( edit ) Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 film ) . Official website The Sorcerer 's Apprentice on IMDb Disney 's Fantasia Fantasia ( 1940 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Conductors Leopold Stokowski ( Fantasia ) Irwin Kostal ( 1982 digital re-recording ) James Levine ( Fantasia 2000 ) Segments Fantasia Toccata and Fugue in D minor The Nutcracker Suite The Sorcerer 's Apprentice The Rite of Spring Symphony No. 6 Dance of the Hours Night on Bald Mountain / Ave Maria Fantasia 2000 Symphony No. 5 Pines of Rome Rhapsody in Blue Piano Concerto No. 2 The Carnival of the Animals The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Pomp and Circumstance Marches The Firebird Suite Characters Mickey Mouse Donald Duck Daisy Duck Chernabog Yen Sid Video games Fantasia ( 1991 ) Disney Magical World ( 2013 ) Disney Infinity ( 2013 ) Fantasia : Music Evolved ( 2014 ) Related Destino ( 2003 ) Lorenzo ( 2004 ) One by One ( 2004 ) The Little Matchgirl ( 2006 ) Fantasia Gardens Fantasmic ! Fantasound The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Sorcerer 's Hat Disney Fantasia : Live in Concert Kingdom Hearts Epic Mickey Once Upon a Time Ten Pieces Deems Taylor See also : Category Films directed by Jon Turteltaub Think Big ( 1990 ) Driving Me Crazy ( 1991 ) 3 Ninjas ( 1992 ) Cool Runnings ( 1993 ) While You Were Sleeping ( 1995 ) Phenomenon ( 1996 ) Instinct ( 1999 ) Disney 's The Kid ( 2000 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Last Vegas ( 2013 ) The Meg ( 2018 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) VIAF : 177070316 GND : 7726834 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(2010_film)&oldid=812330825 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American adventure films American films Walt Disney Pictures films Fantasy adventure films Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films shot in New Jersey Films directed by Jon Turteltaub Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films scored by Trevor Rabin Witchcraft in film Arthurian films Merlin Saturn Films films Films based on works by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Films set in 2000 Films set in 2010 American buddy films Films about revenge Physics in fiction Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 07 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the sorcerer's apprentice come out | [
"\n\nThe Sorcerer's Apprentice\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nJon Turteltaub\n\n\nProduced by\nJerry Bruckheimer\n\n\nScreenplay by\n\n\n\nDoug Miro\nCarlo Bernard\nMatt Lopez\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\n\n\n\nMatt Lopez\nLawrence Konner\nMark Rosenthal\n\n\n\n\n\nBased on\nThe Sorcerer's Apprentice by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nNicolas Cage\nJay Baruchel\nAlfred Molina\nTeresa Palmer\nMonica Bellucci\nOmar Benson Miller\nToby Kebbell\nAlice Krige\nJake Cherry\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nTrevor Rabin\n\n\nCinematography\nBojan Bazelli\n\n\nEdited by\nWilliam Goldenberg\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nWalt Disney Pictures\nJerry Bruckheimer Films\nSaturn Films\nBroken Road Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nWalt Disney Studios\nMotion Pictures\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJuly 8, 2010 (2010-07-08) (Fantasia Film Festival)\nJuly 14, 2010 (2010-07-14)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n109 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$150 million[1]\n\n\nBox office\n$215.3 million[2]\n\n"
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"July 14, 2010"
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2299265964787816775 | The Real McCoys | The Real McCoys - wikipedia The Real McCoys Not to be confused with The Real McCoy ( TV series ) . For other uses , see The Real McCoy ( disambiguation ) . The Real McCoys Title card Also known as ' ' The McCoys ( in the 1962 -- 1963 season ) Created by Irving Pincus Directed by Hy Averback Richard Crenna Sidney Miller David Alexander Starring Walter Brennan Richard Crenna Kathleen Nolan Michael Winkelman Lydia Reed Tony Martinez Madge Blake Andy Clyde No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 224 Production Executive producer ( s ) Danny Thomas Producer ( s ) Irving Pincus Norman Pincus Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Brennan - Westgate Marterto Productions Distributor NBC Films ( 1968 - 1969 ) SFM Entertainment Release Original network ABC ( 1957 -- 62 ) CBS ( 1962 -- 63 ) Picture format Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release October 3 , 1957 ( 1957 - 10 - 03 ) -- June 23 , 1963 ( 1963 - 06 - 23 ) Walter Brennan as Amos McCoy Kathy Nolan and Richard Crenna as Kate and Luke McCoy Joan Blondell and Andy Clyde The Real McCoys is an American sitcom co-produced by Danny Thomas 's Marterto Productions in association with Walter Brennan and Irving Pincus 's Westgate Company . The series aired for six seasons , five on the ABC - TV network from 1957 -- 62 and a final year , 1962 -- 63 on CBS . Set in the San Fernando Valley of California , the series was filmed in Hollywood at Desilu studios . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Nielsen ratings 3 Syndication 4 DVD releases 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The Real McCoys revolves around the lives of a family from the Appalachian Mountains who originally hailed from fictional Smokey Corners , West Virginia . The McCoys moved to California to live and work on a farm they inherited from a relative . The family consists of Grandpa Amos McCoy ( Walter Brennan ) ; his grandson Luke ( Richard Crenna ) , Luke 's new wife Kate ( Kathleen Nolan ) , Luke 's teenage sister Tallahassie `` Hassie '' ( Lydia Reed ) , and his 11 - year - old brother `` Little Luke '' ( Michael Winkelman ) . The double - naming of the brothers is explained in the first full episode , when the elder Luke introduces Little Luke to Pepino Garcia ( Tony Martinez ) and says , `` Well , you see , in the excitement of having him , Ma and Pa ' plum ' forgot they already had me . '' Only Crenna appeared in all 225 episodes . The McCoys ' farm had previously been owned by an uncle , Ben McCoy , who died . The former West Virginians join the Grange farm association and hire Pepino as a farm hand after he informs them that he had worked for Ben , serving as his `` foreman '' on the property . In the episode that aired on January 8 , 1962 , Pepino becomes an American citizen and takes the surname `` McCoy '' . The McMichaels , a brother and sister combination played by Andy Clyde and Madge Blake in twenty - nine and twenty - one episodes , respectively , lived on the hill not far from the McCoys . Amos McCoy and George McMichael , both mischievous , crotchety old men , would sometimes quarrel , particularly over their games of checkers and horseshoes . Kate is friendly with the much older Flora McMichael , George 's sister , and becomes involved with life in the community . Though still in her twenties , Kate serves as a mother figure for Luke 's younger siblings , Hassie and Little Luke , and one episode shows her bewilderment in trying to entice the children to take responsibility for their school studies . Many episodes have a moral theme consistent with the conservative views of Walter Brennan , such as two 1957 segments entitled `` You Ca n't Cheat an Honest Man '' with Joseph Kearns , later of Dennis the Menace , and `` Gambling Is a Sin '' , in which Amos allows a casino to advertise on McCoy property before the ethics of the matter is brought to his attention . Other such episodes are `` Go Fight City Hall '' , `` The Taxman Cometh '' , `` You Ca n't Always Be a Hero '' , `` You Never Get Too Old '' , `` Where There 's a Will '' , `` Beware a Smart Woman '' , `` Money in the Bank '' , `` How to Win Friends '' , `` You 're As Young As You Feel '' , `` Honesty Is the Best Policy '' , and `` Never a Lender Be '' . Perhaps one of the more memorable episodes , `` The New Well '' ( October 30 , 1958 ) , pits science against folklore , when Grandpa 's divining rod proves superior to the paid recommendation of a geologist , played by Joe Flynn , in locating a new water source on the farm . In the 1958 episode `` It Pays to Be Poor '' , John Dehner plays Roger Brewster , a hard - edged New York City businessman determined to buy the McCoy farm to turn it into a motel ; but spurred by his kindly wife ( Dorothy Green ) , he soon develops an unexpected appreciation for the basic values and personal benefits of rural living . In `` Little Luke 's Education '' ( February 6 , 1958 ) , Amos confronts bigotry among the local children against hillbilly peoples such as the McCoys . In `` Grampa 's Private War '' ( February 12 , 1959 ) , Amos gets so carried away with patriotic fervor that he claims to have fought under Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish -- American War , but Walter Brennan was four years old when that war was fought in 1898 . Then Amos is invited to speak at a Veterans Day ceremony . Jon Lormer was cast seven times on The Real McCoys in 1959 and 1960 , six as the character Sam Watkins . Joan Blondell appeared three times near the end of the series as Aunt Win . Marjorie Bennett was cast three times as Amanda Comstock . Pat Buttram and Howard McNear also appeared three times ; they were subsequently cast as Eustace Haney on CBS 's Green Acres and as Floyd the Barber on CBS 's The Andy Griffith Show . Olin Howland and Willard Waterman appeared five times each as Charley Perkins and Mac Maginnis , respectively . Early in the series , Charles Lane , who often appeared in a character role on I Love Lucy , was cast twice as Harry Poulson , a fast - talking egg salesman ; Hassie McCoy has an interest in Harry 's son . In 1963 , Jack Oakie appeared three times in the role of Uncle Rightly . Dick Elliott was cast twice as Doc Thornton , and Lurene Tuttle appeared twice as Gladys Purvis , the widowed mother of series character Kate McCoy , with Jay Novello in one of those appearances as Gladys ' intended second husband , a retired photographer from Fresno . Malcolm Cassell appeared several times as Hassie McCoy 's boyfriend , Tommy . Edward Everett Horton played J. Luther Medwick , the grandfather of Hassie 's other boyfriend , Jerry ; Medwick and Amos soon clash . Verna Felton , a member of the December Bride cast , appeared once as Cousin Naomi Vesper . Jesse White , known as the Maytag repairman in the television commercial and subsequently a cast member of CBS 's The Ann Sothern Show , portrayed a used car salesman named `` San Fernando Harry '' who clashes with Amos McCoy in `` The New Car '' ( October 2 , 1958 ) . On June 1 , 1961 , Amos , Luke , and Kate return to West Virginia for the 100th birthday gathering of `` Grandmother McCoy '' , played by Jane Darwell . In one episode , Lee Van Cleef played a sentry ; in another Tom Skerritt appeared as a letter carrier . The episode `` The Tycoon '' ( August 30 , 1960 ) four years later coincidentally became the title of Brennan 's next ABC sitcom , The Tycoon , with his co-star Van Williams . Barbara Stanwyck made a cameo appearance in the 1959 episode , `` The McCoys Go to Hollywood '' , which also features Dorothy Provine , and a glimpse of the Desilu Studios , where the series was filmed . In 1961 , Fay Wray is featured in the episode `` Theatre in the Barn '' , as herself . She volunteers to direct a local amateur production to raise money for the Grange . Just before The Real McCoys ended its run on ABC , Nolan left the series in a contract dispute and was written out of the remaining scripts : her character of Kate died , but details were never given . Hassie left home to attend college , and Little Luke joined the United States Army . She appeared only in the first episode of the final season -- he never did . Amos McCoy did not appear in many episodes . Luke was a widower , and many of the stories revolved around Grandpa trying to find him a new wife . This nearly succeeded when Luke met Louise Howard , portrayed by Janet De Gore , a widow with a young son , Greg , played by Butch Patrick , later of CBS 's The Munsters . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET ) Rank Rating 1957 -- 1958 Thursday at 8 : 30 -- 9 : 00 p.m. # 30 26.6 ( Tied with The Loretta Young Show and Zorro ) 1958 -- 1959 # 8 30.1 1959 -- 1960 # 11 28.2 1960 -- 1961 # 5 27.7 1961 -- 1962 # 14 24.2 1962 -- 1963 Sunday at 9 : 00 -- 9 : 30 p.m. N / A Syndication ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For several seasons beginning in 1962 , starting with the ABC episodes , the series aired weekday mornings in reruns on CBS under the title The McCoys . It was then syndicated . Its current distributor SFM Entertainment showed the series on weekday afternoons on the former The Nashville Network in the late 1990s into 2000 . The show is currently shown at 6 : 00 and 6 : 30 pm Eastern time , Mondays through Fridays , on COZI TV . With the morning reruns , the opening theme was played in instrumental form ( these reruns were aired opposite , NBC 's Concentration game show ) . The show is remembered as The Real McCoys , except for the season on CBS and in the morning reruns between 1962 and 1966 . These latter episodes were used in the DVD releases and omitted the full - length pilot . The ending theme music on the DVDs is from the morning rerun version . The original end theme used the following lyrics : `` Livin ' as good folks should live , as happy as kids with toys / Week after week you 're gon na be showed another human episode of Grandpappy Amos and the girls and the boys of the family known as The Real McCoys . '' An alternate closing theme used these lyrics : `` Sharing each others sorrows , enjoying each others joys / week after week you 're gon na be showed another human episode of Grandpappy Amos and the girls and the boys of the family known as the Real McCoys ! '' DVD releases ( edit ) Infinity Entertainment released the first four seasons of The Real McCoys on DVD in Region 1 for the first time between 2007 and 2010 . As of 2012 , these releases have been discontinued and are out of print . On May 7 , 2012 , it was announced that Inception Media Group ( IMG ) had acquired the rights to the show . IMG subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD . On June 4 , 2012 , IMG announced that it would be releasing a complete series set , featuring all 224 remastered episodes . Release of this set never came to fruition , and the rights to the show 's home videos later moved to SFM Entertainment , which released The Real McCoys : The Complete Series on August 29 , 2017 in Region 1 . This is a manufacture - on - demand ( MOD ) release , available exclusively from Amazon.com . DVD name No. of episodes Release date Complete Season 1 39 July 24 , 2007 July 24 , 2012 ( re-release ) Complete Season 2 39 October 30 , 2007 November 13 , 2012 ( re-release ) Complete Season 3 39 June 17 , 2008 August 26 , 2014 ( re-release ) Complete Season 4 39 June 29 , 2010 August 26 , 2014 ( re-release ) Complete Season 5 29 August 26 , 2014 Complete Season 6 39 August 26 , 2014 The Complete Series 224 August 29 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Real McCoys - Season 1 Pilot Episode 1 '' titled `` Californy , Here We Come '' ( S01E01 ) , The Real McCoys ; full episode available on YouTube , a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. , Mountain View , California ; originally posted by Gregg Tate , November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Episode Guides , http://epguides.com/RealMcCoys/ ^ Jump up to : `` Full Cast and Crew for The Real McCoys ( 1957 ) '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The New Well ' on The Real McCoys , October 30 , 1958 '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' It Pays to Be Poor ' , April 24 , 1958 '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Real McCoys -- All 6 Seasons of the Classic Sitcom Will Be on DVD this Fall '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` The Real McCoys : ' The Complete Series ' MOD Release is Now Available ! All 6 seasons , plus a reunion special , because available as of yesterday '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Real McCoys . The Real McCoys on IMDb The Real McCoys at TV.com The Real McCoys at epguides.com Production history and DVD review of Season 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Real_McCoys&oldid=856220035 '' Categories : 1957 American television series debuts 1963 American television series endings 1960s American television series 1950s American sitcoms 1960s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Fictional hillbillies Television shows set in Los Angeles County , California Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 18 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the wife on the real mccoys | [
"The Real McCoys revolves around the lives of a family from the Appalachian Mountains who originally hailed from fictional Smokey Corners, West Virginia. The McCoys moved to California to live and work on a farm they inherited from a relative. The family consists of Grandpa Amos McCoy (Walter Brennan); his grandson Luke (Richard Crenna), Luke's new wife Kate (Kathleen Nolan), Luke's teenage sister Tallahassie \"Hassie\" (Lydia Reed), and his 11-year-old brother \"Little Luke\" (Michael Winkelman). The double-naming of the brothers is explained in the first full episode, when the elder Luke introduces Little Luke to Pepino Garcia (Tony Martinez) and says, \"Well, you see, in the excitement of having him, Ma and Pa 'plum' forgot they already had me.\"[1] Only Crenna appeared in all 225 episodes.\n"
] | [
"Kathleen Nolan"
] |
-2949229338208173980 | Hawaii Five-O | Hawaii Five - O - wikipedia Hawaii Five - O Jump to : navigation , search Hawaii Five - O or Hawaii Five - 0 may refer to : Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 1 ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 2 ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 3 ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 4 ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 5 ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 6 ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 7 ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 8 ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 9 ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 10 ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 11 ) Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 12 ) List of Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series ) episodes Hawaii Five - O ( album ) , 1969 , by The Ventures `` Hawaii Five - O '' , the title track and theme song of the 1968 TV series Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) , reboot of the 1968 TV series Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 1 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 2 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 3 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 4 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 5 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 6 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 7 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 8 ) List of Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) characters List of Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) episodes See also ( edit ) Five - O ( disambiguation ) 5O ( disambiguation ) 50 ( disambiguation ) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hawaii Five - O . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii_Five-O&oldid=808999719 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 14 : 57 . About Wikipedia | what is the hawaii five o theme song called | [
"\n\"Hawaii Five-O\", the title track and theme song of the 1968 TV series\n"
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"Hawaii Five-O"
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4388751930522772592 | Grand Canyon Skywalk | Grand Canyon Skywalk - wikipedia Grand Canyon Skywalk Jump to : navigation , search Grand Canyon Skywalk Skywalk from Outside Ledge Coordinates 36 ° 0 ′ 44 '' N 113 ° 48 ′ 40 '' W / 36.01222 ° N 113.81111 ° W / 36.01222 ; - 113.81111 Coordinates : 36 ° 0 ′ 44 '' N 113 ° 48 ′ 40 '' W / 36.01222 ° N 113.81111 ° W / 36.01222 ; - 113.81111 Carries Pedestrian Locale Grand Canyon , Arizona , USA Official name Grand Canyon Skywalk Owner Hualapai Tribe Characteristics Design Curved pedestrian cantilever bridge Total length 70 feet ( 21 m ) Width 10 feet 2 inches ( 3.10 m ) History Architect Mark Ross Johnson Opened March 28 , 2007 Grand Canyon Skywalk Location in USA The Grand Canyon Skywalk is a horseshoe - shaped cantilever bridge with a glass walkway in Arizona near the Colorado River on the edge of a side canyon in the Grand Canyon West area of the main canyon . USGS topographic maps show the elevation at the Skywalk 's location as 4,770 ft ( 1,450 m ) and the elevation of the Colorado River in the base of the canyon as 1,160 ft ( 350 m ) , and they show that the height of the precisely vertical drop directly under the skywalk is between 500 ft ( 150 m ) and 800 ft ( 240 m ) . Commissioned and owned by the Hualapai Indian tribe , it was unveiled March 20 , 2007 , and opened to the general public on March 28 , 2007 . It is accessed via the Grand Canyon West Airport terminal or a 120 - mile ( 190 km ) drive from Las Vegas . The Skywalk is east of Meadview and north of Peach Springs with Kingman being the closest city of some size . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction 2 Cornerstone of a larger plan 3 Controversy 3.1 Hualapai 3.2 Environmentalists 4 Access and protection 5 References 6 External links Design and construction ( edit ) View of the Skywalk and the surrounding canyon David Jin , an entrepreneur who had been involved with tourism and the Hualapai Nation for some time , had the idea of extending a platform out over the edge of the Grand Canyon . With the help of architect Mark Ross Johnson , that idea evolved into a rectangular walkway and eventually the `` U '' - shaped walkway that has now been constructed . The overall Skywalk width is 65 feet ( 20 m ) . The Skywalk length extending out from the post supports closest to the canyon wall is 70 feet ( 21 m ) . The outer and inner 32 - inch - wide ( 810 mm ) by 72 - inch - deep ( 1,800 mm ) bridge box beams are supported by eight 32 - by - 32 - inch ( 810 mm × 810 mm ) box posts having four posts on each side of the visitor 's center , once completed . The eight posts are anchored in pairs into four large concrete footings that are in turn anchored to the bedrock by ninety - six 2 ⁄ - inch - diameter ( 64 mm ) DYWIDAG ( acronym pronounced Doo - Wee - Dag ) high strength steel threaded rod rock anchors grouted 46 feet ( 14 m ) deep into the rock . The deck of the Skywalk has been made with four layers of Saint - Gobain Diamant low iron glass with DuPont SentryGlas interlayer . Deck width is 10 feet 2 inches ( 3.10 m ) . The Skywalk glass sidings were made with the same glass as the deck , but fewer layers ( two ) bent to follow the walkway 's curvature . The glass sidings are 5 feet 2 inches ( 1.57 m ) tall and have been designed for high wind pressures . Aerial view of the Grand Canyon Skywalk The Skywalk deck was designed for a 100 - pound - per - square - foot ( 490 kg / m2 ) live load along with code - required seismic and wind forces . The foundation can withstand an 8.0 magnitude earthquake within 50 miles ( 80 km ) . Fine - tuning of the project occurred after a wind loading and pedestrian induced vibration analysis . Two tuned mass dampers were installed inside the outer box beam as well as one inside the inner box beam at the furthest extension of the Skywalk to reduce pedestrian footfall vibration . The walkway could carry 822 people that weigh 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) each without overstress , but maximum occupancy at one time is 120 people . Closer view of the entrance building to skywalk The Skywalk was assembled on top of the canyon wall in line with its final placement and moved into final position by a jack and roll rig . The Skywalk infrastructure itself weighs a little over 1,000,000 pounds ( 450,000 kg ) without counterweights but including the tuned mass dampers , railing hardware , glass rails , glass deck and steel box beams . At the time of roll - out , the Skywalk weighed approximately 1.6 million pounds ( 730,000 kg ) . The process was completed in two days . Astronauts Buzz Aldrin and John Herrington attended the opening ceremony on March 20 , 2007 . A National Geographic documentary film on the construction of the Skywalk has been published . Cornerstone of a larger plan ( edit ) Aerial view : Grand Canyon West Airport at left center . Grand Canyon National Park lands ( top ) , north of the Colorado River . According to Hualapai officials , the cost of the Skywalk was $30 million . Future plans for the Grand Canyon Skywalk complex include a museum , movie theater , VIP lounge , gift shop , and several restaurants including a high - end restaurant called The Skywalk Café where visitors will be able to dine outdoors at the canyon 's rim . The Skywalk is the cornerstone of a larger plan by the Hualapai tribe , which it hopes will be the catalyst for a 9,000 - acre ( 36 km ) development to be called Grand Canyon West ; it would open up a 100 - mile ( 160 km ) stretch along the canyon 's South Rim and include hotels , restaurants , a golf course , casinos , and a cable car to ferry visitors from the canyon rim to the Colorado River , which has been previously inaccessible . Controversy ( edit ) Hualapai ( edit ) Opponents within the tribe view the project as disturbing sacred ground . Supporters within the tribe counter that it is an opportunity to generate much - needed cash to combat serious problems that plague the small 2,000 - resident reservation , including a 50 % unemployment rate , widespread alcoholism , and poverty . Other tribal members are happy with the Skywalk , but they have expressed concern over future development . They are also concerned about the potential lack of sustainability because the water used in the development is not taken from the Colorado River but trucked in from elsewhere . Effective February 7 , 2012 certain members of the Hualapai Tribal Council , without prior notice , seized control of the Skywalk which was built and previously run by Grand Canyon Skywalk Development ( GCSD ) , a Las Vegas , Nevada corporation . Currently Grand Canyon Skywalk Development is not in charge of daily operations at the Skywalk . GCSD was awarded 28 million dollars in damages by an arbitration board , which was upheld in U.S. District Court in February 2013 . Environmentalists ( edit ) People outside of the tribe , including Arizona environmental groups and former National Park officials , have expressed concern about the project 's obtrusiveness in the natural environment , considering it a defacement of a national treasure . Former Grand Canyon National Park Superintendent Robert Arnberger has described the development as `` the equivalent of an upscale carnival ride , '' adding that he has been unable to resolve `` the apparent conflict between the tribe 's oft - stated claim that there is no better caregiver and steward of the Grand Canyon than the tribe , and their approach to the land -- which is based on heavy use and economics . '' Tribal leaders counter that the 4.5 million people a year who visit the National Park portion are already overburdening an area and , further , that the tribe needs financial income . The skywalk attracts a reported 370,000 visitors per year and the tribe charges for rim - side weddings and stunt jumps , including one by Robbie Knievel . The tribe made a foray into opening a casino but it has not been able to generate sufficient income . Access and protection ( edit ) Access to the Skywalk can be made from Las Vegas , Nevada in the north or Kingman , Arizona in the south , via Highway 93 . The routes converge ( at CR 7 / Buck and Doe Rd ) near Diamond Bar Road , which was under construction as of December 7 , 2009 . At the time , Diamond Bar Road consisted of 10 miles ( 16 km ) of an ungraded gravel and dirt road . There are several packages available for purchase at the airport terminal visitor center . Every package includes parking at the terminal and shuttle bus transportation to the two scenic viewing areas , and the Hualapai Ranch . As of 2015 , the final 9 miles ( 14 km ) of county - maintained road to the attraction has been paved and is now accessible to everyone . In addition to admission , visitors may purchase professional photographs of their visit to the Skywalk in the gift shop , as personal cameras are not allowed on the Skywalk itself . Along with other personal property , they must be stored in a locker before entering the Skywalk . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yost , Mark . Close to the Edge , Wall Street Journal . 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Acme mapper : USGS topographic map ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Kathleen ( 2008 ) . Grand Canyon ( 4th ed . ) . Berkeley , CA : Avalon Travel . pp. 150 -- 151 . ISBN 1 - 59880 - 146 - 5 . Jump up ^ NationalGeographic.com ^ Jump up to : Cart , Julie . `` Grand Canyon Skywalk opens deep divide '' . Los Angeles Times . 2007 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Grand Canyon glass Skywalk opens . BBC . 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Wendy Yanagihara , Jennifer ( 2008 ) . Grand Canyon National Park ( 2nd ed . ) . Footscray ( Vic . ) : Lonely Planet . ISBN 1 - 74104 - 483 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona tribe votes to take over management of Grand Canyon Skywalk '' . Jump up ^ `` Court upholds $28 million award in Grand Canyon Skywalk case '' . Jump up ^ Wagner , Dennis ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` Grand Canyon Skywalk judgment could devastate tribe '' . USA Today . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . The Skywalk , about 130 miles northwest of Flagstaff , opened to international media coverage in 2007 and reportedly attracts about 370,000 visitors annually . Jump up ^ `` Hualapai Tourism skywalk FAQ page '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Hualapai Tourism skywalk site \ '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Canyon Skywalk . Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canyon_Skywalk&oldid=816069085 '' Categories : Bridges in Arizona Pedestrian bridges in the United States Grand Canyon Hualapai Glass architecture Bridges completed in 2007 Buildings and structures in Coconino County , Arizona Transportation in Coconino County , Arizona Tourist attractions in Coconino County , Arizona Tourist attractions in Arizona Observation decks Cantilever bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Română Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 01 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the skywalk located in the grand canyon | [
"The Grand Canyon Skywalk is a horseshoe-shaped cantilever bridge with a glass walkway in Arizona near the Colorado River on the edge of a side canyon in the Grand Canyon West area of the main canyon.[1] USGS topographic maps show the elevation at the Skywalk's location as 4,770 ft (1,450 m) and the elevation of the Colorado River in the base of the canyon as 1,160 ft (350 m), and they show that the height of the precisely vertical drop directly under the skywalk is between 500 ft (150 m) and 800 ft (240 m).[2]"
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"Arizona near the Colorado River on the edge of a side canyon in the Grand Canyon West area of the main canyon"
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-5518152363314368165 | Make You Feel My Love | Make You Feel My Love - Wikipedia Make You Feel My Love `` Make You Feel My Love '' Single by Bob Dylan from the album Time Out of Mind Released September 30 , 1997 Recorded January 1997 Genre Blues rock Length 3 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Daniel Lanois `` Make You Feel My Love '' is a song written by Bob Dylan from his album Time Out of Mind ( 1997 ) . It was first released commercially by Billy Joel , under the title `` To Make You Feel My Love '' , before Dylan 's version appeared later that same year . It has since been covered by numerous performers and has proved to be a commercial success for recording artists such as Adele , Garth Brooks , Shane Filan , Bryan Ferry , Kelly Clarkson and Ane Brun . Two covers of the song ( one by Garth Brooks and one by Trisha Yearwood ) were featured on the soundtrack of the 1998 film Hope Floats . Dylan eventually released the song as a single . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Billy Joel version 2.1 Chart history 3 Garth Brooks version 3.1 Charts 3.1. 1 Weekly charts 3.1. 2 Year - end charts 4 Adele version 4.1 Arrangement 4.2 Music video 4.3 Television and film 4.4 List of recordings 4.5 Charts and certifications 4.5. 1 Weekly charts 4.5. 2 Year - end charts 4.5. 3 Certifications 5 Other versions 6 References 7 External links Personnel ( edit ) Bob Dylan -- guitar , harmonica , piano , vocals Additional musicians Bucky Baxter -- acoustic guitar Tony Garnier -- bass guitar , bass , upright bass Daniel Lanois -- guitar , mando - guitar , Firebird , Martin 0018 , Gretsch gold top , rhythm guitar , lead guitar Augie Meyers -- Vox organ combo , Hammond B3 organ , accordion Duke Robillard -- guitar Billy Joel version ( edit ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' Single by Billy Joel from the album Greatest Hits , Volume III B - side `` Intro / Summer , Highland Falls '' Released 1997 Format CD single Recorded 1996 -- 97 Genre Rock Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Billy Joel Joe Nicolo - Peter Asher Billy Joel singles chronology `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' ( 1994 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Hey Girl '' ( 1997 ) `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' ( 1994 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Hey Girl '' ( 1997 ) Billy Joel covered the song as `` To Make You Feel My Love '' for his compilation album Greatest Hits Volume III ( 1997 ) . It was released as the album 's first single and reached number 50 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Joel 's single pre-dated Dylan 's release of the song by one month . Chart history ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 90 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 50 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 9 US Billboard Hot Singles Sales 53 Garth Brooks version ( edit ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' Single by Garth Brooks from the album Hope Floats : Music from the Motion Picture Released May 18 , 1998 Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country pop Length 3 : 54 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Garth Brooks Garth Brooks singles chronology `` Two Piña Coladas '' ( 1998 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Burnin ' the Roadhouse Down '' ( 1998 ) `` Two Piña Coladas '' ( 1998 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Burnin ' the Roadhouse Down '' ( 1998 ) Garth Brooks covered the song as `` To Make You Feel My Love '' in 1998 . It appeared on the soundtrack of the 1998 film Hope Floats , along with a cover version by Trisha Yearwood as the first and last tracks . It was included first as the bonus track on Fresh Horses for Garth 's first Limited Series box set and then included on all later pressings of that album . Brooks ' version resulted in a nomination at 41st Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance and a nomination for Bob Dylan for Best Country Song . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 22 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 8 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 63 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 32 Adele version ( edit ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' Single by Adele from the album 19 and Songs for the Philippines Released October 27 , 2008 Format CD 7 '' digital download Recorded October 2007 Genre Soul pop Length 3 : 32 Label XL Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Jim Abbiss Adele singles chronology `` Hometown Glory '' ( 2008 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( 2008 ) `` Water and a Flame '' ( 2009 ) `` Hometown Glory '' ( 2008 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( 2008 ) `` Water and a Flame '' ( 2009 ) In 2008 , British singer Adele recorded `` Make You Feel My Love '' for her debut studio album 19 ( 2008 ) . It was released as the album 's fourth and final single on October 27 , 2008 , both on CD and vinyl , originally peaking at number 26 . The largest sales of her recording , however , came during 2010 -- 11 when it peaked at number 4 . After the song was performed on the seventh series of The X Factor , it re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 24 . The song then surged to number four after a second performance . Following a third X Factor performance and heavy use in the Comic Relief 2010 television , it spent three more non-consecutive weeks in the top 10 . In early 2011 the song returned to the top 40 again , at number 34 , after it appeared in the 2011 series of Britain 's Got Talent . Adele 's version features in the soundtrack of the 2010 romantic comedy film When in Rome . Her cover version was also featured in the compilation album for the benefit of those affected by Supertyphoon Haiyan in the Philippines entitled Songs for the Philippines . In October 2013 the song was used in the third week of Strictly Come Dancing as part of the `` Love Week '' theme . In January 2013 , Heart Radio listed Adele 's recording as the UK 's number one song of all time in its Hall of Fame Top 500 . At a concert at London 's O2 Arena on March 22 , 2016 , the day of the Brussels bombings , Adele dedicated a performance of the song to the victims of the attacks . Arrangement ( edit ) According to Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy , the version expresses Adele 's affection for the song , `` with just piano as backing , her dreamy , passionate vocals are allowed to shine '' . According to The Guardian 's Dave Simpson , with her `` hushed delivery '' , Adele makes the song `` her own '' . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video features Adele singing the song in her apartment . Television and film ( edit ) In other television appearances in the UK and US , the song was used in : Waterloo Road One Tree Hill Ghost Whisperer Parenthood The Bold and the Beautiful General Hospital Bones Hollyoaks EastEnders Glee Nashville Emmerdale Against the Wall ( pilot episode ) Brothers and sisters In addition , Adele 's video of the song , directed by Mat Kirby , was released on music channels in late September 2008 and continues to be featured on her website . The Adele version was used in the 2010 movie When in Rome . List of recordings ( edit ) Digital download ( version 1 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 Digital download ( version 2 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( video ) -- 3 : 32 CD single `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 `` Painting Pictures '' -- 3 : 33 19 version `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 19 Deluxe version `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live at Hotel Cafe ) -- 3 : 52 Chimes of Freedom live version `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( recorded live at WXPN ) -- 4 : 04 Live at the Royal Albert Hall live version `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( Live ) -- 3 : 48 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 15 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 17 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Songs ) 43 European Hot 100 Singles 17 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 44 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 ) Position Dutch Singles Chart 7 Chart ( 2010 ) Position UK Singles Chart 48 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other Versions ( edit ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' has also been recorded by : Joan Osborne Trisha Yearwood Neil Diamond Danny Bowes Shawn Colvin Luka Bloom Timothy B. Schmit Ronan Keating Winifred Horan ( from Solas ) Emily Loizeau Bryan Ferry Elkie Brooks ( from her 2010 album Powerless ) Mary Black Ruarri Joseph Phil Keaggy Michael Bolton with Helene Fischer Paul Evans Taylor Hicks Jon Peter Lewis Kris Allen Maria Muldaur Louise Setara Jeremy Irons ( actor ) Kelly Clarkson Ed Sheeran Tony DeSare Rebecca Ferguson Aaron Tveit Sarah Maclaine Sleeping At Last Straight No Chaser Ane Brun Lea Michele Shane Filan of Westlife Jennifer Paz Josh Kelley 's version appeared on A Cinderella Story : Original Soundtrack References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trager , Oliver ( 2004 ) . Keys to the Rain . Billboard Books . pp. 406 -- 407 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7974 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel : Singles & EPs '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Billy Joel -- To Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 - Billboard Hot 100 '' , Billboard , retrieved January 16 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 7945 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . September 21 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 3660 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 17 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1998 '' . RPM . December 14 , 1998 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1998 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Beatles , Eminem , U2 Set for Philippines Benefit Album '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Beatles , Eminem , U2 Set for Philippines Benefit Album '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele wins Heart 's best song of all time '' . Radio Today . 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adele fans pay tribute to victims of Brussels attacks at London concert '' . BBC Radio 1 Newsbeat . BBC . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 23 October 2008 ) . `` Adele : ' Make You Feel My Love ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , David ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` Adele -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Make You Feel My Love '' . Adele website . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` When in Rome ( 2010 ) '' . Retrieved 16 November 2017 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Adele Chart History ( Hot Canadian Digital Song Sales ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2010 - 10 - 16 '' . Billboard.biz . Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 40 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Adele '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts ... Single 2009 '' . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . UkChartsPlus . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2015 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Make You Feel My Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Make You Feel My Love in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Duffy , John . `` Joan Osborne : Righteous Love '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hope Floats '' Music from the Motion Picture `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond : Home Before Dark '' . Jump up ^ `` Danny & Lucy Bowes '' . Jump up ^ `` Danny and Ben : Danny and Ben CD '' . Jump up ^ Cater , Evan . `` Luka Bloom : Keeper of the Flame '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Timothy B. Schmit : Feed the Fire '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jon . `` Ronan Keating : Songs for My Mother '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schacht , John . `` Emily Loizeau : L'Autre Bout du Monde '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Mary Black : Full Tide '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Dave . `` Paul Evans : Roses Are Red , My Love '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Peter Lewis : Break The Silence '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kris Allen : Season 8 Favorite Performances '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Maria Muldaur : Heart of Mine '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Louise Setara : Still Waters '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Various Artists : Unexpected Dreams '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Versions of Make You Feel My Love '' . SecondHandSongs . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists : A Cinderella Story '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics at Bob Dylan.com Bob Dylan Discography Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Dylan The Basement Tapes Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 1997 1998 2017 2018 Films Dont Look Back Eat the Document Renaldo and Clara Hard to Handle The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Trouble No More - A Musical Film Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related The Band Traveling Wilburys Electric Dylan controversy Artists who have covered Dylan songs Joan Baez Suze Rotolo The Telegraph magazine Festival Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Hearts of Fire Theme Time Radio Hour Gotta Serve Somebody : The Gospel Songs of Bob Dylan Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Family Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) Book Category Portal Garth Brooks singles Garth Brooks `` Much Too Young ( To Feel This Damn Old ) '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` Not Counting You '' `` The Dance '' No Fences `` Friends in Low Places '' `` Unanswered Prayers '' `` Two of a Kind , Workin ' on a Full House '' `` The Thunder Rolls '' `` Wild Horses '' ( released in 2001 ) Ropin ' the Wind `` Rodeo '' `` Shameless '' `` What She 's Doing Now '' `` Papa Loved Mama '' `` The River '' The Chase `` We Shall Be Free '' `` Somewhere Other Than the Night '' `` Learning to Live Again '' `` That Summer '' In Pieces `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' `` American Honky - Tonk Bar Association '' `` Standing Outside the Fire '' `` One Night a Day '' `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' `` The Red Strokes '' Fresh Horses `` She 's Every Woman '' `` The Fever '' `` The Beaches of Cheyenne '' `` The Change '' `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' `` That Ol ' Wind '' Sevens `` Longneck Bottle '' `` She 's Gonna Make It '' `` Two Piña Coladas '' `` You Move Me '' `` Do What You Gotta Do '' ( released in 2000 ) The Limited Series `` To Make You Feel My Love '' Double Live `` It 's Your Song '' Greatest Hits ( as Chris Gaines ) `` Lost in You '' Scarecrow `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' ( released in 2000 ) `` Wrapped Up in You '' `` Squeeze Me In '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` Thicker Than Blood '' `` Why Ai n't I Running '' The Lost Sessions `` Good Ride Cowboy '' The Ultimate Hits `` More Than a Memory '' `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' ( with Huey Lewis ) Man Against Machine `` People Loving People '' `` Mom '' Gunslinger `` Baby , Let 's Lay Down and Dance '' `` Ask Me How I Know '' 2019 Album All Day Long Guest singles `` Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy ( with Chris LeDoux ; 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"\"Make You Feel My Love\"Single by Bob Dylanfrom the album Time Out of MindReleased\nSeptember 30, 1997Recorded\nJanuary 1997Genre\nBlues rockLength\n3:32Label\nColumbiaSongwriter(s)\nBob DylanProducer(s)\nDaniel Lanois"
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6693475271961951416 | Analytical Engine | Analytical Engine - wikipedia Analytical Engine Trial model of a part of the Analytical Engine , built by Babbage , as displayed at the Science Museum ( London ) History of computing Hardware Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present Software Software Unix Free software and open - source software Computer science Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Prominent pioneers Software engineering Modern concepts General - purpose CPUs Graphical user interface Internet Laptops Personal computers Video games World Wide Web By country Bulgaria Poland Romania Soviet Bloc Soviet Union Yugoslavia Timeline of computing before 1950 1950 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 more timelines ... Glossary of computer science The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general - purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage . It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage 's difference engine , a design for a mechanical computer . The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit , control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops , and integrated memory , making it the first design for a general - purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing - complete . In other words , the logical structure of the Analytical Engine was essentially the same as that which has dominated computer design in the electronic era . Babbage was never able to complete construction of any of his machines due to conflicts with his chief engineer and inadequate funding . It was not until the late 1940s that the first general - purpose computers were actually built , more than a century after Babbage had proposed the pioneering Analytical Engine in 1837 . Contents 1 Design 2 Construction 3 Instruction set 4 Influence 4.1 Predicted influence 4.2 Computer science 5 Comparison to other early computers 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Design ( edit ) Two types of punched cards used to program the machine . Foreground : ' operational cards ' , for inputting instructions ; background : ' variable cards ' , for inputting data Babbage 's first attempt at a mechanical computing device , the Difference Engine , was a special - purpose machine designed to tabulate logarithms and trigonometric functions by evaluating finite differences to create approximating polynomials . Construction of this machine was never completed ; Babbage had conflicts with his chief engineer , Joseph Clement , and ultimately the British government withdrew its funding for the project . During this project , he realized that a much more general design , the Analytical Engine , was possible . The work on the design of the Analytical Engine started in c. 1833 . The input , consisting of programs and data ( `` formulae '' and `` data '' ) was to be provided to the machine via punched cards , a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom . For output , the machine would have a printer , a curve plotter and a bell . The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later . It employed ordinary base - 10 fixed - point arithmetic . There was to be a store ( that is , a memory ) capable of holding 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits each ( ca . 16.2 kB ) . An arithmetic unit ( the `` mill '' ) would be able to perform all four arithmetic operations , plus comparisons and optionally square roots . Initially ( 1838 ) it was conceived as a difference engine curved back upon itself , in a generally circular layout , with the long store exiting off to one side . Later drawings ( 1858 ) depict a regularized grid layout . Like the central processing unit ( CPU ) in a modern computer , the mill would rely upon its own internal procedures , to be stored in the form of pegs inserted into rotating drums called `` barrels '' , to carry out some of the more complex instructions the user 's program might specify . The programming language to be employed by users was akin to modern day assembly languages . Loops and conditional branching were possible , and so the language as conceived would have been Turing - complete as later defined by Alan Turing . Three different types of punch cards were used : one for arithmetical operations , one for numerical constants , and one for load and store operations , transferring numbers from the store to the arithmetical unit or back . There were three separate readers for the three types of cards . Babbage developed some two dozen programs for the Analytical Engine between 1837 and 1840 , and one program later . These programs treat polynomials , iterative formulas , Gaussian elimination , and Bernoulli numbers . In 1842 , the Italian mathematician Luigi Federico Menabrea published a description of the engine based on a lecture by Babbage in French . In 1843 , the description was translated into English and extensively annotated by Ada Lovelace , who had become interested in the engine eight years earlier . In recognition of her additions to Menabrea 's paper , which included a way to calculate Bernoulli numbers using the machine , she has been described as the first computer programmer . Construction ( edit ) Henry Babbage 's Analytical Engine Mill , built in 1910 , in the Science Museum ( London ) Late in his life , Babbage sought ways to build a simplified version of the machine , and assembled a small part of it before his death in 1871 . In 1878 , a committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science described the Analytical Engine as `` a marvel of mechanical ingenuity '' , but recommended against constructing it . The committee acknowledged the usefulness and value of the machine , but could not estimate the cost of building it , and were unsure whether the machine would function correctly after being built . Intermittently from 1880 to 1910 , Babbage 's son Henry Prevost Babbage was constructing a part of the mill and the printing apparatus . In 1910 calculated a ( faulty ) list of multiples of pi . This constituted only a small part of the whole engine ; it was not programmable and had no storage . ( Popular images of this section have sometimes been mislabelled , implying that it was the entire mill or even the entire engine . ) Henry Babbage 's `` Analytical Engine Mill '' is on display at the Science Museum in London . Henry also proposed building a demonstration version of the full engine , with a smaller storage capacity : `` perhaps for a first machine ten ( columns ) would do , with fifteen wheels in each '' . Such a version could manipulate 20 numbers of 25 digits each , and what it could be told to do with those numbers could still be impressive . `` It is only a question of cards and time '' , wrote Henry Babbage in 1888 , `` ... and there is no reason why ( twenty thousand ) cards should not be used if necessary , in an Analytical Engine for the purposes of the mathematician '' . In 1991 , the London Science Museum built a complete and working specimen of Babbage 's Difference Engine No. 2 , a design that incorporated refinements Babbage discovered during the development of the Analytical Engine . This machine was built using materials and engineering tolerances that would have been available to Babbage , quelling the suggestion that Babbage 's designs could not have been produced using the manufacturing technology of his time . In October 2010 , John Graham - Cumming started a `` Plan 28 '' campaign to raise funds by `` public subscription '' to enable serious historical and academic study of Babbage 's plans , with a view to then build and test a fully working virtual design which will then in turn enable construction of the physical Analytical Engine . As of May 2016 , actual construction had not been attempted , since no consistent understanding could yet be obtained from Babbage 's original design drawings . In particular it was unclear whether it could handle the indexed variables which were required for Lovelace 's Bernoulli program . By 2017 , the `` Plan 28 '' effort reported that a searchable database of all catalogued material was available , and an initial review of Babbage 's voluminous Scribbling Books had been completed . Instruction set ( edit ) Plan diagram of the Analytical Engine from 1840 Babbage is not known to have written down an explicit set of instructions for the engine in the manner of a modern processor manual . Instead he showed his programs as lists of states during their execution , showing what operator was run at each step with little indication of how the control flow would be guided . Allan G. Bromley has assumed that the card deck could be read in forwards and backwards directions as a function of conditional branching after testing for conditions , which would make the engine Turing - complete : ... the cards could be ordered to move forward and reverse ( and hence to loop ) ... The introduction for the first time , in 1845 , of user operations for a variety of service functions including , most importantly , an effective system for user control of looping in user programs . There is no indication how the direction of turning of the operation and variable cards is specified . In the absence of other evidence I have had to adopt the minimal default assumption that both the operation and variable cards can only be turned backward as is necessary to implement the loops used in Babbage 's sample programs . There would be no mechanical or microprogramming difficulty in placing the direction of motion under the control of the user . In their emulator of the engine , Fourmilab say : The Engine 's Card Reader is not constrained to simply process the cards in a chain one after another from start to finish . It can , in addition , directed by the very cards it reads and advised by the whether the Mill 's run - up lever is activated , either advance the card chain forward , skipping the intervening cards , or backward , causing previously - read cards to be processed once again . This emulator does provide a written symbolic instruction set , though this has been constructed by its authors rather than based on Babbage 's original works . For example , a factorial program would be written as : N0 6 N1 1 N2 1 × L1 L0 S1 - L0 L2 S0 L2 L0 CB ? 11 where the CB is the conditional branch instruction or `` combination card '' used to make the control flow jump , in this case backwards by 11 cards . Influence ( edit ) Predicted influence ( edit ) Babbage understood that the existence of an automatic computer would kindle interest in the field now known as algorithmic efficiency , writing in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher , `` As soon as an Analytical Engine exists , it will necessarily guide the future course of the science . Whenever any result is sought by its aid , the question will then arise -- By what course of calculation can these results be arrived at by the machine in the shortest time ? '' Computer Science ( edit ) From 1872 Henry continued diligently with his father 's work and then intermittently in retirement in 1875 . Percy Ludgate wrote about the engine in 1914 and designed his own Analytical Engine ( it was drawn up in detail , but never built ) about 1907 - 1909 . Ludgate 's engine would be much smaller than Babbage 's of about 8 cubic feet ( 230 l ) , and hypothetically would be capable of multiplying two 20 - decimal - digit numbers in about six seconds . Torres y Quevedo wrote about Babbage 's engines in Essays on Automatics ( 1913 ) . Book contains design for an electromechanical machine capable of calculating completely automatically the value of a function . Vannevar Bush 's paper Instrumental Analysis ( 1936 ) included several references to Babbage 's work . In the same year started Rapid Arithmetical Machine project to investigate the problems of constructing an electronic digital computer . Despite this groundwork , Babbage 's work fell into historical obscurity , and the Analytical Engine was unknown to builders of electro - mechanical and electronic computing machines in the 1930s and 1940s when they began their work , resulting in the need to re-invent many of the architectural innovations Babbage had proposed . Howard Aiken , who built the quickly - obsoleted electromechanical calculator , the Harvard Mark I , between 1937 and 1945 , praised Babbage 's work likely as a way of enhancing his own stature , but knew nothing of the Analytical Engine 's architecture during the construction of the Mark I , and considered his visit to the constructed portion of the Analytical Engine `` the greatest disappointment of my life '' . The Mark I showed no influence from the Analytical Engine and lacked the Analytical Engine 's most prescient architectural feature , conditional branching . J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly similarly were not aware of the details of Babbage 's Analytical Engine work prior to the completion of their design for the first electronic general - purpose computer , the ENIAC . Comparison to other early computers ( edit ) If the Analytical Engine had been built , it would have been digital , programmable and Turing - complete . It would , however , have been very slow . Luigi Federico Menabrea reported in Sketch of the Analytical Engine : `` Mr. Babbage believes he can , by his engine , form the product of two numbers , each containing twenty figures , in three minutes '' . By comparison the Harvard Mark I could perform the same task in just six seconds . A modern PC can do the same thing in well under a billionth of a second . Further information : History of computing hardware § Early digital computer characteristics Name First operational Numeral system Computing mechanism Programming Turing complete Memory Difference Engine Not built until the 1990s Decimal Mechanical Not programmable ; initial numerical constants of polynomial differences set physically No Physical state of wheels in axes Analytical Engine Not yet built Decimal Mechanical Program - controlled by punched cards Yes Physical state of wheels in axes Bombe ( Poland , UK , US ) 1939 ( Polish ) , March 1940 ( British ) , May 1943 ( US ) Character computations Electro - mechanical Not programmable ; cipher input settings specified by patch cables No Physical state of rotors Zuse Z3 ( Germany ) May 1941 Binary floating point Electro - mechanical Program - controlled by punched 35 mm film stock In principle Mechanical relays Atanasoff -- Berry Computer ( US ) 1942 Binary Electronic Not programmable ; linear system coefficients input using punched cards No Regenerative capacitor memory Colossus Mark 1 ( UK ) December 1943 Binary Electronic Program - controlled by patch cables and switches No Thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) and thyratrons Harvard Mark I -- IBM ASCC ( US ) May 1944 Decimal Electro - mechanical Program - controlled by 24 - channel punched paper tape ( but no conditional branch ) No Mechanical relays Zuse Z4 ( Germany ) March 1945 ( or 1948 ) Binary floating point Electro - mechanical Program - controlled by punched 35 mm film stock Yes Mechanical relays ENIAC ( US ) July 1946 Decimal Electronic Program - controlled by patch cables and switches Yes Vacuum tube triode flip - flops Manchester Baby ( UK ) 1948 Binary Electronic Binary program entered into memory by keyboard ( first electronic stored - program digital computer ) Yes Williams cathode ray tube In popular culture ( edit ) This article may contain minor , trivial or unrelated fictional references . Trivia or references unimportant to the overall plot of a work of fiction should be edited to explain their importance or deleted . ( August 2012 ) The cyberpunk novelists William Gibson and Bruce Sterling co-authored a steampunk novel of alternative history titled The Difference Engine in which Babbage 's Difference and Analytical Engines became available to Victorian society . The novel explores the consequences and implications of the early introduction of computational technology . There is also mention of the Analytical Engine ( or the Clockwork Ouroboros as it is also known there ) in The Book of the War , a Faction Paradox anthology edited by Lawrence Miles . This machine was used to calculate a way into the `` Eleven Day Empire '' . Its use resulted in the destruction of the original Houses of Parliament . In the novel Perdido Street Station , by British author China Miéville , engines similar to Babbage 's serve as `` brains '' for the robotic constructs of the city of New Crobuzon . One such engine even develops sentient thought due to a recursive algorithmic loop . The British Empire of The Peshawar Lancers by S.M. Stirling features a massive water - powered analytical engine at Oxford , used by two of the main characters . It is noted that most of the engines run on steam , and that an even larger one is under construction at the British Capital in Delhi . In the Michael Flynn novel In the Country of the Blind , a secret society calling itself the Babbage Society secretly financed the building of Babbage Engines in the mid-19th century . In the novel , the Society uses the Babbage engines along with a statistical science called Cliology to predict and manipulate future history . In the process , they predict the rise of the Nazis and accidentally start the US Civil War . In the Neal Stephenson novel The Diamond Age , ubiquitous molecular nanotechnology is described to make use of `` rod logic '' similar to that imagined by Babbage 's design for the Analytical Engine . Moriarty by Modem , a short story by Jack Nimersheim , describes an alternate history where Babbage 's Analytical Engine was indeed completed and had been deemed highly classified by the British government . The characters of Sherlock Holmes and Moriarty had in reality been a set of prototype programs written for the Analytical Engine . This short story follows Holmes as his program is rebooted on modern computers and he is forced to compete against his nemesis yet again in the modern counterparts of Babbage 's Analytical Engine . A similar setting is used by Sydney Padua in the webcomic The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage . It features an alternate history where Ada Lovelace and Babbage have built the Analytical Engine and use it to fight crime at Queen Victoria 's request . The comic is based on thorough research on the biographies of and correspondence between Babbage and Lovelace , which is then twisted for humorous effect . Georgia on My Mind is a novelette by Charles Sheffield which involves two major themes : being widowed and the quest for a legendary Babbage computer . Hugh Cook 's fantasy novels The Wishstone and the Wonderworkers and The Wazir and the Witch feature an Analytical Engine created by the scientist Ivan Petrov . It is used to calculate income tax . The Orion 's Arm online project features the Machina Babbagenseii , fully sentient Babbage inspired mechanical computers . Each is the size of a large asteroid , only capable surviving in microgravity conditions , and processes data at 0.5 % the speed of a human brain . The flying ships in the anime Last Exile are seen to have analytical engines inside of them . Although some have more advanced technology , the common ships use analytical engines , and even some of the advanced ships are seen to have clockwork mechanisms as well . A working version of the Analytical Engine , created by fictional inventor Ernest Harding ( and based on the Babbage concept ) was featured on the Murdoch Mysteries ( also called The Artful Detective ) , in Season 5 , Episode 9 , Invention Convention . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Babbage 's Analytical Engine , 1834 - 1871 . ( Trial model ) '' . Science Museum . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ John Graham - Cumming ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) . `` The 100 - year leap '' . O'Reilly Radar . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Babbage Engine : The Engines '' . Computer History Museum . 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Bromley 1982 , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : `` Babbage '' . Online stuff . Science Museum . 2007 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's build Babbage 's ultimate mechanical computer '' . opinion . New Scientist. 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Robinson ( 2007 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Difference Engines '' . Meccano.us . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Weber , Alan S. 19th Century Science , an Anthology . Google Books . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Collier 1970 , p. chapter 3 . Jump up ^ Lee , John A.n. International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers . Google Books . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Balchin , Jon . Science : 100 Scientists Who Changed the World . Google Books . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dubbey , J.M. ; Dubbey , John Michael ( 2004 - 02 - 12 ) . The Mathematical Work of Charles Babbage . Cambridge University Press . p. 197 . ISBN 9780521524766 . Jump up ^ Menabrea & Lovelace 1843 . ^ Jump up to : Bromley 1982 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Bromley 1982 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Bromley 1982 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Bromley 1982 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ `` The Babbage Pages : Calculating Engines '' . Projects.ex.ac.uk. 1997 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bromley 1990 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Bromley 2000 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Babbage 's Analytical Engine Mill , 1910 '' . Science Museum . 2007 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . Priestley and Weale. 1910 . p. 517 . Jump up ^ * Report of the Forty - Eighth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ( Report ) . London : John Murray . 1879 . pp. 92 -- 102 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Analytical Engine ( Report 1879 ) '' . Fourmilab.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Britain ) , Institute of Actuaries ( Great ( 1950 ) . Proceedings of the centenary assembly of the Institute of Actuaries . Printed for the Institute of Actuaries at the University Press . p. 178 . Jump up ^ Randell , Brian ( 2013 - 12 - 21 ) . `` 2.3 . Babbage 's Analytical Engine . H.P. Babbage ( 1910 ) '' . The Origins of Digital Computers : Selected Papers . Springer . ISBN 9783642618123 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Analytical Engine ( Henry P. Babbage 1888 ) '' . Fourmilab.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` A Modern Sequel -- The Babbage Engine '' . Computer History Museum . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign builds to construct Babbage Analytical Engine '' . BBC News . October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Building Charles Babbage 's Analytical Engine '' . Plan 28 . 2009 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 2016 report to the Computer Conservation Society '' . Plan 28 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 2017 report to the Computer Conservation Society '' . blog.plan28.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bromley 2000 . Jump up ^ Babbage 1864 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` The Babbage Engine -- Key People -- Henry Provost Babbage '' . Computer History Museum . Archived from the original on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Horsburg , E.M. ( Ellice Martin ) ; Napier Tercentenary Exhibition ( 1914 ) . `` Automatic Calculating Machines by P.E. Ludgate '' . Modern instruments and methods of calculation : a handbook of the Napier Tercentenary Exhibition . Gerstein - University of Toronto . London : G. Bell . pp. 124 -- 127 . ^ Jump up to : `` Percy Ludgate 's Analytical Machine '' . www.fano.co.uk . From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer : The Contributions of Ludgate , Torres , and Bush by Brian Randell , 1982 , Ludgate : pp. 4 - 5 , Quevedo : pp. 6 , 11 - 13 , Bush : pp. 13 , 16 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen 2000 . Jump up ^ `` J. Presper Eckert Interview 28 October 1977 '' . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Computer Oral History Collection , 1969 - 1973 , 1977 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Menabrea & Lovelace 1843 , p. 688 . Jump up ^ `` The Mark I Computer '' . Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments . Harvard University . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Konrad Zuse -- the first relay computer '' . History of Computers . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine -- `` The Baby '' `` . School of Computer Science , University of Manchester . April 1999 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nimersheim , Jack ( 1995 ) . `` Moriarty by Modem '' . cheznims.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous experiments in comics '' . 2D Goggles . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Experiments in Comics with Sydney Padua '' . Tor.com. 2009 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Client 2D Goggles '' . Sydneypadua.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Machina Babbagenseii '' . Orion 's Arm . 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Invention Convention '' on IMDb Bibliography ( edit ) Babbage , Charles ( 1864 ) . `` Chapter VIII - Of the Analytical Engine '' . Passages from the Life of a Philosopher . London : Longman , Green , Longman , Roberts , & Green . pp. 112 -- 141 . Babbage , Charles ( 1889 ) . Babbage , Henry P. , ed . Babbage 's Calculating Engines - Being a Collection of Papers Relating to Them ; Their History , and Construction ( PDF ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 00096 - 3 . Bromley , Allan G. ( July -- September 1982 ) . `` Charles Babbage 's Analytical Engine , 1838 '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 ( 3 ) : 197 -- 217 . doi : 10.1109 / mahc. 1982.10028 . Bromley , Allan G. ( 1990 ) . `` Difference and Analytical Engines '' ( PDF ) . In Aspray , William . Computing Before Computers . Ames : Iowa State University Press . pp. 59 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 8138 - 0047 - 1 . Bromley , Allan G. ( October -- December 2000 ) . `` Babbage 's Analytical Engine Plans 28 and 28a - The Programmer 's Interface '' . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 22 ( 4 ) : 5 -- 19 . doi : 10.1109 / 85.887986 . Cohen , I. Bernard ( 2000 ) . `` 8 - Aiken 's Background in Computing and Knowledge of Babbage 's Machines '' . Howard Aiken : Portrait of a Computer Pioneer . Cambridge : MIT Press . pp. 61 -- 72 . ISBN 9780262531795 . Collier , Bruce ( 1970 ) . The Little Engines That Could 've : The Calculating Machines of Charles Babbage ( Ph. D . ) . Harvard University . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 18 . Green , Christopher D. ( 2005 ) . `` Was Babbage 's Analytical Engine intended to be a mechanical model of the mind ? '' ( PDF ) . History of Psychology . 8 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 45 . doi : 10.1037 / 1093 - 4510.8. 1.35 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 25 . Hyman , Anthony ( 1982 ) . Charles Babbage : A Biography . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198581703 . Menabrea , Luigi Federico ; Lovelace , Ada ( 1843 ) . `` Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage ... with notes by the translator . Translated by Ada Lovelace '' . In Richard Taylor . Scientific Memoirs. 3 . London : Richard and John E. Taylor . pp. 666 -- 731 . Randell , Brian ( October -- December 1982 ) . `` From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer : The Contributions of Ludgate , Torres , and Bush '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1109 / mahc. 1982.10042 . Wilkes , Maurice Vincent ( 1971 ) . `` Babbage as a Computer Pioneer '' . Proc. Babbage Memorial Meeting . London : British Computer Society . pp. 415 -- 440 . External links ( edit ) Computer programming portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Analytical Engine . The Analytical Engine at Fourmilab , includes historical documents and online simulations `` Image of the `` General Plan of Babbage 's great calculating engine '' ( 1840 ) , plus a modern description of operational & programming features `` . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 21 . Image of a later Plan of Analytical Engine with grid layout ( 1858 ) First working Babbage `` barrel '' actually assembled , circa 2005 Special issue , IEEE Annals of the History of Computing , Volume 22 , Number 4 , October -- December 2000 ( subscription required ) Babbage , Science Museum , London `` The Marvellous Analytical Engine - How It Works '' . 2D Goggles. 2015 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analytical_Engine&oldid=866229452 '' Categories : Computer - related introductions in 1837 English inventions One - of - a-kind computers Mechanical calculators Mechanical computers Charles Babbage Hidden categories : Articles with fictioncruft from August 2012 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote a program for the analytical engine to calculate a series of bernoulli numbers | [
"In 1842, the Italian mathematician Luigi Federico Menabrea published a description of the engine based on a lecture by Babbage in French. In 1843, the description was translated into English and extensively annotated by Ada Lovelace, who had become interested in the engine eight years earlier. In recognition of her additions to Menabrea's paper, which included a way to calculate Bernoulli numbers using the machine, she has been described as the first computer programmer.\n"
] | [
"Ada Lovelace"
] |
7853282668706093222 | Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) | Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Yobot ( talk contribs ) at 14 : 01 , 28 August 2017 ( Removed invisible unicode characters + other fixes ( Task 55 ) , replaced : → ( 4 ) using AWB ( 12151 ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 14 : 01 , 28 August 2017 by Yobot ( talk contribs ) ( Removed invisible unicode characters + other fixes ( Task 55 ) , replaced : → ( 4 ) using AWB ( 12151 ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.263 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , visual style , production merits , and musical score , though it received criticism for its similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest grossing film of 2017 and the 10th highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as a beggar arrives at a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Years later , in the village of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . A friendship develops as Belle nurses his wounds . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask . Belle realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed as her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the beggar Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast Main article : List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Emma Watson as Belle , a benevolent bibliophile who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a hideous beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Rudi Goodman portrays the Prince as a child . Adam Mitchell provides the young prince 's singing voice . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Henry Garrett as The King , The Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , The Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production Development Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . Watson was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast -- Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor , and Stanley Tucci -- were announced between March and April of that same year to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Music Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion - singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson - that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way ''. ( 18 ) She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today ''. ( 9 ) Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney classic . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the new Beauty and the Beast song on Disney 's Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video hosting service . Release On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , England ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . Reception Box Office Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $758.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.262 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 milion from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell - 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . 70 % of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . 70 % of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a + 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide release ; Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by - 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It top the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was however never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and overall the eleventh biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most commercial successful film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past 1 year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response Beauty and the Beast received mostly yet generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 70 % based on 284 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he sensed that the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of the Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Won Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Beauty & the Beast Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Won Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Won Choice Liplock Won Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Nominated Dan Stevens Nominated Controversies Gay character Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly - talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . Belle and the Beast 's relationship Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert . '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it. `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie ( show ) Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) ( show ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston ( show ) Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Remakes Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category ( show ) Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( TBA ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' ( show ) Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( TBA ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman ( show ) Films directed by Bill Condon Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) ( show ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) ( show ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=797662426 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s musical films 2010s fantasy films 2010s romance films 2010s romantic drama films American 3D films American fantasy films American LGBT - related films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Disney film remakes Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Dolby Atmos 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protection templates Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote العربية বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia | where does beauty and the best take place | [
"In Rococo-era France, an enchantress disguised as a beggar arrives at a ball and offers the host, a coldhearted prince, a rose for shelter. When he refuses, she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects, and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones. She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another, and earn their love in return, before the last petal falls."
] | [
"France"
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2370157034754218320 | List of FIFA World Cup finals | List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals Germany celebrating after their win against Argentina in the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent 2018 World Cup in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 2026 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=850537277 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 14 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the defending champions in the world cup | [
"In the 21 tournaments held, 79 nations have appeared at least once. Of these, 13 have made it to the final match, and eight have won.[n 1] With five titles, Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament.[4] Italy and Germany have four titles. Current champion France, along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina, have two titles each, while England and Spain have one each. The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy, and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy.[5]\n"
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1363354576119563114 | Carbylamine reaction | Carbylamine reaction - wikipedia Carbylamine reaction Jump to : navigation , search The carbylamine reaction , also known as Hoffman 's isocyanide test is a chemical test for detection of primary amines . In this reaction , the analyte is heated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide and chloroform . If a primary amine is present , the isocyanide ( carbylamine ) is formed which are foul smelling substances . For example , the reaction with ethylamine : The reaction with aniline : The carbylamine test does not give a positive reaction with secondary and tertiary amines . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carbylamine reaction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbylamine_reaction&oldid=740467834 '' Categories : Organic reactions Chemical tests Talk About Wikipedia Español தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2016 , at 07 : 12 . About Wikipedia | when primary amine reacts with chcl3 in alcoholic koh the product is | [
"The carbylamine reaction, also known as Hoffman's isocyanide test is a chemical test for detection of primary amines.[1] In this reaction, the analyte is heated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide and chloroform. If a primary amine is present, the isocyanide (carbylamine) is formed which are foul smelling substances."
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"carbylamine reaction"
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8538677892121443699 | Botulinum toxin | Botulinum toxin - Wikipedia Botulinum toxin Botulinum toxin A Clinical data Routes of administration IM ( approved ) , SC , intradermal , into glands ATC code M03AX01 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status US : ℞ - only Identifiers CAS Number 93384 - 43 - 1 DrugBank DB00083 ChemSpider none Chemical and physical data Formula Molar mass 149 kg / mol ( 149,321 g / mol ) ( what is this ? ) ( verify ) Bontoxilysin Identifiers EC number 3.4. 24.69 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum Gene Ontology AmiGO / QuickGO show Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins Botulinum toxin ( BTX ) or Botox is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species . It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction and thus causes flaccid paralysis . Infection with the bacterium causes the disease botulism . The toxin is also used commercially in medicine , cosmetics and research . Botulinum is the most acutely lethal toxin known , with an estimated human median lethal dose ( LD ) of 1.3 -- 2.1 ng / kg intravenously or intramuscularly and 10 -- 13 ng / kg when inhaled . There are eight types of botulinum toxin , named type A -- H. Types A and B are capable of causing disease in humans , and are also used commercially and medically . Types C -- G are less common ; types E and F can cause disease in humans , while the other types cause disease in other animals . Type H is considered the deadliest substance in the world -- an injection of only 2 ng can cause death to an adult . Botulinum toxin types A and B are used in medicine to treat various muscle spasms and diseases characterized by overactive muscle . The commercial form is marketed under the brand name Botox , among others . Contents 1 Medical uses 1.1 Muscle spasticity 1.2 Other muscle disorders 1.3 Migraine 1.4 Cosmetics 1.5 Other 2 Side effects 3 Role in disease 4 Mechanism of action 5 History 5.1 Food canning 5.2 World War II 5.3 Strabismus 5.4 Cosmetics 5.5 Chronic pain 6 Society and culture 6.1 Economics 6.2 Bioterrorism 6.3 Brand names 6.4 Toxin production 6.5 Organism and toxin susceptibilities 7 Research 7.1 Blepharospasm and strabismus 7.2 Cosmetic 7.3 Upper motor neuron syndrome 7.4 Sweating 7.5 Cervical dystonia 7.6 Chronic migraine 7.7 Depression 7.8 Premature ejaculation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Medical uses ( edit ) Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of problems . Muscle spasticity ( edit ) Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of disorders characterized by overactive muscle movement , including post-stroke spasticity , post-spinal cord injury spasticity , spasms of the head and neck , eyelid , vagina , limbs , jaw , and vocal cords . Similarly , botulinum toxin is used to relax clenching of muscles , including those of the oesophagus , jaw , lower urinary tract and bladder , or clenching of the anus which can exacerbate anal fissure . It may also be used for improper eye alignment . Botulinum toxin appears to be effective for refractory overactive bladder . Other muscle disorders ( edit ) Strabismus is caused by imbalances in the actions of muscles that rotate the eyes , and can sometimes be relieved by weakening a muscle that pulls too strongly , or pulls against one that has been weakened by disease or trauma . Muscles weakened by toxin injection recover from paralysis after several months , so it might seem that injection would then need to be repeated . However , muscles adapt to the lengths at which they are chronically held , so that if a paralyzed muscle is stretched by its antagonist , it grows longer , while the antagonist shortens , yielding a permanent effect . If there is good binocular vision , the brain mechanism of motor fusion , which aligns the eyes on a target visible to both , can stabilize the corrected alignment . In January 2014 , botulinum toxin was approved by UK 's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency ( MHRA ) for treatment of restricted ankle motion due to lower limb spasticity associated with stroke in adults . On July 29 , 2016 , Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) , of the United States of America approved abobotulinumtoxinA for injection for the treatment of lower limb spasticity in pediatric patients two years of age and older . AbobotulinumtoxinA is the first and only FDA - approved botulinum toxin for the treatment of pediatric lower limb spasticity . In the United States of America , the FDA approves the text of the labels of prescription medicines . The FDA approves which medical conditions the drug manufacturer may sell the drug for . However , those approved by the FDA to prescribe these drugs may freely prescribe them for any condition they wish , called off - label use . Botulinum toxins have been used off - label for several pediatric conditions , including infantile esotropia . Migraine ( edit ) In 2010 , the FDA approved intramuscular botulinum toxin injections for prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine headache . Cosmetics ( edit ) In cosmetic applications , botulinum toxin is considered safe and effective for reduction of facial wrinkles , especially in the uppermost third of the face . Injection of botulinum toxin into the muscles under facial wrinkles causes relaxation of those muscles , resulting in the smoothing of the overlying skin . Smoothing of wrinkles is usually visible three days after treatment and is maximally visible two weeks following injection . The treated muscles gradually regain function , and generally return to their former appearance three to four months after treatment . Muscles can be treated repeatedly to maintain the smoothed appearance . Other ( edit ) Botulinum toxin is also used to treat disorders of hyperactive nerves including excessive sweating , neuropathic pain , and some allergy symptoms . In addition to these uses , botulinum toxin is being evaluated for use in treating chronic pain . Side effects ( edit ) While botulinum toxin is generally considered safe in a clinical setting , there can be serious side effects from its use . Most commonly , botulinum toxin can be injected into the wrong muscle group or spread from the injection site , causing paralysis of unintended muscles . Side effects from cosmetic use generally result from unintended paralysis of facial muscles . These include partial facial paralysis , muscle weakness , and trouble swallowing . Side effects are not limited to direct paralysis however , and can also include headaches , flu - like symptoms , and allergic reactions . Just as cosmetic treatments only last a number of months , paralysis side - effects can have the same durations . At least in some cases , these effects are reported to dissipate in the weeks after treatment . Bruising at the site of injection is not a side effect of the toxin but rather of the mode of administration , and is reported as preventable if the clinician applies pressure to the injection site ; when it occurs , it is reported in specific cases to last 7 -- 11 days . When injecting the masseter muscle of the jaw , loss of muscle function can result in a loss or reduction of power to chew solid foods . Side effects from therapeutic use can be much more varied depending on the location of injection and the dose of toxin injected . In general , side effects from therapeutic use can be more serious than those that arise during cosmetic use . These can arise from paralysis of critical muscle groups and can include arrhythmia , heart attack , and in some cases seizures , respiratory arrest , and death . Additionally , side effects which are common in cosmetic use are also common in therapeutic use , including trouble swallowing , muscle weakness , allergic reactions , and flu - like syndromes . In response to the occurrence of these side effects , in 2008 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration notified the public of the potential dangers of the botulinum toxin as a therapeutic . Namely , they warned that the toxin can spread to areas distant from the site of injection and paralyze unintended muscle groups , especially when used for treating muscle spasticity in children treated for cerebral palsy . In 2009 , the FDA announced that boxed warnings would be added to available botulinum toxin products , warning of their ability to spread from the injection site . Additionally , the FDA announced name changes to several botulinum toxin products , meant to emphasize that the products are not interchangeable and require different doses for proper use . Botox and Botox Cosmetic were renamed onabotulinumtoxinA , Myobloc was renamed rimabotulinumtoxinB , and Dysport name renamed abobotulinumtoxinA . In conjunction with this , the FDA issued a communication to health care professionals reiterating the new drug names and the approved uses for each . A similar warning was issued by Health Canada in 2009 , warning that botulinum toxin products can spread to other parts of the body . Role in disease ( edit ) Main article : Botulism Botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is the cause of botulism . Humans most commonly ingest the toxin from eating improperly - canned foods in which C. botulinum has grown . However , the toxin can also be introduced through an infected wound . In infants , the bacteria can sometimes grow in the intestines and produce botulinum toxin within the intestine and can cause a condition known as floppy baby syndrome . In all cases , the toxin can then spread , blocking nerves and muscle function . In severe cases , the toxin can block nerves controlling the respiratory system or heart , resulting in death . Botulism can be difficult to diagnose , as it may appear similar to diseases such as Guillain -- Barré syndrome , myasthenia gravis , and stroke . Other tests , such as brain scan and spinal fluid examination , may help to rule out other causes . If the symptoms of botulism are diagnosed early , various treatments can be administered . In an effort to remove contaminated food which remains in the gut , enemas or induced vomiting may be used . For wound infections , infected material may be removed surgically . Botulinum antitoxin is available and may be used to prevent the worsening of symptoms , though it will not reverse existing nerve damage . In severe cases , mechanical respiration may be used to support patients suffering from respiratory failure . The nerve damage heals over time , generally over weeks to months . With proper treatment , the case fatality rate for botulinum poisoning can be greatly reduced . Two preparations of botulinum antitoxins are available for treatment of botulism . Trivalent ( A , B , E ) botulinum antitoxin is derived from equine sources using whole antibodies . The second antitoxin is Heptavalent ( A , B , C , D , E , F , G ) botulinum antitoxin , which is derived from equine antibodies which have been altered to make them less immunogenic . This antitoxin is effective against all known strains of botulism . Mechanism of action ( edit ) Target molecules of botulinum neurotoxin ( abbreviated BoNT ) and tetanus neurotoxin ( TeNT ) , toxins acting inside the axon terminal . Botulinum toxin exerts its effect by cleaving key proteins required for nerve activation . First , the toxin binds specifically to nerves which use the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Once bound to the nerve terminal , the neuron takes up the toxin into a vesicle . As the vesicle moves farther into the cell , it acidifies , activating a portion of the toxin which triggers it to push across the vesicle membrane and into the cell cytoplasm . Once inside the cytoplasm , the toxin cleaves SNARE proteins preventing the cell from releasing vesicles of neurotransmitter . This stops nerve signaling , leading to paralysis . The toxin itself is released from the bacterium as a single chain , then becomes activated when cleaved by its own proteases . The active form consists of a two - chain protein composed of a 100 - kDa heavy chain polypeptide joined via disulfide bond to a 50 - kDa light chain polypeptide . The heavy chain contains domains with several functions : it has the domain responsible for binding specifically to presynaptic nerve terminals , as well as the domain responsible for mediating translocation of the light chain into the cell cytoplasm as the vacuole acidifies . The light chain is a zinc metalloprotease and is the active part of the toxin . It is translocated into the host cell cytoplasm where it cleaves the host protein SNAP - 25 , a member of the SNARE protein family which is responsible for fusion . The cleaved SNAP - 25 is unable to mediate fusion of vesicles with the host cell membrane , thus preventing the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings . This blockage is slowly reversed as the toxin loses activity and the SNARE proteins are slowly regenerated by the affected cell . The seven toxin types ( A-G ) have different tertiary structures and sequence differences . While the different toxin types all target members of the SNARE family , different toxin types target different SNARE family members . The A , B , and E serotypes cause human botulism , with the activities of types A and B enduring longest in vivo ( from several weeks to months ) . History ( edit ) In 1820 , Justinus Kerner , a small - town German medical officer and romantic poet , gave the first complete description of clinical botulism based on extensive clinical observations of so - called `` sausage poisoning '' . Following experiments on animals and on himself , he concluded that the toxin acts by interrupting signal transmission in the somatic and autonomic motor systems , without affecting sensory signals or mental functions . He observed that the toxin develops under anaerobic conditions , and can be lethal in minute doses . His prescience in suggesting that the toxin might be used therapeutically earned him recognition as the pioneer of modern botulinum toxin therapy . In 1895 ( seventy - five years later ) , Émile van Ermengem , professor of bacteriology and a student of Robert Koch , correctly described Clostridium botulinum as the bacterial source of the toxin . Thirty - four attendees at a funeral were poisoned by eating partially salted ham , an extract of which was found to cause botulism - like paralysis in laboratory animals . Van Ermengem isolated and grew the bacterium , and described its toxin , which was later purified by P Tessmer Snipe and Hermann Sommer . Food canning ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Over the next three decades , 1895 - 1925 , as food canning was approaching a billion - dollar - a-year industry , botulism was becoming a public health hazard . Karl Friedrich Meyer , a prodigiously productive Swiss - American veterinary scientist created a center at the Hooper Foundation in San Francisco , where he developed techniques for growing the organism and extracting the toxin , and conversely , for preventing organism growth and toxin production , and inactivating the toxin by heating . The California canning industry was thereby preserved . World War II ( edit ) With the outbreak of World War II , weaponization of botulinum toxin was investigated at Fort Detrick in Maryland . Carl Lamanna and James Duff developed the concentration and crystallization techniques that Edward J. Schantz used to create the first clinical product . When the Army 's Chemical Corps was disbanded , Schantz moved to the Food Research Institute in Wisconsin , where he manufactured toxin for experimental use and generously provided it to the academic community . The mechanism of botulinum toxin action -- blocking the release from nerve endings of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine -- was elucidated in the mid-1900s , and remains an important research topic . Nearly all toxin treatments are based on this effect in various body tissues . Strabismus ( edit ) Ophthalmologists specializing in eye muscle disorders ( strabismus ) had developed the method of EMG - guided injection ( using the electromyogram , the electrical signal from an activated muscle , to guide injection ) of local anesthetics as a diagnostic technique for evaluating an individual muscle 's contribution to an eye movement . Because strabismus surgery frequently needed repeating , a search was undertaken for non-surgical , injection treatments using various anesthetics , alcohols , enzymes , enzyme blockers , and snake neurotoxins . Finally , inspired by Daniel Drachman 's work with chicks at Johns Hopkins , Alan B Scott and colleagues injected botulinum toxin into monkey extraocular muscles . The result was remarkable : a few picograms induced paralysis that was confined to the target muscle , long in duration , and without side - effects . After working out techniques for freeze - drying , buffering with albumin , and assuring sterility , potency , and safety , Scott applied to the FDA for investigational drug use , and began manufacturing botulinum type A neurotoxin in his San Francisco lab . He injected the first strabismus patients in 1977 , reported its clinical utility in 1980 , and had soon trained hundreds of ophthalmologists in EMG - guided injection of the drug he named Oculinum ( `` eye aligner '' ) . In 1986 , Oculinum Inc , Scott 's micromanufacturer and distributor of botulinum toxin , was unable to obtain product liability insurance , and could no longer supply the drug . As supplies became exhausted , patients who had come to rely on periodic injections became desperate . For 4 months , as liability issues were resolved , American blepharospasm patients traveled to Canadian eye centers for their injections . Based on data from thousands of patients collected by 240 investigators , Allergan received FDA approval in 1989 to market Oculinum for clinical use in the United States to treat adult strabismus and blepharospasm , using the trademark Botox . This was under the 1983 US Orphan Drug Act . Cosmetics ( edit ) Richard Clark , a plastic surgeon from Sacramento ( CA ) , was the first to document a cosmetic use for botulinum toxin . He treated forehead asymmetry caused by left sided forehead nerve paralysis that occurred during a cosmetic facelift . Since the injured nerve could possibly regenerate by 24 months , a two - year waiting period was necessary before definitive surgical treatment could be done . Clark realized that botulinum toxin , which had been previously used only for cross eyed babies and facial tics , could also be injected to smooth the wrinkles of the right forehead to match her paralyzed left . He received FDA approval for this cosmetic application of the toxin and successfully treated the person and published the case study in 1989 . Marrying ophthalmology to dermatology , Jean and Alistair Carruthers observed that blepharospasm patients who received injections around the eyes and upper face also enjoyed diminished facial glabellar lines ( `` frown lines '' between the eyebrows ) , thereby initiating the highly - popular cosmetic use of the toxin . Brin , and a group at Columbia University under Monte Keen made similar reports . In 2002 , following clinical trials , the FDA approved Botox Cosmetic , botulinum A toxin to temporarily improve the appearance of moderate - to - severe glabellar lines . The FDA approved a fully in vitro assay for use in the stability and potency testing of Botox in response to increasing public concern that LD50 testing was required for each batch sold in the market . Chronic pain ( edit ) William J. Binder reported in 2000 that patients who had cosmetic injections around the face reported relief from chronic headache . This was initially thought to be an indirect effect of reduced muscle tension , but it is now known that the toxin inhibits release of peripheral nociceptive neurotransmitters , suppressing the central pain processing systems responsible for migraine headache . Society and culture ( edit ) Economics ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2017 ) As of 2013 , botulinum toxin injections are the most common cosmetic operation , with 6.3 million procedures in the United States , according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons . Qualifications for Botox injectors vary by county , state and country . Botox cosmetic providers include dermatologists , plastic surgeons , aesthetic spa physicians , dentists , nurse practitioners , nurses and physician assistants . The global market for botulinum toxin products , driven by their cosmetic applications , is forecast to reach $2.9 billion by 2018 . The facial aesthetics market , of which they are a component , is forecast to reach $4.7 billion ( $2 billion in the U.S. ) in the same timeframe . Bioterrorism ( edit ) Botulinum toxin has been recognized as a potential agent for use in bioterrorism . It can be absorbed through the eyes , mucous membranes , respiratory tract , or non-intact skin . The effects of botulinum toxin are different from those of nerve agents involved insofar in that botulism symptoms develop relatively slowly ( over several days ) , while nerve agent effects are generally much more rapid and can be instantaneous . Evidence suggests that nerve exposure ( simulated by injection of atropine and pralidoxime ) will increase mortality by enhancing botulinum toxin 's mechanism of toxicity . With regard to detection , current protocols using NBC detection equipment ( such as M - 8 paper or the ICAM ) will not indicate a `` positive '' when samples containing botulinum toxin are tested . To confirm a diagnosis of botulinum toxin poisoning , therapeutically or to provide evidence in death investigations , botulinum toxin may be quantitated by immunoassay of human biological fluids ; serum levels of 12 -- 24 mouse LD units per milliliter have been detected in poisoned patients . The Japanese doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo produced botulinum toxin and spread it as an aerosol in downtown Tokyo during the 1990s , but the attacks caused no fatalities . During the early 1980s , the German and French newspapers reported that the police had raided a Baader - Meinhof gang safe house in Paris and had found a makeshift laboratory that contained flasks full of Clostridium botulinum , which makes botulinum toxin . Their reports were later found to be incorrect ; no such lab was ever found . Brand names ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Botulinum toxin A is marketed under the brand names Botox and Xeomin . Botulinum toxin B is marketed under the brand name Myobloc . In the United States , botulinum toxin products are manufactured by a variety of companies , for both therapeutic and cosmetic use . A U.S. supplier reported in its company materials in 2011 that it could `` supply the world 's requirements for 25 indications approved by Government agencies around the world '' with less than one gram of raw botulinum toxin . Myobloc or Neurobloc , a botulinum toxin type B product , is produced by Solstice Neurosciences , a subsidiary of US WorldMeds . AbobotulinumtoxinA ) , a therapeutic formulation of the type A toxin manufactured by Galderma in the United Kingdom , is licensed for the treatment of focal dystonias and certain cosmetic uses in the U.S. and other countries . Besides the three primary U.S. manufacturers , there are numerous other botulinum toxin producers . Xeomin , manufactured in Germany by Merz , is also available for both therapeutic and cosmetic use in the U.S. Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products in China manufactures a BTX - A product ; as of 2014 it was the only BTX - A approved in China . BTX - A is also sold as Lantox and Prosigne on the global market . Neuronox , a BTX - A product , was introduced by Medy - Tox Inc. of South Korea in 2009 ; Toxin production ( edit ) Botulism toxins are produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium , namely Clostridium botulinum , C. butyricum , C. baratii and C. argentinense , which are widely distributed , including in soil and dust . As well , the bacteria can be found inside homes on floors , carpet , and countertops even after cleaning . Some food products such as honey can contain amounts of the bacteria . Food - borne botulism results , indirectly , from ingestion of food contaminated with Clostridium spores , where exposure to an anaerobic environment allows the spores to germinate , after which the bacteria can multiply and produce toxin . Critically , it is ingestion of toxin rather than spores or vegetative bacteria that causes botulism . Botulism is nevertheless known to be transmitted through canned foods not cooked correctly before canning or after can opening , and so is preventable . Infant botulism cases arise chiefly as a result of environmental exposure and are therefore more difficult to prevent . Infant botulism arising from consumption of honey can be prevented by eliminating honey from diets of children less than 12 months old . Organism and toxin susceptibilities ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : modern content and referencing on antibiotic susceptibilities . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2015 ) Proper refrigeration at temperatures below 3 ° C ( 38 ° F ) retards the growth of Clostridium botulinum . The organism is also susceptible to high salt , high oxygen , and low pH levels . The toxin itself is rapidly destroyed by heat , such as in thorough cooking . The spores that produce the toxin are heat - tolerant and will survive boiling water for an extended period of time . The botulinum toxin is denatured and thus deactivated at temperatures greater than 80 ° C ( 176 ° F ) . As a zinc metalloprotease ( see below ) , the toxin 's activity is also susceptible , post-exposure , to inhibition by protease inhibitors , e.g. , zinc - coordinating hydroxamates . Research ( edit ) Blepharospasm and strabismus ( edit ) See also : Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus University - based ophthalmologists in the USA and Canada further refined the use of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent . By 1985 , a scientific protocol of injection sites and dosage had been empirically determined for treatment of blepharospasm and strabismus . Side effects in treatment of this condition were deemed to be rare , mild and treatable . The beneficial effects of the injection lasted only 4 -- 6 months . Thus , blepharospasm patients required re-injection two or three times a year . In 1986 , Scott 's micromanufacturer and distributor of Botox was no longer able to supply the drug because of an inability to obtain product liability insurance . Patients became desperate , as supplies of Botox were gradually consumed , forcing him to abandon patients who would have been due for their next injection . For a period of four months , American blepharospasm patients had to arrange to have their injections performed by participating doctors at Canadian eye centers until the liability issues could be resolved . In December 1989 , Botox was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for the treatment of strabismus , blepharospasm , and hemifacial spasm in patients over 12 years old . Botox has not been approved for any pediatric use . It has , however , been used off - label by physicians for several conditions . including spastic conditions in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy , a therapeutic course that has resulted in patient deaths . In the case of treatment of infantile esotropia in patients younger than 12 years of age , several studies have yielded differing results . Cosmetic ( edit ) The cosmetic effect of BTX - A on wrinkles was originally documented by a plastic surgeon from Sacramento , California , Richard Clark , and published in the journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in 1989 . Canadian husband and wife ophthalmologist and dermatologist physicians , JD and JA Carruthers , were the first to publish a study on BTX - A for the treatment of glabellar frown lines in 1992 . Similar effects had reportedly been observed by a number of independent groups ( Brin , and the Columbia University group under Monte Keen . ) After formal trials , on April 12 , 2002 , the FDA announced regulatory approval of botulinum toxin type A ( Botox Cosmetic ) to temporarily improve the appearance of moderate - to - severe frown lines between the eyebrows ( glabellar lines ) . Subsequently , cosmetic use of botulinum toxin type A has become widespread . The results of Botox Cosmetic can last up to four months and may vary with each patient . The US Food and Drug Administration approved an alternative product - safety testing method in response to increasing public concern that LD50 testing was required for each batch sold in the market . BTX - A has also been used in the treatment of gummy smiles , the material is injected into the hyperactive muscles of upper lip , which causes a reduction in the upward movement of lip thus resulting in a smile with a less exposure of gingiva . Botox is usually injected in the three lip elevator muscles that converge on the lateral side of the ala of the nose ; the levator labii superioris ( LLS ) , the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle ( LLSAN ) , and the zygomaticus minor ( ZMi ) . Upper motor neuron syndrome ( edit ) BTX - A is now a common treatment for muscles affected by the upper motor neuron syndrome ( UMNS ) , such as cerebral palsy , for muscles with an impaired ability to effectively lengthen . Muscles affected by UMNS frequently are limited by weakness , loss of reciprocal inhibition , decreased movement control and hypertonicity ( including spasticity ) . In January 2014 , Botulinum toxin was approved by UK 's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency ( MHRA ) for the treatment of ankle disability due to lower limb spasticity associated with stroke in adults . Joint motion may be restricted by severe muscle imbalance related to the syndrome , when some muscles are markedly hypertonic , and lack effective active lengthening . Injecting an overactive muscle to decrease its level of contraction can allow improved reciprocal motion , so improved ability to move and exercise . Sweating ( edit ) Khalaf Bushara and David Park were the first to demonstrate a nonmuscular use of BTX - A while treating patients with hemifacial spasm in England in 1993 , showing that botulinum toxin injections inhibit sweating , and so are useful in treating hyperhidrosis ( excessive sweating ) . BTX - A has since been approved for the treatment of severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis ( excessive underarm sweating of unknown cause ) , which can not be managed by topical agents . Cervical dystonia ( edit ) BTX - A is commonly used to treat cervical dystonia , but it can become ineffective after a time . Botulinum toxin type B ( BTX - B ) received FDA approval for treatment of cervical dystonia on December 21 , 2000 . Trade names for BTX - B are Myobloc in the United States , and Neurobloc in the European Union . Chronic migraine ( edit ) Onabotulinumtoxin A ( trade name Botox ) received FDA approval for treatment of chronic migraines on October 15 , 2010 . The toxin is injected into the head and neck to treat these chronic headaches . Approval followed evidence presented to the agency from two studies funded by Allergan showing a very slight improvement in incidence of chronic migraines for migraine sufferers undergoing the Botox treatment . Since then , several randomized control trials have shown botulinum toxin type A to improve headache symptoms and quality of life when used prophylactically for patients with chronic migraine who exhibit headache characteristics consistent with : pressure perceived from outside source , shorter total duration of chronic migraines ( < 30 years ) , `` detoxification '' of patients with coexisting chronic daily headache due to medication overuse , and no current history of other preventive headache medications . Depression ( edit ) See also : List of investigational antidepressants A few small trials have found benefits in people with depression . 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Jump up ^ Giesler M ( 2012 ) . `` How Doppelgänger Brand Images Influence the Market Creation Process : Longitudinal Insights from the Rise of Botox Cosmetic '' . Journal of Markeing. 76 ( 6 ) : 55 -- 68 . doi : 10.1509 / jm. 10.0406 . Jump up ^ `` BOTOX Cosmetic ( onabotulinumtoxinA ) Product Information '' . Allergan . January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nayyar P , Kumar P , Nayyar PV , Singh A ( December 2014 ) . `` BOTOX : Broadening the Horizon of Dentistry '' . Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR. 8 ( 12 ) : ZE25 -- 9 . doi : 10.7860 / JCDR / 2014 / 11624.5341 . PMC 4316364 . PMID 25654058 . Jump up ^ Al - Fouzan AF , Mokeem LS , Al - Saqat RT , Alfalah MA , Alharbi MA , Al - Samary AE ( June 2017 ) . `` Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Gummv Smile '' . The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 18 ( 6 ) : 474 -- 478 . PMID 28621277 . Jump up ^ Hwang WS , Hur MS , Hu KS , Song WC , Koh KS , Baik HS , Kim ST , Kim HJ , Lee KJ ( January 2009 ) . `` Surface anatomy of the lip elevator muscles for the treatment of gummy smile using botulinum toxin '' . The Angle Orthodontist. 79 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 7 . doi : 10.2319 / 091407 - 437.1 . PMID 19123705 . Jump up ^ Gracco A , Tracey S ( May 2010 ) . `` Botox and the gummy smile '' . Progress in Orthodontics. 11 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pio. 2010.04. 004 . PMID 20529632 . Jump up ^ Mazzuco R , Hexsel D ( December 2010 ) . `` Gummy smile and botulinum toxin : a new approach based on the gingival exposure area '' . Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 63 ( 6 ) : 1042 -- 51 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaad. 2010.02. 053 . PMID 21093661 . Jump up ^ Bushara KO , Park DM ( November 1994 ) . `` Botulinum toxin and sweating '' . Journal of Neurology , Neurosurgery , and Psychiatry . 57 ( 11 ) : 1437 -- 38 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 57.11. 1437 . PMC 1073208 . PMID 7964832 . Jump up ^ Walsh S ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` FDA approves Botox to treat chronic migraine '' . FDA Press Releases . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Watkins T ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` FDA approves Botox as migraine preventative '' . CNN ( US ) . Jump up ^ Dodick DW , Turkel CC , DeGryse RE , Aurora SK , Silberstein SD , Lipton RB , Diener HC , Brin MF ( June 2010 ) . `` OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine : pooled results from the double - blind , randomized , placebo - controlled phases of the PREEMPT clinical program '' . Headache. 50 ( 6 ) : 921 -- 36 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1526 - 4610.2010. 01678. x . PMID 20487038 . Jump up ^ Ashkenazi A ( March 2010 ) . `` Botulinum toxin type a for chronic migraine '' . Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports . 10 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 46 . doi : 10.1007 / s11910 - 010 - 0087 - 5 . PMID 20425239 . 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PMID 26441090 . ^ Jump up to : http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800008810 External links ( edit ) A Poison That Can Heal from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration BotDB : extensive resources on BoNT structures , inhibitors , kinetics , and literature A consumer sociological investigation of Botox Cosmetic 's Rise Skeletal muscle relaxants ( M03 ) Peripherally acting ( primarily antinicotinic , NMJ block ) Non-depolarizing Curare alkaloids Alcuronium Dimethyltubocurarine Tubocurarine 4 ° ammonium agents ultra-short duration : Gantacurium short duration : Mivacurium Chandonium intermediate duration : Atracurium Cisatracurium Fazadinium Rocuronium Vecuronium long duration : Doxacurium Dimethyltubocurarine Pancuronium Pipecuronium Laudexium Gallamine unsorted : Hexafluronium ( Hexafluorenium ) Depolarizing Choline derivatives : Suxamethonium ( Succinylcholine ) Polyalkylene derivatives : Hexamethonium ACh release inhibitors Botulinum toxin Centrally acting Carbamic acid esters Carisoprodol Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Febarbamate Meprobamate Phenprobamate Styramate Tybamate Benzodiazepines Bromazepam Diazepam Clonazepam Flunitrazepam Lorazepam Nitrazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Thienodiazepines Etizolam Quinazolines Methaqualone Anticholinergics ( Antimuscarinics ) Cyclobenzaprine Orphenadrine Other Arbaclofen placarbil Baclofen Chlormezanone Chlorphenesin Chlorzoxazone Donepezil Eperisone Fenyramidol Flopropione Gabapentin GHB Inaperisone Lanperisone Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Phenibut Pregabalin Pridinol Promoxolane Quinine Silperisone Thiocolchicoside Tizanidine Tolperisone Zoxazolamine Directly acting Dantrolene Toxins enterotoxin neurotoxin hemotoxin cardiotoxin phototoxin Bacterial toxins Exotoxin Gram positive Bacilli Clostridium : tetani Tetanospasmin Tetanolysin perfringens Alpha toxin Enterotoxin difficile botulinum Botox other : Anthrax toxin Listeriolysin O Cocci Streptolysin Leukocidin Panton - Valentine leukocidin Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus alpha / beta / delta Exfoliatin Toxic shock syndrome toxin Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B ( SEB ) Actinobacteria Cord factor Diphtheria toxin Gram negative Shiga toxin Verotoxin / shiga - like toxin ( E. coli ) E. coli heat - stable enterotoxin / enterotoxin Cholera toxin Pertussis toxin Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore - forming toxin type III AB toxin / AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide Lipid A Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin Virulence factor Clumping factor A Fibronectin binding protein A Mycotoxins Aflatoxin Amatoxin ( alpha - amanitin , beta - amanitin , gamma - amanitin , epsilon - amanitin ) beta - Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin ( Fumonisin B1 , Fumonisin B2 ) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscimol Ochratoxin Patulin Phalloidin Sterigmatocystin Trichothecene Vomitoxin Zeranol Zearalenone Plant toxins Amygdalin Anisatin Antiarin Brucine Chaconine Cicutoxin Daphnin Delphinine Divicine Djenkolic acid Falcarinol Gossypol Helenalin Ledol Linamarin Lotaustralin Mimosine Oenanthotoxin Oleandrin Persin Protoanemonin Pseudaconitine Retronecine Resiniferatoxin Scopolamine Solamargine Solanidine Solanine Solasodamine Solasodine Solasonine Solauricidine Solauricine Strychnine Swainsonine Tagetitoxin Tinyatoxin Tomatine Toxalbumin Abrin Ricin Tutin Invertebrate toxins Scorpion : Androctonus australis hector insect toxin Charybdotoxin Maurotoxin Agitoxin Margatoxin Slotoxin Scyllatoxin Hefutoxin HgeTx1 HsTx1 Lq2 Birtoxin Bestoxin BmKAEP Phaiodotoxin Imperatoxin Pi3 spider : Latrotoxin Alpha - latrotoxin CSTX Cupiennins PhTx3 Stromatoxin Vanillotoxin Huwentoxin Mollusca : Conotoxin Eledoisin Onchidal Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Vertebrate toxins Fish : Ciguatera Tetrodotoxin Amphibian : ( + ) - Allopumiliotoxin 267A Batrachotoxin Bufotoxins Arenobufagin Bufotalin Bufotenin Cinobufagin Marinobufagin Epibatidine Histrionicotoxin Pumiliotoxin 251D Samandarin Samandaridine Tarichatoxin Zetekitoxin AB Reptile / Snake venom : Bungarotoxin Alpha - Bungarotoxin Beta - Bungarotoxin Calciseptine Taicatoxin Calcicludine Cardiotoxin III note : some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species Commons WikiProject Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators Enzyme ( modulators ) ChAT Inhibitors : 1 - ( - Benzoylethyl ) pyridinium 2 - ( α - Naphthoyl ) ethyltrimethylammonium 3 - Chloro - 4 - stillbazole 4 - ( 1 - Naphthylvinyl ) pyridine Acetylseco hemicholinium - 3 Acryloylcholine AF64A B115 BETA CM - 54,903 N , N - Dimethylaminoethylacrylate N , N - Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate AChE Inhibitors : Reversible : Carbamates : Aldicarb Aminocarb Bendiocarb Bufencarb Carbaryl Carbendazim Carbetamide Carbofuran Carbosulfan Chlorbufam Chloropropham Dimetilan Ethienocarb Ethiofencarb Fenobucarb Formetanate Formparanate Methiocarb Methomyl Metolcarb Miotine Oxamyl Phenmedipham Pinmicarb Pirimicarb Propamocarb Propham Propoxur Thiofanox ; Stigmines : Distigmine Eptastigmine Ganstigmine Neostigmine Phenserine Physostigmine Pyridostigmine Quilostigmine Rivastigmine Terestigmine ; Others : Acotiamide Ambenonium Caffeine Donepezil EA - 3990 EA - 4056 Edrophonium Galantamine Huperzine A Ipidacrine Itopride Ladostigil Minaprine Octamethylene - bis ( 5 - dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide ) T - 1123 Tacrine Zanapezil Irreversible : Organophosphates : Acephate Anatoxin - a ( S ) Azinphos - ethyl Azinphos - methyl BAY - 29952 Bensulide Cadusafos Carbophenothion Chlorethoxyfos Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos - methyl Coumaphos Cyanophos Cyclosarin Demephion Demeton Demeton - S - methyl Dialifor Diazinon Dichlorvos Dicrotophos Diisopropyl fluorophosphate Diisopropylphosphate Dimefox Dimethoate Dimethyl 4 - ( methylthio ) phenyl phosphate Dioxathion Disulfoton EA - 3148 Echothiophate Endothion Ethion Ethoprop Fenamiphos Fenitrothion Fenthion Fluorotabun Fonofos Formothion Fosthiazate GV Hexaethyl tetraphosphate Isofluorophate Isoxathion Leptophos Malaoxon Malathion Methamidophos Methidathion Methyl phenkapton Metrifonate Mevinphos Monocrotophos Naled Novichok agent Omethoate Oxydemeton - methyl Paraoxon Parathion Parathion - methyl Phorate Phosalone Phosfolan Phosmet Phosphamidon Phoxim Pirimiphos - methyl Profenofos Prothoate Sarin Soman Tabun Tebupirimfos Temefos Terbufos Tetrachlorvinphos Tetraethyl pyrophosphate Triazofos Tribufos Trichlorfon Trichloronate Tricresyl phosphate VE VG VM VP VS VR VX ; Others : Demecarium Fasciculins ( green mamba toxins ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) Onchidal ( Onchidella binneyi ) Unsorted : α - Pinene α - Viniferin Affinine Affinisine Arisugacin A Bulbocapnine Conodurine Coronaridine Corydaline Corynoline Crimidine Cyclanoline Cymserine Harmaline Kobophenol A Lactucopicrin Lycorine Phosacetim Rosmarinic acid Stercuronium iodide Taspine Tetrahydrocannabinol Ungeremine Ungiminorine Reactivators : Asoxime chloride Methoxime Obidoxime Pralidoxime Trimedoxime bromide BChE Inhibitors : Affinine Affinisine Conodurine Cymserine Ladostigil Profenamine ( ethopropazine ) Rivastigmine Tacrine ZINC - 12613047 Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above Transporter ( modulators ) CHT Inhibitors : Hemicholinium - 3 ( hemicholine ) Triethylcholine Enhancers : Coluracetam VAChT Inhibitors : Vesamicol Release ( modulators ) Inhibitors SNAP - 25 inactivators : Botulinum toxin ( A , C , E ) VAMP inactivators : Botulinum toxin ( B , D , F , G ) Others : Bungarotoxins ( β - bungarotoxin , γ - bungarotoxin ) Enhancers LPHN agonists : α - Latrotoxin Others : Atracotoxin ( e.g. , robustoxin , versutoxin ) Crotoxin See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Cosmetics Face Anti-aging cream BB cream Botulinum toxin ( Botox ) Concealer Cotton pad Cleanser Facial Facial toning Foundation Moisturizer Permanent makeup Primer Powder Rouge Skin whitening Sindoor Toner Veil Venetian ceruse Lips Lipstick Balm Gloss Liner Plumper Stain Eyes Blepharoplasty Circle contact lens Eyelash extensions Eyelid glue Eye liner Eye shadow Kohl Mascara Hair Conditioner Hair coloring and bleaching Removal chemical electric laser IPL plucking shaving threading waxing Shampoo Styling products gel mousse pomade spray wax Nails Artificial nails Buffing Manicure Nail polish Pedicure Body Body powder Cold cream Lotion Peeling Plastic surgery Skin whitening Related topics Cosmetic electrotherapy Cosmetic ingredients Cosmetics advertising Cosmetology History of cosmetics Cosmetic industry Major cosmetic brands Ahava Almay AmorePacific Anastasia Beverly Hills Anna Sui Aqua Net Artistry Aveda Avon Bath & Body Works Benefit Biotherm Bobbi Brown Bonne Bell Brihans Natural Products Bumble and bumble Burt 's Bees Carol 's Daughter Clarins Clinique Coty CoverGirl Creme 21 Cutex Daigaku Honyaku Center Elizabeth Arden , Inc . Estée Lauder elf Etude House Fabergé Farmec Garnier Guerlain Hard Candy Helena Rubinstein Kao Corporation Kevyn Aucoin Kiehl 's Lancôme Laneige Laura Mercier Laura Mercier Cosmetics Lise Watier L'Oréal L'Occitane Love Cosmetics Lush MAC Cosmetics Mary Kay Max Factor Maybelline Missha Molton Brown NARS Natura Natural Wonder Nature Republic Neal 's Yard Remedies Neutrogena Nexxus Nivea O Boticário OPI Oriflame Origins Paula Begoun Pond 's Red Earth Revlon Richard Hudnut Rimmel Sephora Shiseido Shu Uemura SimplySiti Sinful Colors SK - II SkinCeuticals Skin Food Stila The Body Shop The Face Shop Ulta Beauty Ultima II Urban Decay Vaseline Vichy Victoria 's Secret Wella Yves Rocher Categories Companies People History Proteases : metalloendopeptidases ( EC 3.4. 24 ) ADAM proteins Alpha secretases ADAM9 ADAM10 ADAM17 ADAM19 ADAM2 ADAM7 ADAM8 ADAM11 ADAM12 ADAM15 ADAM18 ADAM22 ADAM23 ADAM28 ADAM33 ADAMTS1 ADAMTS2 ADAMTS3 ADAMTS4 ADAMTS5 ADAMTS8 ADAMTS9 ADAMTS10 ADAMTS12 ADAMTS13 Matrix metalloproteinases Collagenases MMP1 MMP8 Gelatinases MMP2 MMP9 MMP3 MMP7 MMP10 MMP11 MMP12 MMP13 MMP14 MMP15 MMP16 MMP17 MMP19 MMP20 MMP21 MMP23A MMP23B MMP24 MMP25 MMP26 MMP27 MMP28 Other Neprilysin Procollagen peptidase Thermolysin Pregnancy - associated plasma protein A Bone morphogenetic protein 1 Lysostaphin Insulin - degrading enzyme ZMPSTE24 Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botulinum_toxin&oldid=856326380 '' Categories : Biological toxin weapons Muscle relaxants Neurotoxins Plastic surgery Bacterial toxins EC 3.4. 24 Botulism Peripherally selective drugs Acetylcholine release inhibitors Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with changed CASNo identifier Articles with changed DrugBank identifier Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title Articles without EBI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2017 USA - centric Articles to be expanded from February 2015 All articles to be expanded All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2015 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 12 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does botulinum toxin type h come from | [
"Botulinum toxin (BTX) or Botox is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.[1] It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction and thus causes flaccid paralysis. Infection with the bacterium causes the disease botulism. The toxin is also used commercially in medicine, cosmetics and research.\n"
] | [
"Clostridium botulinum"
] |
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